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Hail, saith Horus, O Twenty-first pylon of the Still-Heart! I have made the way. I know thee. I know thy name. I know the name of the goddess who guardeth thee. "Sword that smiteth at the utterance of its own name, stinking face, overthrower of him that approacheth her flame" is thy name. Thou keepest the hidden things of the avenger of the god, thou guardest them. Amam is his name. He maketh the ash trees (cedars) not to grow, and the shenu trees (acacias) not to blossom, and preventeth copper from being found in the mountain. The Tchatcha (Chiefs) of this Pylon are Seven Gods. Tchen, or Anthch (At), is the name of the one at the door. Hetepmes is the name of another there. Messep is the name of another there. Utchara is the name of another there. Beq is the name of another there. Anp (Anubis) is the name of another there. I have made the way. I am Menu-Heru, the avenger of his father, the heir of his father Un-Nefer. I have come. I have given [offerings] to my father Osiris. I have overthrown all his enemies. I have come daily with the word of truth, the lord of fealty, in the house of my father Tem, the Lord of Anu, I, the Osiris Auf-ankh, whose word is truth in the southern heaven. I have done what is right for him that made the right, I have celebrated the Haker festival to the lord thereof. I have acted as the leader of the festivals. I have given cakes to the Lords of the Altar. I have been the leader of the propitiatory offerings, cakes, ale, oxen, geese, to my father Osiris Un-Nefer. I am the protector of the Ba-soul, I have made the Benu bird to appear [by my] words. I have come daily into the house of the god to make offerings of incense. I have come with the shenti tunic. I have set the Neshem Boat afloat on the water. I have made the word of Osiris Khenti Amenti to be truth before his enemies. I have carried away in a boat all his enemies to the slaughter-house of the East, and they shall never escape from the wardship of the god Keb who dwelleth therein. I have made the Kefaiu gods of Ra to stand up, I have made his word to be truth. I have come as a scribe. I have explained [the writings]. I have made the god to have power over his legs. I have come into the house of him that is upon his mountain (Anubis). I have seen the Chief of the Seh hall. I have entered into Ra-stau. I have made myself invisible. I have found for myself the boundary. I have approached Nerutef. I have clothed the naked. I have sailed up the river to Abydos. I have performed the ceremonies of Hu and Sa. I have entered the house of Astes. I have made supplication to the Khati gods and to Sekhmet in the temple of Net (Neith), or the Aged Ones. I have entered Ra-stau. I have made myself invisible. I have found the frontier. I have approached Nerutef. I have clothed the naked. I have sailed up the river to Abydos. I have performed the ceremonies of Hu and Sa. I have received. I have risen like a king crowned. I fill my seat on the throne in the place of my father, the God Who was at the beginning. I have praised the Meskhen of Ta-tchesert. My mouth is full of Maat (Truth). I have overwhelmed the Akhekhau serpents. I have come into the Great House with [my] body in a flourishing condition. I have caused myself to travel in the Boat of Hai. The myrrh unguent of..... is in the hair of men (Rekhit). I have entered into the House of Astes. I have approached with worship the two Khati gods and Sekhmet, who are in the temple of the Aged One [in Anu].
[And the god Osiris saith:] "Thou hast come, thou shalt be a favoured one in Tetu, O Osiris Auf-ankh, whose word is truth, the son of the lady Shert-en-Menu, whose word is truth."


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Author Alain de Botton is leading a new news organization—run entirely by philosophers. The Philosopher's Mail claims to have bureaus in London, Amsterdam, and Melbourne, and is "committed to bringing you the latest, biggest stories, as interpreted by philosophers rather than journalists." Check out the homepage, which currently offers philosophical takes on tabloid-ready topics such as "Anne Hathaway takes her chocolate labrador Esmeralda for a walk."
Susan Sontag wrote 17,198 emails. Benjamin Moser, who is writing a biography of Sontag, recently read them. At the New Yorker, he describes the "feeling of creepiness and voyeurism" he experienced while going through the e-mails—a feeling that "struggled the unstoppable curiosity that I feel about Sontag's life."
In Portland, Oregon, a federal judge has sentenced arsonist Rebecca Rubin to read Malcolm Gladwell's David and Goliath: Underdogs, Misfits, and the Art of Battling Giants"in order to teach her more about nonviolent protest."
The Harvard Kennedy School has announced the six finalists for the 2014 Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Journalism. The prize has a $10,000 reward for finalists and $25,000 for the winner.
The second annual Los Angeles Art Book Fair starts this weekend.

subset: commoncrawl


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ASM International is a member-driven society. Nominated by members, the ASM Board of Trustees directs the activities of the society for the good of the entire membership.
ASM Board of Trustees
The ASM Board of Trustees directs the affairs of the society and establishes the society's purpose, goals, and objectives. The board also approves the society's financial plans and budgets, optimizes the assets of the society, selects the managing director, and provides advice and counsel to the officers of ASM.
View ASM Board of Trustees
Student Board Member Program
In recent years, the Boards of ASM, the ASM Heat Treating Society and the ASM Thermal Spray Society have also taken steps to bring youthful energy and ideas to their leadership through the Student Board Member Program.
View Student Board Member Program
ASM Nominating Committee
Nominees for the ASM Board are selected by the ASM Nominating Committee. Members and chapters of ASM have an important voice in the nominating process (pdf).
View ASM Nominating Committee
ASM Presidents
For nearly a century, ASM Presidents have tirelessly led the society and represented the membership.
View ASM Past Presidents
Governance Bottom footer
The ASM Constitution and ASM Rules of Government (pdf) guide all aspects of the governance of our society.
Contact ASM International Member Services via email Member Service Center. To speak to a Member Services Representative, call 440.338.5151, ext. 0.


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You rely on technology to run your business. But your IT environment is complex. The failure of even one server on your network can bring your applications, your systems – and your business – to a screeching halt, resulting in lost productivity, lost data, and even lost revenue. Being proactive is key, which is why iCorps' server monitoring has proactivity built into its core. Our server monitoring solutions are purpose-built to monitor, measure, track, and manage your server performance and availability around-the-clock to ensure that your business is supported continuously.
iCorps' remote network monitoring tools and capabilities are paired with the expertise and around-the-clock support of our IT outsourcing consultants to keep your servers up and running at peak performance. iCorps' server monitoring solution:
iCorps takes a proactive approach in all of our IT offerings and is the "backbone" of our Encompass IT support services. This approach helps to identify issues – anywhere in your complex IT environment – before they cause problems, preventing system and business downtime, and helping you avoid costly emergency fixes.
iCorps' server monitoring solution is no exception, and employs both technology and our broad range of expertise and technical knowledge to watch over your critical server performance and availability – proactively – to ensure that your business is always supported.


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InformationWeek is part of the Informa Tech Division of Informa PLC
This site is operated by a business or businesses owned by Informa PLC and all copyright resides with them.Informa PLC's registered office is 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG. Registered in England and Wales. Number 8860726.
Apple Launches iPhone Trade-In Program Apple joins host of other retailers that offer current iPhone owners sweet deals, just in time to capitalize on its new iPhone models due out in September.
