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On this day as we look to our futures, the past is equally present. We celebrate this day simultaneously with classmates and with our friends and family from our pre-Barnard days, in many cases sharing Barnard with them for the first time on our last day here. Instant nostalgia creeps in; this moment already feeling like a memory. Today, as the promise of our past is realized through our promising futures, I'm thinking about something that my mother always used to say to me. When I was younger, my mom would tell me, "When I grow up, I want to be Sarah Besnoff."
As a child, I thought this was the silliest thing. First, your mom is the oldest person you know, so you really can't imagine her "growing up" any older. Secondly, how could my mom want to grow up to be me when I so desperately wanted to become like her? As a child, I would dismiss this statement as something my mom told me to make me laugh. As a teenager, I thought she said it just to empower me. Now, I understand that it was more than that; it was a reminder that I have been given opportunities that she never had. The love and support of my mother and my father, and their parents before them, have given me more chances for high achievement and greater access to places and people than they ever had. Barnard is the opportunity that I have been given. And today is the day that I grow up and celebrate Barnard making me that woman my mom said she wanted to be.
The opportunity to be a college graduate is one not everyone can attain—and one that you have all earned. We have been taught by the most distinguished professors while living in the greatest city on earth. We have been surrounded by a supportive administration, a dedicated staff, and a board of trustees that actually listens. Of course this experience at Barnard was fraught with challenges: from the giant hole in the middle of our campus that made us redefine what "community" at Barnard meant to the daily reality that being a student at a women's college continues, surprisingly, to unnerve some of our male and even female colleagues at Columbia; from papers that took more than the one night you allotted them to the relationships that ended quicker than you had hoped. The hardest challenge, though, was always how to choose what to do: so many interesting classes to take, too many internships, every student organization imaginable. The challenge of too many options is also one that plagues us upon graduation: grad schools, nonprofit or private-sector jobs, eventually the choice of raising a family. It is this culture of choice that is our generation's unique opportunity, a blessing that our mothers were not given in equal measure.
We have been the given the opportunity of choice. And it is in this culture of choice that an amazing thing happens at Barnard; we forge a sisterhood. Not a clichéd one of traveling pants but a true example of what it means to better yourself by working with others. The greatest opportunity of being a Barnard woman is the chance to be surrounded by the most intelligent, diverse, passionate women. The strength of Barnard is its students, the women who motivate their classmates and professors alike. Each of you is going to go far and our collective impact on the world is going to be so great that across the street they're finally going to have to add new books to the Core.
So when two roads diverge in a yellow wood and I'm sorry I can't travel both—I'm not concerned. I know my Barnard sister who chooses to take the other road will call me and tell me what she saw, who to avoid, where to turn and what lies at the end. Her distinct path will not be divergent from mine, rather it will add to the map of our joint experience. She will empower me with knowledge should I ever want to take that path too. She will share her time on that road with me should I never be able to travel it myself. Our sisterhood in this culture of choice allows us all to become trailblazers without fear of the roads not traveled.
And with this sisterhood of trailblazers, we are uniquely positioned to take on the continuing inequalities that women face in our society. We can each forge new paths to equality, calling our sisters along the way to find unexpected intersections. We can be pioneers as we reassert a gender consciousness within our generation. This is the Barnard sisterhood—supportive, collaborative, competitive, sure, but conducive to our collective achievement. We need to create this Barnard sisterhood with all women and male allies, so that we can turn assumed equality into actual parity. We stand here today with a woman who put 18 million cracks in the glass ceiling. Well, we, the Barnard College Class of 2009, have been given the opportunity to break the damn thing.
So when I grow up, I want to be the Barnard graduate traveling to the Mississippi Delta to teach with Teach for America. I want to grow up to be the international student from Brazil who bravely traveled all the way here and made Barnard her home through tireless involvement in student life. I want to grow up to be the premedical student who successfully managed difficult requirements and the Nine Ways of Knowing. I want to grow up to be the student who led clubs from Bacchantae to BOSS, Alpha Chi to USCC. And I want to grow up to be the student who spent her years interning at fabulous jobs and exploring the city. And because of Barnard, I do get to experience each of these paths through our sisterhood that only grows as we become Barnard alumnae today.
So Mom, if you're still interested in being me when you grow up, I'm proud to present to you: your future. Because when I grow up, I want to be each and every one of the graduates of the Barnard College Class of 2009. And with my speech already a memory, I salute my sisters on our strong and beautiful futures. Congratulations.
-Sara Besnoff '09, illustration by Katherine Streeter


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US home prices rose at solid pace in January
WASHINGTON (AP) — U.S. home prices rose in January after three months of declines. A tight supply of homes might have helped boost prices and offset sales slowed by cold weather.
Real estate data provider CoreLogic says prices rose 0.9 percent in January after dipping 0.1 percent in December. Over the past 12 months, home prices have risen 12 percent, the biggest year-over-year gain in more than eight years.
CoreLogic's price figures aren't adjusted for seasonal patterns, such as winter weather, which can depress sales.
Snowstorms and low temperatures contributed to a sharp drop in sales of existing homes in January. The National Association of Realtors said sales plunged to their lowest level in 18 months.
Still, the number of homes for sale remained low, a factor that might have helped increase prices.
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text: Ooh! Is there going to be a rumble in Ladymagville, U.S.A.? ELLE and Vogue are both having their company holiday parties at Socialista, in NYC's Meatpacking district. ELLE beats Vogue in getting there first (their party is Dec. 17; Vogue's is Dec. 18.) Tension! Meanwhile, the CosmoGIRL! staff seems to be getting short-changed as their editor-in-chief is hosting a "goofy hat exchange" at a location TBA. (Um, we would rather have an open bar kthanxbye!) while the Self party seems equally wholesome: Bowling! Lucky staffers are being encouraged to chow down at Pop Burger and W is getting wasted and singing Pat Benatar all night long at a Karaoke party at East Village speakeasy Death & Co. (May we recommend the punch bowls?) Glamour's affair is at Tillman's eatery and Nylon is encouraging mid-day drinking by hosting a lunch at Pamplona's. [Fashion Week Daily]


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Julie from Yummy Men & Kick Ass Chicks asked on her blog when you know how you'll rate a book. I hope she doesn't mind me answering this here. I think this is a great question, and I was also curious about how all of you would answer it.
For me, I don't know what grade to give a book until I finish it. That's if I finish it. I give each book 100 pages to convince me to read to the end. If a book doesn't hold my interest or have me engaged in the story by the 100th page, I put it away. Maybe I'm not in the mood for that type of story at that particular moment in time. Maybe I can't stand the characters and don't want to spend any more time with them – ever. Maybe another book caught my interest, and with my short attention span, I continued to read the newer book over the previous one. There are so many reasons why I might put a book aside that they would take up an entire post.
If I am engaged in a story enough to journey beyond the 100th page, I try not to pass judgment until I finish it. There have been so many books that start strong and have me completely immersed in the story, only to fall apart at the end. Maybe the protagonist does something out of character. Or suddenly becomes TSTL (too stupid to live). Maybe the pacing slows, and then I find my attention wandering. These are the most disappointing reads, because they had so much promise, but ultimately let me down.
Then there books that grab you from the first sentence and never seem to let you go. I think of these as Holy Crap This is a Good Book. They are few and far between, but you know from the moment that you pick it up that you are holding a winner in your hands. They consume your every thought, but even these I hesitate to rate until I reach the last page. What if the plot unravels at the end? It is so energizing when they hold strong and leave me literally breathless at the end. These are the books that keep me reading and blogging!
What about you? When do you know how you'll rate a book? If you aren't completely engrossed in the plot, how long will you keep trudging along?
Thanks to Carmel from Rabid Reads for helping me discover Julie's blog.


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On the heels of Facebook gaming titan Zynga going public recently, the maker of mobile gaming's mammoth hit Angry Birds suggests it will pursue a public offering of stock in 2013, and that it has five or six games from that franchise planned for 2012.
Tekniikka & Talous, a weekly newspaper in Rovio's native Finland, reports that the company wants to become a media firm modelled on Walt Disney Co. "There is no reason why we should not be able to build a company of that size," Peter Vesterbecka told the publication. Walt Disney's shares are valued at $US65.3 billion.
Reuters notes that Rovio earlier said it was looking at a stock market listing in the US by 2013 or 2014.
Vesterbecka added that in 2012 Rovio would launch five or six additional games featuring the Angry Birds cast of characters.


