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Andrew Jackson, byname Old Hickory, (born March 15, 1767, Waxhaws region, South Carolina [U.S.]—died June 8, 1845, the Hermitage, near Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.), military hero and seventh president of the United States (1829–37). He was the first U.S. president to come from the area west of the Appalachians and the first to gain office by a direct appeal to the mass of voters. His political movement has since been known as Jacksonian Democracy. (For a discussion of the history and nature of the presidency, see presidency of the United States of America.)
What was Andrew Jackson's education?
How did Andrew Jackson become famous?
What were Andrew Jackson's accomplishments?
Early life
Jackson was born on the western frontier of the Carolinas, an area that was in dispute between North Carolina and South Carolina, and both states have claimed him as a native son. Jackson maintained that he was born in South Carolina, and the weight of evidence supports his assertion. The area offered little opportunity for formal education, and what schooling he received was interrupted by the British invasion of the western Carolinas in 1780–81. In the latter year he was captured by the British. Shortly after being imprisoned, he refused to shine the boots of a British officer and was struck across the face with a sabre. His mother and two brothers died during the closing years of the war, direct or indirect casualties of the invasion of the Carolinas. This sequence of tragic experiences fixed in Jackson's mind a lifelong hostility toward Great Britain. After the end of the American Revolution, he studied law in an office in Salisbury, North Carolina, and was admitted to the bar of that state in 1787. In 1788 he went to the Cumberland region as prosecuting attorney of the western district of North Carolina—the region west of the Appalachians, soon to become the state of Tennessee.
When Jackson arrived in Nashville, the community was still a frontier settlement. As prosecuting attorney, Jackson was principally occupied with suits for the collection of debts. He was so successful in these litigations that he soon had a thriving private practice and had gained the friendship of landowners and creditors. For almost 30 years Jackson was allied with this group in Tennessee politics. Jackson boarded in the home of Col. John Donelson, where he met and married the colonel's daughter, Rachel Robards (Rachel Jackson).
Tennessee politics
Jackson's interest in public affairs and in politics had always been keen. He had gone to Nashville as a political appointee, and in 1796 he became a member of the convention that drafted a constitution for the new state of Tennessee. In the same year he was elected as the first representative from Tennessee to the U.S. House of Representatives. An undistinguished legislator, he refused to seek reelection and served only until March 4, 1797. Jackson returned to Tennessee, vowing never to enter public life again, but before the end of the year he was elected to the U.S. Senate. His willingness to accept the office reflects his emergence as an acknowledged leader of one of the two political factions contending for control of the state. Nevertheless, Jackson resigned from the Senate in 1798 after an uneventful year. Soon after his return to Nashville he was elected a judge of the superior court (in effect, the supreme court) of the state and served in that post until 1804. In 1802 Jackson had also been elected major general of the Tennessee militia, a position he still held when the War of 1812 opened the door to a command in the field and a hero's role.
Military feats
In March 1812, when it appeared that war with Great Britain was imminent, Jackson issued a call for 50,000 volunteers to be ready for an invasion of Canada. After the declaration of war, in June 1812, Jackson offered his services and those of his militia to the United States. The government was slow to accept this offer, and, when Jackson finally was given a command in the field, it was to fight against the Creek Indians, who were allied with the British and who were threatening the southern frontier. In a campaign of about five months, in 1813–14, Jackson crushed the Creeks, the final victory coming in the Battle of Tohopeka (or Horseshoe Bend) in Alabama. The victory was so decisive that the Creeks never again menaced the frontier, and Jackson was established as the hero of the West.
In August 1814, Jackson moved his army south to Mobile. Though he was without specific instructions, his real objective was the Spanish post at Pensacola. The motive was to prepare the way for U.S. occupation of Florida, then a Spanish possession. Jackson's justification for this bold move was that Spain and Great Britain were allies in the wars in Europe. At Mobile, Jackson learned that an army of British regulars had landed at Pensacola. In the first week in November, he led his army into Florida and, on November 7, occupied that city just as the British evacuated it to go by sea to Louisiana.
Jackson then marched his army overland to New Orleans, where he arrived early in December. A series of small skirmishes between detachments of the two armies culminated in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815, in which Jackson's forces inflicted a decisive defeat upon the British army and forced it to withdraw. The news of this victory reached Washington at a time when morale was at a low point. A few days later, news of the signing of the Treaty of Ghent (Belgium) between the United States and Great Britain on December 24, 1814, reached the capital. The twin tidings brought joy and relief to the American people and made Jackson the hero not only of the West but of a substantial part of the country as well.
After the close of the war, Jackson was named commander of the southern district. He entrusted the command of the troops in the field to subordinates while he retired to his home at the Hermitage, near Nashville. He was ordered back to active service at the end of December 1817, when unrest along the border appeared to be reaching critical proportions. The instructions given Jackson were vague, and he ordered an invasion of Florida immediately after taking active command. He captured two Spanish posts and appointed one of his subordinates military governor of Florida. These bold actions brought an immediate and sharp protest from Spain and precipitated a cabinet crisis in Washington. The staunch defense of Jackson by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams saved Jackson from censure and hastened the U.S. acquisition of Florida.
