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Wild Asian Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Range Description:
During the Pleistocene epoch the genus Bubalus was widely
distributed throughout Europe and southern Asia and contained forms conspecific
with B. arnee. When the climate became drier the genus was restricted to
the Indian subcontinent, mainland South-East Asia, and some of the South-East
Asian islands. In historical times B. arnee ranged across South and South-East
Asia, occurring from Mesopotamia to Indochina (Epstein 1971; Mason 1974;
Cockrill 1984).
Remnant populations of Wild Water Buffalo are thought to occur at single sites in each of southern Nepal, southern Bhutan, western Thailand, eastern Cambodia, and northern Myanmar, and at several sites in India: in the Bastar region of Madhya Pradesh, in Assam, in Arunachal Pradesh, and possibly in Meghalaya, Orissa and Maharashtra.
Wild Water Buffalo is believed to be extinct in Bangladesh, Peninsular Malaysia, and on the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. The domestic form (considered by IUCN as B. bubalis) occurs as feral and domesticated populations worldwide (Grubb 2005).
The situation in Indochina is less certain. Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Vietnam were not included within the range of Wild Water Buffalo given in Corbet and Hill (1992). Free-living buffalo of unknown pedigree occur throughout the region (e.g. Sayer 1983; Laurie et al. 1989; Salter et al. 1990; S. Hedges pers. comm. 2008) but Wild Water Buffalo is probably extinct in Viet Nam and almost certainly in Lao PDR (Groves 1996; Grubb 2005; Duckworth et al. 1999; Tordoff et al. 2005; R. J. Timmins pers. comm. 2008).
The origin and current genetic status of the herds of apparently wild buffaloes in Sri Lanka is uncertain but it is thought unlikely that any true wild buffaloes remain there today. Corbet and Hill (1992) included Sri Lanka within the historical range of wild buffalo, although Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Gee (1964), and Maia (1970) thought that the Sri Lankan buffaloes were descended from introduced domestic stock. Certain ancient texts seem to support this view (Ashby and Santiapillai 1983). The fact that no buffaloes occur south of the Godavari river in India has also been taken to suggest that Sri Lanka possesses only feral buffaloes descended from introduced animals. However, Deraniyagala (1953), considered that the occurrence of fossil buffalo teeth in the gem sands of the Ratnapura area disproved this view, although it is not clear how old these buffalo teeth are (and Gaur remains found at similar depths in the same area were less than 1,000 years old). Moreover, morphometrics suggest that there was an ancestral population of animals on that island closer to Wild Water Buffalo than to Domestic Water Buffalo (Groves and Jayantha Jayawardene unpublished). Nevertheless, even if the Water Buffalo is indigenous to Sri Lanka the question of whether the free-living herds found there today should be treated as wild B. arnee still arises. In the nineteenth-century, free-ranging herds were common over much of the island's dry low country but they were nearly eliminated by an outbreak of rinderpest at the end of the century, and for a time their survival was in doubt (Phillips 1935). Phillips reported that small populations might have survived in the hill country but the subsequent intensification of agriculture probably led to their demise (Ashby and Santiapillai 1983). After the rinderpest outbreak buffalo recolonised much of the dry zone but most of them had apparently interbred with domestic stock and in 1953 Deraniyagala wrote '[the] relatively purest herds are restricted to Yala Game Sanctuary, but much vigilance will be necessary if this remnant is to be kept free from domestic animals which are now encroaching upon this once inaccessible area'. Woodford (1979) also suggested that the genetic integrity of the wild form has already been lost in Ruhuna. To conclude, even if it is assumed that Wild Water Buffalo once occurred on Sri Lanka it seems unlikely that they survived the rinderpest outbreak and the subsequent genetic swamping by feral and domestic buffalo: consequently all free-living buffalo populations on Sri Lanka almost certainly contain genetic input from domestic or feral stock.
Neither Java nor Sumatra are included within the original range of wild Bubalus arnee as presented in many accounts. Nevertheless Stremme (1911) thought that the occurrence of the fossil B. palaeokerabau in Java made it probable that the buffaloes there belonged to the original fauna of the island (as Cuvier believed). Merkens (1927) also doubted, on historical grounds, the domestic origin of all free-living buffaloes on the island as did Mason (1974) who stated that domestic buffalo were present on Sumatra and Java long before the Hindus arrived almost 2,000 years ago. Moreover Van der Maarel (1932) provisionally regarded the fossil specimens which he obtained from Java (and indeed B. palaeokerabau) as specifically indistinct from modern buffaloes, pointing to a Pleistocene presence of the species on the island (cf. Medway 1972). Corbet and Hill (1992) also thought it probable that wild buffaloes occur on Java and Sumatra. Despite the doubts raised by Van der Maarel and Dammerman there is in fact little doubt that all the apparently wild buffaloes now living on Java and Sumatra are descended from domestic animals, or from Wild Water Buffaloes that have interbred with domestic and/or feral buffaloes (S. Hedges pers. comm. 2008).
Opinion is divided over whether to include Borneo within the historic range of the species. Corbet and Hill (1992) did not list it, and neither Mason (1974) nor Payne et al. (1985) considered it likely that Water Buffalo was part of the indigenous fauna. Lydekker (1898), by contrast, described the small buffalo of Sarawak as a separate subspecies (B. b. hosei), although Mason (1974) thought that Lydekker was probably describing the feral animals which were common there. Cockrill (1968) suggested that traders from the Hindu empire in Sumatra may have introduced the buffalo in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and he did not think that there was any convincing evidence that would suggest that it was an indigenous species. Nevertheless, animal remains from the Niah caves indicate a Stone Age presence of buffalo in Sarawak (Harrisson 1961). Van Strien (1986) also considered it probable that Bubalus bubalis was part of the original fauna of the island and gave north-west Borneo as its current distribution. Harrisson, however, thought that the wild form was extinct. Feral (and semi-feral) buffaloes were formerly numerous throughout Borneo but the current status of the island's feral population is poorly known. What does seem certain, however, is that even if the species is indigenous to the island (as seems to be the case) no true wild B. arnee occur there today since they would have been genetically swamped by the numerous feral animals some of which were descended from buffaloes introduced from outside Borneo (S. Hedges pers. comm. 2008).
Countries: Native:
Bhutan; Cambodia; India; Myanmar; Nepal; Thailand
Possibly extinct:
Regionally extinct:
Bangladesh; Indonesia; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Sri Lanka
The total world population of Wild Water Buffalo is almost
certainly less than 4,000 animals and may well be less than 200, occupying an
area of less than 20,000 km². Indeed it is possible that no pure-bred Wild Water
Buffaloes remain. However, these figures are little more than informed guesses,
since any assessment of buffalo numbers is hampered by the difficulty of
distinguishing between free-ranging domestic buffaloes, feral buffaloes, truly
wild buffaloes, and hybrids between wild and other buffaloes. Individuals of
Wild Water Buffalo and Domestic Water Buffalo are difficult to distinguish in
some areas, and some domestic populations may be very closely related to
(perhaps identical to) Wild Water Buffalo, as in Cambodia, where traditional
forms of buffalo husbandry allow herds to range freely in forest areas (Timmins
and Ou 2001; R. J. Timmins pers. comm. 2008). There have been few detailed
analyses of the purity of the presumed remaining Wild Water Buffalo populations,
nor in many cases is it obvious how such an assessment would be made. The
Domestic Water Buffalo occurs as feral and domesticated populations worldwide,
including in sympatry with most remaining populations of Wild Water Buffalo
(Grubb 2005; S. Hedges pers comm. 2008). Some feral and domestic populations may
well have conservation significance, retaining some of the genetic stock of the
wild populations for that particular region, this may be especially true in
Indochina due to traditional methods of Water Buffalo husbandry (S. Hedges pers
comm. 1994, 2008; Timmins and Ou 2001; R.J. Timmins pers. comm. 2008).
In India, Wild Water Buffalo is now largely restricted to Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. In Assam, the species is found in and around Manas Sanctuary, Laokhowa Sanctuary, Kaziranga National Park, and Dibru Sanctuary. In Arunachal Pradesh, the species occurs in and around Namdapha Sanctuary. There are two populations in Madhya Pradesh (Bastar district), one in Indravati National Park, and another in Udanti Sanctuary, which might extend into adjacent parts of Orissa. However, most, if not all, surviving populations are believed to have interbred with domesticated and/or feral Domestic Water Buffalo. In the late 1980s, Divekar suggested that there were fewer than 100 truly wild buffaloes left in India (in Madhya Pradesh); and by 1992 the numbers had dropped even further to an estimated 50 animals. However, Choudhury (1994) reported that in the early 1990s there may still have been about 3,300–3,500 wild buffaloes in Assam and the adjacent states of northeast India, plus a small number in Madhya Pradesh. A 1997 CAMP workshop assessed the number of mature individuals in India to be less than 1,500 (S. Hedges pers. comm. 1995). The population data suggest a decline of about 80% between 1966 and 1992 in central India. In northeast India, insufficient data exist to enable trends to be calculated but there is little doubt that the number of true wild buffalo has declined and is continuing to decline as a result of interbreeding with domestic and/or feral buffalo, hunting, and habitat loss (S. Hedges and J. W. Duckworth pers. comm. 2000).
An unknown number of Wild Water Buffaloes, believed to include truly wild individuals, occurs in and around Bhutan's Royal Manas National Park. This is the only subpopulation in Bhutan and is contiguous with that in Manas Tiger Reserve in India.
Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve contains the only population in Nepal, where there were 159 wild Asian Buffalo in 2004 but this sole Nepali population is currently seriously threatened (Heinen and Kandel 2006).
There are no population estimates for Myanmar, reflecting a paucity of recent surveys. The extent of suitable habitat means the species could be still extant, and a few wild-living animals independent of human husbandry live in the Hukaung Valley of Kachin state (Than Zaw pers. comm. 2006; Saw Htun pers. comm. 2006; A.W. Tordoff pers. comm. 2006 to J.W. Duckworth pers. comm. 2008 ). Pending further information, these should be seen as likely to be genuinely wild stock or at least if feral, of archaic origin, and so, in either case, of conservation significance.
In Thailand, 40–50 wild buffaloes are reported to occur in the Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary; this is the only population remaining in Thailand (Rattanawat Chairat in litt. to Anak Pattanavibool pers. comm. 2006). This population may be interbreeding with Domestic Water Buffalo, although individuals can often be distinguished in the field (Anak Pattanavibool pers. comm. 2006). In Thailand, wild buffalo numbers have apparently been relatively stable since the mid-1980s (R. Steinmetz pers. comm. 2006).
The population in Cambodia, which is confined to a small area of easternmost Mondulkiri and possibly Ratanakiri Provinces is very small, with perhaps a few dozen individuals remaining (Timmins and Ou 2001; Tordoff et al. 2005). There has not been any thorough analysis of the purity of these animals (i.e. whether they are truly wild, rather than some mix or perhaps just feral domestic animals), as is the case with most other putative populations of the species (Timmins and Ou 2001; R.J. Timmins pers. comm. 2008).
Before 1999, there was reportedly a population in Mom Ray, Vietnam, but this population no longer exists (Dang Huy Huynh in litt.; Do Tuoc pers. comm. 2006). Rumours still persist of presence in other areas, for example the Satay region (Tordoff et al. 2005; R.J. Timmins pers. comm. 2008). Wild buffaloes of the Cambodian population may wander into western Dak Lak province, but no recent records in Viet Nam have been confirmed to represent wild Water Buffalo (Le Xuan Canh et al. 1997; Eames et al. 2004; Tordoff et al. 2005; R.J. Timmins pers. comm. 2008).
The species was thought to formerly occur in Lao PDR, but the date of extinction is not known (Duckworth et al. 1999).
Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology:
Wild buffaloes are tied to the availability of water:
historically their preferred habitats were low-lying alluvial grasslands and
their surrounds, with riparian forests and woodlands also used (Lydekker 1926;
Prater 1971; Choudhury 1994). In Indochina the species frequented the lowlands
dominated by deciduous forests and with a marked dry season, where it apparently
used small pools and marshes, in addition to permanently flowing rivers (Wharton
1957). Free-ranging domestic animals continue to live like this today; in such
areas buffalo retreat to the vicinities of larger more permanent waterbodies
during the height of the dry season, but move widely through the forests at
other times of the year (Timmins and Ou 2001; R.J. Timmins pers. comm. 2008).
Before their major population decline, wild buffaloes were known to make long-distance movements with season, such that when an undoubted wild buffalo turned up in Panna district, India, some 225 km northwest of its nearest known present-day occurrence in Raipur district, this was not an unprecedented movement (Hasan 1980; Arun Singh 1980).
The upper elevational limit is difficult to determine, although animals certainly occur down at sea level; it possibly relates to a need for level land rather than preference for lower elevations, thus allowing for plateaux, and wild-living feral buffaloes live up to at least 1,000 m asl in East Java (S. Hedges pers. comm. 2008).
Little has been published on the diet of wild (or feral) Water Buffaloes. They are probably grazers by preference, feeding mainly on grasses when available, but they also eat herbs, fruits, and bark as well as browsing trees and shrubs. Daniel and Grubh (1966) listed Cynodon dactylon, Themeda quadrivalvis, and Coix sp., as grasses known to be eaten by wild buffaloes in India. They also saw them feeding on the sedge Cyperus corymbosus. Dahmer (1978), Shrestha (1981), and Hiralal Prasad Kushwaha (1986) provided a little information about the diet in Nepal. Wild Buffalo also feeds on crops, including rice, sugar cane, and jute, sometimes causing considerable damage (Lekagul and McNeely 1977; Hiralal Prasad Kushwaha 1986; Bauer 1987b).
Wild Water Buffalo can be both diurnal and nocturnal. Typically, it forms maternal groups of loosely structured herds, typically containing 10–20, but up to 100, individuals, year round. Adult males form bachelor herds of up to 10 individuals, with older males often solitary. The species exhibits a polygynous mating system, with females typically giving birth to single offspring, although twins are possible. It is a seasonal breeder in most of its range, typically in October and November, however, some populations breed year round. Its gestation lasts 10-11 months, with an interbirth interval of one year. Age at sexual maturity is 18 months for males, and three years for females. The maximum known lifespan is 25 years in the wild (Nowak 1999).
Systems: Terrestrial; Freshwater
Major Threat(s):
The most important threats to Wild Water Buffalo are
interbreeding with feral and domestic buffalo, hunting, and habitat
loss/degradation. Diseases and parasites (transmitted by domestic livestock) and
interspecific competition for food and water between wild buffalo and domestic
stock are also serious threats. The scale of the threat posed to Wild Water
Buffalo by the trade in wildlife products is difficult to quantify, not least
because it is unclear how many of the trophies from reportedly wild buffalo are
in fact from wild buffalo rather than from feral or hybrid animals (Divekar and
Bharat Bhusan 1988; Heinen 1993; Choudhury 1994; S. Hedges pers. comm. 2000).
Most of the species' former lowland habitat has been lost to agriculture, and what remains is highly fragmented. However, especially in countries such as Cambodia and Lao PDR, vast tracts of suitable lowland forest remain from which the species has long since been hunted out, and certainly there are several viable tracts of habitat in which the species could be re-introduced (Tordoff et al. 2005; R. J. Timmins pers. comm. 2008).
The Cambodian population is under severe threat from hunting for trophy horns both by Cambodians and Vietnamese hunters crossing the border (Timmins and Ou 2001; Tordoff et al. 2005; R.J. Timmins pers. comm. 2008; Do Tuoc pers. comm. 2006). This threat is currently somewhat alleviated through to an active protected area management project, but hunting is still rife in much of the surrounding area, as is forest fragmentation due to human population in migration, infrastructural developments (especially roads), commercial agricultural expansion, economic land speculation and mineral extraction (Tordoff et al. 2005; R. J. Timmins pers. comm. 2008). However, the most significant threat to the area is the long-term uncertainty of continuation of effective conservation management of the Srepok Wilderness Area. This area faces an uncertain future. with part already degazetted from conservation status and the possibility that more would be excised in the future, the lack of long-term security of external funding adequate to maintain high standards of management, the uncertainty of long-term political support to uphold high protection standards and the uncertainties of maintaining a motivated and well-trained staff (R. J. Timmins pers. comm. 2008).
In Myanmar, the population of wild-ranging buffaloes either truly wild or at least living outside human custody for a long time in and around the proposed Hukaung Valley Tiger Reserve faces a very uncertain future. The seasonally-flooded plains, a matrix of grass and scrub, lies largely outside the already-established Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary and the areas of highest conservation significance lie south of the boundary even for a vast proposed extension to form the Hukaung Valley Tiger Reserve. All level areas in this region are under very high threat for conversion to agriculture, both rice and industrial-scale plantations of cash-crops. There is also an active hunting system for wild meat to feed hundreds of thousands of itinerant labourers in this area (J.W. Duckworth pers. comm. 2008).
The invasive Mikania sp. also potentially threatens wetlands in the South Asian range of wild Water Buffaloes (Hem Sagar Baral pers. comm. 2008).
Hydropower development and resulting changes in water flow and level conditions downstream also threaten the ecological maintenance of floodplain areas (Odden et al. 2005).
Disease epidemics spreading from domestic livestock presumably pose a threat, especially given the close overlap of Wild Water Buffalo populations and domestic livestock in South Asia, the high densities especially of the latter, and the small and localised nature of Wild Water Buffalo populations.
Conservation Actions:
Wild Water Buffalo is included in CITES under Appendix III
(Nepal). It is legally protected in Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Thailand.
The Cambodia population was a major factor in the decision to place further
protection on the area, now designated as Mondulkiri Protection Forest, and a
significant factor in the decision to establish the Srepok Wilderness Area
Project of the Cambodian Department of Forestry and WWF (Goodman et al. 2003; R.
J. Timmins pers. comm. 2008).
Most of the known populations are within protected areas. In Myanmar, which retains true lowland floodplains in near-natural state in the Hukaung Valley, the protected area system originally almost entirely excluded floodplain grasslands. The inclusion of some areas is now under consideration, and would benefit this species. However, the outcome is far from certain (J.W. Duckworth pers. comm. 2006).
Most remaining populations still require protection from hunting (especially those in Thailand and Cambodia, and Myanmar if still extant), but probably the greater threat in South Asia is protection from contact with other domestic bovines, especially Domestic Water Buffalo.
There is an urgent need to evaluate the integrity of wild-living buffalo populations, including those generally taken as being truly wild and those living as wild animals within the native range, using habitat typical of wild animals, and which have lived outside even occasional husbandry for a long time, in order to determine populations of conservation priority. This should involve the assessment of the relationship of such populations in the context of obvious domestic lineages, especially those in close proximity to wild populations. Such an approach should use multiple genetic markers in addition to an assessment of morphological characteristics.
Surveys to investigate current status of wild-living populations are needed in Myanmar and perhaps the Satay district of Vietnam.


