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Oklahoma angler lands 13-lb. 4-oz. largemouth for lake record and "Top 20 Bass" list spot
State fish offers hot angling action as spawning season arrives
Wildlife Department making strides in quail habitat restoration
Research shows that bobwhite quail numbers across the nation have been in gradual decline since the 1960s, but Oklahoma remains a great holdout for the long-celebrated upland bird.
Despite its location along the western fringe of the bobwhites native range, Oklahoma offers some of the best quail hunting and habitat in the nation including large, contiguous tracts of outstanding mixed grass prairie as well as portions suitable for restoration.
At its March meeting, the Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation Commission heard a presentation from wildlife biologists highlighting efforts to benefit bobwhite quail and fight downward trends.
Factors that have been blamed for downward population trends of bobwhite quail include everything from mammalian and avian predators and competition for resources with other wildlife to bird flu and aflatoxins found in corn used for feeding deer. Additionally, loss of hunting opportunity has been blamed for low quail harvests and reduction in the number of hunters pursuing quail. But biologists with the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation say there is no one thing that can be blamed for the downward trends of quail population and hunter success; however, while theories circulate, there are two key observations that are sure.
"Research to date shows habitat loss and fragmentation to be the principal culprit," said Doug Schoeling, upland game biologist for the Wildlife Department.
And according to Schoeling, habitat restoration is the primary focus of the Wildlife Department when it comes to addressing downward trends in quail populations.
Much of that focus is aimed at private land management.
"Since Oklahoma is made up of 97 percent private land, that's where we're going to affect the quail population," Schoeling said.
In recent years biologists have managed private land quail habitat at locations scattered statewide through programs that benefit quail along with other species of wildlife.
"Wherever in the state we could get it, wed go out there, meet with the landowners and do these habitat improvements," Schoeling said.
Today, the Department is taking on a more targeted approach in order to encourage complete landscape changes. Through the Natural Resource Conservation Services Environmental Quality Incentives Program, biologists have determined five focus areas across the state using GIS technology to identify key habitat areas targeted for improvement. Landowners who are interested work with biologists to develop a management plan that will benefit quail. Landowners then have the option of contracting with the Natural Resource Conservation Service to receive financial assistance as part of its Quail Habitat Restoration Initiative. As the name suggests, the initiative is designed specifically for the benefit of quail and their habitat.
According to Erik Bartholomew, programs and research biologist for the Wildlife Department, targeting contiguous tracts will "increase the likelihood of having a population response" while increasing funding opportunities and lowering investment expenses.
Along with efforts on private land, the Wildlife Department actively manages thousands of acres of public land for wildlife, with quail among those species that benefit. Public land efforts have included converting Old World Bluestem to native grasses, restoring pine bluestem habitat and timber thinning to restore native grasses.
The Department also actively engages in outreach efforts such as presentations, field days and news correspondences to encourage interest in quail habitat restoration and plays an advisory role for a number of programs and organizations that affect the environment and habitat conditions.
In other business, the Commission accepted a donation of more than 70 taxidermy mounts from Sam Munhollon, a conservationist who has been a longtime friend of the Wildlife Department and past president of the Oklahoma Station Chapter of Safari Club International.
Munhollon's donation is valued at almost $40,000 and includes a range of native Oklahoma wildlife as well as all six subspecies of wild turkey.
"We will be using these mounts primarily at the Department's new Outdoor Education and Training Center at Lake Arcadia," said Nels Rodefeld, chief of information and education for the Wildlife Department.
The taxidermy mounts will be used for a range youth education programs.
The Commission also heard a presentation from William Voelker, director and founder of Sia, the Comanche Nation Ethno-Ornithological Initiative. Sia is a cutting edge research facility and information center for scientists and native people from around the world. Voelker is considered one of the nations foremost experts on raptor behavior, breeding and handling and, as a member of the Comanche Nation, Voelker brings a unique perspective on eagles and their importance to native peoples.
Sia's facility in Cyril currently cares for close to 50 eagles. Voelker extended an invitation for the Department to use Sia as a resource and pledged to be active in educating the public about their work with both culture and science. The word 'sia' is Comanche for 'feather,' and the group's work is focusing in part on bridging the disciplines of ethnology — the study of culture —and ornithology — the study of birds.
The Commission voted to approve a number of hunting and fishing-related rule changes, many of which simply make permanent rules that were already in place. In wildlife, rules approved will open some additional Corps of Engineers property to hunting; allow hunters to use telephonic and internet based check stations, establish a timeline, and require the confirmation number to be provided when transferring harvested big game to another individual; require hunters to add the date and time to field tags for elk, deer and turkey; open youth deer gun season for Wildlife Management Areas as published in the hunting guide; extend furbearer season; establish seasons on the new Candy WMA; modify hunting seasons on four WMAs; allow buckshot to be used for shooting feral hogs on private lands; allow camping by hunters and anglers on Chickasaw National Recreation Area; and establish rules to prohibit explosive devices on all Department lands.
In fishing, approved rules modify black bass length limits on Birch Lake; require paddlefish anglers to release immediately all paddlefish caught on Monday and Friday; require paddlefish anglers to immediately record the date and time of harvest of all paddlefish on their paddlefish permit; close snagging on the Grand River from the HWY 12 bridge upstream to the Markham Ferry dam from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. year-round; remove exemption on use of grabhooks for Delaware and Mayes counties; close the Spring River to paddlefish angling by all methods from the HWY 60 bridge upstream to the Kansas state line; permit only triploid grass carp to be stocked in private waters (diploid grass carp would be allowed for use by licensed aquaculture facilities for specific purposes). Additionally, one rule change will require all fishing guides to obtain a guide license unless exempt, and will outline certifications needed by an operator prior to obtaining the license.
In addition, approved rules will establish a price of $25 for the new Wildlife Management Area Atlas, which also will include a one-year subscription to Outdoor Oklahoma magazine.
A complete listing of approved fishing and hunting regulation rule changes is available online at wildlifedepartment.com.
The new regulations must now pass through the legislative process and be signed by the governor. Look for complete details in the next Oklahoma Hunting and Fishing Guides.
The Commission also accepted federal and other grant money to fund three initiatives relating to High Plains habitat initiatives and voted to increase the capitol improvement budget to expand the Drummond Flats WMA in Garfield County.
Additionally, the Commission accepted sealed bids to lease the Wildlife Departments mineral interest on 2,598.75 net mineral acres in Atoka County.
The Wildlife Conservation Commission is the eight-member governing board of the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. The Wildlife Commission establishes state hunting and fishing regulations, sets policy for the Wildlife Department and indirectly oversees all state fish and wildlife conservation activities. Commission members are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Senate.
The next scheduled Commission meeting is set for 9 a.m., April 5, at the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation headquarters (auditorium), located at the southwest corner of 18th and North Lincoln, Oklahoma City.
Wildlife Department employment exam scheduled
The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation will be holding an open employment exam Friday, March 26, at Rose State College.
"Working for the Department is an extremely rewarding experience," said Mikki Gutierrez, human resources administrator for the Wildlife Department.
Taking the test is the first step in the hiring process for individuals seeking positions as game wardens, biologists, fish hatchery assistant managers or technicians with the Department.
The standardized employment exam is set for 10 a.m. in the Tom Steed Development Center. The exam is free, and participants must have photo identification upon check-in. Late arrivals will not be permitted to enter the examination room after 10 a.m.
"The Department looks for the best wildlife conservation employees available, and we want those who are interested to begin getting involved," Gutierrez said. "This test is the first step for most positions at the Wildlife Department."
Specific job and education requirements for Department positions as well as suggested study material for the exams are listed on the Department's official Web site at http://www.wildlifedepartment.com.
Individuals may take the exam once in a 12-month period. Test scores are valid for 12 months from the test date, and top scorers will be invited to submit an employment application. When a job opening becomes available, selected applicants from the test register will be scheduled for an interview. For more information, contact the Wildlife Department's Human Resources office at (405) 521-4640.
Outdoor Oklahoma readers' photos wanted for Readers Photography Showcase issue
Outdoor Oklahoma magazine is currently accepting submission for its annual "Readers' Photography Showcase" issue, which features the digital images of outdoor enthusiasts all over the state.
Submissions will accepted through March 31, and selected photographers will have their work featured in the July/August 2010 issue of Outdoor Oklahoma.
