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Please note: You are viewing an archived Bucknell University news story. It is possible that information found on this page has become outdated or inaccurate, and links and images contained within are not guaranteed to function correctly.
LEWISBURG, Pa. — A Bucknell University student group working to provide clean drinking water in a South American village has received a $10,000 Projects for Peace grant from the Davis Foundation.
The group — seniors Alesandra Agresti, Jon Campbell-Copp, Scott Teagarden and John Trimmer — traveled to Suriname in January with Bucknell professors Kevin Gilmore and Mike Toole to meet with the villagers and revise their design proposal. The students will return this summer to set up a sustainable drinking water system using a collection system for rainwater.
In addition to the student group, Mengzhou Huang, Class of '13, collaborated with friends in Chicago and Taiwan on another Project for Peace effort that was funded through International House Chicago.
The Cross-Strait Student Leadership Conference began last year as a pilot program with eight students from different high schools and colleges. This summer, the conference continues with an intensive, seven-day program in Shenzhen, China, for 30 high school and college students from mainland China and Taiwan.
Fourth year for Bucknell projects
"This is the fourth year that Projects for Peace has run and Bucknell has participated each year," said Paula Myers, assistant dean of students at Bucknell and director of International Student Services.
"Our students have worked on establishing a sewing co-op in Guatemala; designing a water pumping station in El Porvenir, Nicaragua; making a documentary video on the plight of the banana workers in Nicaragua; and establishing a bicycle co-op for two villages in Northern Uganda, a project that has become Bicycles Against Poverty," she said.
Building peace throughout the world
The Projects for Peace program, in its fourth year, honors philanthropist Kathryn Wasserman Davis, who launched the initiative on the occasion of her 100th birthday in 2007. Designed to encourage and support motivated youth to create and implement their ideas for building peace throughout the world in the 21st century, each of the 100 projects will receive $10,000 in funding.
The winning projects propose specific plans of action that will have lasting effects including post-conflict community building, youth empowerment and education programs, improved community water supplies worldwide, and a multitude of agrarian enterprises in countries where famine is pervasive.
"The competition on more than 90 campuses was keen and we congratulate the students who proposed the winning projects," said Executive Director of the Davis United World College Scholars Program Philip O. Geier.
"Kathryn Davis was motivated to establish Davis Projects for Peace in 2007 because she felt a great sense of urgency about an elusive goal: peace in the world. She felt frustrated that older generations had failed in that great quest. Her vision has motivated young people, and they have drawn inspiration from her," Geier said.
"I want to use my birthday to once again help young people launch some initiatives that will bring new energy and ideas to the prospects of peace in the world," said Davis. "My many years have taught me that there will always be conflict. It's part of human nature. But love, kindness, and support are also part of human nature, and my challenge to these young people is to bring about a mindset of preparing for peace instead of preparing for war."
A complete list of the participating schools and projects, as well as a summary of the 2009 projects and a video interview with Davis from 2006, is available on the program's website at www.davisprojectsforpeace.org.
Bucknell projects
Read about other Projects for Peace efforts initiated by Bucknellians:
· Water project in Suriname.
· Bicycles Against Poverty trip to Uganda, summer 2009;
· Guatemala sewing co-op;
· El Porvenir water project;
· "Missing Seeds" documentary about the plight of banana workers in Nicaragua.
Contact: Division of Communications


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LONDON — Carmelo Anthony couldn't explain it. Few who witnessed it could, and even they would just be guessing about how records that have stood for years could all come crashing down in a matter of minutes at the Olympic Basketball Arena late Thursday night.
Maybe Anthony is right, perhaps it was "just one of those nights."
Maybe it was just being in the zone and the perfect opponent at the perfect time for a team still hunting perfection in a game that has been known to humble those chasing foolish things.
And maybe, just maybe, it was Anthony, one of the greatest scorers on the planet right now, catching fire in a glorious 14 minute and 29-second stretch the likes of we might not see again on the Olympic stage.
By the time the U.S. Men's Senior National Team had finished toying with Nigeria, they set Olympic records for most points in a half and most points in a game in their 156-73 win, the only thing anyone knew for sure was that history had been made and that they'd probably never see anything like it again.
Anthony set U.S. Olympic records for points (37), breaking Stephon Marbury's record of 31 (against Spain in 2004), 3-pointers made and attempted (10-for-12) and the U.S. team set Olympic records for points scored, points in a first half (78), field goals made (59), 3-pointers made and attempted (29-for-46), field goal percentage (71.1), victory margin (83) and their 41 assists tied a record.
They shot a staggering 81 percent (30-for-37) inside the 3-point line a wicked 63 percent from distance.
"It couldn't have been anybody out there that we were playing against," Anthony said. "When we're shooting like that, shooting that well, the percentage that we shot … it's just incredible. One through 12, everybody contributing. Tonight was just one of those nights where we had it going as a unit. It was incredible."
The record for shock value in a win … well, you might as well throw that one in there, too.
"I've never had a team I've coached at any level shoot the ball the way they did tonight," U.S. coach Mike Krzyzewski said to Nigeria coach Ayo Barake as the two men walked off the stage in the press center after the game. "Our guys couldn't miss tonight. They shared the ball. When you hit 29 threes, it's very difficult to lose in a game like that. Just an incredible shooting performance. That's not going to happen very often."
Afterwards, the Nigerian contingent was still struggling with their role in this historic game. They've given up 100 points midway through the third quarter and were taking punches from every direction.
"Am I surprised?" a clearly agitated Koko Archibong said of the records that were set against he and his teammates. "I don't even know how to answer that. Should I be surprised? Okay, sure, I'm surprised."
Barake cracked jokes and tried his best to find a silver lining for his team. But he couldn't deny that it'll be a tough 48 hours for his team and their collective psyche.
"Wounded egos," he said of what had changed about his team from before the game.
"When they shoot like this, I don't know if there is any team that can beat them," said Ike Diogu, who promised not to be intimidated by the U.S. and played like it, finishing with 27 points to lead Nigeria.
But this game was over shortly after it started.
Kobe Bryant (16 points) and Kevin Durant (14) kicked off the festivities, each of them connecting from distance in the opening stages of the game as the U.S. lead grew to double digits in mere minutes.
By the time Anthony hit the floor late in the first quarter the tone had already been set. He just fed off of what was already done. He connected on three straight 3-pointers to finish the quarter and went right back at it in the second. He had 19 points at halftime and had drained five of his seven shots from long-range.
In the third quarter, though, he ventured into that netherworld known as the zone, where only the special few have gone. He went to the bench with 4:58 to play in the third quarter, his record-setting night sewn up and the U.S. leading by a comfy 47 points and his teammates going crazy.
The U.S. was 20-for-30 from deep when he departed and made nine more for good measure. But the mercurial stretch Anthony had, the jaw-dropping display he delivered on a stage where records are set all the time (U.S. swimmer and gold medal king Michael Phelps was doing his work at the aquatic center just a few miles away), will go down as one of the greatest displays anyone has ever seen.
So what if it was a preliminary round game against a clearly overmatched Nigeria team catching a rejuvenated U.S. Team after a much-needed day off.
"The support system, first of all, that we have and I have from my teammates, you can't explain it," Anthony said. "The way that they are telling me to shoot the ball, encouraging me to make and take shots … and then just the feeling, that touch, it's kind of hard to explain. If you've never done it, you won't understand what I'm talking about."
On a team full of NBA All-Stars and guys who rank among the greatest players in the game today, and in some cases all time, that's a mouthful.
"It was unbelievable and you could see it from the get-go," said Kevin Love, the NBA's reigning 3-point contest king. "I mean, 78 points at halftime and seeing Carmelo go off, really in the first half and second half, 10-for-12 from [3] was unbelievable to watch. But we hit 29 3-pointers tonight, so we had a good rhythm going tonight. I hope it's a good omen for us the rest of Olympics."
You know this was a wake-up call performance for the rest of the field, all of whom already have the U.S. circled at the top of their hit list. Upsetting the world's No. 1 ranked team is going to be difficult enough. But doing it when they are shooting the cover off of the ball and coming together the way this team has is going to make it extremely difficult to do.
"It feel great to be a part of history," Bryant said. "There have been a lot of great teams to come through the Olympics and posted some big scores. And tonight, everything was clicking on all cylinders for us. We just wanted to come out and play hard and stay focused. It just turned out that everybody was hot and that's a big problem. Everybody started making shots and it kind of snowballed."
But this was not some deliberate statement game for the U.S. This was just, as Anthony said, one of those nights … a ridiculously good shooting night.
"This is good, this is a good feeling," Chris Paul said. "We're always trying to make our mark somehow, someway. This is all good and well, but the mark we want to leave here with is another gold medal."
That would explain all of the push back on the notion that a performance like this stirring the debate about who would win between the original Dream Team and this current, record-setting crew.
"I don't think it has anything to do with that," Bryant said. "This is just about being a part of history. But that's where this ends."