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ARISS Contact Schedule and Successful school list updated 2006-07-20 21:00 UTC Quick list of scheduled contacts and events: City of Ottawa Central Experimental Farm, direct via VE3KID Tue 2006-07-25 15:59 UTC 51 deg ESA Event Patras, Greece, telebridge via WH6PN Sat 2006-07-29 12:27 UTC at 19 deg Robinson Elementary, Anderson, Indiana, direct via W9VCF Wed 2006-08-02 14:16 UTC 47 deg (***) Total number of ARISS school contacts is 246. QSL information may be found at: http://www.arrl.org/ARISS/arissfaq.html http://www.rac.ca/ariss/oindex.htm#QSL's ISS callsigns: DP0ISS, NA1SS, RS0ISS ***************************************************************************** The schedule page has been updated as of 2006-07-20 21:00 UTC. Here you will find a listing of all scheduled school contacts and questions, other ISS related websites, IRLP and Echolink websites, and instructions for any contact that may be streamed live. http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/news/arissnews.txt The successful school list has been updated as of 2006-06-13 23:00 UTC http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/news/Successful_ARISS_schools.rtf Frequency chart for packet, voice, and crossband repeater modes showing Doppler correction as of 2005-07-29 04:00 UTC http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/news/ISS_frequencies_and_Doppler_correction.r tf Listing of ARISS related magazine articles as of 2006-07-10 03:30 UTC: http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/news/ARISS_magazine_articles.rtf ***************************************************************************** There has been a rumor that the ISS was having direct contacts on the 40 meter band. There is no HF radio equipment on board and available yet. The HF antenna is mounted. Sometimes WA3NAN will retransmit shuttle audio. ***************************************************************************** Expedition 13 on orbit Pavel Vinogradov RV3BS Jeff Williams KD5TVQ Expedition 13/14 Thomas Reiter DF4TR The STS-121 crew has returned to earth. Congratulations to Commander Steven Lindsey; Pilot Mark Kelly; mission specialists Stephanie Wilson, KD5DZE, Lisa Nowak, KC5ZTB; Michael Fossum and Piers Sellers. (***) Expedition 14 crew: Michael Lopez-Alegria KE5GTK Sunita Williams, KD5PLB Mikhail Tyurin, RZ3FT ***************************************************************************** 73, Charlie Sufana AJ9N One of the ARISS operation team mentors ---- Via the sarex mailing list at AMSAT.ORG courtesy of AMSAT-NA. To unsubscribe, send "unsubscribe sarex" to firstname.lastname@example.com
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Holbein has developed a range of artist-quality soft pastels that offer great covering and blending power because of their soft powder richness. Individually wrapped sticks feature a square shape for versatility - use the flat sides or sharp edges!
Color Swatches created using heavy to light application and were applied on 100 lb (163 gsm) drawing paper material.
organic, disazo
Diarylide Yellow is a semi-opaque, moderately staining, intense deep reddish yellow pigment with good tinting strength.
Diarylide Yellow 83 has very good lightfastness and permanence. However, it can fade in tints, so some artists do not consider it suitable as an artists' color. Many other diarylide yellow pigments are reported to have fair to poor lightfastness, and some are completely fugitive. Diarylide Yellow 83 is reputed to be one of the most permanent of the entire group.
Diarylide Yellow has no significant acute hazards, but chronic hazards have not been well studied.
Diarylide Yellow comes from a family of azo pigments called Diarylide. These yellow hued pigments were developed around 1940 and are very important in printing inks.
Benzidine Yellow, Diazo Yellow.
iron oxides
FeO or Fe2O3
Mars Black is an opaque black with a strong and cool masstone, a slightly warm tint, and a warm brown undertone. It is not as black as Ivory Black, but it dries more quickly and has three times the tinting strength. Mars Black is normally the only black available in acrylic form and that is safe to over paint. It can be used in all media without reservation and is widely used as an alternative to Lamp Black and Ivory Black.
Mars Black is very lightfast with excellent permanence.
Mars Black has no significant hazards and is the only major black pigment considered non-toxic.
The word Mars refers to the Roman god of iron and war. Mars Black was developed in the early 20th century from inorganic, synthetic iron oxide.
Black Iron Oxide, Iron Black, Magnetic Oxide, Mapico Black, Mineral Black. Sometimes labeled as Vine Black.
copper phthalocyanine
Phthalo Blues are pure and clean primary blues with superior covering power. They have a very high tinting strength and tend to overwhelm other pigments, but if color strength can be controlled, they make predictable mixed colors. In oil form, blues are very deep and slow drying. When mixed with other colors or if chlorine is added, Phthalo Blue quickly tends towards green. When using alone, mix with some white, as Phthalo Blue can be semi-transparent and almost black on its own. It is among the most compatible of modern colors with mineral colors and is considered more reliable than Prussian Blue, while sharing the same physical and color properties. Phthalo Blue is a good color for glazing.
Phthalo Blues are completely lightfast and stable and are permanent for all paint uses. They are currently used in inks, coatings, and many plastics due to their stability and are considered a standard pigment in printing ink and the packaging industry.
Phthalo Blues have no significant hazards, although those made before 1982 contained some PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls).
Developed by chemists using the trade name Monastral Blue, the organic blue dyestuff now known as Phthalo Blue was presented as a pigment in November 1935 in London. Its discovery was accidental. The dark color was observed in a kettle where a dye was being made from a British dyestuff plant. The demand for such a pigment came from commercial printers who wanted a cyan to replace Prussian Blue.
Bocour Blue, Cyan Blue, Helio Blue, Heliogen Blue, Intense Blue, Monastral Blue, Phthalocyanine Blue, Rembrandt Blue, Thalo Blue, Winsor Blue.
polychlorinated copper(II) phthalocyanine
C32H3Cl13CuN8 to C32HCl15CuN8 or C32H16CuN8Cl15 (PG7) or C32Br6Cl10CuN8 (PG36)
Phthalo Green is a transparent, cool, bright, high intensity color used in oil and acrylics. It comes from a Phthalocyanine Blue pigment where most of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced with chlorine, forming highly stable molecules. It has similar pigment properties and permanence to Phthalo Blue. It is slow drying and an excellent base color for mixing a range of bright greens. Phthalo Green is considered a very good alternative to Viridian because it is intense and mixes well and can be used to emphasize mineral colors in various tints. However, its tinting strength is very high, so it can overpower other colors. This pigment most closely resembles the discontinued and toxic Verdigris.
Phthalo Greens are completely lightfast and resistant to alkali, acids, solvents, heat, and ultraviolet radiation. They are currently used in inks, coatings, and many plastics due to their stability and are considered a standard pigment in printing ink and the packaging industry.
Phthalo Green has no significant hazards, but it contained PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) until 1982.
This bright blue-green was developed in 1935 and has been in use since 1938.
Bocour Green, Cyan Green, Intense Green, Monastral Green, Phthalocyanine Green, Rembrandt Green, Thalo Green, Winsor Green.
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Hey all,
I'm using the MVC application structure. I've got a controller with quite a few functions in it. They all access a lot of the same components in my application but I think I've written it very inefficiently.
For example, I have several buttons that affect the grid in my application. In each button function I have to do something like
Instead of having those two lines in each button function, is there somewhere in the controller where I can define panel and grid (and the other components in my application) so they can be accessed by all my controller functions?Code:var panel = button.up(panel); var grid = panel.down(grid);
thank you!