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Monday made lamb cooked with minty orzo, some leftover Roc de Cambes was ok, but a white matched better with the mint. I had gotten the 2004 Domaine de la Borne Muscadet for two reasons, good internet reviews and the fact that the ever-dependable Chambers Street Wines carried it. It wasn't bad at all, with a chalky typicity, but it lacks the freshness/vivacity of the Pepiere regular, the structure of the Pepiere Briords, or the individuality of the Ecu Expression de Granit.A nice Muscadet with good acidity and clear mineral notes, but I wouldn't buy again in the current sea of great 2004 Muscadet choices. In a lesser enviroment I'd be rushing back for more. B
Tuesday was date night, and Betsy decided on the Freelance Cafe & Wine Bar across the river in Piermont. This is the more casual branch of the fantastic Xavier's, we got there early to beat the rush (no reservations). Betsy chose to go with 3 small plates (absolutely fantastic fennel/bacon soup, very good mushroom ravioli with truffle oil, and a endive/apple/blue cheese salad that was merely ok in my opinion, but Betsy liked more). I had an extraordinary casserole of Prince Edward Island mussels to start, then Stone Church Farm chicken stuffed with brie and served with very good braised greens. I thought the brie actually detracted a bit from the otherwise stellar chicken, but overall food was very very good.
Nice wine list, but with our varied dishes (and drive home), we just shared three glasses of wine:
2005 Hope Estate Verdelho (Hunter Valley)
Just a tad off-dry, apple and tropical (mango) fruit. No sign of oak, good crisp acidity. Develops a more floral nose with time, and a touch of canteloupe. Might be a fun summer wine. B
2004 Heitz Cellars Chardonnay (Napa)Pear and melon fruit. This one does show some oak, though not overwhelming by CalChard standards. Crisper than average, too, my objection is that it seems a bit big and clumsy. B/B-
2003 Hedges CMS (Columbia Valley)Simple easy red, not complicated, but acceptable. B-
The company was better than the wine, but with Betsy that's always the case.
Grade disclaimer: I'm a very easy grader, basically A is an excellent
wine, B a good wine, C mediocre. Anything below C means I wouldn't
drink at a party where it was only choice. Furthermore, I offer no
promises of objectivity, accuracy, and certainly not of consistency.

subset: commoncrawl


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Easily navigate to where you need to go by clicking below.
Our environmental programs reflect Austin's strong environmental ethic. Learn more about our environmental initiatives and what you can do to achieve a sustainable city. If you don't see what you're looking for, click "View All" to see a more complete list of departments, programs and educational tools. You can also let us know what you were looking for on this page.