A few minutes later, Anthony squashed it again — a practice visit the other day from Brazilian great Oscar Schmidt, who owns the Olympic scoring record of 55 points against Spain in 1988, no doubt swirling in his mind as he refused to play the comparison game with past greats.
"We don't play for them," Anthony said. "We play for ourselves. While we're playing in a game we're not thinking about what the 1992 Dream Team did or anything like that. We respect those guys, we understand what they did. We understand the standard that them guys set. But we're playing for ourselves right now, we're playing our country, we're playing for this moment. We're not out there on the basketball court making plays and making shots and playing defense, and saying 'this is what the '92 Dream Team was doing.' They already did what they did in '92 and now we have a chance to do some special."
Special, now that's seem like an appropriate word to describe what went on here Thursday night.


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Find Fitness
It is widely known that regular physical activity improves health by:
Our parks continue to be among the best places for friends and families to gather and seek fitness. Check with the Parks calendar of events or list of upcoming events for things to do to improve your overall health and well-being.
Sports Leagues
Two of our regional parks, Brian Piccolo and Tradewinds, offer leagues for flag football and/or softball. Other sports leagues also play at these parks. For league information at Brian Piccolo, call 954-357-5150. League information at Tradewinds Park is available by calling 954-357-8870.
Insurance Requirements for Athletic Field usage. Fees for sports activities.
Places to find fitness at Broward County Parks:


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Art on Paper 2012: The 42nd Exhibition
- Oct 21, 2012 – Jan 13, 2013
- The Bob & Lissa Shelley McDowell Gallery
pencil on tea stained paper, 45 x 30 in. Courtesy of the artist and
Carroll and Sons, Boston, MA.
Art on Paper 2012 features regional, national and international artists who have produced significant works made on or of paper. Sixty-five artists were selected through submissions and by invitation. As a special feature this year, Curator of Exhibitions Xandra Eden formed an advisory committee of artists whose work was presented in Art on Paper (AOP) 2006, 2008, or 2010 to select the invitational portion of the exhibition. The committee includes: Tomory Dodge (AOP '08), Franklin Evans (AOP '06), Jiha Moon (AOP '08), Frank Selby (AOP '10), and Stacy Lynn Waddell (AOP '08). Each of these artists nominated five other artists to participate in this year's biennial.
Since 1965, the Weatherspoon's Art on Paper exhibition has charted a history of art through the rubric of one-of-a-kind works on paper. Since its inception, the commitment of xpedx (formerly the Dillard Paper Company) and The Dillard Fund has allowed the Weatherspoon to acquire works from each and every Art on Paper exhibition, resulting in the formation and tremendous growth of the Dillard Collection, which today numbers nearly 600 works. Acquisitions have included work by some of art's seminal practitioners, including Louise Bourgeois, Brice Marden, Joan Mitchell, Robert Smithson, Frank Stella and Eva Hesse.
Museum acquisitions for Art on Paper are made possible through the generous support of xpedx and the Dillard Fund. Support for the exhibition and catalogue is generously provided by the F.M. Kirby Foundation, Inc.
The biennial Art on Paper Preview Party will be held on Saturday, October 20 at 6:30pm, hosted by the Weatherspoon Art Museum Association. The exhibition opens to the public on Sunday, October 21. The Art on Paper 2012 catalogue includes selected images, an exhibition checklist, and curator's statement.
Related programs:
Art on Paper Preview Party • Sat Oct 20 @ 6:30pm (tickets required)
Fall Family Sampler • Sat Nov 10 @ 1pm
Noon @ the 'Spoon / Curator Tour • Tue Dec 11 @ 12pm
Artist List - Art on Paper 2012
Artists Chosen by Artists
Jenny Åkerlund, Dawn Black, Sang-ah Choi, Russell Crotty, Matias Duville, Bill Fick, Suzanna Fields, Richard Forster, Jackie Gendel, Evan Gruzis, Terence Hammonds, Karen Heagle, Hadley Holliday, Soo Kim, Kirsten Kindler, Yashua Klos, Aaron Morse, Michelle Oosterbaan, Lisa Sanditz, David Shapiro, Greg Smith, Devin Troy Strother, Lesley Vance, William Villalongo, Roger White
Artists Chosen by the Curator
Sandra Allen, John Beech, Ambreen Butt, Tammi Campbell, Seong Chun, David Kennedy Cutler, Lori Esposito, Beverly Fishman, Jessica Halonen, Leslie Hirst, Mamie Holst, David Jien, Sue Johnson, Kang Seung Lee, Greg Lindquist, Linn Meyers, Santi Moix, Maurice Moore, Mel Prest, Julia Randall, Abigail Reynolds, Amanda Ross-Ho, Lorenzo Hurtado Segovia, Jered Sprecher, Leigh Suggs, Lin Yan
Participating UNCG Studio Art Faculty
Michael Ananian, Barbara Campbell-Thomas, Bryan Ellis, Maria Lim, John Maggio, Sarah Martin, Jennifer Meanley, Sheryl Oring, Amy Purcell, Leah Sobsey, Mariam Aziza Stephan, Christopher Thomas, Susanne Thomas, Lee Walton
We have six galleries located on the first and second levels of the museum, view our gallery map.


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Brussels, 5 July 2010
Retail Market Monitoring Report: Frequently Asked Questions
1) What are retail services?
Retail services encompass a wide variety of forms (shops, electronic commerce, open markets, etc.), formats (from small shops to hypermarkets), products (food, non-food, prescription and over-the-counter drugs, etc.), legal structures (independent stores, franchises, integrated groups, etc.), and locations (urban/rural, city centre/suburbs, etc.).
2) Why has this report been done?
The retail sector was selected for in-depth work because of its impact on growth, job creation and consumption; and because it showed signs of market malfunctioning. It represents 4.2% of GDP, 17.4 million employees and 20% of European small businesses. It also has many interconnections with other markets both upstream (for example suppliers, employees, transport companies etc.) and downstream (for example consumers).
A well functioning retail market contributes to growth and jobs, and plays an important role in reaching the goals set out in Europe 2020. Retail markets are part of the internal market and as such, specific measures to improve their functioning will be part of the "Single Market Act" due in the autumn.
3) How was the report prepared?
What is new in the approach taken to prepare this report is that the analysis did not only evaluate the economic performance of the retail sector. It considered all economic, social, environmental and consumer impacts by accounting for the linkages that the retail sector has with its upstream and downstream markets. This so-called systemic approach made it possible to identify the main issues affecting the economic, social and environmental performances of the retail sector (in terms of innovation, competitiveness, social and territorial cohesion, climate change, etc.).
It represents a change from traditional policy making which would typically consider one sole policy objective. This approach should lead to more sustainable outcomes that are termed as a "fair" Internal Market approach.
4) What problems with the functioning of retail markets were identified?
The analysis carried out identified the following problems:
5) What is causing the lack of accessibility to retail outlets by consumers?
Consumers lack accessibility to a sufficient choice of grocery shops and thus to a wide selection of affordable and quality products. This problem also impacts negatively on environmental performance (by forcing consumers to travel more) and adversely affects the most socially European vulnerable citizens (for example, it can be very difficult for some elderly people to go shopping because of a lack of shops close by).
There are several reasons that could explain this. First of all, the lack of co-ordination and inefficiency of commercial urban planning rules and malfunctioning of commercial property markets affect the establishment of retailers and consumer accessibility to retail outlets. Second, insufficient take-off of e-commerce in the Internal Market due to a number of obstacles (cross-border delivery costs, inefficient logistics systems, untrustworthy or costly payment systems, bad functioning of redress, etc.) contributes to the problem. Third, insufficient development of commercial communications and independent services providing information to consumers (e.g. websites providing price comparisons or comparative tests of products) make it difficult for consumers to compare retail offers and therefore further deepen the problem.
6) Are big retail chains abusing their buying power by imposing unfair contractual terms on their suppliers?
There are complaints from suppliers about alleged abusive contractual practices. Even large suppliers have reported that they have had to accept what they deem unfair terms from major retailers because they are so dependent on them to sell the volumes for their branded products.
The situation is a complex one. Although it is true that retail markets are highly concentrated, in particular in some Member States, this does not systematically lead to problems and certain very large retailers have long-standing and fair contractual relations with their suppliers. In such instances, both consumers and businesses benefit from these direct contracts between retailers and suppliers. Indeed, by cutting out the intermediary, these contracts can give rise to higher returns for the supplier but also lower final prices to the consumer.
However, it is also clear that some malfunctioning in the contracting process throughout supply chains exists. Small retailers have complained about the selling power of certain wholesalers or suppliers. The impact on affected suppliers is to undermine their innovative capacity and prevent them from developing their businesses. The impact on retailers is to prevent them from sourcing products from the most cost efficient centres, including those located across national borders, which also undermines the smooth functioning of the Internal Market. How to deal with these issues will be looked at as part of the measures to be included in the Single Market Act.
7) Is the development of private labels a problem?
