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This morning, we're going to look at God's plan for giving. We're going to be dealing with the subject of money. And money is a good barometer on spirituality, because the way you handle your money is an indication of your Christian stewardship of life. More than any other single commodity, money is your hands. You're constantly dealing with money.
Some of you are now feeling your pocket to make sure you're still dealing with money and that you didn't lose it on the way in, and you pay bills constantly. You write checks. You receive paychecks. You go to the savings. You go to the bank. You take your wallet out. You put change in this and that. Money is a constant thing.
And the stewardship of money is a critical area of life. And the Bible has very much to say about. In fact, we're going to look at God's plan for giving in the Old Testament this morning. And the next Lord's day, God's plan for giving in the New Testament. And we're going to find out that they're no different, that they're the same. But the definition is...it really in the New Testament so much more vast in the particulars, that I'm sure the two part study in itself will give us once and for all. I trust the real understanding of this area.
Now the Christian is faced with many decisions regarding money. I ought to say this too, that for you that are visiting, this is something that we do not normally do. We usually continue with a book study, but as I said, we're making a break for this particular reason. And I trust that you'll understand that.
But the Christian is faced with many decisions regarding money. Basically, they fall into four categories. Number one, how we feel about money. Number two, how we earn money. Number three, how we spend money. And number four, how we give money. The total stewardship of money can fall into those categories. How feel about it. How we earn it. How we spend it. And how we give it away.
Now, first of all, what about the area of how we feel about money. Does the Bible say anything about that? Well, you know it does. And I'm just going to briefly introduce the subject, because we want to dwell on the fourth one. But the Bible says a lot about how we feel about money. First of all, it says we are not to love it.
In 1 Timothy 6 in verse 10 it says, "The love of money is the root of all kinds of evil." We are not to love money. Now that is not an easy thing since it's around us all the time. Another thing the Bible says in regard to how feel about money is that we are not to trust money. That is we are not to put our confidence in our money.
In 1 Timothy 6:17 it says, "Charge those that are rich not to trust in their money." So trust in money is idolatry. Even when you derive your sense of security from the money that you say God provides for you, that's still idolatry.
In Matthew 6:24 it says, "You cannot serve two gods. You can't serve the true God and money." That kind of divided allegiance doesn't make it. That's why when the Bible lays down the qualifications for an elder, it says, "You cannot be a man who is greedy of money." Because you cannot serve God and money.
Not only that, the Bible tells us that we are not to seek to be rich. We are to seek to honor God. If He desires to make us rich, that's His business. We're to seek to work as hard as we can, do the very best we can for His glory. If He desires to make rich in response to that, that's His business.
1 Timothy 6:9 says, "Those who would be rich fall into many hurtful lusts and their souls ultimately are drowned in destruction and loss." Also in regarding money, we are not to regard money as our own. It is God's. We are stewards of it. There are other things in that area.
Let me go to the second one. What does the Bible say about how we earn money or how we get money? It says a lot. First of all, we're not to steal it. That's a no-no. We cannot steal money. You say, "I...I would never do that." Listen to Psalm 37:21. "The wicked borrows and pays not back." There are lots of ways to steal.
In fact, in Amos 8:5 and Hosea 12:7 the prophets talk about falsifying the balance owed and then deceiving somebody out of money. No, you're not to steal money. Secondly, we are not to exploit others by usury. In other words, we are not to overcharge desperate people. If your brother has a need, you give him to meet his need. You don't loan him what he has to have and then charge him exorbitant and high rates of interest, that's usury.
Also, we are not to defraud people by not paying them what we owe them. You know what James 5:4 says? It says, "The money that you should have paid to your laborers is crying out against you." You've defrauded them, because you didn't pay them what they deserved for their work.
In terms of how we get money, the Bible also says that we're not to gamble for it. And this, of course, I think, is an inference in the Scripture from the standpoint that if you trust the sovereignty of God and the providence of God, chance has no part in it. The word for dice-play is used in connection with the ministry of Satan in Ephesians 4:14. Now, those are negative things as to how we're not to get money. How are we to get it?
Well, we are to get it by receiving gifts. And this is a wonderful way. You don't have to do anything. You just have to be nice. Or know somebody who is nice. And Paul received money a lot. They gave him gifts constantly. And...and I supposed that I've been the beneficiary of such things. Sometimes people send a love offering, you know, in response to a ministry that you've had. And this is expressing love. And this is a legitimate way.
In the Old Testament, they received money without working and the basis of inheritance didn't they? The first born received the inheritance of all that his father possessed in general. So we can receive gifts in terms of inheritance as well as gifts of love. Another way that we can get money is by making wise investments. And I don't believe that God wants to run the risk of wildcat investments and high risk gambling speculations with this His funds, but I think that God desires that we make wise investments.
In Matthew 25, verse 27, you know, the owner said to the servant, "If you had been smart, you would have put this money out and so that when I came back, I would have received mine own with interest." So we can earn money by making wise investments. Interest can be made.
But the primary way and the last one I'll mention is we earn money by work. Good old work. And really frank...and frankly folks, the Bible says, "six days shalt thou," what? "Labor and do all thy work. The seventh shall you rest." In other words, crowd your labor into six days. Really, you have enough for seven if you're working hard.
Now, that's a crusher, because most people in financial need haven't learned how to work yet. You know, when you get down to the place of people who are chronically out of money, chronically don't have enough, they're chronically indolent. To some degree or another. Now, there are extenuating circumstances in personal individual cases, but basically the real problem with people who don't have anything is they don't work for anything. Work is a wonderful divine principle.
And a lot of us like a lot of divine principles, but we're not real excited about that one. But that is one. Proverbs 28:19, "He that tills his land shall have plenty of bread, but he that follows after vain persons shall have poverty enough." He just floats with the crowd. He's not going to make it, but the guy who stays home and works, he's going to do all right.
I'll give you another interesting one. I like this Proverbs 14:23. This is really practical. Listen to this. "In all labor there is profit, but the talk of the lips tends to poverty." You work you make money. You talk, you don't. Now you see the Bible then has a lot to say about how we get money. About how we feel about money.
Thirdly, it has a lot to say about how we spend money. First of all, we are to provide for the needs of our family and the needs of those around us. 1 Timothy 5:8 says, "That if a man doesn't provide for his household, he's worse than infidel." That's pretty serious talk.
And John said in 1 John 3, "That if you see your brother have a need, you don't meet his need you're not even a Christian." "How dwelleth the love of God in you?" So you are to spend your money for your needs and the needs of your household and the needs of those around you who have needs.
Secondly, you're to spend your money to pay your debts immediately. Did you get that? Immediately. Say where'd you get that? Out of the Bible. Romans 13, "Owe no man anything but love." But I'll give you a verse that really is interesting. II Kings 4:7, are you ready for this? "Go sell the oil and pay thy debt and live thou and thy children on the rest." II Kings 4:7 says liquidate what you have to pay your debts and live on what's left. Pay your debts.
A third thing you're to do in spending your money is to save your money. Do you know that there are four wise, wise creatures in the world that God just really exalts? Ants, badgers, locusts, and spiders. You say, you're kidding. No, Proverbs 30. "There are four things," verse 24 says, "which are little on the earth, but are exceedingly wise."
The ants, the first one. The ants don't make a great contribution, they mostly just get in the way, but here we find that they are extolled for a very, very interesting virtue. "The ants are people not strong, yet they prepare their food in the summer." You know, they're not too strong, but they're smart enough to know that you'd better get your food in the summer, because you're not going to be able to find it in the winter. Good for the ants. That's saving. That's stashing it for the time you're going to need it.
21:20 of Proverbs, "There is treasure to be desired and oil in the dwelling of the wise." In other words, whatever you need, you're going to find in a wise man's treasury. That's right. But a foolish man spends it up. No preparation for the future. I believe that future planning is very reasonable. It is not only reasonable, it is biblical. It is wise. Maybe you're future planning is in long-term solid investments. Maybe it's in life insurance, where you are setting aside a certain amount of money to secure a certain amount in the future, which can take care of the needs of your family in a day when they may not have the money to supply the need. This is wise.
All right, so there we have some...some of the indication what the Bible says about how we're to spend it, how we are to earn it, and how we are to feel about it. All of this, people, becomes a barometer on your Christian life. How you handle money just like everything else. How you handle your wife, how you handle your husband, how you handle your kids, how you handle the stewardship of every dimension of your life. How you work at your job. How you handle the relationship with other believers. Everything you do, how you handle your prayer life, how you handle your Bible time, all of this is a monitor or a barometer on your spiritual life isn't it?
Money is no different. The credibility of your Christianity is manifest and the handling of your funds. And this is a difficult area, because it's so constantly a problem that we're being bombarded with by the world to spend our money stupidly. And not only that, to add to it, we're being bombarded by Christians to spend it just as stupidly. Let's face it, we're victimized by an awful lot of slick campaigning on the part of Christian organizations, aren't we? Trying to loosen up our Christian bucks.
But your money is qualifier of your Christianity in a sense. You know, that's what John meant when he said in 1 John 3, "When you see your brother have a need and you don't extend to him what he needs, how dwells the love of God in you?" In other words, your Christianity becomes manifest on the very level of whether you give the money to the guy who needs it.
Now, you know, you have to think of the money that you have as a stewardship. You know, if your employer came to you and said hey, "here's a hundred bucks of my money, I want you to spend it carefully and wisely, purchasing some things we need. Come back and give the account." Boy I'm telling you take care of that hundred bucks. You'd come back and you'd say, "well, I got this, and I got this for the office and I got this and I got this, all these things we needed and here's the accounting. I got the best prices."
You have a hundred dollars in your pocket that's your own and you don't feel because it's your own that you have any obligation to anybody. But whose really is it? It's God and if you should give an account to your employer, how much of account should you give to God for how you spend a hundred dollars? You must answer to God.
