text:
Methods and apparatus for sampling and analyzing body fluid
A sampling device for sampling body fluid includes a lancet for making an incision, a capillary tube for drawing-up body fluid from the incision, and a test strip affixed to an upper end of the capillary tube for receiving the fluid. An absorbent pad can be disposed between the test strip and capillary tube for spreading-out the fluid being transferred to the test strip. An on-site analyzer such as an optical analyzer and/or an electrochemical analyzer can be mounted in the device for analyzing the fluid. Alternatively, a test strip can be slid through a slot formed in the bottom end of the device so that by passing the device against the skin after an incision has been formed, the test strip will directly contact body fluid emanating from the incision.
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The present invention relates to lancing devices and methods for obtaining samples of blood and other fluids from the body for analysis or processing.
Many medical procedures in use today require a relatively small sample of blood, in the range of 5-50 .mu.L. It is more cost effective and less traumatic to the patient to obtain such a sample by lancing or piercing the skin at a selected location, such as the finger, to enable the collection of 1 or 2 drops of blood, than by using a phlebotomist to draw a tube of venous blood. With the advent of home use tests such as self monitoring of blood glucose, there is a requirement for a simple procedure which can be performed in any setting by a person needing to test.
Lancets in conventional use generally have a rigid body and a sterile needle which protrudes from one end. The lancet may be used to pierce the skin, thereby enabling the collection of a blood sample from the opening created. The blood is transferred to a test device or collection device. Blood is most commonly taken from the fingertips, where the supply is generally excellent. However, the nerve density in this region causes significant pain in many patients. Sampling of alternate sites, such as earlobes and limbs, is sometimes practiced to access sites which are less sensitive. These sites are also less likely to provide excellent blood samples and make blood transfer directly to test devices difficult.
Repeated lancing in limited surface areas (such as fingertips) results in callous formation. This leads to increased difficulty in drawing blood and increased pain.
To reduce the anxiety of piercing the skin and the associated pain, many spring loaded devices have been developed. The following two patents are representative of the devices which were developed in the 1980's for use with home diagnostic test products.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,503,856, Cornell et al., describes a spring loaded lancet injector. The reusable device interfaces with a disposable lancet. The lancet holder may be latched in a retracted position. When the user contacts a release, a spring causes the lancet to pierce the skin at high speed and then retract. The speed is important to reduce the pain associated with the puncture.
Levin et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,517,978 describes a blood sampling instrument. This device, which is also spring loaded, uses a standard disposable lancet. The design enables easy and accurate positioning against a fingertip so the impact site can be readily determined. After the lancet pierces the skin, a bounce back spring retracts the lancet to a safe position within the device.
In institutional settings, it is often desirable to collect the sample from the patient and then introduce the sample to a test device in a controlled fashion. Some blood glucose monitoring systems, for example, require that the blood sample be applied to a test device which is in contact with a test instrument. In such situations, bringing the finger of a patient directly to the test device poses some risk of contamination from blood of a previous patient. With such systems, particularly in hospital settings, it is common to lance a patient, collect a sample in a micropipette via capillary action and then deliver the sample from the pipette to the test device.
Haynes, U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,977 describes a blood collection assembly with lancet and microcollection tube. This device incorporates a lancet and collection container in a single device. The lancing and collection are two separate activities, but the device is a convenient single disposable unit for situations when sample collection prior to use is desirable. Similar devices are disclosed in Sarrine, U.S. Pat. No. 4,360,016, and O'Brien, U.S. Pat. No. 4,924,879.
Jordan et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,850,973 and No. 4,858,607, disclose a combination device which may be alternatively used as a syringe-type injection device and a lancing device with disposable solid needle lancet, depending on configuration.
Lange et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,584 describes a blood lancet device for withdrawing blood for diagnostic purposes. This invention uses a rotary/sliding transmission system to reduce the pain of lancing. The puncture depth is easily and precisely adjustable by the user.
Suzuki et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,368,047, Dombrowski, U.S. Pat. No. 4,654,513 and Ishibashi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,320,607 each describe suction-type blood samplers. These devices develop suction between the lancing site and the end of the device when the lancet holding mechanism withdraws after piercing the skin. A flexible gasket around the end of the device helps seal the end around the puncture site until adequate sample is drawn from the puncture site or the user pulls back on the device.
Garcia et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,637,403 discloses a combination lancing and blood collection device which uses a capillary passage to conduct body fluid to a separate test strip in the form of a microporous membrane. It is necessary to achieve a precise positioning of the upper end of the capillary passage with respect to the membrane in order to ensure that body fluid from the passage is transferred to the membrane. If an appreciable gap exists therebetween, no transfer may occur.
Also, the diameter of the capillary passage is relatively small, so the width of a sample transferred to the membrane may be too small to be measured by on-site measuring devices such as an optical measuring system or an electrochemical meter.
It is difficult for a user to determine whether a sufficiently large drop of body fluid has been developed at the incision for providing a large enough sample.
International Publication Number WO95/10223, Erickson et al., describes a means of collecting and measuring body fluids. This system uses a disposable lancing and suction device with a spacer member which compresses the skin around the lance/needle.
Single use devices have also been developed for single use tests, i.e. home cholesterol testing, and for institutional use to eliminate cross-patient contamination multi-patient use. Crossman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,869,249, and Swierczek, U.S. Pat. No. 5,402,798, also disclose disposable, single use lancing devices.
The disclosures of the above patents are incorporated herein by reference.
An object of the present invention is to ensure that a sufficiently large drop of body fluid is developed at an incision, and that the body fluid reaches a test strip.
Another object is to ensure that the sample applied to the test strip creates a measurement area that is sufficiently wide to be properly analyzed.
An additional object is to provide a novel electrochemical analyzing system for analyzing a sample in the lancing device.
A further object is to enable a sample of body fluid to be applied to a test strip which is mounted in a lancing device.
Another object of this invention is to provide a method which can result in a sample of either blood or interstitial fluid, depending on the sample site and the penetration depth utilized. While there are no commercially available devices utilizing interstitial fluid (ISF) at this time, there are active efforts to establish the correlation of analytes, such as glucose, in ISF compared to whole blood. If ISF could be readily obtained and correlation is established, ISF may be preferable as a sample since there is no interference of red blood cells or hematocrit adjustment required.