The special summer issue gives both professional and amateur photographers the chance to have their digital photos displayed in a magazine nationally recognized for its photography.
"My wife, Kitty and I look forward all year to your 'Photography Showcase magazine,' said Mark Cromwell of Enid. We save our favorite Oklahoma pictures for your magazine hoping to get one published."
Cromwell and his wife have both seen their images appear in the "Readers Photography Showcase." According to Cromwell, it's an exciting time each year when the July/August issue of Outdoor Oklahoma arrives in the mail at their home.
"We thumb through the pages to see if we made it," Cromwell said, adding that part of the excitement of the issue is having the chance to see what other photographers submitted.
"I always enjoy seeing the other photographers work from all over Oklahoma," he said. "We live in a beautiful state, full of wildlife and rich scenery."
Each participant may submit up to five digital images. Each submission must include a description of the photo, including the location taken, name and hometown of photographer, names and hometowns of subjects and what it took to get just the right shot. Photos should be in sharp focus, and images should be at least 300 dpi (dots per inch). The canvas size should be about 8 inches by 11 inches. All submissions must be digital and slides and print images will not be accepted. The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation reserves one-time publication rights for images selected for the Readers Photography Showcase, and images remain the property of the photographer. CDs and other file storage devices mailed to the Wildlife Department as part of submissions to the contest are not returned.
"Photography is a great way to enjoy the outdoors," said Michael Bergin, associate editor of Outdoor Oklahoma. "We look forward to the many submissions we get each year, and its always challenging for the judges to make their final selections."
Hopeful photographers can mail their submission on disk to: Outdoor Oklahoma magazine, Oklahoma Dept. of Wildlife Conservation, P.O. Box 53465, Oklahoma City, OK 73152.
Individuals can subscribe to Outdoor Oklahoma by calling 1-800-777-0019. Outdoor Oklahoma is known for providing decades of outdoor entertainment to both youth and adults. Subscriptions are just $10 for one year, $18 for two years, or $25 for three years. You can also subscribe over the Internet by logging on to the Department's Web site at wildlifedepartment.com.
Arrows to
fly inside Cox Convention Center
About 1,700 students from across the state are scheduled shoot 32,000 arrows March 31 at the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation's Archery in the Schools annual state shoot at the Cox Convention Center in Oklahoma City.
Students at the state shoot will come from more than 100 schools to compete in archery after a season of practice and competition in their respective schools as part of the Oklahoma Archery in the Schools (OAIS) program.
"Coaches have told me time and again that this program has helped every child see success. From the typical athletic student to the child that does not usually excel in most other sports, archery is allowing all students to compete on a level playing field," said Justin Marschall, OAIS coordinator for the Wildlife Department.
The number of students at the state shoot reflects the growth of the OAIS program during its six years of existence. This year's state shoot will see an increase of more than 600 students over last year's shoot.
Currently about 230 schools participate throughout the year. Coordinated by the Wildlife Department, OAIS is part of the National Archery in the Schools Program. The program partners state wildlife agencies, schools and the nation's archery industry to introduce students to the sport of archery. The Archery in the Schools curriculum is designed for 4th-12th graders and covers archery history, safety, techniques, equipment, mental concentration and self-improvement.
The top three shooters in each category at the state shoot will receive medals and prizes. In addition, the top five shooters in each category and first place teams automatically qualify for the national shoot to be held May 6,7 & 8 in Louisville, Ky.
For more information about Oklahoma Archery in the Schools or the Wildlife Department, log on to wildlifedepartment.com.
Youth discover wildlife-related careers at Wildlife Department's summer camp
A lifetime of hunting and fishing is full of memories and lessons about life, nature and ethics — and youth who enjoy the outdoors can take that one step further by pursuing a career in wildlife conservation. Teenagers can apply now to attend the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation's annual Wildlife Youth Camp slated for July 11-16 and learn about rewarding careers that focus on managing wildlife for the future.
The youth camp, which is held at Oklahoma University Biological Station at Lake Texoma, introduces youth age 14-16 to careers in wildlife-related fields and increases their awareness of conserving and managing Oklahoma's wildlife resources. The free camp allows youth to gain first-hand knowledge of careers in wildlife and fisheries management as well as law enforcement. Some participants even move on to rewarding careers as employees of the Wildlife Department.
Courses planned for the week include rifle and shotgun training, muzzleloading, wildlife identification, wildlife law enforcement, fishing, fisheries management, ropes and rappelling, swimming, and turkey and waterfowl hunting, management and enforcement.
To attend youth camp, applicants must turn 14 prior to June 11, 2010, and be no older than 16. Applicants must write a 75-word essay describing why they want to attend the camp, why they should be selected and what they expect to learn. Additionally, they must provide a letter of recommendation by someone outside their family and a photograph from a recent outdoor-related event or activity.
The camp will be open to a maximum of 35 youth, and applications will be accepted through April 16, 2010. More information and applications, as well as photographs from previous youth camps are available by logging on to http://www.wildlifedepartment.com .
Kiamichi Mountains to host students at Youth Forestry and Wildlife Camp
Oklahoma's beautiful Beavers Bend State Park is the setting for one of the longest running summer camps in Oklahoma—the Oklahoma Youth Forestry and Wildlife Camp hosted by the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry.
This year the camp is slated for June 7-12 for boys and girls aged 13 to 15 years old that want to learn more about forestry, wildlife and conservation while in an outdoor setting. As one of Oklahoma's premier summer camps, students attend from across the state — many following the tradition of their parents and grandparents who are camp alumni. Field trips, Native American crafts, educational sessions and recreational programs are the heart of the weeklong camp. Campgrounds feature air-conditioned bunkhouses, a dining hall, hot showers, basketball and volleyball courts and an amphitheater.
Along with exploring natural resources through a series of programs on wildlife management, forest management, stream ecology, fire management, urban forestry and multiple resource management, campers will also have time for swimming, hiking, fishing, canoeing and other outdoor recreation in the Kiamichi Mountains while making new friends from across the state.
'Kids today don't necessarily see how things in the environment are all connected," said Christina Stallings Roberson, education coordinator for Oklahoma Forestry Services. "One main theme of this camp is to show those relationships."
Older youth, ages 18 to 22, can also participate in the weeklong learning experience as camp counselors. Applicants should be mature, responsible young adults with an interest in outdoor careers such as forestry, wildlife or education and have the ability to guide younger youth throughout the camp. Volunteer adult leaders also are needed.
Camper, counselor and adult applications will be accepted until April 30, 2010, and can be obtained by logging on to http://www.forestry.ok.gov or by calling (405) 522-6158. The fee for campers is $175, which covers all costs including meals, transportation at camp, field trips, and workshops. A limited number of partial scholarships are available.
Camper applications must be accompanied by a letter of reference from a teacher, counselor, principal, or club leader that has personal knowledge of the camper's interest and conduct.
Oklahoma angler lands 13 lb. 4 oz. largemouth for lake record and "Top 20 Bass"
list spot
A Maysville angler put a new fish on Oklahoma's list of Top 20 largemouth bass when he caught a 13 lb. 4 oz. lunker from Longmire Lake March 14.
David Kinard caught the fish using soft plastic bait in the North Creek area of Longmire, located east of Paul's Valley. The fish measured 26 inches in length and 23.25 inches in girth and was released. Taking the No. 17 spot on the state's list of Top 20 Largemouth Bass from Randy Faddis's 13 lb. 2 oz. fish caught in 1995, Kinard's fish also stands as a new lake record for Longmire.
Though it is not often that an angler lands a "Top 20 bass," catching big largemouths this time of year is common. In fact, the No. 1 fish on the list, a 14 lb. 11 oz. fish caught by William Cross in 1999 from Broken Bow Lake, was caught March 14 that year, and a total of 13 of the fish on the list also were caught in March, with several others on the list caught in late February or early April. Nearly half of the fish on the Top 20 list were caught in the last 10 years.
According to Gene Gilliland, central region fisheries supervisor for the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, big bass such as those that reach 12-13 lbs. are certain to have significant genetic influences from the Florida strain of largemouth, which the Wildlife Department has been stocking in suitable lakes since the early 1970s.
"They have the genetic potential to grow up to be trophies," Gilliland said, and often more so than the native strain.
While Florida largemouth bass carry the genetic potential to become large fish, the equation doesn't end there.
