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H 3000.5 C536s 2011 c.1
Oklahoma Child Support Services
Oklahoma Child Support Services Handbook
Table of Contents
What is child support? .4
Right to child support .4
Who we serve 4
Available services .5
Services not provided 6
Cost of services 6
How to apply 6
Where your case is assigned 7
Interstate collection services 7
Information needed to provide child support services .7
The court's role in the process 8
Paternity establishment. 8
Child support establishment.. 9
Enforcement. 10
OCSS Customers' Rights and Responsibilities l O
Custodian - How to receive payment... 11
Noncustodian - Making child support payments .l2
Distribution of child support payments .12
Actions by Oklahoma Child Support Services .13
Glossary of Terms .14
Oklahoma Child Support Services is part of the Oklahoma Department
of Human Services. Our mission: To promote healthy families, we
establish, monitor and enforce reliable support, while encouraging self-sufficiency
and strengthening relationships.
What is child support?
Parents have a legal duty to provide financial support for their children.
The court may order either or both parents to make regular payments for
a child's living and medical expenses. These payments are called child
Right to child support
Child support payments are a basic legal right of children. Regular
child support payments reduce child poverty and the need for public
Who we serve
We serve custodians and noncustodial parents of minor children.
Custodians may be parents, aunts, uncles, grandparents, court-appointed
guardians, or others who care for a child.
You may use OCSS and a private attorney or private collection agency at
the same time. However, the child support office must know of any legal
proceedings that may affect your child support.
OCSS must be notified when custody of the child changes between the
parents or to another person.
Available services
Once a case is opened, OCSS provides the following services:
Location of parent - OCSS continuously checks federal, state and
local sources to find the mailing address, employment or assets of the
noncustodial parent. Employers are required to report all newly hired
employees to the Oklahoma Employment Security Commission within
twenty days of hiring.
Paternity establishment - OCSS helps establish legal paternity either
by voluntary acknowledgment or through court actions. Either parent
may request this service.
Child support establishment - OCSS files a petition with the court
to obtain a child support order. We use Oklahoma's Child Support
Guidelines to establish a monthly child support amount for children.
Child care - OCSS uses Oklahoma's Child Support Guidelines to
determine annual child care costs and allocate this amount between the
parents in the same proportion as their adjusted gross income.
Medical support establishment and enforcement - Children are
legally entitled to health insurance coverage if it is available. If the
noncustodial parent was ordered to provide health insurance for the child
and has not, we will require the noncustodial parent's employer to deduct
any employee-paid health insurance premiums from his or her wages.
Collection - Once payments are made through the Oklahoma
Centralized Support Registry, they are logged and promptly paid to the
custodial person by debit card or direct deposit.
Enforcement - We provide enforcement of child support orders. Without
going back to court, we can deduct child support from income, take tax
refunds, and seize bank accounts. We can also ask the court to enforce
the order and revoke driver, professional, and recreational licenses.
Review and modification - OCSS can review support orders for the
correct amount allowed by law. If appropriate, we ask the court to modify
the current support. Either parent may request a review of the order.
Services not provided
OCSS attorneys represent the state and not individuals. OCSS does not
help with:
• divorce actions
• legal advice
• property settlements
• visitation and custody
• collection of private attorney's fees
• collection of unpaid child care costs and medical bills unless
reduced to judgment
You may contact a private attorney for help with these issues.
Cost of services
You may apply for child support services at no cost to you. OCSS
automatically provides services to families getting Temporary Assistance
to Needy Families or TANF, Medicaid/Soonercare, or child care
These free child support services continue after the public assistance
case is closed. For custodians who have never received TANF, a fee of
$25.00 is charged and withheld from child support after the first $500 is
collected and issued each year.
How to apply
You may get an application by:
• in the Oklahoma City area: 522-CARE (522-2273)
• in the Tulsa area: 295-3500
• 1-800-522-2922
• the TTY line: 1-866-264-4767
• the TTY line in the Oklahoma City area: 522-3792
• the Oklahoma Child Support Services page of the OKDHS Web
site at www.okdhs.org.
• any OKDHS or OCSS office.
Separate applications are required if there is more than one child and the
children do not have the same mother and father.
Where your case is assigned
Your case is automatically assigned to a child support district office
based on Oklahoma law and policy.
Interstate case services
OCSS also serves parents who do not live in Oklahoma. Each state
is required to enforce support orders entered by other states. Federal
law requires all states provide locate, establishment and enforcement
services. The applicant for services may be asked to complete forms to
help the other state collect child support. Other states may charge a fee
when providing services.