Another object of this invention is to provide a method which can draw a small but adjustable sample, i.e. 3 .mu.L for one test device and 8 .mu.L for another test device, as appropriate.
Another object of this invention is to provide a method by which the drawn sample is collected and may be easily presented to a testing device, regardless of the location of the sample site on the body. This approach helps with infection control in that multiple patients are not brought in contact with a single test instrument; only the sampling device with a disposable patient-contact portion is brought to the test instrument. Alternatively, the disposable portion of a test device may be physically coupled with the sampler so the sample can be brought directly into the test device during sampling. The test device may then be read in a test instrument if appropriate or the testing system can be integrated into the sampler and the test device can provide direct results displayed for the patient.
A further object is to provide an on-site test strip with a relatively wide sample which can be analyzed by on-site analyzers such as optical and electrochemical analyzers.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a device for minimally invasive sampling comprising a reusable sampler and disposable lancet and sample collection device.
One aspect of the present invention relates to a sampling device for sampling body fluid. The device includes a housing and a lancet carrier mounted in the housing for supporting a disposable lancet. The device also includes a mechanism for displacing the lancet carrier toward a lower end of the housing for forming an incision in a user. A body fluid sampling member is mounted in the housing for conducting body fluid from the incision. That sampling member comprises a capillary member, and a test strip. The capillary member includes an elongated stem having a capillary passage extending longitudinally therethrough for conducting body fluid upwardly by capillary action. The test strip is affixed to the capillary member at an upper end thereof and in communication with the capillary passage for receiving a sample of body fluid.
Preferably, the test strip comprises a microporous membrane, and an absorbent pad is preferably disposed between the test strip and the upper end of the capillary passage for wicking body fluid from the passage to the test strip.
The present invention also relates to the capillary member per se.
Another embodiment of the sampling device includes a housing, a lancet carrier mounted in the housing for supporting a disposable lancet, a mechanism for displacing the lancet carrier toward a lower end of the housing for forming an incision in a user, and a strip-holding mechanism mounted at a lower end of the housing for supporting a test strip across the lower end of the housing to enable the test strip to pick up body fluid from the incision.
The strip holding mechanism preferably comprises a sleeve disposed in surrounding relationship to the lancet carrier and includes radially aligned slots for receiving a test strip.
Preferably, the sleeve constitutes a first sleeve, and the holding mechanism further includes a second sleeve surrounding the first sleeve and including slots that are radially aligned with the slots of the first sleeve. The second sleeve is slidable longitudinally relative to both the housing and the first sleeve and is spring biased downwardly. The slots which are formed in the second sleeve are elongated in a direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the housing to enable the second sleeve to move longitudinally relative to a test strip mounted in the first sleeve.
The present invention also relates to a method of sampling body fluid which comprises the steps of positioning a lower end of a sampling device against a skin surface, and displacing a lancet carrier toward the lower end of the sampling device to form an incision through the skin. A test strip is positioned in the sampling device to extend across the lower end thereof. The sampling device is moved toward the incision to bring the test strip into contact with body fluid emerging from the incision. The test strip is preferably positioned in the sampling device prior to the displacement of the lancet toward the lower end of the sampling device, whereby the lancet pierces the test strip.
Another aspect of the invention involves the provision of a drop-detecting mechanism on the lancing device adjacent a lower end thereof for detecting a drop of body fluid on the user's skin. The mechanism can be in the form of electrodes which contact the drop, or an optical system including a light emitter and a light sensor. The drop-detecting mechanism automatically determines whether a drop of sufficient size has been developed at the incision for providing a proper sample.
The objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof in connection with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals designate like elements and in which:
FIG. 1 is a side elevational view, partially broken away, of a blood sampling device according to the present invention, with a capillary tube thereof disposed in a retracted state;
FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1 after an incision has been made, and the capillary tube has been extended;
FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view through one embodiment of the capillary tube according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a longitudinal sectional view taken through another embodiment of a capillary tube according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is view similar to FIG. 2 of a sampling device having an alternative form of analyzing instrument;
FIG. 6 is a fragmentary view of a lower end of a lancing device, depicting a drop-detecting mechanism according to the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a side elevational view, partially broken away of another embodiment of the sampling device, with a test strip mounted at a lower end thereof; and
FIG. 8 is a fragmentary view of the device depicted in FIG. 7 in a sampling-taking state.
Depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2 is a lancing device 10 for making an incision through a skin surface S, wherein a disposable lancet 12 (hereinafter referred to as a "disposable") which carries a skin-lancing member in the form of a needle 14 can be displaced toward the skin surface by a cocked spring and then rapidly retracted by another spring. Devices of this general type are known, and one preferred device is disclosed in commonly assigned, concurrently filed U.S. application Ser. No. 08/857,680, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,311, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
As disclosed in that application, the disposable 12 includes a body 16 which carries not only the needle 14, but also a capillary tube 18. The capillary tube is mounted by friction fit between holding elements 15 that are integral with the body 16 and is downwardly slidable relative to the body 16 in response to manual downward displacement of a pusher 20 which possesses an exposed actuator knob 22.
The disposable 12 is situated telescopingly within a cylindrical stimulator sleeve 24 which is slidable longitudinally relative to a housing 26 of the device. The sleeve 24 is biased downwardly, or forwardly, by a spring 28. Following the cutting of an incision I in the skin and the retraction of the lancet, the housing can be repeatedly pushed downwardly against the skin as required to express the appropriate sample from the incision, whereupon the sleeve depresses a ring of body tissue in surrounding relationship to the incision, causing the incision to bulge while spreading apart the sides of the incision. Consequently, a drop D of body fluid such as blood or interstitial fluid is formed at the open end of the incision, even if the incision I has been made in a region of the body where the supply of body fluid is relatively low as compared to, say, the fingertip region.
Once the drop D has been created, the pusher 22 is displaced to push the capillary tube downwardly to a state where the lower end of the capillary tube can be dipped into the body fluid drop to obtain a sample. The pusher is then released for return to an upper position by a return spring (not shown). As disclosed in the aforementioned application, the fluid can then be transferred from the capillary tube to a test strip, thereby making the overall sampling procedure more convenient.
