text:
According to some predictions, "by 2020, mobile devices will be the primary connection tool to the internet for most people in the world." And a forward guard of museums is already adapting to this coming reality, according to a new website from the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University
Here's a summary of the research findings:
For many years, art museums have been at the forefront of offering their visitors learning experiences that extend beyond traditional exhibit labels with gallery kiosks and audio guides. More recently, art museums continue leading the way by adding cell phone tours, podcasts, and platform-specific applications in an effort to capitalize on the commonly-owned portable devices—iPods, MP3 players, Blackberries, cell phones—that visitors already carry in their pockets. Museum professionals see great potential in reaching new audiences and pleasing old ones by providing content and social interaction via mobile devices. The biggest challenge is that many museums do not quite know where to begin when working with a small budget and small staff with limited technical knowledge.
Contributed by Phil Katz, Assistant Director, Research, American Association of Museums


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For this month's Daring Bakers' challenge, hostess Elissa asked us to use beurre noisette (more commonly known as browned butter) to make a cake. But there is nothing common about browned butter. It's butter that has been heated until its milk solids turn brown. The browned milk solids impart that toasty, nutty flavor and scent that is characteristic of beurre noisette.
Elissa wanted us to use the browned butter cake in one or two ways: baked Alaska and ice cream petit fours. Baked Alaska is basically a disc of cake topped with ice cream, covered in meringue which is then lightly toasted with a flame. The ice cream petit fours are tiny ice cream sandwiches covered in ganache. We could use any flavor of ice cream as long as it's homemade from scratch and the cake part of the dessert must be the browned butter cake. I decided to just make the baked Alaska.
Even before I made the browned butter cake I knew that it would be super-duper rich since there are almost 1o ounces of butter in this one 9x9-inch cake. That's a whole lot of rich. To combat the richness I decided to combine it with tart ice cream. The super lemon ice cream from David Lebovitz's "The Perfect Scoop" sounded just perfect. It was super lemony as the name promised, but since it was an eggless recipe, it wasn't as creamy as the custard based ice creams I am used to. But of course the dessert would not remain eggless for long. The sweet and fluffy meringue would soon join the party.
I've always associated browned butter with the colder months. Summer is not the season for browned butter. Or so I thought. The cake was practically (well, figuratively) dripping with butterfat. But it's so delicious that I didn't care about the season or the calories.
The only issue with the cake being all about the butter is that it wasn't the right cake to use in a frozen dessert. Cold butter is solid so a cake chocked full of butter would be quite solid when chilled. And normally that wouldn't be a problem. Just take the cake out of the cold and let it come to room temperature before serving. But this was not an option with the baked Alaska since it was topped with ice cream. The ice cream would've been a puddle if I waited for the cake base to come to temperature. So we thought the frozen cake actually tasted like a stick of butter.
My husband said the only way to enjoy the baked Alaska was to eat it in parts. So we first ate the lemon ice cream and the meringue off the cake base. Then we popped the cake base into the microwave for a few seconds to warm it up. Whatever lemon ice cream was still clinging to the cake had melted and soaked into the now warm disc of cake. It was freakin' delicious! So even though we had to deconstruct the baked Alaska to work around the texture issue, it worked out nicely in the end.
Blog-checking lines: The August 2010 Daring Bakers' challenge was hosted by Elissa of 17 and Baking. For the first time, The Daring Bakers partnered with Sugar High Fridays for a co-event and Elissa was the gracious hostess of both. Using the theme of beurre noisette, or browned butter, Elissa chose to challenge Daring Bakers to make a pound cake to be used in either a Baked Alaska or in Ice Cream Petit Fours. The sources for Elissa's challenge were Gourmet magazine and David Lebovitz's "The Perfect Scoop".
Browned Butter Pound Cake
(adapted from Gourmet Magazine October 2009)
19 tablespoons (9.5 oz) unsalted butter
2 cups (200g) sifted cake flour (not self-rising; sift before measuring)
1 teaspoon baking powder
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/2 cup packed light brown sugar
1/2 cup granulated sugar
4 large eggs
1/2 teaspoon pure vanilla extract
1. Preheat the oven to 325°F/160°C and put a rack in the center. Butter and flour a 9"x9" (23cmx23cm) square baking pan.
2. Place the butter in a 10" (25cm) skillet over medium heat. Brown the butter until the milk solids are a dark chocolate brown and the butter smells nutty. (Don't take your eyes off the butter in case it burns.) Pour into a shallow bowl and chill in the freezer until just congealed, 15-30 minutes.
3. Whisk together cake flour, baking powder, and salt.
4. Beat the brown butter, light brown sugar, and granulated sugar in an electric mixer until light and fluffy, about 2 minutes. Beat in the eggs one at a time, mixing well, and then the vanilla extract.
