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In line with Article 7.2(k) of the Convention, COP 1 adopted, by consensus, financial rules for itself, the secretariat and the Subsidiary Bodies (SBs) ("financial procedures", contained in Annex I of decision 15/CP.1). These rules provide for a two-year financial period, of which the first year must be an even numbered year. This corresponds to the practice in the United Nations at large. Every two years, the Executive Secretary proposes a programme budget to the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI), setting out the proposed activities and budget of the secretariat for the coming two years. The SBI considers the proposal and forwards a recommended programme budget to the Conference of the Parties (COP) for its approval. The COP adopts the budget by consensus.
In line with Article 7.2(k), COP 1 adopted, by consensus, financial rules for itself, the secretariat and the SBs ("financial procedures", contained in Annex I of decision 15/CP.1). These rules provide for a two-year financial period, of which the first year must be an even numbered year. This corresponds to the practice in the United Nations at large. Every two years, the Executive Secretary proposes a programme budget to the SBI, setting out the proposed activities and budget of the secretariat for the coming two years. The SBI considers the proposal and forwards a recommended programme budget to the COP for its approval. The COP adopts the budget by consensus. The resources of the COP comprise contributions by Parties according to an indicative scale adopted by the COP by consensus, voluntary contributions by Parties and the uncommitted balance of appropriations from previous financial periods and miscellaneous income. The indicative scale is based on the United Nations scale of assessments that is adopted by the General Assembly and follows the principle that all Parties should contribute to the Convention budget. The indicative scale, as amended at COP 4, mandates that each Party contribute no less than 0.001 per cent nor more than 25 per cent to the Convention part of the core budget ( decision 17/CP.4).
However, the maximum assessment rate for the apportionment of the expenses of the United Nations has been lowered to 22 per cent. The Convention applies this cap to any contributor whose adjusted assessed contribution might exceed 22 per cent under either the Convention part of the core budget or the Kyoto Protocol part of the core budget. Voluntary contributions are in addition to the obligatory contributions. Contributions are due on 1 January of each calendar year. The Executive Secretary is authorized to make transfers within each of the main appropriation lines of the approved budget. The COP has set an aggregate limit of 15 per cent of total estimated expenditure, including a maximum of minus 25 per cent for each appropriation line. The financial rules require the Executive Secretary to provide interim and final reports on the allocation of funds and their use. The accounts and financial management of funds are also subject to the internal and external audit process of the United Nations. The financial procedures also contain the request to the United Nations Secretary-General to establish two trust funds which bear costs related to the Convention, namely:
- the Trust Fund for the Core Budget of the Convention, which receives contributions from Parties, according to an indicative scale based on the United Nations scale of assessment; and General Assembly resolution 55/5 of 22 January 2001.
- the Trust Fund for Participation in the Convention process, which receives voluntary contributions and supports participation of eligible representatives from developing country and EIT Parties in the COP and its subsidiary bodies.
Subsequently, two additional trust funds were established in line with the provision contained in the financial rules that, subject to the approval of the COP, the United Nations Secretary-General may establish other trust funds, provided that they are consistent with the objectives of the Convention:
- the Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities, which receives funding donated by Parties in addition to their indicative contributions to the core budget and generally supports public awareness activities, capacity building, inter-sessional workshops and activities related to the Kyoto Protocol (Parties often earmark their contributions for specific projects); and
- the Trust Fund for the Special Annual Contribution of the Government of Germany (the "Bonn Fund"), which consists of an additional annual contribution from Germany, the host of the secretariat, and primarily supports conferences and other meetings in Bonn (decision 16/CP.3).
The CMP, at its first meeting, authorized the Executive Secretary to collect fees from operational entities under the clean development mechanism (CDM) and users of the international transaction log (ITL) as an additional income to the Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities. Since the biennium 2008 2009, the CDM and ITL are expected to rely on income outside the core budget as the primary source of funding for their operating and administrative costs. The types of fees and the modalities for their calculation and collection vary for each entity in accordance with the decisions of the COP and the CMP. The CMP, at its third meeting, requested the secretariat to take steps necessary to establish separate trust funds for the receipt of fees and shares of proceeds for the administration of CDM and the ITL ( decision 11/CMP.3(130 kB) ).
The financial rules of the Convention apply to the Kyoto Protocol mutatis mutandis (Article 13.5 of the Kyoto Protocol).
List of COP and CMP decisions relating to the budget
Institutional linkage of the Convention secretariat to the United Nations
Climate change has been high on the international agenda for many years and the United Nations is seen as the principal channel of the efforts of the international community to address the challenges it poses. The mandate to negotiate a Framework Convention on Climate Change originated in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), with its resolution 45/212 of 21 December 1990 entitled "Protection of global climate for the present and future generations of mankind". The resolution established an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee. Conference servicing facilities were provided by the Office of Conference Affairs in New York throughout the negotiations until the adoption of the Convention, at which point they were transferred to the United Nations Office in Geneva (UNOG). The negotiating process was organized and conducted under United Nations rules and several national delegations were headed by their Permanent Representatives to the UN in New York. After negotiating the Convention, Parties agreed to continue the link between the Convention secretariat and the United Nations. The institutional linkage was initially approved by the COP in April 1995 ( decision 14/CP.1) and by the UNGA in December 1995 (resolution 50/115). This linkage has been successively confirmed and continued by the COP and the UNGA through decisions and resolutions since then.
It has enabled the secretariat to draw upon the support of the departments, programmes and agencies of the United Nations and to benefit from close working relations within the United Nations community. The secretariat can therefore call on the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the Office of Legal Affairs and other departments, programmes and agencies on substantive matters. The efforts to protect the global climate are thus conducted under the umbrella of the United Nations. The administrative aspects of the linkage provide for the secretariat to be subject to United Nations regulations and rules as far as personnel and financial matters are concerned. UNOG provides the secretariat with administrative support for treasury and payroll. The Executive Secretary is appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations after consultation with the COP through its Bureau. Provision is made in the United Nations regular budget for conference services for meetings of Convention and Protocol bodies in accordance with resolutions adopted by the General Assembly. The actual service is provided by UNOG.
Decisions of the Parties on institutional linkage
Resolutions of the UN General Assembly on institutional linkage:
UN GA resolutions 50/115, 54/222, 56/199 and 62/201


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Oct 28 2010
2nd French movie night
Salut tout le monde!
Next Thursday (November, 4th), new French movie night! The movie we'll watch, Nos jours heureux, is recent (2006). It shows the realities of a French "colonie de vacances" (summer camp). The kids are kind of… wild, the leaders are crazy and so, the mixture is explosive! This movie is really great, with good actors (most of them are famous in France: Jean-Paul Rouve, Omar Sy, Marilou Berry…) and with some very funny moments. No worries: there are English subtitles. I really had fun watching it so, I hope you'll enjoy it! See you on Thursday, 4th, at 7:00 p.m, in Walton B 21!
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subset: commoncrawl


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Francis Bacon, in full Francis Bacon, Viscount Saint Alban, also called (1603–18) Sir Francis Bacon, (born January 22, 1561, York House, London, England—died April 9, 1626, London), lord chancellor of England (1618–21). A lawyer, statesman, philosopher, and master of the English tongue, he is remembered in literary terms for the sharp worldly wisdom of a few dozen essays; by students of constitutional history for his power as a speaker in Parliament and in famous trials and as James I's lord chancellor; and intellectually as a man who claimed all knowledge as his province and, after a magisterial survey, urgently advocated new ways by which man might establish a legitimate command over nature for the relief of his estate.
Youth and early maturity
Bacon was born January 22, 1561, at York House off the Strand, London, the younger of the two sons of the lord keeper, Sir Nicholas Bacon, by his second marriage. Nicholas Bacon, born in comparatively humble circumstances, had risen to become lord keeper of the great seal. Francis' cousin through his mother was Robert Cecil, later earl of Salisbury and chief minister of the crown at the end of Elizabeth I's reign and the beginning of James I's. From 1573 to 1575 Bacon was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, but his weak constitution caused him to suffer ill health there. His distaste for what he termed "unfruitful" Aristotelian philosophy began at Cambridge. From 1576 to 1579 Bacon was in France as a member of the English ambassador's suite. He was recalled abruptly after the sudden death of his father, who left him relatively little money. Bacon remained financially embarrassed virtually until his death.
Early legal career and political ambitions
In 1576 Bacon had been admitted as an "ancient" (senior governor) of Gray's Inn, one of the four Inns of Court that served as institutions for legal education, in London. In 1579 he took up residence there and after becoming a barrister in 1582 progressed in time through the posts of reader (lecturer at the Inn), bencher (senior member of the Inn), and queen's (from 1603 king's) counsel extraordinary to those of solicitor general and attorney general. Even as successful a legal career as this, however, did not satisfy his political and philosophical ambitions.
Bacon occupied himself with the tract "Temporis Partus Maximus" ("The Greatest Part of Time") in 1582; it has not survived. In 1584 he sat as member of Parliament for Melcombe Regis in Dorset and subsequently represented Taunton, Liverpool, the County of Middlesex, Southampton, Ipswich, and the University of Cambridge. In 1589 a "Letter of Advice" to the queen and An Advertisement Touching the Controversies of the Church of England indicated his political interests and showed a fair promise of political potential by reason of their levelheadedness and disposition to reconcile. In 1593 came a setback to his political hopes: he took a stand objecting to the government's intensified demand for subsidies to help meet the expenses of the war against Spain. Elizabeth took offense, and Bacon was in disgrace during several critical years when there were chances for legal advancement.