Microsoft Greenlights Gag Order Lawsuit Citing free speech, Microsoft and Google proceed with lawsuits against government to allow the companies to publicly divulge more information about FISA requests for user data.
U.S., Canada Spectrum Agreements Expand Wireless Capacity New international accords open new spectrum bands along Canadian border for business and government communications applications.
MOOCs No Slam Dunk For Virginia Commonwealth University Rather than jump headfirst into online education, VCU created a task force, surveyed students and faculty and wrote a long-range plan.
Vanderbilt Teases Students, Pleases Faculty With MOOCs Vanderbilt positions its massive open online courses as "educational outreach," not course replacements.
Social Media May Influence Your Credit Worthiness Some lenders look at how you interact with friends and customers on Facebook and Twitter to decide whether you're a good loan candidate.
MOOCs Proliferate Despite Unanswered Questions Universities investing in massive open online courses face an uncertain payoff.
Wesleyan's Secrets To Successful MOOCs Wesleyan University polls students regularly and avoids flashy Hollywood techniques to ensure its massive open online courses are effective without breaking the budget.
PC Sales Slump Continues Desktop and laptop shipments are even worse than expected, according to IDC, and they haven't yet hit rock bottom. Still, don't count PCs out.
Will MOOCs Massively Disrupt Higher Education? Even as they grow in popularity, massive open online courses prompt debates about their impact on students, business model and role in the future of education.
Nokia Connects Cars To Cloud With Here Auto Nokia banks on the future of constantly updated, Internet-connected maps with its cloud-based Here Auto in-dash navigation system.
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Nebula's Kemp Challenges VMware's Cloud Vision Chris Kemp, former NASA CIO and OpenStack founder, says Nebula's server scale-out approach is superior to VMware's server-consolidation play to run next-gen applications.
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Pearson Expands Online Adaptive Learning To Science, Business Pearson will use Knewton's big-data technology to power its online tutoring service for college biology, anatomy/physiology, chemistry, physics, finance and accounting students.
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Dilma silent as world calls for full veto of Forest Code reform
WWF, Greenpeace and Avaaz say the proposed changes to the Forest Code would threaten recent successes in reducing forest loss and compromise efforts to tackle corruption in the Amazon region.
Already more than 1.3 million people from around the world have signed Avaaz's petition calling on President Rousseff to veto the proposed Forest Code; this number is expected to rise dramatically in the next few days. Likewise, hundreds of thousands of WWF and Greenpeace supporters have echoed the call on social media channels such Twitter, using #SOSBrazil and #VetaTudoDilma, and by posting messages directly to the Facebook page of the president's political party, Partido dos Trabalhadores.
The petition will be bolstered by a campaign by the three groups to have their millions of supporters deluge Brazilian embassies around the world with messages and calls showing global opposition to the bill.
President Rousseff has not given public reaction nor indicated whether she intends to fight the measure since it was passed on 25 April. The groups say that only a full veto will safeguard Brazil's forests and the global climate. President Rousseff received the bill this week and has until 25 May to veto all or part of the bill, or to allow it to become law.
"Over the past decade, Brazil has achieved stunning progress in reducing deforestation in the Amazon. We recognize that President Rousseff is under massive political pressure from those who would burn the forest for short-term gain, but we urge her to stand firm for the protection of the forest resources that are so vital to the future of all Brazilians, and the world," said Jim Leape, WWF International Director General.
Brazil's Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA) has estimated that the new legislation could lead to the loss of up to 76.5 million hectares (190 million acres) of forest, which translates to 28 billion tonnes of added CO2 in the atmosphere. This would make it impossible for Brazil to reach its carbon reduction targets.
"Thousands of people from all over the world are sounding the alarm and calling Brazilian embassies to urge President Rousseff to save the Amazon. Nearly 80 per cent of Brazilians want this catastrophic bill scrapped, and so far over a million people across the world support them. President Rousseff has a choice – sign the Amazon's death sentence or protect the planet's lungs and emerge a public hero," said Ricken Patel, Avaaz Executive Director.
"President Dilma Rousseff stands at a defining moment for her presidency. The choice is clear. She can ignore the Brazilian people and side with 'destruction as usual' as enshrined in the new Forest Code or exercise her veto and support the call for a new Zero Deforestation Law. We urge her to take the visionary path of a leader who understands that with power comes responsibility," said Kumi Naidoo, Greenpeace International Executive Director.
The groups further criticize the bill's amnesty provisions for past illegal forest clearance. The proposed amnesties would not only free environmental criminals from prosecution, but also forfeit an estimated US$4.8 billion in fines.
The groups are urging President Rousseff to listen to her own constituents – 94 per cent of whom say they are concerned about the environment, according to a recent survey conducted for the National Industry Confederation – and to the global movement that is calling for a veto.
Note to Editors: the petition can be found here:
For further information:
In Switzerland: Gretchen Lyons, tel: +41 79 916 0136 email: email@example.com
In Brazil: Regina Cavini tel: +55 61 8165 6812 email: email@example.com
About WWF
WWF is one of the world's largest and most respected independent conservation organizations, with over 5 million supporters and a global network active in over 100 countries. WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of the earth's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by conserving the world's biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption.


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AnnaLynne McCord — Crush of the Day [PICTURES]
AnnaLynne McCord's first notable TV role was on the TV show 'Nip/Tuck.' She moved on to a staring role on the '90210′ reboot and appeared in the movies 'Transporter 2′ and 'Day of the Dead.'
While she is known for her acting, and her gorgeous looks, the reason AnnaLynne is our 'crush' today is because of her philanthropy work.
The 'Look to the Stars' organization said of AnnaLynne charity work that she is "one of the strongest young female philanthropists standing up in Hollywood and fighting for the charities she believes in" and in 2011 was nominated for a VH1 "Do Something" award. It's nice to see a famous woman doing something with her celebrity besides selling butt creams on QVC and getting married strictly for TV cameras. She could just fall back on her looks (and wow what looks they are!) but instead she chooses to help others that haven't been as lucky as her in life.
In this season of giving, we could all use a little more AnnaLynne McCord in all of us. We'd also like it if there was a little bit of us in AnneLynne.


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FROSTBURG, MD – The York College men's basketball team dropped a hard-fought 82-73 Capital Athletic Conference decision to Frostburg State University on Saturday afternoon in Frostburg, MD. The Spartans fall to 5-4 overall and 2-2 in the league while the Bobcats improve to 4-4 overall and 3-1 in the conference.
The game was close early on before the Bobcats slowly started to pull away. With York trailing 18-17 at the 8:17 mark, the Bobcats fashioned an 18-5 run to take a 36-22 lead. The Spartans managed to cut the lead to 11 heading to the break as they trailed 41-30.
The Spartans battled the entire second half but struggled to overcome the Bobcat lead. Each time York cut into the lead, Frostburg would answer, extending the lead back to double digits. York had the lead down to four at the 14:29 mark. FSU scored the next five points to increase the lead back to nine. York's next run trimmed the lead to three but again, FSU scored the next five points to increase the lead back to eight before working it back to double digits.