The perceptions of the effects of private label products vary. Some suppliers, especially SMEs, consider this as an opportunity, often the only one, to be able to enter the market. By demonstrating that they have a label, it's a signal of quality. Others have reported being under pressure to supply private label products under unfavourable conditions. Branded manufacturers in particular complain of how their major clients (the retailers) become their competitors with own label products which places them at a competitive disadvantage and prevents them from being able to launch innovative products without them being immediately imitated. The impact of private labels on product competition and innovation under differing contractual requirements will therefore also need to be analysed.
8) What are the reasons for large price divergences between Member States?
Although the increasing market power of retailers has allowed them to control general inflationary tendencies, large price differentials for certain products are found within regional retail markets and across national ones. For example, the price of food and no-alcoholic beverages is, on average, 28.4% higher in Belgium than in the Netherlands. Many factors can explain price differences. For example, transport and logistics costs, differences in average household income or VAT rates may explain some of them. However, reasons linked to local market competitiveness, lack of cross-market communication and information, different legal frameworks or commercial practices such as the territorial restrictions noted above seem to be accentuating these differences. Better information to consumers about the retail offer beyond their usual shopping zones including across borders (35% of European citizens live in border areas) could encourage more competitive pricing strategies and therefore help to reduce these price differences.
9) Why does the labour market not function more smoothly?
The report also points to some labour market malfunctioning in the retail services market. First, there are enforcement issues related to labour law rules as reflected in part by informal economy working in the sector. Second, there are very diverse rules and collective agreements both within and across Member States for many reasons. Third, there appears to be a growing mismatch between the basic skills needed by the sector (notably in the use of ICT applications as the retail sector relies heavily on ICT use) and those of school-leavers and others entering the employment market.
10) How could the retail sector contribute to facing the challenge of climate change?
The lack of incentives and policy co-ordination was identified as an issue making it harder for the retail sector to face the challenges of climate change.
Some progress has been made – for example, the Retail Environmental Sustainability Code signed by many of the large European retail groups recently. However, the report highlights that environmental impacts of the retail sector are linked to many factors throughout the retail supply chain. Lack of accessible shops and waste management are some of the issues raised. Moreover, as these issues fall under the competence of different levels of public administration (from local municipalities to the European level), retailers are often confronted with differing policies. A more global approach and greater level of co-ordination would be helpful to create the right incentives for retailers, of all sizes, to move to ways of operating that minimise environmental impacts.
11) Given the nature of the issues identified with the retail sector, at what level do answers lie?
No decision has been taken at this stage and that is why the Commission welcomes views from all stakeholders on this report. Any proposals which the Commission makes as part of the Single Market Act will include consideration of at which level it is most appropriate to act, if at all, in line with the principle of subsidiarity. Exchange of good practice, or more binding rules are all possible options.
What are the next steps?
The Commission welcomes views on today's report and invites all interested parties to submit their reactions to it by 10 September 2010 to the following address:
European Commission
DG Internal Market and Services
200, rue de la Loi
1049 Brussels
or by e-mail: email@example.com
The possible measures to address the identified problems will be presented in the Autumn as part of the Single Market Act aimed at relaunching the Single Market.
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Monday, September 28, 2009
FMN: 2H Unholy and the Return of Scourge Strike
I've come to talk with you again! :)
It's a wrap (sort of): the final installment of my testing is done, for now. I tested the 16/0/55 spec that has emerged from the 3.2.2 changes to rebuff Scourge Strike. This spec is very similar to the old 17/0/54 spec that was rampantly popular at LK release, and the one I raided all of Naxx/T7 with. Changes are that epidemic and reaping are dropped and the rotation is shortened to 10 seconds. Instead of maximizing Scourge Strike spam, the attack is just part of the rotation which maximizes death coils using glyphed Icy Touch and ensures desolation stays up via more frequent Blood Strikes. Consider over at Elitist Jerks gives a very nice write up of the spec, how to do it, and why to choose unholy over frost or blood.
My gear for the test was mostly the same as previous, however, I had a slight upgrade in my boots (actually, may not be a buff in this spec, as haste is more valued and the Heroic TOC boots I finally got are armor penetration heavy), and I bought the 232 badge shoulders to finally get the T9 2-piece bonus. The 'new' unholy has Icy Touch glyphed instead of unholy blight, along with the usual glyphs of Ghoul and Dark Death. There are variants for 2H unholy, using blood presence vs imp unholy presence. My opinion is that you should be using blood presence if you can; EJ theorycrafters are saying you need at least 200 haste if not more to make it work, but that's pretty easy to get on gear.
So, how did 2H unholy do?
The rotation I used was:
Your priority for 2H Unholy is:
Diseases (BP, FF) > DC (especially when rp capped) > SS > IT > BS > PS
Pros: In any fight with 3 or more adds unholy performs very well; if a fight has sustained aoe or multiple adds, this spec is probably the very best of any class in game (hello Onyxia whelps!). Solid burst for phase sensitive fights with gargoyle. Decent when out of melee range (can IT and death coil). Provides best caster buff for aoe in game. Perma ghoul for those that like the pet (and some added utility).
Cons: Not the absolute highest dps on sustained single target boss fights - the 'holy grail' of the min/maxers. Likely doesn't scale as well with gear. Less snap burst on single targets than blood, less snap burst on aoe than frost. Pet and other abilities can feel complicated.
I ran the spec for a full raid night. However, the first fight was an achievement run for my fairly new guild on Sartharian 3D with 23 players, and I tanked the whelps, so that data isn't useful for a dps test. The rest of my numbers are from heroic Northrend beasts attempts (which were doomed due to only one well-geared tank and having to pug 2 dps - what is that junk?) At any rate, I can still comment on the spec's grade, so here we go. As you can see, my dps wasn't horrible, and in fact on attempts that weren't horribly executed, it was more in the 5500 - 6500 range. The fight itself is not an ideal unholy dps fight, and yet the spec performed reasonably well. My disease damage jumped quite a bit, no surprise due to having a third disease and ebon plaguebringer. I've always enjoyed the playstyle of unholy, and I like having my gargoyle and ghoul. Having Army of the Dead up more often is a nice bonus - you can use it on most boss fights if you know when to pop it. The 'new' rotation is very manageable and provides those fun 'big hits.'
So, here's the report card on 2H blood:
1. DPS: Very good. Might be slightly behind blood on sustained single target, but not by too much. Multiple add encounters it's superb. A/A-
2. Raid utility: Ebon Plaguebringer is a required buff for casters, and unholy applies it to groups better than anyone. My raid has a boomkin, so less necessary on single mob fights. A-
3. Fun: Personally I've always loved the playstyle of raiding unholy with the pets. If you love pets, this is the spec for you. The new rotation is very symmetrical, big 2-handed hits, decent burst, not feeling totally helpless when out of melee range. Love that crazy aoe. A
Overall, I'll give this spec an A, and very very close to blood 2H. My dps is solid if not quite the same on 'benchmark' fights like Patchwerk, but on fights like Freya nothing can touch it.
Summary of all specs to come next!
Posted by Hinenuitepo at 8:59 AM
Labels: Nerdicle, PVE dps, Raid specs (DPS)
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Affectionately called Lady Liberty, she is the symbol of freedom, hope and the American Dream. From Battery Park, boats depart daily to Liberty Island where the Statue of Liberty looks out over the city. Although the statue doesn't look particularly large from Manhattan, once on the island she commands an impressive presence. Visitors may climb all the way to the top and even look out from her crown.
The Statue of Liberty was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi, who worked on the statue for 9 years. Bartholdi had based the design of this all-American sculpture on sketches for a statue he had planned for the lighthouse of the Suez Canal. However, Egypt had no money for the statue. Thanks to various fundraisers, the statue was eventually bought by the French people and given to the United States in honour of the centennial of the American Declaration of Independence.
"The points of the crown symbolize the seven seas and seven continents"
The 46-metre-high statue, weighing 225 tons, was shipped here in 214 crates. A pedestal was not included and had to be paid for by New York City. That is why for many years the flame of liberty was on display in Madison Square Park. It took 10 years to finally put the statue in its current place. To make sure that the statue could resist strong winds, Gustave Eiffel (known from the Eiffel tower) designed a sturdy frame of metal and steel.
The Statue of Liberty is filled with symbolism. Her original name was 'La liberté éclairant le monde' (The freedom that illuminates the world). The torch that she holds in her right hand represents the light of freedom. In her left hand she carries a book with the inscription 'July IV MDCCLXXVI' (4 July 1776). That is the date when the American Declaration of Independence was signed. And then there's the crown with 7 points that symbolize the 7 seas and 7 continents.
Although a visit to Liberty Island is an experience in itself, a walk around the statue is made even more special with a visit inside it. Anybody can purchase tickets to visit the pedestal, but there are only a limited number of tickets available each day to visit the crown. The Statue of Liberty has a lift, but the last 33 metres to the crown are only accessible on foot: a 377-step climb up a spiral staircase. Fortunately there are several resting platforms where you can catch your breath and admire the ingenious steel construction of the statue. It is certainly worth the effort: the 25 windows of the crown offer a spectacular view of the Manhattan skyline.


