text:
Submarine, any naval vessel that is capable of propelling itself beneath the water as well as on the water's surface. This is a unique capability among warships, and submarines are quite different in design and appearance from surface ships.
Submarines first became a major factor in naval warfare during World War I (1914–18), when Germany employed them to destroy surface merchant vessels. In such attacks submarines used their primary weapon, a self-propelled underwater missile known as a torpedo. Submarines played a similar role on a larger scale in World War II (1939–45), in both the Atlantic (by Germany) and the Pacific (by the United States). In the 1960s the nuclear-powered submarine, capable of remaining underwater for months at a time and of firing long-range nuclear missiles without surfacing, became an important strategic weapon platform. Armed with torpedoes as well as antiship and antisubmarine missiles, the nuclear attack submarine has also become a key element of naval warfare.
Following is a history of the development of submarines from the 17th century to the present. For a history of other warships, see naval ship. For the weaponry of modern attack and strategic submarines, see rocket and missile system.
Early hand-powered submersibles
The first serious discussion of a "submarine"—a craft designed to be navigated underwater—appeared in 1578 from the pen of William Bourne, a British mathematician and writer on naval subjects. Bourne proposed a completely enclosed boat that could be submerged and rowed underwater. It consisted of a wooden frame covered with waterproof leather; it was to be submerged by reducing its volume by contracting the sides through the use of hand vises. Bourne did not actually construct his boat, and Cornelis Drebbel (or Cornelius van Drebel), a Dutch inventor, is usually credited with building the first submarine. Between 1620 and 1624 he successfully maneuvered his craft at depths of from 12 to 15 feet (four to five metres) beneath the surface during repeated trials in the Thames River, in England. King James I is said to have gone aboard the craft for a short ride. Drebbel's submarine resembled that proposed by Bourne in that its outer hull consisted of greased leather over a wooden frame; oars extended through the sides and, sealed with tight-fitting leather flaps, provided a means of propulsion both on the surface and underwater. Drebbel's first craft was followed by two larger ones built on the same principle.
A number of submarine boats were conceived in the early years of the 18th century. By 1727 no fewer than 14 types had been patented in England alone. In 1747 an unidentified inventor proposed an ingenious method of submerging and returning to the surface: his submarine design had goatskin bags attached to the hull with each skin connected to an aperture in the bottom of the craft. He planned to submerge the vessel by filling the skins with water and to surface by forcing the water out of the skins with a "twisting rod." This arrangement was a forerunner of the modern submarine ballast tank.
First use in war
The submarine was first used as an offensive weapon in naval warfare during the American Revolution (1775–83). The Turtle, a one-man craft invented by David Bushnell, a student at Yale, was built of wood in the shape of a walnut standing on end (see photograph). Submerged, the craft was powered by propellers cranked by the operator. The plan was to have the Turtle make an underwater approach to a British warship, attach a charge of gunpowder to the ship's hull by a screw device operated from within the craft, and leave before the charge was exploded by a time fuse. In the actual attack, however, the Turtle was unable to force the screw through the copper sheathing on the warship's hull.
Robert Fulton, famed U.S. inventor and artist, experimented with submarines several years before his steamboat Clermont steamed up the Hudson River. In 1800, while in France, Fulton built the submarine Nautilus under a grant from Napoleon Bonaparte. Completed in May 1801, this craft was made of copper sheets over iron ribs. A collapsing mast and sail were provided for surface propulsion, and a hand-turned propeller drove the boat when submerged. A precursor of a conning tower fitted with a glass-covered porthole permitted observation from within the craft. The Nautilus submerged by taking water into ballast tanks, and a horizontal "rudder"—a forerunner of the diving plane—helped keep the craft at the desired depth. The submarine contained enough air to keep four men alive and two candles burning for three hours underwater; later a tank of compressed air was added.
The Nautilus was intended to attach an explosive charge to the hull of an enemy ship in much the same manner as the Turtle. Fulton experimentally sank an old schooner moored at Brest but, setting out to destroy British warships, was unable to overtake those he sighted. France's interest in Fulton's submarine waned, and he left for England, offering his invention to his former enemy. In 1805 the Nautilus sank the brig Dorothy in a test, but the Royal Navy would not back his efforts. Fulton then came to the United States and succeeded in obtaining congressional backing for a more ambitious undersea craft. This new submarine was to carry 100 men and be powered by a steam engine. Fulton died before the craft was actually finished, however, and the submarine, named Mute, was left to rot, eventually sinking at its moorings.
During the War of 1812 between the United States and England, a copy of the Turtle was built, which attacked HMS Ramillies at anchor off New London, Conn. This time the craft's operator succeeded in boring a hole in the ship's copper sheathing, but the screw broke loose as the explosive was being attached to the ship's hull.
American Civil War and after
The next U.S. attempt at submarine warfare came during the Civil War (1861–65) when the Confederate States resorted to "unconventional" methods to overcome the Union Navy's superior strength, exerted in a blockade of Southern ports. In 1862 Horace L. Hunley of Mobile, Ala., financed the building of a Confederate submarine named Pioneer, a craft that was 34 feet long and was driven by a hand-cranked propeller operated by three men. It probably was scuttled to prevent its capture when Union forces occupied New Orleans (although some records say the Pioneer was lost with all those aboard during a dive while en route to attack Union ships).
The second submarine developed by the same builders was a remarkably advanced concept: a 25-foot iron boat intended to be propelled by a battery and electric motors. Not surprisingly, no suitable motors could be found, so a propeller cranked by four men was again adopted. The submarine sank without loss of life in heavy seas off Mobile Bay while seeking to attack the enemy.
The third submarine of the Confederacy was the H.L. Hunley, a modified iron boiler lengthened to between 36 and 40 feet. Ballast tanks and a system of weights submerged the craft; it could travel at a speed of four miles an hour, powered by eight men cranking its propeller. Its armament consisted of a "torpedo," filled with 90 pounds (40 kilograms) of gunpowder, towed behind the submarine at the end of a 200-foot line. The Hunley was to dive under an enemy warship and drag the torpedo against its hull. After a successful test against a barge, the Hunley was moved by railroad to Charleston, S.C. There the vessel suffered several disasters, sinking three times and drowning a number of crewmen including Hunley himself. Manned for a fourth time, the Hunley was fitted with a "torpedo" on the end of a long spar, and the craft made several successful dives. On the night of Feb. 17, 1864, the submarine attacked the Union warship Housatonic in Charleston harbour. The torpedo's detonation exploded the warship's magazines: the Housatonic sank in shallow water with the loss of five men, but the Hunley was also destroyed by the explosion, and its crew was killed.
One of the more intrepid submarine inventors of the same period was Wilhelm Bauer, a noncommissioned officer of Bavarian artillery who built two boats, Le Plongeur-Marin (1851) and Le Diable-Marin (1855). The first boat sank in Kiel harbour on Feb. 1, 1851, but Bauer and his two assistants escaped from a depth of 60 feet after the craft had been on the bottom for five hours. His second craft, built for the Russian government, was successful and reportedly made 134 dives before being lost at sea. In September 1856, during the coronation of Tsar Alexander II, Bauer submerged his submarine in Kronshtadt harbour with several musicians on board. An underwater rendition of the Russian national anthem was clearly heard by persons inside ships in the harbour.
Toward diesel-electric power
A major limitation of the early submarines was their lack of a suitable means of propulsion. In 1880 an English clergyman, George W. Garrett, successfully operated a submarine with steam from a coal-fired boiler that featured a retractable smokestack. The fire had to be extinguished before the craft would submerge (or it would exhaust the air in the submarine), but enough steam remained in the boilers for traveling several miles underwater.
Similarly, the Swedish gun designer Torsten Nordenfelt constructed a steam-powered submarine driven by twin propellers. His craft could be submerged by vertical propellers to a depth of 50 feet and was fitted with one of the first practical torpedo tubes. Several nations built submarines to Nordenfelt's design.
In an effort to overcome the problems of propulsion, two French naval officers built the 146-foot submarine Le Plongeur in 1864, powered by an 80-horsepower compressed-air engine, but the craft quickly exhausted its air tanks whenever it got under way. Development of the electric motor finally made electric propulsion practicable. The submarine Nautilus, built in 1886 by two Englishmen, was an all-electric craft. This Nautilus, propelled by two 50-horsepower electric motors operated from a 100-cell storage battery, achieved a surface speed of six knots (nautical miles per hour; one knot equals 1.15 statute miles per hour or 1.85 kilometres per hour). But the battery had to be recharged and overhauled at short intervals, and the craft was never able to travel more than 80 miles without a battery recharge. In France, Gustave Zédé launched the Gymnote in 1888; it, too, was propelled by an electric motor and was extremely maneuverable but tended to go out of control when it dived.
The end of the 19th century was a period of intensive submarine development, and Zédé collaborated in a number of designs sponsored by the French navy. A most successful French undersea craft of the period was the Narval, designed by Maxime Laubeuf, a marine engineer in the navy. Launched in 1899, the Narval was a double-hulled craft, 111.5 feet long, propelled on the surface by a steam engine and by electric motors when submerged. The ballast tanks were located between the double hulls, a concept still in use today. The Narval made a large number of successful dives. Further French progress in submarines was marked by the four Sirène-class steam-driven undersea craft completed in 1900–01 and the Aigrette, completed in 1905, the first diesel-driven submarine of any navy.
Similarly, there were submarine successes in the United States by rival inventors John P. Holland (an Irish immigrant) and Simon Lake. Holland launched his first under-sea craft in 1875. This one and its successors were significant in combining water ballast with horizontal rudders for diving. In 1895, in competition with Nordenfelt, Holland received an order from the U.S. Navy for a submarine. This was to be the Plunger, propelled by steam on the surface and by electricity when submerged. The craft underwent many design changes and finally was abandoned before completion. Holland returned the funds advanced by the navy and built his next submarine (his sixth) at his own expense. This was the Holland, a 53.25-foot craft launched in 1897 and accepted by the navy in 1900. For underwater propulsion the Holland had an electric motor, and it was propelled on the surface by a gasoline engine. The submarine's armament consisted of a bow torpedo tube, for which three torpedoes were carried, and two dynamite guns. With its nine-man crew the Holland was a successful boat; it was modified many times to test different arrangements of propellers, diving planes, rudders, and other equipment.
Holland's chief competitor, Simon Lake, built his first submarine, the Argonaut I, in 1894; it was powered by a gasoline engine and electric motor. This and Lake's other early boats were intended as undersea research craft. In 1898 the Argonaut I sailed from Norfolk, Va., to New York City under its own power, predating the cruises of the French Narval and marking the first time an undersea craft operated extensively in the open sea. Lake's second submarine was the Protector, launched in 1901.
Of the major naval powers at the turn of the century, only Britain remained indifferent toward submarines. Finally, in 1901, the Royal Navy ordered five of the Holland-design undersea craft. Germany completed its first submarine, the U-1 (for Unterseeboot 1), in 1905. This craft was 139 feet long, powered on the surface by a heavy oil engine and by an electric motor when submerged, and was armed with one torpedo tube. Thus, the stage was set for the 20th-century submarine, a craft propelled on the surface by diesel engines and underwater by battery-powered electric motors, submerging by diving planes and taking on water ballast, and armed with torpedoes for sinking enemy ships. The quarters inside these early craft were cramped, generally wet, and stank from diesel oil.