Trophy fish potential is the primary reason the Wildlife Department includes Florida largemouth bass in its stocking program — not to increase fish numbers. In order for that genetic potential to have full effect, however, bass also must have proper habitat conditions as well as time to grow to trophy sizes. According to Gilliland, it takes about 10 years on average for a largemouth bass with good genetics and good habitat conditions to reach the 10-lb. mark. Since Oklahoma is on the northern fringe of where Florida largemouth bass can be successful, warmer lakes such as those in southern portions of the state offer the best chances to grow big trophy bass, and the Top 20 list reflects that as well.
According to fisheries biologists with the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, now through the next month is a great time to be fishing for not only big bass, but also for high numbers of bass as water temperatures warm and as spawning season approaches.
A number of good live and artificial bait choices are available including plastic worms, spinnerbaits and assortments of jigs as well as live minnows and even worms.
According to Gilliland, anybody can catch a nice bass in Oklahoma, as long as they get out on the water and try.
To fish in Oklahoma, anglers must have a state fishing license. Some municipalities and lakes also require anglers to carry special permits. Consult the current "Oklahoma Fishing Guide" for more information.
To see a photograph of Kinard's fish, log on to http://lake-record.ou.edu/fishsite/public/fishView.php?id=878 . Other lake record fish and information about the lake record fish program can be viewed through a user-friendly search feature on the Wildlife Department's Web site at http://184.108.40.206/fishsite/
State fish offers hot angling action as spawning season arrives
Of all the official state symbols Oklahoma claims, the white bass is the favorite for anglers, especially in the coming weeks when the native fish begin their annual spawning runs up creeks and rivers that feed into lakes across the state.
The annual spawning run of the official state fish, often called the "sand bass," occurs during the spring and is perhaps best described as a "fish frenzy." White bass move in large schools to spawn, and anglers who fish at the right time can end up with near constant angling action as well as a stringer full of fish. Fisheries biologists with the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation recently provided the inside scoop on how to get in on the best springtime white bass fishing no matter where you live in the state.
While last year's spring spawning run was already underway in southeast Oklahoma during the first week of March — and while it normally runs from mid-March to the first of May — this year's run is slightly behind schedule, according to Kyle James, southeast region fisheries biologist for the Wildlife Department.
"The springtime delay is really testing the patience of Oklahoma anglers, but white bass spawning conditions are improving," James said. "The action will pick up, only this time a week or two later than usual. Hotspots in the southeast region include the narrows at Broken Bow, Pine Creek, Hugo, Sardis, and Wister reservoirs."
According to James, a 1/8 oz. jig with a white or yellow curly tailed grub is a popular lure for catching white bass.
"Try tying on two jigs at a time, but hold on, because two fish fight harder than one," James said.
According to James, both walk-in and boat access are available in areas throughout the region.
"Be sure to get landowner permission before entering private property," he said.
In the southcentral portions of the state, lake levels are at or above normal elevations. According to Cliff Sager, southcentral region fisheries biologist for the Department, saturated soils in the region mean that even marginal rains over the next month will generate the run-off and inflows that white bass need for spawning.
"Conditions leading up to this year's spawn look very favorable," Sager said. "We have heard reports that white bass were being caught in the tributaries above Lake Texoma this past weekend."
Sager said those fish were likely males that had moved upstream early to wait for female white bass to arrive with warmer waters and rain.
Further north, angling success can be had from creeks accessible from the Eufaula Wildlife Management Area in eastcentral Oklahoma. Duchess Creek is accessed by taking the Texanna Road exit off I-40 about four miles east of Checotah and driving south four and a half miles. Turn left on the dirt road and proceed one quarter mile to the first bridge. Fish upstream or downstream according to lake level.
Additionally, Danny Bowen, central region fisheries biologist for the Wildlife Department, said sand bass are being caught on Wewoka Creek south of Wetumka.
Eastern Oklahoma offers a number of white bass fishing opportunities as well, according to Gary Peterson, eastcentral region fisheries biologist for the Wildlife Department.
Peterson suggests picking one of the larger tributaries to the Arkansas River and watching for increased water flow in early spring. Examples include Robert S. Kerr's Sallisaw Creek arm, where fishing intensifies after a warm spring rain brings a water level rise. The same thing happens on Dirty Creek west of Webbers Falls, below Greenleaf Dam on Greenleaf Creek or below every dam on the Arkansas River Navigation System. It's all a question of when the warm rains bring an increased water flow.
Horseshoe Bend, on the Illinois River above Tenkiller Lake, is probably the best known white bass fishing "hot spot" in eastcentral Oklahoma, according to Peterson.
Traditionally, white bass can be caught anytime from mid March to early May at Horseshoe Bend depending on water flow, but the peak is usually around the first week or so in April. Smaller males are the first to show up in significant numbers, and any water level rise after that will sends the female fish upriver to spawn. Bank access is limited, but boaters can put in at the Horseshoe Bend boat ramp.
To get to Horseshoe Bend, take State Highway 82 south from Tahlequah to Horseshoe Bend Road in Keys. Turn left, stopping at the Illinois River.
Northwest Oklahoma's Canton Lake is expected to be a hot white bass fishing destination over the next few weeks, according to biologists in the region.
"Canton Lake has an outstanding white bass run," said John Stahl, northwest region fisheries supervisor for the Wildlife Department. "The run will start about the end of the first week in April."
Plenty of lake access is provided at Canton, along with amenities such as food and fishing gear in Canton and nearby Longdale. According to Stahl, all you have to do is watch the trees to know when to catch the white bass run just right.
"Locals say that when the redbuds are in full bloom, it's time to go," Stahl said.
Further south, white bass runs are not as typical due to low average rainfall and relatively short stream lengths, according to Larry Cofer, southwest region fisheries supervisor for the Wildlife Department.
The exception is above Lake Waurika in Beaver Creek in the event of rainfall in late March and early April, with access around the Hwy 53 bridges and the county roads above the Waurika WMA. Cofer said that striped bass hybrids also are caught running upstream from the lake. Striped bass hybrids are the result of crossing the white bass with the non-native striped bass in Wildlife Department fisheries hatcheries.
Cofer said boat fisherman can catch "sandies" above Lakes Lawtonka and Ellsworth to the headwaters of Medicine and Cache creeks, where white bass congregate after a rain.
Some of the southwest regions best sand bass fishing can be had where the fish spawn along windy rip-rap areas in lakes.
Altus-Lugert, Lawtonka and Tom Steed hold healthy populations of sand bass that can be caught along windy, rocky banks throughout the spring, even after the spawn. Also, anglers can be successful fishing the rip-rap on the dams this month at lakes Chickasha, Clear Creek, Comanche, Elk City, Ellsworth, and Waurika, particularly in a north wind after fronts come through, according to Cofer.
One female white bass can produce up to one million eggs. White bass reproductive activities are triggered when water temperatures reach 50 to 55 degrees Fahrenheit. Spawning occurs at random over weeds, debris and rocks. When tributary streams are available, white bass prefers upstream migration for spawning. No parental care is provided to eggs or young. Anglers should equip themselves with light to medium light action tackle and an assortment of jigs.
To learn more about white bass or fishing in Oklahoma, or to sign up for the Wildlife Department's weekly fishing report, log on to wildlifedepartment.com.
Forestry Services offering Oklahoma-grown seedlings
Now is an excellent time to plant tree seedlings for wildlife, according to officials with the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, which will hold tree seedling sales in a number of communities across the state in the coming weeks.
In partnership with the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma Forestry Services is offering three different packages of seedlings that will enhance the habitat of deer, songbirds, turkey, quail and a variety of other wildlife. Each wildlife packet is made up of 25 each of four different species of trees and shrubs chosen specifically to improve wildlife habitat for landowners.
"Planting conditions across the state are the best they have been for several years due to abundant soil moisture and cool weather, and we still have a good selection of species available," said Kurt Atkinson, assistant director of the Forestry Services division of the Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry.
According to Atkinson, orders for seedling packages are being taken via the Forestry Services online store at forestry.ok.gov, while certain communities across the state have been hosting seedling truck sales over the past week and will continue through the month of March. For a full schedule of seedling truck sales and locations, log on to http://www.forestry.ok.gov/2010-truck-sale-schedule.
Oklahoma grown seedlings are available to landowners for a broad range of conservation projects. Landowners use the trees for windbreaks to protect crops and livestock, timber production, water quality protection, erosion control or other natural resource projects such as firewood plantings and Christmas tree production.