In accordance with the present invention, the sampling procedure is made even more convenient by eliminating the need to transfer the body fluid from the capillary tube.
In a first embodiment, the capillary tube carries its own test strip. Depicted in FIG. 3 is a test strip 30 in the form of a microporous membrane (preferably of the type disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 08/628,489, filed Apr. 5, 1996, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein).
The membrane 30 is bonded, e.g. by a suitable adhesive, to an enlarged head or flange portion 32 of the capillary tube 18 which projects laterally with respect to a stem portion 34 of the capillary tube. The head 32, when viewed from the top, can be of any shape, such as circular or rectangular (e.g., square). A capillary passage 36 extends longitudinally through the stem 34 and head 32 to conduct body fluid into contact with the membrane by capillary action.
As is known in the art of capillary tubes, the amount of body fluid which is drawn up by capillary action can be regulated by a suitable selection of diameter and length of the passage 36, thereby ensuring that a proper dosing of the membrane is achieved.
Fluid analyzing instruments can be mounted within the housing. For example, a conventional optical analyzing mechanism can be provided which includes a light source 40 and a light sensor 42 such as a phototransistor, which are electrically connected to a conventional electronics unit 44 for monitoring a color change of the sample as the sample reacts with chemicals in the test strip. The electronics unit 44 displays the results on a display panel 90. In that way, for example, the glucose level in blood can be measured. The unit 44 is electrically connected to a battery 45 that is mounted in the housing.
In lieu of an optical analyzing mechanism, an electrochemical mechanism can be provided in a device 10' (FIG. 5), the mechanism including an electrochemical meter 50 which measures glucose levels. The meter 50 is electrically connected to a battery 51 mounted in the housing. The test strip 52 in this case would be provided with a printed electrical circuit, and the pusher 24' would possess electrical leads 54 positioned so as to contact respective portions of the printed circuit electrical paths on the test strip when the pusher 24' is in its lower position (after having pushed the capillary tube down). Thus, the sample conducted to the test strip 52 by the capillary tube will contact the electrical circuit for conducting a current therebetween when the leads 54 are brought into contact with the circuit. The leads are connected to the meter 50 which measures the current. Since the level of current is proportional to the glucose concentration, the meter 50 is able to measure that concentration.
When the disposable 12 is discarded after a testing operation, the capillary tube 18 and test strip 30 will be discarded therewith. A fresh disposable is then installed to present a new needle 14, capillary tube 18 and test strip 30. Thus, the user never has to touch or otherwise maneuver a test strip separately from the capillary tube, since the test strip is attached thereto.
An alternate embodiment of a capillary tube 18' is depicted in FIG. 4 wherein an absorbent pad 60 is disposed between the test strip 30 and the head 32' of the capillary tube 18'. That is, the absorbent pad, which can be formed of cellulose or suitable membrane, is bonded to the capillary tube 18', and the membrane 30 is bonded to the absorbent pad, or to a ring 62 which extends around a circumferential outer edge face of the absorbent pad 60. That ring, together with the flange 32, forms a cover which covers portions of the absorbent pad not covered by the membrane 30 to prevent the escape of the body fluid sample. When the capillary tube draws-up body fluid by capillary action, that fluid is wicked by the absorbent pad and supplied to the test strip 30. An advantage of the capillary tube 18' is that the absorbent pad will spread-out the fluid so that a wider sample is applied to the test strip to facilitate analysis.
A backpressure may occur which opposes a flow of body fluid through the absorbent pad 60. To deal with that potential problem, the head 32' is provided with air vent openings 64 to relieve the backpressure and facilitate the flow of fluid through the pad 60. The air vents are spaced laterally from the passage 36 and communicate with the pad. The diameter of the vent openings is smaller than that of the capillary tube and small enough to prevent the passage of body fluid therethrough.
Instead of being bonded directly to the absorbent pad 60, the membrane 30 could be bonded to the ring 62. In that case, the absorbent pad 60 could be bonded to the membrane, or to the cover, or to the capillary tube.
In any event it will be appreciated that the test strip is affixed, either directly or indirectly, to the capillary tube to constitute an integral part thereof.
One problem faced by a user is being able to determine whether a drop of body fluid expressed from an incision is of sufficient size to provide a proper sample. That determination can be made automatically by a sampling device 10" in accordance with an embodiment of the invention depicted in FIG. 6 wherein a drop sensing mechanism 65 is mounted on an inner sleeve 66. The drop sensing mechanism comprises a pair of diametrically opposed elements 67, 68. In one embodiment, those elements comprise a pair of electrodes connected by wires 69 to the battery 45 or 51 and positioned such that when the outer sleeve 24 is retracted in response to a pressing down of the housing, the electrodes will make contact with the drop of body fluid only if the drop is of sufficient height to provide an adequate sample. If such contact is made, the drop will close a circuit, enabling a sensor to determine that the drop is of ample size. An indicator, such as a lamp 71 can be energized to advise the user.
Alternatively, the elements 67, 68 of the mechanism 65 could comprise a light emitter and light receiver, respectively. When the drop of body fluid is of sufficient height, it will block the transmission of light to the receiver, thus indicating that the drop is of sufficient size, and triggering the energization of the lamp 71.
The drop-detecting mechanism 65 can be used with either of the embodiments disclosed in connection with FIGS. 1-2 and 5. However, it is not necessary that the incision be formed by a lancet. Other incision forming devices could be used such as a laser beam or pressurized fluid. That is, known pneumatic or hydraulic injectors of the type which inject pressurized gas or liquid against the skin could be used. Such auto injectors are sold by Becton-Dickinson, for example, to inject insulin. By eliminating the insulin and merely injecting the gas (e.g., air or nitrogen) or liquid (e.g., water) at pressures above 30 psi. an incision could be formed in the skin for taking samples of body fluid. Advantageously, small particles could be mixed with the gas to promote the tissue-cutting action. The particles could comprise carbon particles of from 1 micron to 0.010 inches in diameter.