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Pain, a complex experience consisting of a physiological and a psychological response to a noxious stimulus. Pain is a warning mechanism that protects an organism by influencing it to withdraw from harmful stimuli; it is primarily associated with injury or the threat of injury.
Pain is subjective and difficult to quantify, because it has both an affective and a sensory component. Although the neuroanatomic basis of pain reception develops before birth, individual pain responses are learned in early childhood and are affected by social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and genetic factors, among others. Those factors account for differences in pain tolerance among humans. Athletes, for example, may be able to withstand or ignore pain while engaged in a sport, and certain religious practices may require participants to endure pain that seems intolerable to most people.
An important function of pain is to alert the body to potential damage. That is accomplished through nociception, the neural processing of harmful stimuli. The pain sensation, however, is only one part of the nociceptive response, which may include an increase in blood pressure, an increase in heart rate, and a reflexive withdrawal from the noxious stimulus. Acute pain can arise from breaking a bone or touching a hot surface. During acute pain, an immediate intense feeling of short duration, sometimes described as a sharp pricking sensation, is followed by a dull throbbing sensation. Chronic pain, which is often associated with diseases such as cancer or arthritis, is more difficult to locate and treat. If pain cannot be alleviated, psychological factors such as depression and anxiety can intensify the condition.
Early conceptions of pain
Pain is a physiological and psychological element of human existence, and thus it has been known to humankind since the earliest eras, but the ways in which people respond to and conceive of pain vary dramatically. In certain ancient cultures, for example, pain was deliberately inflicted on individuals as a means of pacifying angry gods. Pain was also seen as a form of punishment, inflicted on humans by gods or demons. In ancient China, pain was thought to arise from an imbalance between the two complementary forces of life, yin and yang. Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates believed that pain is associated with too much or too little of one of the four humours (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, or black bile). Muslim physician Avicenna believed that pain is a sensation that originated with a change in the physical condition of the body.
Theories of pain
Medical understanding of the physiological basis of pain is a comparatively recent development, having emerged in earnest in the 19th century. At that time, various British, German, and French physicians recognized the problem of chronic "pains without lesion" and attributed them to a functional disorder or persistent irritation of the nervous system. German physiologist and comparative anatomist Johannes Peter Müller's concept of Gemeingefühl, or "cenesthesis," an individual's ability to correctly perceive internal sensations, was another of the creative etiologies proposed for pain. American physician and author S. Weir Mitchell observed Civil War soldiers afflicted with causalgia (constant burning pain; later known as complex regional pain syndrome), phantom limb pain, and other painful conditions long after their original wounds had healed. Despite the odd and often hostile behaviour of his patients, Mitchell was convinced of the reality of their physical suffering.
By the late 1800s the development of specific diagnostic tests and the identification of specific signs of pain were beginning to redefine the practice of neurology, leaving little room for chronic pains that could not be explained in the absence of other physiological symptoms. At the same time, practitioners of psychiatry and the emerging field of psychoanalysis found that "hysterical" pains offered potential insights into mental and emotional disease. The contributions of individuals such as English physiologist Sir Charles Scott Sherrington supported the concept of specificity, according to which "real" pain was a direct one-to-one response to a specific noxious stimulus. Sherrington introduced the term nociception to describe the pain response to such stimuli. Specificity theory suggested that individuals who reported pain in the absence of an evident cause were delusional, neurotically obsessed, or malingering (often the conclusion of military surgeons or those treating workmen's compensation cases). Another theory, which was popular with psychologists at the time but was soon after abandoned, was intensive pain theory, in which pain was considered to be an emotional state, incited by unusually intense stimuli.
In the 1890s German neurologist Alfred Goldscheider endorsed Sherrington's insistence that the central nervous system integrates inputs from the periphery. Goldscheider proposed that pain is a result of the brain's recognition of spatial and temporal patterns of sensation. French surgeon René Leriche, who worked with injured soldiers during World War I, suggested that a nerve injury that damages the myelin sheath surrounding the sympathetic nerves (the nerves involved in the fight-or-flight response) might lead to sensations of pain in response to normal stimuli and internal physiological activity. American neurologist William K. Livingston, who worked with patients with industrial injuries in the 1930s, diagrammed a feedback loop within the nervous system, which he described as a "vicious circle." Livingston theorized that severe lasting pain induces functional and organic changes in the nervous system, thereby producing a chronic pain state.
The various theories on pain, however, were largely ignored until World War II, when organized teams of clinicians began to observe and treat large numbers of individuals with similar injuries. In the 1950s American anesthesiologist Henry K. Beecher, using his experiences of treating civilian patients and wartime casualties, found that soldiers with serious wounds frequently seemed to be in much less pain than civilian surgical patients. Beecher concluded that pain is the result of a fusion of physical sensation with a cognitive and emotional "reaction component." Thus, the mental context of pain is important. Pain for the surgical patient meant a disruption of normal life and fears of serious illness, whereas pain for the wounded soldier meant release from the battlefield and an increased chance of survival. Therefore, the assumptions of specificity theory, which were based on laboratory experiments in which the reaction component was relatively neutral, could not be applied to the understanding of clinical pain. Beecher's conclusions were supported by the work of American anesthesiologist John Bonica, who in his book The Management of Pain (1953) considered clinical pain to include both physiological and psychological components.
Dutch neurosurgeon Willem Noordenbos extended the theory of pain as an integration of multiple inputs into the nervous system in his short but classic book, Pain (1959). Noordenbos's ideas appealed to Canadian psychologist Ronald Melzack and British neuroscientist Patrick David Wall. Melzack and Wall combined the ideas of Goldscheider, Livingston, and Noordenbos with available research evidence and in 1965 proposed the so-called gate control theory of pain. According to gate control theory, the perception of pain depends on a neural mechanism in the substantia gelatinosa layer of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The mechanism acts as a synaptic gate that modulates the pain sensation from myelinated and unmyelinated peripheral nerve fibres and the activity of inhibitory neurons. Thus, stimulation of nearby nerve endings can inhibit the nerve fibres that transmit pain signals, which explains the relief that can occur when an injured area is stimulated by pressure or rubbing. Although the theory itself proved to be incorrect, the implication that laboratory and clinical observations together could demonstrate the physiological basis of a complex neural integration mechanism for pain perception inspired and challenged a young generation of researchers.
In 1973, drawing on the upsurge of interest in pain generated by Wall and Melzack, Bonica organized a meeting among interdisciplinary pain researchers and clinicians. Under Bonica's leadership, the conference, which was held in the United States, gave birth to an interdisciplinary organization known as the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) and a new journal titled Pain, initially edited by Wall. The formation of IASP and the launch of the journal marked the emergence of pain science as a professional field.
In the following decades, research on the problem of pain expanded significantly. From that work, two major findings emerged. First, severe pain from an injury or other stimulus, if continued over some period, was found to alter the neurochemistry of the central nervous system, thereby sensitizing it and giving rise to neuronal changes that endure after the initial stimulus is removed. That process is perceived as chronic pain by the affected individual. The involvement of neuronal changes in the central nervous system in the development of chronic pain was demonstrated across multiple studies. In 1989, for example, American anesthesiologist Gary J. Bennett and Chinese scientist Xie Yikuan demonstrated the neural mechanism underlying the phenomenon in rats with constrictive ligatures placed loosely around the sciatic nerve. In 2002 Chinese-born neuroscientist Min Zhuo and colleagues reported the identification of two enzymes, adenylyl cyclase types 1 and 8, in the forebrains of mice that play an important role in sensitizing the central nervous system to pain stimuli.
The second finding that emerged was that pain perception and response differ with gender and ethnicity and with learning and experience. Women appear to suffer pain more often and with greater emotional stress than do men, but some evidence shows that women may cope with severe pain more effectively than men. African Americans show a higher vulnerability to chronic pain and a higher level of disability than do white patients. Those observations have been borne out by neurochemical research. For example, in 1996 a team of researchers led by American neuroscientist Jon D. Levine reported that different types of opioid drugs produce different levels of pain relief in women and men. Other research conducted in animals suggested that pain experiences early in life can produce neuronal changes at the molecular level that influence an individual's pain response as an adult. A significant conclusion from those studies is that no two individuals experience pain the same way.Marcia L. Meldrum The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Physiology of pain
In spite of its subjective nature, most pain is associated with tissue damage and has a physiological basis. Not all tissues, however, are sensitive to the same type of injury. For example, although skin is sensitive to burning and cutting, the visceral organs can be cut without generating pain. Overdistension or chemical irritation of the visceral surface, however, will induce pain. Some tissues do not give rise to pain, no matter how they are stimulated; the liver and the alveoli of the lungs are insensitive to almost every stimulus. Thus, tissues respond only to the specific stimuli that they are likely to encounter and generally are not receptive to all types of damage.
Pain receptors, located in the skin and other tissues, are nerve fibres with endings that can be excited by three types of stimuli—mechanical, thermal, and chemical; some endings respond primarily to one type of stimulation, whereas other endings can detect all types. Chemical substances produced by the body that excite pain receptors include bradykinin, serotonin, and histamine. Prostaglandins are fatty acids that are released when inflammation occurs and can heighten the pain sensation by sensitizing the nerve endings; that increase in sensitivity is called hyperalgesia.
The dual-phase experience of acute pain is mediated by two types of primary afferent nerve fibres that transmit electrical impulses from the tissues to the spinal cord via the ascending nerve tracts. The A delta fibres are the larger and the most rapidly conducting of the two types, because of their thin myelin covering, and, therefore, they are associated with the sharp, well-localized pain that first occurs. A delta fibres are activated by mechanical and thermal stimuli. Smaller, unmyelinated C fibres respond to chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli and are associated with the lingering, poorly localized sensation that follows the first quick sensation of pain.
Pain impulses enter the spinal cord, where they synapse primarily on the dorsal horn neurons in the marginal zone and substantia gelatinosa of the gray matter of the spinal cord. That area is responsible for regulating and modulating the incoming impulses. Two different pathways, the spinothalamic and spinoreticular tracts, transmit impulses to the brainstem and thalamus. Spinothalamic input is thought to effect the conscious sensation of pain, and the spinoreticular tract is thought to effect the arousal and emotional aspects of pain.
Pain signals can be selectively inhibited in the spinal cord through a descending pathway, which originates in the midbrain and ends in the dorsal horn. That analgesic (pain-relieving) response is controlled by neurochemicals called endorphins, which are opioid peptides such as enkephalins that are produced by the body. Those substances block the reception of pain stimuli by binding to neural receptors that activate the pain-inhibiting neural pathway. That system can be activated by stress or shock and is probably responsible for the absence of pain associated with a severe injury. It may also explain the differing abilities among individuals to perceive pain.
The origin of pain signals can be unclear to the sufferer. Pain arising from the deep tissues but "felt" in the superficial tissues is called referred pain. Though the precise mechanism is unclear, that phenomenon may result from the convergence of nerve fibres from different tissues onto the same portion of the spinal cord, which could allow nerve impulses from one pathway to pass to other pathways. Phantom limb pain is suffered by an amputee who experiences pain in the missing limb. That phenomenon occurs because the nerve trunks that connected the now absent limb to the brain still exist and are capable of being excited. The brain continues to interpret stimuli from those fibres as arriving from what it had previously learned was the limb.
Psychology of pain
The perception of pain results from the brain's processing of new sensory input with existing memories and emotions, in the same way that other perceptions are produced. Childhood experiences, cultural attitudes, heredity, and gender are factors that contribute to the development of each individual's perception of and response to different types of pain. Although some people may be able physiologically to withstand pain better than others, cultural factors rather than heredity usually account for that ability.
The point at which a stimulus begins to become painful is the pain perception threshold; most studies have found that point to be relatively similar among disparate groups of people. However, the pain tolerance threshold, the point at which pain becomes unbearable, varies significantly among those groups. A stoical, nonemotional response to an injury may be a sign of bravery in certain cultural or social groups, but that behaviour can also mask the severity of an injury to an examining physician.
Depression and anxiety can lower both types of pain thresholds. Anger or excitement, however, can obscure or lessen pain temporarily. Feelings of emotional relief can also lessen a painful sensation. The context of pain and the meaning it has for the sufferer also determine how pain is perceived.
Alleviation of pain
Attempts to relieve pain typically address both the physiological and the psychological aspects of pain. The reduction of anxiety, for example, may lessen the amount of medication needed to alleviate pain. Acute pain is generally the easiest to control; medication and rest are often effective treatments. Some pain, however, may defy treatment and persist for years. Such chronic pain can be compounded by hopelessness and anxiety.
Opiates are potent pain-relieving medications and are used to treat severe pain. Opium, a dried extract obtained from the unripe seedpods of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), is one of the oldest analgesics. Morphine, a powerful opiate, is an extremely effective analgesic. Those narcotic alkaloids mimic the endorphins produced naturally by the body by binding to their receptors and blocking or reducing the activation of pain neurons. However, the use of opiate pain relievers must be monitored not only because they are addictive substances but also because the patient can develop a tolerance to them and may require progressively greater doses to achieve the desired level of pain relief. Overdose can cause potentially fatal respiratory depression. Other significant side effects, such as nausea and psychological depression upon withdrawal, also limit the usefulness of opiates.
Extracts of the bark of willows (genus Salix) contain the active ingredient salicin and have been used since antiquity to relieve pain. Modern nonnarcotic anti-inflammatory analgesic salicylates, such as aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), and other anti-inflammatory analgesics, such as acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; e.g., ibuprofen), and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib), are less potent than opiates but are nonaddictive. Aspirin, NSAIDs, and COX inhibitors either nonselectively or selectively block the activity of COX enzymes. COX enzymes are responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid (a fatty acid) to prostaglandins, which enhance sensitivity to pain. Acetaminophen also prevents the formation of prostaglandins, but its activity appears to be limited primarily to the central nervous system and to be exerted through multiple mechanisms. Drugs known as N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, examples of which include dextromethorphan and ketamine, may be used in the treatment of certain forms of neuropathic pain, such as diabetic neuropathy. The drugs work by blocking NMDARs, the activation of which is involved in nociceptive transmission.
Psychotropic medications, including antidepressants and tranquilizers, may be used to treat patients with chronic pain who are also suffering from psychological conditions. Those medications help to reduce anxiety and sometimes alter the perception of the pain. Pain seems to be alleviated in a similar manner by hypnosis, placebos, and psychotherapy. Although the reasons why an individual may report pain relief after taking a placebo or following psychotherapy remain unclear, researchers suspect that the expectation of relief is stimulated by dopamine release in the region of the brain known as the ventral striatum. Activity in the ventral striatum is linked to increased dopamine activity and is associated with the placebo effect, in which pain relief is reported following treatment with a placebo.
Specific nerves can be blocked in cases in which pain is restricted to an area that has few sensory nerves. Phenol and alcohol are neurolytics that destroy nerves; lidocaine can be used for temporary pain relief. Surgical severing of nerves is rarely performed, because it can produce serious side effects such as motor loss or relocalized pain.
Some pain may be treated by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), in which electrodes are placed on the skin above the painful area. The stimulation of additional peripheral nerve endings has an inhibitory effect on the nerve fibres generating the pain. Acupuncture, compresses, and heat treatment may operate by the same mechanism.
Chronic pain, defined generally as pain that has persisted for at least six months, presents the greatest challenge in pain management. Unrelieved chronic discomfort can cause psychological complications such as hypochondriasis, depression, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, and feelings of helplessness. Many pain clinics offer a multidisciplinary approach to chronic pain treatment. Patients with chronic pain may require unique pain-management strategies. For example, some patients may benefit from the use of a surgical implant. Examples of implants include intrathecal drug delivery, in which a pump implanted beneath the skin delivers pain medication directly to the spinal cord, and a spinal cord stimulation implant, in which an electrical device placed in the body sends electric pulses to the spinal cord to inhibit the transmission of pain signals. Other strategies for the management of chronic pain include alternative therapy, exercise, physical therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and TENS.The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
therapeutics: PainPain is the most common of all symptoms and often requires treatment before its specific cause is known. Pain is both an emotional and a physical experience and is difficult to compare from one person to another. One patient may have a high pain…
human nervous system: PainThere have always been two theories of the sensation of pain, a quantitative, or intensity, theory and a stimulus-specific theory. According to the former, pain results from excessive stimulation (e.g., excessive heat or cold, excessive damage to the tissues). This theory…
digestive system disease: PainThe nerves conveying the sense of pain from the esophagus pass through the sympathetic system in the same spinal cord segments as those that convey pain sensations from the muscle and tissue coverings of the heart. As a result, episodes of pain arising from…
birth: Relief of pain in labourPain experienced in childbirth can be reduced or relieved by psychoprophylaxis, systemic drugs, regional nerve blocks, or a combination of those methods. One of the first drugs to be used for pain relief was chloroform, which was initially employed in the late…
ethics: The StoicsThe Stoic will feel physical pain as others do, but he will know that physical pain leaves the true reasoning self untouched. The only thing that is truly good is to live in a state of wisdom and virtue. In pursuing such a life, one is protected from the play…
More About Pain38 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- major reference
- major treatment
- fibromyalgia
- In fibromyalgia
- history of pharmaceutical science
- motivation
- In motivation
- psychogenic pain disorders
neurophysiological bases
- burns and treatment
- cardiovascular diseases and disorders
- endorphins
- In endorphin
- esophageal disorders