Seedlings offered through the Forestry Service are one year old, bare-root, and each species is packaged in multiples of 50 with a minimum order of 100 trees. They are to be used in rural conservation plantings and cannot be used for ornamental plantings or resold as living trees.
All orders will be handled on a first-come, first-served basis and are being taken now via the online store. Paper order forms may be requested by contacting the Department's Forest Regeneration Center at 800-517-FOREST. Landowners also can visit the Forest Regeneration Center near Goldsby, just south of Norman where they can order, pay for and pick up their seedlings in person. Contact the center at 1-800-517-3673.
Online wildlife profiles shed light on nature in Oklahoma
If you have ever wondered what a burrowing owl looks like or whether there is actually a difference between bluegill and longear sunfish, then there is a Web site that can help.
The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation's Web site, wildlifedepartment.com, provides a "Species Spotlight" section that serves as an online resource on a wide range of wildlife species.
"This is a fantastic Web site for anyone who wants to see what animals look like, where they live and how they act," said Lesley McNeff, wildlife diversity information specialist for the Wildlife Department. "The information can be considered helpful to many different people such as parents, children, teachers and sportsmen. Each of us has seen an animal and wondered about something they did or even wondered what it was. This Web page has a multitude of information about Oklahoma wildlife with full-color pictures and an easy-to-read format. You can use this field guide to learn a lot about the different mammals, birds, fish and insects."
The Web site is always available, and it is easy to use. It showcases wildlife featured in previous issues of Outdoor Oklahoma magazine.
If you like to read about these species, you can receive a free email newsletter that features a different species every month as well as what to do to benefit wildlife that month. "The Wild Side" showcases different work that is being done by the Department's various biologists, multitudes of different wildlife species and even what you can do to be active with wildlife. Past issues of "The Wild Side" are even displayed online at wildlifedepartment.com.
For more information about the Species Spotlight or "The Wild Side," log on to wildlifedepartment.com.
Wildlife Department employment exam scheduled
The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation will be holding an open employment exam Friday, March 26, at Rose State College.
"Working for the Department is an extremely rewarding experience," said Mikki Gutierrez, human resources administrator for the Wildlife Department.
Taking the test is the first step in the hiring process for individuals seeking positions as game wardens, biologists, fish hatchery assistant managers or technicians with the Department.
The standardized employment exam is set for 10 a.m. in the Tom Steed Development Center. The exam is free, and participants must have photo identification upon check-in. Late arrivals will not be permitted to enter the examination room after 10 a.m.
"The Department looks for the best wildlife conservation employees available, and we want those who are interested to begin getting involved," Gutierrez said. "This test is the first step for most positions at the Wildlife Department."
Specific job and education requirements for Department positions as well as suggested study material for the exams are listed on the Department's official Web site at http://www.wildlifedepartment.com.
Individuals may take the exam once in a 12-month period. Test scores are valid for 12 months from the test date, and top scorers will be invited to submit an employment application. When a job opening becomes available, selected applicants from the test register will be scheduled for an interview. For more information, contact the Wildlife Department's Human Resources office at (405) 521-4640.
Youth spring turkey
season offers youth first shot
Turkey hunters mark April 6 as an important date to remember every year, but youth get an opportunity to hunt gobblers even earlier.
This year's youth spring turkey season will be held April 3-4 statewide and offers youth under 18 years of age a chance to harvest one tom turkey while accompanied by an adult 18 years old or older. The adult may not hunt or possess archery or firearms equipment, and any turkey harvested by a youth hunter counts toward the youth's county and regular spring season limits.
Youth who participate in the youth spring turkey season not only get an early opportunity to hunt, but those youth who do not harvest a turkey during the youth season may use their unfilled turkey license during the regular spring season, which runs April 6 – May 6.
To hunt during the youth spring turkey season, resident youth under 16 and non-residents under 14 are not required to have a hunting license, but they are required to have a turkey license or proof of exemption. Resident youth ages 16 and 17 and non-resident youth ages 14-17 must possess an appropriate hunting license and turkey license or proof of exemption.
Youth who have not completed a hunter education course through the Wildlife Department can still hunt turkeys during the youth spring season, but they must purchase an apprentice-designated hunting license and turkey permit as required, and the accompanying adult must be an individual 21 years old or older who is a licensed hunter and hunter education certified or otherwise exempt from license and hunter education requirements. See page 8 of the current "Oklahoma Hunting Guide" for details.
Seasons on public lands may vary from statewide season dates. Consult the current "Oklahoma Hunting Guide" for full details and regulations.
For a full "2010 Gobbler Report," see next week's Wildlife News, a free, weekly e-mail news release from the Wildlife Department. To receive the news release by e-mail, sign up online through the Wildlife Department's Web site at http://www.wildlifedepartment.com.
Deadline set for ads in hunting guide
Liberty Press Publications has set May 1 as the deadline for advertising in the "2010-11 Oklahoma Hunting Guide."
"The Wildlife Department accepts advertising for our hunting and fishing guides in order to offset printing costs and deliver a high-quality, low-cost publication to Oklahoma hunters and anglers," said Nels Rodefeld, chief of information and education for the Wildlife Department. "Our full-color Hunting Guide provides our constituents with crucial information regarding hunting seasons and laws, while the ad revenues save the Department thousands of dollars each year. Our goal is always to keep our costs low to make the best use of our funds."
The Wildlife Department receives no general state tax revenues and is funded by sportsmen and women through the purchase of hunting and fishing licenses and federal excise taxes on sporting goods.
Each year, over 450,000 Hunting Guides are printed and distributed to license dealers, outdoor stores and municipal businesses across the state. It is the most widely distributed outdoors publication in the state and is distributed statewide around Aug. 1. It also can be found online on the Department's web site, wildlifedepartment.com.
The Wildlife Department has a contract with Liberty Press Publications to oversee all advertising for the guide and publish the guide. Ad rates range from a little more than $9,000 for a full-color page to around $275 for a classified box ad. Promotional advertising does not constitute endorsement by the Wildlife Department.
For additional advertising information concerning the "Oklahoma Hunting Guide," contact Jeff Hunt at Liberty Press Publications. The toll-free telephone number is 1-800-296-6402.
Last call for Outdoor Oklahoma magazine photography contest submissions
Outdoor Oklahoma magazine is accepting entries for its annual "Readers' Photography Showcase" contest through March 31.
Selected photographers will have their work featured in the July/August 2010 issue of Outdoor Oklahoma.
"This is a great chance to see your own outdoor photography in print, as well as the work of other Oklahomans who enjoy the outdoors, but time is running out for submitting an entry," said Michael Bergin, associate editor of Outdoor Oklahoma.
The special summer issue gives both professional and amateur photographers the chance to have their digital photos displayed in a magazine nationally recognized for its photography.
Each participant may submit up to five digital images. Each submission must include a description of the photo, including the location taken, name and hometown of photographer, names and hometowns of subjects and what it took to get just the right shot. Photos should be in sharp focus, and images should be at least 300 dpi (dots per inch). The canvas size should be about 8 inches by 11 inches. All submissions must be digital and slides and print images will not be accepted. The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation reserves one-time publication rights for images selected for the "Readers' Photography Showcase," and images remain the property of the photographer. CDs and other file storage devices mailed to the Wildlife Department as part of submissions to the contest are not returned.
"We've received many great entries to the contest already," Bergin said. "And we hope that anyone else interested in making a submission remembers to do so by March 31."
Photographers can mail their submission on disk to: Outdoor Oklahoma magazine, Oklahoma Dept. of Wildlife Conservation, P.O. Box 53465, Oklahoma City, OK 73152.
Individuals can subscribe to Outdoor Oklahoma by calling 1-800-777-0019. Outdoor Oklahoma is known for providing decades of outdoor entertainment to both youth and adults. Subscriptions are just $10 for one year, $18 for two years, or $25 for three years. You can also subscribe over the Internet by logging on to the Department's Web site at wildlifedepartment.com.


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Terry Hodson drives behind a white station wagon, almost identical to her own, carrying fellow volunteers around the curve of the road and under the highway overpass. In the shadows, five men huddle around a fire. Two wave. The others just stare.
The two cars park. Within 10 minutes, more than 75 men emerge from the shadows under the bridge and form disorganized lines behind the cars. Most of them are from Zimbabwe. They are between 16 and 30 years old, and nearly all are unemployed.