5. Stir in the flour mixture at low speed until just combined.
6. Scrape the batter into the greased and floured 9"x9" (23cmx23cm) square pan. Smooth the top with a rubber spatula and rap the pan on the counter. Bake until golden brown on top and when a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean, about 25 minutes.
7. Cool in the pan 10 minutes. Run a knife along the edge and invert right-side-up onto a cooling rack to cool completely.
Super Lemon Ice Cream
(adapted from David Lebovitz's "The Perfect Scoop")
3 lemons, preferable organic and unwaxed
1/2 cup granulated sugar
1/2 cup freshly squeezed lemon juice
2 cups half-n-half (or 1 cup 36% fat heavy cream + 1 cup whole milk)
Pinch of kosher salt
Finely zest the lemons directly into the bowl of a food processor or blender. Add the sugar and blend until the lemon zest is very fine. Add the lemon juice and blend until the sugar is completely dissolved. Blend in the half-n-half and salt until smooth.
Chill for 1 hour. Then freeze the mixture in your ice cream maker according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Meringue (for the Baked Alaska)
8 large egg whites
½ teaspoon cream of tartar
½ teaspoon salt
1 cup granulated sugar
Beat the egg whites, cream of tartar, and salt on high speed in an electric mixer until soft peaks form. Beat in the sugar gradually in a slow stream until stiff peaks form.
Baked Alaska Assembly
1. Line four 4-inch (10cm) diameter tea cups with plastic wrap, so that plastic wrap covers all the sides and hangs over the edge. Fill to the top with ice cream. Cover the top with the overhanging plastic wrap and freeze for several hours, or until solid.
2. Level the top of the brown butter pound cake with a serrated knife or with a cake leveler. Cut out four 4-inch (10cm) diameter circles from the cake. Discard the scraps or use for another purpose.
3. Make the meringue (see above.)
4. Unwrap the ice cream "cups" and invert on top of a cake round. Trim any extra cake if necessary.
5. Pipe the meringue over the ice cream and cake, or smooth it over with a spatula, so that none of the ice cream or cake is exposed. Freeze for one hour or up to a day.
6. Burn the tips of the meringue with a cooking blow torch. Or, bake the meringue-topped Baked Alaskas on a rimmed baking sheet in a 500°F/260°C oven for 5 minutes until lightly golden. Serve immediately.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
ReleasesBack to
Duke Pearson
This 2004 remastered Rudy Van Gelder edition of Donald Byrd's At the Half Note Cafe (the original double-disc version was only issued for the first time in 2000) appears to add one extra track -- "Theme (Pure D. Funk)," which clocks in at 1:51 and is also on the second volume in its full form, and a slightly shorter version of "Cecille." Here it clocks it at 12:52; on the 2000 issue it was 14:46. The sequence has also been altered slightly. The real deal is that, while this is the live date showcasing the Byrd quintet with Pepper Adams (and with Duke Pearson, Lex Humphries, and Laymon Jackson in the rhythm section), there is little here to make this worth purchasing yet again if you have the previous set. The sound is only marginally better -- and is likely only to be noticed by audiophiles. However, if you don't have the originals, this is one of the most essential hard bop purchases in the canon. The performances of Pearson -- of his own four tunes, five by Byrd, and the standards -- showcase his improvisational acumen at its height. His soloing on studio records pales in comparison. This was a hot quintet, one that not only swung hard, but possessed a deep lyricism and an astonishing sense of timing, and one need only this set by them to feel the full measure of their worth. Forget the Riverside date that caught them live early on; this is the one. ~ Thom Jurek


text:
Duarte Jobs FinderBefore going out to find your dream Duarte job, we recommend that you take an online career test from ExpertRating that will help you assess whether you are actually suited for the type of job you are seeking. The test can be taken online and gives you some very interesting information about the right career to choose.
Search California Jobs - California Jobs is a career site dedicated to California Jobs
Federal Jobs in California
Suggest a site to add to this list
Other suggested job sites for Duarte job seekers -
Useful tip for Job seekers -
If you feel that your organisation may have changed its long-term focus and your skills may not be as important as before, it is good to have a word with your immediate superior and explain your wish to change your job specification. Your initiative may actually prompt your immediate supervisor to recommend you for a promotion.
Author: Colin Ong TS
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Thor's Shaper is a modest device - it sits nonchalantly between Filter 1 and the Amplifier module and to me it was shrouded in a certain mystery. The Reason Operation Manual doesn't give much away, mentioning it briefly on page 215:
"Waveshaping is a synthesis method for transforming sounds by altering the waveform shape, thereby introducing various types of distortion. The Shaper can radically transform the sound or just add a little warmth, depending on the mode and other settings.
