text: AOSIS OpenJournalshttp://email@example.com://www.jsava.org1019-91282224-9435Enterococcal-related vertebral osteoarthritis in South African broiler breeders: A case reportInfections in broilers and broiler breeders by Enterococcus cecorum, causing clinical disease, have increasingly been described in various countries in the Northern Hemisphere over the past decade. This case report describes an outbreak of enterococcal-associated vertebral osteoarthritis (EVOA) in male broiler breeders in several flocks in South Africa. Male birds aged 4 and 9 weeks displayed the common presentation of lameness, paresis or complete paralysis. Autopsies of culled birds revealed masses on caudal thoracic vertebrae T5–T7, with vertebral osteomyelitis and spondylitis. Microbiological assays identified E. cecorum cultured from spondylitic lesions. Affected flocks were treated with amoxycillin at 25 mg/kg in the drinking water for 5 days, resulting in decreased numbers of lame birds and culls. The origin and pathogenesis of EVOA are poorly understood, which limits prevention to environmental factors that may inhibit systemic access by the enteric bacteria. Skeletal growth trends of male birds are thought to increase their susceptibility to bacterial colonisation at sites of skeletal strain, resulting in abscesses and lesions. Evidence points to the emergence of E. cecorum strains with increased pathogenicity; this highlights the need for greater understanding of the origins, treatment and prevention of EVOA to minimise its economic impact on poultry operations.Henry Aitchison1 1Avimune (Pty) Ltd, Centurion, South AfricaPetrus Poolman1 1Avimune (Pty) Ltd, Centurion, South AfricaMarilette Coetzer1 1Avimune (Pty) Ltd, Centurion, South AfricaCaron Griffiths1 1Avimune (Pty) Ltd, Centurion, South AfricaJohan Jacobs1 1Avimune (Pty) Ltd, Centurion, South AfricaMignon Meyer1 1Avimune (Pty) Ltd, Centurion, South AfricaShahn Bisschop1 1Avimune (Pty) Ltd, Centurion, South AfricaPetrus email@example.com Jean Avenue, Lyttelton, Centurion 0148, South Africa 107785110.4102/jsava.v85i1.1077 23 June 201307 Jan. 201406 Nov. 0214Aitchison, H., Poolman, P., Coetzer, M., Griffiths, C., Jacobs, J., Meyer, M. et al., 2014, 'Enterococcal-related vertebral osteoarthritis in South African broiler breeders: A case report', Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 85(1), Art. #1077, 5 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v85i1.1077© 2014. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.Introduction Enterococcus species are gram-positive, catalase-negative facultative anaerobes. Whilst a number of species from this group, including Enterococcus cecorum, are known to be part of the normal gastrointestinal flora of mammals and birds (Devriese et al. 1991; Gong et al. 2002), several clinical conditions, including septicaemia, mastitis, enteritis, respiratory disease and urinary tract infections, have been reported to be associated with Enterococcus spp. (Quinn et al. 1994; Songer & Post 2005). Enterococcus cecorum has recently been isolated from osteomyelitic, spondylitic, arthritic and femoral-head lesions in broilers and broiler breeders in Scotland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Canada and the United States (Armour, Collet & Williams 2011; De Herdt et al. 2008; Devriese et al. 2002; Stalker et al. 2010; Wood et al. 2002). They showed clinical signs of lameness and died as a result of starvation and dehydration. Enterococcus cecorum is recognised as an emerging avian pathogen (Aziz & Barnes 2009; Robbins et al. 2012) with significant economic consequences for the poultry industry. Case presentation Sudden onset of lameness (mostly hock sitting) to complete paralysis (Figure 1a and 1b) was reported in 9-week-old male birds only, at three different sites in the Bloemfontein area. Birds placed at another site at a later date also developed similar but milder clinical signs at the age of 4 weeks. Signs at the second site disappeared and reappeared at 9 weeks of age. Floor feeding was practiced on all of the affected sites. The birds did not receive any medication prior to onset of disease, although one site did suffer from a mild coccidiosis outbreak. Losses of males of up to 4% were mainly due to culling of affected birds. DiagnosisAutopsies were performed on birds showing clinical signs of hock sitting, lameness or paralysis. Nodular masses were observed on the caudal thoracic vertebral column (T5–T7) immediately anterior to the kidneys in all birds (Figure 2a, 2b and 2c), with lung tissue adherent to these vertebral enlargements. Severely affected cases showed a reduction of the space between the last two ribs, as a result of vertebral collapse. Sagittal sections of the vertebral columns revealed vertebral osteomyelitis with necrosis and abscessation, leading to compression of the overlying spinal cord (Figure 3). MicrobiologySwab samples were collected aseptically from spondylitic lesions, as well as femoral-head lesions, and submitted for culture. Inoculation was performed using tryptone soy agar with 5% blood, and incubated at 37 °C under micro-aerophilic conditions (candle jar). Negative cultures were obtained from femoral-head lesion samples. At 24 h post incubation, cultures from the spondylitic lesion samples were visible as very small colonies (Figure 4) and at 48 h post incubation, convex, non-haemolytic colonies of up to 1.5 mm had grown. The cultures obtained were not visibly mixed. To establish which species of Enterococcus was present, a number of tests were carried out in a South African National Accreditation System (SANAS)-accredited veterinary laboratory (Table 1). The results obtained were indicative of E. cecorum (Holt 1993). HistopathologySections of the affected spinal columns were also submitted for histopathological examination. Severe osteomyelitis was seen, affecting the marrow cavity of the vertebrae. It was characterised by large numbers of heterophils associated with some necrotic bone, as well as haemorrhage. There was extension of the inflammation into the surrounding vertebral osseus tissues. One section showed the presence of eosinophilic fibrinous exudate within a vertebral centre, accompanied by numerous bacterial organisms and surrounded by more chronic fibrosis and infiltration of moderate numbers of heterophils as well as mononuclear leukocytes. Reactive osteoid formation and cartilage metaplasia were evident in these areas that had led to severe thickening of the vertebral body and resultant pressure on the spinal cord with thinning of the spinal canal. In these areas, the neuropil of the spinal cord appeared disorganised with some vacuolisation, most probably indicating pressure necrosis. A final morphological diagnosis of fibrinopurulent to pyogranulomatous vertebral osteomyelitis and spondylitis was made. Treatment An antibiogram (Kirby-Bauer testing) was carried out for the cultured E. cecorum. An important modification to the test was that it was carried out on blood tryptose agar (BTA), with very low bacterial growth (Table 2). Similar antibiotic sensitivity profiles have previously been reported for E. cecorum isolates from outbreaks in other countries (De Herdt et al. 2008). It was decided to treat with amoxycillin at 25 mg/kg in the drinking water for 5 days. The number of culls and lame birds decreased after treatment. Discussion The exact origin, predisposing factors, and pathogenesis of enterococcal-associated vertebral osteoarthritis (EVOA) are still largely unknown (Kense & Landman 2011; Robbins et al. 2012). Currently, however, the most widely accepted theory is that E. cecorum, which is normally present in the gut, enters the blood stream via a compromised intestinal barrier (Martin, Martin & Barnes 2011; Stalker et al. 2010). Thus, any factor affecting gut health in a negative way or any disturbance in the balance of the gut flora can predispose to E. cecorum entering systemically (Armour et al. 2011; Martin et al. 2011). From the observations made in this case it is evident that E. cecorum has a predilection for cartilage and bone, especially the caudal thoracic vertebrae (T5–T7). A possible explanation for this hinges on the fact that the T2–T5 vertebrae are fused, whilst the T7 vertebra is fused to the lumbosacral vertebra. The T6 vertebra is, thus, the only freely moving articulation in this area and subject to more stress. Micro-trauma to this area could lead to altered vascular flow, the formation of micro-thrombi and subsequent sequestration and multiplication of bacteria, if systemically present (Aziz & Barnes 2007; Stalker et al. 2010). The ages of broiler breeders in recorded outbreaks range from 3–18 weeks (Armour et al. 2011; De Herdt et al. 2008; Robbins et al. 2012), an age span that correlates with a period of rapid skeletal development in the birds. The highly vascularised nature of growth plates in rapidly growing bones, in particular, has been reported to leave such articulating bones susceptible to vascular trauma and bacterial infection during the resultant capillary bed expansion (Collett 2013; Wiseman & Prisby 2013). Furthermore, the higher body weights in male birds and, thus, greater weight borne on joints and increased chance of trauma may also explain the prevalence of the condition in this group (Armour et al. 2011; De