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Indo-Aryan languages
Indo-Aryan languages, also called Indic languages, subgroup of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. In the early 21st century, Indo-Aryan languages were spoken by more than 800 million people, primarily in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
General characteristics
Linguists generally recognize three major divisions of Indo-Aryan languages: Old, Middle, and New (or Modern) Indo-Aryan. These divisions are primarily linguistic and are named in the order in which they initially appeared, with later divisions coexisting with rather than completely replacing earlier ones.
Old Indo-Aryan includes different dialects and linguistic states that are referred to in common as Sanskrit. The most archaic Old Indo-Aryan is found in Hindu sacred texts called the Vedas, which date to approximately 1500 bce. There is a clear-cut difference between Vedic and post-Vedic Sanskrit in that the former has certain formations that the latter has eliminated. The grammarian Pāṇini (c. 5th–6th century bce) appropriately distinguishes between usage proper to the language of sacred texts (chandas, locative sg. chandasi)—that is, Vedic usage—and what occurs in the spoken language (bhāṣā, locative sg. bhāṣāyām) of his time. Other distinctions are also made within the language, so scholars speak of Classical Sanskrit and Epic Sanskrit. Despite differences in genre, however, the Sanskrit found in such works generally agrees with the language Pāṇini describes. So-called un-Pāṇinian forms not only reflect the influence of vernaculars but also continue a freedom of usage—referred to as ārṣaprayoga (usage of ṛṣis)—already to be seen in aspects of the living spoken language Pāṇini described.
Middle Indo-Aryan includes the dialects of inscriptions from the 3rd century bce to the 4th century ce as well as various literary languages. Apabhraṃśa dialects represent the latest stage of Middle Indo-Aryan development. Though all Middle Indo-Aryan languages are included under the name Prākrit, it is customary to speak of the Prākrits as excluding Apabhraṃśa.
Uncertainties regarding the course of Indo-Aryan migration make it difficult to determine the domain of Proto-Indo-Aryan, the ancestral language of all the known Indo-Aryan tongues, if indeed there was any such single region (see Indo-Iranian languages). All that can be said with certainty is that the Indo-Aryan speakers on the Indian subcontinent first occupied the area comprising most of present-day Punjab state (India), Punjab province (Pakistan), Haryana, and the Upper Doab (of the Ganges–Yamuna Doab) of Uttar Pradesh. The structure of Proto-Indo-Aryan must have been similar to that of early Vedic, albeit with dialect variations.
A wide variety of New Indo-Aryan languages are currently in use. According to the 2001 census of India, Indo-Aryan languages accounted for more than 790,625,000 speakers, or more than 75 percent of the population. By 2003 the constitution of India included 22 officially recognized, or Scheduled, languages. However, this number does not distinguish among many speech communities that could legitimately be considered distinct languages. For example, the Hindi census category includes not only Hindi proper (about 422,050,000 speakers in 2001) but also such languages as Bhojpuri (about 33,100,000), Magahi (about 13,975,000), and Maithili (more than 12,175,000).
Other Indo-Aryan languages that have been officially recognized in the constitution are as follows (the approximate numbers of speakers for each are drawn from the census report of 2001): Asamiya (Assamese, about 13,175,000 speakers), Bangla (Bengali, 83,875,000), Gujarati (46,100,000), Kashmiri (5,525,000), Konkani (2,500,000), Marathi (71,950,000), Nepali (2,875,000), Oriya (33,025,000), Punjabi (29,100,000), Sindhi (2,550,000), and Urdu (51,550,000).
Some of the Indo-Aryan languages are used by relatively few speakers; others are used as the media of education and of official transactions. Hindi written in the Devanāgarī script is one of two official languages of the Republic of India (the other is English). It is widely used as a lingua franca throughout northern India, including Haryana and Madhya Pradesh, and in parts of the South. Asamiya, Bangla, Oriya, Punjabi, Gujarati, and Marathi are the state languages of Assam, West Bengal, Orissa, Punjab, Gujarat, and Maharashtra, respectively. There are other Modern Indo-Aryan languages with large numbers of speakers in India, though they lack official recognition; examples include various languages spoken in Rajasthan (e.g., Marwari, Mewari); several Pahari languages, spoken in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sindhi, spoken by Sindhis in various parts of India. Each of the major state languages has several dialects in addition to the standard dialect adopted for official purposes, and Hindi has not only dialects but also several varieties according to the mother tongue of the area; e.g., Bombay Hindi and Calcutta Hindi.
Many New Indo-Aryan languages also have official status outside India. Urdu written in Perso-Arabic script is the official language of Pakistan, where it is spoken by most of the population as either a first or a second language. Structurally and historically, Hindi and Urdu are one, although they are now official languages of different countries, are written in different alphabets, and have been developing in divergent manners. The term hindī (also hindvī) is known from as early as the 13th century ce. The term zabān-e-urdū 'language of the imperial camp' came into use about the 17th century. In the south, Urdu was used by Muslim conquerors of the 14th century.
Bangla is the official language of Bangladesh, where it has approximately 107 million native speakers—a figure that nearly doubles when those who speak Bangla as a second language are included. Nepali is the official language of Nepal, where there are approximately 11.1 million speakers, and Nepali is also spoken by 3 to 4 million speakers in the Himalayan region west of Nepal. Sinhala (Sinhalese) has approximately 13.5 million speakers in Sri Lanka, where it has been an official language since 1956.
Characteristics of Old Indo-Aryan texts
The most archaic stage of Old Indo-Aryan is represented by the Sanskrit of the Vedas. Modern philologists generally treat the term veda as a noun meaning 'knowledge.' According to traditional Indian commentators, however, veda denotes an instrument whereby one gains knowledge of the means—which cannot be known through perception or inferential reasoning—that lead to obtaining desired ends and avoiding undesired ends. That is, the Vedas are considered to reveal such means. There are four major Vedic text groups called saṃhitās: the Ṛgveda ("The Veda Composed in Verses"), the Sāmaveda ("The Veda of the Chants"), the Yajurveda ("The Veda of Sacrificial Formulas"), and the Atharvaveda ("The Veda of the Fire Priest"). The Yajurveda is in turn divided into two main branches, the White (śukla) Yajurveda and the Black (ḳṛṣṇa) Yajurveda. All of these Vedic texts, however, are represented by different recitational traditions in what are called śākhās (branches) and which Western philologists refer to as recensions (see also Hinduism: Sacred texts).
The texts of the Black Yajurveda contain both verses used in rituals (called mantras) and prose sections that are explanatory in nature and that include legends, mythological explanations of rites and the objects and deities associated with these rites, and other matters, together with etymologies—accounts of the derivations of words—to explain why certain things bear particular names. These texts are known collectively as the Brāhmaṇas. Each Veda has one or more brāhmaṇa connected with it. In addition, there are more philosophical Vedic works, the Upaniṣads ("Sessions") and the Āraṇyaka ("Books of the Forest").
Also associated with the Vedas are ancillary works referred to as the six Vedāṅgas ("Limbs of the Veda"). Among these are texts generally referred to as kalpas (procedures), which are in turn made of several standard components. For instance, the principal aim of the components called Śrauta-sūtras ("Revelation sutras") is to provide instructions about ritual performance. Works on astronomy (jyautiṣa) serve to assist in determining the appropriate times for ritual performances. Metrics (chandoviciti), the earliest work in which is ascribed to Piṅgala, describe metrical patterns, a knowledge of which is necessary for the proper understanding of the Vedic mantras.
The remaining three Vedāṅgas are more linguistic. The niruktas explain the etymology of words found in the Vedas by deriving them from verbal bases, thus showing how their meanings reflect association with particular actions. The earliest and most important of such works is the Nirukta of Yāska, commenting on sets of words in a collection called Nighaṇṭu ("Etymology"). The śikṣā (phonetics) deal with the proper pronunciation of Sanskrit. Details of speech production are also found in works called prātiśākhya, which deal with the classification of sounds into phonological classes and with phonological rules serving to derive the continuously recited versions (saṃhitāpāṭha) of the Vedas from posited analyzed texts (padapāṭha). The most ancient of these works are the Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya and Taittirīyaprātiśākhya, respectively associated with the Ṛgveda and the Taittirīyasaṃhitā ("Recension of the Black Yajurveda"); the Vājasaneyiprātiśākhya is associated with the Vājasaneyisaṃhitā ("Recension of the White Yajurveda"). The first two of these show no influence of Pāṇinian techniques and stand a good chance of being pre-Pāṇinian; the last is fairly certain to be post-Pāṇinian, at least in part.
Grammars (vyākaraṇas) concern the description of speech forms (śabda) considered to be correct (sādhu) through derivation and thereby serve to make understood the usage found in the Vedas. The grammar that was granted the status of a Vedāṅga is that of Pāṇini. This work is referred to in toto as a śabdānuśāsana (means of instruction of correct speech forms); since the core of Pāṇini's work comprises the eight chapters of sūtras that serve to describe both the current language of his time and features particular to Vedic, it also bears the name Aṣṭādhyāyī ("Collection of Eight Chapters").
