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Thank you for visiting Reformed Chicks Babbling. This blog is no longer being updated. Please enjoy the archives. Here is another blog you may also enjoy:
Inspiration Report
Happy Reading!!!
My dear friend Michele slipped into eternity on Wednesday, February 1. She was a remarkable woman who left a legacy of faith, determination, and love. For three years she courageously battled the ovarian cancer that eventually robbed her of her life. A few days before she died, one of her doctors told Michele that she was an incredibly strong and brave woman. With great difficulty, Michele mouthed the words "It is the Lord." This was her story, this was her song. She knew that her Savior was the source of all of her strength and blessings.
No guilt in life, no fear in death—
This is the pow'r of Christ in me;
From life's first cry to final breath,
Jesus commands my destiny.
No pow'r of hell, no scheme of man,
Can ever pluck me from His hand;
Till He returns or calls me home—
Here in the pow'r of Christ I'll stand.
"In Christ Alone"
Words and Music by Keith Getty & Stuart Townend
Copyright © 2001 Kingsway Thankyou Music
No guilt in life, no fear in death—
This is the pow'r of Christ in me;
From life's first cry to final breath,
Jesus commands my destiny.
No pow'r of hell, no scheme of man,
Can ever pluck me from His hand;
Till He returns or calls me home—
Here in the pow'r of Christ I'll stand.
"In Christ Alone"
Words and Music by Keith Getty & Stuart Townend
Copyright © 2001 Kingsway Thankyou Music
Michele's suffering has ended, and for that I am so thankful. Still, I will miss her for the rest of my life here, under the sun. Please keep her dear husband, daughters, and family in your prayers.
And thus ends this blog. She was its driving force, hers was the vision and the passion for this medium. I felt that it was only right to leave her readers with this final update. Thank you.
My husband told me that there are rumors that I've died. I'm happy to report that I'm still very much alive. My cancer has gone to stage four but we are controlling it with chemo, the cancer numbers are currently in the normal range. I've stopped blogging to concentrate on my daughters and writing a Bible study. I'm not sure how long my cancer can be controlled so that made me evaluate how I spend my time. I decided I don't want to spend what time I have left blogging politics.
Thank you for your prayers, especially those you prayed when Angela requested prayers for me in April. It was around that time I started a new chemo drug and after one dose it stopped the tumor from filling my abdomen with fluid and then over time took away the pain I was experiencing (the pain got to be so bad, I had to wear a pain patch, now I'm pain free and no longer on pain medication). I hope you will continue to pray to the Lord for me even though I won't be blogging any more. If you want to find out how I'm doing, feel free to email me at email@example.com.
BTW, don't be surprised when this blog is taken down and assume that I've died. I've requested it be removed since I'm done blogging.
Thank you for your concern and for reading my drivel over the years 🙂
Several people have asked about Michele's condition, and have promised to pray for her. On her behalf, I thank you for that. I spoke with her a little while ago, and she asked that I come here and tell you what's going on, and to ask you to pray for her. She isn't able to post here herself right now, as she is in a great deal of pain and gastrointestinal distress.
As you know, the cancer has returned, and it is very aggressive. The chemotherapy that began in January was totally ineffective. Yesterday she started a new drug, and we are hopeful that it will stop the growth of this cancer.
The elders from her church will visit her at home this evening, to lay hands on her and to pray. If you are willing, would you please join us all in prayer tonight?
I intend to closely monitor replies to this thread. I will forward any kind words to Michele, and I will delete anything that is uncharitable.
Thank you,


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- Going off road? Follow these 7 tips for ATV safety
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Are you doing all you can to reduce your environmental footprint when behind the wheel? Read on to find out.
- 14 tips for bicycle safety
When it comes to the motorist-cyclist relationship, remember that it's a two-way street! A mutual respect between drivers and bicyclists must exist for each type of traveler to arrive at their destination safely.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tag Archives: filters
June 4
It dawned on me last week that I had missed a very important date. My dad died three years ago on June 4th. I remember thinking it was coming up back in May but then totally spaced on the actual … Continue reading
Posted in Angels, gratitude Tagged Angels, anniversary, daughter, death, dogs, feelings, filters, grief, lake, perspective, photography, picnic, pixlr Leave a comment


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(NewsUSA) - Most teachers will tell you that there is nothing more exciting than seeing the "lightbulb moment," when, suddenly, everything clicks and a student understands a new concept.
(StatePoint) As a parent, you may be wondering how technology in the classroom is being used to provide a constructive learning environment for your child.
(NewsUSA) - We are just weeks away from the nation's largest annual celebration of opportunity in education. That celebration is called National School Choice Week, and it is taking place in every neighborhood and community, through 40,594 independently-planned events and activities.
(StatePoint) In this high-tech era where a college degree is positioned as a necessity for success, vocational education is often overlooked. But experts say that a vocational education provides the right experience for many jobs that are currently vacant.
(NewsUSA) - The one gift that may secretly top most parents' holiday wish lists? Help with paying college costs for their kids.
(NewsUSA) - Ask any young person what they want to be when they grow up and you most likely will get lofty answers, such as a pro-football player or a You Tube star. While admirable, it may be worthwhile to temper these expectations and get kids thinking about a Plan B that incorporates thei…
(StatePoint) College is a lot of work, from the application process through the last final exam that you take. While applying for scholarships may just sound like an additional task to complete on top of everything else, keep in mind that the potential money you are awarded could just change…
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(StatePoint) The way families pay for college is a good indicator of how much planning takes place before the first tuition bill arrives. A new study by Sallie Mae suggests that while families are feeling confident in their decision making, nearly 40 percent do not have a plan to pay for college.
(StatePoint) Bargain hunters will spend November tracking down Black Friday deals to save on holiday shopping, but savvy higher education shoppers know November is also National Scholarship Month, a perfect time to find free money for college.
(StatePoint) With the changing leaves and autumn chill come a few staples students can count on: fresh notebooks, fall festivals, and the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA).
(StatePoint) Everyone knows about scholarships. They're no-strings-attached money to help students pay for their higher education. Right?
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(StatePoint) Average college costs have doubled in the last two decades, and this financial pressure along with new technologies makes today's students particularly vulnerable to financial aid and scholarship scams.
(StatePoint) Keep the excitement of the new school year going by finding fun ways to encourage learning at home.Â
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(StatePoint) Studies show that summer brain drain can be a formidable force, setting kids' progress back over the long break from the classroom. But you can help kids avoid losing their academic mojo. Here's how.


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Aqua Aerobics and Boxing Fitness Program
ADAC Health Promotion and Nunkuwarrin Yunti Tackling Tobacco is proud to present an Aqua Aerobics / Boxing Fitness Program, commencing Friday the 24th of March at 12:00pm to 3:30pm.
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Aqua Aerobics and Boxing Fitness Program


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Cisco's Linksys brand may disappear sooner than expected, according to a top executive for small business at the company, although he wouldn't say how quickly.
The company sells networking gear for small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) under both the Cisco and Linksys brands, which has created some confusion, vice president of SMB Solutions marketing Rick Moran acknowledged in an interview on Monday.
Linksys was a successful vendor of home and SMB networking gear that Cisco acquired in 2003. There are routers, wireless LANs and other products under both brands that are aimed at small enterprises.
Chairman and CEO John Chambers said last year at an event in Europe, captured in a YouTube video, that Linksys would disappear under the Cisco brand over time. Linksys followed up by saying its brand wasn't going anywhere in the near term.
Cisco had already moved to allow its SMB channel partners to sell both Cisco and Linksys products, starting about a year ago, but in the process found out most of them didn't want to carry both, Moran said. Those that sold Cisco gear weren't interested in selling the simpler Linksys products because they wanted to sell their customers system integration services, and Linksys resellers were more geared toward selling individual products, he said.
Cisco was working to clear up the confusion by modifying its SMB website and having Cisco and Linksys product teams work more closely together, Moran said. Their product road maps were now aligned, he said. But there would still be an evolution toward one brand.
"It will be shorter than you think," Moran said. The evolution is likely to happen first outside the US, where Linksys products are sold but Cisco hasn't spent any money building up that brand, he added.
The Linksys brand ultimately will be replaced by a product category, similar to the Catalyst series of switches or WebEx conferencing services, which Cisco acquired last year, he said. The company had worked out how to do so without "orphaning" the Linksys name, according to Moran. Cisco wouldn't leave any of the channels that now carry its SMB products: retail, distributors, small value-added resellers and service providers. The key difference will remain support.
"We need a definition to say there's a difference in the support model that goes behind them," Moran said. Cisco products are known for extensive support, while Linksys gear is designed for ease of use out of the box.
Also on Monday, Moran said the SMB market is "a challenge" in the ailing US economy, but that Cisco has gained elsewhere from the relative weakness of the dollar. And his own research has shown that over the past 40 years, small businesses have led recoveries in both the US and Europe.
"The first people to slow down spending are SMBs, but the first people to start back, even before the recovery is noticeable, are small businesses," he said.