Herdt et al. 2008). Nutritional restriction of broilers during the growth period in which outbreaks have been recorded may also contribute to irritation of the gut, allowing the entry of the enteric bacteria to systemic circulation. Immunosuppression and the environment have also been indicated as contributory factors (Armour et al. 2011; Stalker et al. 2010). Any immunosuppressive condition would naturally impair the ability to combat an opportunistic infection with E. cecorum, which is a normal intestinal commensal. Differences in pathogenicity between clinical and commensal intestinal isolates have also been proposed (Martin et al. 2011; Robbins et al. 2012; Stalker et al. 2010), with evidence reported by Boerlin et al. (2012) suggesting that the emergence of clones is more likely to cause opportunistic infections. It has been observed that the disease can persist in a site from one cycle to the next, implicating the environment as a source for such E. cecorum strains of varying virulence (De Herdt et al. 2008; Kense & Landman 2011). Treatment and prevention protocols are limited, as the origin and pathogenesis of the disease is still unclear. Although various antibiotics have been shown to be effective against E. cecorum, obtaining adequate concentrations of these in the spine is difficult (Kense & Landman 2011). With regard to management, the following may reduce the risk of the disease developing: avoiding excessive feed restriction; following the suggested weight profiles and nutritional guidelines (Martin et al. 2011); ensuring adequate coccidiosis control (Stalker et al. 2010); avoiding overstocking; providing adequate feeder space; and preventing respiratory disease. Subsequent to the initial outbreak, several interventions can reduce the risk of disease in flocks on affected sites. These include: complete clean-out and disinfection with fumigation of the house; litter replacement; proper cleaning of water lines; and continuous water sanitation (Armour et al. 2011). Enterococcal-associated vertebral osteoarthritis can be confused with other causes of spinal compression and should be differentiated from spondylolisthesis ('kinky back') caused by vertebral subluxation, and scoliosis, the lateral deviation of the spinal vertebrae (Armour et al. 2011; Robbins et al. 2012). Proper flock monitoring can assist in early detection of any of these conditions, allowing their diagnosis and management. Conclusion Disease caused by E. cecorum can have a significant economic impact on any poultry operation, resulting in: increased culling and overall mortality in breeders; poor feed conversion ratios; and increased condemnations in broilers (Armour et al. 2011; De Herdt et al. 2008). More research is required to determine the origin and pathogenesis of EVOA and until more clarity on the disease is gained, gastro-intestinal health protection and minimising the potential for back injuries is essential. Early detection, differentiation from conditions with similar clinical signs and treatment are important to limit the losses incurred as a result of the disease. Acknowledgements Competing interests The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationship(s) that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article. Authors' contributions H.A. (Avimune) and P.P. (Avimune) first identified the clinical presentation of the condition in birds on the farms. They both worked to diagnose and manage the infections and gave significant intellectual contributions to the preparation of the manuscript. M.C. (Avimune) and C.G. (Avimune) co-wrote the bulk of the manuscript. J.J. (Avimune) and M.M. (Avimune) carried out all microbiological tests to identify the infective organism and contributed microbioligcal reports used in the manuscript. S.B. (Avimune) co-ordinated preparation of the manuscript. He contributed significant intellectual input to its preparation, including editing the work. 1. Armour, N.K., Collet, S.R. & Williams, S.M., 2011, 'Enterococcus cecorum-related arthritis and osteomyelitis in broilers and broiler breeders', The Poultry Informed Professional 117, 1–7. 2. Aziz, T. & Barnes, H.J., 2007, 'Is spondylitis an emerging disease of broilers?', World Poultry 23, 44–45. 3. Aziz, T. & Barnes, H.J., 2009, 'Spondylitis is emerging in broilers', World Poultry 25(9), 19. 4. Boerlin, P., Nicholson, V., Brash, M., Slavic, D., Boyen, F., Sanei, B. et al., 2012, 'Diversity of Enterococcus cecorum from chickens', Veterinary Microbiology 157, 405–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.01.001 5. Collett, S., 2013, 'Lameness in broilers – osteomyelitis', The Poultry Informed Professional 128, 1–5. 6. De Herdt, P., Defoort, P., Van Steelant, J., Swam, H., Tanghe, L., Van Goethem, S. et al., 2008, 'Enterococcus cecorum osteomyelitis and arthritis in broiler chickens', Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 78, 44–48. 7. Devriese, L.A., Hommez, J., Wijfels, R. & Haesebrouck, F., 1991, 'Composition of the enterococcal and streptococcal intestinal flora of poultry', Journal of Applied Bacteriology 71, 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb04480.x 8. Devriese, L.A., Cauwerts, K., Hermans, K. & Wood, A.M., 2002, 'Enterococcus cecorum septicaemia as a cause of bone and joint lesions resulting in lameness in broiler chickens', Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 71, 219–221. 9. Gong, J., Forster, R.J., Yu, H., Chambers, J.R., Wheatcroft, R., Sabour, P.M. et al., 2002, 'Molecular analysis of bacterial populations in the ileum of broiler chickens and comparison with bacteria in the cecum', FEMS Microbiological Ecology 41, 171–179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00978.x 10. Holt, J.G. (ed.), 1993, Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th edn., Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, p. 538. 11. Kense, M.J. & Landman, W.J.M., 2011, 'Enterococcus cecorum infections in broiler breeders and their offspring: Molecular epidemiology', Avian Pathology 40(6), 603–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2011.619165 12. Martin, L.T., Martin, M.P. & Barnes, H.J., 2011, 'Experimental reproduction of ente rococcal spondylitis in male broiler breeder chickens', Avian Diseases 55, 273–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/9614-121410-Reg.1 13. Quinn, P.J., Carter, M.E., Markey, B. & Carter, G.R., 1994, Clinical veterinary microbiology, Mosby, Philadelphia. 14. Robbins, K.M., Suyemoto, M.M., Lyman, R.L., Martin, M.P., Barnes, H.J. & Borst, L.B., 2012, 'An outbreak and source investigation of enterococcal spondylitis in broilers caused by Enterococcus cecorum', Avian Diseases 56, 768–773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/10253-052412-Case.1 15. Songer, J.G. & Post, K.W., 2005, Veterinary microbiology: Bacterial and fungal agents of animal disease, Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia. 16. Stalker, M.J., Brash, M.L., Weisz, A., Ouckama, R.M. & Salvic, D., 2010, 'Arthritis and osteomyelitis associated with Enterococcus cecorum infection in broiler and broiler breeder chickens in Ontario, Canada', Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 22, 643–645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063871002200426 17. Wiseman, R.F. & Prisby, R.D., 2013, 'Bone circulatory disturbances in the development of spontaneous bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis: A translational model for the pathogenesis of femoral head necrosis', Frontiers in Endocrinology 3, 1–14. 18. Wood, A.M., MacKenzie, G., McGillveray, N.C., Brown, L., Devrieses, L. & Baele, M., 2002, 'Isolation of Enterococcus cecorum from bone lesions in broiler chickens', Veterinary Record 150(1), 27.


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Jim Mizes, CEO at Club One in San Francisco, completed a 500-mile charity bike ride in November in Israel. The ride, called Wheels of Love, benefits the Alyn Children's Hospital in Jerusalem. The hospital provides services to children from any country who have been injured in acts of terrorism and war. This year's ride included 500 riders from 18 countries (and armed guards at the front and back of the groups). The riders raised $4 million.
Personal Training Institute's (PTI) Westchester, NY, franchisee, Arnold Scacchi, was recently awarded the area development rights to develop and operate multiple clubs throughout Westchester. Twelve PTI facilities have been established from Maine to New York. Twenty-two franchise locations are in development throughout New York and Pennsylvania.
The International Health, Racquet and Sportsclub Association (IHRSA) and the European Health and Fitness Association (EHFA) have formed a working group with two representatives from each organization to improve global health. Hans Muench and Alison O'Kane will represent IHRSA, and Herman Rutgers and Jean-Ann Marnoch will represent EHFA.
Equinox Fitness Clubs will open a new location in a former Dallas automobile dealership, according to The Dallas Morning News. The New York-based company plans a gym and spa with up to 45,000 square feet, plus 17,000 square feet of shopping space. This will be the first Texas club for Equinox, which operates 41 fitness centers in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Florida, Boston and San Francisco.