Relationship with Essex
Meanwhile, sometime before July 1591, Bacon had become acquainted with Robert Devereux, the young earl of Essex, who was a favourite of the queen, although still in some disgrace with her for his unauthorized marriage to the widow of Sir Philip Sidney. Bacon saw in the earl the "fittest instrument to do good to the State" and offered Essex the friendly advice of an older, wiser, and more subtle man. Essex did his best to mollify the queen, and when the office of attorney general fell vacant, he enthusiastically but unsuccessfully supported the claim of Bacon. Other recommendations by Essex for high offices to be conferred on Bacon also failed.
By 1598 Essex' failure in an expedition against Spanish treasure ships made him harder to control; and although Bacon's efforts to divert his energies to Ireland, where the people were in revolt, proved only too successful, Essex lost his head when things went wrong and he returned against orders. Bacon certainly did what he could to accommodate matters but merely offended both sides; in June 1600 he found himself as the queen's learned counsel taking part in the informal trial of his patron. Essex bore him no ill will and shortly after his release was again on friendly terms with him. But after Essex' abortive attempt of 1601 to seize the queen and force her dismissal of his rivals, Bacon, who had known nothing of the project, viewed Essex as a traitor and drew up the official report on the affair. This, however, was heavily altered by others before publication.
After Essex' execution Bacon, in 1604, published the Apologie in Certaine Imputations Concerning the Late Earle of Essex in defense of his own actions. It is a coherent piece of self-justification, but to posterity it does not carry complete conviction, particularly since it evinces no personal distress.
Career in the service of James I
When Elizabeth died in 1603, Bacon's letter-writing ability was directed to finding a place for himself and a use for his talents in James I's services. He pointed to his concern for Irish affairs, the union of the kingdoms, and the pacification of the church as proof that he had much to offer the new king.
Through the influence of his cousin Robert Cecil, Bacon was one of the 300 new knights dubbed in 1603. The following year he was confirmed as learned counsel and sat in the first Parliament of the new reign in the debates of its first session. He was also active as one of the commissioners for discussing a union with Scotland. In the autumn of 1605 he published his Advancement of Learning, dedicated to the king, and in the following summer he married Alice Barnham, the daughter of a London alderman. Preferment in the royal service, however, still eluded him, and it was not until June 1607 that his petitions and his vigorous though vain efforts to persuade the Commons to accept the king's proposals for union with Scotland were at length rewarded with the post of solicitor general. Even then, his political influence remained negligible, a fact that he came to attribute to the power and jealousy of Cecil, by then earl of Salisbury and the king's chief minister. In 1609 his De Sapientia Veterum ("The Wisdom of the Ancients"), in which he expounded what he took to be the hidden practical meaning embodied in ancient myths, came out and proved to be, next to the Essayes, his most popular book in his own lifetime. In 1614 he seems to have written The New Atlantis, his far-seeing scientific utopian work, which did not get into print until 1626.
After Salisbury's death in 1612, Bacon renewed his efforts to gain influence with the king, writing a number of remarkable papers of advice upon affairs of state and, in particular, upon the relations between Crown and Parliament. The king adopted his proposal for removing Coke from his post as chief justice of the common pleas and appointing him to the King's Bench, while appointing Bacon attorney general in 1613. During the next few years Bacon's views about the royal prerogative brought him, as attorney general, increasingly into conflict with Coke, the champion of the common law and of the independence of the judges. It was Bacon who examined Coke when the king ordered the judges to be consulted individually and separately in the case of Edmond Peacham, a clergyman charged with treason as the author of an unpublished treatise justifying rebellion against oppression. Bacon has been reprobated for having taken part in the examination under torture of Peacham, which turned out to be fruitless. It was Bacon who instructed Coke and the other judges not to proceed in the case of commendams (i.e., holding of benefices in the absence of the regular incumbent) until they had spoken to the king. Coke's dismissal in November 1616 for defying this order was quickly followed by Bacon's appointment as lord keeper of the great seal in March 1617. The following year he was made lord chancellor and Baron Verulam, and in 1620/21 he was created Viscount St. Albans.
The main reason for this progress was his unsparing service in Parliament and the court, together with persistent letters of self-recommendation; according to the traditional account, however, he was also aided by his association with George Villiers, later duke of Buckingham, the king's new favourite. It would appear that he became honestly fond of Villiers; many of his letters betray a feeling that seems warmer than timeserving flattery.
Among Bacon's papers a notebook has survived, the Commentarius Solutus ("Loose Commentary"), which is revealing. It is a jotting pad "like a Marchant's wast booke where to enter all maner of remembrance of matter, fourme, business, study, towching my self, service, others, eyther sparsim or in schedules, without any maner of restraint." This book reveals Bacon reminding himself to flatter a possible patron, to study the weaknesses of a rival, to set intelligent noblemen in the Tower of London to work on serviceable experiments. It displays the multiplicity of his concerns: his income and debts, the king's business, his own garden and plans for building, philosophical speculations, his health, including his symptoms and medications, and an admonition to learn to control his breathing and not to interrupt in conversation. Between 1608 and 1620 he prepared at least 12 drafts of his most-celebrated work, the Novum Organum, and wrote several minor philosophical works.
The major occupation of these years must have been the management of James, always with reference, remote or direct, to the royal finances. The king relied on his lord chancellor but did not always follow his advice. Bacon was longer sighted than his contemporaries and seems to have been aware of the constitutional problems that were to culminate in civil war; he dreaded innovation and did all he could, and perhaps more than he should, to safeguard the royal prerogative. Whether his policies were sound or not, it is evident that he was, as he later said, "no mountebank in the King's services."
Fall from power
By 1621 Bacon must have seemed impregnable, a favourite not by charm (though he was witty and had a dry sense of humour) but by sheer usefulness and loyalty to his sovereign; lavish in public expenditure (he was once the sole provider of a court masque); dignified in his affluence and liberal in his household; winning the attention of scholars abroad as the author of the Novum Organum, published in 1620, and the developer of the Instauratio Magna ("Great Instauration"), a comprehensive plan to reorganize the sciences and to restore man to that mastery over nature that he was conceived to have lost by the fall of Adam. But Bacon had his enemies. In 1618 he fell foul of George Villiers when he tried to interfere in the marriage of the daughter of his old enemy, Coke, and the younger brother of Villiers. Then, in 1621, two charges of bribery were raised against him before a committee of grievances over which he himself presided. The shock appears to have been twofold because Bacon, who was casual about the incoming and outgoing of his wealth, was unaware of any vulnerability and was not mindful of the resentment of two men whose cases had gone against them in spite of gifts they had made with the intent of bribing the judge. The blow caught him when he was ill, and he pleaded for extra time to meet the charges, explaining that genuine illness, not cowardice, was the reason for his request. Meanwhile, the House of Lords collected another score of complaints. Bacon admitted the receipt of gifts but denied that they had ever affected his judgment; he made notes on cases and sought an audience with the king that was refused. Unable to defend himself by discriminating between the various charges or cross-examining witnesses, he settled for a penitent submission and resigned the seal of his office, hoping that this would suffice. The sentence was harsh, however, and included a fine of £40,000, imprisonment in the Tower of London during the king's pleasure, disablement from holding any state office, and exclusion from Parliament and the verge of court (an area of 12 miles radius centred on where the sovereign is resident). Bacon commented to Buckingham: "I acknowledge the sentence just, and for reformation's sake fit, the justest Chancellor that hath been in the five changes since Sir Nicolas Bacon's time." The magnanimity and wit of the epigram sets his case against the prevailing standards.
Bacon did not have to stay long in the Tower, but he found the ban that cut him off from access to the library of Charles Cotton, an English man of letters, and from consultation with his physician more galling. He came up against an inimical lord treasurer, and his pension payments were delayed. He lost Buckingham's goodwill for a time and was put to the humiliating practice of roundabout approaches to other nobles and to Count Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador; remissions came only after vexations and disappointments. Despite all this his courage held, and the last years of his life were spent in work far more valuable to the world than anything he had accomplished in his high office. Cut off from other services, he offered his literary powers to provide the king with a digest of the laws, a history of Great Britain, and biographies of Tudor monarchs. He prepared memorandums on usury and on the prospects of a war with Spain; he expressed views on educational reforms; he even returned, as if by habit, to draft papers of advice to the king or to Buckingham and composed speeches he was never to deliver. Some of these projects were completed, and they did not exhaust his fertility. He wrote: "If I be left to myself I will graze and bear natural philosophy." Two out of a plan of six separate natural histories were composed—Historia Ventorum ("History of the Winds") appeared in 1622 and Historia Vitae et Mortis ("History of Life and Death") in the following year. Also in 1623 he published the De Dignitate et Augmentis Scientiarum, a Latin translation, with many additions, of the Advancement of Learning. He also corresponded with Italian thinkers and urged his works upon them. In 1625 a third and enlarged edition of his Essayes was published.