World War I
By the eve of World War I all of the major navies included submarines in their fleets, but these craft were relatively small, were considered of questionable military value, and generally were intended for coastal operations. The most significant exception to the concept of coastal activity was the German Deutschland class of merchant U-boats, each 315 feet long with two large cargo compartments. These submarines could carry 700 tons of cargo at 12- to 13-knot speeds on the surface and at seven knots submerged. The Deutschland itself became the U-155 when fitted with torpedo tubes and deck guns, and, with seven similar submarines, it served in a combat role during the latter stages of the war. In comparison, the "standard" submarine of World War I measured slightly over 200 feet in length and displaced less than 1,000 tons on the surface.
The prewar submarines generally had been armed with self-propelled torpedoes for attacking enemy ships. During the war submarines also were fitted with deck guns. This permitted them to approach enemy merchant ships on the surface and signal them to stop for searching (an early war policy) and later to sink small or unarmed ships that did not warrant expenditure of torpedoes. Most war-built submarines had one and sometimes two guns of about three- or four-inch calibre; however, several later German submarines carried 150-millimetre guns (including the Deutschland class in military configuration).
An important armament variation was the submarine modified to lay mines during covert missions off an enemy's harbours. The Germans constructed several specialized submarines with vertical mine tubes through their hulls; some U-boats carried 48 mines in addition to their torpedoes.
Also noteworthy was the development, during the war, of the concept of an antisubmarine submarine. British submarines sank 17 German U-boats during the conflict; the early submarine-versus-submarine successes led to British development of the R-class submarine intended specifically for this role. These were relatively small craft, 163 feet long and displacing 410 tons on the surface, with only one propeller (most contemporary submarines had two). Diesel engines could drive them at nine knots on the surface, but once submerged, large batteries permitted their electric motors to drive them underwater at the high speed of 15 knots for two hours. (Ten knots was a common speed for submerged submarines until after World War II.) Thus, they were both maneuverable and fast. Advanced underwater listening equipment (asdic, or sonar) was installed, and six forward torpedo tubes made them potent weapons. Although these submarines appeared too late to have any actual effect on the war, they pioneered a new concept in the development of the submarine.
All World War I-era submarines were propelled by diesels on the surface and by electric motors submerged, except for the British Swordfish and K class. These submarines, intended to operate as scouts for surface warships, required the high speeds then available only from steam turbines. The K-boats steamed at 23.5 knots on the surface, while electric motors gave them a 10-knot submerged speed.
World War II
Interest in submarines continued high within the world's navies during the period between World Wars I and II. Britain, France, and Japan built improved types, and during this period the U.S. Navy built its first large long-range submarine, the Argonaut. Completed in 1928, it was 381 feet long, displaced 2,710 tons on the surface, was armed with two six-inch guns and four forward torpedo tubes, and could carry 60 mines. The Argonaut, the largest nonnuclear submarine ever built by the U.S. Navy, led to the highly successful Gato and Balao classes of U.S. submarines used in World War II.
During the 1930s the rejuvenated Soviet shipyards began producing large numbers of submarines, primarily coastal craft, in an attempt to make the Soviet Union a sea power without major expenditures for surface warships. But though the Soviet program achieved quantity, their ships were unsuitable for operations against the German Navy, their crews were poorly trained, and Soviet bases were blocked by ice much of the time.
World War II saw extensive submarine campaigns on all of the world's oceans. In the Atlantic the principal German U-boat was the VII type, a relatively small but effective craft when properly employed. The Type VIIC variant was 220.25 feet long, displaced 769 tons on the surface, and was powered by diesel-electric machinery at a speed of 17 knots on the surface and 7.5 knots submerged. Armament consisted of one 90-millimetre deck gun, various antiaircraft guns, and five torpedo tubes, four forward and one aft. Either 14 torpedoes or 14 tube-launched mines were carried. Manned by a crew of 44, these submarines had a surface endurance of 6,500 miles at 12 knots, but, when they were submerged, their batteries would remain active a little less than a day at four knots.
The ultimate diesel-electric submarine evolved in the war was the German Type XXI, a 250-foot, 1,600-ton craft that could attain 17 1/2 knots submerged for more than an hour, could travel at six knots underwater for two days, or could "creep" at slower speeds for four days. These submarines were fitted with snorkel devices (see below), which made it unnecessary for them to surface fully to recharge their batteries after operating submerged. The Type XXI had an operating depth of 850 feet, more than twice what was then normal, and was armed with four 33-millimetre guns and six forward torpedo tubes (23 torpedoes carried). These properties made all earlier submarines obsolete. Existing Allied antisubmarine forces would have had serious trouble coping with these craft had the war continued past the spring of 1945.
A final German war design of particular interest was the Walter turbine propulsion plant. The need for oxygen for combustion had previously prevented the use of steam turbines or diesels while the submarine was submerged and air was at a premium. Hellmuth Walter, a German scientist, developed a turbine propulsion system using oxygen generated by hydrogen peroxide to operate the turbine while submerged. A simplified submarine, the V-80, built in 1940 and propelled by a Walter turbine system, could attain speeds of more than 26 knots submerged for a short period of time. After many delays, the first Walter-propelled Type XVII combat submarines were completed and could reach 25 knots underwater for brief periods, and a submerged run of 20 knots for 5 1/2 hours was achieved on trials. But these submarines, like the Type XXI, were not ready for full-scale operations when the war ended.
A notable German submarine development of World War II was the schnorchel device (anglicized by the U.S. Navy to "snorkel"). Its invention is credited to a Dutch officer, Lieutenant Jan J. Wichers, who in 1933 advanced the idea of a breathing tube to supply fresh air to a submarine's diesel engines while it was running submerged. The Netherlands Navy began using snorkels in 1936, and some fell into German hands in 1940. With the advent of radar to detect surfaced submarines, the Germans fitted hundreds of U-boats with snorkels to permit the operation of diesels at periscope depth (to recharge batteries for underwater propulsion) with less of a possibility of detection by Allied radar-equipped ships and aircraft.
In the Pacific war the Japanese employed a large number of submarines of various sizes and types, including aircraft-carrying submarines, midget submarines, and "human torpedoes" carried by larger submarines. The Japanese I-201 class was a high-speed submarine, of 259 feet and 1,291 tons displacement, that had diesel propulsion for 15 knots on the surface; while underwater, large batteries and electric motors could drive the vessel at a speed of 19 knots for almost one hour. Each boat had two 25-millimetre guns and four forward torpedo tubes and carried ten torpedoes.
The highly successful U.S. submarine campaign in the Pacific war was waged mainly with the Gato- and Balao-class submarines. These were approximately 311.5 feet long, displaced 1,525 tons, and had diesel-electric machinery for 20-knot surface and nine-knot underwater speeds. The principal difference between the two designs was the 300-foot operating depth for the Gato class and 400-foot depth for the Balao boats. Manned by 65 to 70, these submarines had one or two five-inch deck guns plus smaller antiaircraft weapons and 10 torpedo tubes (six forward, four aft) and carried 24 torpedoes.
Postwar developments
After the war the Allies were quick to adopt advanced German submarine technology. The British built two peroxide turbine-propelled experimental submarines, but this concept lost favour because of the unstable properties of hydrogen peroxide and because of American success with nuclear propulsion. The Soviet Union began building modifications of the Type XXI submarine. Some 265 of these submarines, labeled Whiskey and Zulu class by NATO observers, were completed between 1950 and 1958, more submarines than built by all of the world's other navies combined between 1945 and 1970. (In that period Soviet shipyards produced a total of 560 new submarines.)
The U.S. Navy studied German technology and converted 52 war-built submarines to the Guppy configuration (an acronym for "greater underwater propulsive power," with the "y" added for phonetics). These submarines had their deck guns removed and streamlined conning towers fitted; larger batteries and a snorkel were installed; four torpedoes and, in some craft, one of the four diesel engines were removed. The result was an underwater speed of 15 knots and increased underwater endurance.Norman C. Polmar The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Although the major powers switched to nuclear power after World War II, the great bulk of the world's navies have continued to buy—or in a few cases, build—submarines descended directly from the fast diesel-electric U-boats of the war. (Indeed, many of them were designed and built in West Germany.) Postwar diesel-electric submarines continue to be equipped with snorkels, but hunters have adopted improved radars that can detect even the small head of the snorkel, just as aircraft with more primitive radars could detect surfaced U-boats during World War II.
The main advances have been in weapons and sensors. Deck guns have been abandoned, in some cases for antiship missiles. Torpedoes, which can exceed 50 knots, either home onto their targets acoustically with self-contained sonar or are guided by electronic commands passed to them through a threadlike wire paid out behind the speeding projectile. In addition, many submarines are equipped with cruise missiles or antiship missiles for striking targets on land or on the sea surface. Submarine sonars, for detecting both surface ships and other submarines, have been enormously improved, and on the most advanced submarines the familiar periscope is being replaced by so-called photonic masts, or optronic masts. These are sensor systems that, like the periscope, project upward to the surface from the submarine's sail; however, unlike the periscope, they relay optical, infrared, and radiowave information to the control room electronically, without the need for any hardware to pierce the submarine's hull. The masts are directed by a simple joystick in the control room, and the data can be displayed on screens located anywhere on the submarine.
Maximum submerged speed, meanwhile, has increased only somewhat (to more than 20 knots) over the German Type XXI, and endurance at top speed is no greater than at the end of World War II. Improvements in the design of conventional lead-acid batteries have somewhat increased endurance at low speed. Many modern submarines, for example, can remain submerged (at about three knots) for as long as a week to 10 days. This is an important improvement, because during so long a period sea conditions can easily arise that would allow a submarine to escape or force submarine hunters on the surface to disperse, but the development of "air-independent propulsion" (AIP) using fuel cells has brought even greater improvement. Some AIP-capable submarines, equipped with fuel cells that use stored hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity, are said to be able to operate at low speeds underwater for as long as a month.
For these reasons, diesel-electric submarines are still furtive but effective platforms, operating very quietly and conserving their energy for the postattack escape. Because their electric motors are quieter than nuclear units (and can even be shut off for a time), they are sometimes proposed as antisubmarine ambushers that would silently await their prey in areas through which enemy submarines are known to pass. AIP offers the possibility of other roles, such as operating in polar seas for long periods under ice, tracking coastal shipping in antiterrorist operations, or inserting special operations forces onto foreign shores. Modern diesel-electric submarines, AIP-capable or not, are thus affordable weapons platforms for many navies around the world that wish to defend their own coastal areas against all potential enemies, even nuclear powers.