The accepted cultivated speech of the contemporary language that Pāṇini describes in his Aṣṭādhyāyī must have coexisted with more vernacular varieties of speech in which there were features belonging to the Middle Indo-Aryan division of the language group. Several facts support this view. The earliest texts available already show evidence of Middle Indo-Aryan. For example, vikaṭa- 'deformed,' found in the Ṛgveda (vocative singular feminine vikaṭe), is to be explained as representing a Middle Indic development of earlier vikṛta-, with -aṭ- instead of -ṛt-. The spoken language Pāṇini describes also reflects Middle Indo-Aryan influence. For example, a word for 'jackal' has a mixed paradigm, with forms typical of -ṛ-stems of the type kartṛ- 'doer' in the nominative and accusative singular (kroṣṭā, kroṣṭāram, cf. kartā, kartāram) and dual (kroṣṭārau, cf. kartārau) and the nominative plural (kroṣṭāraḥ, cf. kartāraḥ), but an -u-stem in the accusative plural (kroṣṭūn) as well as before consonantal endings (e.g., instrumental-dative-ablative dual kroṣṭubhyām, instrumental plural kroṣṭubhiḥ), and forms of either stem alternatively in forms such as the instrumental singular (kroṣṭrā, kroṣṭunā) and others with vocalic endings (e.g., dative singular kroṣṭre, kroṣṭave). This reflects a Middle Indic development of ṛ to u, and forms such as kroṣṭunā are comparable to Pāli pitunā 'father' (instrumental singular), which also is part of a mixed paradigm.
The Pāṇinian commentator Kātyāyana (c. 3rd–4th century bce) knew of the coexistence of Middle Indic forms with earlier ones. There is a Pāṇinian rule that provides that verb bases listed in an appendix to the Aṣṭādhyāyī have the class name dhātu (verbal base, root). Kātyāyana discusses whether one could define verbal bases semantically and thereby possibly do without the verb list. He remarks that even if one defines a verbal base as denoting an action, the roots must be listed in order to preclude the possibility that constituents of terms such as āṇapayati/āṇavayati 'commands' be assigned the class name in question; āṇapayati/āṇavayati is a Middle Indic counterpart of Sanskrit ājñāpayati.
Commenting on what Kātyāyana said, Patañjali (mid-2nd century bce), adds the examples vaṭṭati and vaḍḍhati, which correspond to Sanskrit vartate 'occurs, is' and vardhte 'grows'; these forms show the use of the active ending -ti instead of the middle ending -te as well as -ṭṭ- and -ḍḍh- for -rt- and -rdht-. Patañjali also explained that to speak flawless Sanskrit (as described by Pāṇini) one should imitate the correct speakers (called śiṣṭa 'learned, educated, elite') of Āryāvarta ('Country of the Aryans'). Moreover, Patañjali noted that one should study grammar in order to learn not to correct words such as helayaḥ instead of herayaḥ (a phrase used in calling to people) or gāvī instead of gauḥ 'cow'; gāvī is a Middle Indo-Aryan word. Such evidence lends support to the view that by the 6th or 5th century bce Sanskrit (as a medium of communication between members of a particular social stratum) coexisted with Middle Indo-Aryan dialects, and that depending on the circumstances either the higher or the more vernacular forms of speech were used. Further, the Pāli canon records that the Buddha enjoined his followers to use the vernaculars in communicating his teachings, and the Jaina canon identifies Ardhamāgadhī as the language to be employed for communicating the teachings of Mahāvīra. Similarly, Aśoka used Middle Indo-Aryan, not Sanskrit, in the inscriptions he ordered written throughout his kingdom; Sanskrit does not appear on inscriptions until the early centuries of the Common Era (e.g., Rudravarman's inscription at Junagarh, about 150 ce). The coexistence of Old Indo-Aryan and Middle Indo-Aryan is thus to be accepted from the Vedic times onward.
The current language Pāṇini describes is very close in structure to the late Vedic found in certain Brāhmaṇa texts. As noted earlier, scholars have recognized other varieties of Sanskrit. Epic Sanskrit is so called because it is represented principally in the two epics, Mahābhārata ("Great Epic of the Bhārata Dynasty") and Rāmāyaṇa ("Romance of Rāma"). In the latter the term saṃskṛta 'adorned, cultivated, purified (by grammar)' is encountered, possibly for the first time with reference to the language. The date of composition for the core of early Epic Sanskrit is considered to be in the centuries just preceding the Common Era.
The term Classical Sanskrit is generally used with reference to the language of major poetic works (kāvya), drama (nāṭaka)—in which both Sanskrit and Prākrits were used—as well as tales such as the Hitopadeśa ("Good Advice") and Pañca-tantra ("Five Chapters") and technical treatises on grammar, philosophy, and ritual. Not only was Classical Sanskrit used by the poet Kālidāsa and his predecessors Bhāsa, a dramatist, and Aśvaghoṣa, a Buddhist author, in the first centuries ce, but its use also continued long after Sanskrit was a commonly used mother tongue.
Sanskrit remains a language of learned treatises and commentaries. It is also used as a lingua franca among paṇḍitas (traditional scholars) from different areas of India, is recognized in the Eighth Schedule of the constitution of India, and is used by the country's public broadcasting services, All India Radio and Doordarshan television. Within the census of India, Sanskrit is reported by increasing numbers of people as their mother tongue; for reasons that deserve further investigation, the number of speakers has increased in recent years: about 2,200; 6,100; 49,750; and 14,150 speakers, respectively, for 1971, 1981, 1991, and 2001.
Grammatical modifications
Linguistic developments in Old Indo-Aryan can be traced from the early Vedic forms of the Ṛgveda through the later saṃhitās on to the late Vedic forms of brāhmaṇa prose and sūtras, culminating in the language described by Pāṇini, which is tantamount to what has been called Classical Sanskrit. (In the remainder of this article, Classical Sanskrit refers to the language of the works noted in the previous paragraphs and also the refined spoken language current in Pāṇini's time and described in the Aṣṭādhyāyī.)
As noted above, Old Indo-Aryan verb forms were subject to significant linguistic development. For example, the nominative plural form ending in -āsas (e.g., devāsas 'gods') was already less frequent than -ās in the Ṛgveda and continued to lose ground later; in the Brāhmaṇas, -ās (e.g., devās) is the normal form. There are numerous other changes evident. For example, the instrumental singular form of -a- stems ends both in -ā and -ena (originally a pronoun ending) in the Ṛgveda, with the latter form predominating; thus, vīryā 'heroic might' appears once, and vīryeṇa occurs 10 times. In later Vedic texts, -eṇa is the usual ending. All the early Vedic forms are expressly classed as belonging to the sacred language (chandas) by Pāṇini.
The verb also shows chronological and dialect differences. For example, the first person plural ending -masi (e.g., bharāmasi 'we bear') predominates over -mas in Ṛgvedic but not in the Atharvaveda; -mas becomes the normal ending later. Early Vedic texts distinguish between aorist, imperfect, and perfect tense forms; for example, the third singular active aorist, imperfect, and perfect forms of gam 'go' are agan or agamat, agacchat, and jagāma.
In the current language that Pāṇini describes, the aorist was used to speak of an action carried out at a past time and could include the day on which one spoke, as well as to assert simply that the act in question had taken place. The imperfect, on the other hand, was used with reference to an action that took place some time in the past excluding the day on which one spoke. The perfect was used under these conditions and one more: when the speaker was reporting a past act not directly witnessed. This use of these three preterit forms is also attested in narrations in later Vedic texts. In Vedic of all epochs, the aorist is used in the way described.
On the other hand, already in the Ṛgveda, the perfect and imperfect were used in narrating myths. In dialects reflected in certain other Vedic texts, such as the Taittirīyasaṃhitā, the usual form used in such narration is the imperfect. In addition, some perfect forms continued to be used in Vedic with reference to a state reached—e.g., bibhāya 'is afraid' (root bhī). Moreover, even such stative perfects as occurred were generally replaced later. For example, to the perfect bibhāya, a new preterit abibhet 'was afraid' was created, on the basis of which speakers formed a present bibheti 'is afraid,' and this replaced the older stative perfect, which was then shifted to the normal reporting use of perfect forms: bibhāya (also periphrastic bibhayāñ cakāra) 'was afraid.'
From earliest Indo-Aryan there are also future forms, with -iṣya- and -sya- affixed to verb bases—e.g., dā-sya-ti 'will give,' kar-iṣya-ti 'will do, make.' In the current language Pāṇini describes, a future formation, originally composed of an agent noun of the type kar-tṛ- 'doer' followed, except in the third person, by forms of the verb as 'be' (e.g., kartāsmi [from kartā asmi] 'I will do'), was used to refer to an action performed at a future time excluding the day on which one spoke. This formation occurs in early Vedic, but only rarely.
Early Vedic had a verb category that later went out of use: the injunctive, which was formally a form with secondary endings lacking the augment, a prefixed vowel—e.g., vadhīs instead of avadhīs 'you slew' (2nd sg. imperfect). The injunctive could be used to denote a general truth. A general truth could also be signified by the subjunctive, which is characterized by the vowel a affixed to the present, aorist, or perfect stem. Later Sanskrit retained the injunctive only in negative commands of the type mā vadhīs 'do not slay.' The subjunctive also diminished slowly until it was no longer used; for Pāṇini the subjunctive belonged to sacred literature. The functions of the subjunctive were taken over by the form called optative and the future form.
Noun forms incorporated into the verb system are numerous in early Indo-Aryan. Ṛgvedic has forms with affixes -ya and -tva functioning as future passive participles (gerundives)—e.g., vāc-ya- 'to be said,' kar-tva- 'to be done.' The Atharvaveda has, additionally, forms with -(i)tavya (parentheses indicate optional components of a form), as in hiṃs-itavya- 'to be injured,' and -anīya, as in upa-jīv-anīya- 'to be subsisted upon.' By late Vedic, the type with tva had been eliminated; Pāṇini recognized kārya-, kartavya-, karaṇīya- 'to be done' as the standard types.