All right, let's go to the fourth area. We don't want to talk too much about that. It gets kind of painful. The major of issue of Scripture...I mean, I'm even squirming. The major issue of Scripture is concerned with how you give your money. Now this dominates Scripture. It's too important a subject for us to bypass. How we give our money is extremely important. And it isn't easy to keep a clear perspective because we really are being bombarded.
Now, there are constant appeal. If you've been a Christian length of time and have gotten on any of the Christian "mailing lists," you know what comes wanting your Christian money. Well, if that's way at your house, you can imagine what it's like at mine. There is no end to the proliferation of people who want money and the organizations.
And you turn on your radio, you know, and they have these half hour religious broadcasts, 25 minutes of asking for money and five minutes of telling you the reasons they're asking for money and that's about it. And you wonder when they're going to get to doing something that's worth your money. We're bombarded by these techniques giving gimmicks, church stewardship drives, budget drives, all kinds of things.
And we've all come from organizations in the past where we were victimized by this. Voltaire was no Christian by any stretch of the imagination, an atheist, once remarked, "That Protestantism is merely a less expensive substitute for Catholicism." And Lukas Vischerin his book wrote this, "The French philosopher Voltaire was highly critical of the Roman church for what he felt were its excesses and its avaricious demands. But he was even more critical of the Protestant churches for allowing themselves to be used as havens for those whose religious convictions were determined primarily by the desire to keep more of their money for themselves."
And I guess Christian giving in the eyes of some people seems to be exploitation. In the eyes of other people, it seems to be totally neglected. There's a stream literature telling you how. You can take courses in certain schools on how to raise your church budget. I can go take a course in that. I have a book that I read this week on How To Develop a Tithing Church. How to get slick things going like loyalty week and knock on every door week.
And everything in the book on how to have a pledge system. How to have a canvas, how to have this, how to have that. How to do this, how to stimulate people. How to motivate people. How to make them feel guilty because they don't do what they ought to do and then trade on the guilt that they feel. And then if you really get desperate, you can hire out-of-town experts who will come in and raise the money for you, for a piece of the action.
I mean, it's not totally a ministry. But there's one organization that exists in America just to publish materials that you can post around your church to stimulate people to give money. I'm not against stimulating people to give me. I'm just against doing in unbiblical ways.
That's like I was telling somebody yesterday, you know, the evangelism campaign in one church was stimulated by the fact that they were going to hide a football in the homes of several unsaved families, and you were to go to door to door and if you happened to hit the unsaved family that had the football, you won a jacket. So evangelism was stimulated by hiding a football and trying to win a jacket.
Well, I'm not against evangelism, but I'm sure against that. How in the world would an unregenerate family ever understand what's going on when they got a football in their house and people are coming there to witness to them on the pretense really of evangelism, when all they want's the jacket.
Well, I get a little irritated about this kind of stuff. There are so many slick ad men putting together these things, there are so many hucksters on TV and radio hounding the Christians for money that you really kind of find yourself trapped and you don't know what to do with it. Then you feel the press of the economic situation and everybody keeps telling you that if you don't sock it away...if I hear that guy one more time from Glendale Federal telling me that I've got to have so much of my income in savings I'm going to write them a letter. What's his name? Elliot Janeway?
But, you know, let's face it, it comes from so many directions. We are being absolutely bombarded by the fact that if we don't sock it away, if we don't have this whole huge six months worth of income stashed somewhere, we'll never make it. Well, what happened to God? I mean, I believe in saving, but you know, you can become paranoid about this. And you know, here we are trapped between the balance of trusting God and investing with God and keeping what we need to supply our family for the present and the future.
It all boils down friends to the responsiveness that we have of the ministry of the Holy Spirit in our lives as He leads and guides. Now many people come along and they say that the solution to everything is to just accept the biblical pattern, which is 10%. That the biblical standard of giving is the tithe or 10%. And they justify the 10% by saying if the law required 10% certainly grace would require at least 10% since incidentally the tithe is never mentioned in the New Testament in reference to the churches giving, never.
In all the passages where the church gives, there is no mention at all any place of tithing. But in order to get tithing in, they say if law required a tenth, certainly grace does. And I'm not against the principle. But what they're really saying is, we know tithing is not New Testament giving, but if we don't push the tithe, we're afraid we won't get enough money to operate. It really boils down to that kind of motivation. The 10% sort of keeps the money flowing.
You know what's wrong with the 10%? Number one, it isn't biblical and it's giving for the wrong reason. It's giving to fulfill an obligation rather than a response to a loving, willing heart, right?
Second thing that's wrong with it is, it hinders what you could do by making you think you're done. Giving is never to be by coercion. It is never to be by fundraising. It is never to be by compulsion. It is any gimmick is offensive to God.
Now, having said that, let me just say this and then we'll get into it. God's pattern for giving is not tithing in the New Testament. It isn't even tithing in the Old Testament. It never has been tithing, it never will be tithing. And I'll try to explain why I can say that this morning and next time.
Now let's divide the history of giving into three sections before Moses, between Moses and Jesus, and from Jesus to the present. These are three periods of history. Three dispensations if you will with which we'll deal. And the first and the second and the third...notice this friends, all teach the same pattern of giving. There is no difference.
Let's look first of all at giving before Moses, because this important. The people who teach that we should tithe, teach on this basis. Since the tithe was before Moses, since Abraham tithe and Jacob tithed before the mosaic law, tithing was before Moses, it was before the law, it is therefore to be after the law. It is a universal principle, therefore, since the tithe was first, the law came in the middle, the universal continues afterwards. So the tithing is continuous.
The problem with that is if you're going to accept anything before the law as norm for after the law, the Sabbath was also before the law, right? So we've got quit meeting on Sundays. Secondly, the sacrificial system was...was initiated with the garden and we're going to have to go back to killing animals. And I'm not real sure that's the idea.
So if we're going to say that whatever is before is after the law, we run into an awful lot of problems. Let's not say, we're a lot safer. Now before Moses, giving before Moses, you can write some notes on your little outline there, giving before Moses falls into two categories as does all giving in all these periods.
Two categories, freewill giving and required giving. Freewill giving and required giving. The Bible does require that you give your money. You're not buying, you're just giving it away. And the Bible does require that. It also...the Bible also speaks of a free gift, free gifts.
Now let's look at the book of Genesis, and let's find out from the very start about first of all freewill giving. Now, this is going to be an Old Testament lesson this morning and I think we're going to see some interesting things. The term tithe does appear in the Old Testament in the book of Genesis, it does.
Now some have thought that because it appears in Genesis it becomes the standard from the start. God's universal plan is to tithe. Incidentally, the Hebrew word ma'aser which is translated tithe means a tenth part. It's the same as dekatoo in the Greek the tenth. That's all it means. It simply means a tenth. It isn't a religious word, it's a mathematical word. It has only to do with a percentage, it means a tenth.
Historically even outside the Bible from ancient sources that we have, we know that man has always used ten as the basic number for counting systems. And that is obviously, because he starts out by going (counting). So he's got ten fingers and ten toes. So ten becomes the symbol of the counting system. This is universal.
The symbol of measurement is ten. Now notice ten then kind of becomes the number of completion. We see this sometimes even in Scripture. Ten becomes the number of completion. There is evidence that many pagan deities were honored by the giving of a tenth. And the reason is this, since the ten represented totality or completeness, the giving of a tenth was a symbol of the giving of the whole. Do you know what I mean?
The giving of a tenth of something, the totality was represented in that tenth. By giving what was a total number, ten, you are simply sort of symbolizing the fact that you were giving your all. Since ten was the symbol of totality. So the total number, ten, became then a common number in terms of offerings to deities among the pagans.
Now, the Bible does not institute tithing in Genesis. There is no statement from God ever regarding tithing at this point. No one told Abraham to give a tenth. No one told Jacob to give a tenth, certainly not God. There is no universal law as such stated in Scripture.
Now let me show you what I mean. In Genesis Chapter 4, for example, and you can kind of float through Genesis with me if you want. We're just going to elude to it, but in Genesis Chapter 4, you have the first offering. Now the first offering given to God was from Cain and Abel.
And the interesting thing about this is that it was a voluntary offering. It simply says in verse 3, "In the process of time it came to pass that Cain brought the fruit of the ground and Abel brought the firstlings of the flock.
Now there is no command that they were to do this. God did not tell them specifically to do this, at least it is not so recorded in the Scripture. It seems to mean that just in process of time it came to pass that they did it. It was then voluntary, right? It was a free choice on their part. They gave fruit of the ground, which, of course, as we know was not the thing that had been asked of God. We know that there was no universal law about how much, but there was apparently the revelation of a law about what? There was to be animal sacrifice.
But we don't know what percentage at all. There is no indication of it. They were prompted by their own initiative. There was no requirement. There was no amount. There was no stipulation and there was no frequency enjoined upon them. It was completely at their own will.
Now later on you have in Chapter 8 Noah. The flood subsides, Chapter 8 and Noah immediately goes out to make a sacrifice or to make an offering to God. Verse 20 says, he built an altar and took of every clean beast and every clean fowl and offered burnt offerings on the altar.
Now here is an offering to God. Again, it is completely voluntary. There is no command. There is no stipulated amount. There is no percentage given. Noah determined that in his own heart. It was spontaneous. You go further in that and you go to Abraham and you find that Abraham in Chapter 12 is given the wonderful call of God to be the leader of a nation.
In response to that in verse 7, he builds and altar to the Lord. And in offering to the Lord, there again is no command. There is no stipulation. There is no requirement. Only the free spirit of Abraham in response to the wonderful promise of God as he says thanks to God by way of an offering.
In verse 18 of 13, he did it again. He built another altar to the Lord in Hebron. And so always a volunteer thing, never in response to the command of God. Here we have people freewill giving. These people gave to God of their own possessions out of love and thankfulness and it was totally spontaneous. This is the pattern of freewill giving.
Now Genesis 14:20 is the first mention of the tithe. And of course, you know the story, Abraham, Abram at this time, had just returned from fighting of these kings, the slaughter of Kedorloaomer and the kings in verse 17 in the Valley of Shaveh. And he had been victorious and he had taken a tremendous amount of spoil, treasure from these kings that he had conquered. On his way back, he runs into the king of Salem. Salem is the ancient name of Yerushalayim, Jerusalem.