text:
By Rachel Frey
Big 12 Campus Correspondent
Senior Yvonne Anderson leads her team during practice, and under the watchful eye of coach Gail Goestenkors, she guides the offense into positions and screens during games.
"She has a great understanding of the game of basketball," Goestenkors said. "She runs the offense, she gets us into all of our offenses, all of our sets, and she takes great pride in her defense as well."
Anderson is part of Goestenkors' first recruiting class at Texas, along with teammates Ashleigh Fontenette and Ashley Gayle. The rest of the team consists of seven sophomores and four freshmen, and according to Anderson, one of the goals she has for this season is to help build the team's connection.
"My goal is always to win the Big 12 championship, but we have greater goals, and we want to go very deep into the NCAA tournament," Anderson said. "However, it is not so much that, but it is the new team, how we are going to bond. It is about how we are going to make our goals happen."
Anderson and Goestenkors have worked on improving her leadership skills. Goestenkors believes that as Anderson has matured during college, she has gained confidence to talk to and pilot her teammates during practice or a game.
"She has always been kind of quiet, but she is a more vocal leader this year than she has ever been," Goestenkors said. "She knows the game and she has worked so hard, so she needs to work with others to help them understand the game and get them to where they need to be.
Anderson also strives to help her younger teammates understand the expectations UT fans have each season.
"Everyone has to reach up to [those expectations]," Anderson said. "My job is not to bring them down, but to raise them up. I want everyone to play their hardest, and put their passion on that floor."
Chassidy Fussell is one teammate who has grown with Anderson's guidance.
"She is a great point guard -- she will get you the ball," Fussell said. "She knows when to pass it, where to pass it. She has a knack for the game. Yvonne is a great teammate, she is really passionate for the game. She is a great leader on the court, and one of my best friends off the court."
According to Goestenkors, Anderson makes sure that the person who needs the ball gets the ball, plays good defense and controls the tempo. She calls the senior a floor leader who always wants to guard the best player on the opposing team on the perimeter.
"She is our point guard, and she is a great leader for our team," Goestenkors said. "She has tremendous will to win, and will do whatever the team needs for us to be successful.
However, this season she has also shown an affinity for setting up her teammates to score. She leads the team with 47 assists.
"I look for what is open, what is not open -- not just for me, but the whole team," Anderson said. "I read everything that is going on. It is a coaching mindset almost. I see things that the other players don't see. You have to be able to read mismatches, and see how to guard on defense. I have a broad view of the court."
Her expectations have increased for her last season, which is now accompanied by a "sense of urgency."
"[I am] in a mindset where there are no days off, you cannot have bad games, you cannot have days where you do not work hard," Anderson said. "That is not what we expect here and that is not what I can handle in my last year. I have no more chances. Our expectations are high, but we are working hard and we believe we can achieve them.
She is proud of the progress her team has made towards their expectations, and the attitude the team has throughout each game they play.
"Mindset wise, we fight from start to finish," Anderson said. "That is a change from a lot of teams. If we get down, we don't lose our poise. We fight and we expect to win these big games. That is the difference in this team, we have no fear. We expect to go out and do great. We expect to leave it all out on the floor."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
She wants to have a bebe and heal up before coming back full time as a pro runner
5 milly?
boulderisbolder wrote:
She's making about $5M/year from Picky Bars, so she can just run for fun now.
When it was out of her kitchen, they had scaled up to 12,000 bars a month. And they aren't in her kitchen any more (read http://pickybars.com/blogs/pic...on-partner )
Bubsayer wrote:
She's profiting $5mm/year on an enterprise that, last I heard, was being run out of her kitchen? Maybe hand-baking millions of Picky bars a year was the cause of her injuries.
Call me stupid, Ms Hyperbole, but 12,000 bars a month is 144,000 a year. At $2.00 a bar that's only $288,000 per year GROSS revenue. Take out material and production costs, then administrative, I don't see anywhere near $3mm profit? Maybe $150k at most!
cowsandmilk wrote:
Back of the envelope calculations suggest they have revenue of $3mm/year , so definitely not profiting at $5mm/year, but they can likely pay her a salary well above what Nike was paying her and it is perfect timing to go out on the road to use her former national champion status to promote the company. Hold clinics at running stores sponsored by picky bars and use them to convince the stores to carry the products. Hit up a different local road race every 3 or 4 days handing out bars to runners. And if she returns to racing in 2014 or 2015, she can now have a Picky Bars singlet in the NYC Marathon, not Nike. Picky Bars have great growth and they will easily be into 8 figure revenue by 2014.
(And don't forget, she has a second company, http://www.believeiam.com/ , that will also benefit from a tour of running stores around the country)