text: Which Crops Are the Thirstiest? June 3, 2013 03:55 AM Tweet TAGS: Marketing, Overseas December 18, 2014 By Ben Potter AgWeb Social Media and Innovation Editor Email University of Minnesota study looks at water usage for 16 major row crops. Ever wonder how much crop you're getting per drop? A group of research scientists were, and they just published a study on their findings. Scientists with the University of Minnesota's Institute on the Environment (IonE), along with the Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation at the University of Bonn (Germany) conducted the study. IonE postdoctoral research scholar Kate Brauman led the research team, which looked at crop production, water use and crop-water productivity across multiple climate zones for 16 different crops, including corn, soybean, wheat, potato and more. They found a wide range of variation in crop-water productivity in places that have similar climates, which could translate into water savings opportunities. "For example, disease presence or nutrient availability can cause big yield changes even though water consumption is the same," Brauman says. The implications for capitalizing on these "crop per drop" variances are substantial, Brauman adds. The researchers calculated that in drier regions, farmers could raise enough food to provide for an additional 110 million people without increasing water use or using additional cropland – simply by improving the very lowest performers to just the 20th percentile. "Because crop production consumes more freshwater than any other human activity on the planet, the study has significant implications for addressing the twin challenges of water stress and food insecurity," Brauman says. As part of the study, researchers calculated total water consumption, rainfed consumption and irrigation consumption across the 16 crops. Here are the top 5 irrigated U.S. crops, for example: 1. Corn 2. Soybean 3. Rice 4. Wheat 5. Sorghum For more information about the IonE, visit environment.umn.edu. More on AgWeb: Check your crop moisture levels. Back to news