Presidential prospects
Jackson's military triumphs led to suggestions that he become a candidate for president, but he disavowed any interest, and political leaders in Washington assumed that the flurry of support for him would prove transitory. The campaign to make him president, however, was kept alive by his continued popularity and was carefully nurtured by a small group of his friends in Nashville, who combined devotion to the general with a high degree of political astuteness. In 1822 these friends maneuvered the Tennessee legislature into a formal nomination of their hero as a candidate for president. In the following year this same group persuaded the legislature to elect him to the U.S. Senate—a gesture designed to demonstrate the extent of his popularity in his home state.
In the election of 1824 four candidates received electoral votes. Jackson received the highest number (99); the others receiving electoral votes were John Quincy Adams (84), William H. Crawford (41), and Henry Clay (37). Because no one had a majority, the House of Representatives was required to elect a president from the three with the highest number of votes. Crawford was critically ill, so the actual choice was between Jackson and Adams. Clay, as speaker of the House, was in a strategic and perhaps decisive position to determine the outcome, and he threw his support to Adams, who was elected on the first ballot. When Adams appointed Clay secretary of state, it seemed to admirers of Jackson to confirm rumours of a "corrupt bargain" between Adams and Clay. Jackson's friends persuaded him that the popular will had been thwarted by intrigues, and he thereupon determined to vindicate himself and his supporters by becoming a candidate again in 1828.
In the election of 1828 Jackson defeated Adams by an electoral vote of 178 to 83 after a campaign in which personalities and slander played a larger part than in any previous U.S. national election. Jackson and his wife, Rachel, despite their long marriage, had been vilified in campaign pamphlets as adulterers. The basis was that Rachel Jackson was not legally divorced from her first husband at the time she and Jackson were wed. When they discovered their mistake they remarried, but the damage had been done. Jackson's hour of triumph was soon overshadowed by personal tragedy—his wife died at the Hermitage on December 22, 1828. Retiring and religious, she had avoided the public eye, and the scabrous attacks had hurt her deeply. Jackson had these words inscribed on her tombstone: "A being so gentle and yet so virtuous, slander might wound, but could not dishonor." She had dreaded becoming the hostess of the President's House, saying that she would "rather be a doorkeeper in the House of God than live in that palace."
Rachel Jackson's niece, Emily Donelson, the wife of Andrew Jackson Donelson, served as the president's hostess until 1836. At times, Sarah Yorke Jackson, the wife of Andrew Jackson's adopted son, also served as his hostess.
Jacksonian Democracy
The election of 1828 is commonly regarded as a turning point in the political history of the United States. Jackson was the first president from the area west of the Appalachians, but it was equally significant that the initiative in launching his candidacy and much of the leadership in the organization of his campaign also came from the West. The victory of Jackson indicated a westward movement of the centre of political power. He was also the first man to be elected president through a direct appeal to the mass of the voters rather than through the support of a recognized political organization. Jackson once said: "I know what I am fit for. I can command a body of men in a rough way; but I am not fit to be president." Yet today he is regarded as the maker of the modern presidency.
Jackson was the first president born in poverty. In time he became one of the largest landholders in Tennessee, yet he had retained the frontiersmen's prejudice against people of wealth. He had no well-defined program of action when he entered the presidency. He was the beneficiary of a rising tide of democratic sentiment, a trend that was aided by the admission of six new states to the Union, five of which had manhood suffrage, and by the extension of the suffrage laws by many of the older states. As the power of the older political organizations weakened, the way was opened for the rise of new political leaders skilled in appealing to the mass of voters. Not the least remarkable triumph of the Jacksonian organization was its success in picturing its candidate as the embodiment of democracy, despite the fact that Jackson had been aligned with the conservative faction in Tennessee politics for 30 years and that in the financial crisis that swept the West after 1819 he had vigorously opposed legislation for the relief of debtors.
As the victory of Jackson reflected the emergence of new forces in U.S. politics, so Jackson himself brought to the presidency a new set of personal qualifications that were to become the standard by which presidential candidates would be judged for the remainder of the 19th century. He was the first president since George Washington who had not served a long apprenticeship in public life and had no personal experience in the formulation or conduct of foreign policy. His brief periods of service in Congress provided no clue to his stand on the public issues of the day, except perhaps on the tariff.
Jackson approached the problems of the presidency as he had approached all other problems in life. He met each issue as it arose, and he exhibited the same vigour and determination in carrying out decisions that had characterized his conduct as commander of an army. He made it clear from the outset that he would be the master of his own administration, and, at times, he was so strong-willed and decisive that his enemies referred to him as "King Andrew I." In making decisions and policy, Jackson relied on an informal group of newspaper editors and politicians who had helped elect him; they came to be known as his "kitchen cabinet."
The first term