text:
The Hope College men's golf team has been named to the inaugural national All-Academic team honor roll of the Golf Coaches Association of America.
The Hope College men's golf team has been named to the inaugural national All-Academic team honor roll of the Golf Coaches Association of America.
The honor, for the 2008-09 school year, recognizes collegiate men's teams who maintained a cumulative grade point average of 3.0 or better for the entire year. Members of the Hope team maintained a 3.339 GPA in 2008-09.
Hope was one of just 20 NCAA Division III teams to receive the honor. Division III in 2009-10 consists of 410 colleges/universities.
The Flying Dutchmen, coached by Bob Ebels, also received the GPA Team award from the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA).
Members of the team and their 2008-09 academic year were:
Chris Ansel, sophomore from Zeeland (Zeeland East)
Nicholas Campbell, freshman from Saline (Saline)
Chris Harwood, freshman from Westfield, Ind. (Brebeuf Prep)
Joshua Jelenek, junior from Laingsburg (Laingsburg)
Donald Kring, senior from Williamsburg (St. Francis)
Caleb Nykamp, freshman from Holland (Holland Christian)
Dan Oumedian, senior from Jenison (Jenison)
Nicholas Rollick, freshman from Brighton (Brighton)
Donald Scholten, senior from Grand Rapids (Grand Rapids Christian)
Steven Strock, junior from Grandville (Grandville)
Andrew Thomson, freshman from Beaver Dam, Wisc. (Central Wisconsin Christian)
Joshua Wylie, freshman from Brighton (Brighton)


