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Barring injury, a World Cup call-up or a catastrophic loss of form, the front two for the Colorado Rapids largely pick themselves.
Omar Cummings and Conor Casey, scorers of Colorado's three goals so far this season, aren't going anywhere soon. Gary Smith also seems to be getting closer to figuring out a consistent line-up for his defense.
It's the midfield that still poses some questions, especially out wide. While Pablo Mastroeni and new signing Jeff Larentowicz appear to be the favored duo in the center of the park, Smith still has some work to do on what might best suit the team on the wing.
Injuries have played a major part in the flanks still being up for grabs. Colin Clark is almost 100 percent after his season-ending injury last year and, if he can keep healthy, is a clear choice on the left side.
Mehdi Ballouchy, a more natural central midfielder, has started all three league games so far wider on the right, being replaced in the second half by either Wells Thompson or, in the last game against Kansas, by Jamie Smith for his first action of the season. Kosuke Kimura, who has started all three games so far at right back, could be another option.
Smith, a Scottish winger with ties to assistant coach Steve Guppy through their days together at Celtic, has himself been battling back from a season-ending injury last year. A hamstring problem at the end of preseason has further hampered his return.
But the former Scottish international got about half an hour under his belt in the league game against Kansas City and followed that up with about an hour's work in the U.S. Open Cup victory against the Wizards on Tuesday. And he says it's a relief to be back.
"Injury-wise, there's been a number of setbacks," Smith said after training Thursday. "I'm feeling really happy with it now."
The five-day trip to Kansas had its ups and downs for the whole squad but was ultimately positive. Smith himself was just happy to get some game time.
"The game itself on the night was a bit disappointing as we didn't take anything from the game," Smith said of the MLS game Saturday. "I felt we deserved at least a point. We put a lot of hard work into it. Going into the game on Tuesday, I guess we kind of regrouped. There [were] a few changes made. The way we approached the game was fantastic. We worked ever so hard and we deserved the victory."
After the narrow confines of the Wizards field, Smith said he was looking forward to making his home debut on the comparative hugeness of Dick's Sporting Goods Park this weekend when the Rapids take on Toronto.
"The field we have here is fantastic," he said. "It's like a bowling green. It's excellent and it's really big. It benefits our game because we put more emphasis on passing and moving I think the field plays more to our strengths."
Smith, whom Gary Smith brought to Colorado last season in a controversial trade that saw fan favorite Terry Cooke leave the club, will be anxious to impress after a stop-start career in the Rocky Mountains that has been curtailed by injury.
The Scotsman looks probable to start but he is taking nothing for granted and will be grateful for some quality time on his home field.
"The most important thing is we get the victory," he said.

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Mary Bernsdorff, a life-long educator, is a candidate for the S.C. House District 45 seat.
I had the opportunity to meet Mary and was impressed with her knowledge and passion for improving economic opportunity for the people of Lancaster and York counties.
Bernsdorff addressed several issues concerning the need for real, comprehensive tax reform and pointed out that the state loses $4-5 billion in tax revenue annually.
She said the state is not broke, the system is broken.
She gave the following as examples:
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A straight male who is very camp and queer
by duckyy9 July 08, 2011
The seepage of blood from one's anus after particularly violent anal sex, especially between two men.
"Dude, Sick! Joe's Queeriod is dried all over the toilet seat..."
"I need new undies. I had a hell of a queeriod last night, and now mine are soiled."
"I need new undies. I had a hell of a queeriod last night, and now mine are soiled."
by Dick Strong-o June 29, 2009
"Shut the fuck up, bitch!"
"...Is someone getting their queeriod?"
"...Is someone getting their queeriod?"
by Gabrielle loves Scott August 16, 2008
A Queef that is performed while a woman is on her period causing an explosion of menstrual mess over any object or poor person who happened to be in the line of fire. A foul aroma usually lingering in the women's public restrooms at swapmeets, gas stations, rest stops and inner city fastfood joints that always smells like a combination of fishy period blood, stank coochie and dookie mixed with queef. see Latina bathroom
The walls on the bathroom had dried blood splattered as if some nasty hoe had busted queeriod on them!
by ~Kung Fu Chick~ November 25, 2011
A Period of time where a Man acts particularly queer, usually includes having a new girlfriend or not going out.
by Herowithad June 04, 2011


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HOW CAN WE HELP YOU? Call 1-800-TRY-CHOP
Published on
Dec 19, 2011
CHOP News
University of Malaya
December 19, 2011 — Cynthia Haines, senior vice president of International Medicine, traveled to Malaysia with fellow representatives from CHOP to further a collaborative relationship with the University of Malaya.
Front row, from left: Dr. Hakon Hakonarson, director of the Center for Applied Genomics at CHOP; Dr. Lee Way Seah, chair of pediatrics at UM; Cynthia Haines; Dr. Steve Ludwig, attending physician at CHOP; Dr. Adiba, dean of UM Medical School); Dr. Thong Meow Keong, head of genetics and metabolism at UM; Dr. Christopher Boey Chiong Meng, deputy dean and pediatric gastroenterologist at UM.


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Evansville Golf Outing 2004by Michael Warren • August 6, 2004 Share:
The golfers in this year's Evansville Association of Wabash Men golf outing enjoyed relief from the normal early August weather on Thursday, August 5 as unseasonable temperatures blew into southern Indiana.
Seven groups teed off in the seventh annual Wally Wabash Golf Scramble at Clearcrest Pines Golf Course. Alumni, parents, current students, staff, and others participated in this year's outing. Congratulations to the fathers/sons combination of Mike and Matt '03 Piechocki and Scott and Charlie '03 Shrode who won the outing this year. Closest to the pin and longest drive awards were won by Tom Wilhelmus '66 and Paul Ferguson '77 respectively.
Special thanks to Kyle Rapp '95 for taking over the organizational duties from Tom Topper '70 this year and to the staff at Clearcrest Pines for the support during golf and for the fine dinner following.
If you did not participate this year, we hope you can make it out next August.


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Things to See and Do in Worcestershire
Situated in the heart of England in the beautiful leafy county of Worcestershire, Brockencote Hall Hotel is on the doorstep of some of the country's most enduring attractions, and within easy driving distance of London.
Worcestershire, birthplace of celebrated English composer Elgar, has much to offer our visitors. Most famous are perhaps the gorgeous sprawling Malvern Hills, a haven for walking, running, riding, nature spotting and for a cosy pint in the many old inns and pubs after an afternoon of fresh air and exercise.
Family attractions are plentiful in the form of West Midlands Safari Park and the famous Severn Valley Railway - a particular delight at Christmas. English Heritage is here as well, in the forms of the many National Trust properties across the county, as well as the beautiful Worcester Cathedral and Broadway Tower.
Warwick Castle, Shakespeare's Stratford-upon-Avon including the World famous Royal Shakespeare Company and The Cotswolds are all within easy reach. You will also find yourself in the heart of some of the country's best shopping with the nearby Birmingham Bullring Shopping Centre and Touchwood Shopping Centre in Solihull.


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Brien Taylor, top pick in the 1991 draft, is headed to prison for selling crack.
A former professional baseball player from Carteret County has been sentenced to more than three years in prison for drug trafficking.
Brien M. Taylor, 40, of the North River community outside of Beaufort, was sentenced this week by U.S. District Judge Louise W. Flanagan to 38 months imprisonment followed by three years supervised release, according to information from the U.S. Department of Justice.
Taylor was arrested in March following a three-month undercover operation by the Carteret County Sheriff�s Office and Morehead City Police Department. At that time, authorities said they purchased a large quantity of cocaine and crack cocaine from Taylor over a period of several months.
A federal grand jury returned a criminal indictment in June and Taylor pleaded guilty on Aug. 16 to distribution of 28 grams or more of cocaine base (crack).
According to court information, Taylor sold approximately 39.6 grams of cocaine base to law enforcement with the sheriff�s office on Oct. 26, 2011, which was the third in a series of controlled buys made from Taylor by law enforcement.
All combined, Taylor was responsible for distributing at least 208 grams of crack cocaine and approximately 100 grams of powder cocaine, the court information shows.
Taylor�s sentencing follows 20 years after his rise into professional baseball out of high school.
Taylor attended East Carteret High School, and according to information on his baseball career, he was a top draft pick for the New York Yankees in 1991 and signed a record million-dollar contract for a high school draft pick at that time.
Taylor pitched in the minor leagues; but an arm injury, reportedly from a fight, kept him from moving up to the majors.