When Jackson was inaugurated on March 4, 1829, it was the first time in more than a quarter of a century that the election of a new president reflected the repudiation of his predecessor. Hundreds who had worked for the election of Jackson hoped this would mean that incumbent officeholders would be replaced by friends of the new president, and within a few weeks the process of removing opponents of Jackson to make way for supporters had begun. Some years later, in the U.S. Senate, William L. Marcy of New York defended the principle of "rotation of office" with the aphorism, "To the victors belong the spoils." The so-called spoils system, however, did not begin with Jackson, nor did he utilize this practice as extensively as was charged. In eight years as president, Jackson removed fewer than one-fifth of all federal officeholders.
Jackson was in poor health when he became president, and few believed that he would have the strength or inclination to seek a second term. The question of the succession was, therefore, certain to attract early attention. One obvious candidate was Vice President John C. Calhoun from Jackson's native state of South Carolina. Another was Martin Van Buren, Jackson's first secretary of state. The harmony of the new administration was marred from the outset by the rivalry between Calhoun and Van Buren. Moreover, Jackson learned in 1830 that during the cabinet debates in 1818 Calhoun had urged that Jackson be censured for his invasion of Florida. In that episode Jackson had captured the Spanish forts at St. Marks, Pensacola, and several other towns, and claimed the surrounding territory for the United States. He had also seized two British subjects, Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert Ambrister, and hanged them. Jackson, though considered a hero in many parts of the country for this action, was severely criticized by Congress. Calhoun was the most prominent of these critics, and Jackson concluded that he could no longer trust him. From that time, Van Buren was generally recognized as the probable successor of Jackson as president.
The feud between Jackson and Calhoun assumed momentous importance in 1830 when Calhoun openly espoused the cause of South Carolina in its opposition to a high protective tariff. Feeling in South Carolina was so intense that there were covert threats that the state would attempt to prevent collection of the tariff within its borders. The issue of the tariff drifted unresolved, however, until 1832, when congressional leaders sought a compromise in the form of a moderate reduction of the tariff. South Carolina was not satisfied and in reply adopted a resolution declaring the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void and prohibiting the enforcement of either within its boundaries after February 1, 1833. Jackson accepted the challenge, denounced the theory of nullification, and asked Congress for authority to send troops into South Carolina to enforce the law. The president believed the tariff to be too high, however, and urged Congress to reduce the rates it had enacted a few months earlier. On March 1, 1833, Congress sent to the president two companion bills. One reduced tariff duties on many items. The other, commonly called the Force Bill, empowered the president to use the armed forces to enforce federal laws. South Carolina repealed its nullification ordinance, but at the same time it declared the Force Act null and void.
Whatever the motives, Jackson had preserved the integrity of the Union against the most serious threat it had yet faced. In contrast, he was remarkably complacent when Georgia defied the federal government. In 1829 Georgia extended its jurisdiction to about 9,000,000 acres (4,000,000 hectares) of land that lay within its boundaries but was still occupied by the Cherokee Indians. The Cherokees' title to the land, on which gold had been discovered, having been guaranteed by a treaty with the United States, the Indians appealed to the federal courts. In two separate cases, the Supreme Court ruled against Georgia, but Georgia ignored those decisions and continued to enforce its jurisdiction within the territory claimed by the Cherokees. In contrast to his strong reaction against South Carolina's defiance of federal authority, Jackson made no effort to restrain Georgia, and those close to him felt certain that he sympathized with the position taken by that state. He is said to have declared privately, "John Marshall [the chief justice] has made his decision, now let him enforce it!" Jackson's failure to support the Supreme Court remains an indelible stain on his record.
The Cherokee, left without a choice, signed another treaty in 1835 giving up their land in exchange for land in the Indian Territory west of Arkansas. Three years later, having been rounded up by Gen. Winfield Scott, some 15,000 Cherokees were forced to wend their way westward, mostly on foot, on a journey that became known as the Trail of Tears. On the way, during the cold and wet of winter, nearly a quarter of them died of starvation, illness, and exposure.
The plight of the Cherokee was a consequence of the Jackson government's policy toward the Native American peoples who lived east of the Mississippi (especially in the Southeast) on lands that were desired for white settlement. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized Jackson to grant these Indian tribes unsettled western prairie land in exchange for their homelands. When members of the so-called Five Civilized Tribes, including the Cherokees, refused to relocate, military coercion was employed to force compliance. Even more reluctant to leave their Florida home were the Seminoles, who would resist resettlement in the Second Seminole War (1835–42)..
Reelection in 1832
In the meantime, Jackson acquiesced to the pressure of friends and sought a second term. As the election of 1832 approached, Jackson's opponents hoped to embarrass him by posing a new dilemma. The charter of the Bank of the United States was due to expire in 1836. The president had not clearly defined his position on the bank, but he was increasingly uneasy about how it was then organized. More significant in an election year was the fact that large blocs of voters who favoured Jackson were openly hostile to the bank. In the summer of 1832, Jackson's opponents rushed through Congress a bill to recharter the bank, thus forcing Jackson either to sign the measure and alienate many of his supporters or to veto it and appear to be a foe of sound banking. Jackson's cabinet was divided between friends and critics of the bank, but the obviously political motives of the recharter bill reconciled all of them to the necessity of a veto. The question before Jackson actually was whether the veto message should leave the door open to future compromise.