text:
We use cookies to provide you with the best possible user experience. If you continue to use the site without changing your cookie settings, we assume you are fine with our cookies and the way we use them. The cookies store information about how you use our website, and help you use some of the functions on the site. Our cookies do not store any sensitive information, and we never use your cookies for targeted advertising. If you want, you can change your computer's settings so that it does not accept cookies. We have information here on how you can do that.
Encuentre soluciones por tipo de proyecto.
Use the applications you want, when you want for high quality and economical designs. You get reduced upfront costs, simplified business transactions, and the power of interoperability at your fingertips. With Structural Enterprise, you can design in any infrastructure sector, with multiple materials, using any analysis method that is appropriate for the job.
We will review your structural license portfolio and determine if Structural Enterprise is the most economical choice for you!Contact us for your free license assessment!


text:
Next Episode of The Three Stooges is
not planed. TV Show was canceled.
Watch as Moe, Larry and Curly go through life the only way a stooge can, with laughs and a lot of mischief.
Looks like something went completely wrong!
But don't worry - it can happen to the best of us,
- and it just happened to you.
Please try again later or contact us.


text:
Unveiled for the American market at the AHR EXPO in Dallas in January, the new MAGNA3 circulator from Grundfos is the most efficient circulator pump range for commercial buildings on the market, as well as one of the most intelligent.
The unique AUTOADAPT technology developed by Grundfos is a proportional pressure control with added intelligence, which takes the guesswork out of setting up the pump. With AUTOADAPT the MAGNA3 adjusts its own set point based on actual system performance, by looking for the highest flow condition existing in the system and adjusting its set point for that condition. The result is the lowest possible set point and the lowest energy consumption – all based on actual system performance.
Real-world applications
The AUTOADAPT feature removes the unknowns when configuring a system and delivers the best efficiency rate for real-world applications. And because the pump is set-up to perform in the actual system, it does not compromise comfort demands either. The pump learns from the system demands and reduces its own set point to minimize energy consumption while meeting flow demands.
Click on the other tabs to find out more about the MAGNA3 circulator.
In any control mode, the FLOWLIMIT function will save you the trouble of balancing the set point – the pump will never go above the maximum flow that is entered.
The MAGNA3 is built with additional new technologies and functions that make it even more efficient. The new FLOWLIMIT function and FLOWADAPT control mode (AUTOADAPT with a maximum flow limit) makes it possible to set a maximum flow limit for the MAGNA3 pump. This improves overall energy-efficiency and eliminates the need for pump throttling valves in systems where MAGNA3 is used.
The MAGNA3 also features a built-in heat energy meter that can monitor system heat energy distribution (BTU) and consumption in order to avoid excessive energy bills caused by system imbalances. This feature can save the cost of installing a separate energy metering device within your system. However, to make use of the heat energy meter function an external sensor to measure return pipe liquid temperature must be added. While the built-in heat energy meter is an excellent tool for system optimization, it cannot be used for billing purposes.
More than 150 million circulator pumps are in operation throughout North America and Europe and many of these pumps are inefficient. The MAGNA3 was designed and constructed from the beginning with efficiency in mind and includes new features that further improve efficiency.
This range extension means that it is now much easier to right-size a MAGNA3 for any duty point.
Impeller design
The MAGNA3 impeller has been designed and optimized using 3D development tools to ensure the broadest optimal efficiency across the operating range. The 3D development was also extended to include the design of the pump house hydraulics together with an optimized motor performance, so these could be mutually optimized using flow analysis. The impellers are manufactured from composite to very high to tolerances to minimize losses within the pump itself.
Permanent neodymium magnet rotor ensures that there is zero slip between the rotor and the compact stator's electric field and provides very strong torque at low power consumption. A new carbon fiber-reinforced composite rotor can minimizes power loss and contributes to higher energy efficiency. Finally, in-slot stator winding prevents the heat loss that would occur in pumps with traditional excess copper outside the iron core.
MAGNA3 is a full-range pump with more than 41 different single and twin circulators in cast iron or stainless steel. Maximum head has been increased to 60 feet and flow to 550 GPM. Running twin pumps on full capacity gives you an even larger performance area. This range extension means that it is now much easier to right-size a MAGNA3 for any duty point.
The MAGNA3 is suited for a range of applications, including heating and cooling applications as well as domestic hot water circulation systems. It is designed to handle liquids down to -10°C, which also makes it suitable for both tough industrial tasks and ground source heat pump systems.
Like all other Grundfos electronic pumps, the MAGNA3 can be monitored and controlled through the Grundfos GO app, which is a free download from the App Store and Google Play.
Grundfos GO gives you intuitive wireless pump control and full access to the Grundfos online tools on the go.
To make full use of the app, the appropriate Mobile Interface (dongle) for an iPhone or Android smartphone is required. If you do not currently own a smartphone, Grundfos offers the Grundfos GO device, a complete iPod Touch solution. Grundfos GO gives you intuitive wireless pump control and full access to the Grundfos online tools on the go. Grundfos GO also allows you to name individual pumps for easy reference.
In work sites where multiple pumps are controlled through Grundfos GO, the built-in wink function on the pump display even lets you know which pump is currently targeted by the application.


text:
mountainview necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 63 diseños de 10 diseñadores freelance.
We're an e-commerce startup wanting to provide beneficial, high-quality skin care/beauty products to young professionals (men and women) through an upbeat, fun manner. The goal is to provide the means for our customers to not only look better, but to feel more confident. Our philosophy emphasizes the importance of overall health to creating and maintaining good looks and a vibrant attitude.
We're targeting an international customer base, focusing mainly on age 20-35, young men and women stepping into the workforce, so appearances are important to them. These people are busy and Internet-savvy and enjoy doing their shopping online, but they are still early in their careers and do not have the income to afford top beauty brands. Our products are high-quality but affordable--not as expensive as Bloomingdales, but not as low as drugstores, allowing our customers to care for their skin within their financial means while still enjoying the feel of luxury. Our customers are young, energetic, and sociable.
We are looking for a logo to represent our brand: 99xLove.
We need a text and icon logo where the icon can also be presented separately but still be connected to the brand (for example, the Nike swoosh or the McDonalds "M").
We will need the same logo in two different color schemes:
(1) Pink and Orange (for women)
(2) Blue and Brown (for men)
Lighter or darker shades is your choice, so long as they meet this requirement. Surprise us!
Our Likes:
(1) Happy, vibrant, energetic feel
(2) Unisex (color will make the gender distinction)
(3) This is an international customer base, so the typeface should be clear, simple, and easy to read
(4) In terms of the icon, be creative, but we're looking for something not overly complicated and with a touch of class
(5) We are not limited to heart shapes; we're open to any shapes, animal designs, etc.
Our Dislikes:
(1) Nothing cheesy, cheap, or childlike
(2) Don't write out "99"; keep the numbers
(3) Please do not use any stock photos or clip art in the logo
We're going to use the logo for our website, letterhead, brochures and other printed materials, and t-shirts, so we need file types such as noted below for these purposes.
Print file format: vector-based .eps (preferred) or TIFF
Web file format: .jpg
We will need additional design work in the future and are looking to find a creative mind to help us carry our brand forward!
We're excited and looking forward to seeing your ideas!
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