Bacon in adversity showed patience, unimpaired intellectual vigour, and fortitude. Physical deprivation distressed him but what hurt most was the loss of favour; it was not until January 20, 1622/23, that he was admitted to kiss the king's hand; a full pardon never came. Finally, in March 1626, driving one day near Highgate (a district to the north of London) and deciding on impulse to discover whether snow would delay the process of putrefaction, he stopped his carriage, purchased a hen, and stuffed it with snow. He was seized with a sudden chill, which brought on bronchitis, and he died at the earl of Arundel's house nearby on April 9, 1626.Kathleen Marguerite Lea Anthony M. Quinton, Baron Quinton
Thought and writings
The intellectual background
Bacon appears as an unusually original thinker for several reasons. In the first place he was writing, in the early 17th century, in something of a philosophical vacuum so far as England was concerned. The last great English philosopher, William of Ockham, had died in 1347, two and a half centuries before the Advancement of Learning; the last really important philosopher, John Wycliffe, had died not much later, in 1384.
The 15th century had been intellectually cautious and torpid, leavened only by the first small importations of Italian humanism by such cultivated dilettantes as Humphrey Plantagenet, duke of Gloucester, and John Tiptoft, earl of Worcester. The Christian Platonism of the Renaissance became more established at the start of the 16th century in the circle of Erasmus' English friends: the so-called Oxford Reformers—John Colet, William Grocyn, and Thomas More. But that initiative succumbed to the ecclesiastical frenzies of the age. Philosophy did not revive until Richard Hooker in the 1590s put forward his moderate Anglican version of Thomist rationalism in the form of a theory of the Elizabethan church settlement. This happened a few years before Bacon began to write.
In England three systems of thought prevailed in the late 16th century: Aristotelian Scholasticism, scholarly and aesthetic humanism, and occultism. Aristotelian orthodoxy had been reanimated in Roman Catholic Europe after the Council of Trent and the Counter-Reformation had lent authority to the massive output of the 16th-century Spanish theologian and philosopher Francisco Suárez. In England learning remained in general formally Aristotelian, even though some criticism of Aristotle's logic had reached Cambridge at the time Bacon was a student there in the mid-1570s. But such criticism sought simplicity for the sake of rhetorical effectiveness and not, as Bacon's critique was to do, in the interests of substantial, practically useful knowledge of nature.
The Christian humanist tradition of Petrarch, Lorenzo Valla, and, more recently, of Erasmus was an active force. In contrast to orthodox asceticism, this tradition, in some aspects, inclined to glorify the world and its pleasures and to favour the beauty of art, language, and nature, while remaining comparatively indifferent to religious speculation. Attraction to the beauty of nature, however, if it did not cause was at any rate combined with neglect and disdain for the knowledge of nature. Educationally it fostered the sharp separation between the natural sciences and the humanities that has persisted ever since. Philosophically it was skeptical, nourishing itself, notably in the case of Montaigne, on the rediscovery in 1562 of Sextus Empiricus' comprehensive survey of the skepticism of Greek thought after Aristotle.
The third important current of thought in the world into which Bacon was born was that of occultism, or esotericism, that is, the pursuit of mystical analogies between man and the cosmos, or the search for magical powers over natural processes, as in alchemy and the concoction of elixirs and panaceas. Although its most famous exponent, Paracelsus, was German, occultism was well rooted in England, appealing as it did to the individualistic style of English credulity. Robert Fludd, the leading English occultist, was an approximate contemporary of Bacon. Bacon himself has often been held to have been some kind of occultist, and, even more questionably, to have been a member of the Rosicrucian order, but the sort of "natural magic" he espoused and advertised was altogether different from that of the esoteric philosophers.
There was a fourth mode of Renaissance thought outside England to which Bacon's thinking bore some affinity. Like that of the humanists it was inspired by Plato, at least to some extent, but by another part of his thought, namely its cosmology. This was the boldly systematic nature-philosophy of Nicholas of Cusa and of a number of Italians, in particular Bernardino Telesio, Francesco Patrizzi, Tommaso Campanella, and Giordano Bruno. Nicholas of Cusa and Bruno were highly speculative, but Telesio and, up to a point, Campanella affirmed the primacy of sense perception. In a way that Bacon was later to elaborate formally and systematically, they held knowledge of nature to be a matter of extrapolating from the findings of the senses. There is no allusion to these thinkers in Bacon's writings. But although he was less metaphysically adventurous than they were, he shared with them the conviction that the human mind is fitted for knowledge of nature and must derive it from observation, not from abstract reasoning.
Bacon's scheme
Bacon drew up an ambitious plan for a comprehensive work that was to appear under the title of Instauratio Magna ("The Great Instauration"), but like many of his literary schemes, it was never completed. Its first part, De Augmentis Scientiarum, appeared in 1623 and is an expanded, Latinized version of his earlier work the Advancement of Learning, published in 1605 (the first really important philosophical book to be written in English). The De Augmentis Scientiarum contains a division of the sciences, a project that had not been embarked on to any great purpose since Aristotle and, in a smaller way, since the Stoics. The second part of Bacon's scheme, the Novum Organum, which had already appeared in 1620, gives "true directions concerning the interpretation of nature," in other words, an account of the correct method of acquiring natural knowledge. This is what Bacon believed to be his most important contribution and is the body of ideas with which his name is most closely associated. The fields of possible knowledge having been charted in De Augmentis Scientiarum, the proper method for their cultivation was set out in Novum Organum.
Third, there is natural history, the register of matters of observed natural fact, which is the indispensable raw material for the inductive method. Bacon wrote "histories," in this sense, of the wind, of life and death, and of the dense and the rare, and, near the end of his life, he was working on his Sylva Sylvarum: Or A Natural Historie ("Forest of Forests"), in effect, a collection of collections, a somewhat uncritical miscellany.
Fourth, there is the "ladder of the intellect," consisting of thoroughly worked out examples of the Baconian method in application, the most successful one being the exemplary account in Novum Organum of how his inductive "tables" show heat to be a kind of motion of particles. Fifth, there are the "forerunners," or pieces of scientific knowledge arrived at by pre-Baconian, common sense methods. Sixth and finally, there is the new philosophy, or science itself, seen by Bacon as a task for later generations armed with his method, advancing into all the regions of possible discovery set out in the Advancement of Learning. The wonder is not so much that Bacon did not complete this immense design but that he got as far with it as he did.
The idols of the mind
In the first book of Novum Organum Bacon discusses the causes of human error in the pursuit of knowledge. Aristotle had discussed logical fallacies, commonly found in human reasoning, but Bacon was original in looking behind the forms of reasoning to underlying psychological causes. He invented the metaphor of "idol" to refer to such causes of human error.
Bacon distinguishes four idols, or main varieties of proneness to error. The idols of the tribe are certain intellectual faults that are universal to mankind, or, at any rate, very common. One, for example, is a tendency toward oversimplification, that is, toward supposing, for the sake of tidiness, that there exists more order in a field of inquiry than there actually is. Another is a propensity to be overly influenced by particularly sudden or exciting occurrences that are in fact unrepresentative.
The idols of the cave are the intellectual peculiarities of individuals. One person may concentrate on the likenesses, another on the differences, between things. One may fasten on detail, another on the totality.
The idols of the marketplace are the kinds of error for which language is responsible. It has always been a distinguishing feature of English philosophy to emphasize the unreliable nature of language, which is seen, nominalistically, as a human improvisation. Nominalists argue that even if the power of speech is given by God, it was Adam who named the beasts and thereby gave that power its concrete realization. But language, like other human achievements, partakes of human imperfections. Bacon was particularly concerned with the superficiality of distinctions drawn in everyday language, by which things fundamentally different are classed together (whales and fishes as fish, for example) and things fundamentally similar are distinguished (ice, water, and steam). But he was also concerned, like later critics of language, with the capacity of words to embroil men in the discussion of the meaningless (as, for example, in discussions of the deity Fortune). This aspect of Bacon's thought has been almost as influential as his account of natural knowledge, inspiring a long tradition of skeptical rationalism, from the Enlightenment to Comtian positivism of the 19th and logical positivism of the 20th centuries.
The fourth and final group of idols is that of the idols of the theatre, that is to say mistaken systems of philosophy in the broadest, Baconian sense of the term, in which it embraces all beliefs of any degree of generality. Bacon's critical polemic in discussing the idols of the theatre is lively but not very penetrating philosophically. He speaks, for example, of the vain affectations of the humanists, but they were not a very apt subject for his criticism. Humanists were really anti-philosophers who not unreasonably turned their attention to nonphilosophical matters because of the apparent inability of philosophers to arrive at conclusions that were either generally agreed upon or useful. Bacon does have something to say about the skeptical philosophy to which humanists appealed when they felt the need for it. Insofar as skepticism involves doubts about deductive reasoning, he has no quarrel with it. Insofar as it is applied not to reason but to the ability of the senses to supply the reason with reliable premises to work from, he brushes it aside too easily.
Bacon's attack on Scholastic orthodoxy is surprisingly rhetorical. It may be that he supposed it to be already sufficiently discredited by its incurably contentious or disputatious character. In his view it was a largely verbal technique for the indefinite prolongation of inconclusive argument by the drawing of artificial distinctions. He has some awareness of the central weakness of Aristotelian science, namely its attempt to derive substantial conclusions from premises that are intuitively evident, and argues that the apparently obvious axioms are neither clear nor indisputable. Perhaps Bacon's most fruitful disagreement with Scholasticism is his belief that natural knowledge is cumulative, a process of discovery, not of conservation. Living in a time when new worlds were being found on Earth, he was able to free himself from the view that everything men needed to know had already been revealed in the Bible or by Aristotle.
Against the fantastic learning of the occultists Bacon argued that individual reports are insufficient, especially since men are emotionally predisposed to credit the interestingly strange. Observations worthy to substantiate theories must be repeatable. Bacon defended the study of nature against those who considered it as either base or dangerous. He argued for a cooperative and methodical procedure and against individualism and intuition.