They are the refugees under the bridge.
Once a week, members of the Adonis Musati Project bring food to them – today, three sandwiches, an orange, and a bottle of water for each person. The project is one of several organizations in Cape Town that work to fill the void left by what Ms. Hodson sees as the inability and unwillingness of the South African government to provide refugees and asylum seekers with anything more than a long wait to apply for legal papers.
Hodson and some fellow Zimbabwean ex-pats formed the project in November 2007 after Adonis Musati, a Zimbabwean, starved to death while waiting for his papers at the Nyanga Refugee Reception Center in Cape Town.
The project also helps refugees compile résumés for job interviews, distributes clothes and sleeping bags, and recently opened a halfway house for 12 refugee orphan boys.
Under the bridge, Hodson recognizes a new face in the crowd. She will find out who he is, how long he has been here, and what help he needs.
Her organization is funded solely by donations and run entirely by volunteers, a fact Hodson proudly emphasizes. Everything the organization has goes directly to the refugees and asylum seekers. "I think we're probably the most grass-roots refugee organization" in Cape Town, she says. "We're on the ground, in the streets as much as we can be."
Despite not having a large budget, Adonis Musati works to help as many as it can.
"They have done an amazing amount of work with very little resources," says Braam Hanekom, chair of PASSOP, a refugee advocacy organization in Cape Town.
Hodson, a former schoolteacher, maintains strong ties to Zimbabwe. Family members still live there. She returns almost every year, and she hopes she will be able to persuade her South African husband to retire there.
While she has always empathized with refugees from the economic, social, and political trauma in Zimbabwe, it was the death of Mr. Musati that pushed her into action to help those who cross the border – from Zimbabwe or other countries – in any way she can.
"I feel really strongly about all the suffering," she says. "So much has been messed up [in Zimbabwe]. The whole social structure and fabric has been torn apart."
As of January 2009, South Africa had 43,546 refugees and 227,125 asylum seekers, according to the United Nations relief agency UNHCR. South Africa hosts people from 52 countries, including Angola, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Somalia.
But Zimbabweans make up the majority of refugees and asylum seekers in South Africa. In the past five years, hundreds of thousands of Zimbabweans – some say millions – have crossed into neighboring South Africa to escape political persecution and economic destitution, according to Human Rights Watch.
The Zimbabwean economy has suffered from hyperinflation – it peaked at 321 million percent in October 2008, according to the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph – because of policies instigated by President Robert Mugabe. Hyperinflation made it nearly impossible for Zimbabweans to buy anything with their own currency, leading many to seek opportunities in South Africa.
Recently, a new unity government has eased political tensions. And last March, Zimbabwe switched its currency to the US dollar, which squelched inflation.
Yet many Zimbabweans remain skeptical about the safety and opportunities of living at home. The United States and the European Union remain critical of the Mugabe government.
South Africa has an integrated refugee policy, meaning refugees are allowed to look for jobs and housing and go to school. This is in contrast to an encampment-style policy, which separates refugees from the local population.
But the integrated policy, viewed by some as more humane, also means that refugees are left to fend for themselves – leaving many homeless, hungry, and vulnerable to exploitation.
"I think it could be [good] if they really put in a program that's going to work," Hodson says about the integrated policy. "There's no use just dumping [refugees] back in the townships."
One man staying under the bridge walks up to a volunteer Hodson brought along and asks her for a job. When she tells him that she is not from South Africa and therefore has no job to provide, he asks for a job in her country. He arrived in South Africa from Zimbabwe three days earlier, he says.
Henry, a 21-year-old from Harare, Zimbabwe's capital, has been in South Africa for nine months, but has found work for only two of those months.
"It seems like there are no jobs," he says. "If possible, I'd like to go home because home is best." Looking over his shoulder at the bridge, he adds, "In Zimbabwe, we live in our houses, but here, it is very hard."
The expense of returning to Zimbabwe is often beyond a refugee's means. The project raises funds to send home one Zimbabwean a month who wants to go back.
"If anything went right [in Zimbabwe] tomorrow, and they could get work, they would go home," Hodson says. "A lot of them just want to make a better life for their families. So they come here thinking they can make a lot of money to send back, but it doesn't work. [Then] they want to go back to their families."
With all the food gone, it's time for the Adonis Musati volunteers to go home. They pile back into their cars, leaving behind the dark underpass that these refugees call home.
Read about other "people making a difference."

subset: commoncrawl


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This glossary gives many succinct, cross-referenced definitions as well as a bibliography, picture gallery and a few notes on the origin of terms. Some references are linked to journal articles in the JSTOR archive.
Glossaries of Economic Terms in Development Economics
This glossary accompanies a site which introduces development economics issues in the context of a "Virtual" Zambia. The definitions here are mostly of economic terms, with some related political and historical terms. Each is given a short definition. The original site is no longer running, so this link is to Archive.org's copy.
Part of the "2015: Where will we be?" portal, this glossary gives short definitions to dozens of terms related to development.
Published by Ralph Nader's nonprofit consumer-rights organisation, Public Citizen, this is the PDF version of a booklet dating from 1996. In 18 pages, it explains acronyms and basic concepts related to Free Trade Agreements, and gives advice on reading and interpreting trade agreement documents.


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Stories Of Big Lottery Jackpot Winners
Have you ever wondered what kinds of people have the kind of luck it takes to win the lottery?
Over on Stories Of Big Lottery Jackpot Winners you'll get to satisfy your curiosity.
You'll get to read plenty of stories about people that won large lottery prizes, from Rebecca Jamison, a woman that won but almost lost when someone claimed the ticket was really theirs, to Max Matthews, a guy that received his ticket as a birthday gift from his son.
And they come from all walks of life, from Beverly Palmer, a woman that had recently hit hard times and lost her job, to Iorworth Hoare, a convicted rapist that not only won, but found "love" when a golddigger became attracted to his new riches.


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Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport in Atlanta is one of the busiest airports in the world.
Delta Airlines, Atlanta's largest employer, has one of the world's largest hubs at the airport. AirTran Airways also operates a hub in Atlanta. And together with a variety of cargo carriers and other airlines, they have helped to make the airport and the city a transportation center.
Many of the people employed at Hartsfield-Jackson and other nearby regional and general aviation airports are aircraft mechanics and avionics technicians who keep the planes in safe flying condition and on schedule. They perform maintenance, make repairs, and complete inspections required by the FAA. Their work covers aircraft of all types -- from jumbo airliners to regional jets and general aviation airplanes.
Those technicians who specialize in maintenance conduct scheduled inspections of aircraft engines, landing gears, instruments, brakes, valves, pumps, and other parts of the aircraft to ensure they are in proper working order. After inspection, these technicians do the necessary repairs and then test the equipment.
Mechanics who specialize in repair respond to problems that come up on a day-to-day basis in airplanes and that are reported by pilots. They do troubleshooting to fix a variety of problems -- from electrical outages to problems in hydraulics. Repair mechanics work as quickly as safety permits so that the airplane can be returned to service with minimal impact to airline schedules.
Of these mechanics, airframe mechanics are authorized to work on any part of the airplane except the instruments, power plants, and propellers. Powerplant mechanics are authorized to work on engines and do limited work on propellers. Combination airframe-and-powerplant mechanics -- called A&P mechanics --work on all parts of the plane except the instruments.
Avionics technicians repair and maintain the electronics systems (communications, weather radar, and navigation) that help control flight, the engine, and other primary functions.
By law, FAA standards require that certified mechanic schools offer students a minimum of 1,900 class hours. Coursework in schools normally lasts 1-2 years and provides training with the tools and equipment used on the job. About one-third of these schools award 2-year and 4-year degrees in avionics, aviation technology, or aviation maintenance management. Many only offer certificates or diplomas in aviation management.
The FAA requires that all work done on aircraft be performed by certified mechanics. In addition to having experience or formal training, applicants for all certificates must pass written, oral, and practical tests that demonstrate that they can do the work authorized by the certificate. And once the certificate is gained, the aircraft mechanic needs to keep fresh with new technologies by taking at least 16 hours of training every 2 years.
The FAA has 170 programs nationwide, and six are in Georgia.


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WRC necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 128 diseños de 38 diseñadores freelance.