In Indo-Aryan, from earliest Vedic down to New Indo-Aryan, particular forms—called absolutives (or gerunds) for Old and Middle Indo-Aryan—are used to denote the prior act of two or more actions performed (usually) by one agent: 'having done…, he did…'—for example, pibā niṣadya 'sit down (niṣadya 'having sat down') and drink.' Ṛgvedic dialects use tvī, tvā, tvāya, -(t)ya to form absolutives, but these were later reduced to two: -tvā with a simple verb (e.g., kṛ-tvā 'after doing, making') or one compounded with the negative particle (e.g., akṛ-tvā 'without doing, making'), and -ya with a verb compounded with a preverb (a preposition-like form), as in ni-ṣadya.
Early Indo-Aryan also used various case forms of action nouns in the capacity of what are generally called infinitives—e.g., dative singular -tave (dā-tave 'to give'), and ablative-genitive singular -tos (dā-tos), both from a noun in -tu, which also supplies the accusative singular -tum (dā-tum). There are other types in early Vedic, but the nouns in -tu are particularly important; in late Vedic the accusative -tum and the genitive -tos (construed with īś 'be able, capable') became the norm. In the language Pāṇini describes, forms in -tum and dative singular forms of action nouns are equivalent variants: bhoktuṃ gacchati/ bhojanāya gacchati 'he is going out to eat.'
That some forms fell into disuse in the course of Indo-Aryan is natural. The modifications noted above represent both chronological and dialectal modifications. Such change was recognized by Indian grammarians; e.g., Patañjali noted that perfect forms of the type ca-kr-a 'you did' (2nd person plural) were not in use at his time; instead, a nominal (participial adjective) form with a complex suffix-tavat was used—e.g., kṛ-tavant-as (nom. l. masc.). Indian grammarians also recognized the existence of different dialects. Pāṇini noted forms used by northerners (gen. pl. udīcām) and easterners (prācām), as well as various dialectal uses described by grammarians who preceded him.
Phonological modifications
Earlier documents also afford evidence for dialect variation in the realm of phonology; e.g., the early Vedic of the Ṛgveda is a dialect in which the Indo-European l sound was for the most part replaced by r—prā 'fill,' pūr-ṇa- 'full.' This change accords with Iranian—e.g., Avestan pərəna- 'full.' These forms contrast with Latin plenus and Gothic fulls, with l. Other dialects kept l and r distinct.
There are also doublets that have both r and l in words with Indo-European r: rohita-/lohita- 'red.' The variant with l can be assumed to belong to an eastern dialect. This variation accords with Middle Indo-Aryan evidence and the fact that such l forms become more numerous in the 10th book (maṇḍala) of the Ṛgveda, which is demonstrably more recent than the most ancient parts of the Ṛgveda, dating from a time when the Indo-Aryans had progressed farther east than their posited original location on the subcontinent. The development of retroflex ḷ- and ḷh- (sounds produced by curling the tip of the tongue upward toward the hard palate) from the retroflex sounds ḍ (nīḷa- 'resting place, nest,' īḷe 'I praise, invoke,' from nīḍa-, īḍe) and ḍh (mīḷha- 'reward, prize,' ūḷha- 'transported,' from mīḍha-, ūḍha-) when occurring between vowels is another feature characteristic of some dialects, including the major dialect of the Ṛgveda.
There is also evidence of dialectal differences in the accentual system of Old Indo-Aryan. In the earliest system attested a syllable has three basic tones: high (udātta), low (anudātta), and a combined tone (svarita) that starts high and drops to low. For example, the first and second syllables of agní- 'fire, Agni' are respectively low and high, and the syllable of svàr- 'heaven, sun' has a combination of these two pitches. Some svarita syllables result from historical changes that affected still earlier sequences with high and low pitches; e.g., nadyàs (nom. pl.) 'rivers' developed from earlier nadíyas.
Other tonal variations resulted from contextual modifications. Thus, a basic low-pitched syllable was pronounced at an extralow level if the following syllable was high-pitched or svarita. In addition, the first mora or first half of a svarita could be pronounced at a higher level than that of a basic high tone. But not all dialects raised the first part of a svarita syllable to such a level, and there were additional dialectal differences in just how a svarita was pronounced. Moreover, in some dialects the svarita was altogether eliminated, replaced by a simple high tone.
The accentual system in which only high and low tones contrasted, known traditionally as the bhāṣika system, is best represented in the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa ("Vedic Exegesis of a Hundred Paths"). This development may plausibly be considered to represent an early step in the gradual elimination of pitch contrasts. The current language Pāṇini describes, however, still had a system of three basic pitch levels. According to one view prevalent in Western descriptions, Classical Sanskrit had a predictable accentual pattern: if the next to last syllable was heavy—that is, had a long vowel or a short vowel preceding a consonant cluster—it received the accent, while if not, the syllable preceding this one was accented.
Classical Sanskrit
Classical Sanskrit represents a development of one or more such early Old Indo-Aryan dialects. At this state, the archaisms noted above have been eliminated. For all this simplification, Classical Sanskrit is considerably more complex than Middle Indo-Aryan. In addition to the vowels a, i, and u (in both long and short varieties), it has ṛ and ḷ used as vowels. Clusters of dissimilar consonants occur freely, except in final word position, and the system of sound modification, called sandhi, is fully operative. Moreover, in its grammatical system Classical Sanskrit maintains the dual number, seven cases in addition to the vocative form (which marks the one addressed), and complex alternations. For example, the nominative singular form agni-s 'fire,' corresponds with the genitive singular agne-s 'of fire,' the nominative plural agnay-as 'fires,' and the instrumental plural agni-bhis 'with, by means of fires,' with differing vowels in the second syllable. There are also separate sets of nominal (noun) and pronominal (pronoun) endings. For example, the nominative plural of deva- 'god' is devās but the corresponding form of ta- 'this, that' is te. Similarly, the masculine singular dative, ablative, and locative and the genitive plural forms of deva- and ta- differ as follows: devāya, devāt, deve, and devānām as opposed to tasmai, tasmāt, tasmin, and teṣām. Some nominals have forms with pronominal endings—e.g., ekasmai, parasmai, dative singular masculine-neuter of eka- 'one' and para- 'other.'
The verb system of Classical Sanskrit also maintains complex alternations. In the present tense of the type bhav-a-ti 'becomes, is,' the stem (bhav-a-) remains unchanged throughout the paradigm except for lengthening of the -a- to -ā- before v and m (1st dual bhavāvas 'we two are,' 1st plural bhavāmas 'we are). But other verbs have vowel alternation—e.g., as-mi 'I am,' s-mas 'we two are,' s-mas 'we are'; e-mi 'I go,' i-vas 'we two go,' i-mas 'we go'; juho-mi 'I offer an oblation,' juhu-vas 'we two offer an oblation,' juhumas 'we offer an oblation.' A distinction is observed between active and mediopassive endings: as-mi 'am,' as-ti 'is,' jan-ay-a-ti 'engenders' with the active endings -mi and -ti, but ās-e 'am seated,' ās-te 'is seated,' jā-ya-te 'is born,' stū-ya-te 'is praised,' with the mediopassive endings -e and -te. Mediopassive verb forms are used for the passive, reflexive, and other meanings.
Classical Sanskrit also has a rich system of nominal and verbal derivatives. Compound words are of the following kinds: copulative (dvandva) compounds such as mātāpitarau 'mother and father' (also elliptic pitarau 'parents'); the type such as rāja-puruṣa- 'king's servant,' in which the first member is equivalent to a case form; the type nīlotpala- 'blue (nīla-) lotus (utpala),' in which the constituents are coreferential; the type bahu-vrīhi 'much-rice,' in which the object denoted is other than that of any of the members of the compound (bahur vrīhir yasya 'he who has much rice'); and adverbial compounds (avyayībhāk̄a) of the type upāgni (upa-agni) 'near the fire.'
In addition, there are derivatives with affixes that in the Sanskrit grammatical tradition are called taddhita and serve to form what Western grammarians call secondary derivatives. Examples include aupagava- 'offspring of Upagu,' bhrāṣṭra- 'prepared in a frying pan,' dādhika- 'prepared in yogurt,' and dantya- 'dental.' Also of this type are what in Western grammar are called comparatives and superlatives, formed with the suffixes -tara-, -īyas-, and -tama-, -iṣṭha-—for example, priya-tara- 'very dear, dearer,' gar-īyas- 'very heavy, heavier,' priya-tama- 'most dear, dearest,' and gar-iṣṭha- 'most heavy, heaviest,' from the adjectives priya- and guru-.
It is noteworthy that Old Indo-Aryan allowed such derivatives to be formed from elements other than adjectives, including finite verb forms—e.g., natarām 'not…(for an additional reason),' natamām 'all the more not,' jayatitarām 'is exceedingly victorious.' Pronouns have derivatives equivalent to case forms; e.g., tatas 'from that, thence,' yatas 'from which, whence,' kutas 'from which, whence?' and tatra 'in that, there,' yatra in which, where,' and kutra 'in which, where?' are equivalent to locative forms such as tasmāt, yasmāt, kasmāt and tasmin, yasmin, kasmin. These can also be used without a noun.