Few presidential vetoes have caused as much controversy in their own time or later as the one Jackson sent to Congress on July 10, 1832. The veto of the bill to recharter the bank was the prelude to a conflict over financial policy that continued through Jackson's second term, which he nevertheless won easily. Efforts to persuade Congress to enact legislation limiting the circulation of bank notes failed, but there was one critical point at which Jackson was free to apply his theories. Nearly all purchasers of public lands paid with bank notes, many of which had to be discounted because of doubts as to the continuing solvency of the banks that issued them. Partly to protect federal revenues against loss and partly to advance his concept of a sound currency, Jackson issued the Specie Circular in July 1836, requiring payment in gold or silver for all public lands. This measure created a demand for specie that many of the banks could not meet; banks began to fail, and the effect of bank failures in the West spread to the East. By the spring of 1837 the entire country was gripped by a financial panic. The panic did not come, however, until after Jackson had had the pleasure of seeing Van Buren inaugurated as president on March 4, 1837.
During Jackson's time, the President's House underwent noteworthy alterations. The North Portico, which had long been advocated by James Hoban, its architect, was added to the mansion. The appropriation that Jackson obtained for this work included a sum for refurbishing the interior of the building, and the public rooms were refitted on a grand scale. A system of iron pipes was also installed in order to convey water from a well to a small reservoir on the grounds from which it could be pumped to various parts of the building. For the first time, the occupants' needs for water could be met without relying on the time-honoured system of filling pails and carrying them where required.
Jackson retired to his home, the Hermitage. For decades in poor health, he was virtually an invalid during the remaining eight years of his life, but he continued to have a lively interest in public affairs.
Jackson's influence
Jackson had left office more popular than when he entered it. The widespread approval of his actions exercised a profound effect on the character of U.S. politics for half a century. His success appeared to be a vindication of the new democracy. Powerful voices still questioned the wisdom and morality of democracy in 1829; there were few who would question it in 1837. Jackson had likewise established a pattern that future candidates for the presidency attempted to imitate. Birth in humble circumstances, experience on the frontier, evidence of being close to the mass of the people, a devotion to democracy, and, if possible, some military exploits were all valuable assets for any candidate.
The intensity of the political struggles from 1825 to 1837 led to the revival of the two-party system. Jackson never thought of himself as a master politician, but he and his associates proved themselves the most skillful political leaders of that generation. When Jackson was elected president in 1828, he was the candidate of a faction rather than of a party. When he retired from the presidency he left a vigorous and well-organized Democratic Party as a legacy.
Cabinet of President Andrew Jackson
The table provides a list of cabinet members in the administration of President Andrew Jackson.
|March 4, 1829–March 3, 1833 (Term 1)
|Martin Van Buren
|Edward Livingston (from May 24, 1831)
|Samuel Delucenna Ingham
|Louis McLane (from August 8, 1831)
|John Henry Eaton
|Lewis Cass (from August 8, 1831)
|John Branch
|Levi Woodbury (from May 23, 1831)
|Attorney General
|John Macpherson Berrien
|Roger Brooke Taney (from July 20, 1831)
|March 4, 1833–March 3, 1837 (Term 2)
|Edward Livingston
|Louis McLane (from May 29, 1833)
|John Forsyth (from July 1, 1834)
|Louis McLane
|William John Duane (from June 1, 1833)
|Roger Brooke Taney (from September 23, 1833)
|Levi Woodbury (from July 1, 1834)
|Lewis Cass
|Levi Woodbury
|Mahlon Dickerson (from June 30, 1834)
|Attorney General
|Roger Brooke Taney
|Benjamin Franklin Butler (from November 18, 1833)
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
presidency of the United States of America
Presidency of the United States of America, chief executive office of the United States. In contrast to many countries with parliamentary forms of government, where the office of president, or head of state, is mainly ceremonial, in the United States the president is vested with great authority and is arguably…
United States: The Indian-American problemAndrew Jackson defeated the British-supported Creeks in the Southwest in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The war itself ended in a draw that left American territory intact. Thereafter, with minor exceptions, there was no major Indian resistance east of the Mississippi. After the lusty first…
United States: The democratization of politics…changes were not engineered by Andrew Jackson and his followers, as was once believed. Most of them antedated the emergence of Jackson's Democratic Party, and in New York, Mississippi, and other states some of the reforms were accomplished over the objections of the Jacksonians. There were men in all sections…
Native American: Removal of the eastern nations…from the discovery, including President Andrew Jackson, subsequently pressured Congress to find a way to legally divest the tribe of its land. Jackson's speech
On Indian Removal, presented to Congress in December 1830, provides a sample, although certainly not a full account, of his rationalizations for such action.…
Abraham Lincoln: Early politicsWhen Lincoln first entered politics, Andrew Jackson was president. Lincoln shared the sympathies that the Jacksonians professed for the common man, but he disagreed with the Jacksonian view that the government should be divorced from economic enterprise. "The legitimate object of government," he was later to say, "is to do…
More About Andrew Jackson46 references found in Britannica articles
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- meeting with Black Hawk
- In Black Hawk
- policy toward Native American peoples
- presidency of the United States
- presidential election of 1824
- presidential election of 1828
- presidential election of 1832
- presidential election of 1836
- viewed by Lincoln
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- Benton


