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Only four months after launching a new laptop with a high-resolution "retina" screen, Apple has chopped $200 off the price.
Apple's 13-inch "Retina" MacBook Pro will now sell for $1,499 instead of the $1,699 original price.
This is a small move, but it's symptomatic of the broader challenges that Apple ( AAPL) is facing.
The most likely reason for a price-cut so soon after launch is that the product wasn't selling well at the original price. And with the 13-inch MacBook, this would not be a surprise: Reviewers were underwhelmed with the laptop when it was released, arguing that, at $1,699, it was not a good value. Based on the price cut, it appears that Apple laptop buyers agreed.
The price cut reveals that consumers won't rush to buy the latest greatest Apple product just because Apple made it. The price-value tradeoff has to be reasonable. And in the case of the MacBook Pro, it apparently wasn't.
This problem — the price-value tradeoff — has become an issue for Apple far beyond laptops.
As smartphones become a commodity, Apple's most important product line — the iPhone— is experiencing similar challenges. The explosive growth in the smartphone market in recent years has shifted to emerging markets, where price is a major factor in consumer decision-making. By not offering a cheap iPhone that is affordable for consumers in these markets — $100-$200 without a contract or subsidy — Apple has missed out on much of this growth.
Meanwhile, the competition at the high end of the smartphone market, where Apple once dominated the field, has become much more intense. And Apple's premium product — the iPhone 5— is no longer considered by some to be the best product on the market. Unless Apple can firmly re-establish the iPhone's superiority, which does not look likely to happen anytime soon, the company may face increasing pressure to improve the price-value proposition for this product, too. And that might be devastating for Apple's profit margin, which is currently extraordinarily high for a hardware company.
The same story is playing out in tablets. The price-value tradeoff of some recent tablet entrants has reduced Apple's dominance of this product category — a category that Apple invented and, a few years ago, had to itself. The price pressure in the tablet market, in which consumers can now get excellent tablets for much less than Apple is charging, will likely force Apple to continue to improve the price-value proposition of its iPads. And this, in turn, will also likely begin to eat into Apple's profit margin.
A few years ago, in phones and tablets, Apple was both the price leader and the product leader. Apple's products were better than the competition's, and they were cheaper.
Today, that is no longer the case.
And it probably means that Apple's extraordinary profit margin will continue to decline.
SEE ALSO: And Now For Some Good News... Apple's Stock Looks Cheap
Yahoo's Jeff Macke and I discuss this live here:>
Watch Below: What To Expect From Apple In 2013 // OO.ready(function() { OO.Player.create('ooyalaplayer', 'x3eXViNzrZWq6sdPXrKzE4cHBoETX3f1'); }); //


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The Darkest Hour Before Dawn
Bella and Edward right before and after the ending of Eclipse! This will contain spoliers please don't read if you haven't read Eclipse! Due to lack of reviews there will be no series to this!
Thank you so much for all of your positive reveiws!
1. A night to remember
Rating 3.6/5 Word Count 894 Review this Chapter
As we drove back to Charlie's I tried to brace myself for what was to come. All too soon we arrived. I was relieved to see Charlie's cruiser wasn't in the driveway. Edward parked his car behind my truck and was at my door in a second.
I unlocked the door and walked into the kitchen. There was a message on the answering machine I could already tell it was from Charlie. I sighed and braced myself for what was to come.
"Bella honey, listen to me ok!? I'm down in La Push…"
I felt my knees weaken. I knew something was wrong as Charlie's voice came softly through the speaker. I was only partly aware of Edward next to me. I was almost certain he was holding me up. I'm not sure what happened next. I think I must have fainted because when I woke up I was in the middle of Edward's giant gold bed. His arms were wrapped around me protectively.
"Edward?" I called my voice shaky,
"Oh, Bella, thank god! You gave me such a scare. I called Charlie and told him you wanted to stay with Alice tonight. It was mainly so I could make sure you were going to be ok!" Edward said his face full of worry,
I was almost afraid to know. Something had happened in La Push. Something that had caused me to faint when I heard it. It could only mean one thing that something had to do with Jake.
"What happened and don't you dare shield me from this. I don't remember and I need to know!"
"Bella, Charlie is down in La Push with Billy. Jacob took off the pack is out tracking him and Charlie is there to keep Billy calm. He wanted you to call him when you got the message but you fainted. I called him told him what happened and that I didn't think you should be alone tonight. I told him Alice offered to let you spend the night and he agreed it was for the best."
Silence fell across the room as I let this sink in. Jake took off but why? Suddenly it hit me he was near the meadow today! He had heard everything. He knew I was getting married and wasn't planning to invite him.
"Bella, love are you ok? You look like your going to be sick!"
"Yeah, I'm fine just shocked!"
Edward pulled me tighter and kissed my forehead lightly. He moved slowly to my neck and finally my lips. My heart raced with delight and suddenly I knew what I wanted, what I needed. Slowly I took my hands and started unbuttoning his shirt. Edward pulled away and looked at me with weary eyes.
"I've changed my mind Edward, but only about this. I need this! I need you!"
Edward caught me in a deep kiss his hands moving to the buttons on my shirt. I shrugged out of it easily still kissing Edward. He rolled me on top of him tugging away at my other articles of clothing.
When it finally happened I felt my body tremble with pleasure. I had finally given Edward every piece of my possible. Every human experience I ever needed to have had been done. After it was over I fell asleep in Edwards arms him humming my lullaby.
When I woke up Edward was smiling at me brightly. I leaned in and kissed him hard. Soon enough last night's events repeated themselves. It was even better the second time. It felt like we finally really belonged to each other.
When I was finally ready to go home Edward drove me never letting me go. When we got there Charlie's cruiser still wasn't home. Edward picked me up and carried me into the house. There was a note from Charlie on the table.
They found Jake. He said he just need some time to think some things over! I'm at work now I will be home the usual time! I love you Bells take care!
"Well that's good," I sighed,
"So, we have a full day ahead before we have to tell Charlie! What would you like to do?" Edward asked a wicked grin crossing his face,
Before I got to answer the doorbell rang. We walked hand and hand towards it. Edward's face changed. He looked less happy than before but not so much so, I knew it wasn't Jake. I opened the door to see Alice standing there with tons of wedding related things.
For the better part of the day Edward, Alice, and I planned the wedding. She made us pick invitations even though she already knew the ones we were going to pick and had them printed up. She also made us pick a color scheme. This was harder because Edward and I both wanted different things. We finally decided on midnight blue and a deep pink. Then came the hardest part for me, the guest list. Alice handed it to me to look over. There as I suspected were three names I didn't want there. I scratched them off slowly and handed it back to her saying it was perfect.
After that Alice left giving me and Edward a little over an hour to prepare for telling Charlie. I cooked one of Charlie's favorite meals hoping it might soften him up. After everything was in the oven Edward and I settled into the couch to watch a movie and wait.
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subset: commoncrawl