The derivative verbal systems include the causative, the desiderative ('desire to, wish to'), and the intensive ('do repeatedly, intensely'). The first has an affix -i-/-ay- or, after certain roots (particularly those in -ā), -pi-/-pay-—e.g., gam-ay-a-ti 'has go,' kār-ay-a-ti 'has do,', sthā-pay-a-ti 'sets in place,' arp-ay-ati 'causes to reach.' The desiderative is formed with -sa- and reduplication (repetition of a part of the root): dī-dṛk-ṣa-te 'desires to see' (root dṛś). The desiderative also has an agent noun in -u: dī-dṛk-ṣ-u 'who wishes to see.' The intensive generally involves reduplication, with a suffix -ya- and medial inflection—e.g., pā-pac-ya-te 'cooks repeatedly, cooks intently.'


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Hotel Ambassadeur
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They are medium in size (12m²) and in good condition. The décor is simple and the rooms have double glazed windows. All our rooms are non smoking and are equipped with bathroom with shower or bathtub, hairdryer, Wi-Fi access, satellite television, working desk, wardrobe, direct phone and individual heating. The breakfast room is in the basement of the hotel. On the top floor, there is a roof terrace where guests can enjoy a drink on a sunny day. For the breakfast, you can choose your table and take your order in terms of hot drinks (to choose between tea, coffee and hot chocolate) before we will bring it to you with bread, butter, jam and viennoiseries (little French pastries). At the buffet, you will be able to use in fruit juice, cereals, cakes and cheese. This is a traditional-style hotel, in keeping with the whole surrounding area. The lobby is large simply furnished, leading to a lounge traditionally furnished with 19th-century furniture and an open fireplace, which adds to its welcoming atmosphere. This is a 3-star hotel considered as a tourist-class property. It is basic, but offers a good location in Paris and provides excellent value for money.
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|5/26/19 - 5/26/19
|5/27/19 - 6/2/19
|6/3/19 - 6/9/19
|6/10/19 - 6/16/19
Services and terms: Hotel Ambassadeur
- WiFi
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- Non-smoker Rooms
- All Spaces Non-Smoking (public and private)
- Pets not allowed
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Useful information: Hotel Ambassadeur
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Ambassadeur Hotel Paris
Location: Hotel Ambassadeur
The hotel is located in the north of Paris, close to the Place De Clichy. This peaceful area offers a wide variety of shops, restaurants and cinemas. The metros (La Fourche or Guy Moquet) and bus stations are also 5 minutes walking.. 5 kms to city centre 10 kms to the airport (paris-charles de gaulle airport) 15 kms to the airport (paris-orly international airport) 3 minute walk to the nearest metro station (la fourche or guy moquet) 1 km to the nearest station (st lazare) 2 minute walk to the nearest bus stop 4 km to the nearest fair site (palais des congres)

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Story highlights
- Cristiano Ronaldo's winner in Clasico puts Real Madrid seven points clear
- Second-placed Barcelona suffer second successive defeat this week
- Both teams were beaten in midweek Champions League semifinal first legs
- Defeat ends Barcelona's 54-match unbeaten run at the Camp Nou
Barcelona's Champions League title defense suffered a big blow in rainy London in midweek, and the Spanish club's hopes of a fourth successive La Liga crown were all but ended in similarly wet conditions on home turf on Saturday.
Real Madrid moved seven points clear of their archrivals with just four games to play after clinching a tense 2-1 victory in the "El Clasico" clash -- Barcelona's first home defeat this season, ending a 54-game run in all competitions at the Camp Nou.
Cristiano Ronaldo came out on top in his battle with Lionel Messi as his 73rd-minute winner took his league tally this season to 42 -- one more than the Argentine.
"We've taken a gigantic step in La Liga by defeating Barcelona," Real captain Iker Casillas told the club's website. "There are still points in play and we must show respect for our opponents, but winning here is taking an important step in the championship.
"We behaved like a true team. Cristiano did an excellent job, but all of us played well from start to finish. It was a very important match and we earned a difficult victory."
The match was ominously similar to Wednesday's 1-0 defeat by Chelsea, as Barcelona dominated possession despite slippery conditions -- but failed to capitalize against a Madrid side who lost 2-1 to Bayern Munich in the first leg of their Champions League semifinal.
While the English club caught Barca on the counterattack just before halftime, Real exposed the Catalan side's defensive weaknesses as Germany midfielder Sami Khedira scrambled in a 17th-minute opener after the home team failed to clear Angel di Maria's inswinging corner.
It was Real's 108th goal in 34 league games this season -- a new record, beating Los Blancos' feat in the 1989-90 season.
Barca coach Josep Guardiola brought Alexis Sanchez off the bench with just over 20 minutes to go, and the Chile forward made an instant impact as he bundled in an equalizer at the second attempt. Sanchez replaced Spain midfielder Xavi, who made a record 32nd Clasico appearance.
However, the home crowd's relief was shortlived as Ronaldo beat the offside trip to gather Mesut Ozil's fine pass down the right, and the world's most expensive player netted his 54th goal this season from an acute angle.
Messi has scored 63 in all competitions, but has now not netted in the last three Clasico matches -- and Barca have lost back to back for the first time since 2009.
Real's former Chelsea coach Jose Mourinho celebrated his second Clasico victory in 11 clashes, and first in the league, having won the Spanish Cup last year.
The 49-year-old has already won titles in England, Italy and his native Portugal, and was under big pressure to end Barca's dominance this season.
"I congratulate Real Madrid for their victory and also for their league title which I have no doubt they have clinched tonight," Guardiola told reporters, as he defended his decision to leave Cesc Fabregas and Gerard Pique on the bench.
"I selected the team which I thought had the best chance to defeat Madrid."
Real had held a 10-point lead just over a month ago, but three draws allowed Barcelona -- who had won 11 games in a row -- to entertain hopes of closing the gap to just one this weekend.
Guardiola's team still hold a 29-point lead over third-placed Valencia, who host Real Betis on Sunday.
In Italy's Serie A, fourth-placed Udinese's Champions League hopes were dented by a 0-0 draw with mid-table Chievo on Saturday.
The result left Udinese two points behind third-placed Lazio, who play on Sunday along with leaders Juventus and title-chasing deefnding champions AC Milan.
Napoli moved up to fifth with a 2-0 win at home to second-bottom Novara.


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Odyssey: The Montana Centennial Train, 1964-1965
First Aired Friday, October 06, 2000
Created by boosters, the Montana Territorial Centennial Train of 1964-1965 was the focal point of the state's centennial celebration. It toured 16 cities and stayed on the tracks at the New York World's Fair for two years, providing Montana media exposure and publicity that would be felt for many years. The organizer, one Howard Kelsey, wanted to promote awareness of Montana by taking the state to the people via a train loaded with 300 Montanans who would serve as ambassadors for the state. As the ambitious project grew in complexity it became a political issue during the gubernatorial election year of 1964. The story makes for a captivating documentary.


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Eleven have been declared with the Musabah Al Muhairi-trained Atlantic Brave set to concede weight to his rivals having won an identical race on his comeback last season. He then went on to be second in the Jebel Ali Mile and jockey Wayne Smith is certainly looking forward to getting the lightly-raced horse back on the track.
Satish Seemar has made a bright start to the season and his Ibn Al Nafis puts his unbeaten record on the line in by far the stiffest task he has faced to date. A five-year-old with only three career runs to his name he has clearly had problems and is returning to action having been off since February 2010 but did win on debut and has only ever run at Jebel Ali.
Stable jockey Richard Mullen has always liked him and said: "It is great to get him back on the track and he has been working well enough but is entitled to need the run having been off so long."
Trained on the track by Dhruba Selvaratnam, Laa Rayb is another interesting contender as he races at Jebel Ali for the first time. Very talented when trained in the UK, he too has obviously had a few problems but his trainer has a great record with this type of horse and with Laa Rayb's siblings.
James Doyle rides and Laa Rayb is one of several chances they appear to have on the afternoon for racecourse patron His Highness Sheikh Ahmed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.
Tadhg O'Shea, retained jockey for race sponsor His Highness Sheikh Hamdan, elects to ride Mujaazef for his main employer leaving Pat Cosgrave to pick up a plum spare ride on the Doug Watson-trained Finjaan.
It is a six race, all Thoroughbred card and Emirates generously sponsor the main support race, a 1800m handicap which has only attracted six runners but looks a top quality affair.
The weights are headed by Al Raihe's Monte Alto, the mount of O'Shea and one of three in the line-up who contested the Meydan race won last week by stable companion Rochdale.
Monte Alto was fourth and it is hard to see why either Mojave Moon or Highland Glen should reverse form with him, though he is conceding weight to his five rivals.
Selvaratnam's Swinging Sixties looks a far more serious rival on his seasonal bow and it would be no surprise to see he, Monte Alto and Al Raihe's second runner, Glen Nevis, dominate proceedings.


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- Clifton - Baume et Mercier Watch Clifton (BEM-102)
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Hulk Hogan, whose real name is Terry Bollea, is a professional wrestler.
Hogan performed in the World Wrestling Federation — now known as World Wrestling Entertainment — and World Championship Wrestling during his career.
The 6-foot-7, 280-pound wrestler was born on Aug. 11, 1953 in Augusta, Ga. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2005.


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RV Astley Large Aurora Nickel Table Lamp & Shade
The RV Astley Large Aurora Nickel Table Lamp & Shade showcases a classic design with a sleek, modern finish. This large nickel table lamp features four arms stemming from a stacked, boxed base and is completed with a nickel finish and a textured shade.
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Search results for 'FyHit Eco-S'
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Breath LED$169.90


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I'm available week nights and weekends, and my preference is to play for at least 90 minutes or 2 hours in a session. The three parks listed above are certainly fine, but since I'm new to Montreal if there is another park nearby I'd play there too.