The investigation was conducted by the Carteret County Sheriff�s Office and Morehead City Police Department. Assistant United States Attorney Rudy E. Renfer prosecuted the case for the government.
Contact Daily News reporter Jannette Pippin at 910-382-2557 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Americans John and Erika Heineken are the new world champions.
They reached their goal this afternoon after four days of intense competition in the event organized by the Yacht Club Cagliari at Poetto beach
The two brothers are from San Francisco - the very cradle of the discipline of racing. John have been for years one of the stars of the international kitesurfing. He is class 1988 and has defended the title, already won in Sylt Germany last year . Erika the older sister (class 1986) instead is at her first worldwide success. She won at her debut in the competition with determination and regularity in front of the defending champion, Britain's Steph Bridge.
Decisive for the award of titles Men and Women, the two Medal race for each fleet, that by late morning pledged to turn the ten finalists emerged from the qualifying rounds.
Only one course-race was laid in close proximity to the beach to allow a better understanding and participation of the large audience that since the morning rushed to the beach to see the last day. The Mistral, hampered beside cloud formations at low altitude, and made his entrance only around 13 h..
With all previous scores not counting,beside only the final position as one result, the finalists have come to the decisive two races with the burden of the position gained during the preliminary races.
A fact that could have jeopardize the victory of the Heineken brothers.
At the first race in fact, the leader of qualifications (J. Heineken) had scored a second place, behind compatriot Adam Koch who was in third position in the preliminaries. Only the final victory of Johnny in the last race gave him the title in front of Kock. Third place went to the Frenchman Julien Kerneur, on a par with Italian Andrea Riccardo Leccese, excluded, however, from the podium by virtue of finishing position (a fifth, against the fourth opponent).
Women's position in Fleet was decisive also in head-to-head between Heineken and Bridge. Steph won the first race and Erika had to win the second to reach the gold. In third place, separated by five positions, the French Caroline Adrien. The Italian Alice Brunacci ended up eight place (8th).
The colorful prize giving, animated by mc master Pietro Porcella ended up in glory the championship.
"For me it was already a dream to be in the top ten, I never thought to get so high," said the kitesurfer Follonica, "I am very happy at this point I'll try to make the Olympic campaign."
"Even after dominating the first part of the championship, I found myself in the last race to decide the fate of the championship. It was a difficult time but I'm happy that I went through, it was a tough week but fantastic"
I'm so glad I won again the world title. This time with 10 times the stress of last event because of the formula that doesn't consider the results of the qualification rounds. Particularly fun to win with my sister on the side.
For more information: www.kitecagliari.com


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VANCOUVER -- A stunned Guobin Li arrived back at his single-room occupancy hotel to find it blocked off by police tape, a fire engine nearby and a throng of reporters asking him how it felt to be left homeless as a building next door threatened to collapse onto the 122-year-old structure in the heart of Vancouver's old Japantown.
The 65-year-old was the last of about 12 elderly residents to be evacuated from 439 Powell St. Wednesday evening after authorities were alerted that morning to structural problems at the neighbouring 451 Powell St., an abandoned building owned by the Philippine Women's Centre. Firefighters said the interior wall of the collapsing building appeared to be buckling and that the structure of the second floor is extremely unsound.
Li, who speaks only a smattering of English, returned briefly to the room he has shared with his wife for the past eight years to gather some belongings before moving into a motel on Kingsway paid for by Emergency Social Services.
The residents, many of whom are Chinese-Canadian seniors, must now wait until city crews demolish the neighbouring building, which may be full of asbestos-laced dust, and investigate the safety of their SRO.
VIEW MORE PHOTOS HERE, or if you're using a mobile app, tap the story image and swipe.
"I think most of them are shocked — uprooting them and moving them is just not something you want to do," said Deputy Fire Chief Steve Laleune Wednesday night. "But for their safety, it's something that we have to do.
"They were wonderful people, they're salt of the earth."
The demolition was planned for Wednesday night, but power and trolley lines as well as a 10-metre Crimean Linden tree had to be cut in front of the building. Around 9:30 p.m. Laleune said crews would most likely wait until this morning for the excavator to bring down the three-storey building, which was last occupied in 2010.
It passed a city building inspection that same year and hasn't had one since it was abandoned, Laleune said.
Inspections are normally triggered by a building permit application or a complaint. However, the neighbouring building, like every SRO in Vancouver, undergoes an inspection annually, and passed its latest, according to Laleune.
The condemned building was in the process of being sold to Tom Chow, owner of Double Happiness Foods, a noodle factory a few doors down. Chow said he discovered on July 15, while preparing to move into the building he hoped to use as an office and storage space, that an interior wall had collapsed. He said he was worried about the entire structure collapsing and told the owners to alert their insurance company and the City of Vancouver.
When nothing happened, he alerted city engineers and Vancouver Fire and Rescue Services on Wednesday morning.
"I believe [in] safety first," he said.
Onlookers in Oppenheimer Park said they heard the building shift Wednesday morning with a crunching noise.
The strip of Powell Street, nicknamed Japantown, is home to some of the oldest buildings in Vancouver as well as the city's original Japanese community, which established there after the fire that destroyed much of Vancouver in 1886.
The condemned building was built in 1907 in front of a separate tenement house on the same lot that had been built eight years earlier, according to a historical review prepared for the city by Birmingham & Wood Architects and Planners.
Named the Yamagishi Building after its Japanese owners, it had been home to a family owned barber shop for 30 years before gradually falling "into serious disrepair," according to the Vancouver Heritage Foundation's executive director Diane Switzer.
The block the two buildings sit on is an important piece of Japanese-Canadian history, Switzer said.
"It's disappointing when these buildings are allowed to languish in disrepair because then things like what happened today take place," she said. "It's an owner's responsibility to maintain their own buildings.
"It's demolition by neglect."
She added that you can't "tar a whole neighbourhood with one brush."
"There's some amazing buildings that are right on Powell Street there that have exciting programming taking place, wonderful small, single-room accommodation that is clean and bright," Switzer said. "So no, I don't think you can come in and say 'the whole neighbourhood needs a serious inspection.'"
Battalion Chief Steve Chila said the SRO suite bordering the condemned building may be pulled down as well once the demolition team knocks down the adjoining brick wall.
"It might take part of the floor down and make it unoccupiable," Chila said Wednesday evening. "They're holding each other up, they're so old."
His colleague Laleune said that the SRO — which was originally a rooming house for Europeans before housing Japanese workers — was likely made of sturdy timbers that will remain standing, even if the facade of the building may be damaged by the nearby demolition.
VIEW MORE PHOTOS HERE, or if you're using a mobile app, tap the story image and swipe.


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About Falmouth
Falmouth MA is a popular destination on Cape Cod. Conveniently located to Martha's Vineyard, Newport, Plymouth, Boston, Nantucket and Provincetown, Falmouth is also close to Boston, Providence and New York.
A great spot for families and individuals looking for a Cape Cod summer rental, we have provided you with some articles that can help you in your research for creating the perfect vacation on the Cape. Please read the informative Cape Cod articles below and call us if you have any questions on how to make your summer vacation a magical one.
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Lochinvar® Introduces New Fire Tube KNIGHT® Wall Mount Boiler
Lochinvar® Introduces New Fire Tube KNIGHT® Wall Mount Boiler
by Lochinvar Marketing
The Lochinvar KNIGHT®, the industry's most advanced heating boiler, is now available in wall mounted units with an innovative new fire tube design. Developed to provide contractors with all of the options they need to serve every application, the new KNIGHT Wall Mount fire tube models are available in seven models with inputs from 55,000 to 399,000 Btu/hr., which makes them ideal for residential or light-duty applications such as small hotels, schools and office buildings. For higher demand applications, Lochinvar's exclusive SMART SYSTEM™ operating control features a built-in cascading sequencer that allows up to eight units to be installed, delivering up to 3.2 million Btu/hr. heating capacity.
The new KNIGHT Wall Mount Boiler models offer up to 99 percent efficiency in low water temperature applications, Low-NOx emissions and a fully modulating burner, providing the perfect heating solution for today's environmentally conscious market. As with all other KNIGHT models, the fully modulating 5:1 turndown burner allows the KNIGHT to keep fuel use to an absolute minimum by adjusting heat output according to demand.