Information needed to provide child support services
No matter who applies for services, the following information is helpful:
• Full name and last known address of each parent, and any other
names each person is known by: nicknames, aliases, etc.
• Dates of birth and documentation of Social Security Numbers for
each parent.
• Children's birth certificates are not needed if there is an existing order
for support.
• A physical description with the most current photograph of the
• Marriage license, separation order, divorce decree, protective
or restraining order involving either parent, other support
order, "Acknowledgment of Paternity, " or any other
legal documents where paternity has been determined.
• An accurate month-by-month list of all child support payments
received or paid.
• Name and address of the current or most recent employer of each
• A list of professional or recreational licenses, memberships or
permits, held by either parent; for example: electrician, plumber,
medical, cosmetology, hunting or fishing.
• Names, addresses and telephone numbers of friends and relatives
of each parent.
• Information about property, such as cars, motorcycles, boats,
RVs, or land.
• Copies of paycheck stubs, bank statements for checking, savings
or other accounts.
• Tax returns for the last two years, including W-2 forms and 1099
The court's role in child support
The judge has the final authority for deciding the amount of child
support to be paid and who will make those payments. The court sets
the amount of child support based on both parents' income and the
amount of time the child is in each parent's care. The child support order
includes medical support, and may include other child related expenses,
like child care costs. The court may also change orders when incomes
of the parties, custody of a child or other matters affecting child support
Paternity establishment
Paternity means fatherhood. When a married couple has a child
conceived during the marriage, paternity does not need to be established
- the law automatically presumes the husband is the child's legal father.
In the case of unmarried parents, the court cannot order child support
or determine custody or visitation until paternity is legally established.
Services to establish paternity are available to either parent.
Paternity provides a child of unmarried parents the same legal rights as a
child born to married parents. Those rights include:
• Support from both parents
• Medical and life insurance from either parent, if available
• Social Security and veteran's benefits, if available
• Inheritance rights
• Access to family medical history
Paternity may be established in several ways. Both parents may sign the
Acknowledgement of Paternity form, or AOP, available at any Oklahoma
hospital, birthing center, child support office or OKDHS office, or by
calling 1-800-522-2922. Before signing the AOP, both parents must
review a presentation of their rights and responsibilities.
To establish paternity by district or administrative court order OCSS
needs as much information as possible about the relationship between
the mother and the person named as the alleged father. OCSS needs
information about other sexual partners around the time of conception.
This information is not meant to embarrass either parent. It is important,
however, in determining the paternity of the child. Either party may
request genetic testing. A sample of genetic material is taken from
mother, alleged father and child by swabbing the inside of the cheek in
the mouth.
Note: A child born out of wedlock has one year after turning 18 to sue in
district court to establish paternity. OCSS does not provide this service.
Child support establishment
OCSS can bring a case in district or administrative court to establish
a support order. The amount of support is based on child support
guidelines set by law. Oklahoma guidelines require information about
the number of children, court-ordered child support paid by either parent
to another family, other children of the parents, amount of income for
each parent, child care expenses and medical costs. The support order
established through OCSS will include a provision for immediate income
withholding and medical support.
OCSS collects current support ordered by the court as well as:
• cost for genetic testing
• birthing costs
• support for a prior period
• fixed medical costs
• cash medical support
• interest
Enforcement /
When enforcing the support order, OCSS may do one or more of the
• Order income withholding from wages, unemployment,
retirement, or other income.
• Refer the case to take federal and state income tax refunds and
other federal payments to pay child support.
• Seize property including bank and other financial accounts,
insurance proceeds, such as worker compensation benefits, and
lottery winnings.
• Report to credit bureaus.
• Ask the court to suspend or revoke professional, driver's or
hunting and fishing licenses.
• Request passport denial.
• Protect and pursue child support debt in bankruptcy court.
• File a contempt citation in district court.
OCSS Customers' Rights and Responsibilities
If you are the custodian:
If you have any questions or concerns about your child support or
paternity case, please call our customer service line at 1-800-522-2922.
It is your right to:
• Have your personal information kept confidential.
• Review agency records that are not restricted under
confidentiality laws.
• Due process in actions that may affect you.
• Receive a record of payments made through OCSS.
• Request genetic testing if paternity has not been legally
It is your responsibility to:
• Cooperate with OCSS attempts to enforce and establish paternity
and child support orders.
• Provide information about the noncustodial parent.
• Send to OCSS all child support payments you receive from
anyone other than OCSS.
• Tell OCSS if custody of your child changes.
• Keep OCSS informed of your current mailing address and
telephone numbers.