During the recent holiday season, sailors and their family members stationed in Yokosuka, Japan, had a new way to burn calories and stay fit. The 12 Cardio Days Before Christmas fitness program was developed by Morale, Welfare and Recreation and was designed to motivate sailors to embrace the Navy's Culture of Fitness — even during the holidays. Participants logged the number of minutes they spent exercising each day. Those who exercised for at least 20 minutes a day for all 12 days of the program received a T-shirt designed especially for the event. About 100 people signed up for the program.
The University of Pittsburgh's property and facilities committee recently approved a $20.2 million renovation of the former University Club in the heart of the campus. The renovation includes a 4,000-square-foot fitness center.
The Tri-State Athletic Club, Evansville, IN, was recently purchased by a group of Evansville-area investors for about $750,000, according to the Evansville Courier & Press. The previous owners were Bill Butterfield, who founded the club 33 years ago, and Chicago-based Tennis Corp. of America.
Washington Sports Clubs, which is owned by New York-based Town Sports International, relocated its Bethesda, MD, club to a new 35,000-square-foot facility in that city. The facility features state-of-the-art equipment with audiovisual entertainment and a dedicated personal training area.
The Atlantic Club, Manasquan, NJ, is heading an effort to get health clubs across the country to hold one event at their facilities between now and March 7, 2008, to raise money for Augie's Quest. Augie's Quest raises money to fund research to cure amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a disease that Augie Nieto, founder of Life Fitness and Augie's Quest, was diagnosed with in 2005. Kevin McHugh, COO at the Atlantic Club, says the company has a goal of raising $3 million for ALS research. To participate in an event, contact Patricia Laus, CEO at the Atlantic Club, at 732-292-4379 or email@example.com, or visit www.clubsforthecure.com.
The American Council on Exercise (ACE) recently created the Industry Advisory Panel (IAP), bringing together experts from academia, fitness, wellness and recreation to help provide direction to ACE. IAP chair and ACE board member Ted Vickey, president of FitWell Inc. LLC in Vienna, VA, leads the group that is scheduled to meet several times each year. Additional members of the panel are Lisa Coors, owner, Coors Core Fitness LLC, Cincinnati, OH; Michael Hewitt, Canyon Ranch, Tucson, AZ; Carol Kennedy-Armbruster, lecturer, fitness specialist program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN; Sol Mandel, head fitness trainer, Quail West Country Club, Naples, FL; William McBride, COO, Club One Inc., San Francisco; Anthony Slayen, continental health and fitness consultant, Jewish Community Center, New York; Michael Spezzano, vice president program and membership, YMCA of Greater NYC, New York; Lisa Stuppy, assistant director, fitness programs exam developer, Boise State University, Boise, ID; Cary Wing, executive director, Medical Fitness Association, Richmond, VA; and Jeff Zwiefel, senior vice president, Life Time University, Life Time Fitness, Eden Prairie, MN.
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The grades are in for North Carolina's coast.
The N.C. Beach, Inlet and Waterway Association recently released its "2008 Report Card for the N.C. Coast."
With an overall grade of C+, North Carolina received only one A on this year's report card.
Caswell Beach Mayor Harry Simmons, who serves as executive director for the association, said the annual report card usually garners good response.
"We thought it was important to have an easy to transmit way to let people know how the coast is doing," Simmons said.
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Shirley George Dorshimer, 67, of 509 Green Willow Drive, Inman, S.C., passed away on Nov. 24, 2012.
A native of East Stroudsburg, she was the daughter of the late Paul and stepmother, Lillian Rose George, and Ada Wildrick George.
She worked as a waitress, was of the Protestant faith and enjoyed crocheting, fishing and spending time with her grandchildren.
She is survived by her loving boyfriend, Kenny Mitchem, at home; one daughter, Tammy Felmet (Rusty) of Spartanburg, S.C.; three sons, Thomas Carmen (Kelly) of Chesnee, S.C., Ted Carmen (Irene) of Lexington, N.C., and John Dorshimer (Terri) of Gaffney, S.C.; one brother, Paul George (Sue) of Florida; three sisters: Nancy Hillard (Larry) of Pennsylvania, Connie Eustice (Michael Czepkiewicz) of Campobello, S.C., and Colleen Hayes (Paul) of Pennsylvania; 13 grandchildren; 10 great-grandchildren; and her beloved cat, Hobo.
Visitation will be held from 1 to 2 p.m. Tuesday, Nov. 27, at Eggers Funeral Home, 195 Rainbow Lake Road, Boiling Springs, S.C. Funeral services will follow at 2 p.m. at Eggers Funeral Home Chapel, with the Rev. Grady Gregory officiating. Interment will be at Good Shepherd Memorial Park.
The family will be at the home of her son, Tommy Carmen, 5095 Chesnee Highway, Chesnee, S.C.
Eggers Funeral Home
195 Rainbow Lake Road
Boiling Springs, S.C.
Shirley George Dorshimer
Shirley George Dorshimer, 67, of 509 Green Willow Drive, Inman, S.C., passed away on Nov. 24, 2012.


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I've written several times about the development of a client-server Interactive Fiction platform. Parts of this system are called FyreVM, Zifmia, and other parts are just plain old web application development. FyreVM was created years ago and is a very stable implementation of the Glulx virtual machine. Zifmia is a state-machine wrapper that allows FyreVM games to run on a web server with all of the commands coming through AJAX calls and output returned as JSON. I wanted to provide a more detailed view of the new Textfyre system's construction.
I spent a good portion of my spare time last summer working through the technical issues of a client-server implementation of FyreVM/Glulx. I'd had a very rough prototype, but last summer I sanded down the rough edges and came away with something solid. There were still major issues to resolve, including the design and persistence, but eventually I was able to send commands into the server-side engine and receive story data and display it on a web page. The next step was to turn it all into something "enterprise" ready. Something that initially could handle hundreds of users, but also be able to scale.
The first thing I worked on is making a reasonably clean "library" of JavaScript and jQuery code that was layered and maintainable. I then took all of that code and implemented an ASP.NET MVC 3 website. This allowed me to implement Clean URL's, but also has a built-in capability for creating RESTful web services. It also allows me to continue using C#, since that's how FyreVM and Zifmia were coded.
An additional benefit to using RESTful web services for all game play is that other types of clients can be developed later (iPad, Android, Windows 8 Metro).
One of the primary differences in this approach is that all of the game data is stored on the Textfyre servers. You might call it Cloud-IF since the player could conceivably play the same game from many computers and devices without any concern for saving, restoring, or managing files. The system stores the results of every turn and provides a user-interface that lets the player "jump" to any historical turn. The user interface even tracks branches, so the player can see where they jumped and where they changes paths.
This is done using Eloquera, an object-oriented database. It allows for very simple storage and retrieval of session data.
Not to stress this too much, but designing a modern user interface for Interactive Fiction is very difficult. Juhana Leinonen set the standard with his Vorple demonstration a year ago at PAX East. Jon Ingold and his partner Joseph Humfrey are doing some amazing things at Inkle Studios (Note: Jon Ingold is the co-designer and writer of Textfyre's The Shadow in the Cathedral). I'd like Textfyre's offering to be capable of similar results.
With that in mind, I've left all of the styling capability of this system to external resources. I considered adding a bunch of CSS capability to an Inform 7 extension and asking the author to work under those constraints. After a few passes, this was simply tiresome and very much the wrong direction. I designed the IO of FyreVM to be design neutral for a reason. I believe firmly that content should not know about how it is formatted; outside of emphasizing text with boldface, italics, or similar in-line styles. Any placement or styling beyond that should be handled by the content type. Since FyreVM allows the author to channel output to different content types, this is easily handled in the "interpreter". In this case, the browser is our interpreter. We simply take content types and associate them to browser placement and styling.
The next assumption I made was that whatever template I designed was only going to be the default or standard template. There are a set of guidelines for authors or anyone interest to develop their own template. It may be daunting for an author and certainly a non-programmer to develop a template using HTML5, but it's certainly not impossible or even improbable. I think the results of Vorple and Inkle Studios is confirmation that the IF world has the talent.
The standard template is very similar to a standard desktop interpreter with a few changes. Images can be identified by the game by filename and embedded in-game play, a map can be identified, and a few other visual elements allow interaction with the game, including displaying the player's current inventory.