York got their deficit down to four at 64-60 with 6:54 left but the Bobcats scored eight of the next 10 points of the game to push the lead back to double figures. York would not get any closer than eight over the final five minutes of the game.
The Bobcats got double digit efforts from four players led by Maurice Williams as he poured in 20 points on 6-of-10 shooting including 2-of-3 from three and 6-of-8 from the line. Williams also had eight rebounds and two steals in his 35 minutes of work. DeSean Antoine added 19 points, four rebounds, four assists and two steals for the Bobcats. Troy Dockett contributed 18 points, three assists, and three steals while Bradley Nunn chipped in with 10 points, six rebounds, and three blocked shots.
Spartan point guard Julian Watson powered York with a season-high 19 points including a career-high 13-of-17 performance from the free throw line. Watson added six rebounds, three assists and one steal in 31 minutes of action. Senior Paul Kouvaris finished the game with 16 points, nine rebounds, and three assists while fellow senior Andrew Pawlyk contributed 14 points, four rebounds, and two assists. Junior Mitch Kemp came off the bench to contribute 11 points while he also pulled in a career-high eight rebounds.
The Spartans shot the ball well in the second half (48.4%) but it wasn't enough to save them after they shot just 35.5% in the first half. York finished the game shooting 41.9% from the floor. York also struggled from three, making just 2-of-14 from distance. The Spartans went 19-for-27 (70.4%) from the stripe.
Frostburg shot 50% for the game from the floor including a solid 8-for-19 (42.1%) from three. The Bobcats made 18-of-26 (69.2%) from the free throw line in the win.
The Spartans held a 40-35 margin on the glass while the Bobcats forced 14 Spartan turnovers including 11 steals.
The Green and White returns to action on Tuesday night as they will host LaRoche in a non-conference contest. Tip time is set for 7:00 pm at Charles Wolf Gymnasium.
Julian Watson photo courtesy of Zach Clabaugh (www.sharpedgefoto.com)


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Physical science
Physical science, the systematic study of the inorganic world, as distinct from the study of the organic world, which is the province of biological science. Physical science is ordinarily thought of as consisting of four broad areas: astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences. Each of these is in turn divided into fields and subfields. This article discusses the historical development—with due attention to the scope, principal concerns, and methods—of the first three of these areas. The Earth sciences are discussed in a separate article.
What is physical science?
What are some of the physical sciences?
Is biology one of the physical sciences?
Is mathematics a physical science?
Physics, in its modern sense, was founded in the mid-19th century as a synthesis of several older sciences—namely, those of mechanics, optics, acoustics, electricity, magnetism, heat, and the physical properties of matter. The synthesis was based in large part on the recognition that the different forces of nature are related and are, in fact, interconvertible because they are forms of energy.
The boundary between physics and chemistry is somewhat arbitrary. As it developed in the 20th century, physics is concerned with the structure and behaviour of individual atoms and their components, while chemistry deals with the properties and reactions of molecules. These latter depend on energy, especially heat, as well as on atoms; hence, there is a strong link between physics and chemistry. Chemists tend to be more interested in the specific properties of different elements and compounds, whereas physicists are concerned with general properties shared by all matter. (See chemistry: The history of chemistry.)
Astronomy is the science of the entire universe beyond Earth; it includes Earth's gross physical properties, such as its mass and rotation, insofar as they interact with other bodies in the solar system. Until the 18th century, astronomers were concerned primarily with the Sun, Moon, planets, and comets. During the following centuries, however, the study of stars, galaxies, nebulas, and the interstellar medium became increasingly important. Celestial mechanics, the science of the motion of planets and other solid objects within the solar system, was the first testing ground for Newton's laws of motion and thereby helped to establish the fundamental principles of classical (that is, pre-20th-century) physics. Astrophysics, the study of the physical properties of celestial bodies, arose during the 19th century and is closely connected with the determination of the chemical composition of those bodies. In the 20th century physics and astronomy became more intimately linked through cosmological theories, especially those based on the theory of relativity. (See astronomy: History of astronomy.)
Heritage of antiquity and the Middle Ages
The physical sciences ultimately derive from the rationalistic materialism that emerged in classical Greece, itself an outgrowth of magical and mythical views of the world. The Greek philosophers of the 6th and 5th centuries bce abandoned the animism of the poets and explained the world in terms of ordinarily observable natural processes. These early philosophers posed the broad questions that still underlie science: How did the world order emerge from chaos? What is the origin of multitude and variety in the world? How can motion and change be accounted for? What is the underlying relation between form and matter? Greek philosophy answered these questions in terms that provided the framework for science for approximately 2,000 years.
Ancient Middle Eastern and Greek astronomy
Western astronomy had its origins in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Egyptian astronomy, which was neither a very well-developed nor an influential study, was largely concerned with time reckoning. Its main lasting contribution was the civil calendar of 365 days, consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and five additional festival days at the end of each year. This calendar played an important role in the history of astronomy, allowing astronomers to calculate the number of days between any two sets of observations.
Babylonian astronomy, dating back to about 1800 bce, constitutes one of the earliest systematic, scientific treatments of the physical world. In contrast to the Egyptians, the Babylonians were interested in the accurate prediction of astronomical phenomena, especially the first appearance of the new Moon. Using the zodiac as a reference, by the 4th century bce, they developed a complex system of arithmetic progressions and methods of approximation by which they were able to predict first appearances. The mass of observations they collected and their mathematical methods were important contributions to the later flowering of astronomy among the Greeks.
The Pythagoreans (5th century bce) were responsible for one of the first Greek astronomical theories. Believing that the order of the cosmos is fundamentally mathematical, they held that it is possible to discover the harmonies of the universe by contemplating the regular motions of the heavens. Postulating a central fire about which all the heavenly bodies including Earth and the Sun revolve, they constructed the first physical model of the solar system. Subsequent Greek astronomy derived its character from a comment ascribed to Plato, in the 4th century bce, who is reported to have instructed the astronomers to "save the phenomena" in terms of uniform circular motion. That is to say, he urged them to develop predictively accurate theories using only combinations of uniform circular motion. As a result, Greek astronomers never regarded their geometric models as true or as being physical descriptions of the machinery of the heavens. They regarded them simply as tools for predicting planetary positions.
Eudoxus of Cnidus (4th century bce) was the first of the Greek astronomers to rise to Plato's challenge. He developed a theory of homocentric spheres, a model that represented the universe by sets of nesting concentric spheres the motions of which combined to produce the planetary and other celestial motions. Using only uniform circular motions, Eudoxus was able to "save" the rather complex planetary motions with some success. His theory required four homocentric spheres for each planet and three each for the Sun and Moon. The system was modified by Callippus, a student of Eudoxus, who added spheres to improve the theory, especially for Mercury and Venus. Aristotle, in formulating his cosmology, adopted Eudoxus's homocentric spheres as the actual machinery of the heavens. The Aristotelian cosmos was like an onion consisting of a series of some 55 spheres nested about Earth, which was fixed at the centre. In order to unify the system, Aristotle added spheres in order to "unroll" the motions of a given planet so that they would not be transmitted to the next inner planet.