The SMART SYSTEM operating control, coupled with the KNIGHT Wall Mount's space-saving design, delivers the ultimate ease of installation and maintenance. The user-friendly SMART SYSTEM interface features a multi-color graphic LCD display and a navigation dial for easy operation. In addition, the SMART SYSTEM controls up to three individual setpoint temperatures, allowing three different temperature loops to be serviced and enabling the appliance to run at the lowest required temperature to increase system efficiency. A recent enhancement to the advanced SMART SYSTEM is the new selectable cascade options. When multiple boilers are installed together, the built-in sequencer can be set for "Lead-Lag" cascade or "Efficiency Optimized" cascade operation. With Lead-Lag, one boiler or water heater in the system is the lead unit, which modulates up to capacity based on demand; as demand increases, additional boilers are fired and the last two units called on modulate until all of them are operating at 100 percent modulation or until demand is satisfied. With Efficiency Optimized cascade operation, multiple units in the system modulate at the same firing rate to meet load requirements. Having two cascade options provides the installer with the opportunity to choose which modulation logic best fits his application.
The new KNIGHT Wall Mount's fully welded ASME Certified stainless steel heat exchanger uses oval shaped tubes to pass heat from the products of combustion into the water stored in the vessel. To facilitate heat transfer, the tubes are manufactured with dimples to slow the flue products and extract available latent energy. With this design, flue products are contained within fire tubes and the water passes through a large diameter vessel. This approach results in minimal head pressure loss through the boiler, which enables the unit to be installed easily into a wide range of hydronic applications. In addition, another outstanding feature of the fire tube design is the water backed combustion chamber. Since the combustion chamber is surrounded by water, the new KNIGHT Wall Mount has more functional heating surface, allowing for efficiencies up to 99 percent.
All KNIGHT models are equipped for direct-vent installation with air intake and exhaust runs up to 100 feet using PVC, CPVC or AL29-4C vent materials. The new KNIGHT Wall Mount units offer seven venting options and tremendous flexibility for placement within any building.
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Moss Bros. is the UK's no.1 formal menswear specialist. Est. 1851. Buy online and get free UK home delivery or collect in one of our stores. Free returns.
With 168 years of tailoring expertise and a versatile range of men's suits and tuxedos in the latest fabrics and fits, we're here to make it easy for every man to dress sharply and feel great.


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Governor Andrew M. Cuomo continued a statewide Regional Economic Development Council Progress tour Tuesday in Buffalo and Niagara Falls where he was briefed on Western New York projects to understand their progress and their economic impact in the region.
This is the eighth visit in the governor's REDC "Progress Tour," which is part of a review of last year's strategic economic development plans and job-creating projects. Following the Buffalo Billion presentation and briefing of regional projects, the Western New York REDC provided a formal presentation outlining the progress it has made in advancing last year's strategic plans and projects, as well as their endorsed projects for the coming year to the strategic implementation assessment team at the Conference and Events Center Niagara Falls.
Cuomo also announced that New York will invest $50 million in state-of-the-art biomedical research equipment and has secured an agreement from a private company, Albany Molecular Research Inc., to locate in Western New York at Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus a new drug discovery research and development center. This investment will leverage $200 million in private investments and create 250 jobs.
"New York no longer has a one-size-fits-all approach to economic development, and now we are seeing the benefits of this new way of thinking throughout the state," Cuomo said. "As you can see in Western New York, the regional council has developed a plan that fits its region best, and that plan is creating jobs, growing the economy and transforming neighborhoods."
"Our Western New York Regional Economic Development Council has created a plan that is focused on a strategic, collaborative, creative and forward thinking approach," said Satish K. Tripathi, Western New York Regional Economic Development Council co-chair and president of the University at Buffalo. "We are proud to welcome the governor to Western New York today to learn more about the progress we are making as we work together to advance common priorities for change in our region."
"The Western New York Regional Economic Development Council is proud to have Gov. Cuomo join us today to learn about the progress we have made since being designated a best plan awardee," said Howard A. Zemsky, Western New York Regional Economic Development Council co-chair and managing partner at Larkin Development Group. "All the projects we reviewed today are in response to the governor's challenge to chart a fresh course for sustained economic growth in New York state and were driven by our council's strategy to create a more dynamic economy for our region and all its citizens."
The governor was briefed on the following WNYREDC projects:
The Jacobs Institute
The Jacobs Institute was awarded $4 million for the construction of a medical device prototyping and research facility. The project will result in the creation of 20 new jobs, and will help leverage an estimated $12 million in private sector investment. The construction of the Jacobs Institute facility is on schedule as the non-profit continues to build partners with businesses such as Toshiba.
Hebeler Corporation
Hebeler Corporation was awarded $1.25 million in Excelsior tax credits to expand its production of liquid natural gas fuel tanks for medium and heavy duty trucks due to increased market demand. This project strengthens the region's advanced manufacturing sector and collaborates with another CFA funded project, the Dream It Do It Western New York initiative, to enhance workforce development and training opportunities offered to local high school and college students. The project will result in the retention of 129 jobs and creation of 55 new jobs, and will help leverage $3.65 million in private sector investment.
Niagara County Community College Culinary Institute
Niagara County Community College was awarded $2 million to renovate nearly 90,000 square feet of the former Rainbow Centre for the Culinary Institute. The project will result in the creation of 30 new jobs, and will help leverage $24.6 million in private sector investment. In addition, creating a new downtown population cluster in the City of Niagara Falls will benefit the region's tourism profile and economy.
NCCC held a ribbon-cutting in September and is now training students for employment in the growing field of hospitality and leisure.
At the Buffalo Niagara Convention Center earlier in the day, the WNYREDC presented its plan for Gov. Cuomo's unprecedented commitment of $1 billion to Buffalo. Bruce Katz, vice president of the Brookings Institution, and his colleagues have worked with a group of local institutions - the WNYREDC, University at Buffalo's Regional Institute, Buffalo Niagara Enterprise and Empire State Development, among others - to assess the region's market position, identify distinctive assets and advantages, and lay out a series of investment options in light of the best innovations under way in the U.S. and around the world. Then a private consultant was hired to provide greater specificity on strategic investments that are likely to have high return, create jobs in the near term, and retool Buffalo's economy for the long haul.
About the Regional Council Initiative
In the first round of the Regional Council Initiative, the Western New York region was awarded $100.3 million in state resources through the Consolidated Funding Application process to support 96 projects. Currently, 96 percent are moving forward. Once completed, the projects awarded funding in the Western New York region through the 2011 CFA will significantly boost the local economy by supporting the creation and retention of more than 8,000 jobs and leveraging more than $525 million in additional private sector and other investment.
"Gov. Cuomo created Regional Councils to serve as the new approach our state needs to create new jobs and economic opportunities," said Lt. Gov. Duffy. "Today is an exciting opportunity for an open discussion of the incredible progress Regional Councils are making in Western New York and across the state, as well the steps we are taking to build on that success for the coming year."
"Gov. Cuomo's Regional Council initiative is taking New York from a state known as frustrater of business growth to a facilitator of new business and private sector job development," said Empire State Development President, CEO and Commissioner Kenneth Adams. "Through its first year, we have seen job-creating projects in Western New York and across the state start to take shape and pay dividends in new jobs and economic activity to boost our local economies."
The council's progress report and full list of endorsed priority projects for 2012 can be found at http://regionalcouncils.ny.gov/content/western-new-york.
To learn more about each Regional Council and their economic development plans, visit www.regionalcouncils.ny.gov.


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I am a full-time writer today because of Joe Konrath. I know he would disagree, but I'd have never had the balls to publish my first book without a year of reading his blog under my belt.
It's been a strange trip. I started by creating a fictional blog set in the zombie apocalypse. I'd read Joe's thoughts on piracy and how giving your work away was the most efficient route to creating interest. That's what I did. I wrote a free-to-read blog about living in the zombie apocalypse and updated it often.
So often that after six months I had enough material to collect into a book and sell.
Those early efforts were rough. I never saw Living With the Dead as anything but writing practice. That came through in my work, if I'm being honest. The first few months were an exercise in sharpening my skills, which was easy because I had very little in the way of skills to start with. I put out that first collection and forgot about it.
The first month I made $70. I was surprised, because I was just this guy blogging after work, sitting on his couch and mainlining the morning repeats of SVU. Month two brought in about $400, a fact I was unaware of until the following month, because I never checked my sales. Month three doubled that number. By then I was nearing completion of a second collection of my blog.
Let's fast forward and summarize:
The first full year, I made $6,000 from selling eBooks. It wasn't life-changing money. I couldn't pay off my house with it. But for someone working in a nursing home making $11 an hour, it was nice. The second year brought $12,000. I was stunned stupid by this. I knew this as a rough estimate when I did my 2012 taxes, but seeing the number on the screen kind of blew me away. Because my wife and I are religious about overpaying, we got a nice fat return.