It would not be difficult to modify the standard template to move things around. Swapping in a new CSS file could change the entire design, similar to the way CSS Zen Garden works.
Web Services
I mentioned that game play is implemented using RESTful web services. Each service is called with a Clean URL and returns JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). HEre is a list of all of the possible web service calls (all executed through HttpWebRequest, always from a jQuery command):
Register player – /Register/{username}/{password}/{nickName}/{emailAddress}
Player login – /Login/{username}/{password}
Is Authorized – /IsAuthorized/{authKey}
Validate Player – /ValidatePlayer/{validationId}
Session Start – /SessionStart/{authKey}/{gameKey}
Session Get – /SessionGet/{authKey}/{sessionKey}
Session History – /SessionHistory/{authKey}/{sessionKey}/{branchid}/{turn}
Session Command – /SessionCommand/{authKey}/{sessionKey}/{branchId}/{turn}/{command}
User Session List – /UserSessionList/{authKey}
List all installed games – /Games
Game Data
When the player enters a command, it's sent to the Session Command web service. This service executes the command and gathers all of the data. This data has always been called "Channels", but you could also call it labelling. When the author is emitting text in a game, there are different kinds of text. FyreVM automatically determines most of the types and labels them accordingly. So the room title and description get labelled "Main". The room title also is labelled "Location", the score is labelled "Score", time "Time", turn "Turn", and so on. The list of standard labels includes:
|This is the text that precedes the prompt. In a standard IF game, this has always been ">", but in our system, it can be any normal text.
|This is the main text of the game, which includes any 'before' text, the location title and description, any object lists, and 'after' text.
|This is the time of day within the game. It's not always implemented or used, so the standard template looks at the Settings text to see if it should be displayed or not.
|This is the location name.
|If a game implements chapter titles, this is that text.
|This is the list of credits for the game.
|This is the current list of hints for the game. This data has to coordinate with the browser properly, so modifications to the standard template are required.
|This contains the current score, if one is offered. The Settings text will identify if a score is displayed or not.
|This is the game title.
|This is the text displayed in the 'When play begins' rule of the game.
|This is the current turn number.
|This is a tip for the player.
|This is version of the game.
|This contains the verb in the last command.
|This contains tutorial text.
|This contains a map image filename or some other text to show a map to the user. The standard template uses images (that change throughout the game).
|This is the text emitted when the game has ended.
|This text contains information on whether other types of text should be displayed or not.
Authors can dynamically label alternative content, which can in turn be displayed in the browser based on author preferences.
All of this data is returned in JSON and looks like this (this is an excerpt from a running version of Cloak of Darkness):
"Channels": [ {"Name": "PLOG", "Content": "Hurrying through the rain-swept November night, you\u0027re glad to see the bright lights of the Opera House. It\u0027s surprising that there aren\u0027t more people about but, hey, what do you expect in a cheap demo game...?"}, {"Name": "CRED", "Content": "Cloak of Darkness by David Cornelson\nGame Engine (FyreVM) by Jesse McGrew\nZifmia by David Cornelson\nInform 7 Programming by Emily Short and Graham Nelson, with Channel IO updates by David Cornelson.\nSpecial thanks to Graham Nelson and Emily Short for all of their hard work on Inform 7."}, { "Name": "SCOR", "Content": "0"}, { "Name": "TUTR", "Content": "You might try going WEST from the Foyer of the Opera House"}, { "Name": "TIME", "Content": "540"}, { "Name": "LOCN", "Content": "Foyer of the Opera House"}, { "Name": "PRPT", "Content": "What do you want to do next?"}, { "Name": "MAPS", "Content": "cloakmap-dark.png"}, { "Name": "MAIN", "Content": "You are standing in a spacious hall, splendidly decorated in red and gold, with glittering chandeliers overhead. The entrance from the street is to the north, and there are doorways south and west."}, { "Name": "TURN", "Content": "1"}, { "Name": "TITL", "Content": "Cloak of Darkness"} ]
There's a framework in place to convert the JSON data into a known JavaScript class, so "PLOG" becomes game.Prologue and "LOCN" becomes game.Location. This can then be displayed by updating the web page through a jQuery command, like this:
$("#promptText").text(game.Prompt); $("#locationTitle").text(game.Location); $("#chapterTitle").text(game.Chapter);
The new Textfyre website is nearly completed and in coordination with several eReader publications, is due out soon. It's taken a long time to work through all of the technical details, but I think the results will be very attractive to Interactive Fiction game players as well as authors, teachers, and educational content providers.


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MIDDLEBURY — A responsible hiker, hunter, angler or backcountry skier brings along a cell phone and appropriate gear, and lets his family or friends know where he's going and when he's expected back before heading into the wilderness. If he doesn't make it back at the appointed hour, his family can call 9-1-1 and report that he is missing.
MIDDLEBURY — The Middlebury selectboard on Tuesday voted unanimously to spend $70,000 from the town's conservation fund to beautify and improve public access to the riverfront area of the Marble Works that fronts the Otter Creek falls.
The riverfront area has long been targeted for improvements that would attract shoppers, tourists and locals who would have a safer, better-groomed area from which to view the spectacular Otter Creek falls from the Marble Works complex.
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BRISTOL — The Bristol Planning Commission looks poised to move ahead with a proposed town plan at its meeting next Tuesday when it considers a compromise on the proposed gravel mining prohibition zone.
Since fall, commissioners have struggled to agree on a chief component of the proposed plan: a zone that prohibits resource extraction in and around Bristol's downtown area. At the planners' last meeting on Jan. 17, four versions of the no-extraction zone were discussed.
MIDDLEBURY — This winter the Middlebury Union High School girls' basketball team has struggled to score, and Tuesday's first half against visiting Mount Abraham looked like more of the same — the Tigers trailed at the half, 20-11.
Then their shots started to fall. And those launched by the Eagles did not: Mount Abe managed only five free throws between 2:00 of the second quarter and 5:45 of the fourth.
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Niger, officially Republic of Niger, French République du Niger, landlocked western African country. It is bounded on the northwest by Algeria, on the northeast by Libya, on the east by Chad, on the south by Nigeria and Benin, and on the west by Burkina Faso and Mali. The capital is Niamey. The country takes its name from the Niger River, which flows through the southwestern part of its territory. The name Niger derives in turn from the phrase gher n-gheren, meaning "river among rivers," in the Tamashek language.
The land
Niger extends for about 750 miles (1,200 km) from north to south and about 930 miles (1,460 km) from east to west. It tends to monotony in its features, is intersected by numerous depressions, and is dominated by arid highlands in the north. Rainfall increases as one proceeds southward so that the country divides naturally into three distinct zones—a desert zone in the north; an intermediate zone, where nomadic pastoralists raise cattle, in the centre; and a cultivated zone in the south. It is in this southern zone that the greater part of the population, both nomadic and settled, is concentrated.
The highlands of the north are cut by valleys (kori) of the Aïr Massif, which is an extension of the Ahaggar (Hoggar) Mountains of Algeria, and consists of a range running north to south in the centre of Niger, with individual mountain masses forming separate "islands": from north to south these are Tazerzaït, where Mount Gréboun reaches an altitude of 6,379 feet (1,944 metres); Tamgak; Takolokouzet; Angornakouer; Bagzane; and Tarouadji. To the northeast is a series of high plateaus, which form a bridge between the Ahaggar Mountains of Algeria and the Tibesti Mountains of Chad. From west to east these are the plateaus of Djado, Mangueni, and Tchigaï.
The sandy regions of the Nigerien Sahara extend to either side of the Aïr. To the west the Talak region includes the Tamesna area in the north (where fossil valleys are filled with moving sand dunes) and the Azaoua area in the south. East of the Aïr is the Ténéré region, covered partly by an expanse of sand called an erg, partly by a stony plain called a reg.
The plateaus of the south, which form a belt about 900 miles long, may be divided into three regions. To the west is the Djerma Ganda region. Its large valleys are filled with sand, while dallol (fossilized valleys of rivers that formed tributaries of the Niger in ancient times) descend from the Aïr and the Iforas Massif of neighbouring Mali. The central region consists of the rocky Adar Doutchi and Majia areas; it is the region of the gulbi (dried-up valleys of former tributaries of the Sokoto River) and the Tegama—a tableland of sandstone, ending, toward the Aïr, at the Tiguidit scarp. To the east the underlying rock reappears in the Damagarim, Mounio, and Koutous regions, to the north of which is the region of Damergou, consisting of clays. In the Manga region, in the east, traces of ancient watercourses appear on the sandy plain.