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Replies to This Discussion
hi peter i used to play at kent park.if you are interested we can play there.2 hours is good for me.i play 3.5-4 but as you know it's relative.we can play see if it works.
i am available tomorrow afternoon let me know if you want to play .here is my email email@example.com
see ya.
i m 3.0-4.0 available to play on weekday after 6pm and weekend as well
let me know if u are available on my email...danieltran514 at hotmail
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Wildlife Conservation Commission elects officers
New officers will begin serving next month on the Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation Commission.
District 4 Commissioner Harland Stonecipher was unanimously elected Commission chairman at the June meeting. Stonecipher represents
Commissioner John Groendyke will serve as Commission vice-chairman. Holding the Commission's District 8 seat, Groendyke represents
Commissioner Mart Tisdal will serve as the Commission secretary. Tisdal represents District seven, including Ellis, Dewey, Roger Mills, Custer, Beckham, Washita, Kiowa, Greer, Jackson, Harmon and Tillman counties
In other business, the Commission approved a memorandum of agreement with the University of Central Oklahoma (UCO) to transfer the Project WILD conservation education program to UCO and fund the program at current levels for three years. Project WILD is a national curriculum designed to educate teachers on wildlife management while equipping them to teach students the benefits of sound conservation. The Wildlife Department has coordinated Project WILD for over 20 years in
"The focus of Project WILD has shifted to reaching students that are attending school to become educators, and UCO graduates more future teachers than all the other state schools combined," said Nels Rodefeld, information and education chief for the Wildlife Department. "UCO has a lot of resources targeted at future teachers, so it makes sense to put this program in the hands of a school like UCO. In this partnership with UCO, we can advance the Project WILD program to accomplish even more in the way of educating our youth about conservation and nature."
The Commission also approved a resolution to prohibit wind turbines and transmission lines on Department-owned wildlife management areas.
In addition, the Wildlife Department's FY 2009 annual budget was approved, which is similar to last year's except for an increase to cover portions of various projects such as a permanent paddlefish research center, fish hatchery renovations and construction of an education center on the Department's Arcadia Conservation Education Area.
Additionally, the Commission recognized Danny Clubb, game warden stationed in Bryan Co., for 30 years of service with the Wildlife Department; Tom Wyatt, biologist at Hickory Creek and Love Valley WMAs, for 30 years of service; Robert Wingo, game warden stationed in Bryan Co., for 20 years of service, and; Brent Gordon, northeast region fisheries supervisor, for 20 years of service.
The Wildlife Conservation Commission is the eight-member governing board of the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. The Wildlife Commission establishes state hunting and fishing regulations, sets policy for the Wildlife Department and indirectly oversees all state fish and wildlife conservation activities. Commission members are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Senate.
The next scheduled Commission meeting is set for 9 a.m. July 7 at the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation headquarters (auditorium), located at the southwest corner of 18th and
Oklahoma Wildlife Federation hosts annual banquet and auction
Since 1951, the Oklahoma Wildlife Federation has worked to provide a unified voice for the sportsmen and women of the state, and you can show your support to this organization by attending its annual banquet and auction at 6 p.m. Saturday, June 7 at Remington Park.
The Wildlife Federation has teamed up on numerous occasions with the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation for various conservation projects, including a donation in 2005 of $200,000 to be used for purchasing land for fish and wildlife conservation. Most of the donation, along with Legacy Permit funds and Sport Fish Restoration funds, was used to purchase a 320-acre tract of Lower Illinois River front property in Sequoyah Co between
The Federation also is involved in teaching hunter education and aquatic education classes, improving wildlife habitat and informing state and federal lawmakers about the importance of State Wildlife Grants and other important wildlife-related legislation.
Funds raised at the Oklahoma Wildlife Federation banquet and fundraiser will be put back into conservation efforts statewide. A variety of auction items will be available, ranging from great outdoor trips to outdoor-related merchandise and equipment.
For more information about the Oklahoma Wildlife Federation, log on to okwildlife.org. For more information on obtaining tickets to the banquet and auction, call (405) 308-5490.
Availability of apprentice-designated hunting license extends to younger youth
Last year's introduction of the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation's apprentice-designated hunting license made learning to hunt easier than ever for new sportsmen, and one change made recently by the Oklahoma Legislature will make the 2008 season easier once again.
House Bill 2735, authored by Brian Renegar of the House and Richard Lerblance of the Senate, allows youth 10 years of age and older to purchase apprentice-designated hunting licenses if required. Previously, apprentice-designated hunting licenses were only available to hunters ages 16-35.
"The apprentice-designated hunting license is a great way to get more youth interested in hunting and more aware of the need for conservation," said Colin Berg, information supervisor for the Wildlife Department. "When you take a new hunter into the field, it's an investment in the future of conservation as well in the lives of sportsmen."
For complete details on the apprentice-designated hunting license, see the "2008-09 Oklahoma Hunting Guide," which will be available in July.
The Oklahoma Legislature addressed several other important issues this session that may affect hunters and anglers, including one bill that creates a five-year hunting, fishing, and combination license that will be available to sportsmen in January 2009. To see a complete listing of the bills and resolutions, consult the Wildlife Department's online legislative tracker by logging on to wildlifedepartment.com.
You don't have to tell anglers about the potential for catching a lake record fish at
The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation's Lake Record Fish Program was launched in February, and since then lake records have been set at lakes all over the state. Most recently, three new lake records were landed at
Margaret Recker, Eakly, caught her 42-lb. lake record flathead catfish May 28. The fish measured 41.75 inches in length and 37.25 inches in girth. That same day, local
Other lakes included in the program are Arbuckle, Broken Bow, Canton, Eufaula, Grand, Kaw, Keystone, Sardis, Skiatook, Tenkiller, Texoma and Thunderbird.
Species eligible for spots in the lake records book include blue, channel and flathead catfish and largemouth, smallmouth and spotted bass in addition to crappie, paddlefish, striped bass, striped bass hybrids, sunfish (combined) walleye/saugeye and white bass. Minimum weights are set for each species are detailed on the Wildlife Department's Web site at wildlifedepartment.com.
Anglers who catch a potential record from a participating lake should contact designated business locations around the lake that are enrolled as lake record keepers. A listing of official lake record keepers is available on wildlifedepartment.com.
Once it has been determined that an angler has landed a record fish, the media is notified and the public will be able to view information about the catch on the Wildlife Department's Web site.
All past and current state record fish are registered in the Lake Record Fish Program as records for their respective lakes.
Below are links to photographs of the three
Recker's Fort Cobb Lake record flathead catfish: http://lake-record.ou.edu/fishsite/public/fishView.php?id=479&lake%5B%5D=69&&sort
King's Fort Cobb Lake record striped bass hybrid: http://lake-record.ou.edu/fishsite/public/fishView.php?id=480&lake%5B%5D=69&&sort
Brewster's Fort Cobb striped bass hybrid: http://lake-record.ou.edu/fishsite/public/fishView.php?id=481&lake%5B%5D=69&&sort
For more information about the contest call (405) 521-3856. For a complete list of contest rules, log on to www.wildlifedepartment.com
Wildlife Expo's Outdoor Marketplace to be bigger and better
The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation's fourth annual Oklahoma Wildlife Expo, slated for September 26-28 at the Lazy E Arena, will again include the popular Outdoor Marketplace, but officials also say the second year for this Expo feature will be even better than last year.
"The Outdoor Marketplace is a huge tent at the Expo where vendors are set up to display and offer for sale a huge selection of outdoor-related products and services," said Rhonda Hurst, Expo coordinator for the Wildlife Department. "This year, though, the huge tent will have even more vendor space, so even more products will be available to shoppers at the Expo."
"The Expo focuses on educating its visitors about the outdoors, and it is all completely free,"
The Wildlife Department will be working with a range of organizations, individuals and outdoor-related companies to host the Expo — an event intended to promote and develop appreciation for
Log on to wildlifedepartment.com regularly to stay up to date on the upcoming Oklahoma Wildlife Expo.
Vendors who wish to obtain a booth at this year's Outdoor Marketplace should contact
Hunting dogs help celebrate 2008 Wildlife Expo
Ask any sportsmen who has ever been hunting with a good dog and they will tell you that few outdoor experiences compare to pursuing game with a canine partner.
Loaded with tradition, the sport of hunting with dogs is a longstanding
The pleasures and benefits of hunting with dogs is explored each year at the annual Oklahoma Wildlife Expo, to be held Sept. 26-28 this year at the Lazy E Arena, just north of
"Dogs and hunting are a winning combination," said Micah Holmes, information supervisor for the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. "They make us better hunters because they alert us to things in nature we'd otherwise miss, and they're just plain fun to have around."
Dogs can be used to hunt a range of
"Expo visitors will have a front seat opportunity to watch dog training in action well as learn about the history of certain breeds, such as those used to retrieve waterfowl, point quail or tree squirrels," Holmes said.
Dog training seminars and booths are popular hits at the annual Wildlife Expo and make up only a fraction of the more than 200 hands-on activities that will be available.
This year's Expo will also feature popular attractions like wild game calling, shotgun and archery shooting, atlatl-throwing, mountain biking, wildlife art, ATV riding, wild game meat tasting and more.