The classification of the sciences
Book II of the Advancement of Learning and Books II to IX of the De Augmentis Scientiarum contain an unprecedentedly thorough and detailed systematization of the whole range of human knowledge. Bacon begins with a distinction of three faculties—memory, imagination, and reason—to which are respectively assigned history, "poesy," and philosophy. History has an inclusive sense and means all knowledge of singular, individual matters of fact. "Poesy" is "feigned history" and not taken to be cognitive at all and so really irrelevant. After subdividing poesy perfunctorily into narrative, representative (or dramatic), and allusive (or parabolical) forms, Bacon gives it no further consideration.
History is divided into natural and civil, the civil category also including ecclesiastical and literary history (which for Bacon is really the history of ideas). History supplies the raw material for philosophy, in other words for the general knowledge that is inductively derived from it. Although Bacon proclaims the universal applicability of induction, he himself treats it almost exclusively as a means to natural knowledge and ignores its civil (or social) application.
Two further general distinctions should be mentioned. The first is between the divine and the secular. Most divine knowledge must come from revelation, and reason has nothing to do with it. There is such a thing as divine philosophy (what was later called rational, or natural, theology), but its sole task and competence is to prove that there is a God. The second, more pervasive distinction is between theoretical and practical disciplines, that is, between sciences proper and technologies, or "arts."
Bacon acknowledges something he calls first philosophy, which is secular but not confined to nature or to society. It is concerned with the principles, such as they are, that are common to all the sciences. Natural philosophy divides into natural science as theory on the one hand and the practical discipline of applying natural science's findings to "the relief of man's estate" on the other, which he misleadingly describes as natural magic. The former is "the inquisition of causes," the latter, "the production of effects."
To subdivide still further, natural science is made up of physics and metaphysics, as Bacon understands it. Physics, in his interpretation, is the science of observable correlations; metaphysics is the more theoretical science of the underlying structural factors that explains observable regularities. Each has its practical, or technological, partner; that of physics is mechanics, that of metaphysics, natural magic. It is to the latter that one must look for the real transformation of the human condition through scientific progress. Mechanics is just levers and pulleys.
Mathematics is seen by Bacon as an auxiliary to natural science. Many subsequent philosophers of science would agree, understanding it to be a logical means of expressing the content of scientific propositions or of extracting part of that content. But Bacon is not clear about how mathematics was to be of service to science and does not realize that the Galilean physics developing in his own lifetime was entirely mathematical in form. Although one of his three inductive tables is concerned with correlated variations in degree (while the others concern likenesses and differences in kind), he really has no conception of the role, already established in science, of exact numerical measurement.
Bacon is fairly cursory about "human philosophy." Four somewhat quaint sciences of body are sketched—medicine, cosmetic, athletic, and "the voluptuary arts." The sciences of mind—logic and ethics—are practical, consisting of sets of rules for the correct management of reasoning or conduct, with no suggested theoretical counterpart. Bacon is unreflectively conventional about moral truth, content to rely on the deliverances of the long historical sequence of moralists, undisturbed by their disagreements with one another.
Bacon represents civil philosophy in the same uninquiringly practical way. It comprises not only the art of government but also "conversation," or the art of persuasion, and "negotiation," or prudence, the topic of proverbs and, to a considerable extent, of his own Essayes.
In principle, Bacon is committed to the view that human beings and society are as well fitted for inductive, and, in 20th-century terms, scientific study as the natural world. Yet he depicts human and social studies as the field of nothing more refined than common sense. It was, of course, an achievement to extricate them from religion, and to do so without unnecessary provocation. But in his conception they remain practical arts with no sustaining body of scientific theory to ratify them. It was left to Thomas Hobbes, for a time Bacon's amanuensis, to develop complete systems of human and social science. Bacon's practice, however, was better than his program. In his writings on history and law he went beyond the commonplaces of chronicle and precedent and engaged in explanation and theory.
The new method
The core of Bacon's philosophy of science is the account of inductive reasoning given in Book II of Novum Organum. The defect of all previous systems of beliefs about nature, he argued, lay in the inadequate treatment of the general propositions from which the deductions were made. Either they were the result of precipitate generalization from one or two cases, or they were uncritically assumed to be self-evident on the basis of their familiarity and general acceptance.
In order to avoid hasty generalization Bacon urges a technique of "gradual ascent," that is, the patient accumulation of well-founded generalizations of steadily increasing degrees of generality. This method would have the beneficial effect of loosening the hold on men's minds of ill-constructed everyday concepts that obliterate important differences and fail to register important similarities.
The crucial point, Bacon realized, is that induction must work by elimination not, as it does in common life and the defective scientific tradition, by simple enumeration. Thus he stressed "the greater force of the negative instance"—the fact that while "all A are B" is only very weakly confirmed by "this A is B," it is shown conclusively to be false by "this A is not B." He devised tables, or formal devices for the presentation of singular pieces of evidence, in order to facilitate the rapid discovery of false generalizations. What survives this eliminative screening, Bacon assumes, may be taken to be true.
Bacon presents tables of presence, of absence, and of degree. Tables of presence contain a collection of cases in which one specified property is found. They are then compared to each other to see what other properties are always present. Any property not present in just one case in such a collection cannot be a necessary condition of the property being investigated. Second, there are tables of absence, which list cases that are as alike as possible to the cases in the tables of presence except for the property under investigation. Any property that is found in the second case cannot be a sufficient condition of the original property. Finally, in tables of degree proportionate variations of two properties are compared to see if the proportion is maintained.
Bacon rightly showed some hesitation in arriving at the goal he had prescribed for himself, namely constructing a method that would yield general propositions about substantial matters of natural fact that were certain and beyond reasonable doubt. But he hesitated for an insufficient, secondary reason. The application of his tables to a mass of singular evidence, he said, would give only a "first vintage," a provisional approximation to the truth, because of the defects of natural history, that is to say, the defects inherent in the formulation of the evidence.
There are, however, more serious difficulties. An obvious one is that Bacon assumed both that every property natural science can investigate actually has some other property which is both its necessary and sufficient condition (a very strong version of determinism) and also that the conditioning property in each case is readily discoverable. What he had himself laid down as the task of metaphysics in his sense (theoretical natural science in 20th-century terms), namely the discovery of the hidden "forms" that explain what is observed, ensured that the tables could not serve for that task since they are confined to the perceptible accompaniments of what is to be explained. This point is implied by critics who have accused Bacon of failing to recognize the indispensable role of hypotheses in science. In general he adopted a naive and unreflective view about the nature of causes, ignoring their possible complexity and plurality (pointed out by John Stuart Mill) as well as the possibility that they could be at some distance in space and time from their effects.
Another weakness, not sufficiently emphasized, is Bacon's preoccupation with the static. The science that came to glorious maturity in his own century was concerned with change, and, in particular, with motion, as is the natural science of the 20th century. It was with this aspect of the natural world that mathematics, whose role Bacon did not see, came so fruitfully to grips.
The conception of a scientific research establishment, which Bacon developed in his utopia, The New Atlantis, may be a more important contribution to science than his theory of induction. Here the idea of science as a collaborative undertaking, conducted in an impersonally methodical fashion and animated by the intention to give material benefits to mankind, is set out with literary force.
Human philosophy
Although, as was pointed out above, Bacon's programmatic account of "human and civic philosophy" (i.e., human and social science) treats it as a matter of practical art, or technique, his own ventures into history and jurisprudence, at any rate, were of a strongly theoretical cast. His Historie of the Raigne of King Henry the Seventh is explanatory, interpretative history, making sense of the king's policies by tracing them to his cautious, economical, and secretive character. Similarly his reflections on law, in De Augmentis Scientiarum and in Maxims of the Law (Part I of The Elements of the Common Lawes of England), are genuine jurisprudence, not the type of commentary informed by precedent with which most jurists of his time were content. In politics Bacon was as anxious to detach the state from religion as he was to disentangle science from it—both concerns being indicative of very little positive enthusiasm for religion, despite the formal professions of profound respect convention extracted from him. He endorsed the Tudor monarchy and defended it against Coke's legal obstruction because it was rational and efficient. He had no patience with the inanities of divine right with which James I was infatuated. Bacon wrote little about education, but his memorable assault on the Scholastic obsession with words—an obsession largely carried over, if to different words, by the humanists—bore fruit in the educational theory of Comenius, who acknowledged Bacon's influence in his argument that children should study actual things as well as books.
Legacy and influence
Bacon's personality has usually been regarded as unattractive: he was cold-hearted, cringed to the powerful, and took bribes, and then had the impudence to say he had not been influenced by them. There is no reason to question this assessment in its fundamentals. It was a hard world for someone in his situation to cut a good figure in, and he did not try to do so. The grimly practical style of his personality is reflected in the particular service he was able to provide of showing a purely secular mind of the highest intellectual power at work. No one who wrote so well could have been insensitive to art. But no one before him had ever quite so uncompromisingly excluded art from the cognitive domain.
Bacon was a hero to Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle, founders of the Royal Society. Jean d'Alembert, classifying the sciences in the Encyclopédie, saluted him. Kant, rather surprisingly for one so concerned to limit science in order to make room for faith, dedicated the Critique of Pure Reason to him. He was attacked by Joseph de Maistre for setting man's miserable reason up against God but glorified by Auguste Comte.