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John Locke, (born August 29, 1632, Wrington, Somerset, England—died October 28, 1704, High Laver, Essex), English philosopher whose works lie at the foundation of modern philosophical empiricism and political liberalism. He was an inspirer of both the European Enlightenment and the Constitution of the United States. His philosophical thinking was close to that of the founders of modern science, especially Robert Boyle, Sir Isaac Newton, and other members of the Royal Society. His political thought was grounded in the notion of a social contract between citizens and in the importance of toleration, especially in matters of religion. Much of what he advocated in the realm of politics was accepted in England after the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89 and in the United States after the country's declaration of independence in 1776.
Who was John Locke?
What are John Locke's most famous works?
What contributions did John Locke make to epistemology?
What contributions did John Locke make to political theory?
How did John Locke influence the Enlightenment?
How did John Locke influence the design of U.S. government?
Early years
Locke's family was sympathetic to Puritanism but remained within the Church of England, a situation that coloured Locke's later life and thinking. Raised in Pensford, near Bristol, Locke was 10 years old at the start of the English Civil Wars between the monarchy of Charles I and parliamentary forces under the eventual leadership of Oliver Cromwell. Locke's father, a lawyer, served as a captain in the cavalry of the parliamentarians and saw some limited action. From an early age, one may thus assume, Locke rejected any claim by the king to have a divine right to rule.
After the first Civil War ended in 1646, Locke's father was able to obtain for his son, who had evidently shown academic ability, a place at Westminster School in distant London. It was to this already famous institution that Locke went in 1647, at age 14. Although the school had been taken over by the new republican government, its headmaster, Richard Busby (himself a distinguished scholar), was a royalist. For four years Locke remained under Busby's instruction and control (Busby was a strong disciplinarian who much favoured the birch). In January 1649, just half a mile away from Westminster School, Charles was beheaded on the order of Cromwell. The boys were not allowed to attend the execution, though they were undoubtedly well aware of the events taking place nearby.
The curriculum of Westminster centred on Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, mathematics, and geography. In 1650 Locke was elected a King's Scholar, an academic honour and financial benefit that enabled him to buy several books, primarily classic texts in Greek and Latin. Although Locke was evidently a good student, he did not enjoy his schooling; in later life he attacked boarding schools for their overemphasis on corporal punishment and for the uncivil behaviour of pupils. In his enormously influential work Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), he would argue for the superiority of private tutoring for the education of young gentlemen (see below Other works).
In the autumn of 1652 Locke, at the comparatively late age of 20, entered Christ Church, the largest of the colleges of the University of Oxford and the seat of the court of Charles I during the Civil Wars. But the royalist days of Oxford were now behind it, and Cromwell's Puritan followers filled most of the positions. Cromwell himself was chancellor, and John Owen, Cromwell's former chaplain, was vice-chancellor and dean. Owen and Cromwell were, however, concerned to restore the university to normality as soon as possible, and this they largely succeeded in doing.
Locke later reported that he found the undergraduate curriculum at Oxford dull and unstimulating. It was still largely that of the medieval university, focusing on Aristotle (especially his logic) and largely ignoring important new ideas about the nature and origins of knowledge that had been developed in writings by Francis Bacon (1561–1626), René Descartes (1596–1650), and other natural philosophers. Although their works were not on the official syllabus, Locke was soon reading them. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1656 and a master's two years later, about which time he was elected a student (the equivalent of fellow) of Christ Church. At Oxford Locke made contact with some advocates of the new science, including Bishop John Wilkins, the astronomer and architect Christopher Wren, the physicians Thomas Willis and Richard Lower, the physicist Robert Hooke, and, most important of all, the eminent natural philosopher and theologian Robert Boyle. Locke attended classes in iatrochemistry (the early application of chemistry to medicine), and before long he was collaborating with Boyle on important medical research on human blood. Medicine from now on was to play a central role in his life.
The restoration of the English monarchy in 1660 was a mixed blessing for Locke. It led many of his scientific collaborators to return to London, where they soon founded the Royal Society, which provided the stimulus for much scientific research. But in Oxford the new freedom from Puritan control encouraged unruly behaviour and religious enthusiasms among the undergraduates. These excesses led Locke to be wary of rapid social change, an attitude that no doubt partly reflected his own childhood during the Civil Wars.
In his first substantial political work, Two Tracts on Government (composed in 1660 but not published until 1967), Locke defended a very conservative position: in the interest of political stability, a government is justified in legislating on any matter of religion that is not directly relevant to the essential beliefs of Christianity. This view, a response to the perceived threat of anarchy posed by sectarian differences, was diametrically opposed to the doctrine that he would later expound in Two Treatises of Government (1689).
In 1663 Locke was appointed senior censor in Christ Church, a post that required him to supervise the studies and discipline of undergraduates and to give a series of lectures. The resulting Essays on the Law of Nature (first published in 1954) constitutes an early statement of his philosophical views, many of which he retained more or less unchanged for the rest of his life. Of these probably the two most important were, first, his commitment to a law of nature, a natural moral law that underpins the rightness or wrongness of all human conduct, and, second, his subscription to the empiricist principle that all knowledge, including moral knowledge, is derived from experience and therefore not innate. These claims were to be central to his mature philosophy, both with regard to political theory and epistemology.
Association with Shaftesbury
In 1666 Locke was introduced to Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper, later 1st earl of Shaftesbury, by a mutual acquaintance. As a member and eventually the leader of a group of opposition politicians known as the Whigs, Ashley was one of the most powerful figures in England in the first two decades after the Restoration. Ashley was so impressed with Locke at their first meeting that in the following year he asked him to join his London household in Exeter House in the Strand as his aide and personal physician, though Locke did not then have a degree in medicine. Politically, Ashley stood for constitutional monarchy, a Protestant succession, civil liberty, toleration in religion, the rule of Parliament, and the economic expansion of England. Locke either shared or soon came to share all these objectives with him, and it was not long before a deep—and for each an important—mutual understanding existed between them. Locke drafted papers on toleration, possibly for Ashley to use in parliamentary speeches. In his capacity as a physician, Locke was involved in a remarkable operation to insert a silver tube into a tumour on Ashley's liver, which allowed it to be drained on a regular basis and relieved him of much pain. It remained in place for the remainder of Ashley's life. Locke also found a suitable bride for Ashley's son.
By 1668 Locke had become a fellow of the Royal Society and was conducting medical research with his friend Thomas Sydenham, the most distinguished physician of the period. Although Locke was undoubtedly the junior partner in their collaboration, they worked together to produce important research based on careful observation and a minimum of speculation. The method that Locke acquired and helped to develop in this work reinforced his commitment to philosophical empiricism. But it was not only medicine that kept Locke busy, for he was appointed by Ashley as secretary to the lords proprietors of Carolina, whose function was to promote the establishment of the North American colony. In that role Locke helped to draft The Fundamental Constitutions for the Government of Carolina (1669), which, among other provisions, guaranteed freedom of religion for all save atheists.
Throughout his time in Exeter House, Locke kept in close contact with his friends. Indeed, the long gestation of his most important philosophical work, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689), began at a meeting with friends in his rooms, probably in February 1671. The group had gathered to consider questions of morality and revealed religion (knowledge of God derived through revelation). Locke pointed out that, before they could make progress, they would need to consider the prior question of what the human mind is (and is not) capable of comprehending. It was agreed that Locke should prepare a paper on the topic for their next meeting, and it was this paper that became the first draft of his great work.
Exile in France
In 1672 Ashley was raised to the peerage as the 1st earl of Shaftesbury, and at the end of that year he was appointed lord chancellor of England. He was soon dismissed, however, having lost favour with Charles II. For a time Shaftesbury and Locke were in real danger, and it was partly for this reason that Locke traveled to France in 1675. By this time he had received his degree of bachelor of medicine from Oxford and been appointed to a medical studentship at Christ Church.
Locke remained in France for nearly four years (1675–79), spending much time in Paris and Montpelier; the latter possessed a large Protestant minority and the most important medical school in Europe, both of which were strong attractions for Locke. He made many friends in the Protestant community, including some leading intellectuals. His reading, on the other hand, was dominated by the works of French Catholic philosophers. But it was his medical interests that were the major theme of the journals he kept from this period. He was struck by the poverty of the local population and contrasted this unfavourably with conditions in England and with the vast amounts that the French king (Louis XIV) was spending on the Palace of Versailles. From time to time Locke turned to philosophical questions and added notes to his journal, some of which eventually found a place in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
Back in England, Shaftesbury had been imprisoned for a year in the Tower of London but was released in February 1678. By the time Locke returned to England in 1679, Shaftesbury had been restored to favour as lord president of the Privy Council. The country, however, was torn by dissension over the exclusion controversy—the debate over whether a law could be passed to forbid (exclude) the succession of Charles II's brother James, a Roman Catholic, to the English throne. Shaftesbury and Locke strongly supported exclusion. The controversy reached its apex in the hysteria of the so-called Popish Plot, a supposed Catholic conspiracy to assassinate Charles and replace him with James. The existence of the plot was widely accepted and resulted in the execution of many innocent people before its fabricator, the Anglican priest Titus Oates, was discredited.
Two Treatises of Government
When Shaftesbury failed to reconcile the interests of the king and Parliament, he was dismissed; in 1681 he was arrested, tried, and finally acquitted of treason by a London jury. A year later he fled to Holland, where in 1683 he died. None of Shaftesbury's known friends was now safe in England. Locke himself, who was being closely watched, crossed to Holland in September 1683.
Out of this context emerged Locke's major work in political philosophy, Two Treatises of Government (1689). Although scholars disagree over the exact date of its composition, it is certain that it was substantially composed before Locke fled to Holland. In this respect the Two Treatises was a response to the political situation as it existed in England at the time of the exclusion controversy, though its message was of much more lasting significance. In the preface to the work, composed at a later date, Locke makes clear that the arguments of the two treatises are continuous and that the whole constitutes a justification of the Glorious Revolution, which brought the Protestant William III and Mary II to the throne following the flight of James II to France.
It should be noted that Locke's political philosophy was guided by his deeply held religious commitments. Throughout his life he accepted the existence of a creating God and the notion that all humans are God's servants in virtue of that relationship. God created humans for a certain purpose, namely to live a life according to his laws and thus to inherit eternal salvation; most importantly for Locke's philosophy, God gave humans just those intellectual and other abilities necessary to achieve this end. Thus, humans, using the capacity of reason, are able to discover that God exists, to identify his laws and the duties they entail, and to acquire sufficient knowledge to perform their duties and thereby to lead a happy and successful life. They can come to recognize that some actions, such as failing to care for one's offspring or to keep one's contracts, are morally reprehensible and contrary to natural law, which is identical to the law of God. Other specific moral laws can be discovered or known only through revelation—e.g., by reading the Bible or the Qurʾān.
The essentially Protestant Christian framework of Locke's philosophy meant that his attitude toward Roman Catholicism would always be hostile. He rejected the claim of papal infallibility (how could it ever be proved?), and he feared the political dimensions of Catholicism as a threat to English autonomy, especially after Louis XIV in 1685 revoked the Edict of Nantes, which had granted religious liberty to the Protestant Huguenots.
The first treatise
The first treatise was aimed squarely at the work of another 17th-century political theorist, Sir Robert Filmer, whose Patriarcha (1680, though probably written in the 1630s) defended the theory of divine right of kings: the authority of every king is divinely sanctioned by his descent from Adam—according to the Bible, the first king and the father of humanity. Locke claims that Filmer's doctrine defies "common sense." The right to rule by descent from Adam's first grant could not be supported by any historical record or any other evidence, and any contract that God and Adam entered into would not be binding on remote descendants thousands of years later, even if a line of descent could be identified. His refutation was widely accepted as decisive, and in any event the theory of the divine right of kings ceased to be taken seriously in England after 1688.
The second treatise
Locke's importance as a political philosopher lies in the argument of the second treatise. He begins by defining political power as a
right of making Laws with Penalties of Death, and consequently all less Penalties, for the Regulating and Preserving of Property, and of employing the force of the Community, in the Execution of such Laws and in defence of the Common-wealth from Foreign Injury, and all this only for the Publick Good.
Much of the remainder of the Treatise is a commentary on this paragraph.
The state of nature and the social contract
Locke's definition of political power has an immediate moral dimension. It is a "right" of making laws and enforcing them for "the public good." Power for Locke never simply means "capacity" but always "morally sanctioned capacity." Morality pervades the whole arrangement of society, and it is this fact, tautologically, that makes society legitimate.
Locke's account of political society is based on a hypothetical consideration of the human condition before the beginning of communal life. In this "state of nature," humans are entirely free. But this freedom is not a state of complete license, because it is set within the bounds of the law of nature. It is a state of equality, which is itself a central element of Locke's account. In marked contrast to Filmer's world, there is no natural hierarchy among humans. Each person is naturally free and equal under the law of nature, subject only to the will of "the infinitely wise Maker." Each person, moreover, is required to enforce as well as to obey this law. It is this duty that gives to humans the right to punish offenders. But in such a state of nature, it is obvious that placing the right to punish in each person's hands may lead to injustice and violence. This can be remedied if humans enter into a contract with each other to recognize by common consent a civil government with the power to enforce the law of nature among the citizens of that state. Although any contract is legitimate as long as it does not infringe upon the law of nature, it often happens that a contract can be enforced only if there is some higher human authority to require compliance with it. It is a primary function of society to set up the framework in which legitimate contracts, freely entered into, may be enforced, a state of affairs much more difficult to guarantee in the state of nature and outside civil society.
Before discussing the creation of political society in greater detail, Locke provides a lengthy account of his notion of property, which is of central importance to his political theory. Each person, according to Locke, has property in his own person—that is, each person literally owns his own body. Other people may not use a person's body for any purpose without his permission. But one can acquire property beyond one's own body through labour. By mixing one's labour with objects in the world, one acquires a right to the fruits of that work. If one's labour turns a barren field into crops or a pile of wood into a house, then the valuable product of that labour, the crops or the house, becomes one's property. Locke's view was a forerunner of the labour theory of value, which was expounded in different forms by the 19th-century economists David Ricardo and Karl Marx (see also classical economics).
Clearly, each person is entitled to as much of the product of his labour as he needs to survive. But, according to Locke, in the state of nature one is not entitled to hoard surplus produce—one must share it with those less fortunate. God has "given the World to Men in common…to make use of to the best advantage of Life, and convenience." The introduction of money, while radically changing the economic base of society, was itself a contingent development, for money has no intrinsic value but depends for its utility only on convention.
Locke's account of property and how it comes to be owned faces difficult problems. For example, it is far from clear how much labour is required to turn any given unowned object into a piece of private property. In the case of a piece of land, for example, is it sufficient merely to put a fence around it? Or must it be plowed as well? There is, nevertheless, something intuitively powerful in the notion that it is activity, or work, that grants one a property right in something.
Organization of government