"There is going to be something for everyone in the family at this year's Expo," Holmes said. "Whether you are a seasoned sportsmen, rookie angler or just interested in wildlife, you need to come to the Expo to get a grasp of everything
The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation is partnering with a wide range of other state agencies, private individuals and outdoor-related companies to host this huge event. The Expo is designed to promote and perpetuate appreciation of
Expo hours will be from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Friday, Saturday and Sunday. To stay up to date on information regarding activities available at the Oklahoma Wildlife Expo, log on regularly to wildlifedepartment.com.
More lake record fish enter the books
Two new lake record fish were caught recently at
Randall Farley, Norman, caught the largemouth bass June 13 while crappie fishing. It measured 23.5 inches in length and 17 inches in girth. The white bass lake record, caught by David Belvin, Norman, on a soft plastic, was 18.25 inches in length and 13 inches in girth and was caught near the main body of the lake near a channel.
Other than Thunderbird, lakes included in the program include Arbuckle, Broken Bow,
Species eligible for spots in the lake records book include blue, channel and flathead catfish and largemouth, smallmouth and spotted bass in addition to crappie, paddlefish, striped bass, striped bass hybrids, sunfish (combined) walleye/saugeye and white bass. Minimum weights are set for each species and are listed on the Wildlife Department's Web site at wildlifedepartment.com.
Anglers who catch a potential record from a participating lake should contact designated businesses around the lake that are enrolled as lake record keepers. A listing of official lake record keepers is available on wildlifedepartment.com.
Once it has been determined that an angler has landed a record fish, the media is notified and the public will be able to view information about the catch on the Wildlife Department's Web site.
All past and current state record fish are registered in the Lake Record Fish Program as records for their respective lakes.
To see the complete database of all lake record fish caught, including an easily-operated search feature that allows those interested to view a wealth of lake record fish information, ranging from the size of record fish caught to what kind of bait or rod and reel was used to catch them, or to learn more about the Lake Record Fish program, log on to wildlifedepartment.com.


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Dana's Low-Carb for Life (Podcast)
Gelatin Again
Long-time readers here may have noticed a repeated phenomenon: Dana needing to learn the same lesson more than once.* You know, like how I went hyponatremic -- low on salt -- last summer, and then managed to go badly hypo on the Low Carb Cruise this year, despite knowing how important salt was/is.
Here's another one: Gelatin makes me feel good. Really good. Absolutely one of the most exciting things to happen in my nutritional program in years. Here's a follow-up article.) For months, I took a spoonful of gelatin morning and evening.
Then I got all caught up in finishing 500 Paleo Recipes, and, like a dork, I let the gelatin fall by the wayside. Didn't take it for a few months.
Packing my car's trunk to head to the Ancestral Health Symposium a few weeks back, I found the 5 pound box of beef gelatin I had bought this winter. Felt like a cosmic dope-slap -- "Hey, you! This stuff makes you feel good enough you were buying it in 5 pound lots! What the heck are you doing, not taking it?!"
So since I got back from the AHS, I'm back to taking gelatin morning and evening. And guess what? I feel a whole lot better. Again. More energy, fewer muscle aches, and everything feels well-oiled. Cheerful, too, though that might be attributable to taking 5-HTP in the evenings, since it increases serotonin levels. I just have a far greater sense of general well-being, you know?
So I thank the universe for the Cosmic Dope Slap, and the cows for the gelatin. And I plan to keep on taking it.
* Can I blame it on the ADD? Please?
- Dana's blog
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Beef or pork
Dear Dana
Thank you so much for this - I had an emergency spine op in August - and they also discovered I have arthritis ! And on top of all that, I have started menopause - the joy! I am a single mom and really on the poor side. Can/could you use pork gelatine ...... Until my pay cheque clears I have only the supermarket to reply on and they only stock pork gelatine - and only in leaf form - please could you advise. I apologise for putting you to so much trouble. J
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Pork gelatin
Pork gelatin is fine, as is fish gelatin, though it's harder to get, and pricey. For that matter, you could up your intake of cheap, tough, bony meats -- they have plenty of gelatin in them. Ham hocks, pork neck bones, chicken backs, that sort of thing. (I adore pork neck bones. I slow cook 'em with turnips and onions for a good 8-9 hours. Then I coarsely chop a half-head of cabbage and stir it in, cranking the pot up to high. Cook about 45 minutes. Scoop it out and dose the whole thing well with Tabasco or Frank's hot sauce. Yum. Eat the broth! A lot of the gelatin is there.)
You can also save chicken bones and boil them for broth. Another good source of gelatin. I never throw away chicken bones! I stick them in a plastic grocery sack in the freezer. When I have a sackful, I dump them in my biggest slow cooker, cover them with water, add a teaspoon of salt and a few tablespoons of vinegar (this draws calcium out of the bones), cover, and let it cook on low for two days. Really. Then cool, strain, and *then* you can discard the bones. Use the broth to make soup. Pure nutritional magic -- for next to nothing.
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Thanks for the advice - we
Thanks for the advice - we have no freezer, just a tiny fridge - i make a weekly 2 chicken chic fricasse for a friend and roast one for our selves and boil up the bones and add it and reduce our chicken stock weekly. At present I have a six chicken stock in fridge, which I normally pass to a friend who is recovering from breast cancer, but will steal some for myself. At present it is rich and solid - and is delicious - about to start a new batch.
We don't really consume much meat so other suggestion is not good but come the holidays with family - well it's definitely a good idea - again, many many thanks
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LOL, I also have that big
LOL, I also have that big 5-pound bag of beef gelatin which I bought after reading your blog posts, and take it faithfully every morning. But I'll be darned if I can tell if it's doing anything. I've also stopped it for weeks on end. And whether I take it or don't take it I don't feel the least big different!
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I've been taking gelatin (1 tablespoon) and l-glutamine powder (1 tsp) at bedtime (2.5-3 hours after my last meal) and in the morning, at least 3 hrs before breakfast. I'm not really noticing any benefit. I may be having more trouble than usual falling asleep--not sure. I'm definitely not seeing any improvement in sleep quality or energy level, which makes me sad 'cause I had the high hopes, you know? Suggestions?
[I've been a dedicated low-carber for over 12 years now, since 2000.]
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Gelatin Capsules
Amazon also sells Now brand Gelatin capsules----are the capsules effective?
Thanks. JenniferPi
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Gelatin Capsules
They're fine, just more expensive, and you'd have to take a bunch of them.
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Where do you buy powdered beef gelatin?
My local health foods store does not carry (nor can they order) beef gelatin powder. Where do you get it, Dana? Do you buy it online?
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Buying Gelatin
I can order through both my local health grocery stores, and do. However, like everything else in the world, you can order gelatin through Amazon. I generally buy Now brand, because they have good prices and good quality. That's the 1 pound, but I generally buy the 5 pound box, because it's cheaper, it keeps forever, and I have plenty of storage space.
However, be aware that all gelatin is valuable, whether it's from beef or pork or even fish. Yes, you can find fish gelatin if you search, and it has a good reputation, but it's expensive.
You can also make bone broth, and eat stewed cuts of tough, boney, gristle-y meat; good sources of gelatin. Oh, and chicken wings! The reason chicken wings are so moist is because they're full of gelatin. Chicken skin is, too, as are pork rinds.
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Gelatin: I didn't even wait to read the article...
...before the repeated epiphany. I'm guzzling down a Bovril-soaked two-teaspoonful mug of deliciousness. How easy it is to fall off the beefy wagon. Owww, burning my mouth.
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I've been taking gelatin
I've been taking gelatin since I read your first post, nearly 2 years ago. I take 30 grams a day, softened in 3 oz. almond/coconut milk, then split between 2 cups of coffee with 2 oz. heavy cream in each one. It's very latte-like and is often all I have for breakfast. The thing I've noticed is that the benefits (less joint pain, less pain overall, more flexibility, better hair and nails) seem to be cumulative. I noticed a difference in pain levels immediately upon beginning the gelatin, but now, 2 years later, I can do many things completely without pain that I could not do at all 2 years ago, like pick up a quarter off the floor (bending over hurt so much I wouldn't have even attempted it, even if I'd been sure I could straighten back up). Some days I would just skip washing my feet in the shower because it hurt too much to lift my leg and reach down with a washcloth. Now, I can do all of this and more. I also used to have trigger finger, a very painful condition where the tendon that moves the finger gets stuck in its sheath and then it really really hurts to straighten it out, that has also disappeared with the gelatin. I haven't really lost weight, but I'm not gaining, either, so I don't think the gelatin has an effect on that.
I am soooo grateful to you for that post, it has literally changed my life to consume gelatin every day, thank you, thank you, thank you.
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Thanks for the welcome~!
I really thought I was going crazy -- kept commenting and nothing. Dana cleared it up earlier today. Thanks for the warm welcome!
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I took my first t. this morning and again tonight following your directions in prior posts. I did feel, I think, a bit of extra energy after this mornings t. so we'll see! Love your site and great articles!
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No worries!
Hi Arlene,
Sorry about the delay. We moderate the comments here, and I was asleep when you posted last night, and didn't get in to approve it until this morning. Thanks for joining us! -Eric
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Beef or pork
I do make my own chicken stock and never use it till it has been boiled down with at least four or five chickens - I normally give it away to friends esp when one is poorly and recently I have vpbeen giving it to a friend who is recovering from breat cancer - I will start having some myself ....
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We sometimes make a fruit yogurt pudding/smoothie and add gelatin to the mix.
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Question about gelatin
I know gelatin is really good for you, a doctor even prescribed it for me when I was a child, but is it the animal aspect of it, or do you think a vegetable based gelatin would work as well?
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Gelatin from Animals?