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Joe Morgenstern Reviews 'Iron Man 3'
The highly anticipated blockbuster 'Iron Man 3' hitting theaters this weekend. WSJ film editor Joe Morgenstern joins Lunch Break with his take. Photo: Getty Images.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... oh ... he ... he he he ... he so ... we can carry all ... the highly anticipated Iron Man three film opening day but Lufthansa billionaire turned super hero Tony Stark expected to roll his character that ... made the first films such as Ghana and Des beest film critic ... Joe Morgenstern joins us now with his take and ... it is not so pretty not so I gotta say nearly broke my heart with your review because lights so many fans I became enchanted with Robert Downey Junior ... in the first time and don't because of his quick wit and that was as much a part of the film ... as the action ... going to happen in a second coming now you say it's ... missing in the third was it so hard to these filmmakers ... to keep these films these pieces of films that we love ... in place ... when did this is ... the normal course of events in singles and women's singles can you remember ... that the vote and voted to approve ... them personally don't fall into ... the ... is the greater good of ... the movie history ... with the smoke go ahead ... this movie is ... as incoherent as any ... they ... say that due to ... the scene ... does all of the mines ... that's the first stone ... now without spoiling the plot I wanna know certain where I mean does wrong in particular with Robert Downey Jr character Tony ... Stark I mean is he the and still am sure he still cracking jokes Joe ... because the scriptwriters would not have them do that but but why the judge owns working this time in your opinion ... what happens with actors were were huge successes is the key to say that over and over deliver pressured to do over and over ... Dhody is a wonderful actor and what he wrote for the first Baron ... was really fresh ... noting ... that the idea that ... the super hero ... has he done that before ... he also had ... comedy director Joe fabbro who was moved to the the new loans ... is to come ... he doesn't have to use ... if the times what these films Joe we seen that when they that a main part of a super hero becomes less interesting dusted the mail and ... actually becomes the character that ... we really riveted ... tannic it's about cancer Ben Kingsley who interviewed here it WS J lifetime yesterday ... he played demand during the ... end of the kids kept its quite good when you think ... when you know this is really ... the flooding problem for the current regime to really talk about the essence of the merger of ... the scientists say the Sudan and you know he asks to be called ... says Ben ... Ruby said which is extraordinary ... Ben Kingsley is a brand that it was pretty ... funny ... it's ... I can tell you why but the fact that he uses for his years ... being very destructive to the movie ... that's assuming that you're concerned with the dramatic see the movie and a group ... that one aspect of it when I mean ... are you gonna go up by your more fortitude to sit still ... why I this weekend actually Zhao ... either ... after I see the movie I and and and encourage everybody to read your review doesn't give away a major plot points but that the stitcher analysis here John ... the biggest in anyway tonight thank so much for joining us now much Frank ... Eurogroup's all right ... well if you do have Iron Man fever just like I do we have got to Iron man film fix up and ready right now on the beest dot com for newcomers to the film franchise is a cheat sheet to get you up to speed for an entry plus ... we can sit down packets of Ben Kingsley this week to talk about his role plane ... the terrorists villain the Mandarin you can hear why ... he thinks the human heart ... is would rise Marvel's Iron man franchise plus ... this latest I'm in some it is all about Tony Stark superheros since then we've got an animated look at his armor threw out the comic book years that is all up on off TV show ... on the beest dot com right now