The theory of homocentric spheres failed to account for two sets of observations: (1) brightness changes suggesting that planets are not always the same distance from Earth, and (2) bounded elongations (i.e., Venus is never observed to be more than about 48° and Mercury never more than about 24° from the Sun). Heracleides of Pontus (4th century bce) attempted to solve these problems by having Venus and Mercury revolve about the Sun, rather than Earth, and having the Sun and other planets revolve in turn about Earth, which he placed at the centre. In addition, to account for the daily motions of the heavens, he held that Earth rotates on its axis. Heracleides' theory had little impact in antiquity except perhaps on Aristarchus of Samos (3rd century bce), who apparently put forth a heliocentric hypothesis similar to the one Copernicus was to propound in the 16th century.
Hipparchus (flourished 130 bce) made extensive contributions to both theoretical and observational astronomy. Basing his theories on an impressive mass of observations, he was able to work out theories of the Sun and Moon that were more successful than those of any of his predecessors. His primary conceptual tool was the eccentric circle, a circle in which Earth is at some point eccentric to the geometric centre. He used this device to account for various irregularities and inequalities observed in the motions of the Sun and Moon. He also proved that the eccentric circle is mathematically equivalent to a geometric figure called an epicycle-deferent system, a proof probably first made by Apollonius of Perga a century earlier.
Among Hipparchus's observations, one of the most significant was that of the precession of the equinoxes—i.e., a gradual apparent increase in longitude between any fixed star and the equinoctial point (either of two points on the celestial sphere where the celestial equator crosses the ecliptic). Thus, the north celestial pole, the point on the celestial sphere defined as the apparent centre of rotation of the stars, moves relative to the stars in its vicinity. In the heliocentric theory, this effect is ascribed to a change in Earth's rotational axis, which traces out a conical path around the axis of the orbital plane.
Ptolemy (flourished 140 ce) applied the theory of epicycles to compile a systematic account of Greek astronomy. He elaborated theories for each of the planets, as well as for the Sun and Moon. His theory generally fitted the data available to him with a good degree of accuracy, and his book, the Almagest, became the vehicle by which Greek astronomy was transmitted to astronomers of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. It essentially molded astronomy for the next millennium and a half.
Greek physics
Several kinds of physical theories emerged in ancient Greece, including both generalized hypotheses about the ultimate structure of nature and more specific theories that considered the problem of motion from both metaphysical and mathematical points of view. Attempting to reconcile the antithesis between the underlying unity and apparent multitude and diversity of nature, the Greek atomists Leucippus (mid-5th century bce), Democritus (late 5th century bce), and Epicurus (late 4th and early 3rd century bce) asserted that nature consists of immutable atoms moving in empty space. According to this theory, the various motions and configurations of atoms and clusters of atoms are the causes of all the phenomena of nature.
In contrast to the particulate universe of the atomists, the Stoics (principally Zeno of Citium, bridging 4th and 3rd centuries bce, Chrysippus [3rd century bce], and Poseidonius of Apamea [flourished c. 100 bce]) insisted on the continuity of nature, conceiving of both space and matter as continuous and as infused with an active, airlike spirit—pneuma—which serves to unify the frame of nature. The inspiration for the Stoic emphasis on pneumatic processes probably arose from earlier experiences with the "spring" (i.e., compressibility and pressure) of the air. Neither the atomic theory nor Stoic physics survived the criticism of Aristotle and his theory.
In his physics, Aristotle was primarily concerned with the philosophical question of the nature of motion as one variety of change. He assumed that a constant motion requires a constant cause; that is to say, as long as a body remains in motion, a force must be acting on that body. He considered the motion of a body through a resisting medium as proportional to the force producing the motion and inversely proportional to the resistance of the medium. Aristotle used this relationship to argue against the possibility of the existence of a void, for in a void resistance is zero, and the relationship loses meaning. He considered the cosmos to be divided into two qualitatively different realms, governed by two different kinds of laws. In the terrestrial realm, within the sphere of the Moon, rectilinear up-and-down motion is characteristic. Heavy bodies, by their nature, seek the centre and tend to move downward in a natural motion. It is unnatural for a heavy body to move up, and such unnatural or violent motion requires an external cause. Light bodies, in direct contrast, move naturally upward. In the celestial realm, uniform circular motion is natural, thus producing the motions of the heavenly bodies.
Archimedes (3rd century bce) fundamentally applied mathematics to the solution of physical problems and brilliantly employed physical assumptions and insights leading to mathematical demonstrations, particularly in problems of statics and hydrostatics. He was thus able to derive the law of the lever rigorously and to deal with problems of the equilibrium of floating bodies.
Islamic and medieval science
Greek science reached a zenith with the work of Ptolemy in the 2nd century ce. The lack of interest in theoretical questions in the Roman world reduced science in the Latin West to the level of predigested handbooks and encyclopaedias that had been distilled many times. Social pressures, political persecution, and the anti-intellectual bias of some of the early Church Fathers drove the few remaining Greek scientists and philosophers to the East. There they ultimately found a welcome when the rise of Islam in the 7th century stimulated interest in scientific and philosophical subjects. Most of the important Greek scientific texts were preserved in Arabic translations. Although the Muslims did not alter the foundations of Greek science, they made several important contributions within its general framework. When interest in Greek learning revived in western Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries, scholars turned to Islamic Spain for the scientific texts. A spate of translations resulted in the revival of Greek science in the West and coincided with the rise of the universities. Working within a predominantly Greek framework, scientists of the late Middle Ages reached high levels of sophistication and prepared the ground for the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries.
Mechanics was one of the most highly developed sciences pursued in the Middle Ages. Operating within a fundamentally Aristotelian framework, medieval physicists criticized and attempted to improve many aspects of Aristotle's physics.
The problem of projectile motion was a crucial one for Aristotelian mechanics, and the analysis of this problem represents one of the most impressive medieval contributions to physics. Because of the assumption that continuation of motion requires the continued action of a motive force, the continued motion of a projectile after losing contact with the projector required explanation. Aristotle himself had proposed explanations of the continuation of projectile motion in terms of the action of the medium. The ad hoc character of these explanations rendered them unsatisfactory to most of the medieval commentators, who nevertheless retained the fundamental assumption that continued motion requires a continuing cause.
The most fruitful alternative to Aristotle's attempts to explain projectile motion resulted from the concept of impressed force. According to this view, there is an incorporeal motive force that is imparted to the projectile, causing it to continue moving. Such views were espoused by John Philoponus of Alexandria (flourished 6th century), Avicenna, the Persian philosopher (died 1037), and the Arab Abū al Barakāt al-Baghdādi (died 1164). In the 14th century the French philosopher Jean Buridan developed a new version of the impressed-force theory, calling the quality impressed on the projectile "impetus." Impetus, a permanent quality for Buridan, is measurable by the initial velocity of the projectile and by the quantity of matter contained in it. Buridan employed this concept to suggest an explanation of the everlasting motions of the heavens.