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PARIS - Doing just enough to win but no more can be the measure of a team that is strong and in control. Or it can suggest that a team doesn't have that much more to give. Which is it with Spain?
The world and European champions appear to be developing a tendency to be at their brilliant best only intermittently. One day, perhaps as soon as the World Cup in Brazil next year, that may no longer be enough to keep Spain on top.
Had it not been for wasteful finishing from France and the cat-like reflexes of Victor Valdes in the Spanish goal on Tuesday night, Spain might now be staring at a full-blown crisis, with grave doubts hanging over its prospects of reaching the 2014 World Cup.
As it was, Spain beat France 1-0, so all seemed well. The victory made it seem like this was a clear-cut case of champions proving their worth by engineering a win when it truly mattered.
It put Spain atop World Cup qualifying Group I, which guarantees it a place in Brazil if it stays there. France now appears doomed to run the gauntlet of playoffs in November that offer four final qualifying spots to Europe's second-best teams.
But Spain did only what was needed against France. It wasn't dominant. It wasn't ever completely comfortable, even after Pedro's second-half goal and the sending off of France midfielder Paul Pogba. A bit of better fortune for the French here or a stronger shot there from off-target French striker Karim Benzema, and the result could have been different.
Of course, you can always say that in football. But you don't expect to say it quite so often of the world and European champions.
During the European Championship last June and now in World Cup qualifying, the Spanish have come out on top without being wholly convincing. At the Euros, they didn't catch fire until their 4-0 demolition of Italy in the final. They were lucky to beat Cristiano Ronaldo's Portugal in a semifinal penalty shootout.
They cut things fine at the packed Stade de France against a team with half their experience and half their talent. The fact that Spain's best player was Valdes illustrated that this was closer and cagier than it should have been.
Had the goalkeeper not stood firm against Franck Ribery, blocking his first-half shot, and swatting away Patrice Evra's diving header five minutes from the end, it might have been Spain and not France now facing the uncomfortable possibility of playoff uncertainty.
France midfielder Yohan Cabaye said that while he still regards Spain as the best side in world football, it no longer seems quite as invincible. Part of the reason, he suggested, is that Spain's rivals have had plenty of time to study its style and develop strategies to negate it.
Les Bleus defended high up the pitch in two lines, allowing the Spanish possession away from the French goal and waiting for opportunities to bite back with counter-attacks.
"We've learned about their play and we had a plan to play against them," Cabaye said. "First we had to defend well, to stay in a good shape and a good position to defend, and then be quick to attack."
Cabaye singled out the Spanish defense as their "weakness," even though France failed to exploit it.
"We can put them more under pressure than in the past," he said.
Still, Spain's quality remains plain to see, in almost every position. Only striker David Villa stood out for the wrong reasons. His notable failure to have an impact up front raised the question of who Spain will rely on for goals in Brazil. But that question was asked at the 2012 Euros, too, and still Spain won.
As the reigning champions, the Spanish live with extraordinary levels of scrutiny for any hint of decline or that their high standards are slipping. Against France, there was no solid evidence that decay is setting in.
But to become just the third nation after Italy and Brazil to defend the World Cup, doing just enough surely won't be enough.