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Last updated: May 23, 2012
Prostate Cancer Genetic Backgrounder
Prostate Cancer Genetic Backgrounder
January 2002
Researchers from a consortium of 14 institutions, including the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes and the Cleveland Clinic, reported for the first time in the February 2002 issue of Nature Genetics that they have identified a gene on chromosome 1 that shows an association with an inherited form of prostate cancer in some families.
The genetic experiments in this report are complex, but a peek behind the science can help explain the significance of this advance. This backgrounder will explain some of the findings that led to this discovery.
The researchers reported an association between changes in a gene on chromosome 1 called ribonuclease L, or RNASEL, and an increased risk of developing prostate cancer in men from some families with a history of the disease. The gene encodes a protein, also called RNASEL, that functions as an enzyme. Scientists already know that the enzyme protects cells from viral infections and also causes defective cells to die. In men from families with a history of prostate cancer, the new study shows that several different types of mutations can inactivate the RNASEL gene, and that the inactivation appears to predispose the individual to prostate cancer.
Inheriting prostate cancer
All cancers are caused by the accumulation of genetic mutations that cause, or allow, a cell to grow out of control and become a tumor. Some mutations occur spontaneously when cells in the body copy their genetic material and an error is introduced into a gene. These are called "somatic" mutations. Some mutations occur in germline cells (sperm and egg) and then subsequently can be passed from parent to child, from one generation to the next. The latter type of mutation is said to be hereditary and may cause an inherited form of the disease, as opposed to a non-hereditary or sporadic form of the disease.
There are two copies of every gene in the body (except for the sex chromosomes in men): one copy of a gene is inherited from the mother and one copy of the gene is inherited from the father. If both copies of a gene associated with cancer are normal, no illness results. If both copies of a gene associated with a cancer are somehow damaged in a particular cell, then a tumor may result.
If a person inherits one copy of a gene that is normal and a second copy that is defective, the individual can be thought of as halfway along a path to cancer.
In the case of men with hereditary prostate cancer, the current study suggests that they inherit a normal copy of the RNASEL gene that works correctly and a defective copy of the RNASEL gene that has been inactivated by one of several types of mutations found by the researchers. The normal copy of the RNASEL gene makes enough of the enzyme for prostate cells to function normally.
Because the men from the families with one mutant copy of RNASEL already have one defective gene, the chances are greater that a random somatic error will inactivate the remaining normal copy of the RNASEL gene and play some as yet undefined role in changing a prostate cell into a cancer cell.
Scientists call this step on the pathway to cancer a "loss of heterozygosity" or LOH. "The idea behind the loss of heterozygosity is that if you inherited a bad copy, and then you lose the good copy, now you have no good copies of the gene," said William Isaacs, Ph.D., professor of urology and oncology and an expert in the genetics of prostate cancer at the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland. "LOH would equal complete inactivation of the gene." Any protective function that the gene provided to prevent cancer would disappear.
"In the germline of these families with prostate cancer, they all have one copy [of the RNASEL gene] that is inactivated," Isaacs said. If a prostate cell then loses its remaining good copy of the gene, cancer may result.
Finding the prostate cancer gene
About a dozen years ago, Patrick Walsh, M.D., chairman of the Brady Urological Institute at Johns Hopkins ran into an interesting problem. "I had a patient who told me his father, three brothers and grandfather had died of prostate cancer." Until then, there were only a handful of reports in the medical literature suggesting that some forms of prostate cancer might be hereditary.
"I knew nothing about hereditary prostate cancer," Walsh said, but the patient encounter stimulated interest in the subject among the Johns Hopkins team. They began to collect information on families that appeared to have a history of the disease. Walsh and his collaborators then conducted a traditional genetic pedigree analysis on 691 families. Such studies can show a pattern of inheritance suggesting that the disease is caused by a single gene passed from one generation to the next. In 1992, Walsh and his group reported for the first time that some men appear to inherit prostate cancer in a pattern consistent with the action of a mutated gene.
But getting from a demonstration of inheritance to actually finding a prostate cancer gene is no easy feat, Walsh said. "Prostate cancer is so common that even if there is a hereditary factor, there will be other members of the family who will get the disease sporadically." This makes analysis difficult. At this point, Dr. Walsh teamed up with Dr. Isaacs in the search for prostate cancer genes.
Shortly after the 1992 publication, Walsh met with Jeffrey M. Trent, Ph.D., NHGRI's scientific director and chief of the Cancer Genetics Branch, and Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D., director of the National Human Genome Research Institute, about forming a possible collaboration. Trent and Collins were looking for opportunities to apply the news tools of the Human Genome Project to identifying the genetic causes of major illnesses. As the most common cancer diagnosed in men - 189,000 cases in 2001, according to the National Cancer Institute - and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in U.S. men - 31,500 last year - prostate cancer certainly qualified. The Johns Hopkins clinical program would provide patient samples for analysis and the NHGRI team would search through the human genome for the gene or genes that caused hereditary prostate cancer.
Scanning the Genome
Finding a needle in the haystack pales in comparison to the difficulty of finding one gene among the 3.1 billion subunits that make up the human genome. At least a needle is made from a different substance than the hay; a gene, defective or not, is made up of the same stuff as the rest of the genome.
Jeffrey Trent runs NHGRI's Cancer Genetics Branch, a group that has pioneered a number of innovative ways to study the underlying genetics of cancer. His research team includes John D. Carpten, then a young researcher who had only just received his Ph.D. from Ohio State University in 1994. Carpten is the lead author of the current report; Trent is the senior author.
The NHGRI team began to search through the DNA of the Johns Hopkins patients. It used laboratory techniques that pepper the human genome with markers that can be tracked through the generations of cancer patients. The goal was to find a marker that predicted which males in the family developed cancer. The predisposing gene would then be expected to lie nearby.
Initially, Walsh provided genetic material for 66 families; other collaborators from North America and from Sweden provided the NHGRI team with genetic samples from another 25 families. The NHGRI team produced more than 130,000 data points in their genome-wide scan of just the Hopkins patients. The initial work pointed to a region on chromosome 1 that seemed to be inherited in many of the men who developed hereditary prostate cancer. The team called the spot HPC1 or the Hereditary Prostate Cancer 1 Region.
"We found linkage to a region on chromosome 1, on the long arm (1q24 to 1q31) back in 1996," Carpten said. "We published the results in Science." This was the first time that prostate cancer susceptibility was mapped to a specific area of the human genome, but much more analysis would be needed to find the troublesome gene. Although the scientists had dramatically reduced the size of the haystack, it was still a pretty big region. When they cloned out the chunk of chromosome that they thought represented the HPC1 region, it was still 20 million base pairs in length. [DNA, the molecule that carries genetic information is made up of individual units called nucleotides or bases; each base exists in a pair.]
It's important to note that not all families in the Hopkins cohort (or in other studies carried out by other teams) show linkage to HPC1. Other prostate cancer susceptibility genes have been mapped to chromosomes 17, 20 and X.
Using information and techniques developed as part of the Human Genome Project, the scientists began to sift through genes in the HPC1 region to see which one caused hereditary cancer. The work included cloning the genetic material, mapping and sequencing the stretches of DNA, and looking for a glitch in the families with prostate cancer.
"We have been performing a positional cloning approach to identify a putative prostate cancer susceptibility gene," Carpten said. "We have identified what seems to be a good candidate."
The "good candidate" turned out to be ribonuclease L, an enzyme that scientists have been studying since the 1970s.
As the scientists analyzed the gene's sequence in the affected men, they discovered two types of mutations "that make the gene stop working," Carpten said. "And there are a number of missense changes that we identified in families as well, that are under further evaluation." A missense mutation may not completely inactivate a gene, but the resulting protein may not work properly.
"We believe that RNASEL does have some impact on the development of hereditary prostate cancer," Carpten said, "and could have an impact on sporadic prostate cancer. More work is clearly warranted."
How the RNASEL gene may cause cancer
"This was a great surprise to me," said Robert Silverman, Ph.D., a biochemist at the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio. He was describing the phone call he got one day from the research team telling him about the RNASEL connection to prostate cancer. Silverman has studied RNASEL since he was a post-doctoral fellow in the late 1970s in England; his lab reported cloning the RNASEL gene in 1993. The NHGRI and Johns Hopkins scientists drew Silverman into their collaboration, gaining access to his decades of knowledge about the enzyme and how it normally functions in the cell.
The RNASEL enzyme is part of a regulated pathway of molecules that help protect cells from viral infection. When the body detects a viral infection, interferon is turned on to stimulate the immune system to fight the infection. In addition, interferon turns on the RNASEL pathway, increasing the level of the enzyme in the cell. The enzyme then either destroys genetic information associated with the virus or causes a hopelessly infected cell to commit suicide.