Another embodiment of a sampling device 10" according to the invention is depicted in FIGS. 7 and 8. In that embodiment, the stimulator sleeve 24" is slidable longitudinally relative to housing 26" and is provided with a through-slot 70, and an inner sleeve 72 (which supports the disposable), is provided with a through-slot 74 that is aligned with the through-slot 70. Those aligned through-slots 70, 74 are adapted to receive a test strip 30" which, if desired, includes an absorbent pad 60". The test strip 30", which may comprise a porous membrane 30A" and an absorbent pad 60" attached thereto, is manually inserted through the slots 70, 74 by the user.
When a lancing procedure is performed, the lancet pierces the test strip 30" en route to the skin surface. Then, as the housing is repeatedly pushed down to pump body fluid to the open end of the incision as described earlier, the stimulator sleeve 24" will be repeatedly retracted, and simultaneously the inner sleeve 72, along with the test strip 30", will approach and contact the drop of body fluid as shown in FIG. 8, whereby a sample of the fluid is collected on the test strip.
Then, the user removes the test strip for testing at an off-site analyzer.
It will be appreciated that the present invention enables a test strip to be easily installed into and removed from a lancing device, thereby minimizing any risk of contamination of the sample. In the examples according to FIGS. 1-5 the test strip is installed along with the disposable lancet, thereby being automatically positioned in proper relationship to receive a sample and to permit the sample to be analyzed by an on-site analyzing instrument. If desired, however, the analysis could be performed by an off-site instrument by removing the disposable from the device and taking it to the off-site instrument. In the example of FIGS. 7-8, the test strip is easily installed/removed by being passed through readily accessible slots.
Although the present invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that additions, modifications, substitutions and deletions not specifically described may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
1. A sampling device for sampling body fluid, comprising:
- a housing;
- a lancet carrier mounted in the housing and supporting a disposable lancet;
- a mechanism disposed in the housing for displacing the lancet carrier toward a lower end of the housing for forming an incision through the skin of a user; and
- a body fluid sampling member mounted in the lancet carrier for conducting body fluid from the incision, comprising
- a capillary member including an elongated stem having a capillary passage extending longitudinally therethrough for conducting body fluid upwardly by capillary action, and
- a test strip affixed to the capillary member at an upper end thereof and in communication with the capillary passage for receiving a sample of body fluid therefrom.
2. The sampling device according to claim 1 wherein the sampling member further comprises an absorbent pad disposed between the test strip and the upper end of the capillary passage for wicking body fluid from the passage to the test strip.
3. The sampling device according to claim 2 wherein the pad is affixed directly to the capillary member, and the test strip is affixed directly to the pad.
4. The sampling device according to claim 2, further including an electrochemical analyzing mechanism mounted in the housing, the pusher carrying electrical leads arranged for making electrical connection with a body fluid sample on the test strip, the leads being electrically connected to the analyzing mechanism.
5. The sampling device according to claim 1, further including an electrochemical analyzing meter mounted in the housing, a manually movable element mounted in the housing and carrying electrical leads arranged to make electrical connection with the meter.
6. The sampling device according to claim 1 further including a drop detecting mechanism disposed adjacent a lower end of the device for detecting a drop of body fluid disposed on the user's skin.
7. The sampling device according to claim 6 wherein the drop detecting mechanism includes a pair of spaced apart electrodes arranged to contact the drop and provide a signal to an indicator.
8. The sampling device according to claim 6 wherein the drop detecting mechanism comprises a light emitter and light receiver disposed adjacent a lower end of the device and provide a signal to an indicator.
9. A sampling device for body fluid by forming an incision on a skin surface, comprising:
- a housing;
- a lancet carrier mounted in the housing supporting a disposable lancet;
- a longitudinally slidable stimulator sleeve disposed within the housing and surrounding the lancet carrier, the sleeve constructed such that by the application of downward force on the housing, the sleeve is pressed against the skin surface;
- a mechanism for displacing the lancet carrier toward a lower end of the housing for forming an incision through the skin of a user; and
- a strip-holding mechanism mounted at a lower end of the housing for supporting a test strip across the lower end of the housing to enable the test strip to pick-up body fluid from the incision.
10. The sampling device according to claim 9 wherein the strip-holding mechanism comprises slots for receiving the test strip.
11. The sampling device according to claim 10 wherein the sleeve constitutes a first sleeve, the strip-holding mechanism further including a second sleeve surrounding the first sleeve and including slots radially aligned with the slots of the first sleeve, the second sleeve being slidable longitudinally relative to both the housing and the first sleeve and being spring biased downwardly, the slots formed in the second sleeve being elongated in a direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the housing to enable the second sleeve to move longitudinally relative to a test strip mounted in the first sleeve.
12. A method of sampling body fluid comprising the steps of:
- A) positioning a lower end of a sampling device against a skin surface;
- B) displacing a lancet toward the lower end of the sampling device to form an incision through the skin;
- C) repeatedly depressing an area of the skin surrounding the incision by applying a downward force to the housing a sufficient number of times to express a drop of body fluid from the incision;
- D) mounting a test strip in the sampling device to extend across the lower end thereof; and
- E) moving the sampling device toward the incision to bring the test strip into contact with body fluid emerging from the incision.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein step D is performed prior to step B whereby the lancet pierces the test strip when displaced to form the incision.
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Patent History
Type: Grant
Filed: Apr 23, 1999
Date of Patent: Aug 8, 2000
Assignee: Amira Medical (Scotts Valley, CA)
Inventors: Joel S. Douglas (Santa Clara, CA), Jeffrey N. Roe (San Ramon, CA), Ryszard Radwanski (Morgan Hill, CA), Brent G. Duchon (San Jose, CA)
Primary Examiner: Cary O'Connor
Assistant Examiner: Charles Marmor, II
Law Firm: Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, L.L.P.
Application Number: 9/298,386
International Classification: A61B 500;


text:
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Kamis, 26 Juni 2014 0 komentar
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Ditulis oleh Unknown
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AUSTIN SPECIAL (Orrs-Tin Special)
AUSTIN SPECIAL (Orrs-Tin Special)
In 1952 Jim Orr was transferred in his job to Seymour. After a few weeks there he found a few young people were driving around in sports cars and after contacting some of them with their MG TCs & TDs had a meeting and decided to form a car club to run Trials and Gymkhanas. The Club was up and running so he decided to buy an Austin 7 to use as a club vehicle. Jim paid 40 pounds to his Brother in Law for the Austin which he used at the club.