Which was a stupid thing to do. I swore I would keep working and only go full-time as a writer if I already had the sort of income from it that would allow me to do so. A combination of other factors forced me to finally take the plunge, and I'm glad I did.
I took that money and lived on it, along with an IndieGoGo campaign. I had written two novels outside my LWtD collections, the first of which I deleted because it was terrible. The other was an urban fantasy, a labor of love, that made me about ten bucks in a good month. My readers clamored for actual novels written in the zombie universe I created for the blog, and I decided to take a few months and grant their wish.Victim Zero was the result. Published in early June of 2013, and with help from a fellow author, the book did very well by my standards. Since then I've worked with that author, the excellent James Cook, on a collaboration set in his own apocalyptic world. The Passenger remains my favorite work. I got to write from the perspective of a thinking man trapped in the body of a zombie. Being along for the ride sucks.
In December I released Dead Will Rise, the sequel to Victim Zero. When I quit the nursing home last year, I expected to put out one novel and have to go back to work. Hell, I still might have to.
I haven't been back yet. My financial situation will take me through the anniversary of going full-time at the least. In 2013, I made $32,000 from writing. More than I made at the nursing home by $7,000.
And you know? I could have survived on less. I'd have been happy on less. My wife works and is very supportive. I'm living the dream because I took a stupid risk, one that (thankfully) paid off. My sales might taper off tomorrow and I might have to go back to a normal job. I recognize the fluctuations in the market. For now, everything is sunny.
I've been reading over Joe's recent spate of arguments with people in the legacy publishing industry, and I can't help but wonder how many people like me are out there. Instead of waiting for a short rejection letter—I have never submitted my work, and rejected two unsolicited offers for my work from publishers—to know whether my books were worthwhile, I let the readers decide.
More than that, putting my work out there was the best possible way to grow and improve as a writer. I tell my Facebook fans that the best part of this job is interacting with them, and it's the truth. Without their support, I'd still be working nights and wearing scrubs. But it goes beyond that. Because of the constant feedback from them, I've been able to learn and grow as a writer magnitudes beyond any vague criticism from a rejection letter.
My gatekeepers aren't some harried agent or editor sifting through the slush pile. They are the readers, many of them happy to give constructive, concise thoughts on where and how I can improve my game. The reason it's becoming harder for readers to immediately tell indies apart from legacy authors is because we have that edge. With on-the-ground feedback in real time, we can fix and improve much faster than they can. Victim Zero has been re-uploaded at least seven times since June, every time tweaked to be a better book.
I spend a lot of time on my Facebook author page, talking about projects and bouncing ideas off people. I'm at a place in my career where I have a small but dedicated fan base that isn't too big for me to handle. I can answer messages, reply to comments, and stay connected in a way Stephen King or another big name would have a hard time managing. Right now I'm hosting an open chat thread on my author page about my next novel, a book about superhumans. The feedback I've already had helped me catch flaws I would have otherwise missed.
Why does this matter? Because as indies, we don't have a buffer between us and the fans. There is no giant, approval-giving publisher accepting our books. I've read a lot of interviews with a lot of legacy authors, and on the whole I don't see them as active with their fans as most indies are. I think that's a shame, because it's super fun and one of the best ways to build loyalty.
It's the strangest thing—and Joe has been spot-on about it lately—that every time someone from the industry speaks up about eBooks, sales, and all the rest, they always seem to ignore the actual people creating their content. Joe is right, as he usually is: there is a revolution going on, and the industry is just now beginning to realize it. While it frightens them that people like Joe and Barry, who have been a part of the industry and ran from it toward huge piles of money, creative control, and self-respect, people like me should scare them a hell of a lot more.
I never even considered querying. I never for a moment thought it was a good idea to submit a book. I am not alone or in the minority of this generation of aspiring and new authors. It won't be long before the legacy system begins to shrink by means of implosion. There just won't be enough authors to support their massive and outdated infrastructure.
I won't cheer for that. Like most of the people that read this blog, I've been a voracious reader for most of my life. But I won't shed tears when it happens, either.
Joe sez: Congrats on your success, Joshua, and I hope it continues.
I'm reminded again of the old song "How you gonna keep 'em down on the farm after they've seen Paris?"
There are still scads of newbie authors who write a book and are clueless what to do with it. Some may wind up at the Authors Guild blog, or an agent blog, or the woefully anachronistic Absolute Write forum, and think the only way to reach readers is to submit to the legacy system. Others, who have heard of self-publishing, may come across AuthorHouse and likely get ripped off, leaving them with a sour taste and an empty wallet.
But a few authors will find this blog, and find outspoken authors like Dean Wesley Smith, Joanna Penn, David Gaughran, Bob Mayer, Courtney Milan, Kris Rusch, and Hugh Howey, and hear stories about Amanda Hocking, HW Ward, Brenna Aubrey, Blake Crouch, Barry Eisler, HM Ward, Marie Force, Bella Andre, Selena Kitt, Liliana Hart, Chris Culver, TR Ragan, Russell Blake, Darcy Chan, BV Wallace, Michael J Sullivan, and so many others. And they will be inspired to self-publish.
Two things helped legacy publishers maintain a quasi-monopoly on the marketplace (a cartel engaged in kabuki competition) for so many years.
1. They controlled distribution to bookstores and libraries, and there was no simple, direct way for authors to reach readers without them.
2. They indoctrinated whole generations of writers with the nonsense that they had to find an agent and submit to a publisher in order to be considered a real author.
Magazines, how-to books, conferences, conventions, all perpetuated and glorified that path to success: Get an agent. Sell your book to a major publisher. Become a bestseller.
The propaganda they used, and still use, is pervasive, insidious, and widely believed. Vanity presses are making a fortune.The Authors Guild and the AAR are steadfastly pro-legacy. Industry pros try to marginalize the self-publishing option by crowing how 70% of books are sold in bookstores, stating that self-publishing isn't really publishing, pontificating that no one takes self-pubbing seriously.
Self-publishing is a shadow industry that has grown without anyone fully understating how big and powerful it is getting. Yes, every hears about the huge successes, but very few hear about authors like Joshua, quitting their day job, paying bills. How many like him are there? How many more who make just a $1000 a year, but that's enough to take the family to a nice meal once a month? How many are paying their electric bill, or affording an iPad, or simply smiling ear-to-ear because some complete stranger gave them 5 stars and a glowing review on Amazon?
This revolution isn't about Konrath making a million dollars a year.
This revolution is about writers, for the first time ever, having power.
We have a choice. And it's our duty to make ALL writers aware of this choice.
Visit www.authorearnings.com. Fill out the survey and petition. Link to it. Tweet it. Discuss it on Facebook. Speak out and tell your peers what your experiences are. Even if you make $10 a year, you're not a failure. Failure is giving up. Failure is handing your fate over to someone else. Failure is not arming yourself with information.
Ebooks are forever. Understand what copyright is. Understand that money flows toward the writer. Understand that the more control you have, the less likely you are to be at the mercy of others.
The first step, in any revolution, is making the exploited aware of how they're being exploited. We have a growing body of evidence that shows self-publishing is good, and legacy publishing is exploitative.
We need to share that evidence if we want change to happen.
Tell your stories. Be proud of your accomplishments. Stop succeeding in silence.
I used to tell an old joke about Smokey the Bear. His catchphrase was, "Only you can prevent forest fires." And I was going broke, spending 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, without sleep, running around the country preventing forest fires. Because only I can."
In 2009, I began to live that joke. I blogged about Kindle, and self-publishing, and was met with disbelief, disapproval, and outright scorn. I was called a liar, an anomaly, and outlier. My success was falsely attributed to my legacy background. When I suggested others try self-pubbing, I was met with fierce resistance. I was despised.
But some people listened. Others figured out what I had without me. And soon there were a whole bunch of us, posting our numbers, enlightening each other.
It took five years, but the legacy industry is finally engaging us. And they're scared. As they should be. Because without authors, they have nothing to publish. And the more authors who know how easy it is to self-publish, and how unconscionable those legacy deals are, the better off we're all going to be. Legacy publishers, when faced with fewer and fewer quality submissions, will either have to change their terms, or perish.
The more writers who understand this, the better off we all are.
Talk about it. Be proud of it. Fight bullshit when you see it. Educate those who don't understand it.
The exploitation of writers stops, right now.


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I'm getting emails about drafting tomorrow... do we need to reschedule again?
Draft is this Wednesday night folks... ...Still waiting on Jeff to sign up for the shortened season.
Will the Crosby train stay on the tracks?
Your team name can be the Toronto Maple Leafs.