It has been suggested that Bacon's thought received proper recognition only with 19th-century biology, which, unlike mathematical physics, really is Baconian in procedure. Darwin undoubtedly thought so. Bacon's belief that a new science could contribute to the relief of man's estate also had to await its time. In the 17th century the chief inventions that flowed from science were of instruments that enabled science to progress further. Today Bacon is best known among philosophers as the symbol of the idea, widely held to be mistaken, that science is inductive. Although there is more to his thought than that, it is, indeed, central; but even if it is wrong, it is as well to have it so boldly and magnificently presented.Anthony M. Quinton, Baron Quinton
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Western philosophy: The empiricism of Francis BaconSir Francis Bacon was the outstanding apostle of Renaissance empiricism. Less an original metaphysician or cosmologist than the advocate of a vast new program for the advancement of learning and the reformation of scientific method, Bacon conceived of philosophy as a new technique…
history of Europe: The role of science and mathematics…track had been pursued by Francis Bacon, the great English lawyer and savant, whose influence eventually proved as great as that of Descartes. He called for a new science, to be based on organized and collaborative experiment with a systematic recording of results. General laws could be established only when…
education: The English ReformationSir Francis Bacon was interested in education though it was not his main concern—his main concern being the championship of the scientific method and "sense" realism, or empiricism, in opposition to traditional Aristotelianism and Scholasticism. He was opposed to private tutors and felt that boys and…
education: The new scientism and rationalismSir Francis Bacon of England was one who criticized the teachers of his day, saying that they offered nothing but words and that their schools were narrow in thought. He believed that the use of inductive and empirical methods would bring the knowledge that would give…
English literature: Effect of religion and science on early Stuart prose…scientific prose derived ultimately from Sir Francis Bacon, the towering intellect of the century, who charted a philosophical system well in advance of his generation and beyond his own powers to complete. In the
Advancement of Learning(1605) and the Novum Organum(1620), Bacon visualized a great synthesis of knowledge,…
More About Francis Bacon32 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- association with Essex
- conflicts with Coke
- defense of Machiavelli
- history of illuminati
- research by Donnelly
- study of candle flame
- views on English judicial system
contribution to
English literature
- comparative law


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Puget Sound Energy - Cool School Challenge
Cool School Challenge engages school communities in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and provides teacher Program Implementation Training / Student. Team Project (Grades 7 - 12).
King County Heroes at School Program
Get recognition for your school's environmental accomplishments. Fill out a nomination form beginning in January of each year.
Alliance for Climate Education
ACE is a national nonprofit dedicated to educating America's high school students about the science behind climate change and inspiring them to do something about it—while having fun along the way.
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The Japan-Swiss EPA means nothing to cheese lovers
A common topic of conversation among my foreign friends is cheese, more specifically, where one can buy it at justifiable prices. Cheese is notoriously expensive in Japan owing to a number of factors both cultural and bureaucratic. The agricultural ministry is very protective of Japanese dairy farmers and slaps a fairly high tariff on any milk-based products from abroad. The duty on cheese is about 30 percent, but that's 30 percent of the total cost of importing the cheese, meaning 30 percent of not only the wholesale price, but also 30 percent of the transportation cost and the insurance. And soft cheeses, at least, have to be shipped by air, so costs mount even more, and by the time the cheese is in your local store it has passed through the grubby hands of middlemen and can cost three or four times what it cost in its home country. Theoretically, if you buy it in bulk or over the Internet you can save some money, but Japanese, I'm always told, don't eat cheese that much. If that's true, then why is Japan the second biggest cheese importer in the world?
It's no secret that the big national food companies that deal in dairy foods like Meiji, Yuki-jirushi (Snow Brand) and Morinaga directly benefit from the cheese tariff and most likely lobbied to have it put in place. But the bulk of their sales in this realm is processed cheese (natural cheese imported for the purpose of making processed cheese is tariff-free), which Japanese consumers prefer. In fact, 90 percent of the so-called natural cheese sold in Japan is imported from abroad. This would seem to indicate that Japan produces very little non-processed cheese. If it's true that Japanese consumers in general don't like "real" cheese, meaning the harder, smellier kind, what exactly is there to protect?
The price of cheese from Switzerland should have at least come down a little bit because Japan concluded an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the country that went into effect last September. This means that Swiss can buy cars and electrical appliances from Japan without any import duties and Japanese can buy luxury watches and chocolate and Nestle's instant coffee with the same benefits. Cheese, too, since it's a major Swiss export, mainly emmenthal (the one with the holes) and gruyere. However, we have not noticed any appreciable change in the price of cheese from Switzerland in the past nine months. At the very least, the price should have come down in relation to the Swiss franc, which, like most currencies, has lost much of its value against the yen in the past year. I know there's a lead time when it comes to price changes pegged to foreign currency fluctuations, but I've seen absolutely no change in the past few years in the cheese cases of my local stores.
Last week we bought a tiny block of Swiss emmenthal (¥480 for 100 grams) and an even tinier block of Swiss gruyere (¥1,100 for 100 grams) at Cheese Oukoku (Cheese Kingdom), a chain operation that you usually find in the basements of department stores. Their salespeople like to show off their knowledge of all things cheesy by advising customers on how to enjoy certain types, how it's made, the aging process, etc., but when we asked one of them about the Swiss issue he professed to know nothing, and said he had never even heard of the EPA. What about the drop in the franc and the euro? we asked. Shouldn't that make a difference? "The price of cheese hasn't gone down," he said. That much we knew just by standing there and looking.
Tags: cheese, EPA, Switzerland


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Kids Movie Night
Barnes & Noble at Fashion Island hosts Kids Movie Night, with a free showing of "How to Train Your Dragon," in the children's department at 7 p.m. For more information, call (949) 718-0109.
Temple Bat Yahm, 1011 Camelback St., Newport Beach holds a Friday night Shabbat Service at 6 p.m., followed by an Oneg Shabbat. The service will be led by Rabbi Gersh Zylberman and Cantor Jonathan Grant. Guests are invited. For information, call (949) 644-1999 or visit http://www.tby.org.
Music Unwound
Pacific Symphony's first Music Unwound concert this season, "Pictures at an Exhibition," led by Music Director Carl St. Clair, takes place at 8 p.m. in the Renée and Henry Segerstrom Concert Hall. In addition to Mussorgsky's masterpiece, the program includes Ravel's Piano Concerto, performed by acclaimed French pianist Jean-Efflam Bavouzet, and Prokofiev's "Peter and the Wolf" — performed with the Academy Award-winning film by the same name. Tickets are $25 to $105. For more information, call (714) 755-5799 or visit http://www.pacificsymphony.org.
"Photo-Environment," an exhibit of 100 photos from 17 photographers, will be on display at the Orange Coast College's Frank M. Doyle Arts Pavilion, 2701 Fairview Road, Costa Mesa. For gallery times and more information, visit http://www.occartspavilion.blogspot.com.
Oktoberfest Menu
The First Cabin Restaurant at The Balboa Bay Club & Resort presents its annual authentic Oktoberfest menu for lunch and dinner. Appetizers are also available in the Duke's Place Lounge in the late afternoon and evening. For more information, call (949) 630-4145.
Drink Pink For The Cause
Fleming's Prime Steakhouse & Wine Bar at Fashion Island is offering 100% of the proceeds from the sale of its Stoli Bombshell cocktail to the Avon Breast Cancer Crusade. The drink, which is sugar free and 99 calories, is $6 from 5 to 7 p.m. nightly. For more information, visit http://www.flemingssteakhouse.com.
Art of Flowers
The UCI Arboretum hosts the Fall Art and Flower Festival from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. at the arboretum, UCI North Campus off of Jamboree Road. For more information, visit http://www.arboretum.bio.uci.edu/.
Torah Study
Temple Bat Yahm holds its weekly Torah Study from 9 to 10:30 a.m. in the TBY Library, 1011 Camelback St., Newport Beach, followed by the Saturday Minyan at 10:40 a.m. in the Morgan Chapel. Guests are welcome. For more information, call (949) 644-1999 or visit http://www.tby.org.
Wheelchair Rugby
The seventh annual Bill Alvarez Memorial Wheelchair Rugby Exhibition will be sponsored by Orange Coast College's Spirit of Ability Club and Disabled Students Programs and Services. The event is at OCC's Peterson Gymnasium, 2701 Fairview Road, Costa Mesa. Doors will open at 10:30 a.m., and the games will begin at 11:00 a.m. Suggested donation is $5. For more information, visit http://www.orangecoastcollege.edu.
Newport Harbor Elks is hosting an Oktoberfest event at 5 p.m. at the Elks Lodge, 3456 Via Oporto, Newport Beach. Authentic German food, an oompah band and Bavarian folk dancers will be featured. For more information, call (949) 673-6110.
Orange Coast Concert Series
Three accomplished harpists will perform an eclectic variety of music that ranges from classical to jazz at 7:30 p.m. at the Orange Coast Unitarian Universalist Church, 1259 Victoria St., Costa Mesa. This is the first performance in the 2010-2011 Orange Coast Concerts series, which is sponsored by Orange Coast Unitarian Universalist Church and open to the community. Tickets are $20. For more information, visit http://www.brownpapertickets.com/event/78894 or call (714) 376-6666. Free parking is available adjacent to the church.
Meet The Mayor
Mayor Keith Curry will visit the Newport Beach Central Library, 1000 Avocado Ave., from 9 to 10:30 a.m. to meet and talk with community members about the city of Newport Beach. Residents are encouraged to stop by and ask questions, make suggestions and discuss city issues with the mayor. For more information, visit http://www.newportbeachca.gov.