Locke returns to political society in Chapter VIII of the second treatise. In the community created by the social contract, the will of the majority should prevail, subject to the law of nature. The legislative body is central, but it cannot create laws that violate the law of nature, because the enforcement of the natural law regarding life, liberty, and property is the rationale of the whole system. Laws must apply equitably to all citizens and not favour particular sectional interests, and there should be a division of legislative, executive, and judicial powers. The legislature may, with the agreement of the majority, impose such taxes as are required to fulfill the ends of the state—including, of course, its defense. If the executive power fails to provide the conditions under which the people can enjoy their rights under natural law, then the people are entitled to remove him, by force if necessary. Thus, revolution, in extremis, is permissible—as Locke obviously thought it was in 1688.
The significance of Locke's vision of political society can scarcely be exaggerated. His integration of individualism within the framework of the law of nature and his account of the origins and limits of legitimate government authority inspired the U.S. Declaration of Independence (1776) and the broad outlines of the system of government adopted in the U.S. Constitution. George Washington, the first president of the United States, once described Locke as "the greatest man who had ever lived." In France too, Lockean principles found clear expression in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and other justifications of the French Revolution of 1789.
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Locke remained in Holland for more than five years (1683–89). While there he made new and important friends and associated with other exiles from England. He also wrote his first Letter on Toleration, published anonymously in Latin in 1689, and completed An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
Theory of ideas
A dominant theme of the Essay is the question with which the original discussion in Exeter House began: What is the capacity of the human mind for understanding and knowledge? In his prefatory chapter, Locke explains that the Essay is not offered as a contribution to knowledge itself but as a means of clearing away some of the intellectual rubbish that stands in the way of knowledge. He had in mind not only the medieval Scholastics and their followers but also some of his older contemporaries. The Scholastics—those who took Aristotle and his commentators to be the source of all philosophical knowledge and who still dominated teaching in universities throughout Europe—were guilty of introducing technical terms into philosophy (such as substantial form, vegetative soul, abhorrence of a vacuum, and intentional species) that upon examination had no clear sense—or, more often, no sense at all. Locke saw the Scholastics as an enemy that had to be defeated before his own account of knowledge could be widely accepted, something about which he was entirely right.
Locke begins the Essay by repudiating the view that certain kinds of knowledge—knowledge of the existence of God, of certain moral truths, or of the laws of logic or mathematics—are innate, imprinted on the human mind at its creation. (The doctrine of innate ideas, which was widely held to justify religious and moral claims, had its origins in the philosophy of Plato [428/427–348/347bce], who was still a powerful force in 17th-century English philosophy.) Locke argues to the contrary that an idea cannot be said to be "in the mind" until one is conscious of it. But human infants have no conception of God or of moral, logical, or mathematical truths, and to suppose that they do, despite obvious evidence to the contrary, is merely an unwarranted assumption to save a position. Furthermore, travelers to distant lands have reported encounters with people who have no conception of God and who think it morally justified to eat their enemies. Such diversity of religious and moral opinion cannot not be explained by the doctrine of innate ideas but can be explained, Locke held, on his own account of the origins of ideas.
In Book II he turns to that positive account. He begins by claiming that the sources of all knowledge are, first, sense experience (the red colour of a rose, the ringing sound of a bell, the taste of salt, and so on) and, second, "reflection" (one's awareness that one is thinking, that one is happy or sad, that one is having a certain sensation, and so on). These are not themselves, however, instances of knowledge in the strict sense, but they provide the mind with the materials of knowledge. Locke calls the materials so provided "ideas." Ideas are objects "before the mind," not in the sense that they are physical objects but in the sense that they represent physical objects to consciousness.
All ideas are either simple or complex. All simple ideas are derived from sense experience, and all complex ideas are derived from the combination ("compounding") of simple and complex ideas by the mind. Whereas complex ideas can be analyzed, or broken down, into the simple or complex ideas of which they are composed, simple ideas cannot be. The complex idea of a snowball, for example, can be analyzed into the simple ideas of whiteness, roundness, and solidity (among possibly others), but none of the latter ideas can be analyzed into anything simpler. In Locke's view, therefore, a major function of philosophical inquiry is the analysis of the meanings of terms through the identification of the ideas that give rise to them. The project of analyzing supposedly complex ideas (or concepts) subsequently became an important theme in philosophy, especially within the analytic tradition, which began at the turn of the 20th century and became dominant at Cambridge, Oxford, and many other universities, especially in the English-speaking world.
Primary and secondary qualities
In the course of his account, Locke raises a host of related issues, many of which have since been the source of much debate. One of them is his illuminating distinction between the "primary" and "secondary" qualities of physical objects. Primary qualities include size, shape, weight, and solidity, among others, and secondary qualities include colour, taste, and smell. Ideas of primary qualities resemble the qualities as they are in the object—as one's idea of the roundness of a snowball resembles the roundness of the snowball itself. However, ideas of secondary qualities do not resemble any property in the object; they are instead a product of the power that the object has to cause certain kinds of ideas in the mind of the perceiver. Thus, the whiteness of the snowball is merely an idea produced in the mind by the interaction between light, the primary qualities of the snowball, and the perceiver's sense organs.
Personal identity
Locke discussed another problem that had not before received sustained attention: that of personal identity. Assuming one is the same person as the person who existed last week or the person who was born many years ago, what fact makes this so? Locke was careful to distinguish the notion of sameness of person from the related notions of sameness of body and sameness of man, or human being. Sameness of body requires identity of matter, and sameness of human being depends on continuity of life (as would the sameness of a certain oak tree from acorn to sapling to maturity); but sameness of person requires something else. Locke's proposal was that personal identity consists of continuity of consciousness. One is the same person as the person who existed last week or many years ago if one has memories of the earlier person's conscious experiences. Locke's account of personal identity became a standard (and highly contested) position in subsequent discussions.
Association of ideas
A further influential section of Book II is Locke's treatment of the association of ideas. Ideas, Locke observes, can become linked in the mind in such a way that having one idea immediately leads one to form another idea, even though the two ideas are not necessarily connected with each other. Instead, they are linked through their having been experienced together on numerous occasions in the past. The psychological tendency to associate ideas through experience, Locke says, has important implications for the education of children. In order to learn to adopt good habits and to avoid bad ones, children must be made to associate rewards with good behaviour and punishments with bad behaviour. Investigations into the associations that people make between ideas can reveal much about how human beings think. Through his influence on researchers such as the English physician David Hartley (1705–57), Locke contributed significantly to the development of the theory of associationism, or associationist psychology, in the 18th century. Association has remained a central topic of inquiry in psychology ever since.
Having shown to his satisfaction that no idea requires for its explanation the hypothesis of innate ideas, Locke proceeds in Book III to examine the role of language in human mental life. His discussion is the first sustained philosophical inquiry in modern times into the notion of linguistic meaning. As elsewhere, he begins with rather simple and obvious claims but quickly proceeds to complex and contentious ones. Words, Locke says, stand for ideas in the mind of the person who uses them. It is by the use of words that people convey their necessarily private thoughts to each other. In addition, Locke insists, nothing exists except particulars, or individual things. There are, for example, many triangular things and many red things, but there is no general quality or property, over and above these things, that may be called "triangle" ("triangularity") or "red" ("redness") (see universal). Nevertheless, a large number of words are general in their application, applying to many particular things at once. Thus, words must be labels for both ideas of particular things (particular ideas) and ideas of general things (general ideas). The problem is, if everything that exists is a particular, where do general ideas come from?
Locke's answer is that ideas become general through the process of abstraction. The general idea of a triangle, for example, is the result of abstracting from the properties of specific triangles only the residue of qualities that all triangles have in common—that is, having three straight sides. Although there are enormous problems with this account, alternatives to it are also fraught with difficulties.
In Book IV of the Essay, Locke reaches the putative heart of his inquiry, the nature and extent of human knowledge. His precise definition of knowledge entails that very few things actually count as such for him. In general, he excludes knowledge claims in which there is no evident connection or exclusion between the ideas of which the claim is composed. Thus, it is possible to know that white is not black whenever one has the ideas of white and black together (as when one looks at a printed page), and it is possible to know that the three angles of a triangle equal two right angles if one knows the relevant Euclidean proof. But it is not possible to know that the next stone one drops will fall downward or that the next glass of water one drinks will quench one's thirst, even though psychologically one has every expectation, through the association of ideas, that it will. These are cases only of probability, not knowledge—as indeed is virtually the whole of scientific knowledge, excluding mathematics. Not that such probable claims are unimportant: humans would be incapable of dealing with the world except on the assumption that such claims are true. But for Locke they fall short of genuine knowledge.
There are, however, some very important things that can be known. For example, Locke agreed with Descartes that each person can know immediately and without appeal to any further evidence that he exists at the time that he considers it. One can also know immediately that the colour of the print on a page is different from the colour of the page itself—i.e., that black is not white—and that two is greater than one. It can also be proved from self-evident truths by valid argument (by an argument whose conclusion cannot be false if its premises are true) that a first cause, or God, must exist. Various moral claims also can be demonstrated—e.g., that parents have a duty to care for their children and that one should honour one's contracts. People often make mistakes or poor judgments in their dealings with the world or each other because they are unclear about the concepts they use or because they fail to analyze the relevant ideas. Another great cause of confusion, however, is the human propensity to succumb to what Locke calls "Enthusiasm," the adoption on logically inadequate grounds of claims that one is already disposed to accept.
One major problem that the Essay appeared to raise is that if ideas are indeed the immediate objects of experience, how is it possible to know that there is anything beyond them—e.g., ordinary physical objects? Locke's answer to this problem, insofar as he recognized it as a problem, appears to have been that, because perception is a natural process and thus ordained by God, it cannot be generally misleading about the ontology of the universe. In the more skeptical age of the 18th century, this argument became less and less convincing. This issue dominated epistemology in the 18th century.
The Essay's influence was enormous, perhaps as great as that of any other philosophical work apart from those of Plato and Aristotle. Its importance in the English-speaking world of the 18th century can scarcely be overstated. Along with the works of Descartes, it constitutes the foundation of modern Western philosophy.
Other works
Locke's writings were not confined to political philosophy and epistemology. Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), for example, remains a standard source in the philosophy of education. It developed out of a series of letters that Locke had written from Holland to his friend Edward Clarke concerning the education of Clarke's son, who was destined to be a gentleman but not necessarily a scholar. It emphasizes the importance of both physical and mental development—both exercise and study. The first requirement is to instill virtue, wisdom, and good manners. This is to be followed by book learning. For the latter, Locke gives a list of recommended texts on Latin, French, mathematics, geography, and history, as well as civil law, philosophy, and natural science. There should also be plenty of scope for recreation, including dancing and riding.
Locke's The Reasonableness of Christianity(1695) is the most important of his many theological writings. Central to all of them is his belief that every individual has within him the abilities necessary to comprehend his duty and to achieve salvation with the aid of the Scriptures. Locke was constantly trying to steer a course that would allow individuals to accept the essential doctrines of Christianity while retaining a certain freedom of conscience. According to Locke, all Christians must accept Jesus as the Messiah and live in accordance with his teachings. Within this minimum framework, however, differences of worship could and should be tolerated. Locke was thus in many ways close to the Latitudinarian movement and other liberal theological trends. His influence on Protestant Christian thought for at least the next century was substantial.
Locke wrote no major work of moral philosophy. Although he sometimes claimed that it would be possible in principle to produce a deductive system of ethics comparable to Euclid's geometry, he never actually produced one, and there is no evidence that he ever gave the matter more than minimal attention. He was quite sure, however, that through the use of reason human beings can gain access to and knowledge of basic moral truths, which ultimately arise from a moral order in "the soil of human nature." As he expressed the point in Essays on the Law of Nature (1664), an early work expressing a position from which he never diverted,
since man has been made such as he is, equipped with reason and his other faculties and destined for this mode of life, there necessarily result from his inborn constitution some definite duties for him, which cannot be other than they are.
Just as one can discover from the nature of the triangle that its angles equal two right angles, so this moral order can be discovered by reason and is within the grasp of all human beings.
Last years and influence
Locke remained in Holland until James II was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution. Indeed, Locke himself in February 1689 crossed the English Channel in the party that accompanied the princess of Orange, who was soon crowned Queen Mary II of England. Upon his return he became actively involved in various political projects, including helping to draft the English Bill of Rights, though the version eventually adopted by Parliament did not go as far as he wanted in matters of religious toleration. He was offered a senior diplomatic post by William but declined. His health was rarely good, and he suffered especially in the smoky atmosphere of London. He was therefore very happy to accept the offer of his close friend Damaris Masham, herself a philosopher and the daughter of Ralph Cudworth, to make his home with her family at Oates in High Laver, Essex. There he spent his last years revising the Essay and other works, entertaining friends, including Newton, and responding at length to his critics. After a lengthy period of poor health, he died while Damaris read him the Bible. He was buried in High Laver church.
As a final comment on his achievement, it may be said that, in many ways, to read Locke's works is the best available introduction to the intellectual environment of the modern Western world. His faith in the salutary, ennobling powers of knowledge justifies his reputation as the first philosopher of the Enlightenment. In a broader context, he founded a philosophical tradition, British empiricism, that would span three centuries. In developing the Whig ideology underlying the exclusion controversy and the Glorious Revolution, he formulated the classic expression of liberalism, which was instrumental in the great revolutions of 1776 and 1789. His influence remains strongly felt in the West, as the notions of mind, freedom, and authority continue to be challenged and explored.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
education: John Locke's empiricism and education as conductThe writings of the late 17th-century empiricist John Locke on philosophy, government, and education were especially influential during the Enlightenment. In the field of education, Locke is significant both for his general theory of knowledge and for his…
English literature: LockeThe greatest philosopher of the period, John Locke, explicitly acknowledges Newton and some of his fellow "natural philosophers" in the opening of his
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding(1690). Locke declared himself to be an "underlabourer" to what today is called a "scientist." The…
epistemology: John LockeWhereas rationalist philosophers such as Descartes held that the ultimate source of human knowledge is reason, empiricists such as John Locke argued that the source is experience (
seeRationalism and empiricism). Rationalist accounts of knowledge also typically involved the claim…
political philosophy: LockeIt was John Locke, politically the most influential English philosopher, who further developed this doctrine. His
Two Treatises of Government(1690) were written to justify the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89, and his Letter Concerning Toleration(1689) was written with a plain and easy urbanity,…
democracy: LockeNearly 20 centuries after Aristotle, the English philosopher John Locke adopted the essential elements of the Aristotelian classification of constitutions in his
Second Treatise of Civil Government(1690). Unlike Aristotle, however, Locke was an unequivocal supporter of political equality, individual liberty, democracy, and majority…
More About John Locke66 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- definition of consciousness
- influence of Gassendi
association with
- Filmer
- Newton
- Shaftesbury
contribution to
- anthropology
- constitutional law
- education
- Enlightenment