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Editor's Note: Second life. It can represent a chance to do over. To reset and refocus your life. To shake off the past and give yourself an opportunity to change and grow. In our series, Second Life, we took a look at how those in the small business world, out of necessity or desire, reach beyond their comfort zones to re-create themselves and their world. These stories celebrate those who saw potential in being something else or creating something that wasn't and were brave enough to take the plunge into the deep, dark waters of entrepreneurship.
Earlier this year, there was a sign affixed to a business in downtown Yarmouth that said: "If you can't get it here, it ain't worth having."
The problem was, you couldn't get anything "here" anymore.
The windows and doors of the former souvenir shop – Mr. Leonard's – were boarded up. The business, occupying two buildings at 258 and 260 Main Street, had closed a long time ago and in the years when there was no ferry service it didn't make sense to restart that type of store.
But it also didn't make sense for these buildings to never see life again. At least, that's what Yarmouth businessman Richard LeBlanc thought. The Victory Realty owner got tired of looking out of his Main Street window, staring at buildings that desperately needed attention.
And so he tapped into the Yarmouth façade program introduced years ago, and into his vision and creativity. He purchased the buildings and restored them. The renovations were so dramatic that people now stop and take photos of the buildings. One business even started advertising its new location here before the renovations were even complete.
LeBlanc spent hours online researching Victorian structures and noting architectural features of historic homes in Yarmouth. These buildings were going to stand out, he decided, with detail and colour. He delved into his collection of antique features, including corbels, finials and gable decorations. He repurposed materials, bought some from antique stores, had some custom-built and ordered others from suppliers. He hand-painted many pieces for the renovation.
This wasn't the first building LeBlanc tackled. He took his own building at 255 Main St. – what is known as The Consulate Building – and restored the 1845-built building where his real estate business is located. The building also now houses a café his daughter started up called The Perky Owl.
Yarmouth Mayor Pam Mood says this has been the whole goal of the Town of Yarmouth's façade program – to bring buildings to life, to show their potential, to fill up empty storefronts and to instil pride in the downtown.
She thinks back years ago to the many empty storefronts amid tired-looking buildings. It was no one's fault. The economic downturn, particularly in the years with no ferry service, coupled with other economic pieces, were hard on many, she says.
And so the town stepped in with a façade program, offering up to $5,000 in matching funds to businesses and property owners who wanted to invest in their properties.
Many businesses have jumped on board. As of this past summer, 61 applications had been approved since the program was launched. This included 38 completed facades and 23 projects to be completed.
The town had paid out grants totalling $250,227.08, while the total value of the improvements that business and property owners had carried out was $650,447.62.
Natalie Smith, the town's economic development officer, says the value of the improvements is probably 20 per cent higher than this figure as businesses have undertaken other interior work as well.
At an early October town council committee of the whole meeting, Smith said there has been so much interest in the façade program that there was only enough money left in this year's budget to complete one more project.
And still businesses continue to apply.
A request will go to the town by the not-for-profit society that runs the program seeking more money for the project next year.
Meanwhile, a drive up and down Main Street in 2017 is a lot different than from years ago when the windows were boarded up on that souvenir store.
1. The Town of Yarmouth offers a façade improvement grant program to assist downtown property owners and tenants with the financing of street-oriented building façade improvements.
2. The program is administered by the Yarmouth Facade Society, a not-for-profit volunteer board with support from the town's Economic Development staff.
3. Since the program was introduced the town has invested grants totalling $250,227.08.
4. Since the program was introduced participating the value of the improvement by businesses is more than $650,447.
5. You can find lots of information about the façade program on the Town of Yarmouth's website.
How the buildings looked before – boarded up, tired, ugly and empty.


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Activities prohibited on Shabbat
This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Halakha (Jewish law), especially the Talmud tractate Shabbat, identifies thirty-nine categories of activity prohibited on Shabbat (Hebrew: ל״ט אבות מלאכות, lamed tet avot melakhot), and clarifies many questions surrounding the application of the biblical prohibitions. Many of these activities are also prohibited on the Jewish holidays listed in the Torah, although there are significant exceptions permitting carrying and preparing food under specific circumstances.
There are often disagreements between Orthodox Jews and Conservative Jews or other non-Orthodox Jews as to the practical observance of the Sabbath. It is of note that the (strict) observance of the Sabbath is often seen as a benchmark for orthodoxy and indeed has legal bearing on the way a Jew is seen by an orthodox religious court regarding their affiliation to Judaism.
The commandmentEdit
The commandment to keep Shabbat as a day of rest is repeated many times in the Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. Its importance is also stressed in Exodus 31:12–17:
And the LORD spoke unto Moses, saying: 'Verily ye shall keep My sabbaths, for it is a sign between Me and you throughout your generations, that ye may know that I am the LORD who sanctify you. Ye shall keep the sabbath therefore, for it is holy unto you; every one that profaneth it shall surely be put to death; for whosoever doeth any work [melakha – מְלָאכָה] therein, that soul shall be cut off from among his people. Six days shall work be done; but on the seventh day is a sabbath of solemn rest, holy to the LORD; whosoever doeth any work in the sabbath day, he shall surely be put to death. Wherefore the children of Israel shall keep the sabbath, to observe the sabbath throughout their generations, for a perpetual covenant. It is a sign between Me and the children of Israel for ever; for in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day He ceased from work and rested.'
Meaning of "work"Edit
Though melakha is usually translated as "work" in English, the term does not correspond to the English definition of the term, as explained below.
The Rabbis in ancient times had to explain exactly what the term meant, and what activity was prohibited to be done on the Sabbath. The Rabbis noted Genesis 2:1–3:
- Heaven and earth, and all their components, were completed. With the seventh day, God finished all the work [melakha] that He had done. He ceased on the seventh day from all the work [melakha] that he had been doing. God blessed the seventh day, and he declared it to be holy, for it was on this day that God ceased from all the work [melakha] that he had been creating to function.
Specifically, the Rabbis noted the symmetry between Genesis 2:1–3 and Exodus 31:1–11 – the same term melakha ["work"] is used in both places, and that in Genesis 2:1–3 what God was "ceasing from" was "creation" or "creating".
The Rabbis noted further that the first part of Exodus 31:1–11 provides detailed instructions for the construction of the Tabernacle, and that it is immediately followed by a reminder to Moses about the importance of the Shabbat, quoted above. The Rabbis note that in the provisions relating to the Tabernacle the word melakha is also used. The word is usually translated as "workmanship", which has a strong element of "creation" or "creativity".
From these common words (in the Hebrew original) and the juxtaposition of subject matter the rabbis of the Mishnah derive a meaning as to which activities are prohibited to be done on the Sabbath day.
Genesis 2 is not pushed aside by the commandments to construct the Tabernacle. The classical rabbinical definition of what constitutes "work" or "activity" that must not be done, on pain of death (when there was a Sanhedrin), is depicted by the thirty-nine categories of activity needed for the construction and use of the Tabernacle.
The thirty-nine melakhot are not so much activities as categories of activity. For example, while "winnowing" usually refers exclusively to the separation of chaff from grain, it refers in the Talmudic sense to any separation of intermixed materials which renders edible that which was inedible. Thus, filtering undrinkable water to make it drinkable falls under this category, as does picking small bones from fish. (Gefilte fish is a traditional Ashkenazi solution to this problem.)
Many rabbinical scholars have pointed out that these regulations of labor have something in common – they prohibit any activity that is creative, or that exercises control or dominion over one's environment.
The definitions presented in this article are only 'headings' for in-depth topics and without study of the relevant laws it would be very difficult, perhaps impossible, to properly keep the Sabbath according to Halacha/Jewish Law.
There are two main ways to divide the activities into groups, one is according to the work needed to make the Tabernacle, the other according to the work needed for the man himself.
- For the Tabernacle:
- Making the paint for the fabric coverings and curtains
- Making the coverings
- Making coverings from skin
- Making the Tabernacle itself
- For the man:
- Baking bread
- Making clothes
- Writing
- Building a house
The thirty-nine creative activitiesEdit
The thirty-nine creative activities are based on the Mishna Shabbat 7:2.
The Order of BreadEdit
Hebrew: זורע
Definition: Promotion of plant growth.
Not only planting is included in this category; other activities that promote plant growth are also prohibited. This includes watering, fertilizing, planting seeds, or planting grown plants.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:2, 21:5; Shulchan Aruch Orach Chayim 336; Chayei Adam Shabbos 11
Hebrew: חורש
Definition: Promotion of substrate in readiness for plant growth, be it soil, water for hydroponics, etc.