• Tell OCSS if you hire an attorney for child support matters.
OCSS can then talk only with your attorney about your case.
Custodian - How to receive payment
Child support payments sent to OCSS are paid to you through the
Oklahoma MasterCard debit card. This card will be sent to you after
OCSS receives the first child support payment. You can continue
receiving payments on the debit card or enroll for direct deposit. If you
already receive TANF or Aged, Blind or Disabled benefits, your child
support payments will be placed on the same card.
If you are the noncustodial parent:
If you have any questions or concerns about your child support or
paternity case, please call our customer service line at 1-800-522-2922.
It is your right to:
• Have your personal information kept confidential.
• Review agency records that are not restricted under
confidentiality laws.
• Due process in actions that may affect you.
• Receive a record of payments made through OCSS.
• Request genetic testing if paternity has not been legally
It is your responsibility to:
• Make child support payments as ordered by the court.
• Report changes of address, phone numbers or employer.
• Keep receipts of all of your child support payments.
• Tell OCSS if custody of your child changes.
• Tell OCSS if you hire an attorney for child support matters. OCSS
can then talk only with your attorney about your case.
Noncustodian - Making child support payments
Most court ordered child support must be paid by wage withholding.
This means your employer deducts payments from your paycheck.
If your payments cannot be made by wage withholding, other
options include:
• Debit or credit card payments
• Direct debit from a bank account online at www.okdhs-paycs.
• Money orders, cashier's or personal checks mailed to:
Oklahoma Centralized Support Registry
P. O. Box 268849
Oklahoma City, OK 731268849
OCSS does not accept temporary checks for child support payments.
Distribution of child support payments
OCSS distributes child support payments to the family as required by
federal and state law:
• Current support is paid to the family.
• OCSS collections on active TANF cases are kept by the state
to repay the amount ofTANF the family receives. OCSS
does not keep more than the amount ofTANF paid to the family.
• Money collected from state tax refunds is paid to the family first,
then paid to any state balances.
• IRS refunds are first applied to the past due support owed to the
state, then to any past due support owed to the family.
• Tax refunds from jointl y filed returns must be held for up to six
• If the order includes cash medical support and the children in
the order get SoonerCare benefits, the cash medical amount may
be kept to help pay for SoonerCare.
Actions by Oklahoma Child Support Services
OCSS decides the best way to collect support. Remedies are selected to
protect children's and tax payers' rights and encourage parents to support
their children.
OCSS staff attorneys represent the state of Oklahoma and not parties to
the child support case. Information provided to or obtained by OCSS
will only be released as needed to enforce your case. Information may be
released to law enforcement officers, public officials, court employees or
other agencies.
Step-by-step - income assignment
1. A court orders child support and income withholding
2. The order is sent to the employer
3. The employer deducts the child support payment and sends the
payment to the Centralized Support Registry.
4. Payments are processed and sent within two business days.
5. Custodians receive payment by:
• Oklahoma MasterCard debit card - money on the card can be
accessed at a MasterCard ATM or used to make purchases.
• Direct deposit - by request, money is deposited to the
checking or savings account of your choice.
Glossary of Terms
Acknowledgment of paternity process - The process of legally
establishing paternity, when a child is born out of wedlock and the
mother and the alleged father declare that he is the natural father of the
child, through the use of an official numbered (03PA209E) Oklahoma
Department of Human Services form. This statement may be withdrawn
only within 60 days of signing.
Administrative court - Judicial process set up by statute for OKDHS
to establish and enforce child support orders outside the district court.
Orders obtained through the administrative process are filed with the
district court.
Administrative law judge - The presiding officer at an administrative
hearing who rules on the case.
Affidavit of payments - A written statement that shows the amount of
child support owed and paid by the noncustodial parent, including any
child support payments processed through OKDHS. This statement may
be used as evidence in court.
Alleged father - A man whose legal relationship to a child is not yet
Annual Notice - Notifies all parties of the amount due, actions that may
be taken to enforce the child support order, and any required actions.
Arrearage/arrears - Unpaid court ordered child support owed by a
Assignment of support rights - To receive TANF, a person must give
the State the right to collect and keep any medical and child support
payments owed to that person for the time period assistance is received.
The State does not keep more than it paid in TANF and medical benefits.
Bench warrant - An order issued by a district court judge directing law
enforcement to arrest the person named in the warrant. A bench warrant
may be issued when a person fails to comply with an order to appear.
Cash medical support - An amount ordered to be paid toward the cost
of health coverage instead of insurance.