text:
Around Town: Ernie Kovacs, Joe Dante and 'Thelma & Louise'
A tribute to a late comic genius, a 20th anniversary of an Oscar-winning hit, and appearances from directors Joe Dante and Ron Shelton are among the cinematic highlights this weekend.
"In Kovacsland: Tribute to Ernie Kovacs," Saturday evening at the American Cinematheque's Egyptian Theatre, examines the work of the the innovative comic, who died in a car crash in 1962. During the 1950s and early '60s, Kovacs transformed TV comedy with his surreal camera tricks and crazy characters such as Percy Dovetonsils and the Nairobi Trio. Among those discussing Kovacs are Jeff Garlin, Harry Shearer and George and Jolene Brand Schlatter.
Over at the Cinematheque's Aero Theatre, director Joe Dante will discuss his work Thursday evening in between screenings of his films 1989's "The 'Burbs" and 1993's "Matinee." And on Friday, writer-director Ron Shelton will appear at the screenings of two of his sports comedies starring Kevin Costner: 1988's baseball romance "Bull Durham" and 1996's golf-featured "Tin Cup." http://www.americancinematheque.com


text:
The Original Puffy Mattress Review CONSTRUCTIONPuffy Mattress Vs Avocado
The Puffy Mattress features a simple design with two foam layers: among thick memory foam and also another of high-density poly foam. While the structure might seem a bit simplistic, the manufacturer states the mix of materials was especially chosen to bring targeted relief to the backbone.
The cover is made of polyester, which makes for a soft and elastic substance. |} Additionally, I discovered the cloth to be rather thin, which encourages airflow during the mattress.
Puffy Mattress Support – Puffy Mattress Vs Avocado
A lack of a transition layer brings us directly into the primary support system of the mattress, composed of 6″ of high-density poly foam. |} Contrary to the memory foam layer above it, this segment includes a quick reaction to stress and may be quite firm, imbuing the structure with its own stability and contour.
Heavier sleepers should notice that the absence of any sort of transition foam suggests that you are very likely to interact mainly with the high-density poly foam as you quickly sink throughout the memory foam comfort layer. For this reason, you might believe the mattress as a bit sexier than other sleepers.
Firmness And Feel
After inspecting the construction of this Puffy, let's discuss its firmness and feel. If a person applies light hand pressure into the mattress, they will discover they are interacting virtually entirely with all the memory foam comfort layer. The material adheres invisibly into the body and you will really feel himself sinking into the bed.
One other important factor to consider when buying a new mattress is weight, or more especially where pressure points are going to form while lying on top of it. Especially this is essential for what type of sleeper you isback, side, or stomach predominantly.
Back Sleepers
The memory foam in the upper layer works to shape to your system and fill in the region in the thoracic area. While this contributes to a fantastic pressure relief within this position, it may make it difficult to move around and shift places.
Edge Service
Scooting close to the side of the mattress, there's some decent support from the Puffy. Some mattresses fall here at the border, but the high-density poly foam does a good job of carrying up weight even compacted throughout the memory foam.
Side Sleepers
For side sleepers, there is a couple terrific pressure relief. |} Side sleepers tend to opt for softer mattresses which provide cushiony support to the shoulders and hips, common problem areas for individuals who doze on their palms.
Stomach Sleepers
Stomach — Though the thick memory foam comfort layer is a big win for side sleepers, it's a small mixed bag for stomach sleepers who generally opt for heftier constructions that keep the spine in a much alignment. |} Which could enable you to sense that their buttocks sinking out of line with your shoulders, which might cause any distress in this position.
Motion Transfer
Next up, have a peek at the Puffy's motion transfer, or the quantity of disturbance detectable from one side of the mattress in the other. An important test for everybody, but especially for those who sleep with a partner as it will tell you how distressed you will be by their nighttime moves.
There are actually quite interesting motion transfer results. You'll notice a small spike in initial movement across the drops that quickly dissipates, which has to feature into the thick memory foam comfort layer. This material is excellent at absorbing and dampening movement, which makes it you're unlikely to be overly bothered by your mattress partner's tossing and turning in the evening .
When purchasing a new mattress, most men and women wish to know if they will feel like they're sinking"into" the mattress or laying"on top" of it.
This mattress is on the milder side so there's a fantastic amount of sinkage. It is very likely to sink in deeply through the foam layers in this particular mattress, leading to a stuck-in-the-bed kind feel that may make it somewhat difficult to change rankings.
The Puffy Mattress Basics – Puffy Mattress Vs Avocado
Shipping: Free, arrives compressed in a box.
101 Night Sleep Trial
Pros And Cons
Now that we've taken a closer look at the Puffy mattress, I Want to highlight a few of its greatest pros and cons:
First and foremost, I'd say this mattress can make an excellent selection for side sleepers as the thick comfort layer works to relieve strain in the shoulders and buttocks.
I would also note the Puffy evokes a traditional memory foam texture, so can be good for anyone with a penchant for your material.
And lastly, this can be just 1 soft mattress, so can do wonders for anyone looking for a gentle, calming arrangement.
Although the memory foam is a significant selling point of this mattress, it is going to make things a bit embarrassing for strict stomach sleepers who might discover that it pushes their buttocks from working with their shoulders.
It also contributes to a construction that does not have really much bounce, which could be a detractor for individuals desiring buoyant support.
>> To learn more about that Puffy, see its website here! <<
Check out the Puffy Lux here:
Puffy Mattress Coupons|Puffy Mattress Coupon|Puffy Mattress Discount Codes|Puffy Mattress Discount Code|Puffy Mattress Discounts|Puffy Mattress Discount|Where To Buy Puffy Mattress|The Puffy Mattress|Puffy Mattress Price|Puffy Mattress Prices|The Puffy Mattress Review|Puffy Mattress Vs Purple|Puffy Mattress Coupon Codes|Puffy Mattress Coupon Code|Puffy Mattress Canada|Puffy Mattress Vs Leesa|Puffy King Mattress|Puffy Vs Purple Mattress|Purple Mattress Vs Puffy|Puffy Mattress Reviews}
BedTimes Sleep Products News Site
Storis Names Culmone President
Retail software supplier Storis has promoted Doug Culmone to president and chief operating officer of the Mount Arlington, New Jersey-based company. Culmone began his career at Storis in 1998 as director of client services. In 2001, he was promoted to vice president of operations and, since 2004, he has served as COO. During his tenure, […]
Eclipse Flagship Mattress Factory Goes Green
North Brunswick, New Jersey-based Eclipse International has capped off a three-year effort to make its flagship factory a zero-waste facility. The milestone means waste materials from mattress production — foam and fabric scraps, wood, cardboard and other packaging materials — now are being recycled. "It took longer than expected to find suitable outlets for all […]
Spring Air Teams Up With Furniture First
Mattress licensing group Spring Air International, with headquarters in Chelsea, Massachusetts, has been selected as an approved supplier partner of national buying group Furniture First. Furniture First, based in Middletown, Pennsylvania, was founded in 1994 by a small group of independent furniture retailers who partnered to compete with national chains by pooling their buying power. […]
Posh+Lavish Produces Split-Head Beds
Atlanta-based bed brand Posh+Lavish has introduced a split head option in its All-Latex, AuNaturale and Latex+Memory Foam collections. The split-head mattresses come in queen, king and California king sizes. In doing research for the product, the company discovered awareness for split-head mattresses already is high and consumers want to be able to use an adjustable […]
Malouf Expands Media Resources and Container Program
Sleep accessories supplier Malouf, headquartered in Logan, Utah, has added more tools for retailers and consumers, including do-it-yourself videos, and an expanded container program. The company's online Wholesale Resource Center now offers more than 1,000 downloadable media assets for its retailers to use in print and digital advertising, on their websites and in-store. To accommodate […]
King Koil Gains Business in Southern California
Mattress maker and licensing group King Koil, with U.S. headquarters in Willowbrook, Illinois, has expanded its retailer base by adding 71 stores with four independent, regional partners. The latest retailers carrying King Koil products include San Diego-based Mor Furniture for Less; Orange County, California-based Orange County Mattress; and Fresno, California-based Mattress Land. King Koil products […]
The Merry Month of May
Hands down, May is my favorite month. The world seems to come alive again, with green springing up in gardens and flower beds. It seems appropriate, then, that the fifth month of the year is named for the Roman goddess Maia, who oversaw the growth of plants and represents the majesty of spring. As the […]
Jomel Industries Turns 25
Jomel Industries is celebrating its anniversary this year — the silver one. Founded in 1993 as a components supplier to the mattress industry, the Hillside, New Jersey-based company has seen continuous growth year over year since its beginning. Founded with only five employees and one plant, Jomel Industries has grown to 125 employees and six […]
Latexco Expands Pulse Latex With U.S. Production
Latex and polyurethane foam producer Latexco U.S. Holdings LLC, based in Lavonia, Georgia, now is producing the company's signature Pulse latex for toppers and comfort layers at its U.S. plants in Lavonia and Glendale, Arizona. Pulse uses the patented SonoCore vulcanization process developed by parent company Latexco NV, with world headquarters in Tielt, Belgium. SonoCore […]
Purchase Gives India's Kurl-on Spring Air and Englander Licenses
Kurl-on, a major manufacturer and retailer of mattresses and home furnishings, with headquarters in Bangalore, India, has purchased Spring Air Bedding Co. India Ltd., based in Pune. The acquired company is a 20-year Spring Air licensee, and an Englander licensee since 2014. The deal transfers those licensees, as well as Spring Air India's two large […]