During the 1300s certain Oxford scholars pondered the philosophical problem of how to describe the change that occurs when qualities increase or decrease in intensity and came to consider the kinematic aspects of motion. Dealing with these problems in a purely hypothetical manner without any attempt to describe actual motions in nature or to test their formulas experimentally, they were able to derive the result that in a uniformly accelerated motion, distance increases as the square of the time.
Although medieval science was deeply influenced by Aristotle's philosophy, adherence to his point of view was by no means dogmatic. During the 13th century, theologians at the University of Paris were disturbed by certain statements in Aristotle that seemed to imply limitations of God's powers as well as other statements, such as the eternity of the world, which stood in apparent contradiction to scripture. In 1277 Pope John XXI condemned 219 propositions, many from Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas, which had clearly theological consequences. Many of these condemned propositions had scientific implications as well. For example, one of these propositions states, "That the first cause (i.e., God) could not make several worlds." Although it is unlikely that anyone in the Middle Ages actually asserted the existence of many worlds, the condemnation led to the discussion of that possibility, as well as other important problems such as the possibility that Earth moved.
The scientific revolution
During the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, scientific thought underwent a revolution. A new view of nature emerged, replacing the Greek view that had dominated science for almost 2,000 years. Science became an autonomous discipline, distinct from both philosophy and technology, and it came to be regarded as having utilitarian goals. By the end of this period, it may not be too much to say that science had replaced Christianity as the focal point of European civilization. Out of the ferment of the Renaissance and Reformation there arose a new view of science, bringing about the following transformations: the reeducation of common sense in favour of abstract reasoning; the substitution of a quantitative for a qualitative view of nature; the view of nature as a machine rather than as an organism; the development of an experimental method that sought definite answers to certain limited questions couched in the framework of specific theories; the acceptance of new criteria for explanation, stressing the "how" rather than the "why" that had characterized the Aristotelian search for final causes.
The scientific revolution began in astronomy. Although there had been earlier discussions of the possibility of Earth's motion, the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to propound a comprehensive heliocentric theory equal in scope and predictive capability to Ptolemy's geocentric system. Motivated by the desire to satisfy Plato's dictum, Copernicus was led to overthrow traditional astronomy because of its alleged violation of the principle of uniform circular motion and its lack of unity and harmony as a system of the world. Relying on virtually the same data as Ptolemy had possessed, Copernicus turned the world inside out, putting the Sun at the centre and setting Earth into motion around it. Copernicus's theory, published in 1543, possessed a qualitative simplicity that Ptolemaic astronomy appeared to lack. To achieve comparable levels of quantitative precision, however, the new system became just as complex as the old. Perhaps the most revolutionary aspect of Copernican astronomy lay in Copernicus's attitude toward the reality of his theory. In contrast to Platonic instrumentalism, Copernicus asserted that to be satisfactory astronomy must describe the real, physical system of the world.
The reception of Copernican astronomy amounted to victory by infiltration. By the time large-scale opposition to the theory had developed in the church and elsewhere, most of the best professional astronomers had found some aspect or other of the new system indispensable. Copernicus's book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri VI ("Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs"), published in 1543, became a standard reference for advanced problems in astronomical research, particularly for its mathematical techniques. Thus, it was widely read by mathematical astronomers, in spite of its central cosmological hypothesis, which was widely ignored. In 1551 the German astronomer Erasmus Reinhold published the Tabulae prutenicae ("Prutenic Tables"), computed by Copernican methods. The tables were more accurate and more up-to-date than their 13th-century predecessor and became indispensable to both astronomers and astrologers.
During the 16th century the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, rejecting both the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems, was responsible for major changes in observation, unwittingly providing the data that ultimately decided the argument in favour of the new astronomy. Using larger, stabler, and better calibrated instruments, he observed regularly over extended periods, thereby obtaining a continuity of observations that were accurate for planets to within about one minute of arc—several times better than any previous observation. Several of Tycho's observations contradicted Aristotle's system: a nova that appeared in 1572 exhibited no parallax (meaning that it lay at a very great distance) and was thus not of the sublunary sphere and therefore contrary to the Aristotelian assertion of the immutability of the heavens; similarly, a succession of comets appeared to be moving freely through a region that was supposed to be filled with solid, crystalline spheres. Tycho devised his own world system—a modification of Heracleides'—to avoid various undesirable implications of the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems.
At the beginning of the 17th century, the German astronomer Johannes Kepler placed the Copernican hypothesis on firm astronomical footing. Converted to the new astronomy as a student and deeply motivated by a neo-Pythagorean desire for finding the mathematical principles of order and harmony according to which God had constructed the world, Kepler spent his life looking for simple mathematical relationships that described planetary motions. His painstaking search for the real order of the universe forced him finally to abandon the Platonic ideal of uniform circular motion in his search for a physical basis for the motions of the heavens.
In 1609 Kepler announced two new planetary laws derived from Tycho's data: (1) the planets travel around the Sun in elliptical orbits, one focus of the ellipse being occupied by the Sun; and (2) a planet moves in its orbit in such a manner that a line drawn from the planet to the Sun always sweeps out equal areas in equal times. With these two laws, Kepler abandoned uniform circular motion of the planets on their spheres, thus raising the fundamental physical question of what holds the planets in their orbits. He attempted to provide a physical basis for the planetary motions by means of a force analogous to the magnetic force, the qualitative properties of which had been recently described in England by William Gilbert in his influential treatise, De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus et de Magno Magnete Tellure (1600; "On the Magnet, Magnetic Bodies, and the Great Magnet of the Earth"). The impending marriage of astronomy and physics had been announced. In 1618 Kepler stated his third law, which was one of many laws concerned with the harmonies of the planetary motions: (3) the square of the period in which a planet orbits the Sun is proportional to the cube of its mean distance from the Sun.
A powerful blow was dealt to traditional cosmology by Galileo Galilei, who early in the 17th century used the telescope, a recent invention of Dutch lens grinders, to look toward the heavens. In 1610 Galileo announced observations that contradicted many traditional cosmological assumptions. He observed that the Moon is not a smooth, polished surface, as Aristotle had claimed, but that it is jagged and mountainous. Earthshine on the Moon revealed that Earth, like the other planets, shines by reflected light. Like Earth, Jupiter was observed to have satellites; hence, Earth had been demoted from its unique position. The phases of Venus proved that that planet orbits the Sun, not Earth.
The battle for Copernicanism was fought in the realm of mechanics as well as astronomy. The Ptolemaic–Aristotelian system stood or fell as a monolith, and it rested on the idea of Earth's fixity at the centre of the cosmos. Removing Earth from the centre destroyed the doctrine of natural motion and place, and circular motion of Earth was incompatible with Aristotelian physics.