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2018 Yamaha Wolverine 700 R-Spec EPS SE
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It's good to be back home! I've just arrived back in Adelaide after a 2 week stint to Sydney.
The primary mission was of course Linux.conf.au (more about that later). Sydney was excellent fun and dispite the random attempts at raining the weather pulled through and I managed to get home with a tan.
Linux.conf.au conference kicked off on 17th January 2001. For those of you who didn't attend the conference, you deserve an eternity of regret - but I'm sure your feeling that anyway ;-)
Unofficialy, the conference kicked off on the 16th of Jan at the Coogee bay hotel where the speaker dinner was held. The dinner was great - there was a huge grill type thing where people get to cook their own food. There was an open tab at the bar. Yum.
LCA Day I - Wednesday 17th Jan 2001
Wednesday was the tutorial day, the CVS tute seemed very popular.
Evening action involved seeing a live Jazz band playing at Soup Plus. Can't recall the band name but I suspect that they were muppets in disguise. They had muppets writen all over them. They were excellent!
LCA Day II - Thursday 18th Jan 2001
Alan Cox told us about his secret mission. I'd tell you, but then i'd have to kill you...
In the evening there was the non TCP/IP networking session. Also known as a "booze-schmooze". I think the description speaks for it's self.
LCA Day III - Friday 19th Jan 2001
First up was Dave Millers key note. It was probably the most energetic talk of the conference. I bumped into Dave just before his talk and couldn't help but notice that he was holding 2 cans of V. 'nuff said.
Later in the afternoon was Rusty's talk. The introduction for Rusty's talk really set the pace... It began with a chant (read: cult) like clapping that gradualy sped up until Rusty silenced his supplicants with a swift motion of his hand. Rusty starts by saying "I once had a dream that started like this..."
In the evening was the conference dinner. Maddog gave a talk about Linux for Mom&Pop(tm). As usual maddog enlightened the audience - everything he says seems to ooze importance. If anyone got a recording of his talk (audio or video) please let me know.
After maddogs talk, conrad auctioned off a T-Shirt (signed by all the conference speakers). Initialy Maddog purchased it for ~$700, he then donated it back to the conference organisers for re-auctioning. It then sold to someone from TurboLinux.
I'm sorry to see that skud had such a bad time at the dinner.
LCA Day IV - Saturday 20th Jan 2001
To wrap up the conference Tridge gave a talk on hacking the TiVo, it was an awsome talk, is there anything Tridge can't do?
After seeing what Tridge could do to a TiVo we were all feeling a bit peckish so we did what any conference organisers would do - we ordered 200 pizzas! Yum.
Following this, there were "work in progress" presentations. I managed to see Wayne Piekarski's presentation on TINMITH - augmented reality for wearable computers (running on linux). His talk was very well recieved by the audience.
LCA BBQ - Sunday 21st Jan 2001
To wrap things up, Andrew Van Der Stock had a BBQ for the conference speakers. It was a great BBQ (he even catered for us vergitarians). The Coopers was gone before I got there but there was plenty of VB (there is even a rumour that there was left overs...) When I finaly mangaged to get to the BBQ (I got lost of course) Andrew was waiting with my (much anticipated) bottle of Finlandia. Yum


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Vote for Babe of the Week – Erica, Laura, Ardis, Hilary, Janet, Lexy, Jessa
The beginning of July is all about America, and there was nothing that screamed "U-S-A!" more than all the sexy babes featured throughout that week. But which one is hot enough to be crowned our Babe of the Week?
We've got Maxim bombshell Erica Grisby, Canadian-Egyptian model Laura Michelle Prestin, promo girl Ardis VanFossan, wicked hot pastry chef Hillary Fisher, Hooters Girl Janet Layug, BabeSpot vixen Lexy Page, and former Playmate Jessa Hinton.
Click on each of the contestants below for a closer look at their bodies of work, and be sure to vote for your favorite in our poll.
Erica Grisby
Laura Michelle Prestin
Ardis VanFossan
Hillary Fisher
Janet Layug
Lexy Page
Jessa Hinton
Here's the deal: At the end of the week, each Babe of the Day will compete for your votes and the winner will become Babe of the Week. Each week's winner will then face off to become Babe of the Month, and those winners will then duke it out for – you guessed it – the Babe of the Year title. Only those lucky ladies will be inducted into GuySpeed's Hall of Fame, an honor reserved for the hottest of babes.


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Stef's Blog - a native London Southlander and unrepentant 'Conspiraloon™' who doesn't trust anyone, not even himself. Sometimes I take pictures. I also enjoy swearing immensely and think much faster than I can type, so each post comes guaranteed to include at last one confusing typo. OK?
You might also like to see what Bugs Bunny's getting up to these days
I was watching cartoons with a couple of 4 years olds last week and this came on...
Merrie Melodies (We are in Love) Bugs and Lola
'Zio! Zio! What's a restraining order?'
Turns out there's a whole series of updated Merrie Melodies for the New Generation e.g.
Merrie Melodies - I'm a Martian
He's got a laser pointed towards our planet
btw Zio is Italian for uncle and not a sign that my nephews have outed me for the Satanic NWO Zionist shill that I undoubtedly am
not yet anyway
...that one's for the turnip on Aangirfan's blog who pontificated by way of comment if the Z in StefZ stood for Zionist
Waht does the stef part stand for?
maybe a slight adjustment and make the S for Satanic
on 2nd thoughts, no need
I've read the internet and appreciate that's the same as Socialistic anyway
The offfending comment...
StefZ- is that for zionist troll?
with such powerful deductive wits on the case the Satanic NWO must be quaking in its boots
though I must admit it would make life a whole lot easier if all zionist trolls popped a Z on the end of their user names
My yote is for secret team entryist force
I'm a Zionist!
Just a short Bush/JFK distraction:
I just can't find, for the life of mine, the video where they show people who smile when they told a good lie...
And DSK framed? Might not have been such a wise choice for him to stay in a hotel owned by a french chain…
Not that I root for one side or the other, in this Mafia turf war…
30 years ago, Eddie Murphy on the first black president. Thankfully for the current president, he turned out pretty white…
Captcha: sorseups
Hi Stef
Long time no post, similarly for me.
Anyway, I don't know if you've heard of a package called R; if not, move over to it. But in the mean time, here's a link to a blog post visualising the change of UK house prices over time (from 70s to now).
where is Stef these days?
where is Stef? Where is Paul even?
Add your candidate(s) here
We can beat this - TOGETHER!
Thanks to the Conspiraloon Laboratories, you can now Ruin Those You Resent without leaving your personal computer!


text:
The weekend is finally here. The real one, not the Friday excuse. Yours truly had been fantasising about the beach since Thursday, and guess what? We woke up to buckets and buckets of rain! So much for a sunny day at the beach.
I'm not worried much, though. Here the sun is always lurking behind a cloud, ready to jump out and scald you so hard you'll forget it ever rained.
Now all I've got to do is work up a chorum. Beach, anyone?