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Lake Tahoe is a beautiful Alpine Lake that sits at just over 6,000 foot altitude in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and Nevada. The lake is a year round recreational destination with skiing in Winter and water sports, hiking and camping in Summer. The lake stradles the California and Nevada border, and in Stateline Nevada there are casino hotels. The road that circles Lake Tahoe is the main street here, it is Highway 50 on the South and East and Highway 89 on the West side of the Lake. It is about 70 miles on the road to circle the lake. Lake Tahoe is a truly dog-friendly destination year round.
Tags: Dog-Friendly Camping, dog-friendly hotels, hiking, pet-friendly lodging, skiing


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Since my recent "How to Solve the Next Ten Problems" post, in which I detailed some steps I planned to take in the next few years to break down some brick walls, one of those has been solved.
My great-great-grandmother (my mother's mother's mother's mother), Jessie Ruth MacLeod, was born in Pictou, Nova Scotia, around 1862. She somehow arrived in Providence, Rhode Island around 1881. She married in 1882 and raised three daughters. On her marriage license, she listed her parents as William MacLeod and Rachel. I could never find any real trace of her before her marriage.
But thanks to the blog post about the brick walls, and other mentions of Jessie Ruth in my blog, I was contacted by a MacLeod, a fifth cousin. He owned an obscure family history book published by Jessie's nephew, back in Pictou, around 1958. I now have a copy. For links to downloadable sections of the book, see the bottom of this post.
It's Her
Jessie is definitely in the book, The Pioneers and Churches: The Pioneers and Families, of Big Brook and West Branch E.R. and Surrounding Sections Including Lorne, Glengarry, Elgin, Centerdale, Hopewell, Marshdale, Foxbrook, by Rev. D. K. Ross, Hopewell, Nova Scotia [privately published, n.d.].
Her entry, on page 158, is garbled, but definitely her [with my notes in red]:
"Jessie Ruth MacLeod, adopted [wait a minute – adopted?] by William MacLeod and Mary MacLean, went to Providence, R.I., and married Louis R. Murdoch [her husband was Louis R. Murdock], machinist at Brown and Sharps [Brown and Sharpe, the tool manufacturers]. Their family: Christy [Mary Christine, known as "Aunt Chris"], Eva [that's my g-grandma], and one other died early in life [that would be Jessie Ellen, known as "Aunt Jay", who died at age 50 in 1939]. Christy married Charles Faulkenberg [Falkenberg] of 229 Lockwood St. in Providence. Eva married Russell Darling, 92 Atlantic Avenue, Lakewood 5, Providence, R.I. [Those spouses are correct. The addresses make sense but I have no documentation on them. Maybe my mom remembers.] Both Chris and Eva have children [actually, only Eva had children]."
I strongly suspect that there is more to this story about the adoption, and that "it's complicated." But that's a problem for another day. In the meantime, here are some details of her family background, at least through adoption. I am taking some liberties using text/images here in the belief that the author, Rev. Daniel Keith Ross, put twelve years into the book and privately published it so that his relatives would know more about their background, and he would want it to be circulated. If any descendants want to object, please come over any time and make your case. And bring pictures.
Her Family
I am only beginning to research this myself, so please be aware I am taking this information from the book, and have only begun to seek further sources.
— Jessie's parents (or adopted parents) and sister
(father) William MacLeod, born 1823 at Tea Gate, Kiltarlity, Inverness-shire, Scotland; arrived with his parents at Pictou in 1832. Married Mary MacLean in 1847, and had one daughter, Christy Ann, in 1848. He lived on his wife's family farm. Died in 1894 in Big Brook (now Lorne), Pictou, Nova Scotia.
from the book, p. 158: William MacLeod, born 1823, married Mary MacLean, born 1823, of Big Brook and settled on the Donald MacLean farm and carried on farming in summer and lumbering in winter. For eleven winters he made his way to Aroostook County, Maine and cut and hewed pine timber to be taken down the St. John River in the Spring. He followed the drives down the river for eleven seasons. River driving was cold and hazardous business. William MacLeod was not only a splendid axeman, he could hew the line with a broad axe and also use the narrow axe to good effect. He had a set of carpenter's tools and made horse rakes and hand rakes on many occasions and was an all-around handy man, a craftsman in many lines. Farmers in the early days had to do many things which today are done in factories. They had to do these things or do without these conveniences.
(mother) Mary MacLean, born 1823 in Big Brook (now Lorne), Nova Scotia, lived all her life on her father's farm and died in 1902. She is buried, with her husband, at the Lorne Cemetery right on their property.
The picture is from page 192 of the book, the farm where they lived, in Lorne, Nova Scotia. Note that Lorne Cemetery is on this property, toward the top of the picture.
(sister) Christy Ann MacLeod, was born in 1848 in Big Brook. She married John Ross in 1871 and the couple lived on her family's farm. They had five children, William Allister Ross, Daniel Keith Ross (the author of the book), Charles Simons Ross, Elizabeth Mary Ross, and Catherine Jessie Ross.
— Jessie's grandparents
Alexander "Alex" MacLeod was born in Tea Gate, Kiltarlity, Inverness-shire, Scotland, the oldest of seven children born to William MacLeod and Margaret McKay, who never left Scotland. Alexander brought his wife and first four children from Scotland to Pictou in 1832 and settled at Middle River (now Glengarry), where seven additional children were born. Later, they moved to Lorne.
Ann "Annie" Fraser was born in Beauly (or Beuly), near Kiltarlity, and with her husband Alex and children, came to Pictou in 1832. When they moved, later, from Middle River to Lorne, they settled on the property of William Fraser, who had rather illustrious roots in Beauly, connected to the local castle, and had arrived in Pictou in 1800. Her relationship to these Frasers is not clear to me. Annie and Alex may be buried at St. Columba Cemetery, Hopewell, Pictou.
from the book, page 158: Annie Fraser, the Scottish lassie from Beuly was the mother of eleven children and instilled in their minds and hearts the knowledge of God and a love of the church and of family religion in the home.
Donald MacLean was born around 1800 either in Scotland or Pictou. Donald's parent, Charles MacLean and Marjory McKay, had come from Scotland around 1800. His father, Charles MacLean, was granted 309 acres of land in Big Brook (later Lorne) in 1810, and that property (pictured above) was later split among the three sons. Donald was on the roll of the West Branch Church (now called St. Columba) in 1853. He may have died around 1871.
from the book, concerning Charles MacLean (and quoting from Rev. Alexander MacLean's 1911 "History of the Kirk in Pictou County"), page 125: "But crowning that real humility there was a dignity that constrained respect from the most thoughtless. When there was no service, not seldom the case, for many years, his neighbors assembled at his home for religious conference and prayer. In the presence of this saintly man of God all felt that God was near. For years his humble dwelling was to the community a little Bethel."
Elizabeth "Betsy" MacMillan was born in 1798, probably in Irish Mountain, Pictou. Donald and Betsy's only child, Mary, was born in 1823. She was the daughter of John MacMillan and Mary Grant. She had a brother, Finlay MacMillan, who married her husband's sister, Isabel MacLean. Donald and Betsy lived for many years on the MacLean family farm which was eventually run by their son in law, William MacLeod.
MacLeods and MacLeans?
Along about now, my family members are getting VERY confused, because my FATHER'S family are all MacLean's and MacLeod's going back many generations. But they are from Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and so far, I'm not spotting much of a real connection.
Clues I Missed
Any time a hard problem is solved I am painfully aware of what I overlooked:
- Jessie Ruth had three children: (1)Eva Louise, b. 1883 – Eva was an extremely popular name, and I think Louise may have been given in honor of the father, Louis. (2)Mary Christine, b. 1886 – those are the names of Jessie's adopted mother, Mary, and sister, Christy – I should have realized those names were clues. If I had searched census records for Mary MacLeod or Christine MacLeod in Pictou that might have helped me. (3)Jessie Ellen, b. 1889 – OK, we know where the Jessie comes from, but where does Ellen come from? I suspect "Ellen" is a further clue.
- I keep thinking, how would I ever, ever, have found this book. It's not even in the Family History Library in Salt Lake City [UPDATE it is in the FHL – it was the first thing I noticed in the Pictou section]. I really need to ponder this more … WorldCat.org shows it in about 10 libraries, mostly Canadian. Had I looked up the history or biography classifications under Pictou, I would have found it along with dozens of other potentially helpful books. It is located in two locations I MIGHT have made it to someday – Allen County Public Library, and the college at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, where I have other family. Note to me – am I using WorldCat enough?
Next Steps
- Continue to seek information based on the many clues provided by the book
- Try to find evidence of the mother Jessie named on her marriage license, "Rachel"
- Find relatives that Jessie may have followed to Providence, R.I. (I have already found some female MacLean cousins, who were nurses and ran some sort of "hospital home" at the bottom of Angell Street, in Providence – Isabel and Annie Jane Grant, however, they didn't arrive in the U.S. until the 1890's.)
- Find any connections between Jessie's family and her future father in law, William Murdock, who was also from Pictou
To download the book The Pioneers and Churches, the book is available in three sections:
- Pioneers and Churches – section 1
- Pioneers and churches – section 2
- Pioneers and churches – section 3
From the blog OneRhodeIslandFamily.com, the post you are reading is located at: http://wp.me/p1JmJS-UO