Centralized Support Registry - The OCSS unit that receives, allocates
and distributes support payments. This unit also processes all child
support applications.
Child support guidelines - The method under state law for setting child
support owed based on the income of the parents.
Citation for contempt - A district court action filed to enforce a court
order. For example, a citation may be filed if a parent has willfully failed
to pay child support. The penalty may include a fine, jail time, or both.
Criminal non-support - Criminal charges filed by a district or U.S.
attorney for failure of a noncustodial parent to pay child support.
Custodial person, custodian - A parent or other person with legal or
physical custody of a child and the right to receive child support on
behalf of the child.
Default - Failure of a person to appear or file a response in a civil case
by the deadline after having been served with a summons and petition.
Default judgment - Decision made by the court when the defendant
fails to appear. Normally, the party asking for relief from the court gets
everything requested in the petition or motion when the other party is in
Defendant / Respondent - The party in a court action who is being
Delinquency - Any payment under an order for support that becomes
due and remains unpaid.
Electronic funds transfer, EFT - The electronic deposit or receipt of a
child support payment.
Employer - The person or entity who pays someone for providing
services, including contractors.
Family group number, FGN - The child support case number.
Financial institution - Any federal or state bank or savings association,
federal or state credit union, benefit association, insurance company, safe
deposit company, money market mutual fund or similar entity.
Fixed medical support - Periodic payments for ongoing medical costs
not paid by insurance or already covered by a cash medical support order.
Full faith and credit - A law that requires courts to recognize and
enforce orders entered by another court.
Genetic test - A scientific method to determine paternity by collecting
DNA samples from the mother, child and alleged father.
IV-D recovery - A custodial person receiving TANF must send
any direct support payments to the Central Support Registry. When
a custodial person keeps these payments, OCSS will recover the
overpayment by retaining future collections.
Income assignment - A court order to withhold a portion of income for
child support.
Income withholding - Collection of support through mandatory payroll
Lien - A court order attaching real or personal property. Generally, liens
are placed on property owned by an obligor, workers' compensation
settlements, or personal injury settlements.
Levy - The legal process of obtaining money through seizure and sale of
License - A document granting the right or privilege to engage in a
profession, occupation, business, or recreational activity. This includes,
but is not limited to, hunting, fishing, occupational or a driver license or
Locate - Process of obtaining a valid address or employer.
Modification - The legal process of changing a court order.
New hire reporting - The requirement that an employer notify OCSS
within 20 days of any new hires.
Noncompliance - Failure to obey a court order.
Noncustodial parent - An individual ordered to pay child support for
one or more children. The noncustodial parent may also be referred to as
the absent parent or obligor.
Obligation - Court ordered amount of money to be paid as child support.
Obligee - Person or entity owed a support debt or support obligation.
Obligor - Person required to make support payments by court order.
Office of Administrative Hearings: Child Support - Conducts
hearings to establish and enforce child support orders. Cases are heard by
administrative law judges.
Overpayments - Payments by OCSS to custodial persons, noncustodial
parents, or others to which they are not entitled.
Paternity - Fatherhood; male parentage.
Paternity order - An order that establishes the paternity of a child born
out of wedlock.
Payment plan - A schedule for payment of past due child support.
Petition - A written request filed in district court to start a legal action.
Public assistance - State or federal benefits granted to eligible
recipients. TANF, Medicaid and day care recipients are automatically
referred to OCSS.
Purge fee - The amount a person must pay to get out or stay out of jail.
It is set when the person is found guilty of contempt of court.
Respondent / Defendant - The party in a court action who is being sued.
State Disbursement Unit, SDU - The site that receives, allocates and
distributes support payments. See also Centralized Support Registry.
Subpoena - A document requiring a person to appear at a certain time
and place to give testimony and provide documents.
Summons - A legal notice to a person of a suit pending in court that
requires an answer or appearance. A judgment will be ordered if the
petition is not answered in time.
Support debt - The amount a parent owes a state for public assistance
paid for his or her child.
Tax refund offset - Money taken from a person's state or federal income
tax refund to pay a child support debt.
Tribunal- Another word for court.
UIFSA - The Uniform Interstate Family Support Act is a law to help
states work together on child support cases.
Voluntary acknowledgment - See Acknowledgment of paternity
Wage withholding - See Income assignment.