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Open Access Articles- Top Results for Hydrogel
Journal of GlycobiologyInfluence of the Macro- and/or Microstructure of Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels on the Release of Two Model Drugs
Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesNovel Drug Delivery Approach in Cancer Therapy
Journal of Tissue Science & EngineeringBehavior of Encapsulated Saos-2 Cells within Gelatin Methacrylate Hydrogels
Orthopedic & Muscular System: Current ResearchHydrogel-Based Local Release of Salubrinal Stimulates Healing of Mouse Tibia Fracture
Journal of Biotechnology & BiomaterialsBiocompatibility of Pegylated Fibrinogen and Its Effect on Healing of Full-Thickness Skin Defects: A Preliminary Study in Rats
A gel (coined by 19th-century Scottish chemist Thomas Graham, by clipping from gelatine[1]) is a solid, jelly-like material that can have properties ranging from soft and weak to hard and tough. Gels are defined as a substantially dilute cross-linked system, which exhibits no flow when in the steady-state.[2] By weight, gels are mostly liquid, yet they behave like solids due to a three-dimensional cross-linked network within the liquid. It is the crosslinking within the fluid that give a gel its structure (hardness) and contribute to the adhesive stick (tack). In this way gels are a dispersion of molecules of a liquid within a solid in which the solid is the continuous phase and the liquid is the discontinuous phase.
Gel: Nonfluid colloidal network or polymer network that is expanded throughout its whole volume by a fluid.[3]
Note 1: A gel has a finite, usually rather small, yield stress.
Note 2: A gel can contain:
- (i) a covalent polymer network, e.g., a network formed by crosslinking polymer chains or by nonlinear polymerization;
- (ii) a polymer network formed through the physical aggregation of polymer chains, caused by hydrogen bonds, crystallization, helix formation, complexation, etc., that results in regions of local order acting as the network junction points. The resulting swollen network may be termed a "thermoreversible gel" if the regions of local order are thermally reversible;
- (iii) a polymer network formed through glassy junction points, e.g., one based on block copolymers. If the junction points are thermally reversible glassy domains, the resulting swollen network may also be termed a thermoreversible gel;
- (iv) lamellar structures including mesophases {Ref.[4] defines lamellar crystal and mesophase}, e.g., soap gels, phospholipids, and clays;
- (v) particulate disordered structures, e.g., a flocculent precipitate usually consisting of particles with large geometrical anisotropy, such as in V2O5 gels and globular or fibrillar protein gels.
Note 3: Corrected from ref.,[5] where the definition is via the property identified in Note 1 (above) rather than of the structural characteristics that describe a gel.[6]
Hydrogel: Gel in which the swelling agent is water.
Note 1: The network component of a hydrogel is usually a polymer network.
Note 2: A hydrogel in which the network component is a colloidal network may be referred to as an aquagel.
Gels consist of a solid three-dimensional network that spans the volume of a liquid medium and ensnares it through surface tension effects. This internal network structure may result from physical bonds (physical gels) or chemical bonds (chemical gels), as well as crystallites or other junctions that remain intact within the extending fluid. Virtually any fluid can be used as an extender including water (hydrogels), oil, and air (aerogel). Both by weight and volume, gels are mostly fluid in composition and thus exhibit densities similar to those of their constituent liquids. Edible jelly is a common example of a hydrogel and has approximately the density of water.
Polyionic polymers
Polyionic polymers are polymers with an ionic functional group. The ionic charges prevent the formation of tightly coiled polymer chains. This allows them to contribute more to viscosity in their stretched state, because the stretched-out polymer takes up more space. See Polyelectrolyte for more information.
A hydrogel is a network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, sometimes found as a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium. Hydrogels are highly absorbent (they can contain over 90% water) natural or synthetic polymeric networks. Hydrogels also possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue, due to their significant water content. The first appearance of the term 'hydrogel' in the literature was in 1894.[9] Common uses for hydrogels include:
- Scaffolds in tissue engineering. When used as scaffolds, hydrogels may contain human cells to repair tissue. They mimic 3D microenvironment of cells.[10]
- Hydrogel-coated wells have been used for cell culture[11]
- Environmentally sensitive hydrogels (also known as 'Smart Gels' or 'Intelligent Gels'). These hydrogels have the ability to sense changes of pH, temperature, or the concentration of metabolite and release their load as result of such a change.
- Sustained-release drug delivery systems
- Providing absorption, desloughing and debriding of necrotic and fibrotic tissue
- Hydrogels that are responsive to specific molecules, such as glucose or antigens, can be used as biosensors, as well as in DDS.[12]
- Disposable diapers where they absorb urine, or in sanitary napkins
- Contact lenses (silicone hydrogels, polyacrylamides, polymacon)
- EEG and ECG medical electrodes using hydrogels composed of cross-linked polymers (polyethylene oxide, polyAMPS and polyvinylpyrrolidone)
- Water gel explosives
- Rectal drug delivery and diagnosis
- Encapsulation of quantum dots
Other, less common uses include
- Breast implants
- Glue
- Granules for holding soil moisture in arid areas
- Dressings for healing of burn or other hard-to-heal wounds. Wound gels are excellent for helping to create or maintain a moist environment.
- Reservoirs in topical drug delivery; particularly ionic drugs, delivered by iontophoresis (see ion exchange resin).
Common ingredients include polyvinyl alcohol, sodium polyacrylate, acrylate polymers and copolymers with an abundance of hydrophilic groups.
Natural hydrogel materials are being investigated for tissue engineering; these materials include agarose, methylcellulose, hyaluronan, and other naturally derived polymers.
An organogel is a non-crystalline, non-glassy thermoreversible (thermoplastic) solid material composed of a liquid organic phase entrapped in a three-dimensionally cross-linked network. The liquid can be, for example, an organic solvent, mineral oil, or vegetable oil. The solubility and particle dimensions of the structurant are important characteristics for the elastic properties and firmness of the organogel. Often, these systems are based on self-assembly of the structurant molecules.[13][14]
Organogels have potential for use in a number of applications, such as in pharmaceuticals,[15] cosmetics, art conservation,[16] and food.[17] An example of formation of an undesired thermoreversible network is the occurrence of wax crystallization in petroleum.[18]
A xerogel /ˈzɪərɵdʒɛl/ is a solid formed from a gel by drying with unhindered shrinkage. Xerogels usually retain high porosity (15–50%) and enormous surface area (150–900 m2/g), along with very small pore size (1–10 nm). When solvent removal occurs under supercritical conditions, the network does not shrink and a highly porous, low-density material known as an aerogel is produced. Heat treatment of a xerogel at elevated temperature produces viscous sintering (shrinkage of the xerogel due to a small amount of viscous flow) and effectively transforms the porous gel into a dense glass.
Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Nanocomposite hydrogels[19][20] are also known as hybrid hydrogels, can be defined as highly hydrated polymeric networks, either physically or covalently crosslinked with each other and/or with nanoparticles or nanostructures. Nanocomposite hydrogels can mimic native tissue properties, structure and microenvironment due to their hydrated and interconnected porous structure. A wide range of nanoparticles, such as carbon-based, polymeric, ceramic, and metallic nanomaterials can be incorporated within the hydrogel structure to obtain nanocomposites with tailored functionality. Nanocomposite hydrogels can be engineered to possess superior physical, chemical, electrical, and biological properties.[19]
Many gels display thixotropy – they become fluid when agitated, but resolidify when resting. In general, gels are apparently solid, jelly-like materials. By replacing the liquid with gas it is possible to prepare aerogels, materials with exceptional properties including very low density, high specific surface areas, and excellent thermal insulation properties.
Animal produced
Some species secrete gels that are effective in parasite control. For example, the long-finned pilot whale secretes an enzymatic gel that rests on the outer surface of this animal and helps prevent other organisms from establishing colonies on the surface of these whales' bodies.[21]
Hydrogels existing naturally in the body include mucus, the vitreous humor of the eye, cartilage, tendons and blood clots. Their viscoelastic nature results in the soft tissue component of the body, disparate from the mineral-based hard tissue of the skeletal system. Researchers are actively developing synthetically derived tissue replacement technologies derived from hydrogels, for both temporary implants (degradable) and permanent implants (non-degradable). A review article on the subject discusses the use of hydrogels for nucleus pulposus replacement, cartilage replacement, and synthetic tissue models.[22]
Many substances can form gels when a suitable thickener or gelling agent is added to their formula. This approach is common in manufacture of wide range of products, from foods to paints and adhesives.
In fiber optics communications, a soft gel resembling "hair gel" in viscosity is used to fill the plastic tubes containing the fibers. The main purpose of the gel is to prevent water intrusion if the buffer tube is breached, but the gel also buffers the fibers against mechanical damage when the tube is bent around corners during installation, or flexed. Additionally, the gel acts as a processing aid when the cable is being constructed, keeping the fibers central whilst the tube material is extruded around it.
See also
- 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid
- Aerogel
- Hydrocolloid
- Gel electrophoresis, Agarose gel electrophoresis, 2-D electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE
- Gel filtration chromatography, Gel permeation chromatography
- Paste (rheology)
- Food rheology
- Silicone gel
- Void (composites)
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "Online Etymology Dictionary: gel". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
- ^ Ferry, John D. (1980) Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers. New York: Wiley, ISBN 0471048941.
- ^ Richard G. Jones, Edward S. Wilks, W. Val Metanomski, Jaroslav Kahovec, Michael Hess, Robert Stepto, Tatsuki Kitayama, ed. (2009). Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature (IUPAC Recommendations 2008) ("The Purple Book") (2nd ed.). RSC. p. 464. ISBN 978-0-85404-491-7.
- ^ "Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with Special Reference to the Determination of Surface Area and Porosity". Pure and Applied Chemistry 57 (4): 603–619. 1985. doi:10.1351/pac198557040603.
- ^ Alan D. MacNaught, Andrew R. Wilkinson, ed. (1997). Compendium of Chemical Terminology: IUPAC Recommendations (the "Gold Book") (2 ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0865426848.
- ^ a b "Terminology of polymers and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 83 (12): 2229–2259. 2011. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-06-03.
- ^ Richard G. Jones, Edward S. Wilks, W. Val Metanomski, Jaroslav Kahovec, Michael Hess, Robert Stepto, Tatsuki Kitayama, ed. (2009). Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature (IUPAC Recommendations 2008) ("The Purple Book"). RSC. ISBN 978-0-85404-491-7.
- ^ Alan D. MacNaught, Andrew R. Wilkinson, ed. (1997). Compendium of Chemical Terminology: IUPAC Recommendations (the "Gold Book") (2nd ed.). Blackwell Science. ISBN 0865426848.
- ^ J.M. Van Bemmelen, Der Hydrogel und das kristallinische Hydrat des Kupferoxydes, Z. Anorg. Chem. 5 (1894) S. 466.
- ^ A. Mellati et. al., A biodegradable thermosensitive hydrogel with tuneable properties for mimicking three-dimensional microenvironments of stem cells; DOI: 10.1039/C4RA12215A, RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 63951-63961
- ^ Discher, D. E.; Janmey, P; Wang, YL (2005). "Tissue Cells Feel and Respond to the Stiffness of Their Substrate". Science 310 (5751): 1139–43. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1139D. PMID 16293750. doi:10.1126/science.1116995.
- ^ AK Yetisen, I Naydenova, F da Cruz Vasconcellos, J Blyth and CR Lowe (2014). "Holographic Sensors: Three-Dimensional Analyte-Sensitive Nanostructures and their Applications.". Chemical Reviews. doi:10.1021/cr500116a.
- ^ Terech P. (1997) "Low-molecular weight organogelators", pp. 208–268 in: Robb I.D. (ed.) Specialist surfactants. Glasgow: Blackie Academic and Professional, ISBN 0751403407.
- ^ van Esch J., Schoonbeek F., De Loos M., Veen E.M., Kellog R.M., Feringa B.L. (1999) "Low molecular weight gelators for organic solvents", pp. 233–259 in: Ungaro R., Dalcanale E. (eds.) Supramolecular science: where it is and where it is going. Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 079235656X.
- ^ Kumar, R; Katare, OP (2005). "Lecithin organogels as a potential phospholipid-structured system for topical drug delivery: A review". AAPS PharmSciTech 6 (2): E298–310. PMC 2750543. PMID 16353989. doi:10.1208/pt060240.
- ^ Carretti E, Dei L, Weiss RG (2005). "Soft matter and art conservation. Rheoreversible gels and beyond". Soft Matter 1: 17. Bibcode:2005SMat....1...17C. doi:10.1039/B501033K.
- ^ Pernetti M, van Malssen KF, Flöter E, Bot A (2007). "Structuring of edible oils by alternatives to crystalline fat". Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 12 (4–5): 221. doi:10.1016/j.cocis.2007.07.002.
- ^ Visintin RFG, Lapasin R, Vignati E, D'Antona P, Lockhart TP (2005). "Rheological behavior and structural interpretation of waxy crude oil gels". Langmuir 21 (14): 6240–9. PMID 15982026. doi:10.1021/la050705k.
- ^ a b Gaharwar, Akhilesh K.; Peppas, Nicholas A.; Khademhosseini, Ali (March 2014). "Nanocomposite hydrogels for biomedical applications". Biotechnology and Bioengineering 111 (3): 441–453. doi:10.1002/bit.25160.
- ^ Carrow, James K.; Gaharwar, Akhilesh K. (November 2014). "Bioinspired Polymeric Nanocomposites for Regenerative Medicine". Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics: n/a–n/a. doi:10.1002/macp.201400427.
- ^ Dee, Eileen May; McGinley, Mark and Hogan, C. Michael (2010). "Long-finned pilot whale" in Saundry, Peter and Cleveland, Cutler (eds.) Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.
- ^ "Injectable Hydrogel-based Medical Devices: "There's always room for Jell-O"1". Orthoworld.com. September 15, 2010. Retrieved 2013-05-19.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gels.
|Look up gel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.