Dan Zanes And Friends
Samueli Theater at the Orange County Performing Arts Center in Costa Mesa hosts a family concert by Dan Zanes and Friends. Tickets start at $25 for the shows. For showtimes and more information, visit http://www.ocpac.org.


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Huskers Close With Tough Loss In Capital One Bowl
ORLANDO, Fla. -- The last time Nebraska took the field, its own shortcomings ended with one of the most disappointing losses in its history.
The Cornhuskers' 45-31 loss to Georgia in Tuesday's Capital One Bowl did little for the healing process.
Quarterback Aaron Murray threw five touchdown passes to set a Georgia bowl record, including two in the fourth quarter, as the sixth-ranked Bulldogs sent No. 23 Nebraska to its third straight bowl loss.
It was a particularly stinging defeat for the Cornhuskers (10-4), who finished the season with two straight losses -- both with woeful defensive performances. Nebraska is just a month removed from losing 70-31 to Wisconsin in the Big Ten championship game on Dec. 1.
The 591 yards of total offense that Georgia posted in its win Tuesday were the most Nebraska has ever allowed in a bowl game, passing the previous high of 518 by Alabama in the 1966 Orange Bowl.
"We didn't win the football game. At the end of the day that's what we're about around here," Nebraska coach Bo Pelini said. "They didn't sit there and dwell on what happened in the Big Ten title game but ... we didn't get it done and that's what we're about in this program, is to win football games.
"But I thought as far as how they responded to what happened in that game, I thought they did that."
Murray shook off a pair of first-half interceptions, including one returned for a touchdown, and passed for 427 yards -- also a Bulldogs bowl record -- against the nation's top-ranked passing defense. He was the game's most valuable player on the way to earning his first bowl victory at Georgia.
Georgia (12-2) also reached 12 wins for the third time in school history.
The Cornhuskers led 24-23 at the half, but committed two of their three turnovers in the final 30 minutes.
Taylor Martinez had two interceptions and two touchdown passes for Nebraska, and Rex Burkhead rushed for 140 yards in his final college game.
Nebraska drops to 12-7 against SEC opponents in bowl games.
Trailed by questions about his team's focus following its narrow loss to Alabama in the SEC championship game, Georgia coach Mark Richt said Tuesday was also about a team that finished 5 yards shy of a BCS title-game berth finding closure.
Nebraska's offense finished with 443 total yards, but the Bulldogs' defense was stingy when it needed to be.
They sacked Martinez five times, with junior All-American linebacker Jarvis Jones notching two. Damian Swann had both Georgia interceptions.
With his two sacks, Jones set a single-season record with 14.5. He will now decide in the coming days whether or not to enter the NFL draft.
Murray found Keith Marshall free near the sideline for a 24-yard touchdown pass that gave Georgia a 38-31 lead with 14:52 to play. Following a Nebraska punt, Murray then hit Chris Conley for a short pass in space over the middle. Conley outran the Cornhuskers defenders for an 87-yard score.
That play came after a 49-yard touchdown catch by Conley that helped Georgia tie the game in the third quarter.
Nebraska clung to a 24-23 lead at the half, taking back the advantage late in the second quarter via a 16-yard strike from Martinez to Burkhead.
After a pair of early turnovers, Murray seemed to be getting Georgia's offense back on track, as the Bulldogs punctuated a four-play, 38-yard drive with a 24-yard touchdown run by Todd Gurley to make it 23-17.
Both Bulldogs turnovers came via Murray interceptions as the nation's top-ranked passing defense crowded Georgia's receivers and disguised their coverage schemes.
Gurley helped open things up, though, rushing for 81 yards in the opening 30 minutes.
Nebraska also allowed Georgia's defense to pick up three sacks, which thwarted some promising Cornhuskers drives.
Nebraska's defense didn't need long to force the game's first turnover, picking off a Murray pass on Georgia's opening drive of the game.
The Cornhuskers went three-and-out on their first offensive touch, and were forced to punt.
But that attempt by punter Brett Maher was blocked by the Bulldogs' Shawn Williams. There was a scramble for the ball in the end zone, but it trickled out of the back for a safety.
The Bulldogs then went up 9-0 their ensuing possession following the free kick, capping an 80-yard drive with a 29-yard touchdown pass by Murray to Arthur Lynch.
Nebraska's offense finally got going on its next touch, responding with a 14-yard touchdown pass from Martinez to Jamal Turner.
The Cornhuskers' defense then made with 14-9 when Compton came up with their second interception in the half on Murray and returned it 24 yards for the score.
Regardless of how their final two games ended, Pelini said that the departing senior class holds a special place in program history.
The Cornhuskers have won at least nine games in each of his first five seasons as coach.
"When these guys came in, the program wasn't in very good shape at that point and these guys have been a big part of getting it back to where it is," Pelini said. "Is it where we want to be? No. We want to win a national championship ... But they represented this program the right way ... And for that, I think everybody associated with Nebraska football owes them a thanks."
Copyright 2012 by The Associated Press. All rights reserved. Material may not be redistributed.


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Cincinnati Reds Fire Dusty Baker After Playoff Loss
CINCINNATI (AP) — The Reds have fired manager Dusty Baker, who led them to their best stretch of success since the Big Red Machine but couldn't get them past the first round of the playoffs.
The move came three days after the Reds lost the wild-card playoff in Pittsburgh 6-2 on Tuesday night, ending the season with their sixth straight loss.
Baker had one year left on his contract.
He took over a rebuilding team in 2008 and led it to three 90-win seasons and playoff appearances in the last four years, their best run since Sparky Anderson managed the Big Red Machine to two World Series titles in the 1970s.
Cincinnati couldn't get past the opening round of the playoffs, however, building pressure for change


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If you're interested in baseball — writing about it, reading about it, talking about it — there's a place for you in the Society for American Baseball Research. Any baseball fan is eligible to become a SABR member.
An annual SABR membership is $65 (which works out to about $5 a month), with discounts available for three-year rates and for anyone under the age of 30 or over 65. Family memberships are also available.
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To join by mail: Print out this downloadable PDF form and mail the form and your payment to the office at SABR, Cronkite School at ASU, 555 N. Central Ave. #416, Phoenix, AZ 85004.
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SABR was formed in 1971 in Cooperstown, New York, with the mission of fostering the research and dissemination of the history and record of the game. Our members include everyone from academics to professional sportswriters to amateur historians and statisticians to students and casual fans who merely enjoy reading about baseball history and occasionally gathering with other members to talk baseball.
SABR members have a variety of interests, and this is reflected in the diversity of its research committees. There are more than two dozen groups devoted to the study of a specific area related to the game — from Baseball and the Arts to Statistical Analysis to the Deadball Era to Women in Baseball. In addition, many SABR members meet formally and informally in regional chapters throughout the year and hundreds come together for the annual national convention, the organization's premier event. These meetings often include panel discussions with former major league players and research presentations by members.
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If you support SABR and all the groundbreaking research our members have and will produce, please consider adding a donation when you join via our online options below. No amount is too big or too small. Every dollar goes toward helping all baseball fans learn more about the National Pastime and enjoy the game we love. SABR is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization and all donations to SABR are tax-deductible to the extent allowed by law.
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August 08, 2018
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|Frequently Asked Questions
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Between the Excalibur 2400 and 500, Which is the most affordable model that can easily accomodate the typical dehydration needs of 2-3 people?
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Returns / Exchanges
Return Policy
Thank you for shopping Rustic Ranch Relics.
Our goal is for you to be completely satisfied with your purchase. We want you to love our merchandise as much as we do! We try to minimize returns as much as possible. We are always happy to answer questions about the products we carry or provide measurements to assist with sizing, check material content, color, etc. If you have sizing or other questions, please email or call us before ordering. 720-887-3491
We want you to be happy with your purchase and your experience with Rustic Ranch Relics. Our return policy is for exchange or store credit only! When items are returned, they must have original tags on them and must not have been worn or washed. Items must be sent back to Rustic Ranch Relics within 10 days or they will not be accepted.
Shipping charges are not refundable. Customer is responsible for return shipping. If you wish to exchange an item for a different size or item, there will be another shipping charge of $6.95. Please include your name and phone number in your return as well as reason for the return. Custom & personalized items are not returnable. Sale items are FINAL SALE.
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Follow Friday: ConnorsGenealogy.comPosted: October 15, 2010 Filed under: Genealogy | Tags: Connors, Follow Friday, Ireland, Troy Leave a comment
Listen, I like Ancestry.com just fine, but every once in a while I get a little bug-eyed at how much it just keeps growing and growing, merging into everything that lies in its path. Some days it's hard not to feel like Steve McQueen and friends confronting the Blob outside that funky 1950s movie theater.
I continue to poke and prod at Ancestry's sprawling holdings — not only the obvious stuff like censuses, but at esoterica like the family histories, church histories and old society programs squirreled away in the card catalog. However, I freely admit there are days when the sheer volume of material (and quirky search engine) overwhelm me.
That's when I'm grateful that it is still possible to find online repositories that are focused and personal labors of love, like ConnorsGenealogy.
This is a site maintained by California researcher Pat Connors, and once I get past that fact I honestly don't know where to begin, there is such a variety of well-organized information here. On the home page, there are regular updates about what's new and what's coming up, a very good starting point.