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JACKSON, Miss.—Freight barges were idled among some 50 vessels stacked up Tuesday along a normally bustling stretch of the Mississippi River that was closed as crews worked to clean up leaking oil spilled in a weekend barge accident.
Workers have been skimming oily water around the clock near Vicksburg, Miss., since a barge carrying thousands of gallons of oil struck a railroad bridge and began leaking before dawn Sunday. The accident forced the closure of a 16-mile stretch of the lower Mississippi, a major inland corridor for vessels carrying oil, fuel, grain and other goods.
Coast Guard Petty Officer 3rd Class Jonathan Lally said Tuesday that there is still a "slow leak" of light crude coming from the barge, but officials have not released an estimate on how much has spilled into the river.
Lally said information would be available later Tuesday. He said officials are having a hard time calculating the amount that leaked and what remains on board.
"There's a list to the barge the way it's sitting. You can't get an accurate reading," Lally said.
Lally said crews had skimmed 1,596 gallons of an oil and water mixture from the river, but that is not an indicator of exactly how much spilled. A barge is being sent to the site so oil can be removed from the damaged vessel, but it wasn't clear how long that would take.
Observers in a helicopter and on boats have found no evidence of an environmental impact, but the investigation continues, Lally said.
Lally said officials were awaiting a recovery plan from the spill's "responsible party," Nature's Way Marine LLC of Theodore, Ala., and would then have "a better estimate of when the river will be reopened." The vessels were being pushed by the tug Nature's Way Endeavor.
The company referred calls to the Coast Guard on Tuesday.
Lally said it's too early in the investigation to know if the company could face penalties or fines related to the collision. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency referred calls to the Coast Guard.
Experts say the stretch of river is one of the most dangerous along the 2,500-mile-long river.
Fifty barges and other vessels were idled near the area as the river remained closed to traffic eight miles north and eight miles south of Vicksburg, Lally said.
"The reason why the vessels are being held is the sensitive nature of this work," Lally said. "They are concerned with safety of all those working at the site and any transit in the area could cause a wake, which wouldn't be safe for the crews there."
The tug Nature's Way Endeavor was pushing two tank barges when the collision with a railroad bridge occurred about 1:30 a.m. Sunday, authorities said. Both barges were damaged, but only one leaked and authorities declared the bridge safe after an inspection.
The leaking tank, which was pierced above the water line, was carrying 80,000 gallons of light crude, authorities said. The Coast Guard hasn't said how much oil was in the other tanks on the barge. The companies involved have declined to comment.
Tugs were holding the ruptured barge at the bank on the Louisiana side of the river, directly across from Vicksburg's Riverwalk and Lady Luck casinos.
Oil was being pumped from the ruptured tank into another tank on the same barge. The ultimate goal is to move all the oil to a different barge.
Orange boom floated in the water just downstream and another boom was set up as a second line of defense.
Lally said some oil could be seen lapping up against one of the booms, but it was being held in place. He said the oil was being contained and there was no evidence of it washing ashore.
"We did have a Coast Guard helicopter crew fly for 60 miles up the shoreline there to see if they could spot any environmental impact and they weren't able to find anything," he said, adding a Coast Guard boat surveying 15 miles south of the site also detected nothing.
Both of the barges involved are owned by Corpus Christi, Texas-based Third Coast Towing LLC, authorities said. A woman who answered the phone at the company Tuesday declined to comment.
Authorities said United States Environmental Services, an oil spill response company, was collecting oily water.
Drew Smith, a hydraulic engineer with the Army Corps of Engineers, wouldn't speculate on the specific cause of Sunday's crash, which is under investigation by the Coast Guard. But he said the Mississippi at Vicksburg is challenging for southbound vessels.
Southbound tows must travel faster than the flow of the water for their rudders to steer effectively. At Vicksburg they must negotiate a 120-degree turn on the meandering Mississippi, then straighten up to pass under the railroad bridge and the Interstate 20 bridge.
The task is made more difficult by the Yazoo River, which empties into the Mississippi north of the bridges, increasing the speed of the current.
Associated Press writers Janet McConnaughey in New Orleans and Bill Cormier in Atlanta contributed to this report.


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Ronnie Dunn Reveals He Was 'Confused' When He Launched Solo Career
As a member of Brooks & Dunn, Ronnie Dunn was half of one of the most successful duos in the history of country music, responsible for 26 number one singles and more than 30 million albums sold.
But as he discovered this year, starting a solo career still poses its own unique challenges — and even with all those hits under your belt, stepping out on your own can feel pretty lonely.
"I found out that I'm totally confused and I'm good with that," admitted Dunn in a recent interview. "I'm consistently inconsistent. I'm all of the above. I'm OK. I'm a work in progress. That's my next tattoo somewhere."
Looking back on recording his latest solo album, 'Ronnie Dunn,' he recalled, "I was certainly helped by a lot of good people, but I'd never felt so alone in my life. All of a sudden, everyone just went, 'OK, well, go do what you've got to do and I hope it works out for you.'"
But does he miss life as part of a duo? "Hell, no!" he laughs, then says his former partner, Kix Brooks, feels the same way. "And that's exactly how he would answer that question. Do I miss him? We're still good friends. I hear from him every few weeks or so. Kix and I were able to work it smoothly as I think it can be done in a partnership, and I'm proud of that. I'll be forever proud of that. That is something that I can look back on and go, 'Man, what a feat for two ne'er-do-wells to accomplish!' And I'm happy that both of us can walk away in great shape and good spirits and tackle things that we like and look forward to doing."
Dunn's return to the solo career he abandoned in the '80s has worked out well thus far — 'Ronnie Dunn' has already topped the country charts, and the set's lead single, 'Bleed Red,' reached number 10. The followup, 'Cost of Livin',' has broken the top 30.
[The Boot]


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You can use our free and voluntary service to pay bills as regular deductions from your Centrelink payments.
You can start, change or stop using it whenever you like.
You can use it for your regular bills and other ongoing expenses – such as rent, electricity and phone.
Read more about how Centrepay works.