"Its role in prostate cancer is a new function for RNASEL," Silverman said. "No one has associated this pathway with cancer before," Carpten added.
The research suggests that RNASEL mutations act by failing to cause cells to commit suicide when they start to grow out of control. RNASEL's role in cellular suicide, called apoptosis, had been previously described. "Under normal conditions, tumor cells would die if RNASEL was present," Silverman said. "If RNASEL is absent, that cell death mechanism is gone and the cells continue to proliferate."
Silverman provided reagents used to test for the presence of active RNASEL in the prostate cancer cells from the patients in the study. His group showed that the RNASEL activity was decreased.
Even if the RNASEL gene does not prove to be a major cause of prostate cancer, the cell-suicide pathway of which it is a part may be important. Several other genes are known to be involved in this RNASEL pathway. "An interruption of any one of them could lead to the lack of apoptosis and the growth of prostate cells," Carpten said.
What comes next
Although the researchers are convinced of a relationship between the RNASEL gene and prostate cancer, much more work needs to be done to show how commonly it causes or modifies the clinical course of the disease. A larger number of men - both with and without strong family histories, and with and without prostate cancer - need to be studied to see how often mutations in the gene are associated with the disease and to find out how often mutations occur in men without the disease. It is hoped that this will help physicians know how good a predictor this gene may be for prostate cancer.
To help enlarge the pool of families with this hereditary condition, and to focus on an important high risk group, NHGRI has established a collaboration with Howard University in Washington, D.C., called the African American Hereditary Prostate Cancer project. John Carpten is NHGRI's principal investigator on the project.
The collaboration is the first large-scale genetic study of African American men. This is a valuable group to study because African American men have a higher incidence and a higher mortality rate of prostate cancer than other groups in the United States. The multi-center effort, involving seven centers around the country has identified about 60 African American families with a strong history of prostate cancer. Their DNA samples will be studied for damage to the RNASEL and other genes that may be involved in prostate cancer.
It will take these additional studies, and more, to determine exactly who is at risk and to what degree RNASEL contributes to prostate cancer in both hereditary and non-hereditary cases.
So, how does this discovery help?
Scientists search for the genes that cause illnesses so they can develop better tests to predict or detect the disease, and so they can develop better treatments. There is no question that understanding the mechanism of a disorder - how a mutation in RNASEL changes the working of the gene - will speed up the development of more effective treatments, and ultimately, cures.
Although the researchers can see several paths to new tests and even new treatments now that RNASEL has been linked to prostate cancer, it's equally clear that much work needs to be done before this basic research advance will be turned into clinical advances. Nonetheless, there are at least two ways this discovery can help:
Diagnostics: Based on the current study, it would be relatively easy to make a genetic test that could identify whether a man had inherited a mutation in RNASEL that confers a genetic predisposition for prostate cancer. To perform the test, DNA would be removed from any body cell (typically blood) and analyzed to determine whether the man had one or two normal copies of the RNASEL gene. Men carrying a defective copy could then enter an intensive prostate-screening program to detect any early onset of the disease. Because hereditary prostate cancer is relatively rare, a screening test just for RNASEL would currently only be considered for men with a family history, and as a research study. Researchers believe that only 9 percent of all prostate cancer cases are inherited, but they are important because they cause about 40 percent of the cases that occur before age 55. These tend to be the most difficult cases to treat. Only a fraction of these inherited cases would be likely to show RNASEL mutations.
Therapeutic: Strategically, drug developers want to find a specific molecular target within a diseased cell - usually a protein - at which they can aim a new pharmaceutical. Typically, the drug will inactivate the molecular target. Gleevec, a designer drug that inactivates a protein that causes chronic myeloid leukemia, is an example of this approach.
In the case of RNASEL, however, the cancer is caused when a function is lost. When both copies of the gene are damaged, no RNASEL enzyme is made. To reverse the disease, the RNASEL function must be restored or compensated. Several strategies can be envisioned to do that by either mimicking RNASEL function or by stimulating other proteins in the prostate cancer cells to act as stand-ins for that function.
Exploration of these treatment approaches will take years. But without the discovery of the gene and the revelation of a new mechanism that causes prostate cancer, physicians could not even imagine a path to a day when this common and potentially devastating disease would be conquered.
Other collaborating institutions include: Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Division of Population Sciences, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Genzyme Genetics Corporation, Framingham, MA; Institute of Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein School of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
Germline Mutations in the Ribonuclease L (RNASEL) Gene in Hereditary Prostate Cancer 1 (HPC1) Linked Families [nature.com], Nature Genetics, Volume 30, Pages 1-4, February 2002.
Geoff Spencer
E-mail: email@example.com


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By Jennifer LaRue Huget
Special to The Washington Post
When you have a sinus infection, the first thing you want is relief from your pain. If you're like most people, you want your doctor to prescribe an antibiotic to speed that process. And the last thing you want is to be told to just wait it out.
But a study released Tuesday adds to the growing body of science suggesting that with some infections, including those of the sinuses, antibiotics aren't the best course of treatment and that waiting it out may indeed be the best approach after all.
Overuse of antibiotics is considered an important and growing public-health problem, as disease-causing bacteria continue to develop resistance to the drugs we rely on to kill them. According to the new study, 1-in-5 prescriptions for antibiotics in the United States are for sinus infections.
Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis report in the Feb. 15 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association that in their study of 166 adults with sinus infections, those who were given the antibiotic amoxicillin didn't feel better any faster than those who received a placebo. People in both groups experienced about the same amount of relief after three days.
"There is now a considerable body of evidence ... that antibiotics provide little if any benefit for patients with clinically diagnosed acute rhinosinusitis," the researchers wrote. "Yet, antibiotic treatment for upper respiratory tract infections is often both expected by patients and prescribed by physicians."
Jay Piccirillo, one of the study's authors, said researchers chose the three-day mark because, while it's well-established in the scientific literature that most sinus infections are resolved by 10 days, with or without antibiotics, they wanted to see whether antibiotics hastened resolution.
If their work had shown that antibiotics made people feel much better by Day 3, he said, using the drugs might have been shown to be worthwhile.
Here's a concern:
Overuse of antibiotics is considered a growing public-health problem, as disease-causing bacteria continue to develop resistance to the drugs we rely on to kill them.
© 2012 The Virginian-Pilot and The Ledger-Star, Norfolk, VA. via ProQuest Information and Learning Company; All Rights Reserved


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The York Revolution and the Lancaster Barnstormers baseball teams will face-off on Friday, June 22, at Sovereign Bank Stadium, York, Pa., and local Penn State fans will gather to enjoy a picnic, watch the game, and raise money for Penn State York's Pay It Forward Scholarship. Fans, friends, family, alumni, and others are invited to join the group, beginning with a two-hour buffet catered by Maewyn's Irish Pub and Restaurant at 5:45 p.m., with the game to follow at 6:30 p.m. Ticket includes the buffet, baseball game, and a T-shirt, all for $25 for adults and $13 for youth (4-10-years-old). Half of the ticket price goes to the Pay It Forward Scholarship Fund.
Youth tickets include a playground wristband.
Deadline to purchase tickets to be part of the fundraiser is June 8. Contact Susan Boyer, 717-227-0414 or firstname.lastname@example.com, with questions about the event and Colin Cameron, at 717-801-4498 or firstname.lastname@example.com, to purchase tickets. This event is sponsored by the Penn State Alumni Association, York County Chapter.
Pay it forward is a concept that dates to back to Benjamin Franklin in 1784. Pay it forward at Penn State York is this old concept revisited to create a new opportunity for alumni and friends to combine their efforts and change the lives of talented students.The Pay It Forward Scholarship places a high value on heritage, making it one of the most important considerations for students to receive support. A preference will be given to returning generations, immediate family members of alumni, as well as students who are first in their families to attend college.
For more information on this scholarship and how to contribute outside of attending the baseball fundraiser, contact Di Hershey or Iona Colon at the Penn State York Office of Development at 717-771-4127 or at firstname.lastname@example.com via email.


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What Is This?This Email with the Subject "URGENT BUSINESS INVESTMENT." was received in one of Scamdex's honeypot email accounts on Mon, 03 Jan 2011 11:13:39 -0800 and has been classified as a Advance Fee Fraud/419 Scam Email. The sender shows as sankara ahmed <firstname.lastname@example.com>, although that address was probably spoofed. We recommend that you do not attempt to contact any persons or organizations referenced in this email, as you may expose yourself to scammers and, at the very least, you will be added to their email address lists for spam purposes.


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Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski is being checked for a possible injury to his forearm.
PFT has learned that Gronkowski is getting X-rays on his forearm this evening, following Sunday's blowout win over the Colts in which he had seven catches for 137 yards and two touchdowns.
Gronkowski was not made available to the media in the locker room after the game.
UPDATE 9:34 p.m. ET: According to Tom Curran of CSNNE.com, Gronkowski's forearm is broken. According to Ian Rapoport of NFL Network, he is expected to miss 4-6 weeks.