Galileo's contributions to the science of mechanics were related directly to his defense of Copernicanism. Although in his youth he adhered to the traditional impetus physics, his desire to mathematize in the manner of Archimedes led him to abandon the traditional approach and develop the foundations for a new physics that was both highly mathematizable and directly related to the problems facing the new cosmology. Interested in finding the natural acceleration of falling bodies, he was able to derive the law of free fall (the distance, s, varies as the square of the time, t2). Combining this result with his rudimentary form of the principle of inertia, he was able to derive the parabolic path of projectile motion. Furthermore, his principle of inertia enabled him to meet the traditional physical objections to Earth's motion: since a body in motion tends to remain in motion, projectiles and other objects on the terrestrial surface will tend to share the motions of Earth, which will thus be imperceptible to someone standing on Earth.
The 17th-century contributions to mechanics of the French philosopher René Descartes, like his contributions to the scientific endeavour as a whole, were more concerned with problems in the foundations of science than with the solution of specific technical problems. He was principally concerned with the conceptions of matter and motion as part of his general program for science—namely, to explain all the phenomena of nature in terms of matter and motion. This program, known as the mechanical philosophy, came to be the dominant theme of 17th-century science.
Descartes rejected the idea that one piece of matter could act on another through empty space; instead, forces must be propagated by a material substance, the "ether," that fills all space. Although matter tends to move in a straight line in accordance with the principle of inertia, it cannot occupy space already filled by other matter, so the only kind of motion that can actually occur is a vortex in which each particle in a ring moves simultaneously.
According to Descartes, all natural phenomena depend on the collisions of small particles, and so it is of great importance to discover the quantitative laws of impact. This was done by Descartes's disciple, the Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens, who formulated the laws of conservation of momentum and of kinetic energy (the latter being valid only for elastic collisions).
The work of Sir Isaac Newton represents the culmination of the scientific revolution at the end of the 17th century. His monumental Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687; Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) solved the major problems posed by the scientific revolution in mechanics and in cosmology. It provided a physical basis for Kepler's laws, unified celestial and terrestrial physics under one set of laws, and established the problems and methods that dominated much of astronomy and physics for well over a century. By means of the concept of force, Newton was able to synthesize two important components of the scientific revolution, the mechanical philosophy and the mathematization of nature.
Newton was able to derive all these striking results from his three laws of motion:
1. Every body continues in its state of rest or of motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by force impressed on it;
2. The change of motion is proportional to the motive force impressed and is made in the direction of the straight line in which that force is impressed;
3. To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction: or, the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal.
The second law was put into its modern form F = ma (where a is acceleration) by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler in 1750. In this form, it is clear that the rate of change of velocity is directly proportional to the force acting on a body and inversely proportional to its mass.
In order to apply his laws to astronomy, Newton had to extend the mechanical philosophy beyond the limits set by Descartes. He postulated a gravitational force acting between any two objects in the universe, even though he was unable to explain how this force could be propagated.
By means of his laws of motion and a gravitational force proportional to the inverse square of the distance between the centres of two bodies, Newton could deduce Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Galileo's law of free fall is also consistent with Newton's laws. The same force that causes objects to fall near the surface of Earth also holds the Moon and planets in their orbits.
Newton's physics led to the conclusion that the shape of Earth is not precisely spherical but should bulge at the Equator. The confirmation of this prediction by French expeditions in the mid-18th century helped persuade most European scientists to change from Cartesian to Newtonian physics. Newton also used the nonspherical shape of Earth to explain the precession of the equinoxes, using the differential action of the Moon and Sun on the equatorial bulge to show how the axis of rotation would change its direction.
The science of optics in the 17th century expressed the fundamental outlook of the scientific revolution by combining an experimental approach with a quantitative analysis of phenomena. Optics had its origins in Greece, especially in the works of Euclid (c. 300 bce), who stated many of the results in geometric optics that the Greeks had discovered, including the law of reflection: the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. In the 13th century, such men as Roger Bacon, Robert Grosseteste, and John Pecham, relying on the work of the Arab Ibn al-Haytham (died c. 1040), considered numerous optical problems, including the optics of the rainbow. It was Kepler, taking his lead from the writings of these 13th-century opticians, who set the tone for the science in the 17th century. Kepler introduced the point by point analysis of optical problems, tracing rays from each point on the object to a point on the image. Just as the mechanical philosophy was breaking the world into atomic parts, so Kepler approached optics by breaking organic reality into what he considered to be ultimately real units. He developed a geometric theory of lenses, providing the first mathematical account of Galileo's telescope.
Descartes sought to incorporate the phenomena of light into mechanical philosophy by demonstrating that they can be explained entirely in terms of matter and motion. Using mechanical analogies, he was able to derive mathematically many of the known properties of light, including the law of reflection and the newly discovered law of refraction.
Many of the most important contributions to optics in the 17th century were the work of Newton, especially the theory of colours. Traditional theory considered colours to be the result of the modification of white light. Descartes, for example, thought that colours were the result of the spin of the particles that constitute light. Newton upset the traditional theory of colours by demonstrating in an impressive set of experiments that white light is a mixture out of which separate beams of coloured light can be separated. He associated different degrees of refrangibility with rays of different colours, and in this manner he was able to explain the way prisms produce spectra of colours from white light.
His experimental method was characterized by a quantitative approach, since he always sought measurable variables and a clear distinction between experimental findings and mechanical explanations of those findings. His second important contribution to optics dealt with the interference phenomena that came to be called "Newton's rings." Although the colours of thin films (e.g., oil on water) had been previously observed, no one had attempted to quantify the phenomena in any way. Newton observed quantitative relations between the thickness of the film and the diameters of the rings of colour, a regularity he attempted to explain by his theory of fits of easy transmission and fits of easy reflection. Notwithstanding the fact that he generally conceived of light as being particulate, Newton's theory of fits involves periodicity and vibrations of ether, the hypothetical fluid substance permeating all space (see above).
Huygens was the second great optical thinker of the 17th century. Although he was critical of many of the details of Descartes's system, he wrote in the Cartesian tradition, seeking purely mechanical explanations of phenomena. Huygens regarded light as something of a pulse phenomenon, but he explicitly denied the periodicity of light pulses. He developed the concept of wave front, by means of which he was able to derive the laws of reflection and refraction from his pulse theory and to explain the recently discovered phenomenon of double refraction.
Chemistry had manifold origins, coming from such diverse sources as philosophy, alchemy, metallurgy, and medicine. It emerged as a separate science only with the rise of mechanical philosophy in the 17th century. Aristotle had regarded the four elements earth, water, air, and fire as the ultimate constituents of all things. Transmutable each into the other, all four elements were believed to exist in every substance. Originating in Egypt and the Middle East, alchemy had a double aspect: on the one hand it was a practical endeavour aimed to make gold from baser substances, while on the other it was a cosmological theory based on the correspondence between man and the universe at large. Alchemy contributed to chemistry a long tradition of experience with a wide variety of substances. Paracelsus, a 16th-century Swiss natural philosopher, was a seminal figure in the history of chemistry, putting together in an almost impenetrable combination the Aristotelian theory of matter, alchemical correspondences, mystical forms of knowledge, and chemical therapy in medicine. His influence was widely felt in succeeding generations.