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On a street where graffiti seems never out of the line of sight, one local artist is fighting airbrush with paintbrush.
Patrick McGregor is hand-painting a mural on the side of Brushstrokes Studio-Gallery on South Broadway, in part to deter graffiti artists from tagging the building.
"Most graffiti artists, if they're really into art, they won't tag on it," McGregor said Friday, taking a step back to survey his progress. "Hopefully, that'll trickle on down to the new guys coming in."
Business owners, government officials and community members throughout Denver share concerns about vandalism and are trying to combat rampant tagging.
Denver Public Works removed more than 2.2 million square feet of graffiti in 2012, department spokeswoman Emily Williams said. Besides employing several people who clean up graffiti year-round, Public Works provides graffiti-removal materials to citizens who adopt an area to keep graffiti free.
"We provide paint colors like Garage Door Gray," Williams said. "A lot of neutral colors."
Federal Boulevard runs through some of the areas hit hardest with graffiti, and Saturday a group of about 200 volunteers will be removing it as part of the Brush Off Community Challenge.
Volunteers will start and end the day at Barnum Park, on Hooker Street. The challenge is happening in conjunction with Denver Days, during which the city encourages citizen community involvement by hosting volunteer activities and block parties across the city.
Brushstrokes sits at South Broadway and Florida Avenue, located in Denver City Council District 7. Of the city's 11 council districts, District 7 is the fourth-hardest hit by graffiti, Williams said.
"Probably once very couple of weeks, you see all the businesses up and down (South Broadway) got tagged," said John Harrell, one of Brushstrokes' artists and owners. "Everybody needs expression, but I would rather them not do that."
McGregor, who Friday was about six days into painting, doesn't expect to finish until Aug. 17. Remnants of covered-up graffiti are still visible in the shadow of his base coat.
When it's complete, the mural will depict the inside of the studio-gallery, as though a hole were knocked into the side of the building. The mural will extend to the second story of the building and include the sign for Brushstrokes, which is half gallery and half studio.
In his mural, McGregor has begun to re-create some of the paintings that are for sale in the gallery, and eventually, the outdoor artwork will include the likeness of one of Brushstrokes' four owners at an easel.
The owners had been hoping to do something to deter tagging when McGregor approached them about using the space. Experienced in building-sized commercial murals, he wants to make his mark on Denver.
Kelly Berger, another of Brushstrokes' artists and owners, estimated the cost of materials for the mural at about $1,500. They received a $1,000 grant from Denver Arts and Venues' Urban Art Fund program since the project will hopefully deter graffiti, and the gallery will pay the rest.
"It not only deters, it inspires," she said. "We really do genuinely believe that it will inspire the kids in the neighborhood that are tagging … to respect those buildings."
Some denver days volunteer opportunities and events saturday:
8 a.m.-2 p.m.: Washington Park social event
9 a.m.: volunteers clean graffiti off buildings on federal boulevard
10 a.m.: practice fire escape at the denver firefighters museum
11:30 a.m.: ice cream social for volunteers in barnum park
3-5 p.m.: civic center social event
5-10 p.m.: Union Station social event
Check denvergov.org for more information about other block parties, social events, volunteer opportunities and more.


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Judge Blocks Disgusting Warnings on Cigarette Ads
In a verdict that will please every American who goes into a convenience store, a judge ruled that the FDA can't make cigarette companies put graphic and disgusting anti-smoking warnings on their packaging. Thank god.
U.S. District Judge Richard Leon ruled today that the tobacco companies would likely win a lawsuit against the FDA so they don't have to start putting the ads on their packaging. Good, cause the last thing that non-smokers want is to loose their lunch looking at the boxes behind the counter at the 7-11 when they go to get a Slim Jim and some scratch off lottery tickets. According to the judge the ads—which would take up more than half of the package and would have color photos of things ruined by smoking like lungs, throats, and Lindsay Lohan's teeth—are against the companys' free speech.
I'm less worried about the First Amendment than I am my eyes whenever I'd have to spy a pack of smokes. Those ads are just gross. I guess that's the point, but...Ew!
[Image via AP]


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Astronomers ID Saturn's newest ring
Stunning snaps, Cassini style
Saturn has another, very diffuse, outer ring identified by astronomers working on the Cassini imaging data at NASA's JPL laboratory and the Space Science Institute in Boulder.
The ring showed up in a photograph taken on 17 September, in what scientists are calling a "one of a kind" observation.
Cassini's cameras can't look towards the sun, except during so-called occulations, when the planet passes between the sun and the spacecraft. These occultations generally only last for around an hour, leaving little time for observation work. But on 17 September, Cassini found itself flying in Saturn's shadow for 12 hours.
Backlit, saturn's rings look entirely different. In the same way that a car windscreen suddenly looks very dusty when one is driving towards the sun, new features of the rings show up in the diffracted sunlight.
The newly identified ring is very diffuse and shares its orbit with the moons Janus and Epimetheus, just inside the E and G rings. Scientists say they were surprised to discover such a well defined ring in this region, although they had expected meteoric collisions with the two moons might throw dust into the main planet's orbit.
The occultation also gave the team time to study the E ring in more detail. The images sent back show the moon Enceladus moving through the ring, leaving wispy projections in its wake. The research team suspects these are left by tiny ice particles that erupt from the geysers at the moon's south pole as they enter the E ring.
The occlusion also allowed researchers to point the cameras back at Earth. The image they recorded is the first colour picture of Earth taken from the outer solar system since the Voyager 1 mission.
"Nothing has greater power to alter our perspective of ourselves and our place in the cosmos than these images of Earth we collect from faraway places like Saturn," said Carolyn Porco, Cassini imaging team leader at the Space Science Institute, Boulder.
"In the end, the ever-widening view of our own little planet against the immensity of space is perhaps the greatest legacy of all our interplanetary travels."
You can check out more of the images here. ®


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Scientists using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope have recorded the rotation of a large gassy planet in another solar system.
Scientists have for the first time measured the rotation of a planet in another solar system - a juvenile, gassy giant spinning at a breakneck 90,000km/h.
Orbiting a star about 63 light years from Earth, Beta Pictoris b is more than 16 times larger and 3000 times more massive than our planet, but its days last only eight hours.
"Beta Pictoris b spins significantly faster than any planet in the solar system" - at a rate of about 25 kilometres per second (90,000km/h), a team of Dutch astronomers wrote in the journal Nature.
Jupiter's equator turns at about 47,000km/h and that of Earth at 1700km/h.
The measurement, done with the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope, echoes a trend observed in our own solar system of increasing spin velocity with higher planet mass.
This association would predict an even faster spin of about 50km/s for Beta Pictoris b, but the team noted the planet was still young and warm and would likely pick up speed as it cools and shrinks to the size of Jupiter in the coming hundreds of millions of years.
The planet orbits the star Beta Pictoris in the southern constellation of Pictor (The Painter's Easel).
Discovered nearly six years ago, it orbits its star at a distance eight times that of the Earth to the sun.
Beta Pictoris b is about 20 million years old - very young in astronomical terms, compared to the Earth's 4.5 billion years.
The astronomers used a technique called high-dispersion spectroscopy to measure changes in the wavelengths of radiation emitted by the planet and so determine its spin velocity.