OKDJ-IS Pub. No. 9125 Revised 06/2011
This publication is authorized by the Oklahoma Commission for Human Services in accordance with
stale and federal regulations and printed by the Oklahoma Departmcm of Human Services at a cost of
$4,545.00 for 5,050 copies. Copies have been deposited with the Publications Clearinghouse of the
Oklahoma Department of Libraries. OKDHS offices may request copies on ADM-9 (23AM009E) elec-tronic
supply orders. Members of the public may obtain copies by contacting OKDHS Design Services
at 1-877-28344113 (loll free), by faxing an order 10 (405) 962·1740, or by downloading a copy at WW\\!.
okdhs .org/l ibrary/pubs.
Click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
to test the heat detectors in my buildings
Is a gas torch an option?
These devices need a lot of current though. But perhaps you can carry a backpack with a large battery.
Is this an informal test, or are you doing some sort of certification/safety test? For the latter you need to know what standard you are testing against in order to know how to test it, and your test equipment would need to be calibrated.
I know all about it.


text:
NIIT Imperia Centre for Advanced Learning offers Executive Management Programs (4 to 12 months), specialized Management Development Programs (3 to 10 days) and Customised Programs specially created to meet the needs of corporate organizations.
These programs are offered by premium institutions or are delivered by reputed academicians.
Programs offered in the current cycle are as follows:


text:
Professor of the Year Honored for 'History' of Exceptional Teaching
The professor effortlessly navigates the sidewalks crisscrossing campus, his guide cane tapping along the paths he has walked for the past 33 years.
From his house that sits adjacent to Trinity's campus, he walks the short distance to the classroom building, contemplating how he will most effectively teach history today while resting in the pleasure of this daily walk and the contentment he finds in anticipating his destination.
Dr. Robert Rice, who was honored with the inaugural Professor of the Year award at Trinity's May Commencement ceremony, acutely feels the weight of his responsibility as a professor despite his many years of experience. He has high expectations of himself, sometimes demanding perfection while simultaneously experiencing moments of doubt.
"I impose perfection for myself but not for others, but perfection can immobilize. I'm responsible but not sovereign," he said, adding, "except two times a year when I make my syllabi."
Born with some sight in one eye, Rice said that through God's grace and the support of his family, he quickly accepted the eventual and complete loss of his sight at the age of 15. "Most people who have lost their sight hold on to the loss, but when you get stuck with loss, it shapes how you deal with people," said Rice. "I gave it up before I lost it. Blindness is a significant part of my life, but it is only one strand of brokenness in God's good world."
Rice teaches mainly European and global history and notes that the curriculum is difficult and requires a great deal of reading, critiquing, and "taking on the hard stuff." For Rice, some of the hard stuff involves Christianity in the classroom. "Christianity can't be an 'add on,'" he said. "It can be hard work to integrate faith into the curriculum, but it is imperative to do so."
So he and his students look at how culture responds to God's call and in turn gain an understanding of culture and Christian faithfulness. These were also lessons Rice began learning at a very young age, along with a heightened awareness of the world outside his home.
Rice's father was a veteran, and family vacations centered around culture, with visits to museums and fortifications. "My parents had an infectious interest in global affairs and a sense of past and present, and they were hopeful people."
He recalls that at age five, he watched his first TV program when his parents gathered their children together to witness an important event, the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. All these experiences opened his mind early. "I grew up with a sense of global interest, an awareness of the world beyond my home and neighborhood."
At the age of only six, Rice's neighborhood became the New York State School for the Blind in Batavia, 75 miles away from the family he loved. The experience of leaving home was traumatic, but he felt fortunate to return home each weekend and every summer, an impossibility for many of the school's children.
Rice believes that living at the school all the way through high school graduation in 1965 helped him to "look outside self." He said, "I learned early to listen and to develop greater empathy toward others."
That empathy was especially felt for those who were disconnected or distant from their homes and those who were marginalized in society.
So the boy who, at 12, announced to his seventh grade science teacher one afternoon that he planned to teach history held on to that pronouncement with the same conviction that the world was an expansive and enthralling place that he was called to care for, learn from, and one day teach others about.
Rice went on to earn his bachelor's degree from Houghton College in New York and his master's and doctoral degrees from the University of Illinois in Urbana. Throughout his college education, he carried his early experiences with him. And those most important lessons he carries with him still…and into the classroom.
The connection with his students and with Trinity runs deep. Rice believes in caring for "the whole person" and "treasures" advising students, preferring to refer to those who are undecided as "still deciding." He and his wife, Gail, served as resident directors at Trinity for over six years, and their former campus apartment has long been occupied by department offices and a classroom in Groot Hall. (Gail, the longest-running volunteer tutor in the PACE program at Cook County Jail—33 years—used to accompany groups of student volunteers to the jail.) Rice has also served on various committees to encourage diversity on campus, and this year was a recipient of the Catherine Yonker Award for those efforts.