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Topic: Hero Machine
I'm sure most of you have heard of that Hero Machine thing. (http://www.ugo.com/channels/comics/hero … chine2.asp)
Its pretty cool and I've used it to create some of my characters that I use in RPG's and I also created a bunch of other characters. Feel free to psot your own.
Now, here is the process to view the characters.
1. Click the link above.
2. Wait for page to load, afterwards, at the top of the creation window near the middle there should be a "Load" button. Click it.
3. A window should pop up that asks you to copy and paste the code for the character you wish to view into the window. So, copy the code for the character you want to see from this topic and then paste it in there. USE ONLY THE CODE. Delete any excess words. So, for the sake of having to delete a bunch of excess stuff, I am going to put each of the characters in their own post. Excuse my double, triple or whatever many posting. So paste only the code of the character and click ok. The character should load in a few moments.
Im going to put the name of the character at the top of the posts. So triple click it to get everything and then when you paste it onto the window delete the name then press ok.
I am a Role Playing Gamer, like my father before me.


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I don't update here often enough, but here's a tidbit I wish I'd found on Google earlier.
Suppose you want to write a Java annotation that has a parameter value, but you want its default value to be
null. Well, too bad. It is illegal to write this annotation:
public @interface Optional { public String value() default null; }
It's a compile time error. javac says "attribute value must be constant;" Eclipse says "The value for annotation attribute Optional.value must be a constant expression." In fact, it's not that surprising, because even if you didn't set a default value, writing this would also be illegal (same error):
What the error is saying is that you can't set a Java annotation parameter to
Why is this? The specifications are opaque. JSR-175, which defined annotations for Java 5, just says "If member type is a primitive type or String, the ConditionalExpression must be a constant expression (JLS 15.28)." JLS 15.28, in turn, says that constant expressions can be, for example, any of these:
true (short)(1*2*3*4*5*6) Integer.MAX_VALUE / 2 2.0 * Math.PI "The integer " + Long.MAX_VALUE + " is mighty big."
Notice anything missing? That's right,
null. You can never pass
null as a Java annotation parameter value, because, uh,
null isn't a ConstantExpression.
Why? We may never know. The only thing you can do is workaround it, like this:
public @interface Optional { public String value() default NULL; public static final NULL = "THIS IS A SPECIAL NULL VALUE - DO NOT USE"; }
... and then make your code carefully treat Optional.NULL as if it were really


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Online Resource
In today's cross-media world, everyone is a publisher. TheDynamicPublsher.com is a community to empower, inform, and inspire thought leaders and change agents to share and build the knowledge of dynamic publishing.
Dynamic publishing is your key to content marketing, customer engagement, and clear communications. Dynamic publishing enables content authors (marketers, copy writers, analysts, journalists, etc.) to create content once and deliver to across multiple channels. This process increases overall efficiencies, which in turn reduce costs, and drives revenue results back to the business.
Dynamic Publishing allows you to reach you target audience at the right time in the right channel with the right message – the key to true customer engagement.
The Dynamic Publisher's audience includes early adopters, social media enthusiasts, entrepreneurs, influencers, brands and corporations, marketing, PR and advertising agencies, Web 2.0 aficionados and technology journalists.


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City Attorney
City Attorney
The City Attorney's Office provides timely, cost-efficient, quality legal services to support the City Council, City Manager, and City staff in fulfilling their missions and implementing policy set by Council; and to advance, advocate, and safeguard the interests of the City in accordance with applicable law.
Core Services
Advise City officials and departments on a wide range of legal issuesResearch and provide advice, opinions and recommendations on legal issues that come before the City.
- Draft municipal ordinances, resolutions, and agreements.
- Provide advice to City boards, committees, commissions, and City Council Legislative Review Committees.
- Advise Mayor, City Council, City Manager and other City officials of pending legislation and assist in drafting proposals for legislation in areas of concern to the City of El Paso.
- Provide legal advice on state and federal grants.
- Process claims on behalf of the City and against the City.