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Silicon Milkroundabout, the jobs fair for London's Tech City start-up community, is becoming a start-up itself and hiring a full-time team ahead of its spring events.
Originally established in a London pub, the jobs fair started as an experiment by East London's start-up community to see if clubbing together would help them attract top talent from bigger tech companies and the City's banks.
Now in its third year, the fair has gone from strength to strength and will now be led by a full-time team with wider promotion.
The twice-annual event now hosts up to 150 start-ups, with November 2012's event showcasing 900 jobs to over 2,500 candidates in the fields of product design and software engineering.
The next event on 11 and 12 May will see start-ups, including Badoo, King.com, Makers Academy, Songkick, Mind Candy and MOO.com, look to attract software engineers, product managers and designers in the UK and Europe.
Silicon Milkroundabout joint founder Pete Smith said: "With the tech ecosystem going from strength to strength the time is right for us to launch Silicon Milkroundabout as a start-up in its own right.
"Start-ups are still crying out to find the very best talent, and what started as a small event for the community has grown into a full scale production, bringing together a variety of early stage to late stage start-ups."
Find your next job with techworld jobs

subset: commoncrawl


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Kings return home with chance to close out Bluesby Brian Hunter
BLUES at KINGS
(Los Angeles leads best-of-7 series, 3-2)
Big story: The tables have completely turned and now the Los Angeles Kings, who dropped the first two games of this series and could hardly buy a goal over the first three, are in position to eliminate the St. Louis Blues and win their fifth consecutive round in the Stanley Cup Playoffs. Slava Voynov's second game-winning goal in five days, scored eight minutes into overtime of Game 5 on Wednesday night, gave the Kings a 3-2 victory and series lead.
Team Scope:
Blues: This time around St. Louis must come out of Staples Center with a victory if it wants to continue its season. The Blues' troubles began when they lost a pair of games in Los Angeles and were compounded Wednesday when they became the first team in this series to lose on home ice.
Alex Pietrangelo temporarily saved the day when he scored with 44.1 seconds left in regulation and goalie Brian Elliott on the bench for an extra attacker, but an odd-man rush against them in the extra period resulted in Voynov's winning goal. It was an especially difficult pill to swallow given the Blues felt they played their best game of the postseason.
"To tie the game with that much time left, a real good feeling, but again, a tough time to lose," Pietrangelo said. "It's tough to lose in overtime when you're that close. We've just got to go in there and get the win [in Game 6] and win on home ice on Monday."
Kings: Voynov played the role of hero in overtime during Game 5, but two other key members of the 2012 Stanley Cup championship team had their fingerprints all over the crucial victory. Jeff Carter scored in the opening minute of both the second and third periods, and Jonathan Quick stopped 34 shots and came out on the positive end of an OT game at Scottrade Center after coughing up the puck to Alex Steen for the winning goal in the series opener.
Los Angeles raced to 3-0 leads in all four rounds a year ago, but was 4-4 in games when it had the chance to eliminate an opponent. The Kings know they can win in St. Louis, but they would prefer to spend their weekend not having to worry about a Game 7 on Monday.
"We're comfortable at home," Carter told the Los Angeles Times. "We've been playing some good hockey there. To get back in front of our fans is a huge boost for us. We'll go back and try to win a game."
Who's hot: Steen scored his team-leading third goal of the series in Game 5 and his 16 shots are tied for most on the Blues with Chris Stewart. … Carter has three goals in the past two games for the Kings to give him the team lead. Mike Richards has four assists in the past two games and his five points lead all scorers in the series.
Injury report: Neither team has any new injuries to report.


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While a
Chevy GM PR staffer yelled "FUCK!" in the crowd, the Ford Transit Connect, the Traverse-besting little-commercial-van-that-could, picks up North American Truck Of The Year. The Ford Fusion Hybrid, predictably, picks up Car Of The Year. We're predictably bored.
Frankly, we're nonplussed by Ford picking up both awards. NACTOY's a joke — picked by insiders for insiders. In fact, if the award weren't handed out at the Detroit Auto Show by the head of the Detroit Auto Show it wouldn't be worth a damn thing.
Not that we're complaining — we love the Transit Connect and the Ford Fusion Hybrid's an impressive beige car disguised as a Game Boy — but seriously, the award's not worthwhile to anyone but the marketing folks.


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Materials Engineers Win National ContestSOCORRO, N.M. August 29, 2011 – Three students in the Materials Engineering Department won $500 in the 2011 Materials Radio Podcast competition by ASM: The Materials Information Society.
|Kat Mireles, (from left) Amanda Kuker and Sara Waters won $500 from ASM: The Materials Society for a song they wrote and recorded about corrosion. Photo courtesy of Dr. David Burleigh
Mireles graduated in May 2011 and is now in a graduate program at Washington State University. Kuker is a senior and Waters is a graduate student.
Waters and Kuker said they were surprised to find out that they had won the contest.
"I was very shocked and excited," Kuker said.
Waters said that she called her friends and said, "Hey, you remember that ridiculous rap I did months ago? Well, it won."
Faculty advisor Dr. David Burleigh was impressed with the effort the girls put into the contest and equally proud of them for winning.
"I don't know of any other songs about corrosion. It was really clever," Burleigh said.
Burleigh said that the women at first refused to let him use the song in any of his classes until after they had all graduated. Since they won the contest, they have changed their tune, and allowed him to use it. He was impressed with the students' enthusiasm for both the contest and their discipline.
"They enjoy their studies and enjoy what they do," he said. "They all worked together and they really just pulled [the song] together quickly."
All three of the women are dedicated to engineering and to materials. Waters earned her bachelor's in physics and math from the University of Florida. She considered law school, with an eye toward patent law.
"I spent time around a lawyer and realized it wasn't what I wanted to do," Waters said. "I realized that spending my life without calculations or lab time would make me sad. I looked at engineering and saw that materials applies physics and chemistry. I felt like materials engineering drew well from my background ."
Kuker started her college career at Amarillo Community College in her hometown. She was among the first group of ACC students to transfer to Tech under the cooperative agreement signed between the two institutions in 2008.
"I was in mechanical engineering, but I took Materials 202 and I liked how much more I wanted to do materials engineering. It's more physical."
Per the contest parameters, the song had to deal with an issue related to materials engineering and be geared toward future scientists – middle school students.
Kuker, who formerly worked as a teacher's aide in her hometown of Amarillo, offered up some current lingo and youthful slang, which Waters worked into a rap.
The trio expects to use the winnings to help fund the club's 49'ers parade float and club activities, with the remainder going toward student travel.
Kuker developed the theme and wrote the verses and chorus; Waters put together a rap. The song includes references to ASM International and to the New Mexico Tech campus chapter. They even managed to work "oxidation" into a rhyme scheme. The podcast will eventually be linked to the ASM Foundation website, but for now one can hear it on Dr. Burleigh's website.
By Thomas Guengerich/New Mexico Tech