During the first half of the 17th century, there were few established doctrines that chemists generally accepted as a framework. As a result, there was little cumulative growth of chemical knowledge. Chemists tended to build detailed systems, "chemical philosophies," attempting to explain the entire universe in chemical terms. Most chemists accepted the traditional four elements (air, earth, water, fire), or the Paracelsian principles (salt, sulfur, mercury), or both, as the bearers of real qualities in substances; they also exhibited a marked tendency toward the occult.
The interaction between chemistry and mechanical philosophy altered this situation by providing chemists with a shared language. The mechanical philosophy had been successfully employed in other areas; it seemed consistent with an experimental empiricism and seemed to provide a way to render chemistry respectable by translating it into the terms of the new science. Perhaps the best example of the influence of the mechanical philosophy is the work of Robert Boyle. The thrust of his work was to understand the chemical properties of matter, to provide experimental evidence for the mechanical philosophy, and to demonstrate that all chemical properties can be explained in mechanical terms. He was an excellent laboratory chemist and developed a number of important techniques, especially colour-identification tests.


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There was a moment during New York's 2-0 victory over D.C. United on Saturday afternoon when it looked like the Red Bulls were about to capitulate. United had besieged the New York goal all afternoon, and early in the second half, Bouna Coundoul was forced into yet another trapeze-artist save, tipping a Clyde Simms shot wide.
The play had developed out of a miscommunication at the back and a poor clearance from Roy Miller that went straight to Simms. After the chance was thwarted, Coundoul and the Red Bulls defense all looked at each other questioningly: "What was that all about?" their eyes and body language asked (Watch it here).
But for the first time in many years with this underachieving, overpromising New York franchise, there was no panic, no "uh-oh," no "well, here we go again." Instead, rookie Tim Ream and veteran Mike Petke discussed where the breakdown occurred, Miller acknowledged his mistake, and Coundoul got up and prepared to defend the corner kick. Amazingly, this New York side actually looked like they belonged at the top of the table.
Conventional wisdom is Clintonesquely waffly on the relative benefits of being the king. Sometimes, it's a burden to bear, what with tending to all those serfs and being the target of every Tom, Dick and Lancelot with a coat of arms and a goblet of ambition. Other times, lording over a dominion eases the way.
For the two MLS clubs donning the conference thrones right now, New York and the LA Galaxy, it's definitely the latter.
The LA Galaxy, kings of MLS currently, reigning over the Western Conference has actually gotten easier as time has gone on. With each game—each win—the undefeated Galaxy seem more and more confident.
In Saturday's 3-1 win over Philadelphia, they played with the kind of casual arrogance pros have when they join a pick-up game. MLS leading scorer Edson Buddle looks so at ease, he could be wearing Hefner's smoking jacket out there. The defense is playing like a second midfield, bombing forward—hello, Mr. DeLaGarza—while still getting the job done at the back.
It's flowing, majestic, and unbeatable to this point. And just think: The Galaxy have been doing it all with Landon Donovan still in neutral. Imagine what it will look like when he shifts into high gear.
Meanwhile, New York are anything but majestic. They look more like the rogue cousin who suddenly winds up the heir apparent. It's "ugly," certainly compared to the Galaxy's fluid style. It's based on power up top, a compact box-to-box central midfield pairing, the unpredictability of Dane Richards, and the organized lines of the defense. Plus, of course, Coundoul's acrobatic saves.
And yet, the effect is the same. Despite New York's being outplayed by United in the first half, I never once doubted the Red Bulls' ability to earn the three points. Sure, they gave up chances, but only one of them—Simms' free header in the area—was a legitimately good one. Everything else seemed within coach Hans Backe's plan, or at least acceptable.
On a hot afternoon in D.C., this New York team exuded the kind of regal confidence in their strategy: Withstand the pressure, and eventually, the chances would come. From a fans' perspective, it was ugly; but from a purist's standpoint, it was also beautiful. Regal, almost.
Mac Attack
I've said it before and I'll say it again: Floppy-mopped Jack McInerney is a star in the making. He's got a ways to go, but his inherent talent is plainly visible. Watch him make a play, like the one he made on Saturday night to get his first-ever pro goal. Here's a 17-year-old kid, directing the veteran Fred about where he wants the ball, pointing to space in front of him, demanding the right pass.
Then he shows tremendous composure with his first touch, away from Gregg Berhalter, and even better patience, waiting for Donovan Ricketts to commit before burying his shot. How many other young American strikers have that innate ability right now?
What makes me most comfortable with tagging "Jack Mac" a star of the future is the fact that Peter Nowak is his coach. If anyone knows how to handle a young talent, it's Nowak. Remember, he's the only pro coach ever to get the best out of Freddy Adu.
Broken Wand
A few weeks ago, I wrote about Kansas City Wizards coach Peter Vermes' anticipation of that inevitable bad moment, when things will stop going well. "There is going to be adversity—injuries, go down a goal, a guy gets thrown out," he told me. "We don't know how the team will react."
Well, now he knows. They obviously didn't react the way he would've hoped. Already down a goal, the Wizards went down a man in the 33rd minute when Davy Arnaud was sent off for his foul on Houston's Pat Onstad.
What's interesting is not only to see how the team reacted—KC eventually lost 3-0—but also how Vermes himself reacted. He seems to have been as brutally honest as ever. "They came out pretty physical and ready to play," he said after the game. "We didn't match it at times, and other times we did."
And the red card?
"The red card was a little ridiculous," Vermes said. "It changes the game completely."
Red All Over
Speaking of red cards, the referees went to their back pocket five times this past weekend. Were there really that many ejectionable offenses? Yes and no.
Here's my take.
Arnaud, Kansas City: If Onstad were not a goalkeeper and Arnaud's cleats had connected with a field player's ankle, would the red card have come out? Doubt it.
O'Rourke, Columbus: A misguided tackle in a spot on the field and a time in the game that didn't call for it. This was a second yellow, and full deserved.
Dube, New England: He wasn't a particularly hard foul, but he showed the bottom of his cleats. That's enough for me.
Niouky, New England: I'll let TV announcer Jay Heaps speak for me: "That's a red card, two-footed from behind," he said on the broadcast.
Miglioranzi, Philadelphia: Reckless, at best. When will players learn that jumping into any tackle with the bottom of their cleats showing is a no-brainer red card?
Greg Lalas is a reporter for MLSSoccer.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Soccer or its clubs.


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Summary: What if we could change one event in The Lord of the Rings? How would it change the story as a whole. Prepare to be shocked by this alternate storyline that begins with a slightly different outcome to the Ringwraiths' attack on Weathertop.
Categories: Book-verse
Characters: Aragorn, Gandalf / Olorin
Genres: Action/Adventure
Warnings: Character Death
Challenges: None
Open: Closed
Series - D
Other Results: 6 Challenges
Dark Lord of the North by The Big X [Reviews - 2]


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almost 6 years ago from Allan Grinshtein, Founder at LayerVault
We just fixed that. It shouldn't happen anymore.
Coolio! Great work as always. What's the visual impact of this change?