After a few months Jim decided to modify this car and pulled the body from it . Seeing he had no shed to build the car in, the veranda at the back of the house in Seymour had its weather board wall removed and the chassis was lifted inside and the wall replaced. As he liked dirt track Speedway Midgets, he made a frame from electrical steel conduit which was duly fitted to the Austin 7 Chassis. The wall of the house had to later be removed to get the modified car out.
A BSA motor cycle tank was fitted in the tail of the car and the petrol supplied to the Stromberg 97 Carburettor by a hand operated garden spray pump, fitted to the outside of the body. The hand brake was also fitted to the outside of body. The steering wheel was the elevation wheel from an Anti Aircraft Gun.
The car raced in this format for about Four years, winning its class at Tarrawingee, Darley Army Camp & Lubek. In the Hill Climbs it did not do so well in its class because of a fellow named Bruce Walton insisted on entering. Bruce was Four times Australian Champion. At Hepburn Hill Climb in 1956 an Austin A30 Diff was fitted and used without being tested. As a result when the Austin reached the S Bend at the bottom of the hill the car over steered badly and caused the car to roll over once and then it went end over end. This threw Jim from the car and he found himself on the ground looking back up as he scrambled to safety to see the car coming down narrowly missing him. An expensive rebuild was required. Four Pounds to repair front wheel.
Getting Austin 7 cranks was getting harder so it was decided to purchase Trevor Wilsons BMC 803cc A 30 Motor and Gear box. The body then changed shape to accommodate these items. The motor was fitted with twin SU Carburettors. In 1961 it raced in this form in the first of the Austin 7 Clubs 6 Hour relay race at Fishermans Bend. Each team was allowed three cars, Jims Team was entered under the Australian Motor Sports Banner. The team consisted of Neville Mackay - Austin Healy Sprite, Brian Devlin - Lotus Streamliner, and Jim Orr - Austin Special. The Team started off Scratch and gave 97 laps start to the limit team. Jim Orr team won the race with the Austin Special running 3 hours 45 minutes of the alloted time of 6 hours.
The car continued to race at Phillip Island and Tarrawingee. It also ran at the last race meeting at Port Wakefield South Australia & ran the first meeting at Mallala in 1961.
In 1963 the car was again modified. The Austin 7 chassis was taken out and put aside and a homemade space frame replacement was built. The drive line was now alongside the driver instead of underneath. Earlier in the cars life during the changes to the Austin 7 a Ford Ten beam axle, Morris Minor rack and pinion steering had been fitted and these remained in the new space frame chassis. An 898cc BMC block was used to replace the tired 803cc A30 block. The only reason the car was modified was the handicappers put it up from Division Four to Division Three & then Division Two. A short time after this Harry Firth approached Jim and said I have a motor at the garage that would suit you as a result of this conversation Jim ended up with a Cooper S 1070cc motor out of Gavin Baillieus Mini Cooper S.
The motor was converted to in line using a Mk 3 Sprite crank that lasted 12 months before breaking in half. During this period the car came sixth in Gold Star race at Mallala. Peter Manton of Min Fame went to England at this time and being a gentleman and a friend brought back a Nitrided Sebring Sprite Crank, made from the same material as a Cooper S Mini Crank.
Putting the Sprite Crank in the 1070cc Block gave the car 1360cc and was probably one of the first BMC A Series 1275cc+ motors built. At this time the BMC factory was yet to release an in line 1275cc engine.
In 1966 Jim met Jack Clemmet an engineer who did his time at BSA England, he helped with the maintaining of the car. His help to refine the car showed improvements. His hand chopped the Ford Ten Axle from the front and replaced it with Unequal length wish bones, armstrong adjustable coil shocker units fitted to both Front and Rear, Trumph Herald Disk brakes to the front and Renault disk brakes were fitted to the rear. The Morris Minor Rack and pinion was retained. The next modification was fitting a Detroit Locker Diff. Further Chassis modifications saw the car now wearing a wedged shaped body.
The Engine Dynoed on an engine dyno in 1967 by Jack Hunnam and showed 98 BHP at 5000rpm, 113 BHP at 6000rpm, and 122 BHP at 7000rpm. It gave 100 ft/Lbs of torque at 5500rpm.During this period those pesky handicappers were still at work and if Division One Races had small fields the Austin Special was put up to fill the field. It still did not come last, and to the disappointment of some factory manufactured cars was beating them.
In 1969 it was entered in the Victorian Championships and finished 5th Outright and second under 1600cc. A good performance against factory manufactured race cars. Other good performances from the car were two third places in the south Australian Championships in the 1960s. Also at the Mallala Trophy race during this period the car came Fourth Outright. Afterwards a car magazine wrote Just how much longer is this car going to last. Who ever heard of a car with beam axles and other primitive forms of equipment being competitive in Division One. There was ORR finishing fourth with literally hundreds of sophisticated Elfins around him. Should be a law against it. The same day an event for the division one cars was held and there was ORR in the Austin Special in Fourth place again.
In 1969 Jim and his wife Audrey had a son Paul and he curtailed his racing to have time with his family. In 1971 he sold the car to Ron Hackett who raced it at The Island and turned it upside down on the Armco along the main straight. The officials were amazed at how little damage was done to the car. Ron rebuilt the car and only raced a few times afterwards. It was then placed in his shed and left there for approximately 10-15 years. Len Nation a friend of Ron bought the car and got it running again. By this time the car was eligible for Historic Racing & Len ensured this happened. Len raced the car for some 15 years in Historic. Winning a Phil Irving Trophy and numerous handicaps.
Jims son Paul spoke to Len Nation early in 2001 and asked for first option to buy the Austin if at anytime he was to sell it. A fortnight later Len rang Paul and said its yours if you want it. Paul sold his boat and bought the car. As a result the car ended up back in Jims garage and causing Jim to leave his daily vehicle outside. The car was ironically back in the same garage that it was in when Jim was racing it up until the time he sold it to Ron Hackett.