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Customer rank: +1
Vol. 7, No. 4, September 2011; 68 pages
Cover: Richard Sanders
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NORTH DARTMOUTH, Mass. – Western
Connecticut State University senior guard DaQuan Brooks (Atlanta,
Ga.) became the most decorated men's basketball player in Little
East Conference history this afternoon, when the conference office
announced its 2011-2012 major award winners and All-Little East
teams. Brooks is the first student-athlete to be selected as the
Player of the Year in three successive seasons. University of
Massachusetts Dartmouth senior center Lance Greene (Dorchester,
Mass.) was named the Defensive Player of the Year, while University
of Massachusetts Boston freshman guard Vinny DeLucia (Miami, Fla.)
was chosen as the Rookie of the Year. Eastern Connecticut State
University boss Bill Geitner was tabbed as the Coach of the Year by
his peers, while the Warriors also earned the Team Sportsmanship
In addition to the major awards program, the eight Little East men's basketball coaches honored 11 student-athletes on its all-conference teams. The All-Little East teams are comprised of six members on the top team, and five student-athletes represented on the second squad. The coaches also elected five-member All-Defensive and All-Rookie teams.
Brooks is just the first men's basketball player to earn the prestigious top player award in three consecutive seasons, surpassing seven former student-athletes that were honored twice in their careers. The senior from Atlanta, Ga. was also named the 2009 Little East Rookie of the Year. Brooks became the first men's basketball player in Colonial history to eclipse the 2,000-career point mark this season (2,195), achieving the milestone against Connecticut College on Jan. 31, 2012. The three-time All-Little East, first-team selection is currently the Western Connecticut all-time leader in assists (458), while ranking second in 3-point field goals made (271) and fourth in steals (181). Brooks also established a new standard for single-season points with 700 this season, while ranking third in assists (157).
A starter in each of his 26 appearances, Brooks is currently third in the nation in scoring (28.0 points per game) and eighth in 3-point field goals per game (3.4). He reached double digits in the scoring column in each of his 26 games, including registering at least 30 points 12 times. A prolific scorer, Brooks averaged 28.2 points per game against conference opponents, including a season-high 48 points against Eastern Connecticut on Feb. 7, 2012. He recorded a pair of double-doubles on the campaign, most recently against then-No. 23 Rhode Island College in the semifinal round of the Little East Championship by producing 41 points and 12 rebounds. Brooks handed out a season-high 15 helpers against Plymouth State in Western Connecticut's regular-season finale. He was named to the D3Hoops.com National Team of the Week twice on the season, while earning Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC) Division III New England Player of the Week honors three times.
Greene is the first men's basketball player in Corsair history to be bestowed with the conference's top defensive player award since the Little East began sponsoring the trophy in 2008-09. The senior center from Dorchester, Mass. is making his debut on the All-Little East, first-team after earning second squad accolades as a sophomore. Greene is also making his second appearance on the all-defensive team. He is ranked among the national leaders in double-doubles (8th, 17), and rebounds per game (16th, 10.8). Greene anchored the conference's third-ranked scoring defense in the circuit, allowing just 71.7 points per game. He is currently atop the Little East leader board in rebounding, while ranking second in scoring (18.4 ppg) and third in blocked shots (1.5 bpg). Greene sported a double-double against Little East opponents, averaging 18 points and 10.1 rebounds per game. A starter in 25 of his 26 games, he pulled in at least 10 rebounds 17 times on the campaign, including matching his season-high with 16 boards on three separate occasions. A force in the low blocks, Greene redirected 39 of his opponents' attempts from the floor, including a season-best six at Plymouth State on Dec. 10, 2011. He was tabbed as the Little East's top player of the week twice during the 2011-12 season.
DeLucia is the seventh player in Beacon history to garner the conference's top rookie award and first since Amigo Paniagua was recognized in 2005. The freshman guard from Miami, Fla. also reserved his spot on the Little East All-Rookie Team as the highest vote getter among first-years. DeLucia led the conference circuit in 3-point field goal percentage (47.5 percent), while pacing all freshmen in scoring and 12th overall with 11.6 points per game. He also ranked among the leaders in 3-point field goals made (4th, 1.9), assists (7th, 3.2), and steals (9th, 1.5). A starter in each of his 25 appearances, DeLucia reached double figures in scoring 12 times, including four consecutive games to close out his rookie campaign. He was named to the five-member D3Hoops.com National Team of the Week after averaging 26.5 points per game against Little East opponents Southern Maine and Plymouth State. DeLucia poured in a season-best 29 points at Southern Maine on Feb 7, 2012. He dished out a season-high seven assists against Eastern (Pa.) on Dec. 29, 2011, while pulling in a season-best seven rebounds against Plymouth State on Jan. 10, 2012. DeLucia was chosen as the conference's top rookie of the week three times on the campaign.
Geitner is making his second appearance in the past three years as the Little East's top coach, and the sixth time in program history an Eastern men's coach has been honored. The Warriors also earned the Team Sportsmanship Award for the second time in the past three years. Geitner guided Eastern Connecticut to an overall record of 22-5, marking the program's third-consecutive 20-win season. The Warriors captured the program's first Little East regular-season title with an 11-3 mark, and earned the right to host the semifinals and finals of the conference tournament at the Francis E. Geissler Gymnasium. Eastern Connecticut protected its home court advantage throughout the tournament, defeating Keene State in a dramatic double-overtime thriller and ousting two-time defending champion Rhode Island College in the finals. Geitner and his squad captured the program's first Little East tournament title in 12 years and third overall with the victory over the Anchormen. The Warriors earned the program's fourth appearance in the NCAA Division III tournament.
Formed in 1986, the Little East serves as New England's premier athletic conference for public institutions in NCAA Division III. Featuring 19 championship sports, the Little East sponsors quality competition in every season for our student athletes. Our eight state colleges and universities dedicate themselves to an ongoing fulfillment of the Division III mission of passion, responsibility, sportsmanship, and citizenship.
|2011-12 Little East Men's Basketball All-Conference Teams
|First Team
|Mike Akinrola
|Rhode Island College
|DaQuan Brooks
|Western Connecticut
|Mason Choice
|Rhode Island College
|Lance Greene
|UMass Dartmouth
|Ryan Martin
|Keene State College
|Nick Nedwick
|Eastern Connecticut
|Second Team
|Tahrike Carter
|Rhode Island College
|Jeremy Jackson
|Southern Maine
|Hamilton Levy
|Eastern Connecticut
|Gary Robinson
|Western Connecticut
|Rashad Wright
|Keene State College
|All-Defensive Team
|Tahrike Carter
|Rhode Island College
|Lance Greene
|UMass Dartmouth
|Jeremy Jackson
|Southern Maine
|Jamie Kohn
|Eastern Connecticut
|Nick Nedwick
|Eastern Connecticut
|All-Rookie Team
|Luis Bridtter
|Western Connecticut
|Vinny DeLucia
|UMass Boston
|Tom Doyle
|Keene State College
|Carl Joseph
|UMass Boston
|Alex Rodrigues
|UMass Dartmouth
|Player of the Year
|DaQuan Brooks
|Western Connecticut
|Defensive Player of the Year
|Lance Greene
|UMass Dartmouth
|Rookie of the Year
|Vinny DeLucia
|UMass Boston
|Coach of the Year
|Bill Geitner, Eastern Connecticut State University
|Team Sportsmanship Award
|Eastern Connecticut State University


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Monthly Archives: February 2017
Is Leisure Associated With Travel Agency?
Travel agencies are the travel specialists which have revolutionized the world of traveling, add the flavor of leisure and comfort to it. They join hands with airlines, tour companies, hotels along with cruise lines so as to give door step … Continue reading
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LETTER: 'North Highline Unincorporated Area Council Appears to be a PAC'
Letter to the Editor:
The North Highline Unicorporated Council Appears to be Political Action Group(s) that hides under a non profit status…
So who really is the NHUAC? Are they the informational community non profit that they have claimed to be or are they the Political Action Group/machine that now involves the vote4burien,org site and the People For Burien PAC or are they all of these? The public has the right to know who this group is. Right now, the NHUAC appears to be a pro annexation Political Action Group(s) that has not registered with the State but is hiding under a non profit status.
The North Highline Unicorporated Council (NHUAC) applied in 2000 to be a non profit in the State of Washington. On the NHUAC application, Jerry Robison/Attorney at Law filed as their agent. As of 2012, Jerry Robison, current Burien City Council member, continues to be listed as their agent with the State through his law office address. As a non profit, the NHUAC is not allowed to enter into political activities and campaigning. However, their recent postings and statements in the media as well as their testimony at public meetings are clear political statements advocating annexation.
At the White Center Jubliee Days, the NHUAC was passing out materials about the two libraries (White Center and Bouvelard Park) claiming that the libraries would be closed if Area Y did not annex to Burien. They failed to identify on the flyer that they were the group funding the flyer. The Public Disclosure Commission, (PDC) ruled that the NHUAC was acting as a Political Action Committee (PAC) and issued a warning to them. In spite of this warning, the NHUAC, has continued to act as a PAC and has not registered with the PDC.
The King County Library Board (KCLS) has never stated that these libraries would close if annexation did not occur. This is the statement recently made from Julie Brand/ Director of Communications for the KCLS, "…at no time has KCLS stated that libraries would close as a result of the annexation. Our commitment to serving the White Center (and Boulevard Park) community remains steadfast as it has since 1946." October 24, 2012. Both the NHUAC and the Burien City Council have continued to use this red herring, false library closure argument to hype annexation to the voters. The NHUAC has publicly claimed that the PDC never sent them a warning letter.
In a recent letter to all of the local media sources, the NHUAC has gone so far as to claim that there is a state law that requires the Area Y/White Center/North Highline to annex to a city and for that reason urges voters to vote for annexation. There is no law that requires Area Y to annex to a city.
In meeting with other service agencies in White Center/Area Y, the NHUAC has told these agencies that the NHUAC is only an informational group-non political. It has urged the other service agencies not to take a political position in this election by claiming that the NHUAC is not taking a political position. However, the NHUAC has taken a loud public position on annexation.
So who is the NHUAC really and who do they really represent? In an editorial to the blogs several months ago, this question was discussed in a letter to the editor, http://www.whitecenterblog.com/2012/03/28/letter-nhuac-represents-views-of-very-few-people-who-live-in-area-y/. The group appears to represent the views of very few residents in North Highline.
Now in the most recent posting put out by the NHUAC, Barbara Dobkin, the president of the NHUAC claims that she is now speaking for the vote4burien.org website http://b-townblog.com/2012/10/31/report-pro-annexation-signs-being-posted-in-illegal-spots-in-north-highline/#comment-27358 [EDITOR'S NOTE: Barbara Dobkin alerted us to this information as a private citizen, and we have since removed the acronym NHUAC from that post at her request at her request]. The vote4burien.org website is paid for by the People For Burien PAC. This PAC has only one listed officer, Stephen Lamphear for 2012. Up until 2011, the officers were Jerry Robison through his law offices, Liz Giba, (his legal assistant and a current North Highline Fire Commissioner) and Mr. Lamphear as the treasurer. In a recent political ad supporting annexation in the Robinson newspapers that included the NHUAC, the ad was put in and paid for by a non profit status purchase. Keep in mind non-profit groups get a discount and PAC's do not.
– Debi Wagner
[Have an opinion or concern you'd like to share with our 70,000+ monthly Readers? Please send us your Letter to the Editor via email. Include your full name, and, pending our review, we'll most likely publish it.]