Included in this prohibition is any preparation or improvement of land for agricultural use. This includes dragging chair legs in soft soil thereby unintentionally making furrows, or pouring water on arable land that is not saturated. Making a hole in the soil would also provide protection for a seed placed there from rain and runoff; even if no seed is ever placed there, the soil is now enhanced for the process of planting.
The Mishna (Shabbat 7:2) lists plowing after planting, although one must plow a field before planting. The Gemara asks why this order occurs and answers that the author of this Mishna was a Tanna living in Israel, where the ground is hard. Since the ground is so hard in Israel, it needed to be plowed both before planting and after planting. The Mishna lists plowing second, teaching that the second plowing (after planting) is [also] prohibited. (The plowing before the planting is also prohibited, if not by the Torah, certainly Rabbinically). The Rambam lists plowing first, and planting second.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 7:3, 8:1, 21:2–4; Chayei Adam Shabbos 10
Hebrew: קוצר
Definition: Severing a plant from its source of growth.
Removing all or part of a plant from its source of growth is reaping. Rabbinically it is forbidden to climb a tree, for fear this may lead to one tearing off a branch. It is also forbidden rabbinically to ride an animal, as one may unthinkingly detach a stick to hit the animal with.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:3–5, 21:6–10;Chayei Adam Shabbos 12
Hebrew: מעמר
Definition: Initial gathering of earth-borne material in its original place.
E.g. After picking strawberries, forming a pile or collecting them into one's pockets, or a basket. Collecting rock salt or any mineral (from a mine or from the Earth) and making a pile of the produce. This can only occur in the place where the gathering should take place. So, a bowl of apples that falls in a house can be gathered as 1) they do not grow in that environment and 2) they have already undergone their initial gathering at the orchard.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:5, 21:11; Chayei Adam Shabbos 13
Hebrew: דש
Definition: Removal of an undesirable outer from a desirable inner.
This is a large topic of study. It refers to any productive extraction and includes juicing of fruits and vegetables and wringing (desirable fluids) out of cloths, as the juice or water inside the fruit is considered 'desirable' for these purposes, while the pulp of the fruit would be the 'undesirable.' As such, squeezing (S'chita) is forbidden unless certain rules are applied. The wringing of undesirable water out of cloths may come under the law of Melabain (Scouring/Laundering). One could view this activity as extraction, while Borer (separation) is more akin to purification.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:7–10, 21:12–16;Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 319–321; Chayei Adam Shabbos 14
Hebrew: זורה
Definition: Sorting undesirable from desirable via the force of air (Babylonian Talmud), or dispersal via the force of dominic (Jerusalem Talmud).
Rabbi Moshe Isserles (the Rema) holds that the definition according to the Jerusalem Talmud should be used, which includes within its precept the definition of the Babylonian Talmud. This is more inclusive and general than the Babylonian Talmud's definition and therefore more things fall under this category.
In the Talmudic sense it usually refers exclusively to the separation of chaff from grain – i.e. to any separation of intermixed materials which renders edible that which was inedible.
It also refers to separating things that are desirable from undesirable ones. Example: If one has a handful of peanuts, in their paper-thin brown skins, and one blows on the mixture of peanuts and skins, dispersing the unwanted skins from the peanuts, this would be an act of 'winnowing' according to both the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmud.
According to the Jerusalem Talmud's definition, the use of the Venturi tube spray system and spray painting would come under this prohibition, while butane or propane propelled sprays, which are common in deodorants and air fresheners, etc. are permissible to operate as the dispersal force generated isn't from air, rather from the propellent within the can. According to the Babylonian Talmud's definition, neither of the above spraying methods is involved in sorting undesirable from desirable and therefore not part of this heading. However, as mentioned, the Rema rules that, unusually, the Jerusalem Talmud's definition is the applicable one.
See further: Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 219:7; Chayei Adam Shabbos 15.
Hebrew: בורר
Definition: Removal of undesirable from desirable from a mixture of types.
In the Talmudic sense usually refers exclusively to the separation of debris from grain – i.e. to any separation of intermixed materials which renders edible that which was inedible. Thus, filtering undrinkable water to make it drinkable falls under this category, as does picking small bones from fish. (Gefilte fish is one solution to this problem.)
Dosh & Borer contrasted. This activity differs from Dosh (Threshing/Extraction) as here there is a mixture of types. Sorting a mixture via the removal of undesirable elements leaving a purified, refined component is the key process of Borer.
Dosh is the extraction of one desirable thing from within another which is not desired. "Dosh" does not entail sorting or purification, just extraction of the inner from the unwanted housing or outer component, such as squeezing a grape for its juice. The juice and the pulp have not undergone sorting, the juice has been extracted from the pulp.
For example, if there is a bowl of mixed peanuts and raisins, and one desires the raisins and dislikes the peanuts: Removing (effectively sorting) the peanuts from the bowl, leaving a 'purified' pile of raisins free from unwanted peanuts, would be acts of Borer as the peanuts are removed. However, removing the desirable raisins from the peanuts does not purify the mixture, as one is left with undesirable peanuts (hence unrefined) not a refined component as before, and is thus permissible. Note that in this case there has not been any extraction of material from either the peanuts or raisins (Dosh), just the sorting of undesirable from desirable (Borer).
General Introduction:
- After threshing, a mixed collection of waste matter remained on the threshing floor together with the grain kernels. Included in this combination would be small pebbles and similar debris.
- These pebbles could not be separated by winnowing because they were too heavy to be carried by the wind. The pebbles and debris were therefore sorted and removed by hand. This process is the Melacha of Borer.
- Any form of selecting from (or sorting of) an assorted mixture or combination can be borer. This includes removing undesired objects, or matter from a mixture or combination.
Borer with Mixed Foods:
- Even though the classic form of borer as performed in the Mishkan involved the removal of pebbles and similar waste matter from the grain produce, Borer is by no means limited to the removal of "useless" matter from food. In fact, any selective removal from a mixture can, indeed, be Borer, even if the mixture contains an assortment of foods. The criteria are types and desire, not intrinsic value. Therefore, removing any food or item from a mix of different types of foods simply because he does not desire the item at that time is considered Borer.
The Three Conditions of Borer:
- Sorting or selecting is permitted when three conditions are fulfilled simultaneously. It is absolutely imperative that all three conditions be present at the time of the Borer.
- B'yad (By hand): The selection must be done by hand and not a utensil that aids in the selection.
- Ochel Mitoch Psolet (Good from the bad): The desired objects must be selected from the undesired, and not the reverse.
- Miyad (Immediate use): The selection must be done immediately before the time of use and not for later use. There is no precise amount of time indicated by the concept of "immediate use" ("miyad"). The criteria used to define "immediate use" relate to the circumstances. For instance if a particular individual prepares food for a meal rather slowly, that individual may allow a more liberal amount of time in which to do so without having transgressed "borer."
Examples of Permissible and Prohibited Types of Borer:
- Peeling fruits: Peeling fruits is permissible with the understanding that the fruit will be eaten right away.
- Sorting silverware: Sorting silverware is permitted when the sorter intends to eat the Shabbat meal immediately. Alternatively, if the sorter intends to set up the meal for a later point, it is prohibited.
- Removing items from a mixture: If the desired item is being removed from the mix then this is permissible. If the non-desired item is being removed, the person removing is committing a serious transgression according to the laws of Shabbat.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:11–13, 21:17; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 319; Chayei Adam Shabbos 16[1][2][3][4][5]
Hebrew: טוחן
Definition: Reducing an earth-borne thing's size for a productive purpose.
"Tochain" (grinding) can arise in simply cutting into pieces fruits or vegetables for a salad. Very small pieces would involve "tochain," therefore cutting into slightly larger than usual pieces would be in order, thus avoiding cutting the pieces into their final, most usable, state.