Water Resources Center - Minnesota State University, Mankato
We are a center for environmental research and information exchange associated with a university. The mission for the Water Resources Center at Minnesota State University, Mankato is to gather, interpret, and distribute data of environmental significance to help citizens enhance the quality of regional lakes, rivers, wetlands, and groundwater. This is accomplished through faculty and student applied research, educational programming, technical assistance, and water resource planning.
Citizens, general public, researchers, faculty, students
Potential funders (foundations, local and state government agencies)
The Water Resources Center at Minnesota State University, Mankato is seeking a logo for our science/research/outreach center. The logo must be limited to two colors (potentially plus black). Earth tones are preferable. We are seeking a relatively simple innovative design that will be easily recognized. The design should incorporate a relationship between land and water. PLEASE NO DROPLETS. Please do not represent water in the logo with a droplet shape. (This is over-used in our field so we would like to avoid that imagery). We want something that reflects water and land as the bulk of our work centers on studying rivers and lakes and the associated landscape. We are located in southern Minnesota where the landscape is predominantly prairie with lakes and river valleys.
The acronym for our center – WRC – could be used as a basis for the logo and/or incorporated into the design, but it is not required. The design must also include the affiliation information: Water Resources Center - Minnesota State University, Mankato. We can abbreviate WRC but "Minnesota State University, Mankato" must be spelled out.
We would like to obtain original artwork in a variety of formats including editable Illustrator files that we can alter as we decide on our color scheme.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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text: Jorg, Thanks for the the additional details. You addressed all of my concerns. I wish the original article had these details. Unfortunately, I think the original article simplified things a bit to much, and was a bit optimistic about running one of these in a dessert. -- Prentice On 03/01/2013 05:46 PM, Jörg Saßmannshausen wrote: > Hi all, > > answers are inserted. > > On Donnerstag 28 Februar 2013 Prentice Bisbal wrote: >> On 02/28/2013 05:00 AM, Hearns, John wrote: >>> I think this has been discussed here before, but it is a pretty >>> innovative product: >>> >>> http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/02/28/wet_servers_cut_cooling_costs_res >>> earch_leeds_university/ >> I really should just save my rants about immersive liquid cooling on a >> web page somewhere so I can just provide a link every time this topic >> comes up. I'd just provide links to my previous rants here in the >> archives, but I'm feeling lazy this morning. >> >> Seriously, this article is both interesting and confusing, and there are >> some stupid/ridiculous statements in the article. >> >> 1. The interesting: >> >> How easy is it to clean this liquid up? Is it oily like mineral oil? If >> it's not slippery and it's easy to clean up, that addresses my biggest >> problem with immersive cooling. The Novec didn't look as thick or >> slippery as mineral oil in the video, but it's hard to tell something >> like that from a web-quality video. > It evaporates easily and it is used as a cleaning agent. > You can dip your mobile into it and it is still working (the mobile, that is). > When you fish it out again you got a clean mobile. You might be surprised how > much grease there is on a mobile ;-) > So it is not like oil, the visosity is lower. > >> 2. The confusing: >> >> Is the Icetope system an immersive cooling system? From the video, it >> looked more like a "direct contact" cooling system where the liquid is >> run through pipes into "direct" contact with the processors, but the >> demo made me think they are talking about immersive cooling. Even for >> direct-contact cooling (if that is the right term) having a >> non-conductive liquid is a better option than water if a leak occurs. > Yes. Motherboard is imersed into the Novac in a sealed Aluminium container > which got a chilled plate on one side. The chilled plate is cooled with water. > So for that you need a pump. The excess heat is removed by an outer loop water > cycle. Here you can use whatever you like, even grey water (with a filter). We > want to use 3 radiators so here we need a heat-pump, the same you get from > your local DIY store for your domestic central heating. Not much noise here. > >> 3. The stupid/ridiculous: >>> Dunking servers in new magic liquid 3M Novec reduces the cooling >>> system's energy use by 80 - 97 per cent, compared to cooling systems >>> that use air. Air cooling is inefficient because it is a poor >>> conductor, produces diffuse general heat and requires energy-chomping >>> high powered fans, said the boffins. >>> 3M Novec is also a thousand times better at conducting heat than >>> water, and one low-powered fan in a chamber of 3M Novec is adequate toJorg, >>> >>> >>> >>> Thanks for the the additional details. You addressed all of my concerns. >>> i wish the original article had these details. Unfortunately, I think >>> the original article simplified things a bit to much, and was a bit >>> optimistic about running on of these in a dessert! >>> chill a server array. >> At some point or system size, you're still going to need pumps to >> circulate the liquid. While natural convection is fine for gases, it's >> usually inadequate for liquids due to their higher viscosity. And if you >> need to transport that liquid horizontally away from the heat source to >> the heat sinks, you're definitely going to need pumps. Liquids might >> have thermal capacities and thermal conductivities that are about 1000x >> that of air, but I think the viscosity of a liquid has got to be at >> least 1000x that of a gas. In this case, the pumps are still probably >> using less electricity than all those fans, but I think these quotes >> distort some of the facts. > See above. The novac will not be pumped around, convection is all you need. > Remember, the nodes are standing upright and are not flat as a normal > installation would suggest. So the transport is vertically and here you got a > 'chimney effect' as well. > So, as mentioned above, you need two sets of pumps for the inner and outer > look of the water (sic!) cooling system. > >>> The fact that this system is completely enclosed raises a host of >>> possibilities. It does not interact with its environment in the way an >>> air-cooled server does, so you could put it in an extreme environment >>> like the desert >> Ummm, no. that heat still has to go somewhere. And that "somewhere" has >> to be at a temperature low enough for there to be a temperature >> difference large enough create the "driving force" necessary for useful >> heat transfer. That's probably not going to happen in the desert. > The outer water cycle has a max. temperature of 50 °C and the return is max 45 > °C. Given it is cold in a dessert at night you might be able to just about do > that. However, I would not really want to have my cluster in the dessert ;-) > >>> It is also completely silent. You could have it on a submarine or in a >>> classroom. >> See my earlier comment about the need for a pump. I guarantee that even >> the smallest production systems will need some kind of circulation pump. >> you can probably locate that pump further away from the system being >> cooled, but it will be producing some level of noise, somewhere. > Think about how noisy a domestic heat pump for your central heating is and you > get an idea how loud the cluster is. I stood next to one and you could barely > hear it. So no big pumps. > >> Overall, if this 3M Novec overcomes the drawbacks of mineral oil, this >> is great, but I feel that this article and this research is more like >> press release for 3M Novec. > Well, 3M is supporting the project. However, to be honest, of all the systems > I have seen so far that seems to be the most intelligent one, specially as you > can harvest the heat and do something with it. > The radiators we are using are too small to heat up the building or the > staircase in the winter, granted. However, it is more to demonstrate the > principle and I only get one rack. I will post my experiences when and if I > get the system installed. At least so far nobody here mentioned a serious > problem which is reassuring. > >> Rant over. You may now return to your regularly scheduled work day. > Not a rant, just some comments :-) > > All the best from a dark London > > Jörg > u


text:
See what questions
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Vocal hyperkeratosis: Thickened lesion which develops on the inner border of the glottal margins. Causes include smoking, pollution and alcohol. More detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of Vocal hyperkeratosis is available below.
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Guinea, country of western Africa, located on the Atlantic coast. Three of western Africa's major rivers—the Gambia, the Niger, and the Sénégal—rise in Guinea. Natural resources are plentiful: in addition to its hydroelectric potential, Guinea possesses a large portion of the world's bauxite reserves and significant amounts of iron, gold, and diamonds. Nonetheless, the economy is largely based on subsistence agriculture.
Guinea, under the name French Guinea, was a part of French West Africa until it achieved independence in 1958. It then was ruled successively by Sékou Touré (1958–84) and Lansana Conté (1984–2008), the latter of whom claimed power through a military coup. During the 1990s Guinea accommodated several hundred thousand war refugees from neighbouring Liberia and Sierra Leone, and conflicts between those countries and Guinea have continued to flare up over the refugee population. Following Conté's death, a military junta took control of the country and suspended the constitution that had been adopted in 1991. The national capital of Conakry lies on Tombo (Tumbo) Island and spreads up the Camayenne (Kaloum) Peninsula; it is the country's main port.
Guinea is bordered by Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Côte d'Ivoire to the southeast, and Liberia and Sierra Leone to the south. The Atlantic Ocean lies to the west.