Now, the king of Salem was a man named Melchizedek who was not only a king, but according to the book of Hebrews was also a priest. And it says it as well in verse 18 that he was a king and a priest of the most high God. So when Abram sees this man who represents God, he wants to express thanks to God for the victory. So what does he do? Verse 20 at the end of the verse, "he gave him a tenth of all."
Now it doesn't say God told him to do this. Again, it's not commanded that he give a tenth. And I think it's most interesting to know that it doesn't necessarily mean that he gave a tenth of everything that he owned. He gave a tenth of something that he took in this battle. Another thought, Abraham lived 160 years. At no time in Scripture is it ever recorded before or after this incident that he ever gave a tenth. This is the only time that he ever gave a tenth that we know of in the record of 160 years on earth. Now that indicates something to us. And it wasn't a tenth of his income and it wasn't an annual tenth. It was simply that he chose to do it.
Now another thought, in Hebrews 7:2 it says, "He gave him a tenth of the spoils," it's translated. But the Greek word is akronthinian. Now the word akron is in there which means the pinnacle or the top, the top. Akronthinian means the top of the heap. It says he gave him a tithe of the top of the heap. It could mean that he gave him a tenth of the top of the heap. So it wasn't a tenth of the total pile. It was a tenth of the top of the pile.
You say, what are you trying to say? I'm trying to say that maybe all he gave him was a tenth of the best that he had, not a tenth of everything. If he took spoils of all five kings and their kingdoms, a tenth of all of that would have been awful lot for one priest to handle.
Maybe he only gave him a tenth of the top of the heap. But the point is, it was a one time thing. There's no record that he ever did it this way again. All right, free voluntary, motivated only by gratitude in his heart. Not required.
Go to Genesis 28 and let's fine the use of the word tithe in the book of Genesis and that has to do with Jacob. 22, verse 22 of Chapter 28. And Jacob just says at the end of verse 22, "I will surely give the tenth unto thee." Now at this point, Jacob is making a vow. Verse 20 vow to vow, "If God will be with me and keep me in this way that I go and give me bread to eat and raiment to put on so that I come again to my father's house in peace then shall the Lord be my God."
In other words, God if you do this I will, you know, bow down to you. That's really bad. Jacob was at a low spiritually. He was so shallow, it was really sad. What he was doing was buying off God. All right, God, if you'll give me safe journey and bread and clothes then I will let you be my God. Isn't that real nice?
In fact, God, I'm just going to build you a nice pillar right here and I'll just give you a tenth of everything I have. Now when you get to the place where you're buying God, you're at a low spiritually, right?
Don't take this as a norm of spirituality. This guy gave a tenth. He was trying to buy God. There's no command that he give it. It was completely arbitrary, completely voluntary with no obligation at all to tithe. Now notice I followed from Cain and Abel right through to the gift of Jacob and in all cases they were free voluntary gifts.
The idea that it was a tenth was arbitrary. Out of all of the offerings throughout the book of Genesis, twice it happened to be that they gave a tenth. Which in their eyes and in the eyes of ancient people simply represented the total and the sense that it was a symbol of giving all, nothing more.
All right, now let me take you a step further. What about required giving. You said that before the mosaic law there was required giving. You're right, there was. And I did say that and I want to show you where the required giving came and if you'll turn to Genesis 41, I'll show it to you.
There was required giving of money or of possessions. In fact, most of the time in Genesis, they don't give money at all, because their exchange was not money, but it was animals or seed or land. But in Genesis 41 you remember that Joseph was sold into slavery in Egypt by his brothers and he got there and he was in jail because of what he had been accused of in Potiphar's house. And when the Pharaoh had a dream that he couldn't handle, they got a hold of Joseph and he came and told the dream. Remember and he said there would be seven years of fruitful crops and seven years of what? Of famine. So Joseph said you better get ready for the famine. And here's how Joseph suggested they get ready and this was God's plan, verse 34.
"Let Pharaoh do this and let him appoint officers over the land and take up the fifth part of the land of Egypt in the seventh plenteous years." For seven years tax the people at what rate? What's a fifth? 20%. Here is the introduction of taxation in the economy of Egypt. This is introduced by God.
This is the first time you find the taxation of a national entity expressed this way. And you'll noticed that we haven't progressed much farther from that. That the norm that they asked for then is still the basic norm of taxation in America, 20%, except for some of you unfortunates who may be other brackets.
But basically the 20% taxation was the basic taxation rate in Egypt. This was God's plan as it was expressed through Joseph. And when they collected the 20% through the fat years that would supply them the needed foods for the lean years. So a taxation was instituted at that point and 20% was the figure.
In Genesis 47, let me show you something else in verse 24. "It shall come to pass in the harvest you shall give the fifth part to Pharaoh, four parts shall be your own for seed for the field, for your food, for them of your households and for food for your little ones."
Now, I'm going to leave you four parts. Some to sow back in the field, some to eat, some to take care of your household needs and some for your kids. The fifth part goes back to the government. Folks, required giving in the Old Testament was 20%. Was instituted in Egypt and it was the funding of the national government.
Now notice freewill giving is directed toward the Lord personally in a response of love and sacrifice, required giving is given to the national entity for the supply of the needs of the people. All right, now, that's what you find from the time of creation to the time of giving the law.
Now let's look at the time from the law to Jesus. Point two, from Moses to Jesus. What do we find here? During this time, the tithe obviously becomes a familiar term and those who teach tithing as God's universal principle lean heavily on this period for their definition, obviously.
Let's look first of all at required giving. Required giving from Moses on. This is very, very interesting. Now, generally I was taught, I supposed by many people that tithing was giving a tenth and this is what Israel gave.
Let me show you something. Turn to Leviticus 27. Leviticus 27 is just the very end right before Leviticus runs out. Verse 30, "Now here was the tithe called the Lord's tithe or the Levites tithe." And the reason it was called the Levites tithes is very simple. It tells us in Numbers 18 that this tithe was collected to be given to the Levites. Who were the Levites? They were the priests. The entire tribe of the Levites, the taxation of all the rest of the tribe went to supply the needs of the Levites or one of the 12 tribes, the priests of tribes. So this is the Levites tithe.
Verse 30, "All the tithes of the land, whether of the seed of the land or the fruit of the tree is the Lords. It is holy unto the Lord." It isn't even yours. Ten percent of all of your land and seeds and fruit is the Lords. Now, maybe you want to keep you fruit.
All right, verse 31, "If a man will at all redeem any of his tithes he shall add thereto to the fifth part thereof." All right, if you want to keep your fruit, you can pay and just add 20%. And you give money instead. Now concerning the tithe of the herd of the flock, this meant a tenth of every calf, and a tenth of every lamb, "whatsoever passes under the rod, the tenth shall be holy unto the Lord, he shall not search whether it be good or bad, neither shall he change it."
In other words, you could give money in exchange for the land and the seed and the fruit, but you could not redeem the animals. Those you had to give. The end of verse 33, "it shall not be redeemed." These are the commandments which the Lord commanded Moses for the children of Israel on Mount Sinai.
All right, the Levites tithe was 10% of everything that they had in terms of produce from the land animals. Now, the emphasis here is on quantity. Now this teaches that this belonged to God. This is not a freewill offering to God, is it? This is His already. You are robbing Him if you don't give it. Isn't that what Malachi said? You are robbing me in the tithes. It is mine.
So the 10% of the animals given to the tribe of the Levites to support them, because you see they were the priests and they didn't earn a living other than just carrying on priestly functions. And so the things that were given went to support them. And frankly, they ran the government. They ran the nation.
All right, let me take you to something else. You say well, there it is, there's the 10%. All right, let me show you. Go to Deuteronomy 12. In Deuteronomy 12, you find there was a second tithe. And from verses 6 to 17 we find again about what it requires is another tithe, another 10%. And this 10% was to be taken to Jerusalem and it was to be eaten.
It was eaten by the family, the friends, the servants, and the priests in the sanctuary. And it was very purposeful incidentally. The idea of it was to stimulate devotion to the Lord. The idea of it also was to promote unity in the family and the servants and they would all go to Jerusalem and they would consume this particular tithe.
It was kind of like national potluck. It made everybody share. And so this was a purposeful tithe recorded there in the 12th Chapter. I'm not going to take time to read it all, because our time is going.
Let me give you a third thing. And this I think is very interesting. So already we're up to close to 20%. You've got 10% of the first...the first amount and you've got 10 more percent of the remaining 90% that you had to give to...to the government or to supply for the food of others.
But in Deuteronomy 14, just a little ways further, we find a third one. Verse 28, "At the end of three years, you shall bring forth all the tithes of your increase the same year and lay it up within the gates and this was for the sojourner, the fatherless, and the widow." Now this was what was called the poor tithe.
The first one was called the Levites tithe, the second one was called the festival tithe, and it was at the festival and the central sanctuary in Jerusalem it was consumed. The third one was called the poor tithe. So you've got 10%, 10%, 3 1/3% every year if you've got 10% every third year. Okay? You're up to 23% right now.
That was Old Testament tithe. So when somebody comes along and said that a Jew gave 10%, that isn't true. The Jew gave 23% to begin with. Coincidentally, this was the welfare program, the third one, for the poor people, the widows, and the people who didn't have anything to eat, this was welfare.
So you can see what they were doing. They were funding the people who ran the government, the Levites, they were supplying for national feasts and so forth and so on in the festival tithe. And the third one was the welfare program in the poor tithe. This is all folks funding for the national entity.
All three of those are taxation, not freewill giving to God. Tithing was always taxation. So that the programs of the government could run. The priestly program, the national religious program and the welfare program.
I'll add to that. If you were a Jew, you still weren't done yet. Leviticus 19, this is interesting. This is the profit sharing plan in Israel. "And when you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not wholly reap the corners of your field, neither shall you gather the gleanings of your harvests." Leave the corners alone and don't pick up what you drop.
Why? Leave it for the poor. And then he says, "I am the Lord your God." Which is like saying and I'm not kidding. So here was profit sharing. You didn't pick up what you dropped and you just left the corners of the field unharvested so that the poor people could share in that. So boy now you're moving up further.
They had a third shekel temple tax they had to pay to buy show bread and grain and sacrifices for the temple. And if you want more in Exodus 23, they had to Sabbath rest for the land every seven years which meant they forfeited an entire years earnings off the land to let the land rest. And another thing on the same Sabbath year, they had to set all debts aside did they not?