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Toys You Can Make With Cardboard
We posted a roundup of crafting with cardboard boxes earlier this week. There is really no end to the creativity that can go into turning a cardboard box into super fun things to play with. Here, we round up ten more - all toys that can be made by you and your kids.
1. Make a Portable Parking Garage with an IKEA Forsa Box by La Factoria Plastica
2. Boredom Buster: DIY Ball Run by A Happy Wanderer
3. Make a Corn Maze Marble Run by Katie Steuernagle
4. Green Grocer Shop From Cardboard by Ikat Bag
5. Cardboard Dollhouse by Rosemary Travales
6. Homemade Cardboard Suitcases by Ikat Bag
7. Puppet Theatre by Sweet Paul Magazine
8. Make Your Own Draconian Fort by Dos Family
9. The Faraway Tree In Cardboard by Ikat Bag
10. A Cardboard Castle to Keep by Built By Kids
(Images: as credited above)


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The Newest of the Breed – Quality and Value that Outpaces the Competition
Take a tried and true hull design that harkens to the glory days of the downeast-style lobster boat, update it with a refreshing sedan and cockpit treatment, and you have the newest addition to the Mainship Pilot family - the Pilot 31 Sedan. This boat easily outpaces the competition – prove it to yourself and check out our Do The Math section for a head-to-head comparison!
The first thing you will notice about the new Pilot 31 Sedan is the all-weather sedan cockpit deck. Enclosed on three sides with an available aft enclosure, this area may turn out to be the focal point of your activities aboard. The full helm sports a swivelling companion chair to port, and lies just forward of the Pilot 31 Sedan's cockpit galley. This alfresco cooking area features an electric grill, stainless steel sink, refrigerator/freezer, microwave, and generous storage, all topped with a genuine Corian® countertop. To add to this area's charm, we've provided comfortable lounge seating for up to 6 people that can dine at the convenient folding dinette table. The Pilot 31 Sedan will truly take dining and entertaining to the next level.
When its time to relax below, you can retreat into the warmth of an inviting cherry wood interior with a gorgeous cherry plank sole. As you descend, you'll note the pleasant 6'3" of headroom, with the feeling of spaciousness further achieved by five strategically positioned, screened stainless steel portlights. Watch your favorite programs on the standard 20" flat panel TV with DVD. When its time to turn in, a queen size island berth will sleep you in comfort, and the convertible sofa will expand to full-size upper and lower berths. You can sleep four adults in the comfortable salon of the Pilot 31 Sedan! The wet head is easy to maintain fiberglass with a Corian®-topped vanity, and a roomy cedar-lined hanging locker will hold your clothing.
When you're underway, you'll immediately notice how quiet the Pilot 31 Sedan is – yet another design element from the Mainship team! Whether you want a weekend away or an extended cruise, the newest addition to the Pilot family awaits you,
See this demo Pilot 31 Sedan today.Priced to sell fast!!
Contact Person: Dimitris Sakellariou
Mobile : +30 694 694 5267
3, Iosifidou Street


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UNIX and Linux development company Fluendo has partnered with multimedia software consultancy Collabora to launch the free and open-source cross-platform GStreamer SDK and multimedia programming framework. GStreamer targets desktop and server (and embedded automotive IVI) platforms including Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X, with Android on the way.
The companies state that GStreamer is "already the de-facto standard" multimedia platform for Linux-based operating systems — elsewhere the technology is more modestly described as a "widely used" open source multimedia library on Linux.
A pipeline-based architecture will be able to offer developers plenty of flexibility in terms of user's usage; i.e., the product works with functions from playback to editing. Collabora partner Fluendo uses GStreamer in its Moovida media player and the technology is also used in the Songbird music player and GNOME's Totem and Rhythmbox media players.
ISV and software developers will be able to target the SDK as a unified platform with their product offerings. This open platform will serve as a tool to certify GStreamer products — and in this context, Fluendo plans to offer its suite of commercial audio and video codecs for the SDK, and Collabora will offer its consulting services and IP conferencing and video editing components.
"The GStreamer SDK will offer a completely new way to get started with GStreamer. Developers will be able to depend on the tested and certified SDK, knowing that their application will work across all supported operating systems and architectures, instead of dealing with the intricacies of assembling, testing, and building media engines across multiple platforms themselves," said the company.
In line with this announcement, there is also a new GStreamer website with additional documentation, including programming tutorials and information about packaging and deploying applications that use GStreamer on various platforms.


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Off the back of the success of the chorizo taco recipe, I'm on a huge ground meat kick. It's fast and easy and tasty and gives me the protein I need. I just found a recipe that's so good, I want to pass it along with my adjustments.
The original recipe is from Lizzy Writes and is for beef. I had turkey on hand and it was great. I'm sure you'd get great results with chicken or pork, too.
About the other swaps: Lizzy calls for sugar but my body doesn't respond well to that so I used carob molasses. It was what I had on hand and I wanted to add nutrients. When I added it to the mix I thought I had made a mistake. But once I tasted it I knew I was wrong. I would go ahead and use any kind of molasses except maybe pomegranate (although that might be good in another kind of dish!).
1 pound pastured ground turkey
1/4 molasses (I used carob)
1/4 cup soy sauce or Braggs Liquid Aminos
1 Tablespoon toasted sesame oil + 1 tbsp ghee
3 cloves garlic, minced
1/2 teaspoon fresh ginger, minced
1/2 – 1 teaspoon crushed red peppers (to desired spiciness)
salt and pepper
1 bunch green onions, diced
Warm the ghee and toasted sesame oil in pan on medium. Add the turkey and garlic and saute for a few minutes until browned. Add the ginger, molasses, soy sauce or Braggs, crushed red pepper and salt and pepper and simmer together until reduced.
To serve, top with chopped scallion. I also added a pat of grass-fed butter to the meat for some extra fat. If you're doing the grain-free thing, serve with some fermented ginger carrots from Nourishing Traditions. If not, put some rice on that plate!
It was a great recipe that took maybe 15 minutes to make. I'm definitely looking forward to checking more of Lizzy's stuff out.


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With a strong nucleus of returning letterwinners, the Flying Dutchmen will be seeking to maintain their dominance of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA).
A year ago coach Bob Ebels' Flying Dutchmen captured the conference championship for the sixth time in seven seasons and went on to place ninth at the NCAA Division III championships, best ever for a Hope team. All this was accomplished with just one senior on the roster.
The pre-season roster could have as many as 10 returning letterwinners including All-MIAA golfer Nicholas Campbell, a junior from Saline (Saline HS). Campbell tied for fourth place in the MIAA player standings a year ago. Campbell was also an All-MIAA golfer in 2008.
Captain of the team is senior Chris Ansel of Zeeland (Zeeland East HS). Ansel had the distinction of shooting a hole-in-one in a conference tournament at the Bedford Valley Country Club last season.
Other returning letterwinners includesophomore John Cannon of Traverse City (Traverse Cuity West HS), sophomore Austin Farah of Bloomfield Hills (Southfield Christian HS), junior Chris Harwood ofn Westfield, Ind. (Brebeuf Prep), junior Caleb Nykamp of Holland (Holland Christian HS), sophomore Dan Peplinski of Cedar (St. Mary's HS), junior Andrew Thomson of Beaver Dam, Wisc. (Central Wisconsin Christian HS), and junior Scott Webster of Ada (Linfield Christian, Calif. HS).
Each MIAA team hosts a conference tournament. Hope's turn will be Monday, Sept. 27, at the Wuskowhan Players Club. The MIAA champion will receive an automatic berth in the NCAA Division III championships in the spring of 2011.


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VIDEO: Recently returned from a long layoff from a torn ACL, Derrick Rose now faces a meniscus tear
HANG TIME HEADQUARTERS — Derrick Rose grimaced, the Chicago Bulls winced, the NBA as a whole sagged and the Eastern Conference postseason projections shifted considerably.
Too soon to think of Rose's second serious knee injury in 19 months strictly in competitive basketball terms? Maybe for Rose, the Bulls and the fans who love them. Maybe for folks who don't define sports as a zero-sum game in which one team wins and everyone else loses. Certainly for lovers of the game and the controlled chaos that Rose, at his best across his first four NBA seasons and at times through his return last month and this, brought to the court.
But one team's loss is another team's gain. And given the Groundhog Day elements of yet another knee issue – a torn medial meniscus in his right knee, as opposed to the torn anterior cruciate ligament in his left in April 2012 – the tactics and coping mechanisms people deployed to deal with Rose's first absence are fresh and handy enough to help with the second.
Rose's ACL repair, originally projected as a process requiring eight to 12 months, sidelined him through the 2012-13 season side of caution. This latest injury offers a surgical choice: reattaching the torn tissue that cushions the knee or removing it (and making do with less for the rest of his career).
The former is a more thorough fix, the latter quicker. Noted sports trainer Tim Grover, who has worked with Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant, Dwyane Wade and others, provided a glimpse of the different approaches on Twitter shortly after the results of Rose's MRI exam were released by the Bulls Saturday afternoon:
Couple ways to deal with a meniscus tear. Take it out, you return faster but can shorten your career. Reattach it, miss maybe 4-6 months.
— Tim S. Grover (@ATTACKATHLETICS) November 23, 2013
In April, Oklahoma City guard Russell Westbrook suffered a lateral meniscus tear in his right knee in the playoffs, had it reattached and only returned to the Thunder's lineup on Nov. 3. Minnesota forward Chase Budinger had surgery to repair a meniscus tear in his left knee early last season, missed four months and returned to play 17 games down the stretch. But Budinger re-injured the same knee this summer and, this time, had the damaged portion of cartilage removed rather than repaired. He has yet to suit up for the Timberwolves this season.
The ramifications for all constituencies, assuming Rose is done for most or all of the season, are immense. Here is a look at some of them:
What It Means For Rose
Psychologically, only Rose knows at the moment how this setback has and will continue to hit him. The youngest player in NBA history to be named Most Valuable Player when he won it in 2011, Rose already has missed 116 of Chicago's 405 regular-season games since he was drafted in 2008. It will be 187 of 476 if he doesn't return until next October.
Physically, Rose faces a darned-if-he-does, darned-if-he-doesn't dilemma. His marvelous gifts – his explosiveness, cutting ability and lift – have separated him from most of his peers and laid the foundation for his specialness. But they also appear to be enemies to his own body. When Rose came up lame in Portland Friday, he again did it without contact, the tear generated by his velocity, torque and angles.
So, if Rose comes back with skills approximating those he had before, he might be at risk of hurting himself again. And if he doesn't, he'll need to adapt and improvise, like a fastball thrower learning to be a control pitcher. Would Rose still be MVP timber, or even an All-Star, if he has to play below the rim — relying more on a jump shot and his wiles?
Let's be clear, too: That wouldn't even qualify as the worst-case scenario. The worst-case scenario would be strewn with names such as Brandon Roy, Penny Hardaway, Greg Oden and others in NBA history whose careers were curtailed by chronic injuries.
What It Means For The Bulls
Ugh. Picture your remote control conking out just as you flipped mistakenly to C-Span. That's what Rose's team and its fans would face if 2013-14 plays out like a rerun of 2012-13. One season of overachieving and getting by on effort and pluck is more than enough. Doing it again under grinding coach Tom Thibodeau might put hair on their chests once more, but it doesn't make for the most entertaining games. Especially since Nate Robinson already is otherwise occupied.
Finding reinforcements on the fly could be tough. At least with Rose's ACL injury, the Bulls had a whole offseason to prep for Plan B. Not so now. And even with a medical exception, the Bulls' salary-cap constraints and the dearth of talent on the street could limit what sort of cavalry rides over the hill.
Then there's the future: Does Chicago push toward the playoffs regardless or does it assess its chances without Rose and join those teams already more focused on the 2014 Draft than the current season? And if it's the latter, how might that affect decisions on forwards Luol Deng, who is heading toward free agency (if he isn't dealt by the February trading deadline), and Carlos Boozer, still an amnesty candidate?
What It Means For The Field
Removing a top contender from an already muddy East standings surely would dilute the drama and suspense of someone crashing the conference finals. Brooklyn might work its way out of its early funk, but with the Bulls banging around for the next five months, it's hard to imagine anyone other than Miami and Indiana going at it again through Memorial Day weekend.
Chicago looked a little thin (in terms of depth) a little short (in terms of length) and a little erratic (in terms of perimeter shooting) to be anyone's Finals favorite. But thinning the herd this way, while shifting the workload to Rose's remaining teammates, was nothing anyone wanted to see.
Least of all in Chicagoland.