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Approaching Storm
$ 65.00
5 inches x 7 inches
Oil on canvas.
Artist Bio
A tapestry designer and weaver for over 35 years, Kate also paints and sketches to keep her 'creative muscles' in shape.
Return Policy
From the time you receive your original artwork from our couriers, you have fourteen (14) days to decide whether to keep the artwork or return the artwork in its original condition for a refund. If you do not notify us of your intent to return the artwork within 14 days of receipt, you will NOT be eligible for a refund. Some exceptions will apply. Please contact email@example.com for an assessment of your specific situation.
You can send any questions you have to info [at] sktchy [dot] com.


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About IstanbulAs one of the largest cities in Europe, and the most culturally and historically fascinating city in ancient days of old, Istanbul budget travel gives you a taste of this beautiful and exotic city that dates back to the ancient world.
Istanbul airports include the following:
•Atatürk International Airport
•Sabiha GökçenInternational Airport
With many serious environmental issues at hand, Istanbul conservation is something of a challenge to address the urgent eco disasters that threaten the city's remaining plant life and ecosystems.
Turkey culture comprises of the following elements:
•Food and drink
•History and ancient influence
•Nightlight and entertainment
•Everyday life
Health precautions in Istanbul include the following:
•It is best to avoid tap water, and stick to bottled water
•Vaccinations are essential when travelling to Istanbul
•Food can be on the rich side, so tummy bugs can occur
•Medical facilities are modern and readily available
Istanbul languages include the following:
•Kurdish, Zaza, Arabic, Laz
•Albanian, Bosnian, Pomak/Bulgarian
Istanbul money & banking information is as follows:
•The Turkish currency is the New Turkish Lira
•Banknotes come in 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 Lira denominations
•The Lira consists of 100 Kurus
•Banking hours are 8.30 am-12.30 pm and 1.30 pm-5 pm, Monday to Saturday.
•Euros and Dollars can be easily exchanged at banks, post offices and foreign exchange bureaux
Istanbul people include the following groups:
Istanbul local phrases include the following:
•Merhaba (Mer-ha-ba) Hello
•Gunaydin (guen-eye dhun) Good morning
•Evet (Eh-vet) Yes
•Hayir (h-eye-uhr) No
•Lutfen (lewt-fen) Please
As a large, over populated city, Istanbul plants are fairly limited. Much of the native vegetation of the area has been destroyed by pollution and urban development, with a few trees and plants remaining throughout the city.
Istanbul religion includes the following:
Safety Tips
•Istanbul is generally a safe city for travel, with friendly locals to be found in every part of the city
•Petty crime can occur however, especially in the busier parts of the city
•Scams can occur, especially for single travellers, be on the lookout for suspicious activity
•Be careful when crossing busy streets, as accidents can sometimes happen in the busier cities
•Keep valuables out of sight and locked away where possible to avoid the risk of cameras or bags being snatched
Istanbul transport includes:
•Mini bus (dolmus)
Travel Books
Istanbul recommended travel books include:
•Eyewitness Top 10 Istanbul by DK Publishing
•Turkey: The Rough Guide by Rosie Ayliffe, Marc Dubin and John Gawthrop
•Turkey Travel Map by Globetrotter
•Lonely Planet Turkey Country Guide by Tom Brosnahan and James Bainbridge
What To Buy
What to buy for holidays in Istanbul:
•Spare batteries for torches and camera
•Guide books, bird books, Turkish phrase books
•Thick socks for hiking boots
•First aid kit for travel purposes
•Large refillable water bottle, or plenty of bottled water
•Backpack and money bag
What To Pack
What to pack for safari in Istanbul:
•Sunscreen, sunhat and sunglasses
•Lightweight clothing for hot days
•Warm jacket for cooler days
•Comfortable walking shoes plus sandals
•Camera with spare batteries and memory card/film
When To Go
When to go to Istanbul:
•Spring has the best weather, with long days and less tourists
•Autumn has mild weather, with shorter days and more rain
•Summer is hot in most regions, with clear weather and more tourists
•Winter is typically cold and wet, with snow in parts and the few tourists
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The highlight of my trip had to be Gweru in Zimbabwe, it was my idea of paradise. So much to do there with the animals and the location of it was just beautiful!
— Anne B (27) from Ireland
The trip was great! A very relaxed ride in a mokoro, followed by camping in the Okavango Delta and watching the animals on the islands was awesome!
— Michael & Silke from Germany
I loved every millisecond of the entire trip... Guess what I did in Swakopmund? I skydived out of a plane - woohoo was that AWESOME :-)
— JoJo E (61) from Switzerland
Finally home and had a great time…. I loved the shark diving, Sossusvlei and Himba people. Saw Lions, a Leopard, Elephants, Giraffes, everything really! Thanks for…
— John E from Canada
I did not believe in god till i visited Chobe National Park.
— Juca from Uruguay
Do this on the Cape Town to Nairobi with Gorilla Trek.Tours with Gorilla Trekking in Uganda
Do this on the 14-day Kruger and Mozambique Safari.Tours with Kruger National Park Game Drive
Do this on the Best of South West Africa.Tours with Okavango Delta Mokoro Excursion
Do this on the Best of East Africa.Tours with Serengeti National Park Excursion
Do this on the Best of South West Africa.Tours with Victoria Falls Flight of Angels
Do this on the Best of South West Africa.Tours with White Water Rafting on the Zambezi River
Visit Etosha National Park on the Best of NamibiaTours through Etosha National Park
Visit Okavango Delta on the Best of South West AfricaTours through Okavango Delta
Visit Serengeti National Park on the Best of East AfricaTours through Serengeti National Park
Visit Victoria Falls on the Best of South West AfricaTours through Victoria Falls
Visit Zanzibar Island on the cape town to darTours through Zanzibar Island