If you are interested in Irish research, this is a great place to visit. There are photos and townland maps, arranged by county. There are also baptisms and marriage listings for Connors/O'Connors and various other surname interests of Pat's, and even if you're not related, you'd be surprised what might be in there. For instance, I don't think I'm related to Pat, but because there happens to be a Troy, N.Y. section to the site, I stumbled across a date for my great-great-grandfather's declaration of intent.
But even without that, I'd love this site for its wealth of general information about Ireland, its surname registries and the energy that bounces through the entire endeavor. Sites like this have the real-person touch that can help a beginner chart a path that takes them beyond the index-searching stage. Which is where we all need to go, sooner or later.


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Bars 100% dedicated to gaming
At Meltdown you can play games including League of Legends, Hearthstone, DOTA 2, Starcraft 2 and many more: all our PCs and consoles are free to use so come play, watch live streams, and have a drink!
Meltdown is growing!
If there isn't a Meltdown near you yet, why not open one yourself? Find out all about our franchise program here.


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Israel News - Stay Informed, Pray Informed
Two of Israel's three major television news programs broadcast special reports Wednesday evening dealing with US President George W. Bush's warning that a nuclear Iran could lead to World War III.
Earlier in the day, Bush reminded a White House press conference that "we have a leader in Iran who has announced that he wants to destroy Israel, so I've told people that if you're interested in avoiding World War III, it seems like you ought to be interested in preventing them from having the knowledge necessary to make a nuclear weapon."
Israel's Channel 2 and Channel 10 evening newscasts ran with the president's statement, presenting viewers with large world maps showing the possible alignment of nations in a future world war.
On one side would be Israel, the US, Britain, France and Germany. They would be opposed by Russia, Iran, Syria, China and North Korea.
Israel National News noted that the scenario was presented in such a way that evoked the biblically prophesied war of "Gog and Magog," a global end-times conflict spelled out in the book of Ezekiel (chapters 38-39).
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Grand Prix Series 1003 Hog Bristle Brush
by Silver Brush
100% naturally curved Chunking white bristles are carefully chosen for maximum color carrying capacity. Pure seamless and corrosion-resistant copper ferrules are double crimped to matte green lacquered handles. Bristles and handles are both sealed in the ferrule to protect these elegant brushes.
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Timothy C. from Philomont, VA says:
These brushes have a nice spring to them, and hold oil well. They seem to hold their spring and shape longer than others I have used, and are as good or better than Robert Simmons Signet bristol filberts....[more]
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Product 49/75
This fits your .
Riverside's products are designed and constructed for use in the home and are generally not intended for rental, commercial, institutional or other applications not considered to be household usage. Riverside uses furniture construction techniques and select materials to provide quality, durability, and value in their products. The construction of Riverside's core product line consists of a combination of cabinetmaker hardwood solids and hand-selected veneers applied over medium density fiberboard (MDF) and particle board. MDF and particle board are used in quality furniture for surfaces that require stability against the varying environmental conditions in modern homes. You'll appreciate the multiple-step application of Riverside's furniture finishes. Their finishing processes involve several steps of hand sanding, applications of several types of finishing coats, padding and polishing.
Riverside Furniture Placid Cove Right Pier in Honeysuckle White - B00C2OF048


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Christmas Cow: Gifts of the Moo-gi
Cows On Parade is a servicemark and Trade Mark of CowParade Worldwide, Inc.
All Photos ©Kasey Ignarski 1999 all rights reserved
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The Medical Center utilizes the 21ix Linear Accelerator from Varian Medical Systems to provide patients with the most accurate, tumor-destroying beam available. The result is safer, more effective treatment, with better outcomes. The 21ix Linear Accelerator enables The Medical Center to provide many forms of treatment options, which now include Stereotactic Radiosurgery.
The technology behind Stereotactic Radiosurgery at The Medical Center is Brainlab Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT). Brainlab IGRT enables physicians to pinpoint tumors with greater accuracy for more precise treatment and better patient outcomes.
Traditionally, small shifts in patient movement or radiation beam alignment could result in damage to healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. Brainlab IGRT technology uses high-resolution X-rays to pinpoint tumors seconds before treatment, automatically correcting any patient set-up errors and tracking patient movement throughout the procedure. With this improved precision, ExacTrac enables doctors to deliver higher treatment doses within one millimeter of the tumor, protecting healthy tissue and improving long-term clinical results.


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Seven Seas Navigator
In the six-star tradition of Regent Seven Seas Cruises, Seven Seas Navigator® is destined for distinction. Occupying the uppermost niche in cruising, she offers her 490 guests an unusual level of luxury and some of the highest space and service ratios at sea. From her all-suite, all-ocean-view accommodations with their luxurious marble baths to her signature cuisine to her superbly attentive staff, she has few equals.
Lounges & Cigar Bar
Several intimate bars and lounges offer a choice of nighttime amusements ranging from singing by the piano in Galileo's to dancing to the latest DJ selections in the Stars Lounge. Enjoy a pre-dinner cocktail in the friendly Navigator Lounge. Settle into a comfortable English club chair in the Connoisseur Club and light up a hand-rolled cigar.
For those in the gaming mood, a few hands of blackjack in the elegantly appointed Casino are the perfect draw. The Casino is located on Deck 7, and is open every day at sea when not restricted by territorial border limits. Blackjack, roulette, stud poker, mini-craps and slot machines are offered for guests' enjoyment.
Seven Seas Lounge
In the plush two-tiered Show lounge, the nine-piece Regent Signature Orchestra creates concert-quality music for an exhilarating array of productions. Cabaret revues and feature productions are presented, and several of the shows feature professional ballroom couples performing original choreography showcasing Latin, swing, waltz and other styles. In addition, a roster of headline entertainers and specialty programs such as James Bond Martini Night and Beatles Night will be sure to make for an unforgettable evening.
Compass Rose Restaurant
The largest specialty restaurant across our fleet offers a tantalizing mix of new and familiar items on every visit, the new lunch and dinner menus offer a vast selection to meet your discerning tastes. Aboard Seven Seas Navigator, for lunch, guests may choose from a robust list of appetizers and main courses from our specialty restaurants. And across our fleet for dinner you have the unique ability to design your very own entrée from preferred sides, sauces, pastas and main features of beef, poultry and fish. This is in addition to sinfully indulgent desserts made by talented bakers and pastry chefs. With daily changing menus, the refreshed Compass Rose offers more choices than ever before.
Prime 7
A true classic in every sense, Prime 7 sets a new standard in steakhouse fare with its contemporary interpretation of an American favorite. Handsomely decorated with supple leather wing-back chairs, burnished woods and rich earth-toned fabrics, Prime 7 exudes a distinct, intimate elegance. This is glamour redefined, a luxurious setting to enjoy classic steakhouse cuisine with a modern flair.
All the traditional starters are here, including Jumbo Lump Crab Cakes, Oysters Rockefeller, and French Onion Soup Gratinée. Of course, beef is the undisputed star, as it is all USDA Prime and Dry-Aged at least 28 days to ensure the ultimate tenderness, juiciness and flavor. "Côte de Boeuf" Bone-in Rib Steak, Porterhouse Steak and succulent Filet Mignon only touch upon the selections. Mouthwatering alternatives include Colorado Double-Cut Lamb Chops and Oven-Roasted Organic Free-Range Chicken. Prime 7 is open for dinner only and reservations are required.
La Veranda
Serving breakfast, lunch and dinner, La Veranda is exceedingly popular any time of the day. Spacious and comfortably casual, La Veranda offers regional specialties that often reflect the cuisines of the countries called on, such as Grilled Lamb Chops with Spanish Sherry Sauce or pan-sautéed Mediterranean Sea Bass. Dishes are presented in a buffet style that displays the diversity of the menu. La Veranda also features an authentic pizzeria and a shaded, open-air veranda for dining al fresco.
Pool Grill
The ultimate come-as-you-are dining venue, the Pool Grill couldn't be more casual. Walk over straight from sunbathing or swimming in the pool. Drop by before or after a shore excursion. Enjoy a snack between activities. The Pool Grill is openair, yet abundantly shaded for comfortable dining. Enjoy grilled-to-order burgers, grilled seafood, sandwiches and fresh salads. Treat yourself to milk shakes, malts, and hand-dipped ice cream desserts sprinkled with all your favorite toppings.
Spa & Fitness
Canyon Ranch Spa
Wherever we sail, we take with us the world's premier spa, Canyon Ranch® spa. These shipboard gems provide a realm of perfect tranquility and renewal. Here you'll enjoy a healthy sampling of the spa and wellness services of legendary Canyon Ranch health resorts.
Canyon Ranch spa offers an unrivalled approach to health and beauty, with spa services customized for you alone. Enjoy a few hours of revitalizing treatments during a day at sea, or relax after an active day of shore-side exploration. An array of treatments includes signature massages and therapeutic bodywork, mud, aromatherapy, ayurvedic and seaweed treatments, facials, conditioning scrubs and body cocoons. You may also consult with fitness professionals and attend presentations by wellness professionals who can help you feel your best for life
Fitness Center
Equipment includes lifecycles, free weights, striders, stairmasters, treadmills, weight benches, a Nautilus machine, workout mats and step benches. A fitness instructor is on hand to offer advice and to demonstrate the use of the fitness equipment.
Sports Activities & Pool
In addition to planned activities in the Fitness Center, take advantage of other sports-related activities throughout the ship. Deck 12 provides a golf cage, shuffleboard, table tennis and a full-circle jogging track. One flight down, the teak pool deck is one of the most expansive at sea, including a large heated pool and two whirlpools.