The car was taken up to Ballarat for a day for Paul to have his first drive on a disused section of the Ballart Air Field. Jim also used this time to have his first drive since selling the car some 30 years later and felt that it was not performing as well as it used to. A lot of notes were made and on returning home the next day Jim went to a tea chest in his back shed and pulled out all the his Dyno Sheets and notes of modification he had made to the car during his ownership. Then from these old notes Engine and Gearbox modifications were made to improve its performance to that of the days of old.
At Pauls first race meeting of the car at Winton Raceway 2001 he took Eight Seconds of Lens best lap time. Since 2001 Paul has driven the car to nurmous first places in O Racing at Winton, Mallala and Phillip Island up to 2010. In 2004 at the annual Winton Historics Paul started the race in Pole position. After the race had started he was 20 metres in front on the first lap and it was amusing to hear the race caller saying that youll soon see the factory built cars pass the Orrs Special old front engine car. The Austin only won the race outright by eight seconds. At this meeting the car won the Terry Kelly Trophy for the best Australian Special.
This year at The Phillip Island Classic Pauls race was made up from a mixed field of cars consisting of M & O Sports and Racing cars and Formula Fords. This was a total grid of 44 cars with the Austin being the smallest capacity engine in the race Paul Qualified the Austin 14th outright & at one stage of racing made its way up to 7th place outright. The Austin finished 1st in its class under 1500cc, in every race. Pauls Best Lap time for the meeting was 1min 51.19
At the Historic Winton race meeting 2010 there was 22 starters Paul Qualified the Austin 7th Outright. Finishing 4th Outright in first race, then Fifth and Sixth Outright in the other races of the weekend. Again 1st in class under 1500cc in all races.
Jim would like to thank Eddie Thomas, Harry Firth, George Wade, Peter Manton, and especially Neville Watts (Peter Mantons Engineer) Len Brown from EMBEE, Jack Clemmet (Pommy Jack) for their help in the development of the car whilst he raced it.
Paul & Jim would also like to thank the people who have helped with the car since it returned home. Neville Watts 90yrs of age and still going, the same Neville Watts mentioned above. Reg Press, Hans Pedersen of High Performance Products, Simond McDowell and his Dyno Skills, Brian Pope - Link Automotive, Tony Bennetto Bugeye - Barn, Dave and Jason Armstrong - Armstrong Motors S.A, Ron Stasinowsky - National Lube, John -Alloy Race Components & John Lemm Photography and crew S.A.
At 83 years of age, Jim does all Pauls race car preparation/setup and is still intent on getting the Austin Under 1 minute 50 seconds at Phillip Island and Under 1 minute 5 seconds at Winton Short Circuit, before he hangs up his spanners.
Austin special
Is that the same car that used to be called the Wedge?
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Will they upgrade the rotation?
This, one again, speaks to financial commitment. The Orioles would like to add a top-of-the-rotation starter -- frankly, most teams need one -- but there really aren't many options available in free agency. Matt Garza, Ervin Santana and Ubaldo Jimenez are probably the best, but they all likely will command a four-year deal or longer. The Orioles never have given a free-agent pitcher a contract beyond three years. And it's hard to believe they will change that philosophy this year. That said, there are free agents who could fit. Right-hander Bronson Arroyo (pictured) is 36 and probably will land a three-year deal. His consistency and durability would be welcomed on almost any staff. Some other intriguing possibilities include Annapolis native Gavin Floyd, who is recovering from season-ending elbow surgery, and A.J. Burnett, the Monkton resident who posted a 3.30 ERA for the Pittsburgh Pirates last year but, at age 36, is now considering retirement.
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Did you ever just get home from your doctor's appointment and remember something you wanted to ask or share with the doctor?
Whether you're at your Welcome to Medicare Preventive Visit, your Yearly Wellness Visit, or seeing the doctor for a specific problem, you get better care by asking questions and giving your doctor complete information.
You're busy, and so is your doctor. Taking time to prepare your questions before your visit will help you get the most out of your health care. Try these 10 basic questions to get started:
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- How do you spell the name of that drug?
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For more information and to feel more satisfied about your health care, visit the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Question Builder and keep track of questions and answers.
A simple question can help you feel better, help you take better care of yourself, and may save your life.


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Wow, don't mix CSS with PHP (or any server side scripting language for that matter) unless you know what you're doing. Using a generated CSS file really increases the amount of bandwidth being consumed. This is because static files (like normal .css files) are cached while generated files are not. So if you go to a website that generates the stylesheet using a server side scripting language, you have to download the stylesheet every time you visit a page on that particular website. If this website chose to use a static file instead, this would not be the case because the file would've been cached. Therefore, if you choose to generate your stylesheet using a server side scripting language, make sure you implement a good caching mechanism.
On the other hand, I do agree that CSS should have an option to declare constants. Unfortunately, the W3C doesn't think this way, judging by this message.


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Black Panther Party, original name Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, African American revolutionary party, founded in 1966 in Oakland, California, by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. The party's original purpose was to patrol African American neighbourhoods to protect residents from acts of police brutality. The Panthers eventually developed into a Marxist revolutionary group that called for the arming of all African Americans, the exemption of African Americans from the draft and from all sanctions of so-called white America, the release of all African Americans from jail, and the payment of compensation to African Americans for centuries of exploitation by white Americans. At its peak in the late 1960s, Panther membership exceeded 2,000, and the organization operated chapters in several major American cities.
What was the Black Panther Party?
Who started the Black Panther Party?
Why is the Black Panther Party important?
Who were notable members of the Black Panther Party?
What was the FBI response to the Black Panthers?
Origin and political program
Despite passage of the 1960s civil rights legislation that followed the landmark U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), African Americans living in cities throughout North America continued to suffer economic and social inequality. Poverty and reduced public services characterized these urban centres, where residents were subject to poor living conditions, joblessness, chronic health problems, violence, and limited means to change their circumstances. Such conditions contributed to urban uprisings in the 1960s (such as those in the Watts district of Los Angeles in 1965, among others) and to the increased use of police violence as a measure to impose order on cities throughout North America.