Drainage and soils
It is convenient to make a distinction between the ancient hydrographic system, which allowed agriculturalists, fishermen, and pastoralists to live in the Aïr region about 5,000 or 6,000 years ago, and the present simple system, which forms the basis of the marked difference between the northern and southern parts of the country. The present system includes to the west the Niger River basin and to the east the basin of Lake Chad; between the two occur vestiges of the older system, such as the dallol and the gulbi.
To the west the Niger River crosses about 350 miles of Niger's territory. Because of the change in river flow, which occurs because of the dispersal of its waters in its interior delta region in Mali, it is only in January and February that it flows past Niamey in flood. At other times the river is fed by certain temporary watercourses that flow in from the right bank. These are the Gorouol, the Dargol, the Sirba, the Goroubi, the Djamangou, the Tapoa, and the Mékrou; the last two flow through the "W" National Park (so called because the Niger flows through the area in the form of a W). On the left bank, proceeding eastward, appear the dallol, the vestiges of the older watercourses. Generally running from north to south, they constitute zones of dampness, although a few still contain waters that flow toward the Niger. The best known are the Bosso, the Foga, and the Maouri wadis. Other vestiges consist of the kori, which run down from the Aïr and from former tributaries that had their sources in the Iforas Massif, and which flowed to a confluence at what is now the Ti-m-merhsoï Wadi. No waters flow through the kori now, but water is still to be found beneath their sands. Other remnants of the old system are formed by the gulbi, through which water still flows annually, occasionally causing damage.
To the east is situated the basin of Lake Chad, a large, shallow lake, which at its highest contemporary level has an area of approximately 9,650 square miles; of this, Niger possesses about 1,100 square miles. Its extent is considerably reduced during the dry season. The Komadougou Yobé River, which flows into Lake Chad from the west, forms part of the frontier between Niger and Nigeria. Its water level, which begins to rise in August, from January to May consists only of some stagnant pools.
In addition to the drainage system described, it may be noted that rainwater collects in several basins, so that some permanent lakes or pools also exist; these are found at Keïta and Adouna in the Adar Doutchi region, at Madaroumfa in the Maradi gulbi, and at Guidimouni to the east of Zinder. The water table in some areas can also be tapped to produce artesian wells.
The soils fall into three natural regions. In the Saharan region in the north the soil is infertile, except in a few oases where water is found. In the region known as the Sahel, which forms a transitional zone between the Sahara and the region to the south, the soils are thin and white, being covered with salty deposits resulting from intense evaporation that forms an infertile surface crust. The third region (in the south) is cultivated. In this area the soils are associated with extensive dunes or uplands or with basins or depressions. Some of the soils in the latter, such as those in the Niger basin and in the gulbi, are rich. Black soils occur in the Kolo basin. Throughout the region, however, and above all on the plateaus, less fertile lateritic (leached iron-bearing) soils occur.
Niger extends southward from the tropic of Cancer, and the northern two-thirds of its territory lies in dry tropical desert. In the southern part of the country the climate is of the type known as Sahelian, which is characterized by a single, short rainy season. In January and February the continental equivalent of the northeast trade winds, the harmattan, blows southwestward from the Sahara toward the equator. Typically dust-laden, dry, and desiccating, the harmattan hinders normal living conditions on the southern fringe of the desert. From April to May the southern trade winds blowing from the Atlantic reach the equator and are diverted toward the Sahara where they meet with the harmattan—an encounter that results in violent line squalls and that signals the beginning of the rainy season. The rains last from one to four months, according to the latitude; August is the rainy month everywhere except in the far north, where the rainfall is unpredictable.
Niger lies in one of the hottest regions of the world. Temperatures rise from February to May and drop during the "winter" rainy season, rising again somewhat before falling to their annual minimum averages in December or January. During May (the hottest month), afternoon temperatures are high everywhere, ranging from a low of about 108 °F (42 °C) at Nguigmi on Lake Chad to 113 °F (45 °C) at Bilma and Agadez, both in the northern desert. In January, afternoon temperatures average more than 90 °F (mid-30s C) at most stations but at night may drop to freezing level in the desert. The daily range is greater in the desert north than in the south and is also more extreme during the dry season.
Rainfall varies according to location as well as season. The 10-inch isohyet (line on a map connecting points having equal rainfall) follows a line from near Tahoua to Gouré, in effect marking the northern limit of nomadic pastoral life, for the rainfall permits a sparse vegetation to grow. To the extreme south the 30-inch isohyet marks the southern limit of this zone, after which the southern agricultural zone begins. In the course of the same rainy season a most irregular spatial pattern of rainfall may occur, while from one year to another the total amount of rainfall may also vary; in addition, the rainy season itself may arrive early or late, thus jeopardizing crops.
Plant and animal life
The vegetation of the desert zone clusters around the oases; it includes the date palm and cultivated corn (maize). Animal life, which must be able to endure hunger and thirst, includes the dromedary.
In the Sahel zone, where the doum palm and the cram-cram (Cenchrus biflorus, a prickly grass) appear, the vegetation has a short life cycle and is principally used for grazing. Animal life includes the ostrich and the gazelle.
In the cultivated zone the vegetation includes acacia trees, doum palms, and palmyra palms, as well as baobabs. Wildlife, which has partially disappeared, includes antelope, elephants, and warthogs; giraffes are found in the Zarmaganda and Damergou regions, and hippopotamuses and crocodiles on the banks of the Niger. The extreme southwest is a savanna region where baobabs, kapok trees, and tamarind trees occur. Animal life is preserved in the "W" National Park, where antelope, lions, buffalo, hippopotamuses, and elephants may be seen.
Settlement patterns
The southern part of Niger's territory is situated in the vast region of Africa known as the Sudan, in which, in former times, large political states arose, such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, as well as the Hausa states, the empire of Sokoto, and Bornu. The northern part of Niger remains the domain of the Tuareg. The country comprises a multitude of traditional regions, the names of which remain despite the establishment of contemporary administrative divisions. All these regions have a fluctuating political, economic, and geographic significance: the Hausa regions, for example, have been cut in two and divided between Niger and Nigeria. Most regions, moreover, have been and remain zones where contact takes place between different peoples—between the Hausa and the Tuareg in the Adar Doutchi region, for example; between the Tuareg and the Kanuri in the Damergou region; and between Hausa and Zarma (Zerma, Djerma) in the Aréoua area.
About one-fifth of the population live in towns. The rural population comprises nomads and sedentary peoples. There are some 10,000 villages, of which approximately half have only a few hundred inhabitants; there are practically no villages in the desert zone. Fulani (Peul) herdsmen, who breed horned cattle and oxen, and the Tuareg, who raise goats, sheep, and dromedaries, tend to travel over the northern region during the winter. They meet together to permit the cattle to lick the salty soil of the In Gall region during August and September but move southward during the dry season. Both Fulani and Tuareg live in tribal groups, in temporary or portable shelters, and gain their subsistence from their livestock. The Fulani subsist above all on milk in various forms; the Tuareg live on meat and dates.
Sedentary peoples, such as the Hausa, the Songhai-Zarma, and the Kanuri, who inhabit the Niger and Chad basins, live largely by agriculture. They raise millet, rice, corn, peanuts (groundnuts), and cotton. They also work as blacksmiths and shoemakers, while on the banks of Lake Chad and the Niger the Buduma and Sorko peoples are fishermen. Sedentary peoples live in dwellings that vary from those made of straw to those made of banco (hardened mud), although the Wogo people live in tents of delicate matting.
There is a tendency among the nomads to settle down, and the already sedentary peoples are expanding the lands under cultivation toward the north. Rural life, above all in its sedentary form, tends to slow its pace during the long dry season; it is at this time of year that migration to the towns or other countries occurs.
It was approximately in the 15th century that a few towns, such as Agadez or Zinder, were first established as halting places, or depots, on the trans-Saharan caravan routes. As commercial routes gradually developed on the coasts, however, these northern towns lost their former economic importance, while other centres, such as Birni Nkonni, and Tessaoua, declined in the course of the 19th century as a result of the colonial era.