Listen folks, 10% is a long way from what it cost them to exist within the theocracy of Israel. They were easily well over 25% of their income given to the funding of that government and to the caring of the lands. This was required giving.
Now notice in addition to that there is freewill giving. Now watch this. This includes first fruit giving and freewill offerings. Now the emphasis here is not on the quantity or the percentage, but it's on the attitude of the giver and the quality of his gift. First fruits, first of all, we talked about this recently. How that they would plant and then they would go and they would take the first part that came in, the best part.
In Numbers 18:12, it says, "All the best of the oil and the wine and the wheat, these have I given thee." That's first fruits. He would collect off the top the very best that was in the field and go and give it at the temple. Give it to God. And the beauty of this thing was he hadn't yet harvested the crop so he didn't really know how much was there.
So he was believing God and God was saying, "if you will give me the first fruits right off the top before you even know how much you're going to have, if you'll give me the first fruits right off the top and trust me, I'll bring in your full harvest."
That's actually kind of a nice promise. Yeah, it's right there in Proverbs. Let me show it to you. Proverbs 3:9, listen. "Honor the Lord with your substance." Boy, that's a great principle. That's with all that you've got. Honor God with every penny you have. Now watch. "And with the first fruits of all your increase," within the first fruits, watch, "so shall your barns be filled with plenty and your presses will burst out with new wine." Two things, you Honor God with every penny that you have. Number two, you give him right off the top sacrificially the first fruits and believe me He'll fill your barns and your presses will burst out with new wine. That's God's promise to Israel.
Now please, God's promises to Israel were fulfilled temporally. We cannot make the same statement for the New Testament promises which are fulfilled spiritually. And you say, I knew it. I knew it. I'll give it all and all I'll get is spiritual blessing.
Well, we'll get into that next week. We'll get into that next week. If you think about long enough, which is better? Spiritual blessing, but there's both. God will make the needs met.
All right, so here was the plan for freewill giving. First fruits, whatever you've got give the best. Remember the difference in Malachi? God says, "I'm not happy with you. I'm going to destroy you. I'm going to judge you because you have brought to me the blind and the lame, remember? The worst animals you've got. You're keeping the best for yourself and forfeiting my blessing.
Freewill giving was independent of taxation. Always, always, always giving to the Lord, giving to the Lord was a matter of freely giving Him the best and that's what God's after, the choicest thing. You know, it isn't when you spend on all your money on yourself and you've socked all your money away in some kind of great fund to take care of you that you trickle a little bit to God. That isn't the first fruits. It's when you give him the cream of what you have and keep a little bit for yourself that He'll fill your barns spiritually as well as He'll meet your needs physically.
Get the perspective. Freewill offerings, first fruits. The principle is in Proverbs 11:24 and 25. "There is that scatterth and yet increases." In other words, there's the guy who gives liberally and he increases. "And there is that withholdeth more than is fitting and it tends to poverty." You keep it back and you're going to be poor. "The liberal's soul will be made rich and he that waters shall be watered also himself." Boy I like that. I like it.
Let me show you how this works. You know people say oh we'll never raise the budget. If...MacArthur, you'll mess our church up if they start listening to that tape. I've had that said to me. I hope our people never hear what you say about that, because it'll ruin our church, because they won't tithe.
Well, listen folks, this tape is a disturbing thing, then your problem isn't with MacArthur, your problem is with the Scripture. Exodus 25, let me show you how it works though. I mean, we're results oriented unfortunately, we are. Listen to this. Exodus 25:1, "The Lord spoke to Moses saying, speak unto the children of Israel that they bring me an offering." Now here is God's chance. God, all you got to say is I demand a tenth and that seals it, right? The tenth becomes universal law because you said.
Watch what he said. "I demand an offering." Here listen to this. "Of every man that giveth it willingly with his heart." Don't you like that? Just tell them to give whatever they want. I want an offering. Whatever's in his heart to give. Well, Moses is there saying "we're going to build a temple and God says just give whatever you want." There's no big posters. Have you given your tenth? Nothing. There's...just do whatever your heart says to do.
We'll never get the budget. It'll never happen. Listen this is really terrific. I like this. You have to go all the way to Exodus 35. It took that long to collect the offering. Exodus 35 verse 4, "And Moses spoke to the congregation and the children of Israel and said this is the thing which the Lord commands." Here's what the Lord wants. "Take from among you an offering." How much? "Whosoever is of a willing heart." Just bring it. "An offering of gold or silver or bronze or purple or blue or scarlet or linen or goats hair or rams skins died red or badger skin or case of wood or oil for the light, spices and sweet incense and onyx stones and stones on the ephod and the breastplate." That's for the priest. "And everyone of you has a smart heart." I like that wise-hearted. "So come and make all of the Lord's commanded."
In other words, you just bring whatever is on your heart or whatever you've got. I like that. You say oh very dangerous. Look at verse 21. "And they came, everyone whose heart stirred him up and everyone whom his spirit made willing and they brought the Lord's offering to the work of the tabernacle of the congregation for all it's services and for all it's holy garments." Did you know they came?
And it says in 22, "And they came, both men and women as many as were willing hearted." Hey friends do you get the idea, what is God really after in giving? A willing heart. It is not a legal law. It is a willing heart that He's after.
Now, I take you to 36:5 to 7. Exodus 36:5, "And they spoke unto Moses saying the people bring much more than enough." Is that terrific? Too much Lord. "And Moses gave a commandment and caused it to be proclaimed throughout the camp saying let neither man nor woman make any more work for the offering of the sanctuary so the people will restrain from bringing." I mean, when is it going to happen that you arrive at church and they say listen folks, please do not give any more money?
For the stuff they had was sufficient for all the work to make it and too much. That's right in the vernacular too. Too much. Listen when people...I've said this all my life, when people believe in the ministry and when they believe what you're doing exalts God, they will give too much, too much.
A clear illustration people that the giving that is done with true motivation goes beyond the need. Goes beyond the need. Listen Deuteronomy 16 says, "Every man shall give as he is able, according to the blessing of the of Lord which God has given Him." That's all it's a free thing.
Now you see what I'm saying? Required giving was always taxation. Freewill giving was always whatever came out of the willing heart. But I'm telling you, boy, when people believe in what you're doing that willing heart opens up. Those people believed God ought to have a tabernacle. They did. They believed that...that it would honor God to have a tabernacle. So you know what they did, boy they poured that money out of there. They gave everything they had. And they saw that completed.
Just to show you that it wasn't an isolated incident. 1 Chronicles 29, David wanted to build a temple. And I mean this...talk about the tabernacle was kind of a crummy place, it wasn't much. It was some nice decoration, but it was still skins and it was a tent. But in Chronicles, David, you know, is thinking about getting everything together for the building of this glorious temple that Solomon's going to erect. In verse 9 of 1 Chronicles 29, "The people rejoiced, for the offered willingly because with perfect heart they offered willingly to the Lord." See there it is. There's the same principle. And David the King rejoiced with great joy. And he blessed the congregation.
They had a praise session there getting ready to collect the offering. And verse 16 says, "Oh Lord our God, all this abundance that we have prepared to build an house for thine holy name cometh of thine hand and is all thine." He says, "Lord we have so much! All this abundance has come in to build Your house." You know what kind of house that was? Absolutely unbelievable. Everything overlayed in gold. It was astounding what those people provided for the building of that house.
People said to me oh do you think, you know, do you think you're going to get the money to build a new building? I said one of two reasons, if God's in it and if the people who love the Lord know about it they'll give and probably we'll have too much. If they respond as they ought in their hearts.
Beloved, tithing was taxation for the theocracy. We don't live a theocracy, but government is still ordained of God, is not? And our taxation today isn't far from what they paid in those days. They were up around 25% and we're somewhere from 20% up when you add all the sales taxes and all the other kind of taxes that we pay. We're really not too far off what God originally instituted as the basics of taxation.
That isn't giving. Don't get stuck at the tenth. Don't limit yourself to legalistic giving. Be free in the Spirit of God to give super abundantly and sow bountifully that you may what? Reap bountifully.
Well, next week, the New Testament, let's pray. Father, thank you for giving us the freedom and liberty to give as we are moved in our hearts to give. Help us to be wise-hearted and willing hearted. Wise to invest with Thee with the greatest investment there is. Willing to give all as the Macedonians and then of our substance. May we see what they saw in the building of the tabernacle. May we have to say that's too much, stop giving for a while. Because it is more than we need. Father, we know this would give You such glory. Thank you for the sweet fellowship we've shared this morning hour. Thank you for the practical principles the Word of God applies to our lives. We glorify our Lord Jesus Christ who makes our fellowship possible and because of whose sacrifice for us we see the quality of Your gift to us and give in response to that. We pray in His blessed name. Amen.
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05 September 2006
Quick Sneak Peak...Setting NLS parameters
Anyway, I'm working through a new drop of SQL Developer and thought I'd mention this set of preferences very briefly. The preference category is NLS Parameters and the screen shot says it all.
In case it doesn't, there have been a number of queries about the date format and being able display the time portion in a date field. Other users have configured the .cfg file to add in other NLS settings. Now you'll be able to handle these from the preferences window, using the NLS Parameter settings.
4 comments:
Where can you add the .cfg file so that sql developer will pick up? Also which version will the NLS option be available?
- Tue Sep 05, 03:58:00 pm GMT
Hi Sue,
Thanks for this information and your work ! It is a great progress if we can fix the session NLS parameter in SQL Developer without use, for example, an "Alter session set NLS_DATE_FORMAT='DD/MM/YYYY';". Sorry, i am
french :-)
I would wish that the NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS can be fixed by default. I know that whe can use a statement
like "Alter session set NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS=', ';", but it is tiring to have a blank ;-)
Many thanks for your post and good continuation
Henri DOURNEAU
- Wed Sep 06, 07:55:00 pm GMT
- Morten said...
Hi Sue,
I noticed that the desc command displays a VARCHAR2(10 CHAR) field as VARCHAR2(40) when using AL32UTF8 in the database.
SQL*Plus shows VARCHAR2(10 CHAR).
Is this intentional?
Morten Tangaa, Miracle
- Tue Mar 02, 10:35:00 am GMT
- Sue said...
It's always best to post queries on the SQL Developer Forum. There is a better interaction there. This was an issue on older versions of SQL Developer, you don't mention the release you are on. We have verified the latest release (SQL Developer 2.1.1, released yesterday) and it's fine there.
- Tue Mar 02, 12:30:00 pm GMT