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365 Days of my life in France
and here is a new page in my life
i want to document one memory in a photo
each day for 365 days .
its a big challenge but it is worth it
capturing a beautiful moment and keeping it with youis just so amazing it is like a story for every day.
A walk in the fields of Charente


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Quark Expeditions quarkexpeditions December 17, 2018
and others
and more
Most Recent Posts
Tag who you'd take cruising among icebergs below! 🇦🇶😎. 🎥: @juliaadaun, Quark Expeditions Passenger 📍: Pléneau Island, Antarctica #TravelwithQuark #AntarcticExpedition #ZodiacCruise
"The last 2 weeks have been such an eye opening experience with @quarkexpeditions. I've learned so much about the wildlife and ocean. We had such great weather conditions to navigate and we're about a
Ready to explore seascapes of glacial ice in Greenland? 📸 from @acacia.johnson enjoying the Paddle Excursion Program in Gåsefjord, East Greenland 🇬🇱 . #TravelwithQuark #ArcticExpedition #VisitGreenla
"Watching these elephant seal pups adventure around their home territory was one of the coolest experiences on our trip to South Georgia.You would usually find these seals napping on the beach but luc
"Sunrises in the High Arctic are not like others." —@hugoperrin.ca 🇨🇦👌 . Northwest Passage: Epic High Arctic Expedition #TravelwithQuark #NorthwestPassage #ArcticExpedition
"Feeling delightfully overwhelmed - and slightly underdressed - at this gathering of King penguins at Right Whale Bay, South Georgia. Thinking about that wonderful feeling when you realize you are sur
"The entire ship was buzzing and the dining room was loud with stories being shared. Getting to experience an entire family pod of Type B Orca hunting for their next meal was once in a lifetime. For o
Shake your flippers and welcome 2019 like a chinstrap! 🐧😍 . 📸: @davidmerron #TravelwithQuark #AntarcticExpedition #ChinstrapPenguins
New Year, new you! Ready to join the 7th Continent club? 🇦🇶🐧😍 . #TravelwithQuark #HappyNewYear #AntarcticExpedition
Kayaking has long been a favorite way for adventurers to explore the Antarctic! 🇦🇶😎 . 📸: Nicky Souness (@nixsouness) #TravelwithQuark #AntarcticExpedition #Kayaking
Reaching 90°N is your ticket into an exclusive group of fellow adventurers! One of the world's most powerful icebreakers, the 50 Years of Victory, will take you there! 📍🌎 . Learn more about #NorthPole
There's so much beauty in the flat tops and steep sides of tabular icebergs! 😍🇦🇶 . 📸: Nicky Souness (@nixsouness) #TravelwithQuark #DiscoverAntarctica #IcebergPorn
From our family to yours, happy holidays! 🐧💛🤗 . 📸: Nicky Souness (@nixsouness) #TravelwithQuark #AntarcticExpedition #SnowHillIsland
What are your weekend plans? 😏🐧🇦🇶 📸: @sam_crimmin_polar #TravelwithQuark #AntarcticExpedition #TGIF
Dreamy views at Gold Harbour! ✨ 📸: @jaymiemac 📍South Georgia #TravelwithQuark #AntarcticExpedition #SouthGeorgia
A tail flapping humpback spotted during a zodiac cruise at Paradise Harbour! 🇦🇶🐋 . Follow @wikstrom_photography for more wildlife photos from the Polar Regions! #TravelwithQuark #Humpbackwhales #Ocea
We are proud to be nominated for the Best Adventure Cruise Line award by @usatoday @10best! . Click the link in our bio and cast your votes every day to help us win 👆 #TravelwithQuark #ExpeditionTrav
Does this cutie get your 'seal' of approval? 😍 📸: @nixsouness #TravelwithQuark #AntarcticExpedition
Cruising in Spitsbergen is unreal! 😎 @davidmerron captured this moment near the Negribreen glacier in Spitsbergen. #TravelwithQuark #ArcticExpedition #SeaIce


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Cava Packager allows packaging of applications written in Perl. Packaged applications can be distributed without the need for an installation of Perl on the target machine. Cava Packager is currently distributed under a free to use license.
It is recommended that you use Citrus Perl to build your applications but other builds and distributions of Perl may also work.
Supported Perl Versions
Threaded Perl with a shared libperl 5.8, 5.10, 5.12, 5.14, 5.16
Supported Operating Systems
- MS Windows XP and later 32 and 64 bit.
- Linux 32 and 64 bit - minimum glibc 2.5, GTK+ 2.10, libstdc++6.
- Linux 32 bit RHEL 3 and 4.
- Mac OSX 10.4 and 10.5 - ppc and i386.
- Mac OSX 10.6, 10.7, 10.8 - i386 and x86_64 ( 64 bit for Perl 5.16 only ).
The application help is also provided online.
For MS Windows and Linux, the application download is an installer executable that you should run.
For Mac OSX, the application is provided as a dmg image. You can drag the application from the dmg to your choice of destination.


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- CJ: "OK look, I'm a go shut down the city's power source. Woozie, look after these fools for me."
- Wu Zi Mu: "OK. Now, the important thing to remember about a plan like this is that...nothing can go wrong."
- ―Carl Johnson and Wu Zi Mu briefing their heist crew
Dam and Blast is a mission in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas given to protagonist Carl Johnson by Wu Zi Mu as part of plans to pull off a heist of Caligula's Palace from The Four Dragons Casino, a casino located along The Strip in Las Venturas, San Andreas.
Carl, having successfully convinced Millie Perkins to date him in order to obtain her keycard, is now positioned to continue preparations for the heist on the main vault of Caligula's Palace. His next step is to establish a means of temporarily cutting the power supply to Las Venturas in order to provide himself and Wu Zi Mu's men with the cover of darkness and the resulting confusion while robbing the safe. To do this, Carl heads out to Sherman Dam, which supplies Las Venturas with hydroelectric power, to plant remotely detonated explosives on the main generators. After sneaking into the dam's facilities and planting the explosives, Carl escapes to the roof, only to be trapped by the guards. With deputies and SWAT closing in with their Rangers and Enforcers from the dam's roadway below, CJ narrowly escapes capture by performing a swan-dive from one of the dam's control towers into the outlet channel to the south (erroneously labeled as Sherman Reservoir by the game).
Mission Objectives
In order to complete the mission the player must:
- Go to the airport. You're going to need a plane to parachute onto the dam quay
- Fly the aircraft to the jump point over the dam
- Get to the highest altitude possible using the aircraft
- Land on the dam quay
- Go and pick up the knife
- Get past the guards and find the entrance to the generator room
- When close to a generator press (RETURN button for PC, Triangle button for PS2, Y button for Xbox) to plant the charges. You need one on each generator
- All the generators have been rigged, get to the exit
The reward for completing the mission is an increase in respect. The mission Cop Wheels is unlocked.
Possible glitch
Some online walkthroughs for this mission, such as that posted on this website, indicate that Carl loses his weapons after parachuting out of the plane. In the PS2, iOS, and Xbox 360 versions, at least, Carl keeps all his weapons for the mission. In the PC version, if Carl lands on the red marker, he can keep his weapons.
It's unclear whether this is a glitch, or the loss of weapons reported in the walkthroughs is a glitch; the BradyGames Official Strategy Guide makes no reference to losing weapons (and neither do either of the video walkthroughs on this page). The player regains his weapons at the end of the mission, other than any Brass Knuckles or Parachutes he had.
- Carl has to obtain the knife on the quay in order for the mission to continue, even if he already has one in his inventory.
- The two eavesdroppers in this mission are the same two men in the mission Madd Dogg who taunt Madd Dogg, yelling at him to jump off the building in Las Venturas he is planning to jump from. They are also seen in the Mountain Cloud Boys mission, rooting for their respective bets in the betting shop. One of them can also be seen in The Introduction where Carl robs his money in an alleyway.


text:
Our customer commitment. You should be able to interconnect machines, technical installations and IT systems in the cloud. And share, process and present the data of your choice. All within a few clicks, live at a real site.
Realized through Beijer Electronics' open and flexible software, hardware and engineering tools, you will be able to do just that. Clever and user-friendly, so you can optimize operations.
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Fill out the form below with your interest and we will contact you to present how we can help you to get A fast track to the cloud. You can also download WARP Engineering Studio, the framework that simplifies Control, Connectivity and Presentation.
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Getting Waisted is Monica Parker's personal memoir, which takes a candid look into her life as a serial dieter. Parker, an actress and writer, shares tales of growing from a chubby baby into a chunky adult with passion and wit in this book inspired by her one-woman stage show, Sex, Pies & a Few White Lies.
Parker moved back to Toronto from Los Angeles almost five years ago. "If I hadn't come back to Toronto, I don't think I would have written the play, because L.A. is a place of distraction, there is always things to do because it is nice outside. It is a town about business, so you are always off negotiating, hustling or doing something.
"When I came back here and faced that first winter in 28 years – I didn't want to go out. I hadn't really settled here, I was a new, old girl. I knew the city but it wasn't in my personal GPS," she said. "I would stand at the kitchen sink and say how did this happen, but I wanted it to happen, I wanted to be here near my family. But, still it wasn't home, so I decided to sit down and write a show."
The show was a success, and from this, the Scottish-born actress fell into a speaking career. Through that, people suggested that she write a book. Not daunted by the fact that she had never written one, she was up for the challenge. Parker wrote a lengthy proposal, sent it out to three American agents, two of which wanted to represent her.
Parker says writing the book was just a joy. "In the book, every chapter begins with a diet, how much money I spent on it, how much weight I lost and how much weight I gained as soon as I stopped it, including the three that nearly killed me."
Parker says it was fun to rip open her guts and talk about everything that has been her life including her struggle with weight. "What I really got from this book was whatever challenges you are given in life, if you flip that on its head you really see those are the gifts you are given. I believe being a big woman has given me an amazing career, it has always separated me out from the pack. It didn't matter if I got older, I was always going to be a character actor. Being a writer has no age limit, but I also have all this experience of constantly being up against challenges and I know what to do. "
She says that she doesn't mind fat jokes, but doesn't want them perpetrated on her. "I don't mind saying things about myself, I find funny. I don't feel that I am diminishing myself of anything, I feel it is a way of learning why we respond the way we do to things and a way of putting it out there so other people get comfortable."
However, Parker said she does not like cruel humour. Parker said she respects honesty in humour and believes if you take pain in your life and put it into the light, then it has no power over you.
She hopes Getting Waisted inspires people to be more of who they are intended to be just as they are. To enjoy their lives and stop focusing on the negative and finding the positive in who they are.
"Being Jewish has given me my lifelong love of food," admits Parker with a chuckle. "The activity known as a Jewish family dinner is volcanic. Everyone has an opinion, and everyone says it, all at one time. I would say that has added value to my humour."
Parker divides her time between Los Angeles and Toronto, where she continues to work in film and television. She was also the the co-writer of the film All Dogs Go to Heaven.
In addition to touring her one-woman show, Parker just completed two features films. She has a recurring role in Defiance on the Sci-Fi channel, alongside her husband, actor and fashion designer, Gilles Savard.