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Kevin Mazur
Friday, May 10, 2013 | 4 p.m.
Forty-three years ago, The Rolling Stones wrote a letter to Carlos Santana. The band was asking for permission to use Santana's performance at the ill-fated December 1969 Altamont free concert in an upcoming documentary under the working title "Love in Vain."
Santana declined to be included in the film, eventually titled "Gimme Shelter," an oft-harrowing film chronicling the Stones' 1969 U.S. tour. The Altamont footage captures performances by the Stones and Jefferson Airplane amid violent clashes between fans and members of the Hells Angels, who were brought in to protect the stage. One fan, Meredith Hunter, was stabbed to death by members of the Angels near the front of the stage.
The letter dated June 10, 1970, requesting Santana's permission, "for a reasonable fee" and signed by all members of the Stones is among items on display at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland from May 24 through March 2014. A list of those items has been passed along as the band hits town Saturday to play MGM Grand Garden Arena (one rumor has Santana joining the band as a special guest at MGM Grand, although he has a show scheduled for House of Blues at the same time the Stones are performing — his cameo would have to be late in the show).
The tour and ancillary celebrations of the band's 50th anniversary led to a statistical column concept. The following is a by-the-numbers look at the Stones over the past six decades:
62: Number of years Mick Jagger and Keith Richards have known each other.
250,000: The estimated number of fans in attendance for the band's 1969 concert at Hyde Park.
2: Days after the death of Brian Jones that concert was performed.
28: The number of years footage of the 1968 concert film "Rock and Roll Circus" was shelved until being made public.
50: Hours of footage recorded among current and former band members for the 2012 HBO documentary "Crossfire Hurricane."
3: Number of albums released by the Stones in 1967 ("Between The Buttons," "Flowers" and "Their Satanic Majesties Request").
24: Number of members in the Green Valley High Madrigal Singers choir joining the band Saturday for "You Can't Always Get What You Want."
9: Number of weeks the 1981 album "Tattoo You" held the No. 1 slot on the Billboard charts.
6: Number of weeks missed by Richards on the band's 2006 world tour after he suffered a head injury in a fall from a palm tree while on vacation in Fiji.
8: Years since the band's most recent album of new material, 2005's "A Bigger Bang."
1: Times the band appeared on the Dean Martin variety show "The Hollywood Palace" (showcased in 1964).
12: U.K. chart position for "I Wanna Be Your Man," the John Lennon-Paul McCartney single recorded by the band in 1963.
4: Where the band placed on Rolling Stone magazine's list of Top 100 rock artists of all time (trailing, in order, The Beatles, Bob Dylan and Elvis).
1,000: The official maximum capacity of Marquee Club, where the Stones played their first public show on July 12, 1962.
Follow John Katsilometes on Twitter at Twitter.com/JohnnyKats. Also, follow "Kats With the Dish" at Twitter.com/KatsWiththeDish.


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NOTE: This is outdated information that applies only to Tapestry 4. For the Tapestry 5 see Tapestry5HowTos
Tapestry 4.0 How-To page
http://www.agileskills2.org/EWDT Tutorials (e-book) by Kent Tong. Updated for Tapestry 4.
Organising templates
HtmlTemplatesAndBorderComponent Organising the html using a custom border component
CustomTagsInShell How to make the Shell component output custom HTML tags
ApplicationBorderComponent How to use an application specific Border component inside a library
WysiwygWithoutBorder Maintain templates that render in a brower(when opened as a file)
SpeclessPagesInWEB-INF How to have specless pages with the templates under WEB-INF rather than at the servlet context root.
PagesAndComponentsInWEB-INF How to store pages and components in a custom location without specifying each
SimpleHibernateTableModel a simple tablemodel with hibernate integration
Form Validation
CreatingCustomValidators How to create a custom validator
CreatingCustomTranslators How to create a custom translator
CheckingForRequiredValidator In case you want to have some visible marker on a page indicating a field is required
ChangingStandardValidatorsMessages (still empty) How to override the standard validation error messages
DojoTooltipsForClientValidation Report validation errors with a dojo tooltip
Resources / I18n
UsingCustomResourceSource How to use a custom resource source, e.g. reading resources from a database instead of .property files
UsingCustomResourceSourceForLibs How to use a customer resource source in your libraries
ASOs and Persistence
FormClientPersistence A client persistence strategy that only persists to forms
SessionPagePersistence A session persistence strategy that only persists data until a different page is rendered
CheckingVisitCreation How to make sure that visit (or any other ASO) is not created where it shouldn't be!
Tapestry+Spring+SSO+ASO Using Application Service Objects that validates a user in Tapestry via Spring
InjectPropertyIntoASO How to inject a property into an Application State Object (ASO)
InjectASOIntoService How to inject an Application State Object (ASO) into a Tapestry Service
Serving alternative content
EmittingRSSFeeds How to emit an RSS feed with Tapestry 4.0
ExportingCSVFiles How to export data in a CSV file
SendingDiferentContentTypes How to emit binary data
HowToSetupEclipseCallistoJetty Setting up Eclipse 3.2, JettyLauncher, and Jetty5 from square one.
HowToSetupEclipseWtp How to setup your development environment with Eclipse Web Tools Platform
HowToSetupTapestry41EclipseWtp How to setup your development environment with Eclipse Web Tools Platform, updated for Tapestry 4.1 and Eclipse 3.2.2
Tapestry4Spring How to integrate Tapestry 4.0 and Spring
LogoutLinkTap4 How to implement a logout link - invalidate the session
Hivemind4Beginners How to create hivemind services if you've never seen a hive and the docu makes your mind buzz
Tapestry4Conversion Scripts to automatically convert your old Tapestry v3 code to work with Tapestry v4.
PopupLinkSubmit Simple component to submit a form a open a popup window on an external page
AcegiSpringJava5 How to secure Tapestry pages with Java5 annotations using the Acegi security framework
AcegiTapestry5 How to secure Tapestry5 pages with Java5 annotations using the Acegi security framework
Webapp_Deployment Pitfalls when deploying Tapestry
TokenizedRequestFilter How to preserve POST and GET data for expired sessions
Dynamically_Generated_Checkboxes How to use lists of checkboxes generated in a for loop
Override_Tapestry_Default_Exception_Page How to override the Tapestry default exception page