All laws relating to the use of medicine on the shabbath are a Toldah, or sub-category, of this order, as most medicines require pulverization at some point and thus undergo tochain. The laws of medicine use on the sabbath are complex; they are based around the kind of illness the patient is suffering from and the type of medication or procedure that is required. Generally, the more severe the illness (from a halachic perspective) the further into the list the patient's situation is classed. As a patient is classed as more ill there are fewer restrictions and greater leniencies available for treating the illness on the Sabbath. The list of definitions, from least to most severe, is as follows: -
- מיחוש בעלמא / Maychush b'Alma / Minor Indisposition
- מקצת חולי / Miktzat Choli / Semi-illiness
- צער גדול / Tza'ar Gadol / Severe Pain (Can in some cases be practically regarded as level 4)
- חולה כל גופו / Choleh Kol Gufo / Debilitating Illness
- סכנת אבר / Sakanat Aiver / Threat to a Limb or Organ (Can in some cases be practically regarded as level 6)
- ספק פיקוח נפש / Sofek Pikuach Nefesh / Possibly Life-Threatening (Practically treated as level 7)
- פיקוח נפש / Pikuach Nefesh / Certainly Life-Threatening
For most practical applications the use of medicines on the Sabbath, there are primarily two categories of non-life-threatening (Pikuach Nefesh) illnesses and maladies. They are either Maychush b'Alma or Choleh Kol Gufo. In many or most practical applications for non-trained personnel, there are practically only three category levels (1, 4, & 7) as the line of distinction between them can often be difficult to ascertain for the untrained and it may prove dangerous to underestimate the condition.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:15, 21:18–31; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 321; Chayei Adam Shabbos 17
Hebrew: מרקד
Definition: Sorting desirable from undesirable by means of a utensil (designed for sifting or sorting).
This is essentially the same as the melochah of Borer, but performed with a utensil specifically designed for the purpose of sorting, such as a sieve, strainer, or the like. As such, Borer acts done with such a device, such as the netting of a tea bag, would be classed as an act of Merakaid (Sieving/Straining).
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:14, 21:32; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 321, 324; Chayei Adam Shabbos 18
Hebrew: לש
Definition: Combining particles into a semi-solid or solid mass via liquid.
Kneading is not a very accurate translation of this activity. It may better be translated as 'amalgamation' or the like. The key principle of this creative activity is the combining of solid and liquid together to make a paste or dough-like substance.
There are four categories of substances produced: -
- Blilah Aveh (a thick, dense mixture)
- Blilah Racha (a thinner, pourable mixture)
- Davar Nozel (a pourable liquid with a similar viscosity to water)
- Chatichot Gedolot (large pieces mixed with a liquid)
Only a Blilah Aveh is biblically forbidden to be made on the Sabbath while Blilah Racha mixtures are rabbinically forbidden to make without the use of a "shinui", such as the reversing the adding of the ingredients or mixing in criss-cross motions to differentiate the task, in which case they are permitted. As Davar Nozel and Chatichot Gedolot are not really mixtures, even after adding the liquid to the solid, they are permitted to be made on the sabbath without any shinui (unusual mode) of production.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:16, 21:33–36; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 321,324; Chayei Adam Shabbos 19
Hebrew: אופה/בישול
Definition for solids: Changing the properties of something via heat. Liquids: Bringing a liquid's temperature to the heat threshold. 'Heat' for these purposes is at the threshold known as "Yad Soledet" (lit. Hand [by reflex] draws back [due to such heat]) which according to the Igrot Moshe (Rabbi Moshe Feinstein) is 43 °C (110 °F).
Baking, cooking, frying, or any method of applying heat to food to prepare for eating is included in this prohibition. This is different from "preparing". For example, one can make a salad because the form of the vegetables doesn't change, only the size. However one cannot cook the vegetables to soften them for eating. Baking itself was not performed in the mishkan as bread was not required for the structure.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 22:1–10; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 318; Chayei Adam Shabbos 22
The Order of GarmentsEdit
Hebrew: גוזז צמר
Definition: Severing/uprooting any body-part of a creature.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 9:179, 22:13–14; Chayei Adam Shabbos 21
Hebrew: מלבנו
Definition: Cleansing absorbent materials of absorbed/ingrained impurities.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 9:10–11 22:15–20; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 301–302; Chayei Adam Shabbos 22
Carding/combing woolEdit
Hebrew: מנפצו
Definition: Separating/disentangling fibres.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 9:12; Chayei Adam Shabbos 23
Hebrew: צובע
Definition: Coloring/enriching the color of any material or substance.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 9:13–14, 22:23; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 320; Chayei Adam Shabbos 24
Hebrew: טווה
Definition: Twisting fibres into a thread or twining strands into a yarn.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 9; Chayei Adam Shabbos 25
Hebrew: מיסך
Definition: Creating the first form for the purpose of weaving.
See further: Chayei Adam Shabbos 25
Making two loops/threading heddlesEdit
Hebrew: עושה שתי בתי נירין
Definition: Forming loops for the purpose of weaving or the making of net like materials. This is also the threading of two heddles on a loom to allow a shed for the shuttle to pass through. According to the Rambam it is the making of net-like materials.
See further: Chayei Adam Shabbos 25
Hebrew: אורג שני חוטין
Definition: Form fabric (or a fabric item) by interlacing long threads passing in one direction with others at a right angle to them.
See further: Chayei Adam Shabbos 25
Separating two threadsEdit
Hebrew: פוצע שני חוטין
Definition: Removing/cutting fibres from their frame, loom or place.
See further: Chayei Adam Shabbos 25
Hebrew: קושר
Definition: Binding two pliant objects in a skilled or permanent manner via twisting.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:1–6; Chayei Adam Shabbos 26 ..
Hebrew: מתיר
Definition: The undoing of any Koshair or Toveh (see above) binding.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:1–6; Chayei Adam Shabbos 27
Hebrew: תופר
Definition: Combining separate objects into a single entity, whether through sewing, gluing, stapling, welding, dry mounting, etc.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:9, 11; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 340; Chayei Adam Shabbos 28
Hebrew: קורע
Definition: Ripping an object in two or undoing any Tofair (see above) connection.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:10; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 340; Chayei Adam Shabbos 29, Shabbos 7
The Order of HidesEdit
Hebrew: צד
Definition: Forcible confinement of any living creature.
The Mishna does not just write "trapping"; rather, the Mishna says "trapping deer". According to at least one interpretation,[citation needed] this teaches that to violate the Torah's prohibition of Trapping, two conditions must be met.
- The animal being trapped must be a non-domesticated animal.
- The "trapping" action must not legally confine the animal. For example, closing one's front door, thereby confining insects in one's house is not considered trapping as no difference to the insect's 'trappable' status has occurred. I.e. it's as easy or difficult to trap it now as it was when the door was open.
This creates questions in practical Halakha such as: "May one trap a fly under a cup on Shabbat?" The Meno Netziv says that an animal that is not normally trapped (e.g. a fly, or a lizard) is not covered under the Torah prohibition of trapping. It is however, a Rabbinic prohibition to do so, therefore one is not allowed to trap the animal. However, if one is afraid of the animal because of its venomous nature or that it might have rabies, one may trap it. If it poses a threat to life or limb, one may trap it and even kill it if absolutely necessary.
Animals which are considered too slow-moving to be 'free' are not included in this category, as trapping them doesn't change their legal status of being able to grab them in 'one hand swoop' (a term used by the Rambam to define this law). One is therefore allowed to confine a snail or tortoise, etc. as you can grab them just as easily whether they are in an enclosure or unhindered in the wild. For these purposes trapping them serves no change to their legal status regarding their ease of capture, and they are termed legally pre-trapped due to their nature. Trapping is therefore seen not as a 'removal of liberty', which caging even such a slow moving creature would be, but rather the confining of a creature to make it easier to capture in one's hand.
Laying traps violates a Rabbinic prohibition regardless of what the trap is, as this is a normal method of trapping a creature.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:15; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 317; Chayei Adam Shabbos 30
Hebrew: שוחט
Definition: Ending the life of a creature, whether through slaughter or any other method.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 11:1–4; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 316; Chayei Adam Shabbos 31
Hebrew: מפשט
Definition: Removing the hide from the body of a dead animal.
(Removing skin from a live creature would fall under Shearing/Gozez.)
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 11:5–6, 22:1–10; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 321, 327; Chayei Adam Shabbos 32
Hebrew: מעבד [Sometimes referred to as "Salting" מולח]
Definition: Preserving any item to prevent spoiling for a long period of time.
The list of activities in the Mishna includes salting hides and curing as separate categories of activity; the Gemara (Tractate Shabbat 75b) amends this to consider them the same activity and to include "tracing lines", also involved in the production of leather, as the thirty-ninth category of activity.[6]
This activity extends rabbinically to the creative act of salting/pickling of foods for non-immediate use on the Sabbath.
See further: Chayei Adam Shabbos 32–33, Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 321, 327; Chayei Adam Shabbos 33
Hebrew: ממחק
Definition: Scraping/sanding a surface to achieve smoothness.
See further: Chayei Adam Shabbos 34–35
Hebrew: משרטט
Definition: Scoring/drawing a cutting guideline.
See further: Jerusalem Talmud, Tractate Shabbat, Chapter "Klall Gadol", p. 52. tirone
Measured cuttingEdit
Hebrew: מחתך
Definition: Cutting any object to a specific size.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 11:7; Chayei Adam Shabbos 36
The Order of ConstructionEdit
Hebrew: כותב
Definition: Writing/forming a meaningful character or design.