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ALBANY — A public advocacy group joined a legal fight Thursday against what it calls the one-sided wording of a referendum aimed at persuading voters to approve Gov. Andrew Cuomo's expansion of casinos.
In a brief for the court, the New York Public Interest Research Group said the final language of the Nov. 5 ballot issue to allow casinos off Indian land should be neutral so that voters can make a decision based on facts, as set out in the state constitution.
Cuomo and legislative leaders added glowing language to the referendum, promising jobs, tax breaks and more school aid, all of which are disputed by some academics and critics. NYPIRG notes in its brief that none of the potential drawbacks from casinos, like crime and gambling addiction, is mentioned.
Cuomo and the Board of Elections, which approved the rewrite by the Cuomo administration and legislative staff, had no immediate comment Thursday. Acting Supreme Court Justice Richard Platkin is to hear arguments Friday.
The Associated Press previously reported that the reworded referendum wasn't posted on the board's website until Aug. 23, after the Aug. 19 deadline to sue. The state will contend in court Friday that Brooklyn lawyer Eric Snyder's lawsuit was filed too late.
The judge could also consider Snyder's contention that the state used public money to advocate for a "yes" vote, which is prohibited by law, and that the referendum was changed by board members in secret, violating the state Open Meetings Law. The board says the decision was made July 29 in public session.
"I think it's interesting that they would expect me or any other voter to bring an action days before anyone knew about it," Snyder said Thursday. "It sounds like the unreasonable delay is their's."
Voters must approve the change for Cuomo's major upstate economic development initiative to go forward. The referendum would approve seven casinos, the first of which would be upstate. Under a new law, even if voters reject the casino question, the state would still build video slot machine "racinos."
NY Jobs Now, created to push for Cuomo's measure, held a press conference Thursday in Albany with local leaders. They cited the Cuomo administration's assertions that 10,000 jobs, including construction jobs, would be created and more than $1 billion would be generated for local and state governments and schools.
"New Yorkers spend more than $1.2 billion a year at destination casinos in other states. It's about time we bring that kind of money home to create jobs, support schools, and take property tax pressure off towns and cities," said Heather Briccetti of the state Business Council. She said she doesn't agree the wording is unbalanced.
Casino interests have made more than $3 million in campaign contributions to Cuomo and key legislators since 2011.
Stephen Shafer of the Coalition Against Casino Gambling in New York says those estimates "amount to very little when divided over all taxpayers … The rosy language of the reworded amendment for the ballot is a brazen effort to bias the vote," he said. "This was a disgrace."


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With "Breaking Bad" returning Aug. 11 for the last half of its fifth season, Anna Gunn dropped by to talk about the show's end and the first batch of episodes that ended last year. Gunn didn't get into too many specifics about the future (others have plied her with alcohol for details, to no avail, she notes), but she did have fascinating things to say about the chess game her character, Skyler, played with husband Walt over the future and safety of their children.
Listen to the video above and learn about the specifics of filming Skyler's memorable late-night swim, why Gunn won't be drinking white grape juice any time soon and her thoughts on Skyler's mind-set as we approach the show's conclusion.
Holly Hunter plumbs the mysteries of GJ and 'Top of the Lake'
'The Americans' ' Matthew Rhys talks 'honey trap' and 'spy games'
Lucy Liu talks Twitter, dishes on 'Elementary,' offers advice


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Steelers coach Mike Tomlin said he'd "leave the door open" for a return by quarterback Ben Roethlisberger, but Charlie Batch is expected to start again this week.
A source told Gerry Dulac of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette he'd be "shocked" if Roethlisberger played Sunday against the Ravens.
Roethlisberger dislocated a rib and injured his shoulder against the Chiefs, and the source said it's not a pain tolerance issue at the moment as one of performance.
Tomlin said his starter threw Monday, but said: "He's not going to be allowed to play unless he shows us he's capable."
Continued injuries on the offensive line do not help matters, as the Steelers just put Marcus Gilbert on IR and Mike Adams is out with an ankle injury, leaving rookie Kelvin Beachum to start at right tackle.


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Because I'm a Southern gal, I love to cook yummy in your tummy goodness. However, some foods just don't agee with my tummy. Well, when I was asked to try Beano(see post here), I was actually able to eat the foods I love. From cabbage to my favorite grains, I've included a simple menu for your family to enjoy.
The great part about Santa Fe turkey burgers is how easy they are to make. With a few simple ingredients, y'all can treat your family to yummy in their tummy goodness.
2 lbs. ground turkey
1 pkg. UNCLE BEN'S® WHOLE GRAIN MEDLEY™ Santa Fe
1 pkg. onion rolls
1 large red bell pepper
1 large red onion
chili powder/paprika
1 container feta cheese
1 medium red cabbage
1 cup mayonaise
season salt
purple potatoes
cooking spray
- Preheat oven to 400 degrees.
- Shread red cabbage into small pieces, add mayonaise and mix well. Add season salt to taste, mix and chill in the fridge until ready to serve- about 30 minutes.
- Prepare the turkey burgers. Add ground turkey to a mixing bowl, add salt and pepper to taste, combine well. Add the whole grain rice and 1/4 cup feta cheese, mix well. Form 4 turkey patties. Spray baking dish with cooking spray and place burgers in pre-heated oven for about 30 minutes or until done.
- For the veggies to serve on top of burgers: slice bell pepper and onion into strips, sautee in skillet with a little cooking oil over medium heat for about 5 minutes. Wait until about 5 minutes before you take the burgers out of the oven to prepare veggies.
- For purple potato chips: rinse about 20 petite purple potatoes, slice thin and place in a deep fryer with enough oil to cover tops. These will cook fast, so make sure potato chips don't burn. Cook about two minutes, remove to paper towel to drain, sprinkle with season salt.
- Spread for the burgers: Combine 1 cup horseradish with 1 Tbs. chili powder or paprika, add about 1/4 cup feta cheese, mix well, spread on onion roll on on top of turkey burger.