subset: commoncrawl


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9 Jul
Add to Calendar
December 8, 2011 @ 12:00 pm – 9:00 pm
Distillery Historic District
Parliament and Mill Streets.
Parliament and Mill Streets.
Free entry. Kiosks selling Christmas gifts, treats, and food. Folk dances and other entertainment from Scotland, Ukraine, Poland, etc. Live reindeers and Santa.
Free shuttle bus departs every 30 minutes beginning at 12:11 with the last shuttle departing at 19:41 pm from Union Station on Front Street just west of Bay, near the monument to Multiculturalism. Stops at the King Edward and Westin Harbour Castle hotels.


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Retro fanatics rejoice! Mad Men returns with all-new episodes starting this Sunday at 9/8c on AMC. Want a primer/refresher on what to expect this season from one of the most stylish shows on television? Right this way...
We've sifted through hundreds of Mad Men season five fashion reports (and sneak peeks) and here's what we found:
· Forbes has a round-up of all the newest Mad Men-inspired merchandise on store shelves—like Banana Republic's Mad Men collection; Fab.com is curating a selection of vintage apparel and homewares from the Mad Men era; and Estee Lauder brings Mad Men mania to the beauty category.
· There will be miniskirts on season five! Miniskirts! Remember at the end of season four when Peggy landed the firm a pantyhose account? Well, AdAge predicts that this will turn out to be a really big deal—for legs!
· Even though she's not in the first episode of series five, The Washington Post predicts that Betty Draper will be the character to watch this season—for style tips. Mad Men's costume designer Janie Bryant tells WaPo: that January Jones' character's style is "an example of how classic attire continues to reappear and reinvent itself."
· Meanwhile, the folks over at Esquire are peeved at the menswear styling on Mad Men—they have a hilarious/true rant on their site today: "Even as characters move on, and the women adjust their look toward something a bit more swanky (or, at least, single-lady), the men are lagging: Nobody has purchased anything new to wear to the office. Draper's got the same skinny ties, the same muted stripes. Pete's suits are too big and his neckwear knots are too small. There's Roger Sterling, in a suit you swore he would've sweat through by now. And, look, that asshole who always wears a polo shirt to work."
· Salon calls Mad Men TV's greatest luxury good—it's not just a show about an advertising agency, is it. "'Mad Men' is a show all about the hard sell, how we promote and package not just things, but ourselves, not just to clients, but to ourselves." That's pretty deep stuff there.
· Ooh, look! A Mad Men web-based video game!
· Costume designer Janie Bryant reveals that Peggy Olson will have a major shift in wardrobe: "We really see Peggy progress the most in terms of story and costume design," Bryant told the Kansas City Star.
Check out a preview of the new season here:
Are you excited for the season five premiere of Mad Men? Tell us what you're most looking forward to in the comments!
· Take a video tour of the Mad Men set and the wardrobe department
· Mad Men costume designer Janie Bryant shares her favorite dresses from the series


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Fabulous Estate Sale this weekend in Uptown Dallas!
June 23rd & June 24th
Friday & Saturday- 9:30am to 5pm
2707 State Street
Dallas, Texas 75204
{google_map}2707 State Street, Dallas, TX, 75204{/google_map}
Home FILLED with wonderful treasures... Here is a few of the items you can expect to find here:
- Furniture includes vintage cream colored sofa set and an incredible suede set of sofas, multiple sizes/styles of side tables, Beautiful sleigh bed and twin or king Temperpedic electric set, Black lacquer dining table with 8 chairs! Matching server
- LOTS of art in various styles – watercolor, oil, acrylic, prints, sculpture
- Fabulous patio furniture and gas grill
- TONS of quality linens for bed and tables
- This home was used to entertaining so there is an abundance of crystal goblets, vases, table linens
- Executive office in solid oak
- Vintage baby clothes and quilts – adorable!
- BOOKS!!!!! Large assortment of coffee table style books on art, cars, Dallas, Architecture, design
- Children's items: Daybed, swivel rocker, American Girl doll items, books, videos, stuffed animals, backpacks


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Awaiting Socket Operations
The System.Net.Sockets.Socket class in .NET exposes multiple sets of asynchronous methods that perform the same basic operations but that are exposed with different patterns. The first set follows the APM pattern, where for a synchronous method like Receive, the BeginReceive and EndReceive methods are exposed. If you want to be able to "await" such asynchronous… Read more


text:
"AA actually hurts thost students it's supposed to help." Interesting.
I listened to the clip you included, and that's what the NPR lady said. I later read the release, which is more inconclusive in its findings.
I think that the data should be made available for statistical analysis. It seems like it would be in both sides' interest to know if there are problems with the current system. I found the response from the NAACP kind of surprising. If they believe the current system is not comprehensive enough then knowing the system is flawed fits in with that.
I would love to see more actual hard data on this topic. That said, I don't think Lempert will like it.