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When Catherine, the Duchess of Cambridge, emerged on the balcony of Buckingham Palace at the close of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations, there was no mistaking her position and importance within the British royal family. Here was Prince William's university sweetheart, a commoner from the Home Counties who had married the world's most eligible prince in a fairy-tale wedding just a year earlier, taking her place alongside the line of succession and making history.
As the Queen of England stood flanked by the two men she refers to as "my substitutes"—her son the Prince of Wales and her grandson Prince William—she sent out a powerful message about the future of the newly streamlined British monarchy. There, alongside Camilla, the Duchess of Cornwall, and Prince Harry, was Kate. Resplendent in a champagne lace Alexander McQueen dress, a jaunty Jane Taylor hat, and her trademark L. K. Bennett nude stiletto heels, she looked entirely natural and at ease. The young woman, who just years earlier had been known as "Waity Katie," was now at the forefront of the world's most famous family.
Kate is the embodiment of a "People's Princess" and—like William's late mother, Diana, the Princess of Wales, and the forebear of that title—a world-renowned style icon. Over the past year, she has certainly proved to be the rising star of the monarchy, which is still riding high following the enormous success of the royal wedding—watched by a global audience of two billion—and the Queen's recent Diamond Jubilee. Both events reprised a wave of affection the royal family feared it might never again experience.
Those close to William, who turned 30 on June 21, say that he has never been happier. While his birthright and sense of responsibility used to weigh heavily on his shoulders, William is now optimistic about his destiny, and ready to embrace it. "There's a happiness in the House of Windsor generally at the moment for the first time ever," says a family friend. "Charles and Camilla are genuinely happy. William is happy because Charles is troubled less, and he has Kate to share his future with."
Like William, the Queen is said to be acutely aware that there must be no repeat of the past. The late Princess of Wales often complained that she felt like an outsider as she embarked on her new life as a working royal alongside the older and more seasoned Charles. Kate, in contrast, has been both better prepared and supported by her husband, whom she has described as a "great teacher." She has taken to royal life like a duck to water. While she enjoys staying at the royal residences of Sandringham, in Norfolk, and Balmoral, in Scotland, she is said to find the constant clothes changes (up to five a day if the itinerary includes shooting, tea, and a formal dinner) and the omnipresence of a full household of staff rather stressful. The duchess is also still getting used to royal protocol, and a recent revision to the Order of Precedence, a document which outlines royal etiquette and protocol, was circulated to assist her. The "rules" were last revised when Camilla married Charles, and it is understood the Queen wanted them to be updated following Kate's entry into "the Firm," as the royal family refers to itself. According to protocol, if William is not present Kate is expected to curtsy to all senior members of the family, including blood princesses Beatrice and Eugenie, and she is always expected to curtsy to Camilla and the Prince of Wales. While the antiquated guidelines are not always adhered to, the Queen believes they are fundamental to the underpinning of the family, and Kate always ensures that she curtsies to the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh. Apparently in private she is close enough to Camilla that there is no need to curtsy, nor does she defer to William's cousins unless it is required at a formal occasion, according to one family member.
While Kate is keen to cut her teeth as a working royal, William has told aides not to overbook the couple's diaries. The Queen promised the couple a two-year grace period from public life after the wedding so that they could enjoy the early years of their newly married life, just as she and Prince Philip did when he was serving as a naval officer in Malta. Since the summer of 2010, William and Kate have lived on the Welsh island of Anglesey, in a rented five-bedroom farmhouse close to R.A.F. Valley where William is serving as a search-and-rescue pilot with the Royal Air Force. The place is surrounded by thick woodland and is a short walk from the beach, where the couple walk their new cocker-spaniel puppy, Lupo. "It's all very normal. The last time I went round, William was pottering around making tea and toast, very chilled and relaxed," says one of their friends. When they do venture out, the locals are incredibly protective of them. "People around here have taken them to their hearts. You won't catch anyone tweeting gossip about them as they go about their day-to-day business," says Jack Abbott, chairman of the Trearddur Bay R.N.L.I. lifeboat station, where the couple carried out one of their first joint engagements.
Daily life involves Kate doing the shopping at the local supermarket, which might be Waitrose, one of the more upmarket grocers, or Morrisons, which is famous for its cut-price generic brands. The only clue to her royal status as she pushes her cart down the aisles is the protection officers who follow her at a discreet distance. Both William and Kate like to keep fit, and as well as running on the nearby shingle beach Kate walks Lupo three times a day. In the evenings she indulges her hobby of cooking William's favorite supper, roast chicken. They are reported to own a sausage-maker, and she has started making homemade pots of fruit jam while her husband is at work. (She gave strawberry jam and plum preserves out as Christmas presents last year.) Although the couple employs a cleaner, there are no other staff except for the protection officers, who are all addressed on first-name terms and are quartered in the farmhouse's converted outbuildings. The couple occasionally ventures to the local pub, the White Eagle, where William enjoys a pint of local bitter and Kate indulges in a glass of white wine, but mostly they stay in watching DVDs. They love boxed sets and recently devoured The Killing in a marathon session.
William and Kate have told their landlords Sir George and Lady Meyrick, who live on the same estate at Bodorgan Hall, that they want to stay on for another year, but it will depend on William's work commitments. His current tour of duty ends next spring, and the prince has been told that he has until the end of this year to decide whether he wants to stay in the R.A.F. For William, who dreamed of flying ever since he was a little boy, it will be an important decision. His options include returning to the army, where he is a lieutenant with the Blues and Royals, staying with the R.A.F., or quitting the armed forces altogether to take on royal duties full-time. "He has still not made up his mind," says an aide. "It's a decision he is thinking about very carefully, and Catherine will be part of that decision."
Prince Harry has joked that his brother has become "boring" since he married, and nights out at their favorite South Kensington nightclub, Boujis, are a thing of the past. Even William's and Kate's 30th-birthday celebrations were deliberately low-key. "Quiet and discreet is how they like things," says an aide.
"Some might say it's a little dull," agrees one of their friends, "but they love it. I saw William recently and he is so happy. They've grown out of clubbing and have no interest in parties. They just enjoy being together at home. No one bothers them in Anglesey, there are few paparazzi, and they love the countryside." Says another friend, "Kate was on the King's Road not so long ago carrying a shopping bag with a chicken in it that she was taking home to cook for William's supper. That's their idea of the perfect night."
Their friends insist they have not forgotten how to have fun, however, and at the recent wedding of their close friend Alice St. John Webster in Somerset, in the West of England, Kate and William were the last on the dance floor at three a.m. That said, their busy schedule means they have to cut back on their social engagements, and at a Boodles-sponsored charity boxing ball in central London last fall, Pippa was overheard lamenting that the couple rarely get to go out. "It's such a shame—Kate would have loved to come. But it's just too complicated these days," she told a fellow guest.
Kate has carried out an estimated 55 engagements since her wedding, and she now has her own assistant private secretary, Rebecca Deacon, who works closely with William and Harry's private secretary, Jamie Lowther-Pinkerton, a former army officer who was attached to the SAS during his 20-year career. When William left for a six-week tour of duty in the Falklands in February and March of this year, the couple's first separation since their wedding, it was deemed an opportune time for Kate to test the water solo. Both Charles and Camilla were on hand to support her, and in March, Kate accompanied her in-laws to visit Charles's children's charity, Dulwich Picture Gallery's urban youth program in South London. As they set about making pieces of art with the children, the warm rapport between the smiling prince and a giggling Kate was captured by the world's cameras.
On Valentine's Day she had undertaken her first "away day"—a whistle-stop tour of the city of Liverpool, where she visited a children's hospital. Showered with cards and bunches of red roses, Kate confided to one young fan that William had sent her a card from the Falklands and that she was missing her husband "terribly." And on March 19 she delivered her maiden speech at the Treehouse, part of East Anglia Children's Hospices, in Ipswich, of which she is a patron. Despite admitting to being nervous, Kate (who had elocution lessons before her wedding day) received a standing ovation for the speech she had written herself. In June she took 150 children from the Art Room charity to see a production of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in a circus tent on the grounds of Kensington Gardens. Kate is said to have loved the production and made a point of meeting the cast afterward. Also in June she put on her jeans and Wellies to join a group of children from the King Solomon Academy primary school—an inner-city school—for a camping trip to Kent. Kate spent several hours with the children, checking out their tents, teaching them how to light a campfire, and telling them what it was like to be a real-life princess: it was, she revealed, "very nice," adding that William was "very sweet" and "spoiled" her.
Charles and Camilla invited Kate to move into Clarence House while William was away, but she insisted on staying at Nottingham Cottage, on the grounds of Kensington Palace, where she and William moved after the wedding in July 2011, with just her two female protection officers for company. The two-bedroom cottage, called "Nott Cott" by residents of "K.P.," was intended as a starter pad (there is no room for entertaining guests), but Kate has made it cozy and homey nevertheless. She tends to the flower beds in the small front-yard garden herself, and apart from the services of a part-time housekeeper there is no staff. As in Anglesey, Kate does the cooking and can be spotted stocking up at the nearby Waitrose supermarket on Kensington High Street. Within the confines of the palace, William and Kate are protected from the paparazzi, but in the heart of Kensington they are more exposed. Earlier this summer Kate was photographed playing with Lupo in Kensington Gardens, a public park next to Kensington Palace. The adorable pictures of Kate in her jeans, calling out to her dog as he chased an empty packet of potato chips in the wind, made the front pages of the newspapers the next day.
Despite the intrusions, the duchess loves spending time in London—and more so than her country-oriented husband does. She uses her days in the city to catch up with friends from the Marlborough school such as Alicia Fox-Pitt and interior designer Emilia d'Erlanger, with whom she regularly lunches at the Bluebird café, on King's Road. Whenever she is in town she heads to the Harbour Club, in Chelsea, where she has a tennis coach and plays with Pippa. She also swims in the pool at Buckingham Palace. But most of her time is taken up with work, and her days are scheduled around meetings with charities, briefings with courtiers at St. James's Palace, and private tutorials with experts in government, the media, and the arts to help prepare her for her future role.