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Bivalve, (class Bivalvia), any of more than 15,000 species of clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and other members of the phylum Mollusca characterized by a shell that is divided from front to back into left and right valves. The valves are connected to one another at a hinge. Primitive bivalves ingest sediment; however, in most species the respiratory gills have become modified into organs of filtration called ctenidia. In keeping with a largely sedentary and deposit-feeding or suspension-feeding lifestyle, bivalves have lost the head and the radular rasping organ typical of most mollusks.
General features
Size range and diversity of structure
Bivalves range in size from about one millimetre (0.04 inch) in length to the giant clam of South Pacific coral reefs, Tridacna gigas, which may be more than 137 centimetres (54 inches) in length and weigh 264 kilograms (582 pounds). Such an animal may have a life span of about 40 years.
The shell morphology and hinge structure are used in classification. In most surface-burrowing species (the hypothetical ancestral habit) the shells are small, spherical or oval, with equal left and right valves. In deeper-burrowing species the shells are laterally compressed, permitting more rapid movement through the sediments. The shells of the most efficient burrowers, the razor clams Ensis and Solen, are laterally compressed, smooth, and elongated. Surface-burrowing species may have an external shell sculpture of radial ribs and concentric lines, with projections that strengthen the shell against predators and damage.
A triangular form, ventral flattening, and secure attachment to firm substrates by byssal threads (byssus; proteinaceous threads secreted by a gland on the foot) have allowed certain bivalves to colonize hard surfaces on wave-swept shores. The byssus is a larval feature that is retained by adults of some bivalve groups, such as the true mussels (family Mytilidae) of marine and estuarine shores and the family Dreissenidae of fresh and estuarine waters. Such a shell form and habit evolved first within sediments (endobyssate), where the byssus serves for anchorage and protection when formed into an enclosing nest. Other bivalves have used the byssus to attach securely within crevices and thus to assume a laterally flattened, circular shape. The best example of this is the windowpane shell Placuna. This form has allowed the close attachment of one valve to a hard surface, and although some groups still retain byssal attachment (family Anomiidae), others have forsaken this for cementation, as in the true oysters (family Ostreidae), where the left valve is cemented to estuarine hard surfaces. Some scallops (family Pectinidae) are also cemented, but others lie on soft sediments in coastal waters and at abyssal depths. By limiting shell thickness (which reduces weight), smoothing the shell contours (which reduces drag), and assuming an aerofoil-like leading edge, such scallops can awkwardly swim several metres at a time.
In other species, such as the clams, the foot has become modified for rapid and effective digging, and the folds of the mantle tissue have developed into long siphons. Both these features allow the animals to burrow deeply within sand, mud, and other substrates (even into wood and rock). They are protected from predators within such substrata but are still able to feed and breathe using their long siphons.
Bivalve shell and body form is thus intimately related to habitat and the relative degree of exposure to predation. From the simple burrowing, equivalve ancestor, the various bivalve groups have repeatedly evolved an elongated, triangular or circular shell; thus, similar body adaptations have been responses to similar modes of life.
Distribution and abundance
Most bivalves are marine and occur at all depths in or upon virtually all substrates. In shallow seas, bivalves are often dominant on rocky and sandy coasts and are also important in offshore sediments. They occur at abyssal and hadal depths, either burrowing or surface-dwelling, and are important elements of the midoceanic rift fauna. In addition, bivalves bore into soft shales and compacted muds but may be important also in the bioerosion of corals. Bivalves thus occur at all latitudes and depths, although none are planktonic. There are also estuarine bivalves, and two important families, the Unionidae and Corbiculidae, are predominantly freshwater with complicated reproductive cycles. There are no terrestrial bivalves, although some high-intertidal and freshwater species can withstand drought conditions.
To be expected within a class comprising more than 15,000 living species, abundance varies considerably. Commensal and parasitic species are small, often highly host-specific, and comprise some of the rarest animals. Others, such as cockles and clams on soft shores and mussels and oysters on rocky coasts, can occur in densities high enough that they dominate entire habitats and assume important roles in nutrient cycles.
The total marine catch of mollusks is twice that of crustaceans, and the great majority of this is bivalve. Some three million metric tons (6,615,000,000 pounds) of bivalves are harvested throughout the world each year. Virtually all bivalves, with the possible exception of the thorny oyster Spondylus, are edible and fall into the main categories of oysters, mussels, scallops, and clams. A number of species are raised commercially.
The most important edible oysters are representatives of the genus Crassostrea, notably C. gigas in the western Pacific, C. virginica in North America, and C. angulata in Portugal. Most mussels are cultivated on ropes suspended from floats. The European mussel Mytilus edulis has been introduced into the northern Pacific, and the practice now flourishes widely in Japan and China. Most scallops, Pecten, Placopecten, and Amusium, are caught by offshore trawlers, although cultivation is being attempted. A wide variety of clams are cultivated—e.g., Mya arenaria and Mercenaria mercenaria in the North Atlantic and Venerupis japonica and Tapes philippinarum in the Pacific. In some parts of the world, red tides, caused by large numbers of toxic protozoan dinoflagellates, are lethal to fish and certain invertebrates. Bivalves, by virtue of their filter-feeding apparatus, concentrate the toxin and, if eaten by humans, can cause paralysis or death.
Bivalves of the genera Pinctada and Pteria have been collected in many tropical seas for the natural pearls they may contain, although in many countries, most notably Japan, pearl oyster fisheries have been developed. The outer shell of the windowpane oyster, Placuna placenta, is called the capiz shell. It is used, primarily in the Philippines, in the manufacture of lampshades, trays, mats, and bowls. In developing countries, many kinds of bivalve shells are used in the manufacture of jewelry and ornaments.
Bivalves are important agents in bioerosion, most notably of calcium carbonate rocks and wood in the sea. Piddocks (family Pholadidae) bore into concrete jetties (particularly where the source of obtained lime is coral), timber, and plastics. Shipworms (family Teredinidae) bore softer woods. Date mussels (Lithophaga) bore into rocks and corals. Marine mussels (family Mytilidae) foul ships, buoys, and wharves; they may also block seawater intakes into the cooling systems of power stations. The freshwater zebra mussel (family Dreissenidae) feeds on phytoplankton and proliferates rapidly, clogging water-intake pipes and damaging boats and bridges. A problem in Europe from the 19th century, the zebra mussel arrived in North America, probably in the ballast water of ships, in 1986. It upset the food web of the Great Lakes and threatened many native bivalve species with extinction. Causing millions of dollars in economic losses each year, zebra mussels clog the water intake systems of power plants and industrial cooling systems.
Few bivalves are host to human parasitic infections. Industrial and agricultural effluents—notably trace metals, chlorophenothane (DDT), and chlorinated hydrocarbons—have contaminated bivalves, with subsequent concern over human health.
Natural history
Reproduction and life cycles
Although most bivalve species are gonochoristic (that is, they are separated into either male or female members) and some species are hermaphroditic (they produce both sperm and eggs), sexual dimorphism is rare. In gonochoristic species there is usually an equal division of the sexes. Simultaneous hermaphroditism occurs when sperm-producing tubules and egg-producing follicles intermingle in the gonads (as in the family Tridacnidae), or the gonads may be developed into a separate ovary and testis, as in all representatives of the subclass Anomalodesmata. In consecutive hermaphroditism, one sex develops first. Typically, this is the male phase (protandry), but in a few cases it is the female (protogyny). This is most clearly seen in the wood-boring family Teredinidae, where young males become females as they age. Rhythmical consecutive hermaphroditism is best known in the European oyster, Ostrea edulis, in which each individual undergoes periodic changes of sex. Alternative hermaphroditism is characteristic of oysters of the genus Crassostrea, in which most young individuals are male. Later the sex ratio becomes about equal, and finally most older individuals become female.
Bivalve sperm have two flagellae. Most eggs are small, and synchronized spawning results in the discharge of both types of gametes into the sea for external fertilization. Hermaphrodites usually bring in sperm from another individual through the incurrent siphon. The embryos are then brooded, and brooding typically occurs within the ctenidia. There the fertilized eggs, well endowed with yolk, develop directly (without a larval stage), and the young are released as miniature adults. Although ctenidial incubation is most common, there are other patterns: egg capsules are produced by Turtonia minuta; a brood chamber is plastered to the shell of the palaeotaxodont Nucula delphinodonta; and in members of the Carditidae the female shell is modified into a brood pouch.
For most marine species, however, the fertilized egg undergoes indirect development first into a swimming trochophore larva and then into a shelled veliger larva. The veliger has a ciliated velum for swimming and also for trapping minute particles of food. Following a period in the plankton, which varies from hours in some species to months in others, the veliger descends to the seafloor, where it metamorphoses into the adult form: the velum is lost, the foot develops and usually secretes one or two byssal threads for secure attachment, and the ctenidia develop.
In the freshwater Unionidae the released larva, called a glochidium, often has sharp spines projecting inward from each valve. The larva attaches to either the gills or fins of passing fish and becomes a temporary parasite. Eventually, it leaves the fish, falls to the lake floor, and metamorphoses into an adult.