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World War II in Seattle: Previously unpublished photos
V-J Day brought crowds into streets
This week, from the vast P-I archive of unpublished images, we share photos of Seattle celebrating the end of World War II and victory over Japan.
When word came to the P-I newsroom that Japan had agreed to end World War II, P-I photographers went along Fourth Avenue and as far down as King Street Station to capture images of happy sailors and civilians partying in the streets.
Because of limited newspaper space and rushed deadlines in August 1945, only a few of their images were published. And there are dozens of remarkable images that have been sitting in negative sleeves for nearly 70 years.
The images here are just a few of the hundreds of P-I images carefully preserved at the Museum of History and Industry under the care of photo curator Howard Giske. Millions of P-I negatives were donated to MOHAI in three major batches: 1976, 1986 and 2000.
In addition to the V-J Day pictures, there also are images of scrap metal drives and meat rationing. Other pictures taken during the war, which were pulled from the archives last fall, show practice blackouts from 1941.
In the fall of 1940, Seattle City Councilman John E. Carroll was at a convention of the American Municipal Association and met with other city leaders about national defense. When he returned to Seattle, Mayor Arthur B. Langlie appointed him chairman of the Home Defense Committee of Seattle.
The committee's task was to prepare Seattle for a national emergency.
Carroll called in the heads of all city departments and each was given a defense task. Firefighters and police trained volunteers, and the health department gave tips on disaster responses. The Washington State Patrol and King County Sheriff's Office joined with the committee, as did the VFW, American Legion and other groups.
Among the subcommittees was one on blackouts.
The National Defense Council nominated Frank H. Cadman, who became chairman of the Blackout Committee. He and Carroll thought test blackouts were essential in preparing for actual warfare and emergencies.
MOHAI was given photos of the World War II blackout events in the P-I's 1976 donation. Those images, and the sleeves that hold the negatives, indicate when some of the blackouts occurred.
The Seattle Room at the downtown public library also holds a report of the Blackout Committee, which includes a proclamation for a March 7, 1941, Seattle blackout.
Warning whistles were sounded at 10:30 p.m. that night and within 10 minutes, all internal and external lights had to be off, as well as all commercial neon signs. Manufacturing companies had to have a worker on duty. Drivers were told to immediately pull over while the 10-minute blackout lasted.
"All male citizens of the city, over the age of eighteen years, are hearby called upon to aid in enforcing these rules and regulations by reporting violations to the Police Department," Carroll, by then mayor, wrote in the proclamation.
A city ordinance made it unlawful to neglect the blackout rules, but Carroll wrote "the spirit of patriotism and cooperation, which I feel present in all citizens of Seattle should be sufficient to make this trial blackout a successful trial."
Air raid signal stations were activated in some cases, including one that remains by Starbucks on Phinney Avenue North. Seattle neighborhoods also were divided into 23 districts, with a captain for each.
But probably the best moment captured from the blackout events involved Harold Mouser and Lenore Frank. According to P-I notes preserved at MOHAI, they were 17 and 16 when a P-I photographer found them on Dec. 8, 1941 – the day after the Pearl Harbor attack.
The pair were at a restaurant and when the lights went out, Mouser got a kiss. That image, captured in the dark with a flash camera, has become one of the most memorable images in the P-I collection.
They later married and had five children, according to MOHAI. When the picture ran in the P-I decades later, someone called to identify them.
To read more about the Seattle Blackout Committee, download this PDF found by expert research librarian Jeannette Voiland at the Seattle Public Library.
The blackout photos are part of the MOHAI collection. Reproductions of those images and thousands of others can be purchased by emailing email@example.com. MOHAI staff are also interested in talking with people who may know more about the images.
Casey McNerthney can be reached at 206-448-8220 or at email@example.com. Follow Casey on Twitter at twitter.com/mcnerthney.


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Moonlighting at Intrepid Shakespeare: A Conversation with "The Quality of Life" Director, Kathy Brombacher
Kathy Brombacher is the first to admit that things are a little bit different now than they were a year ago. "My life is a little simpler now that I'm 'retired,'" she laughs. "It is nice to do one project at a time."
This time last year, Kathy was wrapping up her 31-year stint as artistic director of Moonlight Stage Productions, her post there historically integral to arts development in North County. Now, as she told the U-T last August, she is finding "a different way to be involved in theatre." And this week, that involvement includes directing Monday night's staged reading of Jane Anderson's The Quality of Life.
"It's a beautiful play about four people connecting in the midst of great upheaval in their lives," observes Kathy. "The writing is conveys a sense of compassion and humor in a very real manner."
In Jane Anderson's play, which was originally commissioned by and had its premiere at the Geffen Playhouse in Los Angeles in 2007, two couples meet on the burned out remains of a Jeannette and Neil's house in Northern California. The couple has set up a yurt on the land, artistically displaying salvaged items from their lives on nearby trees. They are visited by Jeannette's cousin, Dinah, and her husband Bill, Midwestern parents grieving over the tragic loss of their daughter.
"Jeannette and Neil are post-intellectuals," explains Kathy. "They bought this beautiful home in the mountains because of their own spirituality, which is linked to Buddha and appreciating nature." That they choose to honor the remains of their lives artistically is evidence of their ability to come to grips with their loss in a cheerful way. "They are defiant of the misery that might affect other people," says Kathy.
By contrast, Dinah and Bill, who have arrived after hearing about the devastation of the fire, live conservatively in their religious and political values. The juxtaposition of these two ideologies creates both tension and humor.
"These are two sets of very different people, looking at life in very different ways," Kathy explains. "There are lovely threads of humor throughout, but you also begin to see people use humor to escape things that haunt them at night…the things that are always with them."
Charged with bringing these complex characters to life is a seasoned cast of San Diego notables: Jo Anne Glover and Jeffrey Jones will portray the fire-devastated Northern Californians, while Colleen Kollar Smith and John Tessmer will play the grieving Ohioan visitors.
"The cast is incredible," enthuses Kathy. "There are a lot of levels of thinking in these characters for the them to discover. It's a beautiful play to listen to and will be completely in the hands of the actors." While Kathy is new to working with the majority of the cast, she notes that Colleen grew up doing theatre in North County San Diego. "She's a gifted lady we claim as our own," Kathy says, of Colleen's early theatre days at Moonlight.
These kinds of connections are important, especially to someone who has been so involved in the development of San Diego's theatre scene. Kathy looks forward to cultivating more of these relationships outside of Moonlight, among them, one with Intrepid Shakespeare.
"I really welcome this opportunity," she says. "I so completely admire what Intrepid is doing onstage. I just love that Christy and Sean are bringing the classics to the schools and splitting open the idea of what the classics are and approaching Shakespeare in a new way. I have all kinds of respect for them and I hope they flourish and thrive."
— Tiffany Tang
The Quality of Life by Jane Anderson – a staged reading, will be held at the Encinitas Library, 540 Cornish Drive. Monday, June 24. 6:30 pm complimentary wine and appetizer reception. 7:00 pm reading. Please rsvp to firstname.lastname@example.com and pay with cash/check at the door or purchase tickets in advance. $15.