text:
News & Events
For the Media
Gibert Appointed Assistant Professor of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering at Clarkson University
James M. Gibert has been appointed assistant professor of mechanical & aeronautical engineering at Clarkson University.
He received his bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering, graduating cum laude from Clemson University. He also received his master of science degree and his Ph.D., both in mechanical engineering, from Clemson University.
Before coming to Clarkson, Gibert did post-doctoral research at Clemson in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. His focus included the modeling the nonlinear dynamics present ultrasonic consolidation process, developing performance metrics for dual mass vibrational energy harvesters, developing lumped parameter dynamic models of packaging systems, and analytical models for the vibrations and rolling resistance of a non-pneumatic tire developed by Michelin Inc.
While at Clemson, he was a visiting professor in the Department of Civil Engineering. He was an advisor to graduate as well as undergraduate students, and taught civil engineering courses. Additionally, he served on the graduate student advisory board and in 2010 was a research faculty mentor with the Louis Stokes-South Carolina Alliance for Minority Participation, National Science Foundation.
He served as consultant to MOOG, CSA and worked in partnership with the Air Force Research Lab in Albuquerque, N.M., on structural health monitoring of bolted interfaces in satellites and space situational awareness.
Gibert has published extensively in professional publications, along with presenting his work at conferences.
He has received numerous awards and honors. Among them are: Highly Commended 2011 Emerald Engineering Outstanding Doctoral Award, Emerald Literati Network; Outstanding Paper Emerald Literati Network Awards for Excellence 2011, "Effect of Height to Width Ratio on the Dynamics of Ultrasonic Consolidation," Journal of Rapid Prototyping; South East Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate Fellow, National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship, 2004-2008; and the NSF/ASME Design Essay Award, National Science Foundation/American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008.
He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineering, National Tire Society, and the National Society of Black Engineers.
Clarkson University launches leaders into the global economy. One in five alumni already leads as a CEO, VP or equivalent senior executive of a company. Located just outside the Adirondack Park in Potsdam, N.Y., Clarkson is a nationally recognized research university for undergraduates with select graduate programs in signature areas of academic excellence directed toward the world's pressing issues. Through 50 rigorous programs of study in engineering, business, arts, sciences and health sciences, the entire learning-living community spans boundaries across disciplines, nations and cultures to build powers of observation, challenge the status quo, and connect discovery and engineering innovation with enterprise.
[A photograph for media use is available at http://www.clarkson.edu/news/photos/jgibert.jpg .]