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Caryl Churchill Has Our Number
"Is love a choice or is it determined by fate? Are we who people believe us to be or who we believe ourselves to be?"
Fran Gercke, one of the actors in Intrepid's upcoming staged reading of Caryl Churchill's A Number, ponders the numerous themes of this multi-layered play. Taking the stage on Monday night with Old Globe Associate Artist Jim Winker, the two will tackle this dynamic piece that explores the controversy surrounding human cloning while folding it into the complexity of father/son relationships.
Written in 2002, during the height of the Dolly sheep-cloning foray, Churchill's story revolves around a father who has cloned his son, and the potential fallout of his actions. Fran portrays the son – in the various cloned incarnations. While the premise seems dystopian at best, the central conflict of the play remains ultimately relatable.
"I think of A Number as a play set against a backdrop of cloning that's not about cloning at all," says Old Globe Literary Manager and Dramaturg Danielle Amato, who will be directing Monday night's staged reading. "It's about fathers and sons, about parenthood and regret, about what we inherit and what we create for ourselves. It's about all the same questions that have obsessed playwrights from Aeschylus to Ibsen to O'Neill. The cloning is just another context, revealing slightly new facets of an age-old story."
Caryl Churchill is a playwright known for taking risks – both in thematic exploration as well as with her writing style. That this play revolves around a controversial issue is no surprise. However, that the writing offers opportunities for the characters to approach these issues from a diverse spectrum of emotional perspectives is a gift for the actors. This gift is inherent in Churchill's writing style – abstract yet casual, fragmented yet thoughtful.
"The style Churchill has chosen for A Number is very elliptical," explains Danielle. "She takes the gaps and half-sentences that mark our normal, everyday speech and heightens them into something like poetry."
Jim agrees that this distinctive writing style makes this play ideal for a reading setting and the audience should be prepared for "active participation in the unfolding of a fascinating story."
"The fragmentation of language also adds to the searching quality of the story," he says. "There are no easy solutions or quick fixes in this plot. The humanity of the characters continues to be revealed with every reading."
Even though the writing may seem challenging on the surface, it is apparent that the actors are quick to embrace its realistic nature. The audience will be able to navigate it as well, finding the familiarities that may seem too elusive in typical dramatic realism.
"I think Churchill is a great observer of the way in which we try to behave in any given situation," offers Fran. "So the character is dealing with any number of vibrant reactions to the situation but is choosing to express something on the surface that is entirely different. Like we often do in life."
Pairing this particular writing style with such sweeping themes also creates a terrific dramatic tension for the audience, say the actors, as they try to anticipate where the play will take them. The through line of this piece is anything but typical, although the ending is very powerful.
"Churchill leaves the audience with questions to consider, but not just as an intellectual exercise," says Fran. "If the actors do their jobs, I think the audience is left wondering about these people, and wondering what happens next even though Churchill does a great job of ending a play just where it needs to end. It's a complete experience that takes up residence in the back of your mind.
As happens with Intrepid's readings, the success of the performances resides in the audience's willingness to engage and experience theatre in a new and imaginative way. Danielle says that A Number is the perfect choice for a reading series.
"Churchill's imagination is incredibly powerful and theatrical, and the piece is inspiring in the depth it achieves in such a short period of time," says Danielle. "The audience can expect to be surprised, to be swept along, to puzzle out a compelling mystery. They can expect to hear two fantastic actors bring to life a unique and fascinating play."
"If plays were coffee," she adds, "this one would be something strong and Turkish in a tiny cup."
A Number by Caryl Churchill, a staged reading. Encinitas Library, 540 Cornish Drive. Monday, May 19. 6:30 pm complimentary wine/appetizer reception. 7:00 pm reading. $15. Rsvp to email@example.com and pay with cash/check at the door or purchase a reading series subscription.


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The Pink Flamingo is pleased to announce an addition to our staff. That's right, this great information about personal statements was not penned by your trusty editors. It is brought to you instead by our new Senior International Correspondent for the Investigation of Graduate School-Related Affairs.
Tailor your statement to each school to which you're applying. Mention the specific faculty you want to work with and why the school would be a good match for you.
Make sure you answer the question. Once you've written a draft of your personal statement (and again before you finally send it out), go back and re-read the question to make sure your answer is complete.
Highlight any relevant experiences you've had like a research assistantship, teaching assistantship, internship, honors project, resident advisor, and/or volunteer or work experiences.
Talk about your future goals/career interests. Try to be as specific as possible. For example, if you'd like to be a counselor, what type of counselor would you want to be? What types of populations would you like to work with?
Have many people (faculty you know, the writing center, friends) read your statement over before you send it out. You will be revising this statement many times.
If you're applying to a research-focused program, talk about your own research interests and how they match the faculty with whom you want to work. Read the faculty members' recent publications and look at their websites for recent research directions so you can convey true interest and excitement in their research.
If you scored poorly on the GRE (or other test needed for admission to your graduate program), you might consider explaining your performance. You don't want to sound like you're making excuses for your performance, but if all of the other evidence (your GPA, honors project, relevant work experience, TA, RA, etc.) indicates that you're a strong student, you should note this. You should also ask your letter writers to discuss that your scores might be under-representing your true potential.
Get too personal by talking about your own depression, your parents' divorce, etc. Even if this has inspired you to pursue graduate school, you do not want the admissions committee thinking that you are applying to graduate school to try to solve your own problems.
Be too vague. Most psychology and human development majors like helping people. By saying you want to pursue graduate school because you want to help people, you will sound pretty generic.
Make little errors that might cost you admission. Don't exceed the specified page or word limit. Don't have spelling and grammatical mistakes.
Get too overwhelmed! This process can seem pretty daunting so you might be tempted to put off thinking about your personal statement until the last minute. Your personal statement will require a lot of honing and revisions. Don't expect perfection in your first draft, which might make it a bit easier to start working on (and revise from there).
Be too broad. Don't indicate more than 3 faculty with whom you are interested in working. If you indicate more than this, you will look like your interests are not very focused.
Be too cheesy. This is not the time to make up cutesy phrases or acronyms. You want to stand out as a passionate and professional individual, not as a hokey one.
Be too teach-y. If you're applying to a research-focused program, you will be expected to engage in a lot of research while you're there. If your statement just talks about your desire to be a college professor and teach a lot, most programs will not consider you to be a good match. Research-focused schools expect to be training future researchers. Some schools show more flexibility in this than others, but you need to convey your interest in research and not just teaching.


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Dirty Bombs
Nerve Agents
Step 1:
Make a Plan
Step 2:
Build a Kit
Step 3:
Get Informed
Tornadoes are one of nature's most violent storms. They are common in Texas, especially during the spring. Learn how to protect yourself before, during and after a tornado strikes.
What is a tornado?
A tornado is a rotating funnel-shaped cloud that drops out of a storm cloud to the ground. Whirling winds range from 75 miles an hour to 300 miles an hour. Tornadoes can measure one mile in width and travel for 50 miles, often changing direction erratically.
Mobile homes are particularly vulnerable, but even sturdy, brick buildings on concrete slabs are in danger. The power of tornadoes can be great enough to hurl objects as large as cars over long distances, resulting in extreme damage.
Each year tornadoes are responsible for about 70 deaths and 1,500 injuries nationwide. To learn more about tornadoes, go to
NOAA's Tornado FAQ
How do I prepare for a tornado before it strikes?
Find out about public warning systems in your area. Most communities at risk from tornadoes use sirens to warn their residents. Understand the difference between a tornado watch and a tornado warning. A watch means that the formation of tornadoes is possible. A warning means that one has been sighted or detected by radar; seek shelter now.
Inspect your home
Make an inspection of your home, paying close attention to the walls and roof. You may need to make some improvements such as bolting the walls to the foundation or attaching "hurricane clips" between wall studs and roof rafters. You will also want to contact building inspectors in your city or county about structural concerns in your area.
Prepare a shelter
If your home does not have a basement or storm cellar, locate the safest room in your house and designate it as your storm shelter. An interior room without windows such as a closet, bathroom or the crawl space under a staircase may be the safest place.
Mobile homes – even those with tie-downs – are not safe during tornadoes. If you live in a mobile home, plan to shelter in a nearby sturdy building. If one does not exist, find a low spot outside, such as a ditch, and plan to go there during tornado warnings. Lie flat on the ground and cover your head with your hands.
Safe Rooms
Building a safe room is another option. Safe rooms are above-ground shelters built to withstand tornado-force winds and flying debris. An existing room, such as an interior bathroom, can be reinforced to function as a safe room while remaining functional as a bathroom. See information from FEMA on
Preparing a Safe Room
. Manufactured free-standing safe rooms also are available.
How do I protect myself and my family during tornado threats?
When severe weather is approaching, you may not be able to see funnel clouds, so learn how to look for other weather conditions that may indicate tornadic activity:
A dark or green-colored sky
Large, dark, low-lying clouds
Large hail
A loud roar that sounds like a freight train
If you see any of these signs, go to your shelter immediately and tune in to local radio, television or get information about
NOAA Weather Radio
. Help alert others by reporting tornado sightings to the media.
In your car
If you see a tornado while you are driving, stop your car and get out. Find the lowest spot, such as a ditch, and lie flat on the ground. Cover your head with your hands. Do not seek shelter beneath overpasses as wind speeds can be higher in narrow passages. Never try to out-drive a tornado.
At school, the office or shopping centers
In schools and office buildings, go to a designated shelter. If there is not one, the safest place is the basement or an interior hallway on the lowest floor.
In shopping centers, move as far away from glass doors and windows as possible. If you are in a building with a large-span roof, such as a gymnasium or auditorium, seek shelter elsewhere.
How do I stay safe after a tornado?
Once a tornado has passed, the danger is not over. In fact, half of all tornado-related injuries occur following the storm. Before you leave your shelter, look outside and assess potential hazards. While inspecting damage, cleaning up and living without power, take the following precautions:
Do not touch downed power lines or any objects that are in contact with downed lines. Report electrical hazards to authorities.
Wear sturdy shoes or boots, long sleeves and gloves when cleaning up.
Look out for broken glass and exposed nails, a leading cause of tetanus. If you get a nail puncture, contact your doctor or local health department. You may need to get a tetanus shot.
Use extreme caution when entering damaged structures.
If your home is damaged, shut off the electrical power, natural gas and propane gas to avoid electrocution, fires and explosions.
If you smell gas in your home, turn the main gas valve off and call the gas company. Open windows and doors. Do not smoke, light candles or use matches.
Whenever possible, use battery-powered flashlights and lanterns instead of candles.
Help avoid injuries when using chain saws and power tools by learning how to operate them properly, and always following recommended safety procedures.
Never use generators, grills, camp stoves or other gas or charcoal-burning devices inside your home, garage or near open windows, doors and vents. Carbon monoxide – a colorless, odorless gas – can build up and cause sudden illness and death. If you suspect carbon monoxide poisoning or feel dizzy, light-headed or nauseous, seek immediate medical attention. More information on carbon monoxide poisoning is available online. For more information, go to
Carbon Monoxide and Generators
on the DSHS Web site.
SOURCE: Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS)
Copyright © 2017 Texas Department of State Health Services
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You finally are able to make connect with an ex that has done his/her best to keep you away (restraining orders, changing home address and/or phone numbers) but you presisted thinking he/she will find it romantic and endearing and want you back.
She blocked my old cell so I just got another one and texted her at 3 in the morning. All I put was SNUCK YA! and she knew it was me.
by St. Tee August 11, 2010
buy the domain for your cat site