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On Thursday, June 6, 2013, Google hosted "How green is the Internet?" The one-day, invitation-only summit brought together 100 experts from industry, academia, government, and NGOs to explore emerging questions around the environmental impacts and benefits of the Internet. The goal of the event was twofold: 1) expand the energy discussion of the Internet beyond just data centers, and 2) brainstorm transformative ideas for using Internet communications technology (ICT) to overhaul current business models in a way that creates transformative environmental and societal benefits.
This was the third event of its kind hosted by Google. In 2009, Google convened experts to discuss data center efficiency, similar to a 2003 RMI workshop that led to the publication of High-Performance Data Centers. In 2011, Google broadened the topic scope from data centers to the data center industry. The 2013 event continued that evolution and considered the ICT sector at a larger scale, looking at end-to-end energy and societal impacts of all aspects of the Internet, including:
Through my haze of star-struck ardor, I listened (from the 2nd row!) to keynote speaker and former Vice President of the United States Al Gore frame the importance of the problem: the ICT sector and its associated energy use are growing at an unprecedented rate. Within the next seven years, there will be 50 billion smart devices connected to the Internet. Researchers estimate this could account for around 10 percent of current U.S. electricity consumption. Really, no one knows; not even Google. But the number will be significant. With that staggering energy consumption in mind, Gore stressed the urgency of the climate crisis we are facing, referring to the recent news reports of climate-related weather disasters as "a nature hike through the Book of Revelation."
But while this event acknowledged and focused on the energy use and environmental impact of the ICT sector, it gave equal credence to the societal and environmental benefits provided by the Internet. Morning presentations tackled a number of key topics, including Internet infrastructure; energy use implications of cloud-based email, docs, and software; comparing traditional retail and e-commerce, and CDs vs. digital music; and how much energy does it take to send a gigabyte of data?; among other relevant subjects.
Eric Schmidt, executive director of Google, kicked off the afternoon breakouts with an inspirational talk that really got to the heart of the matter—the growth in this sector is going to continue. And it's adding immeasurable societal value in ways that we never could have dreamed of. The Internet has provided consumers with information to make more sustainable consumer purchases and enabled telecommuting and teleconferencing as alternatives to carbon-intensive travel. In some societies, the Internet provides people with their only access to medical treatment, politics, education, and socialization outside of their culture. "You think the Internet matters?" he asked. "It matters a lot." He stressed that the solution shouldn't be to use the Internet less, and certainly not to limit the global reach of these services. Instead, we must make the system components more efficient; power the sector with clean renewable energy; and leverage the Internet to help solve the climate crisis.
In addition to learning about topics that directly connect to RMI's work, I was also excited to offload all of my million-dollar app ideas into the capable hands of people that can actually make them happen. Examples include a parking app that identifies shaded parking spots to keep cars cool, and an Industrial Ecology mapping program that charts waste streams across the U.S. to allow industries to identify suppliers or purchasers of various byproducts and waste.
Later, we divided into facilitated breakout sessions focused on e-commerce (banking retail), digitalcontent (newspapers, music, photos, video), communication and collaboration (email, social media, video conferencing), and Internet solutions (logistics, mapping) to brainstorm ways the Internet could be used to create transformative environmental benefits. Take the Streetline "Parker App," for example. Consuming only 15 watts, this app allows you to find parking in an urban area, drastically reducing emissions from unneeded driving and idle time combing the streets for an available spot. The sessions generated a number of ideas, including:
Top 5 Things I Learned
Overall, this was one of the best professional events I have attended throughout my career. Hats off to Google for putting on a truly special event and bringing together a diverse and passionate group of individuals. (Those individuals even included three other RMI connections: RMI alum and director of sustainability at Yahoo! Chris Page, and RMI senior fellow and research fellow at Stanford University Jon Koomey, pictured with RMI alum and Google data center sustainability analyst John Stanley.) As I continue to think about what role RMI should be playing in this space, I reflect on the top five things I learned at this event (in order of importance/interest):
1. Energy use of wireless access networks dwarfs that of the device and the data center for mobile devices. By 2015, the wireless cloud will generate 30 megatons of CO2—90 percent of that comes from the mobile access networks!
2. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has recently developed CLEER, the Cloud Energy Emission Research model, to calculate the environmental benefits of moving applications to the cloud. This model is, in my opinion, a key tool for making a compelling business case to facility and IT managers to migrate to the cloud.
3. Cloud-based software could reduce current data center energy by as much as 85 percent. The technical potential of this savings is 23 billion kWh/yr, roughly equivalent to the annual electricity use for Los Angeles, CA. Refer to my recent presentation with Mark Monroe (DBL Associates) and Josh Whitney (WSP Group) on reducing data center energy use for more information.
4. For ultra-low-power devices such as smart phones, tablets, and low-power laptops, production (not operation) accounts for the majority of the lifetime emissions.
5. One of the most powerful benefits of the ICT sector is dematerialization—moving bits and bytes of data instead of pounds of people and products. The net environmental impact is drastically lower for downloading music or an e-book versus driving to a store and purchasing a physical good. In case you're curious, downloading an e-book or audiobook, which accounts for more than 90 percent of its energy, consumes about 0.6 Wh of energy, the equivalent of powering a 100W light bulb for 20 seconds.
How would you like to see RMI get more involved in reducing this growing energy use? How do you think the Internet can be used to solve environmental problems?
Recommended Reading
Image 1 courtesy of Shutterstock.com. Al Gore image courtesy stocklight / Shutterstock.com. Eric Schmidt photo courtesy of Google.com. Event photo courtesy of Kendra Tupper.
Sounds like a fascinating summit. Great post Kendra!
Just checking this out and not having read your references, there was a recent two part NY Times article on the very same issue, but they contend that the industry is staying buttoned up about most of what happens.http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/technology/data-centers-waste-vast-amounts-of-energy-belying-industry-image.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0&ref=technologyAn estimate I read was that most servers are only running at 30% capacity. There are also some interesting independent studies about the subject of energy use and the cloud:http://sustainablevirtualdesign.wordpress.com/2013/05/28/when-is-the-cloud-more-or-less-sustainable/One article I cannot find right now is about a European study monitoring energy consumption on desktops/laptops, tablets, and books for reading long form copy. I believe they found that even books are GHG competitive, though the original Amazon Kindle reigns supreme.Lastly, I also contend (as I believe Google first put forth) that good site coding and properly compressed images play an ever increasing role too. What are your thoughts? I'm really interested in this.-Noble Cumming (freshly minted Sustainable Graphic Designer with an MA in Sustainable Design from MCAD's Sustainable Design Online program).
Carl, You are off by close to three orders of magnitude, and thank goodness for that!I recall reading a decade ago of "breakthrough" ADSL line drivers that consumed only one watt per line. Newer and faster DSL line drivers do consume somewhat more power, but not orders of magnitude more. Transmission power is typically a fraction of a watt, with heat loss in the modems at either end the only significant power sink. Now DSL range is only the "last mile" to a premises, but the power efficiency of long-haul links is of necessity much higher. A trans-pacific fibre optic transmission facility with close to one terabit per second of data capacity does not draw a whole megawatt of power.(See the table on pages 11-12 of this pdf, published as supporting material for the summit : http://static.googleusercontent.com/external_content/untrusted_dlcp/www.google.com/en//events/howgreenistheinternet2013/pdfs/DirectEnergyDemand.pdf )
Spam uses 1% to 2% of all electricity!
depending on how many servers it propagates.
modern filters may have reduced this below 1% now, but not sure.
At one point 80% of all emails where spam
SIC power supply designs need no cooling.
If relatively hot waste heat cooling exhaust from servers is routed past the power supplies the heat will not contaminate the silicoln server farm components with radiated heat.
Cool climate building heat can be obtained from this waste heat recovery also in northern climates for much of the year.
The bandgap is 2 to 2.2x of Si so not going to be advantageous to build computers along with the high degree of crystal defect compared to silicon.
Prices are coming down and when payback period is considered for cooling cost reduction potential and multipliers for designs listed above are already cost competitive. Under 3 years with standard design, under 1 with novel series, high density cooling design like the one listed above.
If ad companies where forced to pay for their end to end energy use the ads would be cut to 1 to 5% of the total now because it simply would not be cost effective.
Sam for spam.
Our internet access bill pays fro this crapola that is unwanted.
With corporations footing ~ 2/3 the advertising bills for this stuff when their employees surf for work and personal internet time.
I can block adds with Firefox add-ons but that only stops them frombeing displayed on my screen, not from propagating through the dozen servers and redundant networks that provide me with this unwanted, unasked for crapola.
A couple of critical thoughts for folks:
1) According to the SMART2020 report, ICT (Information and Communications Technology) *SAVES* more than five times its carbon footprint in the rest of the economy. Increasing to 10% should be a good thing as that implies substantial and disproportionately more carbon savings by doing things smarter and more efficiently than without.