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DCKT Contemporary (Bowery)
195 Bowery, 212-741-9955
East Village / Lower East Side
January 8 - February 14, 2010
Reception: Friday, January 8, 6 - 8 PM
Web Site
DCKT Contemporary is pleased to present Zoe Crosher's The Unraveling of Michelle duBois, a reconsidered archive culled from crates, boxes and albums consisting of endless flirtatious smiles, tourist shots, cheesecake mementos and suggestive poses in every film type and size.
It is simply an archive. But nothing is ever simple. Michelle duBois, one of a number of aliases, kept a lot of pictures of herself. Turning tricks in the Pacific Rim during the '70s, she took on many guises for her particular profession and kept fanatical documentation of her many dramatic transformations. Until one day, she didn't. Time passes, things fall apart, and the photographs record its circuitous and histrionic conclusion.
duBois adopted Crosher and bequeathed to her the dubious legacy of this archive. Crosher has gotten lost in this archive. But an archive by itself, like an artwork by itself, is a static notion, a thing activated only when it is being handled, witnessed, experienced. And Crosher, the artist with a vaguely similar appearance, is making pictures. In this instance of duBois's images, but pictures nonetheless. Pictures of pictures. Of obfuscated faces, of repeated shadows in dark black & white doorways, of tiger prints and arched backs, of backs of backs of photographs and backs of necks, of eyes and mirrors and reflections, of notes taken and rewritten, scanned and scratched, kept and held and returned – all of which are coming undone in various shades of magenta and yellow and cyan. The photographic archive itself is dissolving, the pictures are fading, new surfaces are showing through. The two archives are collapsing into each other, conflating the history of the reordering of the unraveling and the unraveling itself.
Their material, the photograph as a thing, is itself ending. Framed and reframed, duBois's Asianesque escapsim viewed through the lens of Crosher's transience obsessions provoke our own fantasies, encapsulating an imagined amateur history. One that is almost gone, never to be discovered or, as in this case, bequeathed ever again. Except here, momentarily halting the process for another peek, coyly giving us something vibrant to see.
Crosher holds a MFA in Photography & Integrated Media Cal Arts (Valencia, CA). She lives and works Los Angeles. In 2008 her solo exhibition The Reconsidered Archive of Michelle du Bois was shown at the Claremont Museum of Art (CA). She was included in the recent group exhibition Suddenly: Where We Live Now at the Douglas F. Cooley Memorial Art Gallery, Reed College (Portland, OR) and the Pomona College Museum of Art, (CA). Her work is included in the permanent collection of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. This is her third solo exhibition with DCKT Contemporary.


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¡Cuidate! Una Guía de Salud y Bienestar
Since 1998, FCI has worked in close collaboration with several community-based indigenous organizations, including the Artecampo Artisan Association and the Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia (CIDOB) to develop a set of culturally appropriate educational materials. These materials were developed for health educators to use in educating women, husbands, family members and others in the community about family life and communication, reproductive health and safe motherhood. The materials include a flipchart and set of five brochures that tackle gender issues, sexual and reproductive health, safe motherhood, family planning, and prevention of domestic violence and violence against women.
Download Brochure
Full color, 27-page flipchart covering a wide range of safe motherhood, reproductive health, and gender topics, accompanied by a set of five brochures. Developed in Bolivia for use by health promoters and others working with indigenous communities to generate discussion among indigenous women and men. Spanish (2002) (LA08).
Download Flipchart
Spanish (3.9 MB PDF)
This publication is only available for download at this time.


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Yay first boss kills in Firelands! Beth'tilac and Shannox down!
Well that was an effort! We killed Beth'tilac as most of the raid died.. but at least someone was alive to do a Mass Rez. Pretty mana intensive for our first kill so maybe once we do it again I can write a little blurb on how to heal it from a druid POV.
So people here for the kill were:
Tanks - Hwired, Thraso
DPS - Lushnek, Moopie, Sevros, Xynzelle, Roshii
Healers - Navimie, Belinia, Beauti
So our first loots are Avool's Incendiary Shanker and Ward of the Red Widow. Grats to Roshii and Belinia!
So we went to Shannox after that, which was actually not that hard a fight. Just got to watch those traps (and I need to update my dbm so I get trap warnings!). We actually went a little over time and just as well we did because we got the kill on our last attempt (well it wasn't really the last attempt, we had 2 attempts but one didn't count... /grin). I was an idiot and stood on a prism trap in the last 1%, but at least we got it down! Everyone seemed pleased because it was relatively easy compared to Beth'tilac.
So we got Legplates of Frenzied Devotion and Coalwalker's Sandals. Grats to Hwired and Xynzelle!


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Kaba exos is perfect for facilities that need enhanced security, organisational efficiency and flexibility and operational convenience. If you experience one or more of the following challenges, then you should consider installing Kaba exos:
- Safety and security of sensitive documents
- Frequent loss or theft of valuable equipment
- Lack of overview due to frequent staff fluctuation
- Unpredictable, varying or a high number of visitors
- Different user groups using the same facilities
- Different security zones within the same premises, e.g. high-security, secure, semi-public and public zones
- A need to log people's movement for regulatory reasons.