It was in this context, and in the wake of the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965, that Merritt Junior College students Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense on October 15, 1966, in West Oakland (officially "Western Oakland," a district of the city of Oakland), California. Shortening its name to the Black Panther Party, the organization immediately sought to set itself apart from African American cultural nationalist organizations, such as the Universal Negro Improvement Association and the Nation of Islam, to which it was commonly compared. Although the groups shared certain philosophical positions and tactical features, the Black Panther Party and cultural nationalists differed on a number of basic points. For instance, whereas African American cultural nationalists generally regarded all white people as oppressors, the Black Panther Party distinguished between racist and nonracist whites and allied themselves with progressive members of the latter group. Also, whereas cultural nationalists generally viewed all African Americans as oppressed, the Black Panther Party believed that African American capitalists and elites could and typically did exploit and oppress others, particularly the African American working class. Perhaps most importantly, whereas cultural nationalists placed considerable emphasis on symbolic systems, such as language and imagery, as the means to liberate African Americans, the Black Panther Party believed that such systems, though important, are ineffective in bringing about liberation. It considered symbols as woefully inadequate to ameliorate the unjust material conditions, such as joblessness, created by capitalism.
From the outset, the Black Panther Party outlined a Ten Point Program, not unlike those of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and Nation of Islam, to initiate national African American community survival projects and to forge alliances with progressive white radicals and other organizations of people of colour. A number of positions outlined in the Ten Point Program address a principle stance of the Black Panther Party: economic exploitation is at the root of all oppression in the United States and abroad, and the abolition of capitalism is a precondition of social justice. In the 1960s this socialist economic outlook, informed by a Marxist political philosophy, resonated with other social movements in the United States and in other parts of the world. Therefore, even as the Black Panther Party found allies both within and beyond the borders of North America, the organization also found itself squarely in the crosshairs of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and its counterintelligence program, COINTELPRO. In fact, in 1969 FBI director J. Edgar Hoover considered the Black Panther Party the greatest threat to national security.
Impact and repression
The Black Panther Party came into the national spotlight in May 1967 when a small group of its members, led by its chair, Seale, marched fully armed into the California state legislature in Sacramento. Emboldened by the view that African Americans had a constitutional right to bear arms (based on the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution), the Black Panther Party marched on the body as a protest against the pending Mulford Act. The Black Panther Party viewed the legislation, a gun control bill, as a political maneuver to thwart the organization's effort to combat police brutality in the Oakland community. The images of gun-toting Black Panthers entering the Capitol were supplemented, later that year, with news of Newton's arrest after a shoot-out with police in which an officer was killed. With this newfound publicity, the Black Panther Party grew from an Oakland-based organization into an international one with chapters in 48 states in North America and support groups in Japan, China, France, England, Germany, Sweden, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Uruguay, and elsewhere.
In addition to challenging police brutality, the Black Panther Party launched more than 35 Survival Programs and provided community help, such as education, tuberculosis testing, legal aid, transportation assistance, ambulance service, and the manufacture and distribution of free shoes to poor people. Of particular note was the Free Breakfast for Children Program (begun in January 1969) that spread to every major American city with a Black Panther Party chapter. The federal government had introduced a similar pilot program in 1966 but, arguably in response to the Panthers' initiative, extended the program and then made it permanent in 1975—undoubtedly to the chagrin of Hoover.
Notwithstanding the social services the Black Panther Party provided, the FBI declared the group a communist organization and an enemy of the U.S. government. Hoover had pledged that 1969 would be the last year of the Black Panther Party and devoted the resources of the FBI, through COINTELPRO, toward that end. In a protracted program against the Black Panther Party, COINTELPRO used agent provocateurs, sabotage, misinformation, and lethal force to eviscerate the national organization. The FBI's campaign culminated in December 1969 with a five-hour police shoot-out at the Southern California headquarters of the Black Panther Party and an Illinois state police raid in which Chicago Black Panther leader Fred Hampton was killed. The measures employed by the FBI were so extreme that, years later when they were revealed, the director of the agency publicly apologized for "wrongful uses of power."
In the early 1970s radical scholar and activist Angela Davis became widely associated with the Black Panthers, though it seems likely that she never actually became a standing member of the party. Davis did, however, have strong connections with the party and taught political education classes for it. She initially gained notoriety in 1970 when then governor of California Ronald Reagan led the Board of Regents in refusing to renew Davis's appointment as lecturer in philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles, because of her politics and her association with communists. At about the same time, Davis became involved in the case of three African American inmates at Soledad Prison who had been accused of murdering a guard. She became deeply involved with one of the inmates, George Jackson, whose younger brother's attempt on August 7, 1970, to win Jackson's release by taking hostages in the Marin county courthouse went violently awry. Four deaths resulted, and when at least one of the guns proved to be registered to Davis, she fled charges of conspiracy, kidnapping, and murder, going underground and entering the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list before being captured some eight weeks later after becoming a cause célèbre for the radical Left. Ultimately she was acquitted of all the charges against her by an all-white jury.
From the mid-1970s through the '80s, the activities of the Black Panther Party all but ceased. Although COINTELPRO contributed to its demise, the dissolution of the party's leadership also contributed to the downfall of the organization. Assata Shakur went into exile in Cuba. Kathleen Cleaver earned a law degree and took an appointment as a professor. After returning from exile in Cuba, Newton was killed in a drug dispute in August 1989, perishing in an alley in West Oakland, not far from where he and Seale had founded the first Black Panther Party chapter. Eldridge Cleaver designed clothes in the 1970s and '80s before joining the anticommunist Unification Church en route to becoming a born-again Christian and a registered member of the Republican Party.
From its founding in 1966, the influence of the Black Panther Party assumed a transnational character that went beyond the creation of support groups for the organization. Activists in Australian urban centres, for example, incorporated the works of Black Panther Party members into their social movements. The oppressed Dalits in India emulated the rhetoric of the Black Panthers, and the representatives of the Vietnamese National Liberation Front, who called themselves Yellow Panthers, also used the organization as a model. Closer to the United States, the Vanguard Party in the Bahamas closely studied the Black Panther Party, drew on its political philosophy, adopted its use of uniforms and its Ten Point Program, and published the newspaper Vanguard, whose scope and format mirrored the Black Panther Party's newspaper, Black Panther, to shape its program of activism.