Rabbinically, even writing with one's weaker hand is forbidden. The Rabbis also forbade any commercial activities, which often lead to writing.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 11:9–17, 23:12–19; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 340; Chayei Adam Shabbos 36
Hebrew: מוחק על מנת לכתוב שתי אותיות
Definition: Cleaning/preparing a surface to render it suitable for writing.
Erasing in order to write two or more letters is an example of erasing.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 11:17; Chayei Adam Shabbos 38
Hebrew: בונה
Definition: Contributing to the forming of any permanent structure.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:12–14 22:25–33; Chayei Adam Shabbos 39–44
Building can take two forms. First, there was the action of actually joining the different pieces together to make the mishcan. Inserting the handle of an axe into the socket is a derived form of this melakha. It is held by some that the act of Halakhic "building" is not actually performed (and therefore, the prohibition not violated) if the construction is not completed. From this, some authorities derive that it is prohibited to use electricity because, by turning on a switch, a circuit is completed and thus "built." (See "igniting a fire" below.)
Also, any making of a "tent" is forbidden. Therefore, umbrellas may not be opened (or closed), and a board may not be placed on crates to form a bench.
Either of these forms is only forbidden if done in a permanent fashion, though not necessarily with permanent intent. For example, closing and locking a door is permitted, regardless of how long one intends to keep the door closed. Making a pop-up tent is considered permanent (since it can stay up for a long time), even if one intends to take it down soon afterwards.
Hebrew: סותר
Definition: Demolishing for any constructive purpose.
For example, knocking down a wall in order to make space for an extension or repair of the wall would be demolition for a constructive purpose. Combing a wig to set it correctly and pulling out hairs during the procedure with a metal toothed brush or comb would be constructive 'demolition', as each hair that's removed in the process of the wig (a utensil) is progressing its state towards a completion which is desired. Each hair's removal is a partial demolition of the wig (for these legal purposes) and is considered constructive when viewed in context of the desired goal.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:15; Chayei Adam Shabbos 39, 43
Extinguishing a fireEdit
Hebrew: מכבה
Definition: Extinguishing/diminishing the intensity of a fire/flame.
While extinguishing a fire is forbidden even when great property damage will result; in the event of any life-threatening fire one is required to extinguish the flames,[7] by the principle of pikuach nefesh.
See further: Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 334; Chayei Adam Shabbos 45
Igniting a fireEdit
Hebrew: מבעיר
Definition: Igniting, fueling or spreading a fire/flame.
This includes making, transferring or adding fuel to a fire. (Note, however, that transferring fire is permitted on Jewish holidays. It is one of the exceptions to the rule that activities prohibited on Shabbat are likewise prohibited on Yom Tov.) This is one of the few Shabbat prohibitions mentioned explicitly in the Torah Exodus 35:3. Many poskim ground their prohibition of operating electrical appliances in this melakha.
Note that Judaism requires that at least one light (ordinarily candle or oil) be lit in honor of Shabbat immediately before its start.
This prohibition also was (and in many circles, still is) commonly understood to disallow operating electrical switches. One reason is that, when actuating electromechanical switches that carry a live current, there is always the possibility that a small electric spark will be generated. This spark may be thought of as a kind of fire, although since it is incidental and one does not benefit from it, it may not be a Sabbath violation at all. In any case, as science became more advanced, and the properties of fire and electricity became better understood, the former reasoning broke down: fire is a chemical reaction involving the release of energy; the flow of an electric current is a physical reaction. Therefore, some hold that the proper reason it is forbidden to complete electric circuits is because it involves construction or building (i.e., the building and completion of an electric circuit—see above). Rav Aurbach, a leading and widely accepted ultra-orthodox posek declined this argument comparing it to saying that you cannot shut a door, as it will effectively be completing a wall. He wrote, "In my opinion there is no prohibition [to use electricity] on Shabbat or Yom Tov... There is no prohibition of ma'keh bepatish or molid... (However, I [Rabbi Auerbach] am afraid that the masses will err and turn on incandescent lights on Shabbat, and thus I do not permit electricity absent great need...) ... This matter requires further analysis. ... However, the key point in my opinion is that there is no prohibition to use electricity on Shabbat unless the electricity causes a prohibited act like cooking or starting a flame." Some Conservative authorities, on the other hand, reject these arguments and permit the use of electricity.[8][9][10]
For Shabbat Observant Jews who want to turn a light on and off on the sabbath, the Shabbat lamp was invented. This circumvents this melocha, as the light is never turned on & off, only obscured and revealed via the design of the lamp housing.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 12:1; Chayei Adam Shabbos 46
Applying the finishing touchEdit
Hebrew: מכה בפטיש (literally, striking with a hammer).
Definition: Any initial act of completion.
This melakha refers to an act of completing an object and bringing it into its final useful form. For example, if the pages of a newspaper were poorly separated, slicing them open would constitute "applying the finishing touch". Ribiat, infra. Using a stapler involves transgressing "applying the finishing touch" in regard to the staple, which is brought into its final useful form by the act. Ribiat, infra. Adding hot water to a pre-made 'noodle-soup-pot' type cup (a dehydrated mixture of freeze-dried seasoning and noodles) would be the final act of completion for such a food as the manufacturer desired to make the product incomplete awaiting the consumer to finish the cooking process at their convenience. This particular example would also violate בישול (cooking) as well if hot water from a kettle/urn was directly applied. Ribiat, infra.
See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:16–18, 23:4–9; Chayei Adam Shabbos 44
Transferring between domainsEdit
Hebrew: מוציא מרשות לרשות / הוצאה
Definition: Transferring something from one domain type to another domain type, or transferring within a public thoroughfare.
All areas are divided into four categories: a private domain, a public thoroughfare, an open area (carmelit) and an exempt area.[11] Transferring an object from a private domain to a public thoroughfare, or the reverse, is Biblically forbidden. Transferring an object between an open area to a private domain or public thoroughfare is Rabbinically prohibited. Transferring an object between an exempt area and any other domain is permissible. In addition, transferring an object for a distance of four cubits (or more) in a public thoroughfare or open area is forbidden.
For these purposes "transferring" means "removing and depositing". So carrying an article out of one domain type and returning to the same domain type, without setting it down in the interim in a different domain type, does not violate the melacha. However, it is rabbinically prohibited.
The definition of an area as public thoroughfare or private domain is related to its degree of enclosure, not solely based on ownership.
This law is often referred to as carrying. This is a misnomer: carrying within a private domain is permitted; and carrying within an open area is Biblically permitted (though rabbinically forbidden).
See further: Chayei Adam Shabbos 47–56.
Saving of human lifeEdit
In the event that a human life is in danger, a Jew is not only allowed, but required, to violate any Shabbat law that stands in the way of saving that person.[12][13] The concept of life being in danger is interpreted broadly; for example, it is mandated that one violate Shabbat to take a woman in active labor to a hospital.
See alsoEdit
- ^ "Does Borer apply to the sorting of food items as well or only to separating between waste and food?", Weekly Hilchos Shabbos Series.
- ^ Some Laws Regarding Borer On Shabbat and Yom Tov, Rabbi Eli Mansour, DailyHalacha.com.
- ^ borer.pdf, Rabbi Sedley
- ^ 7 – Borer – Sorting (selecting, separating), The 39 Melachot Lamed-Tet Melachot, Torah Tots, Inc.
- ^ Chapter 80:15 Some Activities Forbidden on Shabbos Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, Halacha-Yomi, Rabbi Ari Lobel and Project Genesis.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 334.
- ^ Neulander, Arthur. "The Use of Electricity on the Sabbath." Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly 14 (1950) 165–171.
- ^ Adler, Morris; Agus, Jacob; and Friedman, Theodore. "Responsum on the Sabbath." Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly 14 (1950), 112–137.
- ^ Klein, Isaac. A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice. The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1979.
- ^ Mishna, Shabbat, chapters 1 and 11
- ^ 8 saved during "Shabbat from hell" Archived January 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (January 17, 2010) in Israel 21c Innovation News Service Retrieved 2010–01–18
- ^ ZAKA rescuemission to Haiti 'proudly desecrating Shabbat' Religious rescue team holds Shabbat prayer with members of international missions in Port au-Prince. Retrieved 2010–01–22
- Ribiat, Rabbi Dovid (1999). ספר ל״ט מלאכות The 39 Melochos. Jerusalem: Feldheim Publishers. ISBN 1-58330-368-5.