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April 12, 2000
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Japanese Knotweed Contractor
We have been offering Japanese Knotweed contracts to clients for many years, as this is often the best way of getting rid of a serious case of Japanese Knotweed which could be destroying any surrounding roads, bridges and buildings.
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In cases like these, the only way to rid the grounds of your property for the Japanese Knotweed is to hire our expert contractors who will work around the clock to safely remove the weed and its roots to ensure that the problem does not worsen over time. All our contracting methods of Japanese Knotweed removal are completely environmentally friendly and will not cause any harm to any animals, humans or the environment.
Once we have removed the weed and its roots, we will then take them away from the area so they can be safely disposed of without any risk of the plant spreading to other areas.
Contact Us Today
We look forward to assist you with your Japanese Knotweed Contractor enquiries. If you have any questions please call us today on: 02031467386 to find out more.


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Sigma Updates Photo Pro Software to SPP 5.5
Updates and upgrades for both the Mac and Windows platforms abound with the new Sigma Photo Pro 5.5 software. With these updates, Mac users will benefit from color consistency when viewing X3 files in SPP compared to the same file in JPEG opened with the default Mac preview mode. For Windows users, the program ensures SPP 5.5 reflects the newest data of the most recent lenses. Both platforms will enjoy a design change for fringing reduction. Also, an updated auto adjustment setting allows the program to choose the appropriate preset value for the color modes of the SD1, SD1 Merrill, DP1 Merrill, DP2 Merrill and DP3 Merrill. Finally, SPP 5.5 will ensure that TIFF files are saved entirely.
In addition, a new monochrome mode processing interface is now present in the program. The monochrome mode will feature several new functions, including a channel-mixing palette. This palette gives users to control the individual levels of red, green and blue within a single image, allowing for better tonal separation and contrast. Also available is a grain palette feature which gives users the ability to change the size and strength of grain within an image.
"Black and white photography is becoming increasingly popular, and the Monochrome Mode, paired with the strength of the Foveon sensor, truly takes black and white photography to the next level," said Mark Amir-Hamzeh, president of Sigma Corporation of America. "With an entirely new processing pipeline for monochrome images, Sigma users will be able to truly take advantage of the Foveon sensor with Monochrome Mode, which we believe will set even higher standards for our Sigma camera line."