There are four principal towns in Niger. Niamey, the political capital, has experienced rapid growth. It has a cosmopolitan character and a transient population. Its characteristic life varies between the European and African rural styles, including various intermediate steps, of which the life-style of the évolués (educated Africans) is the most distinctive. Zinder, for which the African name is Damagaram, is an older town than Niamey; a Hausa town, it was the capital of Niger until 1926 and has a number of skilled craftsmen, especially leatherworkers and dyers. The town has experienced some industrial growth and has close links with Nigeria. Maradi has developed rapidly. The town is situated in the heart of the peanut-growing region near the Nigerian frontier. Many European companies have established branches there; the town is particularly renowned for its red goats, the skins of which are exported to Europe and the Americas. Tahoua has grown up on the edge of the desert. There it forms a large livestock market, where pastoralists and farmers meet. All of the towns remain little more than modest administrative and commercial centres, but because of the discovery of uranium ore Agadez has experienced a spectacular growth.
The people
Linguistic groups
The largest linguistic group is formed by the Hausa, whose language, also spoken in Nigeria, is one of the most important in western Africa. A large percentage of the inhabitants of Niger understand Hausa, which possesses an abundant literature that has been printed in Latin characters in Nigeria. Songhai is the second most important language; it is also spoken in Mali, in northern Burkina Faso, and in northern Benin. In Niger itself it is divided into various dialects, such as Songhai proper, Zarma, and Dendi. The language of the Fulani is Fula; in Niger it has two dialects, eastern and western, the demarcation line between them running through the Boboye district. Tamashek is the language of the Tuareg, who often call themselves the Kel Tamagheq, or Tamashek speakers. The language is also spoken in Algeria and Mali and possesses its own writing, called tifinagh, which is in widespread use. Kanuri is spoken not only in Niger but also in Cameroon and Nigeria. While these five languages are the principal ones spoken in Niger, there is also an important Teda linguistic group in the Tibesti region. In addition, many of the peoples of Niger speak Arabic, and a still larger number read and write in that language; Agadez possesses one of the oldest Arabic schools in Africa. The use of the Arabic alphabet resulted in Fula and Hausa becoming written languages; the script is called ajami; a search for more old manuscripts in ajami is being conducted.
By using Hausa and Songhai, one may make oneself understood from one end of the country to the other. French, however, remains the official language, as well as the language of instruction, although it remains understood only by a small minority. English is taught as the principal foreign language in secondary schools.
Ethnic groups
Ethnic groups correspond to the five linguistic groups already mentioned. The Hausa are the largest group, constituting more than half of the present population, though the majority of the Hausa people live in Nigeria. The Hausa occupy the centre of southern Niger as far as Dogondoutchi. The Songhai-Zarma are found in the southwest; the Songhai proper live along the Niger, where they are assimilating the Kurtey and Wogo peoples. The majority of the Songhai people as a whole, however, live in Mali. The Zarma live on the left bank of the Niger, remaining in close contact with the Mauri and Arewa peoples. The Fulani, who are dispersed throughout the country, are mostly nomadic; they are also found dispersed throughout western Africa. The Tuareg, also nomadic, are divided into three subgroups—the Iullemmiden of the Azaouak region in the west, the Asben (Kel Aïr) in the Aïr region, and the Itesen (Kel Geres) to the south and east of Aïr. The Tuareg people are also found in Algeria and in Mali. The Kanuri, who live to the east of Zinder, are divided into a number of subgroups—the Manga, the Dogara (Dagara), the Mober, the Buduma, and the Kanembu; they are also found living in Chad, Cameroon, and Nigeria. Apart from the nomadic Teda of the Tibesti region, who constitute an important minority, the remainder of the population consists of Arabs, black Africans from other countries, and Europeans, of whom the greater part are French.
Religious groups
Roughly 85 percent of the population adheres to the Sunni branch of Islam. Although the Annaawaa group of Hausa have always refused to accept Islam, as have a group of Fulani, the Wodaabe—who distinguish themselves from other Fulani for this reason—Islam remains the religion of the majority of both Hausa and Fulani. Christianity (Roman Catholicism and Protestantism) remains a religion of the towns, particularly of Niamey. There are several Christian missions in the Songhai and Arewa areas. Christianity is primarily a European religion, although it is also practiced by some black Africans from other countries. The traditional animist religions of the black Africans continue to manifest themselves in strength.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
education: Education in French colonies and former colonies…such schools in Upper Senegal, Niger, Guinea, the Ivory Coast, and Dahomey were begun only from 1896 on.…
postal system: Postal services in the developing countries…been undertaken in Ethiopia and Niger. Fellowships are awarded for overseas study of specialized subjects, such as international mails, philately, and, in particular, instructor training. Although the UNDP provides the major share of technical assistance funds, the UPU has increasingly supplemented these from its own resources to meet the increasing…
Sahara: Physiography…the Ténéré region of central Niger—which are often of Berber origin.…
flag of Niger…political development was hindered in Niger by conflict between the French military and guerrilla resistance, the lack of political parties until 1946, and the international isolation of this large, thinly populated territory. When the Fifth Republic constitution of France was adopted in 1958, Niger chose to become an autonomous republic,…
Aïr massif…from the Sahara in central Niger. Several of these mountains approach and exceed 6,000 feet (1,800 m), the highest being Mount Gréboun (6,378 feet [1,944 m]). The mountains are dissected by deep valleys, called
koris, in which some vegetation permits the pasturage of livestock, owned mainly by Tuaregs. Hot springs…
More About Niger7 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- education
- flag history
- population and demography
- postal organization project
physical geography
- Aïr massif
- In Aïr massif
- Sahara


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Landon Donovan and Edson Buddle played their last game with the Los Angeles Galaxy on Saturday before leaving for World Cup training camp. LA's dynamic duo could be gone for six weeks or more and would liked to have bid farewell with three points.
Instead, the players left with an empty feeling after having no goals to show for their 90 minutes of effort. Toronto FC held the Galaxy to a scoreless draw at the Home Depot Center as the Galaxy dropped points at home for the first time all season.
Watch: FULL MATCH HIGHLIGHTS
"It was a great crowd," Donovan said. "It's sad to send them home a little disappointed like that, but a lot of people stayed for Edson and my send-off and we really appreciate it."
The Galaxy inched up one point in the standings as the club's record stands at 7-0-2. However, their record at home is no longer spotless as their mark now sits at 4-0-1.
Part of the slip-up, players said, was the team's desire to grab one last victory before Donovan and Buddle left.
"That was part of it," Galaxy left back Todd Dunivant said. "I thought we pushed maybe a little too much, a little desperate to get the result. We didn't let the game flow and we seemed a little tense out there. It wasn't our normal flow and it showed a little bit. It seemed a little hectic, a little frantic and the result was a lot of balls that were misplayed and they were countering a little bit."
Toronto FC actually had several strong opportunities early on. Dwayne De Rosario pushed a point-blank shot wide of the goal five minutes in while Chad Barrett fired a shot on goal that 'keeper Josh Saunders parried out for a corner kick. Saunders started for Donovan Ricketts but wasn't active very much as Barrett's shot was the only he faced throughout the game.
The Galaxy, though, improved more throughout the second half and peppered Toronto's goal with 11 shots.
"Our second half was real good and we had some chances there to get the goal," Galaxy coach Bruce Arena said. "It was a much better second half for us than our first, but give Toronto credit. They played hard, they were very well-organized and we had to make a play to make a difference in the game and we didn't."
Donovan's play improved from the first half to the second. Part of that was his placement on the field. Instead of playing higher on the field, Donovan moved centrally, and was often on the flanks after the intermission. Toronto's tactics sort of dictated that move, however.
"Toronto really pulled in tight with their back line and it was difficult to play into [Donovan's] feet and definitely in the air wasn't the best situation for him," Arena said. "They really collapsed their team really tight with eight players centrally. To really give Landon a bit of room, we had to stick him outside on the flanks. He was much more effective in the second half than in the first."
Buddle came the closest to scoring, as he rattled a shot off the woodwork in the 66th minute. Donovan raced down the left side of the box and slipped a ball to Buddle, who re-directed it on frame but saw it bounce back out and eventually cleared away by Toronto's defense.
The result wasn't disastrous – the Galaxy are still one of two teams yet to lose on the season – but two more points were there for the taking.
"We got a point at home," Buddle said. "We wanted to win, so it's a little disappointing. At times I feel like we could have pushed and maybe showed our support a little better. We should have won but unfortunately the ball didn't bounce our way."