On weekends, William and Kate regularly host shooting parties at Wood Farm, one of the cottages at Sandringham. Kate has also taken up deerstalking when they holiday at Balmoral, much to William's delight. But it is not just Kate who has been invited to the estate. Her parents have been regular guests at Birkhall, Charles and Camilla's Scottish home, on the Balmoral estate, where two years ago William asked Kate's father for her hand in marriage. Although Charles was not there at the time, he generously arranged for his gillie (hunt attendant) to act as guide for the Middletons when they went shooting and for his personal chauffeur, Tim Williams, to be on call. There are rumors that the Middletons will be invited to Birkhall when Charles and Camilla are in residence this summer, a further signal of the growing relationship between the two families.
At William's insistence Kate's family has been treated very differently from royal in-laws in the past. Kate is exceptionally close to her parents, Carole and Michael, and her siblings, Pippa and James, as is William. "He is very fond of Kate's family and wants to make sure they remain a part of their lives," says a friend. After he returned from the Falklands, in March, William shunned a romantic reunion with Kate in favor of joining the Middletons on their annual skiing holiday to the Trois Vallées, in the French Alps. The couple often joins Kate's family on Mustique, where they annually rent a villa for a fortnight.
The Middletons were invited to ride alongside the royal barge at the Diamond Jubilee Pageant, and for the second year running they were also guests of the Queen at Royal Ascot. Carole was photographed roaring with laughter as she chatted with the recently recovered Prince Philip (he had suffered a bladder infection following the jubilee) in the Royal Box, and once again the Middletons joined the royal carriage procession at the world-famous racecourse. It was quite unprecedented. The late mother of Captain Mark Phillips complained after his wedding to Princess Anne that she and her husband were "virtually ignored and never got invited to anything." The Spencers are also believed to have felt like outsiders even though Diana's father had been a former equerry to the Queen and lived on the Sandringham estate.
Weeks later the Middletons were back in the Royal Box—this time at Wimbledon, where the entire family was given seats at William's behest. On Finals Day he generously handed his ticket to his tennis-mad sister-in-law, Pippa, so that she could watch the center-court action with her sister.
It was just one of the perks Pippa has gotten used to as the sister of the future Queen. Having turned down the opportunity to be Kate's lady-in-waiting, the 28-year-old is busily carving out a career of her own. This October she will publish her debut book, Celebrate, a party-planning bible which she has written herself and for which she reportedly received a six-figure advance from Penguin Books. After quitting her part-time job at Table Talk, a London catering company, where she worked for the past few years, to focus on the book, she has now set her sights on starting a party-planning business of her own. Like her brother, James, who opened three new businesses last year (Nice Cakes, Nice Wine, and Nice Group London), the middle Middleton sibling has inherited her mother's entrepreneurial flair, but forging an independent career in the glare of the media spotlight has not been easy.
Just weeks before the jubilee celebrations, Pippa found herself at the center of a media storm after she was photographed being driven around Paris in a convertible Audi by Romain Rabillard, a 36-year-old lawyer who pointed a fake gun at a photographer following them. The episode provoked a frenzy in the British tabloids, but Kate stood loyally by her sister. Carole, always a calm head in heated situations, advised her younger daughter to keep a low profile, and when she did re-emerge at the Diamond Jubilee Pageant she was smiling, impeccably groomed in a conservative nautical-themed navy-and-white Orla Kiely suit. It seemed all had been forgiven. Friends of the Middletons say they saw the entire episode as a "storm in a teacup," but the incident did further Carole and Michael's concerns that Pippa is just as high-profile as their elder daughter, yet has no full-time protection nor a publicist. When she split from Alex Loudon, her long-term boyfriend, last year, Pippa complained that she felt hunted by the paparazzi. Then, weeks later, she was photographed with her former university flatmate George Percy, the Duke of Northumberland's son, sparking rumors that the couple were an item. When George joined the Middletons on their skiing trip in April, it appeared they were together, although Pippa has insisted that they are just friends. Those close to her say she still holds a torch for Alex, and in late June she was photographed leaving his West London home at seven a.m. after piling bags into the trunk of her BMW Z4 convertible.
The continued interest in Pippa's private life coupled with the high price for paparazzi pictures of her is said to be one of the reasons the Middletons may be contemplating selling their $2.3 million home in Chapel Row, in Bucklebury, Berkshire—the red-brick house can be easily viewed from a public footpath that runs adjacent to the rear of the property. Carole and Michael are reported to be buying a vast, $7.2 million Georgian manor house with a tennis court, swimming pool, and 18 acres of land, which more befits their new status as royal in-laws.
Meanwhile, William and Kate also have a new home they will be moving into next year. This month they receive the keys to Apartment 1A at Kensington Palace, the former residence of the Queen's sister, Princess Margaret, and just a stone's throw from the Kensington Palace apartments where William and Harry grew up. Kate has said she wants to oversee the interior décor, but she is expected to appoint a professional interior designer to help her redecorate the 20-room property, which needs to be entirely rewired. The refurbishment, which the Queen and the Prince of Wales will likely pay for (it is rumored to be costing upwards of $1.5 million), will be completed next year, when the couple's private office, which also looks after Prince Harry's engagements and comprises nine staff members, will move from Clarence House to K.P. The move is not only a sign of William and Kate's increasing independence from William's father but also an indication that they are preparing to become full-time working royals. With the declining health of the Duke of Edinburgh, William is fully aware that he will be expected to take on more duties alongside Charles in the near future.
Since William's R.A.F. annual salary is just $68,000, the couple has thus far been largely financed by Charles (who is also estimated to have spent $620,000 on last year's royal wedding). In June, William became independently wealthy in his own right when he inherited $15 million from his late mother's estate on his 30th birthday, but his inheritance is considered his private fortune. When this summer Charles published a review of his personal accounts (his private income, which is generated by his estate, the Duchy of Cornwall, rather than taxpayers' money), it was revealed that he had spent an estimated $55,000 in the first six months of this year on designer clothes for his daughter-in-law. There were rumors that the Queen was displeased with the duchess's expensive clothing bill, but courtiers dismissed the story, insisting that the duchess's wardrobe is a worthwhile investment because of the official engagements she carries out. Explains an aide, "The cost to taxpayers really is very minimal. We think it [the duchess's arrival] really is extraordinary value for the money."
Aides point out that, due to her position, she cannot accept freebies, even though bags of designer clothes and handbags are sent to the palace daily. They are swiftly returned with a polite note from Kate's private secretary. Kate continues to decline the services of a royal dresser, preferring instead to shop for herself. She has patriotically championed leading British couturiers such as Alexander McQueen, Alice Temperley, Matthew Williamson, and Jenny Packham. Her mother, Carole, also regularly buys frocks and accessories for Kate out of her own pocket and can often be seen snapping up designer items from Moda Rosa, a small boutique in Arlesford. Wisely, Kate follows the Queen's example and wears her designer ensembles several times. The beautiful blush-pink Emilia Wickstead dress she wore to the royal sovereign's lunch at Windsor Castle in May, for example, was straight off the catwalk, but it was worth the $1,800 price tag: days later Kate stepped out in the same outfit to her first garden party at Buckingham Palace, where she accessorized it with a $750 Jane Corbett hat, her trusty $290 nude L. K. Bennett shoes, and a $250 L. K. Bennett "Natalie" clutch.
But the duchess is not a designer snob. I have seen her in Topshop and T. K. Maxx, both popular retail outlets in Kensington, where she blithely browsed the racks with other shoppers. Known as "the Kate effect," anything she wears from these stores becomes an immediate sell-out. And she has been spotted buying designer labels from discount outlets, which has endeared her to the recession-hit British public. At discount outlet Bicester Village, near Oxford, she purchased a cut-price blue Missoni coatdress that she wore to visit the royal grocers Fortnum & Mason with the Queen and Camilla in March and again for another trip with the Queen to Nottingham two months later.
On the beauty front, Kate is surprisingly low-maintenance. She applies her own makeup (which she is never seen without) before engagements, using Bobbi Brown soft-brown eyebrow pencil on her shaped brows and gel liner for her kohl-rimmed eyes. She occasionally visits the Peter Jones department-store cosmetics counter, where she chats with the sales assistants and tries out the latest products. While she sometimes even styles her own hair, Kate has regular trims and blowouts at the Richard Ward salon in Chelsea. Before official engagements, she swears by a $250 bee-venom facial by beauty expert Deborah Mitchell, of London's Hale Clinic, and the Heaven salon in Shropshire. The treatment—which is described as a natural alternative to Botox—was recommended to her by Camilla soon after her engagement, and Kate has been a convert ever since. She uses the Heaven Bee Venom Mask at home and is said to be delighted with the results.
Currently the couple are busy preparing for their forthcoming trip to the Commonwealth countries of Malaysia, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu on behalf of the Queen in September. The itinerary has been finalized, and Kate has been brushing up on the culture and history of the places they will visit. When they return they will set about making their new house home, and the plan is to start trying for a family.
Both have spoken of their desire to have children—and it is indeed their duty to provide an heir to the throne. The issue of a royal baby seems to be on the agenda, with the Commonwealth countries voting unanimously last October to revise the succession rules so that William and Kate's firstborn, should the child be a girl, will be Queen (and therefore not bypassed if followed by a brother). Naturally, the merest hint of a baby bump on the ever slender Kate generates worldwide excitement. Friends say the couple "hope to be blessed with a baby soon," adding that it is with some reluctance that they have had to put their plans for a family on hold this year to focus on the Diamond Jubilee, the Olympics, and a busy schedule of work commitments that involves a huge amount of traveling. If she was pregnant, the 20-hour flight to Tuvalu would be testing for Kate, and both she and William are keen not to overshadow the Queen in her diamond year. When they return, baby-making is, as one friend describes it, "top of the agenda."
It will be the biggest decision of their married life to date. So far they have managed to juggle their private lives with their charitable commitments and William's military career, but William knows that he cannot be a soldier forever. As royal duties beckon for the glamorous young stars of the royal family, the future is their most exciting challenge to date.