Guinea consists of four geographic regions: Lower Guinea, the Fouta Djallon, Upper Guinea, and the Forest Region, or Guinea Highlands. Lower Guinea includes the coast and coastal plain. The coast has undergone recent marine submergence and is marked by rias, or drowned river valleys, that form inlets and tidal estuaries. Numerous offshore islands are remnants of former hills.
Immediately inland the gently rolling coastal plain rises to the east, being broken by rocky spurs of the Fouta Djallon highlands in the north at Cape Verga and in the south at the Camayenne Peninsula. Between 30 and 50 miles (48 and 80 km) wide, the plain is wider in the south than the north. Its base rocks of granite and gneiss (coarse-grained rock containing bands of minerals) are covered with laterite (red soil with a high content of iron oxides and aluminum hydroxide) and sandstone gravel.
The Fouta Djallon highlands rise sharply from the coastal plain in a series of abrupt faults. More than 5,000 square miles (13,000 square km) of the highlands' total extent of 30,000 square miles (78,000 square km) lie above 3,000 feet (900 metres). Basically an enormous sandstone block, the Fouta Djallon consists of level plateaus broken by deeply incised valleys and dotted with sills and dikes, or exposed structures of ancient volcanism resulting in resistant landforms of igneous rock. The Kakoulima Massif, for example, attains 3,273 feet (998 metres) northeast of Conakry. The highest point in the highlands, Mount Tamgué, rises to 5,046 feet (1,538 metres) near the town of Mali in the north.
Upper Guinea is composed of the Niger Plains, which slope northeastward toward the Sahara. The flat relief is broken by rounded granite hills and outliers of the Fouta Djallon. Composed of granite, gneiss, schist (crystalline rock), and quartzite, the region has an average elevation of about 1,000 feet (300 metres).
The Forest Region, or Guinea Highlands, is a historically isolated area of hills in the country's southeastern corner. Mount Nimba (5,748 feet [1,752 metres]), the highest mountain in the region, is located at the borders of Guinea, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire. The mountain's densely forested slopes are part of the Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve, which has significant portions in Guinea. The Guinean sector was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1981 and is home to a unique and diverse array of flora and fauna. The rocks of this region are of the same composition as those of Upper Guinea.
Drainage and soils
More than 20 rivers in western Africa originate in Guinea. The Fouta Djallon is the source of the three major rivers of the region. The Niger River and several tributaries, including the Tinkisso, Milo, and Sankarani, rise in the highlands and flow in a general northeasterly direction across Upper Guinea to Mali. The Bafing and Bakoye rivers, headwaters of the Sénégal River, flow northward into Mali before uniting to form the main river. The Gambia River flows northwestward before crossing Senegal and The Gambia.
The Fouta Djallon also gives rise to numerous smaller rivers, including the Fatala, Konkouré, and Kolenté, which flow westward across the coastal plain to enter the Atlantic Ocean. The Forest Region generally drains to the southwest through Sierra Leone and Liberia. The Saint Paul River enters the Atlantic at Monrovia, in Liberia, and the Moa River has its mouth at Sulima, in Sierra Leone.
The most common soils found in Guinea are laterites formed of iron and hydrated aluminum oxides and other materials that often concretize into hard iron-rich conglomerates. Sandy brown soils predominate in the northeast, while black, heavy clay soils accumulate in the backwaters along the coast. There are alluvial soils along the major rivers. Soil conservation is extremely important, because most soils are thin and rainfall heavy, causing much erosion.
The climate of Guinea is tropical with two alternating seasons—a dry season (November through March) and a wet season (April through October). The arrival of the migratory intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in June brings the heaviest rainfall of the wet season. As the ITCZ shifts southward in November, the hot, dry wind known as the harmattan blows from the northeast off the Sahara.
On the coast a period of six months of dry weather is followed by six months of rain. The average rainfall at Conakry is about 170 inches (4,300 mm) a year, and the average annual temperatures are in the low 80s F (about 27 °C).
In the Fouta Djallon, January afternoon temperatures range from the mid-80s to the mid-90s F (about 30 to 35 °C), while evening temperatures dip into the high 40s and low 50s F (about 8 to 11 °C). Rainfall varies between 60 and 90 inches (1,500 and 2,300 mm) annually, and the average annual temperatures there are in the mid-70s F (about 25 °C).
In Upper Guinea rainfall drops to about 60 inches (1,500 mm) a year. During the dry season temperatures of more than 100 °F (38 °C) are common in the northeast.
In the Forest Region at Macenta there may be some 100 or more inches (2,540 mm) of rain annually. Only the months of December, January, and February are relatively dry, with possible rainfall of only 1 inch (25 mm). At low elevations, temperatures resemble those of the coastal areas.
Plant and animal life
The coast is fringed with mangrove trees, and the coastal plain supports stands of oil palms. The Fouta Djallon is mostly open, with trees growing along the wider stream valleys. Badiar National Park, which is administered jointly with Niokolo-Koba National Park in southeastern Senegal, contains savanna and forest. In Upper Guinea the savanna grassland supports several species of tall grasses that reach heights of 5 to 10 feet (1.5 to 3 metres) during the rainy season. Deciduous trees grow in scattered clumps, but few have commercial value; baobabs and shea trees furnish fruit and oil. Many of the dry woodlands of the region are protected in Haut Niger National Park, located in the centre of the country. The Forest Region contains several extensive patches of rainforest, with teak, mahogany, and ebony trees; agriculture, however, has diminished the forests and resulted in a shift largely toward open savanna.
Guinea is not rich in African big game. Baboons and hyenas are common, while an occasional wild boar, several types of antelope, and a rare leopard may be sighted. A few hippopotamuses and manatees inhabit the rivers of both Lower and Upper Guinea. Monkeys, chimpanzees, and some rare bird species can be found in the southern portion of the Forest Region, near the Liberian border. Poisonous snakes include mambas, vipers, and cobras, and there are pythons and a variety of harmless snakes. Crocodiles and several varieties of fish are found in most rivers.
Ethnic groups and languages
The four major geographic regions largely correspond to the areas inhabited by the major linguistic groups. In Lower Guinea the major language of the Susu has gradually replaced many of the other indigenous languages and is a lingua franca for most of the coastal population. In the Fouta Djallon the major language is Pulaar (a dialect of Fula, the language of the Fulani), while in Upper Guinea the Malinke (Maninkakan) language is the most widespread. The Forest Region contains the linguistic areas, from east to west, of Kpelle (Guerzé), Loma (Toma), and Kisi.
The number of non-Guinean residents has increased considerably since the mid-1980s. This community includes Lebanese and Syrian traders; a growing number of French engaged in agriculture, business, and technical occupations; and Liberians, Sierra Leoneans, and Ivoirians, mainly refugees.
More than four-fifths of the population is Muslim, predominantly Sunni. Less than one-tenth of Guineans are Christian, mostly Roman Catholic. A minority of Guineans continue to follow local traditional religious practices.
Settlement patterns
Since the 1950s Guinea has experienced rapid population growth, accompanied by continuing migration from the rural areas to the urban centres. Even so, some three-fifths of the population is still rural. Guinea's main urban centre is Conakry. The old city, located on Tombo Island, retains the segregated aspect of a colonial town, while the Camayenne Peninsula community has only a few buildings of the colonial period. From the tip of the peninsula, an industrial zone has expanded northward.
Kankan, in Upper Guinea, is a commercial, educational, administrative, and Muslim religious centre of some importance. Labé, located in the heart of the Fouta Djallon, serves as a market town and an administrative and educational centre; Nzérékoré, in the Forest Region, serves the same functions. Other important towns are the trading centres of Kindia and Mamou and the industrial settlements of Boké, Fria, and Kamsar.
Until urbanization and movement toward regional towns, the Fulani of the Fouta Djallon tended to live in small hillside hamlets of 75 to 95 persons each, with the lower classes occupying the valleys. In the heart of the highlands the countryside was thickly settled with hamlets every few miles, while in the east the land was less settled. In Lower Guinea villages were grouped together at the bases of hills, in the open plain, or in a valley floor. Village solidarity was more marked in this area than in the highlands, and each village contained between 100 and 200 people.
The majority of the Malinke people of Upper Guinea lived in moderately large villages of about 1,000 inhabitants located near permanent water sources, the adjacent soils of which were used for cultivation. The villages were tightly grouped; there were empty brush areas in which farming was unprofitable.