True gelatin is connective tissue, collagen, only found in animals. There are several vegetable substances which gel -- pectin, carrageenan, like that -- but they're not actually gelatin. True gelatin only comes from animals, though you can get it from beef, or pork, or, if you're willing to pay a premium, from fish.
The important thing about gelatin is not the fact that it gels, but rather the amino acid balance, and the vegetable "gels" don't have that. They're usually fibers, instead.
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I should add that commercial gelatin is mostly extracted from skins. This is a great reason why you should eat chicken skin and pork rinds and stuff -- they're a great source of gelatin. So are chicken wings; that's why they're so moist.
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Category Archives: Steve Pavkovich
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The List: 98 Credibly Accused Tracking the Public Lists Since the 1930s, fifty-eight (58) monks and twelve (12) other members of the Saint John's community have been credibly accused of sexual abuse and/or other misconduct. Another twenty-eight (28) men with strong ties to St. John's … Continue reading
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We have been forthcoming and acknowledged the occasions when members of our community harmed others. – Saint John's Abbey (2013) [ View ] Has the Abbey been forthcoming?
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Approximately 1178 students attended the Prep School in the 80's. 438 left before their senior year.
Abbot: Pavkovich "Shouldn't Be" at St. John's
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Plague-Sight. — If deadly germs were capable of conscious retrospection, they would be able to look back upon the advance of their own kind throughout a decaying body and see nothing amiss in that regard, but would indeed find much cause for satisfaction at the progress they had made. It is much the same with blighters in human form, as Alasdair MacIntyre suggests:
"History by now in our culture means academic history, and academic history is less than two centuries old. Suppose it were the case that the catastrophe of which my hypothesis speaks had occurred before, or largely before, the founding of academic history, so that the moral and other evaluative presuppositions of academic history derived from the forms of the disorder which it brought about. Suppose, that is, that the standpoint of academic history is such that from its value-neutral viewpoint moral disorder must remain largely invisible. All that the historian — and what is true of the historian is characteristically true also of the social scientist — will be allowed to perceive by the canons and categories of his discipline will be one morality succeeding another: seventeenth-century Puritanism, eighteenth-century hedonism, the Victorian work-ethic and so on, but the very language of order and disorder will not be available to him. If this were to be so, it would at least explain why what I take to be the real world and its fate has remained unrecognized by the academic curriculum. For the forms of the academic curriculum would turn out to be among the symptoms of the disaster whose occurrence the curriculum does not acknowledge." [1]
Friedrich Nietzsche made a similar point:
"My objection against the whole of sociology in England and France remains that it knows from experience only the forms of social decay, and in all innocence takes its own instincts of decay as the norm of sociological value-judgements." [2]
It is good to see a latter-day Aristotelian and the original Nietzschean in some agreement. It is not always a case of Aristotle or Nietzsche, particularly when the latter, by his still good instincts, forgot his own doctrine and spoke as though there were an actual and essential standard of goodness wherefrom it would not be mere personal whim or world-trivial opinion to speak of decay.
[1] Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue (London: Duckworth, 2007), p.4.
[2] ["Mein Einwand gegen die ganze Sociologie in England und Frankreich bleibt, dass sie nur die Verfalls-Gebilde der Societät aus Erfahrung kennt und vollkommen unschuldig die eigenen Verfalls-Instinkte als Norm des sociologischen Werthurteils nimmt."] Friedrich Nietzsche, Götzen-Dämmerung, in Sämtliche Werke: Kritische Studienausgabe, Bd.6 (München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1999), "Streifzüge eines Unzeitgemässen", §.37, p.138.


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Roadkill and the Rut in Montana
Almost everyone knows that we are smack dab in the middle of hunting season right now, but did you know that it is also the rut? The rut going on now is for deer. Bucks this time of year are very one-track minded. They only have one thing in mind, and that is not looking out for your car. They will chase does anywhere and everywhere without the slightest bit of caution.
I remember my first time hunting. My husband, who has an extreme obsession with hunting, took me out to show me the sport he loves. We were hunting during the rut and came across a buck chasing a doe. The buck almost ran me over. He didn't even notice we were there, he was so obsessed with the doe. My husband was yelling at me to shoot the buck, but I couldn't find him in the scope, all I could see was brown. I didn't know until the buck had ran off, that the brown in the scope that I saw was just hair. The buck was so close that that's all I could see. Needless to say, my husband was less than thrilled that I didn't pull the trigger. Since then I have learned to shoot the first thing I see and do it fast.
Sadly, I have never shot a buck in all the years that I've been hunting. I have, however, averaged hitting a deer with my car every other year. Yes, over the past 10 years, I have taken on five deer with various vehicles. Don't get upset, the deer have about a 50 percent survival rate when competing with my car. You may wonder how I arrived at the 50 percent figure when there was an odd number of deer. That is because two got up and ran off, two never moved again and one was partially paralyzed.
So, be careful when you're driving this time of year. The deer are out and they are too busy to notice you driving. Try to drive a little slower in areas where you know there may be deer, and keep your eyes peeled for them along the roads. This is one of the bad parts of living in a state where wildlife still abound.
Joy Larson is a mother of four boys, graduate of The University of Montana, animal lover and writer.


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UT System Administration to consolidate operations in downtown Austin to save millions in annual expenses
AUSTIN – The University of Texas System Board of Regents approved a plan Thursday to consolidate UT System offices, currently located in five antiquated buildings, into a modern, highly efficient office building on property already owned by UT System on 7th Street between Lavaca and Colorado streets in downtown Austin.
Studies prepared by the UT System financial and real estate staff and reviewed by J.P. Morgan indicate that over the next 30 years the move will yield a net savings between $60 million and $240 million. Regents have directed Chancellor Francisco G. Cigarroa to begin work on a plan to apply annual savings to programs for students across the System's 15 institutions that will boost graduate rates and help students achieve success.
Aggressively seeking savings in operation costs and reinvesting those savings in Texas students is a primary focus of Chancellor Cigarroa' s Framework for Advancing Excellence, which the Board of Regents approved in August 2011.
The key component of the plan is building a new facility to house UT System departments currently spread throughout five separate buildings. Over many decades, the UT System has added more institutions and consequently more staff to the UT System Administration. Over time, the system has had to acquire more buildings and space to accommodate that growth, but it is no longer efficient or organizationally optimal to continue that practice. The move is expected not only to save money but also enhance effectiveness and efficiency of System operations. Cost savings are projected to average between $2 million and $8 million per year over the next three decades. The savings would be achieved through a combination of decreased maintenance, repair and energy costs as well as additional revenue generated from leasing space in three of the older buildings.
Construction of the new building is expected to cost $102 million and would be funded with Revenue Financing System Bonds. No tuition dollars or General Revenue money will be used.
Currently, UT System Administration offices are located in buildings between Colorado St. and Lavaca St. and between 8th St. and 6th St. [Map location: http://goo.gl/maps/ywhwi]. The buildings are O. Henry Hall, Claudia Taylor Johnson Hall, Ashbel Smith Hall, the Lavaca Building and the Colorado Building. The average age of the buildings is 76 years. The oldest, O. Henry Hall, is 131 years old.
The proposal recommends the demolition of the Colorado and Lavaca buildings, both located on 7th St., and the construction of a new building to fill the half block. The other three downtown buildings – including the historic O. Henry Hall and Claudia Taylor Johnson Hall - will remain the property of The University of Texas System and be available for ground lease once the new building is occupied. Besides providing revenue for the System, ground leasing the buildings will also yield an increase in tax revenue for the City of Austin as this property is currently tax exempt.
Chancellor Cigarroa said consolidating business operations in one building is part of a strategic realignment with the purpose of allocating resources to mission-critical services and new innovations in support of the nine academic and six health institutions while also identifying additional cost containment measures and efficiencies.
A work group was created to study current facility operations and determine if cost saving alternatives existed. The group found that maintaining five older buildings was cost prohibitive going forward and that a single building would be cost effective while also realizing better organizational efficiencies. Space need studies and alternative cost analyses were conducted by System staff, assisted by Parsons, Inc.
"Several locations in the Austin area were considered for a new building, as were several different construction scenarios and the possibility of leasing existing space," Cigarroa said. "After taking all of the data and staff feedback into consideration, the construction of a single building on existing UT System land to house all of our business units made the most sense financially and organizationally."
The new nine-story building with six parking levels will provide more than 258,000 square feet of office space, with about 200,000 square feet for immediate use by UT System and the remaining square footage available for lease. The building will include a parking garage for 650-700 cars and space for more than 700 employees, including UT System staff, office tenants, and a few small retail or commercial tenants on the ground floor.
A new office building will significantly reduce capital expenses and operating costs compared to the current antiquated building complex which increasingly requires deferred maintenance expenses. The existing five buildings cost, on average, about $4.8 million per year to operate, repair and maintain while a new building is projected to cost about $2.1 million per year to operate and maintain.
"The new facility clearly yields significant cost savings over the long term while also offering greater operational and organizational efficiencies," said Regents Chairman Gene Powell. "This project is perfectly aligned with the productivity and efficiency goals of our Framework for Advancing Excellence and the savings will directly benefit our students. This is a win-win opportunity for our students, institutions, the UT System and the City of Austin."
The new location would provide for bright, efficient work spaces that offer more opportunity for integration and collaboration across system departments. It also maintains convenient access to the Texas Capitol, UT Austin and mass transit.