Being chosen as Professor of the Year was uplifting, affirming, and very surprising, especially with so many deserving faculty, said Rice.
At the end of the day, the professor who has saved every student evaluation since 1979 walks through his Trinity "neighborhood" to his home, reflecting on the day's classes. "These are the things I could do better" or "This went well," he thinks. He knows awards are lovely but that life is about so much more; he knows that the world stretches far beyond the well-worn paths we see before us.
Thoughts from the Trinity community
Dr. Liz Rudenga, provost
"Bob is an amazing, talented professor whose characteristic commitment to teaching and scholarship has been remarkable over his 33 years of service. His voice is one that is valued and respected, for colleagues know that Bob thinks carefully and enters into conversations with wisdom. Bob exemplifies the Trinity professor – he cares about students and their learning, challenges them in their vocational calling, and knows and explains well the interweaving of faith and learning."
Dr. Michael Vander Weele '73, professor of English
"In a family or a church or a college it takes more than one person to create a welcoming space, that is, a space that people can go out from in their own orbits and also return again and again to be together. Both the going out and the return are part of their identity. We know, perhaps better than Bob does, what an important stake he has had in holding such [spaces] up, whether through warm humor…or through principled thought and action, or through affection. I think that was affirmed in his receiving Trinity's first ever Professor of the Year award this last year."
Dr. John Fry, professor of history
"Bob is the most approachable professor that I know. He knows European history inside and out, and he knows how to communicate his passion for the subject to students. Bob's teaching is centered on a Christian perspective on history."
Dr. Mackenzi Huyser '98, dean for faculty development and academic programs
"I find Bob to be an incredibly caring colleague. He seeks opportunities to honor colleagues for their work. He is knowledgeable about the work of each and always has an encouraging word about this work. He shares this encouragement in phone calls/voicemails and on the sidewalk. Bob is also always willing to help out with any task that is needed. From meeting with and advising undeclared students to chairing significant committees. He is always willing to serve."
Joy Meyer '78, assistant professor of education
"I find Bob Rice to be a man of integrity, inquiry, knowledge, and peace. He always has a kind word of encouragement. Students who have had him in class are in awe of his knowledge and appreciate his pedagogical style. In the class he is affirming, yet challenging. I know Bob is a man of God and serves him in many ways on campus and in church. He has been a powerful influence on the ethnic diversity committee. I enjoy Bob and congratulate him for this award."


text:
BrianDFF needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
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text:
THE only bus route from Wickford to Basildon's Festival Leisure Park is to be axed, despite years of campaigning to get a service.
Essex County Council, which subsidises the 236 service to Bas Vegas, off Cranes Farm Road, has started a consultation over whether to cut the route, claiming it costs too much.
After years of false starts, the evening bus service was launched in March 2012, with County Hall agreeing to subsidise the route to the tune of £60,000, with Nibs buses running it.
But the Tory administration claims the service costs them £8.13 per person to run in subsidies, and says it is not profitable enough for Nibs to run it on its own.
Alan Ball, Ukip county councillor for Wickford Castledon, said: "It will be a shame if the service goes because I don't think it is advertised enough.
"I believe it's the only service to Festival Leisure Park, but I have to admit whenever I see the bus, it does look empty. I would give it another year, advertise it properly and see if usage goes up before cutting it."
The hourly service runs to the night-time hotspot from 7pm to midnight, Monday to Saturday.
Starting at Wickford train station, it stops a further three times in the town, before going to Gardiner's Lane South and then Festival Leisure Park.
The final three stops on the route are Ghllygrove, in the Gore, Basildon, Basildon bus station and then Basildon Hospital.
Essex County Council was unable to say if the stops to Basildon bus station and the hospital would be affected by whatever decision is made.
The leader of the Tory administration, David Finch, said: "We need to ensure we have services that deliver value for money to local residents.
"This includes reviewing services to see if we can fund or provide them differently."
All the contracts will continue to operate until Saturday, August 30, when they expire.
However, County Hall insists no decision has been made yet about what will happen after that.
Commuters and clubbers are being asked for their views on the services through a consultation running until Friday, June 27.
To provide feedback on these proposals, send your views to: Passenger Transport Liaison Team, STC, Essex County Council, Council, County Hall, Chelmsford, Essex, CM1 1Q or to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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By: Cris Neckar, Andrew Case
Everyone understands that local file includes are bad. The ability to execute an arbitrary file as code is unquestionably a security risk and should be protected against. However, the process of exploitation can be rather involved and is commonly misunderstood. In this post I want to clarify the risks involved in this type of vulnerability and the complications involved in exploitation.