In the Forest Region the effects of human occupation, especially in the southwest, have become apparent only since the mid-20th century. Among the Kisi people on the Sierra Leone and Liberian borders, rice was grown on most hillsides and in every low-lying and swampy area. Villages tended to be small and rarely contained more than 150 people; they were often tucked inside groves of kola, mango, and coffee trees. Farther east among the Loma and Kpelle people, fire-cleared land was used to plant vegetables and rice. Larger villages were usually located on remote hillside terraces often surrounded by secondary forest growth.
Demographic trends
Life expectancy has consistently improved since independence, and by the early 21st century the average life expectancy was about 50 years for both men and women. The population of Guinea is young, with more than two-fifths of the people under age 15.
Immigration increased slightly after 1984, and, beginning in the 1990s, Guinea experienced an influx of refugees from Sierra Leone and Liberia, which were marred by civil unrest; by 2002 Guinea was home to some 150,000 refugees. Emigration was high in the 1970s and early '80s—especially from the Fouta Djallon and Upper Guinea—but decreased later in the 1980s. At its peak this out-migration consisted of one-sixth of the working-age male population, leaving an imbalance of aged men, children, and women. Emigration was directed toward neighbouring countries, with a small percentage going to Europe or North America.
Agriculture and other rural activities account for about three-fourths of the country's employment, with less than one-tenth in industrial employment (including mining). Services make up the remainder of Guinea's economic activity. Low salaries are common, and there is a large informal economy.
The shortage of trained personnel is serious, and finances suffer from misappropriation and tax evasion. Many of the processing industries have been held back by inadequate supplies of raw materials. Internal production is not sufficiently high, in agriculture particularly, and the shortage of investment capital has been persistent.
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Guinea is an agricultural country. The high plateaus of the Fouta Djallon are little more than part-time pastures, with hillsides given over to the growing of peanuts (groundnuts) and fonio (a sorghumlike grain). Along the streams and rivers, rice, bananas, tomatoes, strawberries, and citrus fruits are grown commercially. Most families have truck gardens (gardens that produce specific vegetables in relatively large quantities for distant markets), and tsetse-resistant Ndama cattle, sheep, goats, horses, donkeys, chickens, and Muscovy ducks are raised.
In Lower Guinea, oil and coconut palms, rice, bananas, vegetables, salt, and fish are important elements of trade. A number of large-scale plantations produce a good quantity of bananas and pineapples. Except for poultry and a few goats, there are relatively few domestic animals. In Upper Guinea, grains and cassava (manioc) are important food crops; vegetables, tobacco, and karite (shea butter) are traded locally; and domestic animals are common.
In the Forest Region, rice is the chief food crop, along with cassava, peanuts, and corn (maize). Gardens of tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, and tobacco are scattered in the shade of fruit trees, and coffee trees, kola nuts, and oil palms are important cash crops. Goats and fowl are the most common domestic animals.
Experiments conducted in the early 1970s with large-scale cooperative agricultural production were unsuccessful. Relatively low government farm prices and the high cost and scarcity of consumer goods caused many producers to return to subsistence agriculture or to resort to smuggling. The production of coffee, formerly the major cash crop, declined. Food imports of staples such as rice, once exported, remain necessary. The production of other cash crops, such as palm kernels, peanuts, pineapples, bananas, and citrus fruits, has improved only marginally since 1984, though considerable potential for expansion exists.
The southeastern rainforest has some valuable species of tropical hardwoods, but forestry generally is hampered by the lack of adequate transportation. Mixed government and private-investment sawmills and plywood plants function below capacity because of insufficient supplies of timber, transportation difficulties, and inadequate capital and managerial input.
Both river and ocean fisheries yield large catches of food fish. Commercial fishing continues to grow with the introduction of U.S., French, Japanese, and other internationally financed and operated fishing ventures. Individual small-scale riverine and marine fishing, producing fresh, dried, and smoked fish for local markets, remains important.
Resources and power
Guinea has from one-third to one-half of the world's known reserves of bauxite (the principal ore of aluminum), plus significant reserves of high-grade iron ore at Mount Nimba and the Simandou Mountains. Alluvial gold is taken from the Niger and its tributaries, and diamond production is substantial and largely of gem-quality stones. The iron ore deposits of Mount Nimba are exploited under a shipping agreement with the government of Liberia. Mining of gem-quality diamonds increased greatly since 1984, and gold production rose substantially as well. Uranium reserves were discovered near Kissidougou, in the Forest Region, in 2007.
Hydroelectric potential is considerable because of the high rainfall and deep gorges of the Fouta Djallon, but the country's hydropower has been only partially developed, largely to meet the demands of the alumina sector. A dam and hydroelectric power station on the Konkouré River produce nearly one-third of the country's electricity. Yet only a small proportion of energy comes from the national grid, which supplies mainly Conakry and Kindia.
Manufacturing accounts for only a small fraction of Guinea's gross domestic product. Food-processing plants run at less than full capacity because agricultural production is insufficient and capital and managerial input are inadequate. Most industry consists of the manufacturing of light consumer goods and the primary processing of agricultural products.
Since 1984 the government of Guinea has pursued a slow process of economic reform aimed at reestablishing a free-market system. In 1986 Guinea began a process to relink its currency, the Guinean franc, with the French franc after having maintained a nonconvertible currency (one not exchangeable for foreign currencies) since 1960. The process was never completed, however.
In mid-1985 a new banking law allowed the establishment of new commercial banks to replace the publicly owned institutions (with the exception of an Islamic bank established in 1983) that had existed under the Touré government. In December 1985 three banks involving French participation began operation: the Banque Internationale pour l'Afrique en Guinée (BIAG), the Banque Internationale pour le Commerce et l'Industrie de la Guinée (BICI-GUI), and the Société Générale de Banques en Guinée (SGBG). The central bank is the Banque Centrale de la République de Guinée.
The Guinean investment code follows fairly classical lines, offering a variety of inducements to domestic and international investors in productive sectors. Benefits include waivers of import duties on capital equipment and deductions of various peripheral tax liabilities including statutory employers' contributions. Compared with many other African countries, the extent of these investor benefits is modest.
During the Touré regime, smuggling of both imports and exports—brought on by an unrealistic exchange rate and poor returns to agricultural producers selling in the domestic market—made accurate trade figures impossible. While Guinea recorded a substantial surplus on visible trade in the 1980s, its export base was narrow and largely dependent on the mining industry for international trade earnings.
Guinea still depends heavily upon mineral exports to maintain a favourable trade balance. Exports of gold and diamonds in particular have shown substantial growth since 1984. The bauxite deposits at Fria, Kindia, and Sangaredi in the Boké region are exploited by international consortia in which the Guinea government holds major shares. Similarly mixed foreign and domestic plants produce the bauxite and alumina that provide the majority of Guinea's export earnings. Chief imports include machinery, foodstuffs, and refined petroleum. Principal trading partners include European countries, China, and India.
Guinea has high tax rates. Government revenue is derived chiefly from mining concessions, a value-added tax, import and export duties, excise taxes, a petroleum products tax, and taxes on commercial transactions and production. There are also various other surtaxes, stamp duties, and registration fees. Business and other licenses and personal property, building, dwelling, and vehicle taxes are handled by the prefecture administrations. Taxes on salaries and wages contribute little revenue because few people are salaried and because many wage earners work within the government.
Guinea's transportation system is largely based upon roads and domestic air service. Roads connect Guinea to regional centres and to Senegal and Mali. An international airport at Conakry serves jets of all sizes. Air Guinée Express operates a somewhat irregular schedule of weekly domestic flights to the hard-surfaced airports at Kankan, Labé, and Faranah and maintains occasional service to nearby international cities.
The Conakry-Kankan railway line is now mostly defunct, and there is no passenger railway service in the country. Two industrial railways serve the bauxite mining areas, including a line linking Conakry to the Fria bauxite mines. The Boké Railway runs between Kamsar and Sangaredi.
The port facilities of Conakry are extensive. There is a channel about 25 to 65 feet (8 to 20 metres) deep and dock space with modern loading equipment. The Sangaredi bauxite mine company maintains its own ore-exporting port at Kamsar. Coastal shipping, however, is limited.
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More About Guinea11 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- Ebola outbreak of 2014–2015
- education
- flag history
- independence movement
- In Sékou Touré
- Kpelle
- In Kpelle
- population and demography
- western Africa
physical geography
- Gambia River
- In Gambia River