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The largest teachers' union is considering a legal challenge over Michael Gove's free schools policy amid concerns that it is damaging children's education.
The National Union of Teachers (NUT) could appeal to the information commissioner over Gove's refusal, following a freedom of information request by the union, to disclose the assessments of the impact on nearby schools that he is legally required to obtain when considering whether or not to approve the opening of a free school.
The union says it is not convinced Gove has applied the law correctly, citing a number of cases in which free schools are opening in areas where there are already surplus places or where they will create surplus places, leading to what the NUT said was unnecessary competition.
Separately, the NUT threatened to refuse to co-operate with Ofsted inspections, amid concerns that the school testing regime had a major impact on staff workload and was damaging to morale.
The motion also raised fears about changes that would see weaker schools inspected more frequently.
There are already teachers in Northern Ireland who are refusing to co-operate with their schools inspectorate, the conference heard.
Martin Powell Davies, a teacher from Lewisham in south London and a member of the NUT's ruling executive, said: "I'm sure there are lots of us who have considered whether we could boycott Ofsted, whether we could have non-co-operation, and perhaps that's going to be a lot to ask people to do."
But he said that when the amendment had been discussed there had been excitement among members of "the thought that you might just be able to tell that inspector 'class, stop what you're doing we've got an unwelcome visitor and we need them to leave'".
The motion calls for the union's executive to "reinvigorate the campaign for the abolition of Ofsted".
The move on free schools follows votes by both the NUT and NASUWT at their annual conferences over the weekend to step up opposition to the government on pay, pensions, working conditions and job losses. There could be strike action as early as this summer.
Kevin Courtney, deputy general secretary of the NUT, said it was in the public interest for the information to be in the public domain.
"What we are talking about is the impact free schools have on other schools, that we think are damaging to education for children in the system."
The union said that in Bristol and Wandsworth, for example, free schools were adding to the surplus of secondary school places when there was a need for more primary places.
The NUT published research about the "negative impact" of free schools on their neighbours, citing a number of case studies. The Beccles free school in Suffolk, due to open this September, is expected to cost the neighbouring Sir John Leman high school £1m, or 15% of the budget.
Jeremy Rowe, the headteacher at Sir John Leman, which recently converted to an academy, was quoted as saying the proposed free school would be a disaster and a waste of money. Either his school would remain full and the new school empty, "or both are half empty", he said.
The NUT also cited Becket Keys Church school, planned for Brentwood, in Essex, on the site of a former school, Sawyers Hall College. The union said Sawyers Hall was closing as a result of a local school reorganisation and falling school rolls.
Celia Dignan, of the NUT's policy team, said: "At a time when huge amounts of schools are facing cuts it seems completely bizarre that they are looking at these applications and thought that they are serving some kind of additional need."
The study was released to coincide with a debate at the NUT conference in Torquay on what the union branded the privatisation of education under the coalition.
A motion warned that the rapid development of free schools was "creating a market of competing schools that threaten to destabilise existing school provision".
Teachers are concerned because academies and free schools are accountable to the education secretary, rather than their local authority, and have greater freedom to change the timings of the school day, teachers' pay and the subjects they teach. To date, 24 free schools have been opened and 70 more are in the pipeline.
Courtney said: "The secretary of state is under an obligation to consider the impact on other schools, to consider the impact on maintained schools, academies, further education institutions, of setting up free schools in any particular area. He is under that obligation in law. But we say that free schools are being set up in areas where they are going to be damaging to existing good provision.
"It goes way beyond the idea that you need some surplus places to allow parental choice, and it is a massive expansion of surplus places in a way that will damage education. It is existing good schools that are being damaged. We have asked the secretary of state to share with us the impact assessments that he must have made about the effect of implementing these schools and he has refused to share that information with us… and so we are now at the stage where we are taking a complaint to the information commissioner because we are convinced that it is in the public interest for this information to be in the public domain."
A Department for Education spokeswoman said: "Many of the first free schools were set up by talented heads and teachers with years of experience. These professionals listened to what parents had to say and responded with more local choice for children. As a result, the vast majority of free schools are oversubscribed. It is disappointing that the work of these teachers is being overlooked by the NUT."


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A free screening for children birth through age 5 will be held Nov. 13 at the Goessel Mennonite Church, 103 S. Church St.
Appointments will be available from 12:30 through 3 p.m. At the screening, learning, motor, language, and social development will be checked. This process usually takes at least an hour for a child to complete.
All children are welcome, but an appointment is necessary. Please call, (620) 382-2858.


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Cute cell phone cases are awesome, but not if they scar you for life.
According to the US Consumer Product Safety Commission, the company called MixBin has recalled liquid "liqued glitter iPhone cases" but people are still suffering the consequences.
The recall extends from October 2015 to June of 2017, and according to BuzzFeed, many stores, including Amazon, Nordstrom Rack, Tory Birch, and Victoria's Secret have all carried the product.
Twitter users have since posted photos of their burns, and also outed other companies like Charming Charlie and Wet Seal for carrying a similar product that also burned them.
justin timberlaugh on Twitter
tfw the liquid from your iphone glitter case gives u a chemical burn
mumof3inthecountry on Twitter
WARNING Liquid Glitter phone cases. Saw patient with 10cm diameter chemical burn on thigh due to leaky case in her pocket. #danger #burn
MixBin shares images of the affected cases here, and if you have had this issue, you will need to provide a photo of the case to complete your registration claim. They also note that they will receive instructions for disposal of the case, as well as potential reimbursement.
Honestly though, if something chemically burned me for life, I'd be looking for a lot more than $15.
Amy Cooper is the type of journalist that when asked "What do you bring to the table," she replies "I am the table.


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Freddy's three thoughts of the game ...
1. Three in a row: You have to go back two years to find the last time the Mavericks won three games in a row. And you have to go back three years to find the last time all of those wins came in WCHA play. Is the tide turning in Mankato? Minnesota State made it three straight with the shutout win over the Beavers ad improved their record to 6-5-2 overall and 4-5-0 in league play. All in all, it's been a strong month of hockey for MSU with the split against Minnesota and two solid games (albiet losses) against Denver, both ranked No. 2 at the time, before starting this run.
2. Same old, same old: Your best players have to be the ones who are there consistently, and the Mavericks are getting that consistent play from Matt Leitner and Eriah Hayes. Leitner assisted on two goals, upping his season point total to 17 (3-14) in 13 games, while Hayes was a beast with six shots on net and a highlight-reel, backwards, between-the-legs pass to Zach Lehrke for the game's second goal. Leitner assisted on that goal as well as on the game's first goal by freshman Dylan Margonari. Lehrke said it's "an honor" to play with Leitner. Lehrke also had a two-point night.
3. Willy won't go home: Stephon Williams stopped 20 shots for his first career shutout and has started four games in a row now, winning the last three. He didn't have to do a lot back there, as the Mavericks seemed to dominate in-zone possession and was also strong defensively. Still, Williams came up bigh when he had to, including a nice save on a back-door play during the Beavers' lone power play early in the third period. He also had to be solid because BSU's Mathieu Dugas was good at the other end, finishing with 37 saves, including 16 on 17 shots in the first period.
Deep thought: Remember the Mavericks' penalty problems? They sure were disciplined on Friday, getting called for just one penalty — Max Gaede's interference infraction in the third period.
Read the game story here.
Around the WCHA: Minnesota Duluth 7, Michigan Tech 3. ... Nebraska Omaha 3, Minnesota 2 ... Colorado College 5, North Dakota 3 ... Wisconsin 1, Denver 1 (OT) ... St. Cloud State 4, Alaska Anchorage 3 (OT)