To start lets give a bit of background. I will focus on PHP on Linux specifically but this class of vulnerability may also exist in many other interpreted languages on different platforms. Generically, a file inclusion vulnerability is the dynamic execution of interpreted code loaded from a file. This file could be loaded remotely from an http/ftp server in the case of remote inclusions, or as I will cover, locally from disk. Generally remote file inclusion vulnerabilities are trivial to exploit so I will not be covering them. The following line is an example of a local file inclusion vulnerability in PHP:
require_once($LANG_PATH . '/' . $_GET['lang'] . '.php');
In this case an attacker controls the "lang" variable and can thereby force the application to execute an arbitrary file as code. The attacker does not however control the beginning of the require_once() argument, so including a remote file would not be possible. To exploit this an attacker would set the 'lang' variable to a value similar to the following:
Before we get into discussing the exploitation of this type of vulnerability let me say a few words about preventing them. In the preceding case, the vulnerability could be trivially mitigated through input validation. A simple check for non-alphanumeric characters would suffice in this case. However, where possible I would recommend completely avoiding user input for this type of logic and instead selecting the proper include from a hardcoded list of known good files based on a user supplied index number or hash.
Now that we know how to avoid these when developing applications lets get back to methods of exploitation. A straight forward vulnerability such as this one can in fact be quite difficult to reliably exploit given the differences in deployment platforms. When developing an exploit the first question to ask yourself is generally "what do I need for successful exploitation?". In this case, the answer to that question is a file stored locally on the target system which contains PHP code that accomplishes our goal. In the best case we will be able to include a file which we directly control the contents of.
This can be an interesting puzzle as it is almost a case of chicken before the egg. To gain access to the remote system we need the ability to create a file on the remote system. The first possibility, and by far the simplest, is to look at the features provided by the application we are attacking. For example, many local inclusion exploits use features such as custom avatars and file storage mechanisms to place code on the target system. Bypassing various checks performed on these types of files/images can be an interesting puzzle in itself and the details are best saved for a future post. However, we want to talk about these vulnerabilities on systems which do not allow such trivial exploitation.
If the target application does not provide some way of uploading or changing a file on disk we need to examine other options. I suggest examining all access to the target server. Ask yourself "What services are available to me and what files to they access? Do I control any of the data written to these files?". An anonymous FTP server or similar would certainly make life easier here but that would be to good to be true. 🙂
Generally when people discuss local includes the assumption is that the target file will be the HTTP servers logs. It is quite easy to influence the contents of log files as their purpose is to store the requests that you, the user, make. Most people will suggest the logs and conveniently glaze over the complexities that their usage presents. There are several major potential hurdles in the use of logs.
First we run into the problem of finding the logs. In a production environment it is rare to use default paths for log data, '/var/log/httpd/access_log' is simple enough to guess but what do you do when the log is stored in '/vol001/appname.ourwidget.com/log'. Guessing this path would be non-trivial at best and even assuming that verbose error messages or a similar information disclosure gives you some hint to directory structure, using these methods in a reliable exploit would be extremely difficult.
To jump this hurdle lets examine an interesting feature of the Linux proc file-system, namely, the 'self' link. The Linux kernel exports a good bit of interesting information about individual processes to usermode through the proc entries for each process id. It also creates an entry called 'self' which provides a process easy access to its own process information. When we access /proc/self through the context of a PHP include the link will, in most cases, point to the process entry for the httpd child which has instantiated to PHP interpreter library (This may not be the case if the interpreter has been called as CGI). Often when an HTTPd is run, the path to its configuration file is passed as an argument. If this is the case, finding the log file is a simple procedure of including '/proc/self/cmdline', reading the location of the configuration file and including it to find the path to log files.
If the 'cmdline' entry does not contain the configuration file there is another option. The per process proc entry also contains a directory entry called 'fd'. This directory exports a numbered entry for each file descriptor that the process currently holds. In writing PoC for this post on a 2.6.20 kernel we noticed that at some point a kernel developer had the foresight to set the permissions on these entries so that they could be read only by the instantiating user. We tasked intern Y with finding the change and, after grepping the diffs of every kernel release (ever… i.e. wget -r –no-parent http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/) he found the following. In May of 2007 the following patch was entered to address the case where a process opens a file and then drops its permissions (Interesting, that is exactly what Apache does).
This change was committed around the release of version 2.6.22. Using this new access we are able to directly access the files opened by the apache process through these proc entries. By iterating the file name from '0' we are able to directly access the HTTPd log file which will undoubtedly be open for use by the web server. Simply include the files '/proc/self/fd/<fd number>' until you hit on the right file descriptor.