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Pages: 1
I was trying different desktop themes, with a bunch of apps open: firefox, thunderbird, skype, openoffice, gimp, mplayer... upon switching to a theme near top of the list (sorry I don't remember which) I lost the desktop entirely. Even reboot doesn't fully restore the situation in that I no longer have panels.
xfce is on Zenwalk, I've tried re-installing xfce in text mode, still no panels. I re-installed the distro (without formating partition) but still the same problem.
Can anyone suggest a solution?
I'm just guessing here, but usually if someone loses panels or the desktop it means the programs were killed and the session was saved without those programs running.
With a bit of luck you can fix the issue by running 'xfce4-panel' and 'xfdesktop', for instance from the run dialog (Alt-F2), and saving the session when you log out.
Hello Jasper,
You cracked it. That little bit of genius has saved the day. Thanks a million.
Pages: 1


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MILLEDGEVILLE, Ga. – The Georgia College & State University men's basketball program and head coach Terry Sellers announced the signing of Paul Son Thursday.
"We are ecstatic that Paul has decided to continue his career as a Bobcat," said Sellers. "At 6-foot-6, Paul has the ability to score inside and out. He is a hard worker with high character and possesses a strong work ethic."
This past season, Son helped Bulloch Academy and head coach Chandler Dennard reach the GISA Class AA Final Four, win their third Region 2-AA championship in four years and achieve a 23-5 record. A four-year starter for the Gators, Son has helped revive the once-proud boys' basketball program. He averaged 14.3 points, 12.5 rebounds and 2.4 assists per game.
The Bobcats are fresh off a 22-6 season in 2009-10, winning the Peach Belt Conference (PBC) West Division title. Georgia College has now made back-to-back trips to the NCAA Tournament for the first time since 1999-2000 and picked up its fourth 20-win season in the past five years. The Bobcats were ranked as high as No. 14 in the NABC National Rankings. Georgia College loses five Seniors including Graham Martin who was named first team all-conference and Ty Rowland who was a third team all-conference selection.
The GCSU Department of Athletics, winners of the 2008-09 PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 10 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, Georgia College prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the Bobcats' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at Twitter.com username GCSUSID for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCSUBobcats.com to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GCSU Athletics Hall of Fame.


text:
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Marion Burton, 1917-1920
Born in Iowa, Marion Burton liked to tell student audiences that he had earned his right to an education by selling newspapers on the streets of Minneapolis. He graduated from Carleton College in Northfield and subsequently received a bachelor's degree in divinity and a Ph.D. from Yale. He also served as a pastor of a Congregational church in Brooklyn, New York. Burton was president of Smith College when he was persuaded to return to Minnesota in the summer of 1917.
World War I was still raging when Burton was formally installed as the University's fourth president. As a result, an elaborate celebration was deemed inappropriate. Instead, the inauguration was combined with a celebration of the 50 years since the reconstituted University had been reopened in 1868. (It had closed down during the Civil War.) Burton's inaugural address was four sentences long—not only the shortest acceptance speech in University history, but arguably among the shortest in U.S. history. In addition to his administrative duties, his lectures on the Bible drew overflow crowds to the Armory.
One of the most important issues Burton faced related to alleged pro-German sympathies of several faculty members. This was a period before there was protection for academic freedom. In the fall of 1917, a time of strong anti-German sentiments, William Schaper, a faculty member in political science, was dismissed by the regents. Two other faculty members were questioned, but their appointments were not terminated. Twenty years later, the dismissal was rescinded and the regents apologized to Schaper. This controversy was one of the major factors leading to the establishment of the University Tenure Code, adopted in 1945.
A second challenge to the University was the operation of special training classes for the U.S. Army. With little time to prepare and no previous experience, the University's best-faith efforts fell far short of perfect. Unsystematic selection of candidates for training resulted in low completion rates and poor discipline. After the war, the University learned from these mistakes—faculty members in the psychology department developed a national reputation for basic research that shaped the field of vocational testing.
Burton had great success in persuading legislators to increase funding for both buildings and faculty salaries. "That man will cost the state of Minnesota millions of dollars," one senator remarked. "Every time he comes down here and asks for anything, all the members of the legislature will tumble all over each other in their efforts to give him what he asks." Indeed, the legislature provided more than $5 million for a 10-year campus construction plan, the largest facilities appropriation at that time, laying the groundwork for building the central mall on the Twin Cities campus. Burton, who left Minnesota before the buildings he fought for were completed, went on to become president of the University of Michigan, where he was also recognized as a successful advocate for infrastructure.
Sources: James Gray, The University of Minnesota: 1851–1951 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1951), 243-259, and Alumni Weekly (June 24, 1918).


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Model Matthew Terry Gets Shirtless For the Ladies In Calvin Klein's 2013 Super Bowl Commercial
Calvin Klein was courteous enough to sneak a little something for the ladies into their commercial for the 2013 Super Bowl. Actually, that's pretty much all this commercial is. Just a hot, random dude in his underpants showing off his hot bod.
Turns out that model's name is Matthew Terry. And it looks like he just might be the next Old Spice Guy. How does it feel to be objectified, MAN?! It feels pretty good for the people who are into looking at a man in his underpants. Thank you, Calvin Klein. Thanks so much.
Do you think Matthew Terry is the next Old Spice Guy? Or will he be forgotten come Monday morning?


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Calhoun County, W.Va., funds by National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities
Listing $11,000.00 in stimulus funds from National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities for Calhoun
Note: For some programs where states do not report where money will be distributed across the state, we do not have the allocation for individual counties. Those programs include: Medicaid, unemployment benefits and food stamps. Those amounts are included in the totals for where the state agency receiving that money is located.
Amount refers to both the amount of stimulus funding going toward the project and the face value of the loan.
|Federal Dept./Agency
|Heartwood In Hills Inc
Promotion of the Arts_Partnership Agreements To support the preservation of jobs that are threatened by declines in philanthropic and other support during the current economic downturn.
This spending item is part of a $296,000 allocation. See details
|National Endowment for the Arts