Now, though, Buddle will try and finish opportunities with the US national team and possibly ride his hot start through training camp successfully and on through South Africa.
Buddle felt the love from his fans, who gave him a special and unexpected send-off.
"It's nice to see that they stuck around and saluted us," he said. "It was a first time for me and wonderful experience. I didn't expect it. It probably always happens for Landon that way and I don't know, it was great to see and I'm glad to be a part of that."


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Happy Birthday James Sheridan
My grandmother Alices' grandfather James C. Sheridan was born July 4, 1864 in New York City to Phillip and Florence Sheridan. He is the eldest sibling to Alexander P, Albert, Florence, Gertrude. I find the family in the 1870 NYC census but can not find them in the 1880 census nor can I find any documentation of the parents before the birth of James. I do know that Phillip Sheridan was born in Ireland and Florence was born in NYC or Ireland. The family myth is that our Sheridan family is related to the infamous General Sheridan, aren't they all. I have no proof of the connection but family lore prevails and my grandmother believes it. James married Alice Lynch on the 29th of June 1890 in NYC. They lived in a section of Queens, NY known by a few different names like Ravenswood, Astoria, or Long Island City. James was the father to eight children: Margaret, Alexander, James, Gertrude, May, John, Philip and Thomas. James occupation was that of a laborer for the city sanitation department. He was also a volunteer firefighter in the area they lived in. Sadly James died on March 15, 1910. Happy birthday in heaven great great grandfather James.
I'm a Yankee Doodle Dandy
A Yankee Doodle, do or die
A real live nephew of my Uncle Sam
Born on the Fourth of July
I've got a Yankee Doodle sweetheart
She's my Yankee Doodle joy
Yankee Doodle came to London
Just to ride the ponies
I am the Yankee Doodle Boy


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|CASS report: number of overseas Chinese up to 35 mln
The number of overseas Chinese has reached 35 million, making it the largest migrant group in the world, according to a report by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS).
The Report on International Politics and Security said that overseas Chinese have been living and working in 151 countries, with Australia, European and North American countries their main inhabited areas.
Overseas Chinese are usually employed in construction, farming and deforestation sectors or run their own businesses in retail, real estate and importing.
Some 460,000 migrants from the Chinese mainland settled down in the United States in the 1990s, doubling the total number of Chinese mainland migrants in the United States.
From 2000 to 2005, another 355,000 Chinese mainlanders immigrated to the United States, when the country saw the biggest "immigration rush" in history.
And the same thing happened in Canada and Australia, the report said.
Li Xiaoli, one of the main researchers who compiled the report, said that the immigration rushes have been stimulated by the globalization of the world economy, as well as the further opening up of China.
"Relatively higher incomes in developed countries have attracted migrants from developing countries. And as many developed countries suffer low birth rates and population aging problems, the Chinese mainland migrants fill the gap," Li said.
Li said that the mass migration has had both positive and negative effects on China.
Immigration has helped relieve the burden of employment in China. However, it has also led to a brain drain in the country as many students and professionals have gone overseas, Li said.
200,000 overseas Chinese encouraged to return home
BEIJING, Jan. 4 (Xinhua) -- China hopes to entice 200,000 overseas Chinese to return home in the period 2006-2010 by setting up science centers where they can carry out their work, said the Ministry of Personnel on Thursday.
Statistics from 2005 show that barely a quarter of the Chinese scholars who have studied aboard have returned to China.
Overseas Chinese conference voices support for China's peaceful reunification
MACAO, Dec. 15 (Xinhua) -- After singing the song of "Our hearts never apart", over 1,200 delegates bid farewell as the Overseas Chinese World Conference for Promoting Peaceful Reunification of China concluded Friday, encouraging each other to strive for the great undertaking of China's peaceful reunification.
On the eve of the seventh anniversary of Macao's return to China, the delegates of overseas Chinese pro-reunification organizations from some 50 countries and regions gathered here to see Macao's successful practice of the principle of "One Country, Two Systems", discuss how to promote peaceful development across the Taiwan Straits, and adopt the Macao Declaration.


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Okay, the first week or so, it's all about the rest and the pain relief, and the 'being looked after' [ thankyou Nadie ], but after a while that begins to get old.
There's only so much tv that one can watch
and it hurts to sit at the computer for more than a few minutes [ stitches ... don't ask ]
so how do people stave off total boredom if they don't knit ... or quilt ... or read ?
I really have no idea [ and don't say gardening, cos I can't do that yet either ]
Anyway, there has been plenty of reading going on, as evidenced by the fact that I'm up to book 60 for the year, and that doesn't count the ones that I started but gave up on halfway through.
It may seem that I'm getting desparate for blogfodder when I post lists like this. but that's just so not true.
There is method to my madness.
Y'see, every time I post my booklist, someone who has bothered to wade through it all chimes in with some fabulous author that I haven't discovered yet.
Recently I've been working my way through two authors that I wouldn't have found were it not for rave reviews from Sheepish Annie ... Cassandra Clare and Mike Carey specifically.
As it happens I was able to get the Clares from the Library, but they only had the first of the Careys ... which turned out just fine, because I liked him enough to plonk down my dineros to buy the series [ including the one I'd just read ]
So, in the hope that some more great reads might be forthcoming, here's the 2011 booklist to date:
The Girl with The Dragon Tattoo - Stieg Larsson
The Girl Who Played With Fire - SL
Many Bloody Returns - Charlaine Harris, Jim Butcher et al
The Harlequin - LKH
Dark Lover - JR Ward
A Touch Of Dead - CH Book 30
The Girl Who Kicked The Hornets Nest - SL
Merlin - Stephen Lawhead
Murder By The Slice - Livia Washburn
Goodies Rule OK
Wild Sheep Chase - Haruki Murakami
Dance Dance dance - HM
Clockwork Angel - Cassandra Clare
City Of Bones - CC
City of Ashes - CC
Side Jobs - Jim Butcher Book 40
Keep The Aspidistra Flying - George Orwell
Deja Dead - Kathy Reichs
City Of Glass - CC
The Devil You Know - Mike Carey
Death Du Jour - KR
Deadly Decisions - KR
Dark Side - Belinda Bauer
Rite - Tad Williams
Fatal Voyage - KR
Grave Secrets - KR Book 50
Bare Bones - KR
Devil Bones - KR
Blacklands - BB
Mint Juleps, Mayhem and Murder -Sara Rosett
A Cottswold Killing - Rebecca Tope
Bones To Ashes - KR
Indigo Dying - Susan Wittig Albert
Fever Of The Bone - Val McDermid
Vicious Circle - Mike Carey
Dead Man's Boots - MC Book 60
so any suggestions ???


text:
- About us
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Another type of web application attack is SQL injection. Suppose a naively implemented login page searches for records in a database which match the given username and password, like this:
This SQL query always returns a non-empty result, bypassing the login procedure and enabling the attacker to access the application. By successfully exploiting an SQL injection vulnerability the attacker can often gain superuser/admin access to the application or even the operating system.
The following is an attack we observed against PHPNuke:
which exploits the vulnerability detailed in Secunia advisory #14866 - the 'querylang' parameter is allows an SQL injection attack against the application. This is the original Waraxe advisory about the vulnerability. The following source code is the problem:
and as result we can see md5 hashes of all the admin passwords in place, where normally top 10 votes can be seen :) The exploit will reveal the MD5 hashes of all the administrative users of PHPNuke. The value of seeing the MD5 hashes is being able to recover some passwords from them, as we explain below in the section "Top 10 Operating System commands issued".


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0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
I didn't apply or register or whatever for beta because from the previews I've read I have no interest in the game. Not because I'm a die hard ES fan thinking an MMO will ruin the franchise, but because it generally doesn't sound like a very interesting MMO.
Got an invite for this weekend. Downloading the client now. Hope I actually have some time to play:/


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China Orb, online Chinese to English dictionary with nearly 1 million entries and plenty of excellent examples. The pin yin and pronunciation sound of Chinese wrods are provided. China Orb includes a lot of Chinese professional terms in many industries such as Medicine, Chemistry, Mechanism, Electricity, Computer, Economy, Law, Architecture. If you can not find satisfying translation elsewhere,try China Orb Chinese to English dictionary.