About The University of Texas System
Educating students, providing care for patients, conducting groundbreaking research and serving the needs of Texans and the nation for more than 130 years, The University of Texas System is one of the largest public university systems in the United States, with nine academic universities and six health science centers. Preliminary student enrollment exceeded 216,000 in the 2012 academic year. The UT System confers more than one-third of the state's undergraduate degrees and educates nearly three-fourths of the state's health care professionals annually. The UT System has an annual operating budget of $13.1 billion (FY 2012) including $2.3 billion in sponsored programs funded by federal, state, local and private sources. With roughly 87,000 employees, the UT System is one of the largest employers in the state.


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I Love You...
Edward and Bella love each other, but unfortunate circumstances throw everything spiralling out of control, and Edward isn't the only vampire interested in Bella! Please review! and i shall be forever grateful =D
Disclaimer: It's all Stephenie Meyer's
1. His Notes Make Her Smile
Rating 4.5/5 Word Count 472 Review this Chapter
I woke up in a daze. When I saw Edward lying next to me, I smiled. I must still be dreaming.
"Good morning, sweetheart." Edward whispered in my ear. "Get ready for school," and then he went out the window.
I think that's when I woke up. I got dressed for school, and grabbed a granola bar on my way out. Then I saw the silver Volvo in Charlie's spot. I stood there staring, was I still dreaming?
"I thought I'd surprise you," a voice from behind me said. I turned around and bumped right into Edward. He caught me before I could fall, and walked me over to the car. In the car he held my hand, and I realised then that I wasn't dreaming.
No one had spoke for awhile so I asked "What brought all this on?"
He smiled and said "I am in your debt. I…I messed up Bella, and I'm going to make it up to you."
He smiled that crooked smile that never fails to make my heart stop, and he kissed the back of my hand.
"What about Alice?" I suddenly recalled.
"She took Rosalie's car."
When we reached the school, everyone was talking about Edward's return. Most of the day passed in a blur, I was so happy to be with Edward. In class he sent me notes that said 'I love you' and I sent him back ones saying the same thing. We both smiled whenever we got one of these notes. At lunch Edward got my tray of food for me, and sat close to me. He continued to hold my hand, while I ate with my free hand.
Every now and then I catch him staring at me, and then he would kiss me, quickly. It always made my heart flutter. Once when it happened I saw Mike staring over at us. I waved at him, but he just looked away and I realised he was ignoring me. Everyone else was nice to me though, I suppose they were just happy I wasn't I zombie anymore.
After school Edward parked outside my house, and I sighed. I was in a lot of trouble with Charlie.
"I have to go home, Carlisle and Emmett have been looking for Victoria. I'll be back as soon as I can."
He smiled and leaned down to brush his lips softly against mine. I stumbled out of the car and into the house. I turned and looked back at him and he was smiling.
I went up to my room and took out the CD he had given me. Before I could put it in the CD player I heard the window open. I smiled.
"Back already?"
There was no response. I turned around, wondering why Edward hadn't said anything. But instead of my love, there was a woman standing just a step away from me, smiling.
"Hello Bella," Victoria hissed.
- His Notes Make Her Smile
- He Played Piano For Her
- He Loves Her
- He Made Lunch For Her
- He Took Her Home
- He Wanted To Change Her
- He Was Engaged
- He Saved Her
- He Got Her A Ring
- He Left Her?
- He Would Follow Her
- He Just Wanted Her
- He Wouldn't Hurt Her
- He Wasn't Real
- He Was Saved By Her
- He Was Different
- He Can't Die...
- He Forgave Her
- He Gave In
- He Was Back In Her Arrms
- He Would Die For Her
- He Would Always Be There To Comfort Her
- He Was Gone
- He Would Never Know
- He Meant The World To Her
- He Broke Her
- He Would Be Killed By Her
- He Would Protect Her
- He Wanted To Die
- Epilogue
- Author
- DaisyStPatience
- Rating
1 2 3 4 5
- Reviews
- 320
- Words
- 21098
- Views
- 1
- Published
- 31 Dec 06
- Updated
- 01 Jun 07
- Status
- Complete


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We noted last night that the Minneapolis Star Tribune had performed its biennial service to the Democratic Party, via its notoriously inaccurate Minnesota Poll: the poll, reported in this morning's paper, shows Kerry with an eight-point lead, 49% to 41%. This poll is worth further comment, in view of the Minnesota Poll's sorry history.
The Strib is sensitive about the fact that its poll is always wrong, and always in the same direction: it favors Democratic candidates. So the Strib makes a hilarious effort to blame its own apparent bias on those shifty Minnesota voters:
Bush also could be helped by the fact that the Minnesota Poll has, since 1996, consistently found that starting the Friday night before the election, the electorate becomes more conservative and ends up voting more Republican.
Amazing how that keeps happening, isn't it?
The Strib also tries to shore up its poll by quoting Larry Jacobs, director of the 2004 Elections Project at the University of Minnesota's Hubert H. Humphrey Institute:
"The poll is very consistent with a whole lot of other results, so no one can disagree with it."… Jacobs said the key number in the poll is Bush's 41 percent, because it closely mirrors virtually all of the statewide polls conducted in recent weeks. "All the polls show him having a hard time breaking out of the mid-40s…."
Usually it's the Trunk who deconstructs the Minnesota poll, but today we'll let reader A. Hawkins do the honors:
Do people who are age 47 to 49 fairly describe themselves as "mid-40s"?
Compare ("having a hard time breaking out of the mid-40s") to the data:


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So, how do I enjoy my first day of furlough? Go out for a nice ride. And then read up on some statistics. More specifically, I was browsing the The R Book and came across survival models. Such models are used to characterize time to events, where an event could be death of a patient or failure of a part and so on. In these types of models the dependent variable is the number of time units that pass till the event in question occurs. Usually the goal is to model the time to death (or failure) as a function of some properties of the individuals.
It occurred to me that molecules in a drug development pipeline also face a metaphorical life and death. More specifically, a drug development pipeline consists of a series of assays – primary, primary confirmation, secondary (orthogonal), ADME panel, animal model and so on. Each assay can be thought of as representing a time point in the screening campaign at which a compound could be discarded ("death") or selected ("survived") for further screening. While there are obvious reasons for why some compounds get selected from an assay and others do not (beyond just showing activity), it would be useful if we could quantify how molecular properties affect the number and types of compounds making it to the end of the screening campaign. Do certain scaffolds have a higher propensity of "surviving" till the in vivo assay? How does molecular weight, lipophilicity etc. affect a compounds "survival"? One could go up one level of abstraction and do a meta-analysis of screening campaigns where related assays would be grouped (so assays of type X all represent time point Y), allowing us to ask whether specific assays can be more or less indicative of a compounds survival in a campaign. Survival models allow us to address these questions.
How can we translate the screening pipeline to the domain of survival analysis? Since each assay represents a time point, we can assign a "survival time" to each compound equal to the number of assays it is tested in. Having defined the Y-variable, we must then select the independent variables. Feature selection is a never-ending topic so there's lots of room to play. It is clear however, that descriptors derived from the assays (say ADMET related descriptors) will not be truly independent if those assays are part of the sequence.
Having defined the X and Y variables, how do we go about modeling this type of data? First, we must decide what type of survivorship curve characterizes our data. Such a curve characterizes the proportion of individuals alive at a certain time point. There are three types of survivorship curves: I, II and III corresponding to scenarios where individuals have a higher risk of death at later times, a constant risk of death and individuals have a higher risk of death at earlier times, respectively.
For the case of the a screening campaign, a Type III survivorship curve seems most appropriate. There are other details, but in general, they follow from the type of survivorship curve selected for modeling. I will note that the hazard function is an important choice to be made when using parametric models. There a variety of functions to choose from, but either require that you know the error distribution or else are willing to use trial and error. The alternative is to use a non-parametric approach. The most common approach for this class of models is the Cox proportional hazards model. I won't go into the details of either approach, save to note that using a Cox model does not allow us to make predictions beyond the last time point whereas a parametric model would. For the case at hand, we are not really concerned with going beyond the last timepoint (i.e., the last assay) but are more interested in knowing what factors might affect survival of compounds through the assay sequence. So, a Cox model should be sufficient. The survival package provides the necessary methods in R.
OK – it sounds cute, but has some obvious limitations
- The use of a survival model assumes a linear time line. In many screening campaigns, the individual assays may not follow each other in a linear fashion. So either they must be collapsed into a linear sequence or else some assays should be discarded.
- A number of the steps represent 'subjective selection'. In other words, each time a subset of molecules are selected, there is a degree of subjectivity involved – maybe certain scaffolds are more tractable for med chem than others or some notion of interesting combined with a hunch that it will work out. Essentially chemists will employ heuristics to guide the selection process – and these heuristics may not be fully quantifiable. Thus the choice of independent variables may not capture the nuances of these heuristics. But one could argue that it is possible the model captures the underlying heuristics via proxy variables (i.e., the descriptors) and that examination of those variables might provide some insight into the heuristics being employed.
- Data size will be an issue. As noted, this type of scenario requires the use of a Type III survivorship curve (i.e., most death occurs at earlier times and the death rate decreases with increasing time). However, decrease in death rate is extremely steep – out of 400,000 compounds screened in a primary assay, maybe 2000 will be cherry picked for confirmation and about 50 molecules may be tested in secondary, orthogonal assays. If we go out further to ADMET and in vivo assays, we may have fewer than 10 compounds to work with. At this stage I don't know what effect such a steeply decreasing survivorship curve would have on the model.
The next step is to put together a dataset to see what we can pull out of a survival analysis of a screening campaign.