text: Antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.Antigens, CD: Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.Antigens, Neoplasm: Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.Antigens, CD3: Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).Antigens, Surface: Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.Antigens, Bacterial: Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.Antigens, CD38: A bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis and HYDROLYSIS of CYCLIC ADP-RIBOSE (cADPR) from NAD+ to ADP-RIBOSE. It is a cell surface molecule which is predominantly expressed on LYMPHOID CELLS and MYELOID CELLS.Antigens, CD34: Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.Antigens, CD19: Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation.Antigens, CD40: A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 LIGAND. It is found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES and some EPITHELIAL CELLS, lymphoid DENDRITIC CELLS. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations of the gene for CD40 antigen result in HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.CD40 Ligand: A membrane glycoprotein and differentiation antigen expressed on the surface of T-cells that binds to CD40 ANTIGENS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and induces their proliferation. Mutation of the gene for CD40 ligand is a cause of HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 1.Antigens, CD20: Unglycosylated phosphoproteins expressed only on B-cells. They are regulators of transmembrane Ca2+ conductance and thought to play a role in B-cell activation and proliferation.Antigens, Viral: Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.Antigens, CD28: Costimulatory T-LYMPHOCYTE receptors that have specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN. Activation of this receptor results in increased T-cell proliferation, cytokine production and promotion of T-cell survival.Antigens, CD7: Differentiation antigens expressed on pluripotential hematopoietic cells, most human thymocytes, and a major subset of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes. They have been implicated in integrin-mediated cellular adhesion and as signalling receptors on T-cells.Antigens, CD14: Glycolipid-anchored membrane glycoproteins expressed on cells of the myelomonocyte lineage including monocytes, macrophages, and some granulocytes. They function as receptors for the complex of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein.Antigens, CD2: Glycoprotein members of the immunoglobulin superfamily which participate in T-cell adhesion and activation. They are expressed on most peripheral T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes, and function as co-receptors or accessory molecules in the T-cell receptor complex.CD4-CD8 Ratio: Ratio of T-LYMPHOCYTES that express the CD4 ANTIGEN to those that express the CD8 ANTIGEN. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM including HIV INFECTIONS.Antigens, CD5: Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)Antigens, Differentiation: Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.Antigens, CD1: Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte: Antigens expressed on the cell membrane of T-lymphocytes during differentiation, activation, and normal and neoplastic transformation. Their phenotypic characterization is important in differential diagnosis and studies of thymic ontogeny and T-cell function.ADP-ribosyl Cyclase: A membrane-bound or cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of CYCLIC ADP-RIBOSE (cADPR) from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). This enzyme generally catalyzes the hydrolysis of cADPR to ADP-RIBOSE, as well, and sometimes the synthesis of cyclic ADP-ribose 2' phosphate (2'-P-cADPR) from NADP.Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic: Surface antigens expressed on myeloid cells of the granulocyte-monocyte-histiocyte series during differentiation. Analysis of their reactivity in normal and malignant myelomonocytic cells is useful in identifying and classifying human leukemias and lymphomas.Antigens, CD80: A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CD28 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD80 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a costimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.Antigens, CD53: Tetraspanin proteins found at high levels in cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage. CD53 antigens may be involved regulating the differentiation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and the activation of B-LYMPHOCYTES.Antigens, CD24: A cell adhesion protein that was originally identified as a heat stable antigen in mice. It is involved in METASTASIS and is highly expressed in many NEOPLASMS.Antigens, CD13: Zinc-binding metalloproteases that are members of the type II integral membrane metalloproteases. They are expressed by GRANULOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and their precursors as well as by various non-hematopoietic cells. They release an N-terminal amino acid from a peptide, amide or arylamide.Antigens, Protozoan: Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Antigens, CD86: A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CD28 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD86 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a stimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.B-Lymphocytes: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming: Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.Antigens, CD95: A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype found in a variety of tissues and on activated LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for FAS LIGAND and plays a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. Multiple isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.HLA Antigens: Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte: Membrane antigens associated with maturation stages of B-lymphocytes, often expressed in tumors of B-cell origin.Immunophenotyping: Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.NAD+ NucleosidaseMolecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.H-2 Antigens: The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3: A 67-kDa sialic acid binding lectin that is specific for MYELOID CELLS and MONOCYTE-MACROPHAGE PRECURSOR CELLS. This protein is the smallest siglec subtype and contains a single immunoglobulin C2-set domain. It may play a role in intracellular signaling via its interaction with SHP-1 PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE and SHP-2 PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE.Interleukin-1 Receptor Accessory Protein: A protein that takes part in the formation of active interleukin-1 receptor complex. It binds specifically to INTERLEUKIN-1 and the INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR TYPE I at the cell surface to form a heterotrimeric complex that brings its cytoplasmic domain into contact with the cytoplasm domain of the TYPE-I INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR. Activation of intracellular signal transduction pathways from the receptor is believed to be driven by this form of cytoplasmic interaction.Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell: Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.Antigens, CD18: Cell-surface glycoprotein beta-chains that are non-covalently linked to specific alpha-chains of the CD11 family of leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION). A defect in the gene encoding CD18 causes LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME.Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.Antigens, CD30: A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that may play a role in the regulation of NF-KAPPA B and APOPTOSIS. They are found on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; MAST CELLS and NK CELLS. Overexpression of CD30 antigen in hematopoietic malignancies make the antigen clinically useful as a biological tumor marker. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.Antigens, CD9: A subtype of tetraspanin proteins that play a role in cell adhesion, cell motility, and tumor metastasis. CD9 antigens take part in the process of platelet activation and aggregation, the formation of paranodal junctions in neuronal tissue, and the fusion of sperm with egg.Carcinoembryonic Antigen: A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.HLA-DR Antigens: A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.Antigens, CD15: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, CD15 antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.Antigens, Viral, Tumor: Those proteins recognized by antibodies from serum of animals bearing tumors induced by viruses; these proteins are presumably coded for by the nucleic acids of the same viruses that caused the neoplastic transformation.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Antigens, CD43: A sialic acid-rich protein and an integral cell membrane mucin. It plays an important role in activation of T-LYMPHOCYTES.Antigens, CD36: Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on MONOCYTES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; PLATELETS; and mammary EPITHELIAL CELLS. They play major roles in CELL ADHESION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; and regulation of angiogenesis. CD36 is a receptor for THROMBOSPONDINS and can act as a scavenger receptor that recognizes and transports oxidized LIPOPROTEINS and FATTY ACIDS.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Antigens, CD11: A group of three different alpha chains (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c) that are associated with an invariant CD18 beta chain (ANTIGENS, CD18). The three resulting leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION) are LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN; and ANTIGEN, P150,95.Histocompatibility Antigens Class II: Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.Histocompatibility Antigens: A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell: IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen: Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.Antigens, CD57: Oligosaccharide antigenic determinants found principally on NK cells and T-cells. Their role in the immune response is poorly understood.Antigens, CD70: A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that specifically binds to CD27 ANTIGEN. It is found on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and DENDRITIC CELLS where it plays a role in stimulating the proliferation of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES and CD8-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES.Antigens, CD46: A ubiquitously expressed complement receptor that binds COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT C4B and serves as a cofactor for their inactivation. CD46 also interacts with a wide variety of pathogens and mediates immune response.Lectins, C-Type: A class of animal lectins that bind to carbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. They share a common carbohydrate-binding domain that is structurally distinct from other classes of lectins.Antigens, CD58: Glycoproteins with a wide distribution on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and strongly expressed on macrophages. CD58 mediates cell adhesion by binding to CD2; (ANTIGENS, CD2); and this enhances antigen-specific T-cell activation.Antigens, CD4: 55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.Antigens, CD47: A ubiquitously expressed membrane glycoprotein. It interacts with a variety of INTEGRINS and mediates responses to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.Antigens, CD11b: A CD antigen that contains a conserved I domain which is involved in ligand binding. When combined with CD18 the two subunits form MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Prostate-Specific Antigen: A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.Antigens, CD11c: An integrin alpha subunit of approximately 150-kDa molecular weight. It is expressed at high levels on monocytes and combines with CD18 ANTIGEN to form the cell surface receptor INTEGRIN ALPHAXBETA2. The subunit contains a conserved I-domain which is characteristic of several of alpha integrins.O Antigens: The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)HLA-A2 Antigen: A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.CD4 Lymphocyte Count: The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.Immunoglobulin G: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.Cell SeparationAntigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate: Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies.Antigens, CD55: GPI-linked membrane proteins broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 prevents the assembly of C3 CONVERTASE or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex.Antigens, CD31: Cell adhesion molecules present on virtually all monocytes, platelets, and granulocytes. CD31 is highly expressed on endothelial cells and concentrated at the junctions between them.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Histocompatibility Antigens Class I: Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.Antigens, CD81: Tetraspanin proteins that are involved in a variety of cellular functions including BASEMENT MEMBRANE assembly, and in the formation of a molecular complexes on the surface of LYMPHOCYTES.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Antigens, CD137: A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that is specific for 4-1BB LIGAND. It is found in a variety of immune cell types including activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; NATURAL KILLER CELLS; and DENDRITIC CELLS. Activation of the receptor on T-LYMPHOCYTES plays a role in their expansion, production of cytokines and survival. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Mice, Inbred BALB CMonocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.HLA-A Antigens: Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.Cross Reactions: Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.Dendritic Cells: Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).Receptors, Interleukin-2: Receptors present on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and B-LYMPHOCYTES that are specific for INTERLEUKIN-2 and play an important role in LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION. They are heterotrimeric proteins consisting of the INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT, the INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR BETA SUBUNIT, and the INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA-CHAIN.Hepatitis B Surface Antigens: Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.Antigens, CD63: Ubiquitously-expressed tetraspanin proteins that are found in late ENDOSOMES and LYSOSOMES and have been implicated in intracellular transport of proteins.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.Antigens, CD79: A component of the B-cell antigen receptor that is involved in B-cell antigen receptor heavy chain transport to the PLASMA MEMBRANE. It is expressed almost exclusively in B-LYMPHOCYTES and serves as a useful marker for B-cell NEOPLASMS.Spleen: An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.HLA-D Antigens: Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. This group of antigens includes the -DR, -DQ and -DP designations, of which HLA-DR is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology.CD30 Ligand: A membrane-bound tumor necrosis family member found primarily on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that binds specifically to CD30 ANTIGEN. It may play a role in INFLAMMATION and immune regulation.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.N-Glycosyl Hydrolases: A class of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond of nitrogen-linked sugars.Receptors, Antigen: Molecules on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with specific antigens.Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).Antigens, CD11a: An alpha-integrin subunit found on lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages and monocytes. It combines with the integrin beta2 subunit (CD18 ANTIGEN) to form LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Hepatitis B Antigens: Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.Antigen-Antibody Reactions: The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.Macrophages: The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)Mice, SCID: Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic: Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Herpesvirus 4, Human: The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting B-cells in humans. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY;), BURKITT LYMPHOMA; and other malignancies.Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta: T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta T-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.Antibodies, Bacterial: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.HLA-B Antigens: Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.Immunologic Memory: The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus.Cytotoxicity, Immunologic: The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.MART-1 Antigen: A melanosome-specific protein that plays a role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of GP100 MELANOMA ANTIGEN, which is critical to the formation of Stage II MELANOSOMES. The protein is used as an antigen marker for MELANOMA cells.Antigens, CD147: A widely distributed cell surface transmembrane glycoprotein that stimulates the synthesis of MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES. It is found at high levels on the surface of malignant NEOPLASMS and may play a role as a mediator of malignant cell behavior.Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.Mice, Inbred C57BLOvalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.HIV Antigens: Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.CTLA-4 Antigen: An inhibitory T CELL receptor that is closely related to CD28 ANTIGEN. It has specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN and acts as a negative regulator of peripheral T cell function. CTLA-4 antigen is believed to play role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.HL-60 Cells: A promyelocytic cell line derived from a patient with ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. HL-60 cells lack specific markers for LYMPHOID CELLS but express surface receptors for FC FRAGMENTS and COMPLEMENT SYSTEM PROTEINS. They also exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to chemotactic stimuli. (From Hay et al., American Type Culture Collection, 7th ed, pp127-8)Antigens, CD82: A widely expressed transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as a METASTASIS suppressor protein. It is underexpressed in a variety of human NEOPLASMS.Immunoenzyme Techniques: Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Antigens, Thy-1: A group of differentiation surface antigens, among the first to be discovered on thymocytes and T-lymphocytes. Originally identified in the mouse, they are also found in other species including humans, and are expressed on brain neurons and other cells.Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.Immune Tolerance: The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.Immunity, Cellular: Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.Thymus Gland: A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.Clone Cells: A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens: Nuclear antigens encoded by VIRAL GENES found in HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4. At least six nuclear antigens have been identified.Interleukin-2: A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.Immunoglobulin M: A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.H-Y Antigen: A sex-specific cell surface antigen produced by the sex-determining gene of the Y chromosome in mammals. It causes syngeneic grafts from males to females to be rejected and interacts with somatic elements of the embryologic undifferentiated gonad to produce testicular organogenesis.Antigens, CD146: A cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and is involved in INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS.Antigens, Heterophile: Antigens stimulating the formation of, or combining with heterophile antibodies. They are cross-reacting antigens found in phylogenetically unrelated species.T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory: CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived: Antibodies obtained from a single clone of cells grown in mice or rats.Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte: Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.Interferon-gamma: The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.Antigens, CD98: A heterodimeric protein that is a cell surface antigen associated with lymphocyte activation. The initial characterization of this protein revealed one identifiable heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) and an indeterminate smaller light chain. It is now known that a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS) can dimerize with the heavy chain. Depending upon its light chain composition a diverse array of functions can be found for this protein. Functions include: type L amino acid transport, type y+L amino acid transport and regulation of cellular fusion.Hepatitis B Core Antigens: The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.Lymph Nodes: They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.HLA-DQ Antigens: A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.Antibodies, Viral: Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Mice, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.Forssman Antigen: A glycolipid, cross-species antigen that induces production of antisheep hemolysin. It is present on the tissue cells of many species but absent in humans. It is found in many infectious agents.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Antigens, CD274: An inhibitory B7 antigen that has specificity for the T-CELL receptor PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 1 PROTEIN. CD274 antigen provides negative signals that control and inhibit T-cell responses and is found at higher than normal levels on tumor cells, suggesting its potential role in TUMOR IMMUNE EVASION.Complement Fixation Tests: Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.Simian virus 40: A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Adjuvants, Immunologic: Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.Isoantigens: Antigens that exist in alternative (allelic) forms in a single species. When an isoantigen is encountered by species members who lack it, an immune response is induced. Typical isoantigens are the BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS.Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.gp100 Melanoma Antigen: A melanosome-associated protein that plays a role in the maturation of the MELANOSOME.Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, HUMAN; the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.Killer Cells, Natural: Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).Antibodies, Protozoan: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic: A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.Ki-67 Antigen: A CELL CYCLE and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY methods. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells.Hypersensitivity, Delayed: An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Antigens, T-Independent: Antigens which may directly stimulate B lymphocytes without the cooperation of T lymphocytes.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Leukocytes, Mononuclear: Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.Antigens, CD29: Integrin beta-1 chains which are expressed as heterodimers that are noncovalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the CD49 family (CD49a-f). CD29 is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for all of the very late activation antigens on cells. (from: Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p164)Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.Cancer Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.CA-19-9 Antigen: Sialylated Lewis blood group carbohydrate antigen found in many adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, especially pancreatic tumors.