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This is an archived article that was published on sltrib.com in 2013, and information in the article may be outdated. It is provided only for personal research purposes and may not be reprinted.
The house doesn't look like much from the outside, but inside, it saves children.
On a quiet street near Granger High, the little white building with vinyl siding serves as the West Valley City Crisis Nursery. In the oppressive July heat, it looks bottled up, closed even, though inside it's a frenzy of activity: A little boy tumbles over big plastic toys, a girl somersaults on the chocolate-colored sofa, two wide-eyed babies squeal in nearby high chairs.
The Family Support Center operates three crisis nurseries others are in Sugar House and Midvale but according to Executive Director Bonnie Peters, Salt Lake City has a major coverage gap in its northwest neighborhoods. As a result, officials are looking for donations to expand into a new location somewhere in the Rose Park or Glendale areas.
The crisis centers • Founded in 1977, crisis nurseries offer support for families who need help in a pinch. Peters said that can mean a parent who suddenly has a job interview or counseling session, but has no one to watch the baby. Or, it can involve a child facing potential abuse who needs to get out of the home. Even if parents simply feel overwhelmed, they can leave their children at the nurseries for up to 72 hours. During that time, trained staffers feed the kids, play games and do their best to keep everyone happy.
The point, Peters said, is to help families overcome the difficulties of child rearing that are compounded by issues such as working multiple jobs, having low incomes and a lack of transportation.
"Parents really try to do the best they can," she added, "but sometimes the stress gets to you."
Staffers also can work with families who have ongoing needs to find long-term child-care solutions.
Today, the nurseries operate as private nonprofits. Funding comes from government grants, private donations and other sources. The yearly budget for one nursery is just less than $250,000. The nurseries are located in older, donated homes.
A push to the northwest • In June, Peters spoke with leaders in the northwest neighborhoods. She said she received an "overwhelming" response that the area needed a nursery.
Peters said the area would particularly benefit from a nursery because it's home to many lower-income households and has high rates of unemployment and child abuse.
The problem is compounded, Peters said, by a lack of transportation options; in most cases, it is difficult or impossible for people in Rose Park and Glendale to reach the valley's other crisis nurseries via public transit.
"People are pretty much isolated in terms of transportation," Peters said, adding that Interstate 15 cuts off the west side and can be an "almost impermeable barrier."
Rosemarie Hunter, director of the University of Utah's University Neighborhood Partners program, agreed that the Glendale and Rose Park areas would benefit from a crisis nursery. Hunter cited many of the same issues lower incomes, unemployment, higher stress due to the recession and said that, among other things, the nurseries allow people to avoid choosing between their children and their jobs.
"Many people do not have regular day care available," Hunter said. "It allows families to have a more sustainable way of caring for their children in safe ways."
Hunter also noted that west Salt Lake City has traditionally been home to immigrant and arriving populations that could particularly benefit from the nurseries. Having one closer to the neighborhoods would help.
The importance of proximity • Thursday morning, Scott Sherner and his wife, Debora, dropped off their nearly 2-year-old daughter, Sierra, at the West Valley City nursery. Sherner said he prefers to find a baby sitter in his neighborhood, but when he can't, he uses the nursery.
"It has helped a lot when something comes up, spur of the moment," Sherner said.
By coincidence, Sherner lives in the neighborhood where the West Valley City nursery is located.
He's so close, in fact, that sometimes he and Debora just walk over.
"It's close, it's convenient," Sherner said. "If we had to drive farther away, we might not use it."
In the northwest part of Salt Lake City, community leaders believe that kind of convenience could make a difference. Jo Ann Anderson, chairwoman of the Jordan Meadows Community Council, said she supports efforts to put a nursery in nearby Rose Park or Glendale because people need it but can't access existing facilities.
"There's a lot of low-income people that don't have the transportation, and they could either walk or take the bus or take TRAX," she said of a potential new facility.
Andrew Johnston, chairman of the Poplar Grove Community Council, agreed, describing a potential future crisis nursery as a "good neighbor."
Making it happen • According to Peters, the Family Support Center needs a donated home or property to open a crisis nursery in northwest Salt Lake City. The organization also can work with smaller donations.
Peters stressed that the crisis nurseries offer a safety net that helps in a time of need and can help prevent problems before they even start.
"How do we document child abuse that hasn't occurred?" Peters wondered. "We want to see families together."
Twitter: @jimmycdii
Top reasons parents used Salt Lake County crisis nurseries in 2012 and 2013
Respite care/stress breaks • 3,376 visits
Medical emergency • 2,372 visits
Work-related • 1,984 visits
Court or legal obligations • 849 visits
Parent attending counseling • 644 visits
Drug or alcohol related • 575 visits
Child homeless • 484 visits
Death and suicide • 95 visits
Incarceration • 22 visits Looking for donations
The Family Support Center hopes to open a crisis nursery in Rose Park or Glendale. The organization is looking for a donated house, property or other resources. Donations can be made at http://www.familysupportcenter.org or by contacting Bonnie Peters at 801-955-9110.


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Browsing Venues
You are searching for Team building activity and Corporate Entertainment
Belvoir, Grantham, Leicestershire, NG32 1PE
Take you team away for the day and build up their skills in team building.
Field Sport UK Activity Centre, Melbourne Road, Lount, Leicestershire, Ashby De La Zouch, LE65 1RS
Nestled in the heart of the National Forest, Field Sport UK offers fantastic Team Building activities. Our team will tailor a package to suit your needs and corporate requirement or we are able to supply bespoke events designed by you.
Belvoir Castle, Belvoir, Grantham, Leicestershire, NG32 1PE
Inspire and motivate your teams with a day of Mindful tools and techniques to help daily work balance. Detox with great food and find peace and tranquillity with yourself and team members…
National Space Centre, Exploration Drive, Leicester, LE4 5NS
The Challenger Centre, at the National Space Centre, offers absolutely unique team building simulated space missions for between 8 and 32 people.
Southfields Farm, Husband Bosworth, Lutterworth, Leicestershire, LE17 6NW
Experience the exhilaration of driving vehicles over courses set around a World War II bombing range. Try Tank Paintball, all the fun of paintball but with you at the controls of a FV432 tank. Drive, navigate, fire, work as team and win!
Welford Road, Sibbertoft, Market Harborough, Leicestershire, LE16 9UJ
Feeling adventurous? Try some of our activities. From Quad biking, four wheel drive, off road race buggies, amphibious vehicle driving, clay pigeon shooting, archery, glider flights, paint balling, watersports and much more.
Mythe Barn, Mythe Farm Pinwall Lane, Sheepy Magna, Atherstone, Warwickshire, CV9 3PF
Eventurous is based at the impressive site of Mythe Farm in the Midlands, Warwickshire. Surrounded by 150 acres of farmland, fields, rivers and the exclusive Mythe Barn venue, we are already situated in the ideal location to hold outdoor o
Ferrers Centre for Arts & Crafts, Staunton Harold, Ashby de la Zouch, Leicestershire, LE65 1RU
Corporate events and team building courses can be individually designed to suit your needs. We can cater for different numbers and provide accommodation nearby. Camp overnight in the woods to complete that experience.
Burton Road, Rosliston, Swadlincote, Derbyshire, DE12 8JX
Different acitivities available for groups: cycling; laser games; laser combat; orienteering; clay shooting. Call for full details.


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Random Images 40
25 Sunday Oct 2015
Posted England, Photography, Photosin
25 Sunday Oct 2015
Posted England, Photography, Photosin
The strings of my life's soulfulness in the beauty of eternity.
Natalie. Writer. Photographer. Etc.
Photography Business Marketing | Photography Business Tips | Photography Templates | Photography Lifestyle Advice | And More...
Jasmine Färling
move toward what moves you.
Home of Lukas Kondraciuk Photography
cities - cultures - ocean - marine life
A fine WordPress.com site
How to capture a mood?
Digital & Film Photography - Platinum/Palladium Printing
the photoshooter's journey from taking to making
Tokyo in Photos
"art is life, life is art"
photography, writing and the spaces between


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ak123 necesitaba un nuevo diseño de otro y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 33 diseños de 14 diseñadores freelance.
I'm a mid 20's american guy living in India. Been looking to get a tattoo for a long time, but haven't been able to finalize on a design. I'm about 6'2/220 - caucasian. Looking to get a couple different concepts.
Me, myself and I
I'm looking to get a 6-8 inch tattoo down my right side from the middle of my rib cage, down to the bottom of my ribs. I'd like the design to be black and white with maybe a dash of red as an accent color.
The design should be some sort of Polynesian / Maori tribal tattoo. Stylistically, I really like:
* Everything by this guy: http://tangaroa15.deviantart.com/ - especially the manta ray and the marlin's tail
* http://www.flickr.com/photos/pablod…570071358/
I have two concepts in mind, though feel free to be creative:
1. Upsidedown triangle, split into three sections horizontally. Each section would have a different fill according to the style in the examples above. Maybe a thin line vertically off-center right which has some red.
2. A circle and two or three wide v's underneath. Each section filled according to the styles in the examples above.
* I generally don't like the animals/faces, but I'm open to experimentation.
I am attaching a few (very rough) sketches just to give a better idea. Again feel free to come up with your own concept along these lines:
* Concepts above sketched out - http://amitklein.com/tattoo2.jpg
* Concept #1 filled in - this has too much detail but shows a general sketch of what I had envisioned - http://amitklein.com/tattoo.jpg