2) The NY Times Article, below was roundly criticized, as not only sensational and inaccurate, but completely lacking in context. The actual energy use by Data Centers is 1.3% worldwide and 1.7% in the US. Moreover, all the cell phones in the world use more energy just to recharge their batteries every night than all the servers in the world.
3) When you look at the Pareto Chart of where our energy is used, you have to come a *LONG* way down to get to "The Internet". Transportation, Heating & Cooling, Dryers, Stoves, Lighting, Bulk Generation and Transmission are double-digit uses that we shouldn't forget about optimizing in our haste to go after the next shiny thing dangled in front of us by a narrowly drawn look.
Let's keep our focus on the big things, first.
Johnathan, thanks for the prompt to look at the conference link. Your URL was chopped but I found and played with the LBL CLEER model-- really a neat tool comparing local servers vs cloud based computing. A main point of this site is to show benefits of cloud computing with shared virtual servers vs individual machines mostly running idle-- I believe in that efficiency. (But why does a server take 250W while my equally powerful laptop with display uses 13W while reading, peaking at 25W loading javascript? Plus a 3W pogoplug can serve 100Mbps-- as long as it's using old-fashioned html instead of PHP.)So what is the kWh/GB? The CLEER site crashed when I tried it (500 server error) but with default data in CA I looked at Network energy/yr and GB/y, and converted to kWh/GB and came up with 1.03 kWh/GB Network, or 1.28 kWh/GB with Embodied Network added. That's about the same as Coroama estimate of 1.6-- which was for a longer distance.I am still interested in a better reference for internet energy use-- it still seems high and also dependent on distance. In Koomey's paper he takes agregate telecom industry energy consumption. In Coroama, you can see a lot is in the chain of routers and connections near the endpoints.Suppose RMI's blog server moves to cloud computing as proposed, and gets combined with other blogs and combined spits out a 100Mbps load for 1 hour, or 45GB. The CLEER model predicts the network energy to be 58kW for that cloud server output. (An efficient server could output 1000Mbps, so 100Mbps is realistic.)I don't understand the CLEER default (California) cloud data center usage of 2994TJ/y or 2.5kW/GB transmitted. That's just what the defaults auto-set and comes out to only .86GB/h or 1.9Mbps traffic/server. So in the overall graph Network energy use isn't so big, but that's because the servers are (still) barely used.What I was trying to say was that better software and design guidelines could make web sites 10 times leaner (and faster), so can cut both data center and network energy consumption. Sure spam sucks and transportation consumes way more, but no reason to ignore 10x bloat in online consumption.A blog with page sizes such as this with 10000 users that read 10 pages per day will use $3850/y of network electricity with Coroama's figures, but might only need $500/y if the bloat was fixed. OK, most blogs aren't that popular, but think about it in aggregate. About 10 such sites would fit in my assumed cloud server @100Mbps, or 100 sites/server if trimmed down.
Carl -
If your server is using 250W at idle, trade up to something built this decade. The servers that the 2007 EPA report talk about took 225W at idle, but a modern server only takes about 55W at idle, today. And in the mean time, the performance is significantly better, and the energy use is proportional to how fast it is running. Thus, it no longer maters if a server is only 30% loaded, because it's only using 30% the power of full load. Unlike the old servers that used 225W at idle and 400W at full load, modern servers have an almost linear energy use with performance these days. In fact that 225W pretty much runs today's server at 100% and produces 50 times the work the old one did at 400W.
RMI Outlet, Rocky Mountain Institute's blog, explores topics critical to RMI's mission to drive the efficient and restorative use of resources.


text:
March 3, 2007
SANTA BARBARA, Calif. - Alex Harris capped his Big West Conference scoring championship with 25 points on Saturday to lead UC Santa Barbara to its third straight basketball win, 75-59 over visiting Cal State Northridge, in its regular-season finale.
The Gauchos (18-10, 9-5 Big West Conference) finished in a three-way tie for second place in league play but will go into next week's conference tournament in Anaheim as the No. 4 seed. UCSB will receive a first round bye in the tourney and will play its first game on Thursday night.
"I am proud of the way this team finished the regular season," said Gaucho head coach Bob Williams. "To finish in a tie for second is a very nice accomplishment.
The Matadors (14-16, 5-9) fell behind by as many 18 points before rallying to within 59-51 behind Calvin Chitwood's 21 points. But Harris, who will enter the post-season with a 21.0-point average, halted Northridge's run with a 3-pointer while scoring nine points in the final 5:46.
Senior Cecil Brown, playing his final game at the Thunderdome, scored eight straight points to give UCSB a 12-7 lead early in the first half. He finished with 15 points and he tied his career-high with six assists while Chris Devine added 16 points for the Gauchos, who shot 52.1 percent. Glenn Turner, also playing his final home game, had six points, seven rebounds and three blocked shots.
Thomas Shewmake had 14 points and nine rebounds for Northridge, which shot just 33.9 percent.
"In the last three games, I think we have really taken our game up a notch on the defensive end," Williams said. "I feel good about going into the tournament the way we are playing."
The 18 wins equals the second highest total that a Williams-led UCSB team has recorded.


text:
Ubuntu-Based Greenie 6k Screenshots
The Greenie Linux 6k CD is an Ubuntu-based Linux distribution that is focused on Slovak and Czech users but supports English and many other languages as well. In October I wrote a Greenie 5j review and was impressed with the distribution. The most recent version has a nice set of current applications such as Linux Kernel 2.6.31, GNOME 2.28, OpenOffice.org 3.1.1, Firefox 3.5, and WINE 1.1.33. Greenie also has some new applications that might surprise you including the Google Chrome web browser, Imagination slideshow creator, PDFMod PDF editor, StarDict dictionary and both Pidgin and Empathy instant messengers installed by default. The Greenie Linux 6k CD includes some nice desktop improvements to the toolbar and desktop as well. I set out to take Greenie 6K for a spin this evening and snap few screenshots of the new apps in action.


text:
CUPS/Printer sharing
This article contains instruction on sharing printers between systems, be it between two GNU/Linux systems or between a GNU/Linux system and Microsoft Windows.
- 1 Creating class for multiple printers
- 2 Between GNU/Linux systems
- 3 Between GNU/Linux and Windows
- 3.1 Linux server - Windows client
- 3.2 Windows server - Linux client
- 4 Remote administration
- 5 Troubleshooting
- 6 Other operating systems
Creating class for multiple printers
'Class' in CUPS have meaning of a group. When you have multiple printers connected to single CUPS server you may want them to be balanced (printing jobs are automatically queued to different printers). This is also give an advantage that users on remote machine dealing with single 'printer'. Which is especially useful when one printer from class must be taken for repair, you just exclude it from class, yet for end users nothing have changed, printing jobs queued to another printer by CUPS server. Creating and managing classes can be done from CUPS Web GUI
Between GNU/Linux systems
The server can be configured using either the web interface or by manually editing
To configure the client, see CUPS.
Using the web interface
Open up the web interface to the server, select the Administration tab, look under the Server heading, and enable the "Share printers connected to this system" option. Save your change by clicking on the Change Settings button. The server will automatically restart.
For more complex configurations, you can directly edit the
/etc/cups/cupsd.conf file by selecting Edit Configuration File. See #Manual setup for more information.
Manual setup
On the server computer (the one directly connected to the printer), allow access to the server by modifying the location directive. For instance:
<Location /> Order allow,deny Allow localhost Allow 192.168.0.* </Location> ...
Also make sure the server is listening on the IP address the client will use:
... Listen <hostname>:631 ...
There are more configuration possibilities, including automatic methods, which are described in detail in Using Network Printers and cupsd.conf(5).
After making any modifications, restart
If CUPS is started using socket activation, create a drop-in snippet for
org.cups.cupsd.socket so that socket activation also works for remote connections:
[Socket] ListenStream=631
Enabling browsing
To enable browsing (shared printer discovery), Avahi must be installed and running on the server. If you do not need printer discovery, Avahi is not required on either the server or the client.
To enable browsing, either select Share printers connected to this system in the web interface, or manually turn on Browsing:
... Browsing On ...
and restart
Note that "browsing" at the print server is a different thing from "browsing" at a remote networked host. On the print server,
cupsd provides the DNS-SD protocol support which the
avahi-daemon broadcasts. The
cups-browsed service is unnecessary on the print server, unless also broadcasting the old CUPS protocol, or the print server is also "browsing" for other networked printers. On the remote networked host, the
cups-browsed service is required to "browse" for network broadcasts of print services, and running
cups-browsed will also automatically start
org.cups.cupsd.service service will be automatically started when a USB printer is plugged in, however this may not be the case for other connection types. If
cupsd is not running,
avahi-daemon does not broadcast the print services, so in that case the systemd unit service file must be modified to start on boot, and then the service must again be "enabled/installed" with the new dependency. To do this, edit the service file
[Install] section to add a
WantedBy=default.target dependency, and then enable and start the
org.cups.cupsd.service service.