Great, so we found the log file. Now we need to determine what fields we actually control. It is commonly believed that you can arbitrarily enter text into apache logs by putting code into GET variables or the requested path. This is generally not the case as these values will almost always be URL encoded and will therefore not execute correctly. I find the simplest field to use is actually the user name. This is pulled from the Authorization header which is typically base64 encoded and thereby avoids the URL encoding mechanisms. By base64 encoding a string similar to the following:
<?php passthru($_GET['cmd']); ?>:doesn't matter
And specifying an Authorization header as follows:
Authorization: Basic PD9waHAgcGFzc3RocnUoJF9HRVRbJ2NtZCddKTsgPz46ZG9lc24ndCBtYXR0ZXI=
We can insert arbitrary code into the HTTP logs.
Assuming the stars align and this method is successful there is still one more caveat. On production HTTP servers the logs files tend to be rather large, often in the range of 200mb. Your PHP code is going to be at the very end of the current log file which will likely mean that for each command you run it will take a very long time (depending on connection speed) to wait for the page to display the output from your command. It is possible to use the error_log as this is likely somewhat smaller, but these can still be rather larger than we would hope.
We now have somewhat reliable ways to get code execution, but I hear you saying "There must be a better way". I am going to present a method which is specific to PHP and somewhat specific to the target application. This is a very common scenario but if it does not fit your needs I hope that it will at least help you to get into the right mindset for this type of exploit development.
PHP provides a mechanism for maintaining session state across requests. Many other languages provide similar interfaces but their internals are sometimes quite different. In the case of PHP a session is started using, logically enough, session_start(). This code can be found is '/ext/session/session.c' within the PHP codebase. Briefly, it checks whether a session cookie was sent with the current request, if not it creates a random session id and sets the cookie within the response to the user. It also registers the global $_SESSION variable which is directly tied to a file stored in the temporary directory. This file will contain any variables set under the session context formatted as a PHP array.
In the case of an application which tracks session information, any setting stored as a string which the user controls could provide an excellent target for a local file include vulnerability. The session file will be named 'sess_<session_id>'. Although the session_id is a random hash it is trivial to retrieve as it is stored locally in a cookie.
In our simple example, our session has a few variables but the simplest to control arbitrarily is a field called 'signature'. PHP applications tend to store all sorts of interesting things in session variables and there is often a string that you control arbitrarily. In this case by setting our 'signature' to PHP code we can gain command execution through this session file.
Although the specific methods I have outlined here will not always work in your particular situation I hope that I have at least prompted some interest in the many possibilities for exploiting this type of vulnerability. Regardless of how limited you feel by the platform you are exploiting there is almost always some trick that you can use to get the better of the system.


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Taykey co-founder Amit Avner had just moved into his new offices off Madison Square Park a couple weeks ago. His desk was bare save for a Mac laptop and a Samsung Galaxy S2 phone, which started playing the first few chords of Darth Vader's Imperial March theme song.
Hmm-hmm-hmm, hmm-hmm-hmm, hmm-hmm-hmm.
"Oh, that's our chairman of the board. Let me just tell him I'll call him back," Mr. Avner said. After a few words in Hebrew, he hung up. "It's like 11 p.m." in Tel Aviv, Mr. Avner noted. "He must be really bored."
Mr. Avner, who moved to New York from Israel 10 months ago, has curly, blond hair, full lips, and blue eyes the exact color of the inside of a Hpnotiq bottle. "I'm 25 now. On Friday, I'm 26. I'm still like … ignoring it," he said, laughing at himself. "When I was 14, I built a search engine."
After getting a B.A. in computer science (age 15) and selling his search engine (age 17), in 2008 Mr. Avner launched Taykey, an advertising platform that helps clients like Pepsi use real-time algorithms to determine consumer interest. Both of his co-founders were fellow engineers he met while serving as a software architect developing cryptography and network security for the R.&D. unit of Israel's Ministry of Defense.
Asked what sorts of projects he worked on, Mr. Avner sputtered something about "encrypting stuff" and "making things work together."
For decades, the elite programming units of the Israeli Defense Forces, which include 8200 and Mamram, have functioned like the ultimate feeder school for Silicon Wadi, as the software hub clustered around Tel Aviv was dubbed in the '90s (wadi is Arabic for "valley"). But these days, the start-ups coming out of Israel have put aside mature sectors like security, microchips and network communications for something more Americanized. Read More


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