text:
|Jepson Flora Project: Jepson Interchange
previous taxon |
next taxon
Jepson Interchange (more information)
©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
Annual, biennial, perennial herb (rarely shrub, tree), often from taproot
Stem often ± scapose, generally ribbed, hollow
Leaves basal and generally some cauline, generally alternate; stipules generally 0; petiole base generally sheathing stem; blade generally much dissected, sometimes compound
Inflorescence: umbel or head, simple or compound, generally peduncled; bracts present (in involucres) or not; bractlets generally present (in involucels)
Flowers many, small, generally bisexual (or some staminate), generally radial (or outer bilateral); calyx 0 or lobes 5, small, atop ovary; petals 5, free, generally ovate or spoon-shaped, generally incurved at tips, generally ± ephemeral; stamens 5; pistil 1, ovary inferior, 2-chambered, generally with a ± conic, persistent projection or platform on top subtending 2 free styles
Fruit: 2 dry, 1-seeded halves that separate from each other but generally remain attached for some time to a central axis; ribs on each half 5, 2 marginal and 3 on back; oil tubes 1several per interval between ribs
Genera in family: 300 genera, 3,000 species: ± worldwide, especially temp; many cultivated for food or spice (e.g., Carum, caraway; Daucus; Petroselinum); some highly toxic (e.g., Conium). Underground structures here called roots, but true nature remains problematic. Mature fruit generally critical in identification; shapes generally given in outline, followed by shape in X -section of 2 fruit halves together.
Perennial, taprooted or short-rhizomed, glabrous or ± scabrous in inflorescence
Stem erect, branched
Leaf: blade ovate to widely triangular, 14-pinnately or -ternate-pinnately dissected or compound; segments or leaflets toothed or lobed to deeply cut; sheaths conspicuously dilated
Inflorescence: umbels compound; bracts generally 0; bractlets generally present, ± scarious; rays, pedicels many, spreading-ascending
Flower: calyx lobes 0 or minute; petals wide, white, tip notched
Fruit oblong to ovate, very compressed front-to-back; marginal ribs widely thin-winged, those on back low, corky, or all ribs winged; oil tubes per rib-interval 14; fruit axis divided to base
Seed: face flat or slightly concave
Species in genus: ± 10 species: North America, Eurasia
Etymology: (Combined generic names Conium + Selinum)


text:
A section of the M61 has been closed following a "serious" collision.
Emergency services were called to the southbound carriageway of the motorway between Clayton Brook and Chorley, following the incident at about 12.30pm on Friday.
All three lanes of the carriageway had been closed between J9 and J8, before one lane reopened shortly before 1pm.
More to follow.


text:
The doc of GuiTreeViewCtrl tells me that there is a way to insert a SimGroup / SimSet as the tree for the whole.
Where its been written down -> http://torque-3d.readthedocs.io/en/late ... wCtrl.html
There is a function "open" which is described as
So what I now did is created a SimXmlDocument and parsed in a XML File. This works fine. But when I want to open this file with this function:Set the root of the tree view to the specified object, or to the root set.
Things go wrong?void GuiTreeViewCtrl::open(SimSet obj, bool okToEdit)
Thats because it awaits a SimSet as first param - but the SimXmlDocument is a SimObject...so what to do now? Is there a factory function to create a SimGroup/Set out of that?


text:
Barron's just published its list of America's top 1,000 financial advisors.
In its report, Barron's looked into what the most common recommendation was. And the findings weren't surprising.
FAs were widely recommending dividend-paying blue chip stocks.
It's an investment thesis you've probably heard before. Dividend yields are high. And they're certainly more attractive than the ultra-low yields that Treasuries offer.
Non-Treasury income generating securities was a theme among these FAs. From Barron's:
Some advisors are adding to the mix with carefully chosen municipal bonds, which can deliver tax-equivalent yields of 4.4% a year, and Master Limited Partnerships, some with yields as high as 9%.
Read more on America's top 1,000 financial advisors at Barrons.com >


text:
Loading... Please Wait
April is National Stress Awareness Month – Learn How You Can Be Less Stressed
Stress is a part of everyday life, yet there are ways you can lessen the effects of stress and learn how to deal with it more effectively.
It's very empowering to deal with stress calmly, feeling like you can manage a situation without the world crashing down on you. Take the time to read this article and try just one or two of these suggestions next time your life seems out of control.
Focusing on your breath can change your stress response in an instant.
Try this technique:
Relax, stretch and move
Muscle tension is the number one symptom of stress.
To relieve muscle tension, tighten the muscles in certain body parts, e.g., your hands, feet and shoulders, for a few seconds, then relax them. Or, tighten your whole body, release the muscles and feel tension melt away. Then stretch your arms, back, legs and whole body. Work in a few stretches when you read emails and participate in conference calls.
Put a reminder in your calendar or set your cell phone's alarm for every 60 minutes as a reminder to stand up for three minutes.
Take inventory
"Check yourself before you wreck yourself." Take a few minutes to evaluate how you're doing in this moment; then focus on the issues that are really significant. Make a list of what you need to do. Crossing off items will give you a sense of accomplishment and control.
Give your full attention to the person speaking. Listening gives you a greater level of coherence and relaxation.
You may be a multi-tasker. In times of stress, it's especially important to focus on one thing at a time. This will minimize your stress response.
Meditation can be as simple as closing your eyes for a few moments in a quiet place. For longer lasting effects of meditation to reduce stress, check out a DVD at the library, find information online, or take a course in meditation.
Take 30 to 45 seconds to picture a place where you feel relaxed. Maybe it's the beach, a national park, or a cozy sun room in your home. Visualize that location and harness the feelings you get from it. It takes you away and allows your body to neutralize and return to a natural state of homeostasis.
Experience gratitude
Step back and put things into perspective. List things you are thankful for. Stress happens when your mind resists "what is". Dan Millman, author and lecturer, said, "The only problem in your life is your mind's resistance to life as it unfolds."
Please share this article by Janette Westman, Health and Wellness Consultant and Rochester Wellness Committee Chair, with your employer groups and their employees.
Find out more about managing job stress | Research over 6,000 health topics
Some of the information in this article is from the Wellness Councils of America, www.welcoa.org


text:
The American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) was among 146 national, regional and local organizations, elected officials, individual professionals, and businesses to send a joint letter to Congress as part of the Transportation for America Coalition. The letter urges Congress to invest in clean, green long-term transportation modernization projects as part of any economic recovery package they consider. Specifically, the letter urges Congress to provide funding for transit, rail, bike, and pedestrian projects to ensure a balanced set of transportation investments for a sustainable future. You can read a copy of the letter by clicking here.
Transportation for America has formed a broad coalition of housing, environmental, public health, business, urban planning, transportation and other organizations that seek to align our national, state, and local transportation policies with an array of issues – economic opportunity, climate change, energy security, health, housing and community development. Transportation for America is a growing and diverse coalition focused on creating a national transportation program that will take America into the 21st century by building a modernized infrastructure and healthy communities where people can live, work and play. For more information on the Coalition and its platform, visit the Transportation for America web site.
Kevin FryDirector, PR and Communications firstname.lastname@example.com JR Taylor PR Coordinator email@example.com


text:
Alma Loretta Polar (left) and Leona Eleanor Polar: sisters, teachers, friends in one of my favorite photographs. Alma would marry Harley Space and became my maternal grandparents. Great Aunt Leona, a family treasure who filled in the many gaps and holes in our family history. To this day, whenever I uncover a new family find my first reaction is to call Aunt Leona followed immediatley with the thought that she and Gram all ready know.
Copyright (c) 2010 Cindy Bergeron Scherwinski