China Orb, online English to Chinese dictionary with more than 1 million entries and plenty of excellent examples. China Orb includes a lot of English professional terms in many industries such as Medicine, Chemistry, Mechanism, Electricity, Computer, Economy, Law, Architecture. If you can not find satisfying translation elsewhere,try China Orb English to Chinese dictionary.
Contact us
Life is beautiful !
Gorgeous Chinese apparel
Worldwide Shipping
但是还有很多省钱的机会和空间 ...
Chinese-English Dictionary
Chinese-English Translation
English-Chinese Dictionary
English-Chinese Translation
English-Chinese Dictionary
as whole dictionary field
at start of dictionary field
at end of dictionary field
Life is wonderful
China Fashion
the cultivated soybean
Show more nearby words
Show less nearby words
the clean potato
the clock round
The coast is clear
The coat fits
the cockles of the heart
The Code for Existing Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk
The Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes
the cold months of the year
the coldest month
the colour bar
The Committee on Technical Coorperation
the complete sets of equipment
the concentrating of nutrients
The Condition on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards
the construction of housing
the content of soil
The Contract of Carriage of Passengers
The Control Regulations Regarding Civil Explosives of the Peoples Republic of China
The Coordinating Committee for Export Controls
The Corporation of Lloyd's
the Council of Ministers
the crack of doom
the cream of the crop
the Crimean War
the crown of the year
the cultivated soybean
the cultivation of tress
the current of thought
the curtain goes up
the cut of sb.'s jib
the daily grind
the Dark Ages
The darkest hour is that before the dawn
the dashes
the day after the fair
the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday
the day of reckoning
the days of the week
the dead man
The Death on the High Seas Act
the Declaration of Independence
the departed
the departed saint
the department concerned
the department of defense
the destitute
the deuce
the development of the vegetative parts
the devil
the devil and all
the cultivated soybean
The cultivated soybean
is an erect, bushy annual plant of great morphological diversity.
China Orb © 2009


text:
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Lake Bueana Vista
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Physical Therapy Can Benefit Seniors
Seniors share many of the same health issues as other age groups, but they have some special needs of their own. Physical therapy can be an important resource for seniors to regain or maintain function and lead fulfilling lives.
The first thing we do at Good Shepherd when people come in for physical therapy is to evaluate their needs and develop a program of treatment to address their concerns. For seniors, we are very specific about identifying what activities are problematic for them.
Common conditions for seniors
Some common conditions that seniors may have are:
- Arthritis
- Loss of strength and flexibility after an illness
- Balance issues
- Joint replacements
- Injuries from falls and other mishaps
Deconditioning following surgery or a hospital stay is of particular concern to seniors. Studies show that hospitalization or bed rest for one week can reduce muscle mass by 12 percent.
Many seniors come in to one of our outpatient sites for physical therapy after a hospital stay to regain strength and mobility. They do exercises at our facility, but there's always a home component to the recovery process. Therapy requires action every day, so our staff shows seniors how to exercise at home between visits.
Learning to adapt
In addition to helping seniors improve muscle tone and range of motion, we teach them adaptive strategies for common actions, like getting out of bed or getting into and out of a car. A different way of completing a task, often temporary until the person regains full ability, can help someone cope during recovery.
Therapy builds confidence
Deconditioning can lead to a loss of confidence in performing everyday activities. Seniors may fear attempting things that were once easy. They may become afraid of falling when walking to the mailbox or avoid cooking because they can't bend to reach the pots. They might stop going out entirely. They can become isolated, stay at home and slip into a downward spiral, sometimes leading to depression.
Physical therapy can restore ability and confidence and help bring people back to their normal lives.
The socialization component of therapy is very important to most seniors. It gives them comfort knowing that friends and neighbors will be at our sites when they come in. They look forward to interacting with each other.
Individual programs, common goals
Whatever program of therapy we recommend, it is always personally designed for each patient. People mend faster when the prescribed program meets their unique requirements.
Still, our goals are the same for everyone: increased mobility, improved quality of life and greater independence. Therapy is about peace of mind, not just range of motion.
Sometimes after treatment ends seniors find themselves slipping back a bit and losing some of the function they had regained. So we tell them if that happens to come back in three or four months for a "tune up." Usually a short program of therapy will get them back in shape.
NOTE: There has been some confusion about Medicare coverage for physical therapy. We recommend that you read our Be Well Blog on Medicare coverage for maintenance therapy and learn about our Stay Strong program.


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Barrie scores OT winner as Avalanche top Predatorsby Rick Sadowski
DENVER – Wins have been few and far between for the Colorado Avalanche, especially in the past few weeks.
Indeed, their hopes of making a run at the Stanley Cup Playoffs have disappeared with eight losses in nine games.
Now, reduced to playing the role of spoiler, the Avalanche managed some semblance of satisfaction Saturday with a 1-0 overtime victory against the Nashville Predators at the Pepsi Center.
Goalie Semyon Varlamov made 34 saves and rookie defenseman Tyson Barrie scored 50 seconds into the extra period as the Avalanche snapped a four-game losing streak and continued the Predators' woes on the road.
While the Predators salvaged a valuable point to remain in the hunt for a Western Conference postseason berth, the loss was their fifth in a row on the road, where they've gone 1-9-2 in the past dozen games and are 5-11-3 overall.
"We are still in the race and it is still in our own hands," said Predators goalie Pekka Rinne, who stopped 23 shots, 10 in the third period. "We have to get some points, get some wins here. Their goalie played really well and we didn't score any goals and we did not get the win."
Saturday's game was a far cry from the teams' first meeting Feb. 18, when the Avalanche chased starter Chris Mason in the second period en route to a 6-5 win.
"[Varlamov] was outstanding. He stole the show," said Avalanche center Matt Duchene, who was stopped by Rinne on a 2-on-1 rush in the first period. "Him and Rinne both played outstanding. I would say that (Varlamov) stole the game, except that their goalie played just as well. It was a great effort by both of them."
Varlamov acknowledged that a lack of confidence has affected his play and that of the Avalanche in general. The Avalanche are in last place in the Western Conference and 29th in the overall standings.
"For sure it's a big win, especially when things are not going great for the team and me especially," said Varlamov, who posted his third shutout of the season and 11th of his NHL career. "Lots of games, I'm giving up three or four goals. I felt good the whole game. When you have confidence, you play well. When you're not confident, you feel like you're not an NHL goalie."
Varlamov was especially good when the Avalanche were shorthanded. He made 12 saves during six Predators power plays, which included a two-man advantage in the first period that lasted 33 seconds. The Predators also had what turned into a four-minute power play spanning the second and third periods after Avalanche defenseman Ryan O'Byrne iced the puck and high-sticked Brandon Yip in the face on the ensuing faceoff to earn a double minor.
"Our goaltender was outstanding," Avalanche coach Joe Sacco said. "He played great for us. He came up with very timely saves, especially on the 5-on-3 in the first period, and that's what you need to help you get out of a little bit of a ditch sometimes."
The Avalanche haven't gotten much offense from their defense this season, but Barrie and partner Greg Zanon hooked up for the winning goal. Right wing PA Parenteau passed to Zanon for a shot that Rinne stopped, but Barrie pinched down the right side to bang in the rebound.
Barrie, who was recalled March 25 from the Lake Erie Monsters of the American Hockey League, has two of the three goals scored by Avalanche defenseman this season.
"It was nice to get that one at the end there," Barrie said. "[The rebound] just kind of popped out. I just barely got it and it bounced into the net. I knew [Zanon] was probably going to one-time it, so I was just trying to get back-door and hopefully it would pop out. I was lucky it did."
Barrie figured he wouldn't have been in position to collect the winning goal if Varlamov hadn't played as well as he did.
"He was outstanding," Barrie said. "That might have been one of the best games I've ever seen a goalie play. He made five, six, seven highlight reel saves. Tip your hat to him; he played awesome."
Predators coach Barry Trotz didn't seem too upset by the outcome.
"I look at it, we played very well, we had a lot of chances," Trotz said. "The first star was their goalie, and we weren't able to convert on our power play. We had a lot of chances, so that was the end. They got a puck in the overtime. I'm not going to go in my room and say we played poorly, we played pretty well against a high-powered team. The star of the game was Varlamov. I can't think of anybody who played poorly. Any point on the road is a good point. Obviously we want two points, but we'll take one point, better than none."
Avalanche right wing Milan Hejduk sustained a shoulder injury halfway through the first period and didn't return. There was no further update after the game.