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So these are the kind of digs a supermodel career and three super Bowl rings can get you!
After nearly two years of construction, NFL quarterback Tom Brady and his wife Gisele Bundchen's 22,000-square foot, eight bedroom Brentwood, Calif. estate is finally ready to be called "home."
In addition to the six-car garage, a butler's room and a nursery for their two-year-old son Benjamin, the massive mansion boasts two wings connected by a bridge and features a swimming pool and spa out back.
The not-so-humble abode, which the Daily Mail says is valued at around $20 million, sits on land that Brady, 34, and Bundchen, 31 bought back in 2008.
Last year, Bundchen and Brady held the #60 and #55 spots on the Forbes' Celebrity 100 list, bringing in $45 million and $31 million.
And while their new digs are no doubt expensive, the couple hopes it will make a positive impact on the environment, too. Upon breaking ground, Bundchen ensured that energy-efficient lighting and appliances were added throughout the home, which was constructed using sustainable building materials.
Brady and his New England Patriots take on the Baltimore Ravens Sunday — the two NFL teams face off for the AFC Champions title and a shot to go to Super Bowl XLVI.
Sign up now for the Us Weekly newsletter to get breaking celebrity news, hot pics and more delivered straight to your inbox!
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Ken Ehrlich and LL Cool J
LL Cool J and Executive Producer, Ken Ehrlich during rehearsals at THE 55TH ANNUAL GRAMMY AWARDS. The music industry's premier event will take place Sunday, Feb. 10 (8:00-11:30 PM, live ET/delayed PT), at STAPLES Center in Los Angeles, on the CBS Television Network. Photo: Heather Wines/CBS ©2013 CBS Broadcasting Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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Bruschetta with basil pesto, Fior Di Late and Lemon
When I need a quick lunch, I find myself coming back to Bruschetta time and time again. There's something about the charred, garlicky bread that just works so incredibly well with almost any topping you choose to use. I've made it with everything from simple sliced tomatoes to more extravagant parma ham and melon.
This way of doing it showcases the wonderful Mediterranean Delicacies Basil Pesto to it's full potential by pairing it with creamy and delicious Fior Di Latte (a cow's milk mozzarella) and a squeeze of fresh lemon juice. It is the absolute best thing to serve as a quick summer lunch or as a snack with drinks (you could make mini-versions for a cocktail party).
I suggest you try to find Fior Di Latte which is now available in Woolworths, as it is very mild but creamier (in my opinion) than buffalo mozzarella. It's also much cheaper than Buffalo Mozzarella. I also suggest you leave it at room temperature for 20 minutes before slicing as the flavour mellows out and it becomes (if possible) even creamier. Just delicious. I would also suggest you thin out the MD Basil Pesto with olive oil before liberally spreading it over the toasted bruschetta. For me, bruschetta is best made with Sourdough, but feel free to use any, good quality, crusty bread for this.
Serves 2
4 slices sourdough bread, drizzled with olive oil, grilled and then rubbed with half a garlic clove
3 tbsp MD Basil Pesto (thinned out with 2-4tbsp olive oil)
150g Fior Di Latte/Mozzarella
juice of 1 lemon
olive oil for drizzling
salt & pepper to taste
fresh basil leaves, to serve
- Top the sourdough bruschetta with a generous amount of basil pesto.
- Top with thinly sliced Fior Di Latte.
- Drizzle over lemon juice, olive oil and season to taste.
- Serve immediately.
oh that sounds amazing. Cheese and bread, bread and cheese – makes my soul happy!
Yumm … I'll definitely have to try this out for a light, flavorful lunch. Thanks for sharing!
[…] Spaghetti Squash with Tomatoes and Parmesan Cheese Skinny Tomato Basil Soup Bruschetta with Basil Pesto, Mozzarella & Lemon Lemon-Basil Pasta Caprese Salad Bites White Pizza with Tomato and Basil Basil Vinaigrette […]Leave a Comment


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California Families Project [Sacramento and Woodland, California] [Restricted-Use Files] (ICPSR 35476)
Version Date: Mar 8, 2017 View help for published
Principal Investigator(s): View help for Principal Investigator(s)
Richard Robins, University of California, Davis; Rand Conger, University of California, Davis
Version V1
Summary View help for Summary
The California Families Project (CFP) is an ongoing longitudinal study of Mexican origin families in Northern California. This study uses community, school, family, and individual characteristics to examine developmental pathways that increase risk for and resilience to drug use in Mexican-origin youth. This study also examines the impact that economic disadvantage and cultural traditions have in Mexican-origin youth. The CFP includes a community-based sample of 674 families and children of Mexican origin living in Northern California, and includes annual assessments of parents and children. Participants with Mexican surnames were drawn at random from school rosters of students during the 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 school year. Data collection included multi-method assessments of a broad range of psychological, familial, scholastic, cultural, and neighborhood factors. Initiation of the research at age 10 was designed to assess the focal children before the onset of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug (ATOD) use, thus enabling the evaluation of how hypothesized risk and resilience mechanisms operate to exacerbate early onset during adolescence or help prevent its occurrence. This study includes a diversity of families that represent a wide range of incomes, education, family history, and family structures, including two-parent and single-parent families.
The accompanying data file consists of 674 family cases with each case representing a focal child and at least one parent (Two-parent: n=549, 82 percent; Single-parent: n=125, 18 percent). Of the 3,139 total variables, 839 pertain to the focal child, 1,376 correspond to the mother, and 908 items pertain to the father.
Please note: While the California Families Project is a longitudinal study, only the baseline data are currently available in this data collection.
Citation View help for Citation
Export Citation:
Funding View help for Funding
Subject Terms View help for Subject Terms
Geographic Coverage View help for Geographic Coverage
Smallest Geographic Unit View help for Smallest Geographic Unit
City of School District
Restrictions View help for Restrictions
Users are reminded that these data are to be used solely for statistical analysis and reporting of aggregated information, and not for the investigation of specific individuals or organizations.
Access to this data is restricted. Users interested in obtaining these data must complete a Restricted Data Use Agreement, specify the reasons for the request, and obtain IRB approval or notice of exemption for their research. Apply for access to these data through the ICPSR data access request system portal. See the ICPSR data access request system portal for information and instructions.
Distributor(s) View help for Distributor(s)
Time Period(s) View help for Time Period(s)
Date of Collection View help for Date of Collection
Data Collection Notes View help for Data Collection Notes
This data collection provides only the baseline data (Wave 1) collected between 2006 and 2007.
Full followups were conducted with the cohort in some waves, while partial assessments were conducted in other waves. The followup data are not currently available in this collection. Please see the CFP codebook for information regarding variation across study waves.
ICPSR made revisions to variable labels for each dataset for clarity and consistency across respondent groups. The data file is ordered according to the sequence in which sections appear in the CFP codebook.
ICPSR masked string variables and removed date of birth variables to minimize disclosure risk. ICPSR also de-identified and randomized school identifiers.
Some variables were coded by the study team from video observation of participant family interaction. Participants were coded one at a time for both verbal and non verbal behavior.
The CFP Codebook is available in PDF as data documentation and provides individual questions in both English and Spanish. However, the ICPSR codebook only provides the English version.
Study Purpose View help for Study Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine community, school, family, and individual characteristics that promote the child's academic and social competence and reduce emotional and behavioral problems during the transition from late childhood to early adolescence.
Study Design View help for Study Design
This study consisted of multiple waves, each one year apart. All focal children were in fifth grade at the start of the study. Research staff interviewed participants in their homes. These interviews were conducted in Spanish or English, depending on the participant's preference. Participant mothers provided demographic information about the family and household members. Limited assessment interviews took place during other waves. This collection is currently limited to Wave 1 data.
Sample View help for Sample
The families were drawn at random from 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 school rosters in the Woodland, CA, and Sacramento, CA, school districts. Only families with Mexican surnames were recruited for participation in the study.
Time Method View help for Time Method
Universe View help for Universe
Mexican-origin children being raised in two-parent or single-parent families from Sacramento and/or Woodland, California.
Unit(s) of Observation View help for Unit(s) of Observation
Individual; Family
Please note that each case potentially includes a focal child, a mother, and a father. As such, cases or whole families can be analyzed against other cases, or any combination of individual analysis is also permitted with the clear delineation of variable prefix of (C) Child, (M) Mom, and (D) Dad.
Method of Data Collection View help for Method of Data Collection
Mode of Data Collection View help for Mode of Data Collection
Description of Variables View help for Description of Variables
Information regarding individual groups and variables appear within the CFP codebook. Each variable group heading is followed by a table containing information regarding which wave contains the section, the variable section description, the number of questions asked of each type of respondent, as well as letter coding both to identify respondent and to reference to whom a respondent is referring.
The California Families Project codebook contains 95 question sections across 5 waves. Wave 1 features 79 question sections of the 95 total representing 83 percent of all question sections.
Of 67 total question sections addressed to the focal child across waves, Wave 1 features 49 question sections representing 73 percent.
Of 71 total question sections addressed to the respondent mother across waves, Wave 1 features 55 question sections representing 77 percent.
Of 66 total question sections addressed to respondent father across waves, Wave 1 features 46 question sections representing 69 percent.
Response Rates View help for Response Rates
Of the recruited families, 72.6 percent in the study agreed to participate.
Original Release Date View help for Original Release Date
Version History View help for Version History
- Robins, Richard, and Rand Conger. California Families Project [Sacramento and Woodland, California] [Restricted-Use Files]. ICPSR35476-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2017-03-08. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR35476.v1
2017-03-08 ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection:
- Standardized missing values.
- Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.
Weight View help for Weight
The public-use data files in this collection are available for access by the general public. Access does not require affiliation with an ICPSR member institution.
- The citation of this study may have changed due to the new version control system that has been implemented.
This study is maintained and distributed by the National Addiction & HIV Data Archive Program (NAHDAP). NAHDAP is supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).