Onboard Enrichment
Regent has taken the idea of enrichment to the next level, going beyond traditional shipboard activities. What better way to experience your own specific area of interest than with lectures, classes and workshops of the highest caliber led by experts in their fields. Noted guest lecturers provide insights and perspectives far beyond what you would read in the average guidebook.
Select sailings feature complimentary enrichment programs called "Spotlights" that provide an enhanced view of a topic, led by guest experts. Audrey Grant's Better Bridge instructors are available on numerous voyages, presenting exciting and up-to-date programs for both experienced and new players, from bridge brush-up classes to social bridge games and two-hour duplicate games.
Although a vacation with Regent Seven Seas Cruises can make you forget about the rest of the world, you can still keep in touch by using our Club.com located on Deck 6. Printers, e-mails, Internet access and Wireless access throughout the ship are all available for a nominal fee. In addition, complimentary computer classes throughout a sailing may include everything from Introduction to E-mail to Digital Photography.
Club Mariner Youth Program
For adults who wish to share meaningful travel adventures with their children or grandchildren, the complimentary youth program onboard is designed for young travelers ages 5 - 8, 9 - 12 and 13 - 17 and is supervised by a staff of experienced and enthusiastic youth counselors. Young guests will enjoy all kinds of exciting, interactive activities.
Contact a Regent Seven Seas Cruises specialist
For detailed information regarding a Regent Seven Seas Cruises itinerary and pricing, please contact our Personal Vacation Planners today!
You may also e-mail us through our online contact form »


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Elert Archive
HSLDA Alerts & Information (ALL) RSS
Elert Archive
HSLDA Alerts & Information (ALL) RSS July 2010 7/30/2010 South Dakota--Compulsory Attendance for 5-Year-Olds Starts this Fall 7/29/2010 HSLDA: Last Chance to Register for Generation Joshua Leadership Camp 7/26/2010 HSLDA: Winners of SEARCH conference drawing announced! 7/26/2010 Missouri: Declaration of Homeschool Intent Not Necessary 7/23/2010 Colorado--Districts Send "Homeless Form" to Homeschooling Families 7/23/2010 HSLDA: Come to Richmond to Hear Inspiring Speakers 7/21/2010 Alabama -- Important Message about Compulsory Attendance 7/19/2010 HSLDA: District Form Not Required by Law 7/16/2010 Virginia: Reminder--Evaluations Due to Superintendent by August 1 7/16/2010 HSLDA: Increase in False Allegations Stopped 7/15/2010 HSLDA: Help with Homeschool Research 7/15/2010 Texas--Generation Joshua Teen Track at NTHEN Conference! 7/7/2010 California--Visit HSLDA at the 27th Annual CHEA Convention 7/7/2010 West Virginia--Eastern Panhandle Home School Conference Postponed 7/6/2010 Virginia--Help Needed Before Crucial July 8 Religious Exemption Vote 7/1/2010 Ohio--Action Needed to Oppose Reynoldsburg Daytime Curfew 7/1/2010 Texas--Visit HSLDA at the 2010 NTHEN Homeschool Conference! 7/1/2010 Washington--Visit HSLDA at the 16th Annual WATCH Conference!


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Hologram Michael Jackson to Go on Tour With Jackson Brothers?
PopCrush readers, you may get your wish. The King of Pop is your overwhelming choice as the artist you'd most like to see 'resurrected' as a hologram. Now Jackie Jackson, inspired by the virtual appearance of Tupac Shakur at Coachella last weekend, tells E! Online that a hologram version of their brother Michael could join him and Jermaine, Tito and Marlon on next year's tour to support the Jacksons' new album.
"It could have Michael — absolutely," Jackie says. "Wouldn't that be wonderful? As a matter of fact, we had that idea two years ago for Michael's Cirque du Soleil show."
The Jackson Brothers are kicking off the Unity Tour 2012 in June — that's probably too soon to integrate a Michael Jackson hologram into the show. However, Jackie points to next year's tour, which will be in support of a new album with Motown, as a great opportunity for the old Jackson 5 to perform together again, with MJ in hologram form. We'd bet that lots of fans would pay big money to see Michael Jackson on stage again, even in computer-generated form.
As for the Unity Tour, Jackie says the guys are still figuring out exactly which hits to sing. "There are so many songs," he says. "That's the hardest part because we want to include all the favorites and not leave anything out. We're going to sing some of Michael's stuff, too. We're going to honor him on the stage. He'd want us to do our thing to the best of our ability."
Jackie adds, "I just wish Michael was here with us, but I'm sure his spirit will be in the house."


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Film & Sound News
Featured articles
Bill Collins at Cannes, 1976
See Mr Movies Bill Collins talking about Australian films at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival.
Jeanne Little listicle
Adored by Australian television audiences for decades, we list 12 reasons to love Jeanne Little.
List of articles
Dec 2017
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Before he entered Gardiner's Bay early Saturday morning for the Volunteer Ocean Rescue Squad's half-mile swim John Conner, who was an international-class miler and 800 runner before being struck by a truck on a bicycle training ride here 10 years ago, recalled Glenn Cunningham, the great American miler, as having said, "In running it's you against yourself — the cruelest of competitors."
Well, with some help from his Ocean Rescue friends on paddleboards, Conner, who is 76, and was among 77 or so competitors, swam the half mile, though Craig Brierley, one of those who guided him from buoy to buoy, said, "John probably swam a mile all told. . . . He was an inspiration."
Actually, walking through the water toward the finish line was probably the most difficult part for Conner, who said on the way to the Fresh Pond Park beach that he no longer has a good sense of balance, one leg being significantly longer than the other as the result of the accident.
The Ocean Rescue Squad had turned out in numbers to oversee the swims (there were also one and two-milers), making sure that everyone would be safe. While he wasn't among Saturday's competitors, Rod McClave, who earlier this summer won two-milers in the bay and in the ocean in Montauk, and who competes in long-distance swims all over the world, has said that the swims here are the safest he's ever been in.
The first swimmers to reach the beach that day were two 9-year-olds, Mackenzie Licata and Jack Neiberg, members of East Hampton's junior lifeguard program. They did a third-of-a-mile buoy swim just to get their feet wet, as it were, in anticipation of doing a half-miler next year.
"It's to entice them," said John Ryan Sr., who has overseen the junior lifeguard program here for the past 25 years. While scores weren't kept, East Hampton's junior guards had acquitted themselves exceedingly well at the recent national tournament in Cape May, N.J., he said.
"In the final of the junior lifeguard beach flags, for example, there were five Monmouth County guards and five from East Hampton, and when it was over it was all East Hampton — Lucy Kolhoff, Carly Drew, Amanda Calabrese, Alyssa Bahel, and Marikate Ryan. We took one, two, three in the distance swim . . . that's how it went. We figured everybody enoyed it, and you have to win to enjoy it!"
"This is the Ocean Rescue Squad's main fund-raiser," said Richard Monahan, a national-class age group swimmer who was working the beach that day. "It raises money for the equipment we need and so that we can continue to guard other swims."
Before plunging in, Jennifer Ford, a stand-up paddleboarder with Paddle Diva, plugged the next Paddlers 4 Humanity event, an 18-mile Montauk-to-Block Island open water paddle on Aug. 27. Ford oversees fitness workouts on paddleboards throughout the town, at such spots as Georgica Pond, Cove Road in Sag Harbor, and Hand's Creek on Three Mile Harbor. On Aug. 27, she said, the paddlers are to leave from the Montauk Lighthouse at 6 a.m.
Among other charities, Paddlers 4 Humanity events benefit the East Hampton Day Care Learning Center, the Long Island Communities of Practice, the P4H East End Catastrophic Fund, the Montauk Playhouse Community Center, and the Retreat.
Kevin McCann, who ran up the beach with Ford, after doing the one-miler, said, "It was fun — no jellyfish, the water's warm. . . . This young lady," he said, turning to Ford, "beat me."
"It's a great event," continued McCann, who lives not far from Fresh Pond Park in Barnes Landing. "If I can stand at the end, and not drown, I figured, 'Why not?' What John Ryan has done for this town has been huge."
Both his children, one in Argentina now, the other on Wall Street, began in the elder Ryan's junior lifeguard program, said McCann, who was a lifeguard himself when growing up in Atlantic Beach, "between Long Beach and Rockaway."
"Lifeguarding is a big character builder," McCann continued. "It's about more than swimming. The caliber of kids we have here is wonderful. It's a great community. You're endorsing John's work when you come out for these events."
Matt O'Grady, 50, of New York City and Sag Harbor, the winner of the two-miler, in 44 minutes, said "the course was perfect today, though there were some sea lice. But once you figure they're not going to go away, you get used to them."
When McClave's name came up, O'Grady said, "He's my swim coach — my inspiration. He would have finished a couple minutes quicker."
"He's younger, though," he added with a smile, "I'd like to beat him."
"I survived — I think I drank half of Gardiner's Bay," Conner said on exiting the water, and then, to Charlie van der Horst, a University of North Carolina medical school professor who is a member of a group of 16 runners he coaches every Wednesday evening at the high school track, Conner added, "It's not nice getting old."
But van der Horst, 59, preferred to look on the lighter side of life. "This is a sportsman's paradise!" he said. "And one of the reasons is John Conner. It's not the land of couch potatoes."