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Tuesday, May 16th 2006, 6:55pm
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Seaside Cabanas Hotel is situated right on the beach on the beautiful Island of Caye Caulker, just 22 miles from Belize city. The hotel architecture blends Belizean and Mexican styles with the use of thatch, local woods and bright colours. The interiors are cool and modern with artwork from Belize and other parts of the Caribbean.
Overall the atmosphere is fun, tropical and uniquely Caye Caulker. They proudly offer one of the few freshwater swimming pools on the island, as well as 17 air-conditioned rooms, a funky cocktail bar with thatched poolside palapa, onsite tour and travel service and a gift shop. All of this is just a shells throw away from the world's second largest barrier reef.
Property Amenities


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The Old Fire House Teen Center provides recreation and social services to more than 500 teens per week. The Parks & Recreation Department operates this center to offer recreation activities and a safe place to "hang out." A donation of any increment could be made toward the program in general, or a donation could be made to acquire the following equipment in order to enhance our operation.
Provide a program opportunity through a paid scholarship for adventure, art and sports programs. This scholarship program is administered through the Parks Department and directly supports youth in need. $50-200 each.
Your individual or organizational donation will go toward providing a much needed nutritional meal and social interaction with teens. Dinner hour at the teen center is an exciting community time when young people, staff and volunteers are gathered together in social conversation. Each dinner is followed by an engaging activity lead by staff, teens or your organization (optional). These weekly dinners allow young people to feel valued and included in their community, the benefits of which are immeasurable.
Single dinner program sponsorship - $100


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Anyway...we spent all day Monday-- their only day back before kids started on Tuesday, with Fifty Shades of the Common Core...a presentation I created this September after presenting at South Mebane Elementary School here in North Carolina. (You can see my presentation, although I've even tweaked this one since originally posted it at Slideshare.) In my presentation, I spend a good bit of time sharing strategies with teachers on how to develop the critical thinking skills of their students before even thinking of developing them as critical readers. This part took most of the morning and although teachers may have been overwhelmed by lunch, they reported that they wanted to run back to their classrooms and start making stuff based on everything they'd learned from the morning. I had suggested to the principal that she give them a form to complete during the afternoon. It's an idea I got from Molly Upchurch at Siler City Elementary this is something they do after staff developments...the sheet has three columns..."What I Can Implement Right Now", "What I Can Implement This Semester", and "What I Can Implement Next Year".
As we resumed after lunch, we began digging deep into the shift of Text Complexity, (not originally part of the Fifty Shades presentation) and Close Readings (I blogged earlier about a close reading lesson I had done with my reading group using Two Bad Pilgrims), Book Introductions in the Common Core (what they should look and sound like...I blogged about this earlier blog post), Characteristics of Complex Text and some of the strategies shared by Kylene Beers in her new book, Notice and Note: Strategies for Close Reading.
One of the things I learned from this staff is that close readings are essential if we want our students thinking about text ideas and making deep meaning AND understanding. I realized that there are some key characteristics that make text complex and the more we can be aware of this "before" students read the complex text, the more we will be able to scaffold our students and set them up for success. Some of the characteristics that make text complex are the following (from Shanahan's presentation, slide 21):
- Complexity of Ideas/Content
- Match of Text & Reader Prior Knowledge
- Complexity of Vocabulary
- Complexity of Syntax
- Complexity of Coherence
- Familiarity of Genre Demands
- Complexity of Text Organization
- Subtlety of Author's Tone
- Sophistication of Literary Devices
- Provide sufficient fluency
- Use stair-steps or apprentice texts
- Teach comprehension Strategies
Teachers were also glad to put some systems and structures in place to help kids could work independently while teachers were busy teaching small groups of students (and couldn't be interrupted)...The famous Problem/Solution Chart....
I was also very surprised by the showering of gifts and Southern hospitality at the end of the day. Charlisa French, the art teacher, made me this beautiful silver owl necklace....
...another gift (which is apparently a gift-giving tradition around Sonora) I received was an Arkansas Razorback pig nose {{lucky me!}} oh, and the photo with it *on* is a part of the tradition, too! :-)
...and then, as if I didn't feel warm and appreciated enough, I got a standing suey cheer! WoW! Could I feel the Arkansas love!!!! Yes, ma'am! Regina Stewman, now I know why you are a Distinguished Principal!


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23 July 2012 at 11.46am | Comment on this article
From 23 July to 31 August, the Royal Opera House Box Office will have different opening hours.
Although the telephone service will remain open from Monday to Saturday, the Box Office in Covent Garden will be closed on Monday 23 July and from Thursday 26 July up to and including Tuesday 14 August.
From 15 to 30 August* the Box Office will open with reduced opening hours: from 10am – 6pm. View the full timetable of opening hours below.
The Royal Opera House will, however, be as busy as ever over the summer period. From 28 July to 12 August, Covent Garden is hosting The Olympic Journey: The Story of the Games, a free experience that takes you through the evolution of the Olympics from its origins in Ancient Greece to the professional athletes of today. From 24 July, the Royal Opera House shop will open as an official London 2012 retailer, only stocking official Olympic Games merchandise until Sunday 9 September.
Box Office Opening Hours
Monday 23 July
Box Office | CLOSED
(Entire building closed to the general public)
Tuesday 24 July & Wednesday 25 July
Box Office | 10am – 8pm
Thursday 26 July up to and including Tuesday 14 August
Box Office | CLOSED
Wednesday 15 August – Thursday 30 August*
Box Office | 10am – 6pm
From Friday 31 August
Box Office will return to normal opening hours (10am – 8pm). There is a possibility that Box Office will remain open longer over the Deloitte Ignite festival weekend (TBC)
Please note
The Box Office telephone service will remain open throughout (Monday – Saturday: 10am – 8pm)*
* (with the exception of Bank Holiday Monday, 27 August).
The Royal Opera House shop closed on 18 July for stock taking and refurbishment, and will re-open on 24 July as an official LOCOG retailer. It will stock only official Olympic Games merchandise until Sunday 9 September, when will reopen as before.
From 28 July to 12 August, the shop can only be accessed by visitors to The Olympic Journey: The Story of the Games.


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