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Des Moines, IA
See pictures from the conference.
Proceedings are available.
By Darryl Smith, VK2TDS, Reprinted from PSR #93
Elsewhere in this issue of PSR, the subject of the DCC (Digital Communications Conference) is mentioned in a few places. As a board member of TAPR, it is my responsibility to attend the DCC whenever possible. With the distances I need to travel, it has not always been possible. But, thankfully, this time it worked out.
For example, back in 2001, I had all the arrangements booked and then could not get out of the country thanks to the chaos following September 11. In 2003, work commitments stopped me from traveling close to half way around the world for the conference.
I should explain the travel a bit more. I live in Sydney, Australia. To get to the USA I have basically only one option fly into Los Angeles. This flight is one of the horrors of modern aviation at up to 14 hours in a Boeing 747. As you can imagine, this is not something that I look forward to.
This time, I made a detour on my way to the USA flying via New Zealand. This reduced the flying time down to about 11 hours, which is a bit more manageable slightly. Still, it requires a full day or two in Los Angeles to get over the jet lag. In North American summer time, the time difference is seven hours between home and LA. In winter, things improve to five hours.
To get to Des Moines from LA required a four-hour flight to Chicago, followed by an hour flight into Des Moines, making a total of 19 hours in the air.
As bad as these flights are, they are a chance for me to catch up on all those movies I thought I might want to watch at the cinema and never got around to watching. And also, I find that some flights are good for working on presentations and writing letters.
With my work commitments, I had not really had a chance to do much work on my presentations before I left. I had started on one, but that was it. I volunteered to do another two that I had yet to start.
This was the first time I really got to use this laptop as a laptop for more than the 20 minutes or so that I usually ever need it in meetings without power. The power seemed to last forever and was still running nicely after 2 hours running on batteries.
The conference hotel in Des Moines was actually walking distance from the airport, even with baggage. After spending five hours flying that day, the last thing I wanted to do was to wait for a shuttle bus.
The Holiday Inn in Des Moines had free wireless access. At the start of the event, the access would constantly drop out. Following some technical support calls, the access was reconfigured to allow long sessions and things improved significantly. There were times that the Internet was slow, but that was mainly when lots of people were downloading lots of files from the Net.
Wednesday, I had dinner with TAPR Vice President Steve Bible, N7HPR. After dinner, we ran into John, W9DDD, and Laura Koster. John is a board member and as a couple, they run the TAPR office.
ThursdayThursday morning, I woke up about 6:30. About 7:00, I went down and started work on my presentations and checked e-mail. Sure, I could have done this from my room, but it was more social to go down to the cafe and work. A bit later, John Ackerman, N8UR, came down and we had breakfast. John had got in overnight and had actually got the room next to me. Steve Bible with John and Laura Koster arrived a little later.
The board meeting started about 9:00. At the start of the board meeting, we found out that Roger Barker, G4IDE, had died. This was rather sad, but was certainly not unexpected. Just the timing was a bit strange.
Following the board meeting, we all congregated under the Holidome. For the uninitiated, like me, the Holidome is a 1960's or 1970's concept where the hotel is built around a courtyard. They build a round roof on the dome and have the swimming pool semi in doors. After a break to wind down, the board went to the restaurant allowing us all to catch up in an informal session.
After dinner, we adjourned to the Holidome. This was a good informal time. Basically, we talked about computer animation, graphics, ham radio, wireless access, and just about anything else. I finally got to meet Scott Miller, N1VG, who I had been in discussions with about his tracking hardware and protocol.
During this time, I got a phone call from my friend Jack in Australia via his mobile talking about some work stuff. It was amazing how the world has changed in the last few years. My cell phone just works and Jack had rung my mobile number from somewhere in the Aussie Outback; it just worked thanks to the international nature of GSM.
After a while, I went to my room and did some more work on my presentations, which I had to have done by the next day.
FridayFriday morning, I went down for breakfast nice and early and did more work on the presentation. Once I had done a bit of work, a few other people joined me and we continued to discuss just about anything.
After breakfast, I registered for the conference, then went into the main venue and scouted out a desk. The important thing was power. I found an outlet, but the outlet was full. Scrounging, I found a TAPR extension cord that worked for a few of us later.
Sitting in there, I did some more work on my presentation. An hour or so later, it was my turn to present my first talk on Spread Spectrum Power Control and Alternative Routing Techniques. Presenting it went well and I stuck to the time. Phil Karn, KA9Q, asked some interesting questions and despite what I thought, he had changed his views in the last ten years.
One of the reasons I wrote the paper was that he had made a statement about power control and spread spectrum many years ago and then made comments to the contrary later. I disagreed with these later statements and I needed to say why.
One of my friends IM'ed me and asked about what laptop he should get. My reply was along the lines of I use a Dell, but really since Bdale Garbee is sitting next to me my reply must be a HP running Debian Linux. What you need to understand is that Bdale, KB0G, works for HP and he is a former head of Debian.
After some more presentations, came lunch. My idea for lunch at these things is to find a table with no one I know sitting at it or even better, find an empty table. You get to meet some very interesting people that way.
After a short lunch, I went back to the room to finish my second talk. This one was a general update on tracking technology in general. The way it was structured was as a whole lot of fiveminute segments. More talks by others followed this talk.
Friday night was time for the DCC Social. This is an excuse for people to gossip eating finger food and the like. This lasted for a couple of hours or so.
Seems that the conference people do not drink much as a rule and there was a $100 minimum if we had a bar. So we decided on soft drinks and that worked well.
SaturdaySaturday was another full day with a slightly earlier start, but it was not that bad. I got to see about 75% of the first talk before I needed to leave for my session. It is always a good sign when the speaker is there before anyone else. I put on a slideshow of some APRS photos that I had collected doing consulting work. And the audience was impressed. I had finished working on this talk literally just before my talk started. Talk about cutting things fine.
The talk was an introduction to APRS. It started off with some cool uses I had put it to and then worked through the basics. Some of this, I admit, was a bit out of order, but it was good. People were asking the right questions. Having Internet access there was cute. I could demo some of the Internet services available.
The entire session of 90 minutes went very well. One of the standout sessions of the conference was from TAPR President John Ackerman, N8UR. John is a lawyer and his presentation was on some of the legal situations with software and particularly Open Source. Basically, he gave a talk to us poor uneducated hams that he normally gives as a continuing education seminar to internal lawyers at his company. I would suspect, though, that as a rule, we got the legal implications better as a group than the people he normally speaks to.
Following the talks, we had a TAPR membership meeting. Following this was the DCC Dinner. The keynote address was by Ken Kaplan, N0GZ, who wrote the OS/9 operating system many moons ago. Near the end of the evening, John Ackerman, TAPR president, took the opportunity to talk to those assembled about TAPR's special Lifetime Achievement Award for Roger, G4IDE, for his work on UIView. John read the text of the award.
After the dinner, there was a huge number of little groups talking and gossiping about who is doing what. You know the sort of thing. Reminiscing. Some people see each other only twice a year. Others see each other every few months. With this in mind, it should not surprise you that Saturday was a late night.
SundaySunday was to be early, but not too early. No talk, but there was a session from 8:00 AM to midday on DSP. This was really interesting. Not much to say apart from the fact that I did some e-mailing during this time. Other people were speaking through instant messaging.After the session finished, everyone quickly went their own way, until the five or six of us left went to an Italian restaurant for lunch. Quite nice, but I am sure that things will be better when I am in Italy itself though. They tried to give some weird concoction to one of the people with us when he ordered ginger ale. They gave him a Pepsi and bitter and something else mix without telling him. Since he did not want to have caffeine, he was not impressed not at all. At the airport, I made the mistake of not taking my laptop out of my bag. After all, there were no signs. This was not a good move as they did the treatment on the bag including bomb scanning.
John and Tim (from Boston) with John and Laura Koster were the ones left at the hotel. Then John and Tim left, although Tim did return when he realized that he had left the radio he had won the previous night. The flight to Chicago from Des Moines was pleasant enough.
In Chicago, I used the Admirals Club lounge. This is a place that is slightly better than the one in LAX, but not much. Power outlets were hard to find, but I did find the bar even if I didn't use it. The phone was good enough for my to ring Oz with a support issue I needed to fix.
Some stuff I forgot about the conference: Bdale, I believe, showed me an antenna plot that someone in AMSAT had made recently. It was a plot of the antenna gain for the GPS transmitting antenna as you change direction. This is information that AMSAT has asked the US Navy for a number of times, each time being told that the information was classified. Well, it is no longer classified since AMSAT has experimentally determined what the plots look like. Funny thing is that they look exactly what I thought they would look like being an end-fed helical.
The plots do prove something though. The GPS antennas are pointed to Earth, but you can receive the signals from behind the satellite in outer space.
With some modified software in the GPS receiver, you can actually use GPS many, many thousands of km from Earth! The other thing is that there are plans for AMSAT to launch a space probe. They have done a lot of work on satellites on Earth, but now they are looking at sending a probe to Mars. There are some unknowns here, but they hope to have it launched by the end of the decade. One of the problems would be that you only have a launch opportunity every couple of years and if you miss it, you need to wait until the next one.
Then again, there is also the feeling in AMSAT that even if you miss getting to Mars, then there is still science to be done. Sending a probe just out into space missing the planets altogether would still be a success.
Conference Photos
DCC Main Session Room. Wonder what the chap in red is Googling? (N7HPR photo)
Show and tell in the DCC Demonstration Room. (N7HPR photo)
The audience is held spellbound at the DCC. (N7HPR photo)


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