Between GNU/Linux and Windows
Linux server - Windows client
Sharing to Windows clients can be achieved using #Sharing via IPP, or #Sharing via Samba.
After setting up the server, install the native printer drivers for your printer on the Windows computer. If the CUPS server's print queue is set up to use its own printer drivers instead of as a
raw queue, you can just select a generic postscript printer driver for the Windows client (e.g. 'HP Color LaserJet 8500 PS' or 'Xerox DocuTech 135 PS2' or 'Microsoft PS Class driver').
Sharing via IPP
The Internet Printing Protocol is a widely supported standard among operating systems that is simple to configure. It features port forwarding, tunnelling, etc.
First, configure the server as described in the section #Between GNU/Linux systems.
On the Windows computer, go to Control Panel > Devices and Printers and choose 'Add a printer'. If on Windows 10, click "The printer that I want is not listed". Next, choose 'Select a shared printer by name' and type in the location of the printer:
Where hostname is the GNU/Linux server's hostname or IP address and Printer_Name is the name of the print queue being connected to. You can also use the server's fully qualified domain name, if it has one, but you may need to set
ServerAlias my.fully.qualified.domain.name in
/etc/cups/cupsd.conf for this to work.
- The 'Add Printer' dialog in Windows suggests the format
http://computername/printers/printername/.printer, which it will not accept. Instead, use the syntax suggested above.
- If you are using a proxy carefully check any used proxy exclusions. A wrong setting here may result in you being unable to add a printer until the next reboot even if you disable the proxy afterwards (at least on Windows 7).
Sharing via Samba
Samba is an implementation of the Windows file and printer sharing protocols, even the most vintage ones.
Note that printer sharing using Samba is usually more difficult to configure and maintain.
To configure Samba on the Linux server, edit
/etc/samba/smb.conf file to allow access to printers. File
smb.conf can look something like this:
[global] workgroup = WORKGROUP server string = Arch Linux Print Server security = user printing = CUPS [printers] comment = All Printers path = /var/spool/samba browseable = yes # to allow user 'guest account' to print. guest ok = no writable = no printable = yes create mode = 0700 write list = root @adm @wheel yourusername
That should be enough to share the printer, yet adding an individual printer entry may be desirable:
[ML1250] comment = Samsung ML-1250 Laser Printer printer = ml1250 path = /var/spool/samba printing = cups printable = yes user client driver = yes # to allow user 'guest account' to print. guest ok = no writable = no write list = root @adm @wheel yourusername valid users = root @adm @wheel yourusername
Please note that this assumes configuration was made so that users must have a valid account to access the printer. To have a public printer, set
guest ok to
yes, and remove the
valid users line. To add accounts, set up a regular GNU/Linux account and then set up a Samba password on the server. See Samba#User Management.
After this, restart
smb.service and
See Samba's documentation Setting up Samba as a Print Server for more details.
Windows server - Linux client
lpadmin: Bad device-uri error.
For example,
smb://BEN-DESKTOP/HP Color LaserJet CP1510 series PCL6 becomes
This result string can be obtained by running the following command:
$ python -c 'from urllib.parse import quote; print("smb://" + quote("BEN-DESKTOP/HP Color LaserJet CP1510 series PCL6"))'
Sharing via LPD
Windows 7, 8 and 10 have a built-in LPD server - using it will probably be the easiest approach as it does neither require an installation of Samba on the client nor heavy configuration on the server. It can be activated in the Control Panel under Programs -> Activate Windows functions in the section Print services. The printer must have shared activated in its properties. Use a share name without any special characters like spaces, commas, etc.
Then the printer can be added in CUPS, choosing LPD protocol. The printer address will look like this:
Before adding the printer, you will most likely have to install an appropriate printer driver depending on your printer model. Generic PostScript or RAW drivers might also work.
Sharing via IPP
As above, IPP is also the preferred protocol for printer sharing although it only works with Windows Server versions. Windows Server versions (e.g. Server 2016) include IPP support ("Print and Document Services" role, "Internet Printing" service). Client versions (e.g. Windows 10), only include the IPP client, and do not support sharing through IPP.
Sharing via Samba
A much simpler way is using Window's native printer sharing via Samba. There is almost no configuration needed, and all of it can be done from the CUPS Backend. As above noted, if there are any problems the reason is mostly related to authentication trouble and Windows access restrictions.
On the server side enable sharing for your desired printer and ensure that the user on the client machine has the right to access the printer.
The following section describes how to set up the client, assuming that both daemons (cupsd and smbd) are running.
Configuration using the web interface
The Samba CUPS back-end is enabled by default, if for any reason it is not activate it by entering the following command and restarting CUPS.
# ln -s $(which smbspool) /usr/lib/cups/backend/smb
Next, simply log in on the CUPS web interface and choose to add a new printer. As a device choose "Windows Printer via SAMBA".
For the device location, enter:
Or without a password:
Make sure that the user actually has access to the printer on the Windows computer and select the appropriate drivers. If the computer is located on a domain, make sure the URI includes the domain:
Manual configuration
For manual configuration stop the CUPS daemon and add your printer to
/etc/cups/printers.conf, which might for example look like this
<DefaultPrinter MyPrinter> AuthInfoRequired username,password Info My printer via SAMBA Location In my Office MakeModel Samsung ML-1250 - CUPS+Gutenprint v5.2.7 # <= use 'lpinfo -m' to list available models DeviceURI smb://username:password@hostname/printer_name # <= server URI as described in previous section State Idle Type 4 Accepting Yes Shared No JobSheets none none QuotaPeriod 0 PageLimit 0 KLimit 0 AllowUser yourusername # <= do not forget to change this OpPolicy default ErrorPolicy stop-printer </Printer>
Then restart the CUPS daemon and try to print a test page.
Finding URIs for Windows print servers
Sometimes Windows is a little less than forthcoming about exact device URIs (device locations). If having trouble specifying the correct device location in CUPS, run the following command to list all shares available to a certain windows username:
$ smbtree -U windowsusername
This will list every share available to a certain Windows username on the local area network subnet, as long as Samba is set up and running properly. It should return something like this:
WORKGROUP \\REGULATOR-PC \\REGULATOR-PC\Z \\REGULATOR-PC\Public \\REGULATOR-PC\print$ Printer Drivers \\REGULATOR-PC\G \\REGULATOR-PC\EPSON Stylus CX8400 Series EPSON Stylus CX8400 Series
What is needed here is first part of the last line, the resource matching the printer description. So to print to the EPSON Stylus printer, one would enter:
as the URI into CUPS.
Remote administration
Once the server is set up as described in #Between GNU/Linux systems, it can also be configured so that it can be remotely administered. Add the allowed hosts to the
<Location /admin> block in
/etc/cups/cupsd.conf, using the same syntax as described in #Manual setup. Note that three levels of access can be granted:
<Location /> #access to the server <Location /admin> #access to the admin pages <Location /admin/conf> #access to configuration files
To give remote hosts access to one of these levels, add an
Allow statement to that level's section. An
Allow statement can take one or more of the forms listed below:
Allow from all Allow from host.domain.com Allow from *.domain.com Allow from ip-address Allow from ip-address/netmask Allow from @LOCAL
Deny statements can also be used. For example, to give full access to all hosts on your local network interfaces, edit
/etc/cups/cupsd.conf to include this:
# Restrict access to the server... # By default only localhost connections are possible <Location /> Order allow,deny Allow from @LOCAL </Location> # Restrict access to the admin pages... <Location /admin> Order allow,deny Allow from @LOCAL </Location> # Restrict access to configuration files... <Location /admin/conf> AuthType Basic Require user @SYSTEM Order allow,deny Allow from @LOCAL </Location>
You might also need to disable the HTTPS requirement, when using the default self-signed certificate generated by CUPS:
DefaultEncryption IfRequested
This should avoid the error: 426 - Upgrade Required when using the CUPS web interface from a remote machine.
Kerberos can be used to authenticate users accessing a remote CUPS server. This assumes that your machine has a keytab and it will need a ticket for "HTTP". Instead of using
http://localhost:631 you must use
https://host.example.co.uk:631 - encryption is required for auth (hence https) and the full hostname is needed so that Kerberos/Negotiate can work. In addition, the server must be configured in
/etc/cups/cupsd.conf to use a
DefaultAuthType of
If you are using Samba's winbind NSS support, you can add an AD group name to
/etc/cups/cups-files.conf - in the following example
sysadmin might be an AD group:
SystemGroup sys root sysadmin
See CUPS/Troubleshooting for general troubleshooting tips.
Cannot print with GTK applications
If you get a getting printer information failed message when you try to print from GTK applications, add this line to your
serverip some.name.org ServersHostname
Permission errors on Windows
Some users fixed
NT_STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED (Windows clients) errors by using a slightly different syntax:
Other operating systems
More information on interfacing CUPS with other printing systems can be found in the CUPS manual, e.g. on http://localhost:631/help/network.html.