Even decades after the founding of the organization, the Black Panther Party survived in the public imagination in the United States as a result of the publication of a number of memoirs by its members and the use of its rhetoric in rap music. In 1990 Milwaukee Alderman Michael McGee, a former Black Panther Party member, sought to resurrect the organization when he formed the Black Panther Militia in response to the neglect of his community by local politicians and business leaders. The militia inspired other chapters and eventually became the New Black Panther Party, under the leadership of community activist Aaron Michaels. By 1998, Khallid Abdul Muhammad, the former national spokesperson for the Chicago-based Nation of Islam, had assumed the de facto leadership of the organization when he led a group of shotgun- and rifle-toting New Black Panther Party members to Jasper, Texas, in the wake of the murder of James Byrd, Jr., a 49-year-old African American man who had been dragged behind a pickup truck by three members of the Ku Klux Klan. The New Black Panther Party also became known to the public through the Million Youth March it first organized in New York in 1998.
Many activities of the New Black Panther Party clearly replicated those of the original Black Panther Party. At the same time, however, the New Black Panther Party embraced a staunchly cultural nationalist orientation, leading some former Black Panther Party leaders to denounce it for using the Black Panther Party name and for appropriating its legacy. The Southern Poverty Law Center also emphasized the difference between the two groups and labeled the New Black Panther Party a racist and anti-Semitic hate group. Members of the New Black Panther Party, however, were unapologetic and summarily rejected such condemnation, contending that they only took up the struggle for social justice and freedom that the original Black Panther Party had failed to sustain.Garrett Albert Duncan The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
African Americans: Urban upheaval…Deacons for Defense, and the Black Panther Party. Under such leaders as Stokely Carmichael and H. Rap Brown, SNCC adopted increasingly radical policies. Some of the militant black leaders were arrested, and others, such Eldridge Cleaver, fled the country. This loss of leadership seriously weakened some of the organizations.…
American civil rights movement: From black power to the assassination of Martin Luther King…militant organizations, such as the Black Panther Party, whose leaders argued that civil rights reforms were insufficient because they did not fully address the problems of poor and powerless blacks. They also dismissed nonviolent principles, often quoting Malcolm X's imperative: "by any means necessary." Questioning American citizenship and identity as…
Oakland: History…American community, and the revolutionary Black Panther Party was founded there in 1966 and became a leading force in the black power movement. One of its members, Bobby Seale, ran unsuccessfully for mayor in 1973; four years later Lionel Wilson became the city's first black mayor.…
Ramsey Clark…the 1969 shooting deaths of Black Panthers Mark Clark and Fred Hampton. Clark claimed that that kind of violence occurs when such little value is placed on others that perpetrators see no wrong in seeking to control or destroy them. That charge would be the leitmotif of his subsequent political…
Cornel West…during this time was the Black Panther Party, whose Sacramento offices were near the church he attended. The Panthers impressed upon him the importance of political activism at the local level and introduced him to the writings of Karl Marx.…
More About Black Panther Party9 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- African American history
- American civil rights movement
- Chicago Seven
- history of Oakland
- influence on West
- In Cornel West
- role of Cleaver
- work of Clark
- In Ramsey Clark
leadership of
- Newton
- Seale
- In Bobby Seale


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Google captures its Street View images by literally driving a camera-equipped car down the road while snapping photos. As such, the company tends to capture some weird images.
This image to the right, captured by a Google car in Detroit, clearly shows a group of people hanging out on a porch brandishing a gun. Another image clearly shows one of them taking aim at the Google car.
The image was first discovered on Reddit and we found it via BetaBeat.
This barely scratches the surface of Google Street View oddities. Jon Rafman of 9-eyes.com has curated some of the most stunning images we've seen from Google Street View, ranging from scary to beautiful to strange.
We absolutely recommend checking out Rafman's full site, and we've assembled some of our favorites here.
Get the latest Google stock price here.


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Schools are in full operation. Flu shots are now available. The itchy eyes and runny nose syndrome known as allergies is still prevalent. And, curses of curses upon us. The kids come home with the cold bug. Fortunately, I rarely get a cold. That is because I think I have met every cold virus there is so now may have somewhat of an immunity. Is this a possible plus for old age?
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>>>full list
KANSAS CITY, Kan. - Having already been chosen a National Soccer Coaches Association of America (NSCAA) Third Team All-American, Georgia College & State University's junior goalkeeper Mary Rob Plunkett (Augusta, Ga.) was recognized as the nation's top goalkeeper - in the classroom.
Plunkett was chosen to the NSCAA College Division Scholar All-America First Team, a particularly impressive award, given the College Division includes all non-Division I women's soccer teams. She owns a lofty 3.59 GPA in general business at Georgia College and is the first Bobcat to rake in this prestigious national honor.
The junior can add the award to the growing list, taking NSCAA All-America Third Team, All-Region First Team and first team All-Peach Belt Conference (PBC) as well. She was a first team All-Region Scholar, and a PBC All-Academic Second Team choice.
Plunkett was stellar on the field as well with a 0.59 GAA and a .896 save percentage, along with 86 saves and five shutouts. Her save percentage ranks fourth in the nation, while the GAA puts her 16th.
To be nominated for consideration, student-athletes must have at least a 3.30 cumulative grade point average (on a 4.0 scale) throughout their career; start more than 50 percent of all games and be a significant contributor to the team; be nominated by an institution that is a current NSCAA College Services member; be a junior or above in academic standing at the current institution and either be in their second year at the current school if a transfer student.
The NSCAA/adidas Scholar All-America selections will be recognized at the annual All-America Luncheon, held in Philadelphia, Pa., on Jan. 16 as part of the 2010 NSCAA Convention.
Plunkett was one of two conference student-athletes on the first team, joining PBC Player of the Year Kristen Burton of Armstrong Atlantic State University. The only other PBC player on the three teams was Columbus State University's junior defender Laurel McKenzie on the second team.
Despite a difficult schedule, this was the third-straight double-digit win season for the Bobcats at 10-6-5. Georgia College continues to be one of the top teams in the conference, suffering just one loss in PBC play, and landing six players to the All-PBC teams this season, more than any other school. The Bobcats also took the most positions on the PBC All-Academic Team, getting nine players on that list.
The GCSU Department of Athletics, winners of the 2008-09 PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 10 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, Georgia College prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the Bobcats' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at Twitter.com username GCSUSID for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCSUBobcats.com to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GCSU Athletics Hall of Fame.