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Velázquez debuted with Independiente aged 19 in a 1–0 home win over Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata, for the 13th fixture of the 2009 Apertura. Under Américo Gallego's coaching, he started the game as a left back replacing Lucas Mareque (who was suspended).
In 2010, he was a regular for Independiente in their Copa Sudamericana winning campaign, scoring two goals in the competition (one in the final against Goiás).
2004-2005 / Boca Unidos
2005-2009 / Independiente
2009- / Independiente 60 appearances - 2 goals
2011- / Argentina 1 appearance
Independiente - Copa Sudamericana 2010
This guy is simply incredible and I haven't doubts that he'll play in a big team in Europe. His sense of positioning and mostly his tackling is just impressive, he remembers me first Milito's step taking into account his insane recoverings of balls, and he's really similar to Otamendi. Also, he has some ability with the ball in his feet to be a "hard" defender...owner of a great mentality being really young, he scored two important goals when Independiente was champion (one at final vs Goias). May be his worst aspect is his teamwork, he hasn't a good understanding with his teammates in defence but now with Milito near him is doing a better job. I didn't compare with other player to make this set but really he deserves that level of defence, he's probably after Milito and Schiavi the best defender in AFA league, and most impressive is his consistency...almost all matches he plays at the same level. Also he has a good experience to have only 21 years and he won an international cup til now. If you have the opportunity, follow this guy cause is a real serious thing and he had offers from Inter and Barsa to take porcentage of his transfer but he wants to stay more in Independiente to learn from Milito's knowledge. His response was getting better along matches, cause at the beginning of his young career was his worst aspect, but he improved a lot and he's owner of a great timing.


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Business Cards - Standard Business Cards
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