There's a brief mention of how to use it, and the names of the nine modes it supports, but that's about it.
I thought it might be useful to take a closer look at the Shaper and see if I can determine what it actually does.
First, a few things you need to know about the Shaper.
- the Shaper has to be enabled to do anything interesting, obviously.
- only Filter 1 output can go into the Shaper - the manual says:
"You can also route other sources directly to the Shaper in the Modulation section."
- but this is not correct. The Thor modulator destinations only include "Shaper Drive", and not the Shaper audio input. If you want to direct anything into the Shaper, you need to direct it into the Filter 1 audio input, and then typically select Filter 1 Bypass to disable any filter that is there.
- the Shaper will not do anything until you trigger a "voice" in the synth. This means hitting a note on your keyboard when Thor has controller focus, using the sequencer to play notes through Thor, or using the Step Sequencer to allocate a continuous voice by latching the Step Sequencer trigger and setting the gate length to 100%.
- the "Drive" control can be used to change the effect that the Shaper has on the sound. It can be set to a specific value or modulated by the Mod Matrix. A signal can also be routed directly into "Shaper Drive".
- typically you'll use it to shape audio, but you can also use it to shape CV signals as well.
- Thor has a bug.
It is important to understand what non-linear distortion means. To do that, let's talk about linear systems first.
Linear & Non-linear Systems
A linear system is essentially (yes, I'm going to keep it simple) one in which the output scales proportionally with regards to the input. This means that if you have one input signal and you double its amplitude, you will see the output signal double too. If you have two input signals and you add them together before putting them into the system, then the output you see will be the same as if you put each signal into the system independently and then added the outputs. This is called the principle of superposition.
Linear distortion, where a signal is altered by a linear system, is pretty common. Essentially, you multiply the signal by a number so it's either larger (amplified) or smaller (attenuated). Static filters such as low-pass filters with an unchanging cut-off are examples of such distortion. Certain frequencies are cut out or boosted by amplifying or attenuating those frequencies. I'm deliberately ignoring phase effects mmmkay? :)
This leads to an important aspect of linear systems - you can only get out an amplitude- (and phase-) modified version of the frequencies you put in. If you put in a sine-wave at 100 Hz, you can only get a sine-wave at 100 Hz out, although it might be louder or quieter than the input.
A non-linear system on the other hand is an entirely different beast. The easiest way to define such systems is to simply consider them as systems that are not linear! In all cases, the output is disproportional to the input or inputs. This means you might put in 100 Hz and get out 372 Hz, or put in 100 Hz at one amplitude level and get an output that modulates amplitude over time.
Most systems in real life are non-linear but engineers prefer to think in terms of linear systems because they are a gazillion times easier to analyse. In many situations a complicated non-linear system can be broken down into a number of simpler, linear systems and analysed to a certain level of accuracy.
Thor's shaper is a non-linear system, but it's a relatively simple one. It contains no dynamic internal state so there's no time-based distortion effects. The shaping is simply done by a non-linear function selected by the Shaper Mode. Unfortunately it's not easy at all to reduce this to a simpler set of linear systems, but we can still learn a lot by looking at its behaviour.
Linear & Non-linear Functions
Consider the function f(x) = x/2, or y = x/2, which looks something like this:
Consider an input signal of some value "x" - look along the horizontal x-axis for the value x, move straight up until you hit the diagonal line, then move directly across to read the corresponding output on the vertical y-axis. It's fairly straightforward to see that this function divides all incoming signal values by 2 - it always halves the amplitude of the input signal, regardless of what the actual input is. This is linear distortion.
What about this function, y = x2?
This is a parabolic function - the output is not proportional to the input signal, but to the input signal squared. Look at x = 0.5, the output is 0.25. The signal is attenuated by a factor of 2. When x = 1.0, the output is unchanged at 1.0. So the amount of this attenuation depends on the input value. Therefore the output is disproportional to the input signal - this is non-linear distortion.
If the function goes through the origin (where the axes meet), then that means that an input value of zero produces an output of zero. This has implications for zero-frequency (DC) offset that I might talk about later.
Thor's Shaper implements nine different functions in this manner, but also provides a "Drive" parameter. This parameter simply affects the shape of each function in a particular way - for one mode it might change only part of the function slightly, in another mode it might result in a completely different function altogether. Since there are 128 possible drive settings, you could consider there to be 128 different functions for each Shaper mode.
With this in mind, now I'm going to introduce and explain each mode and how the Drive parameter affects it.
In the following sections, for each mode, you will see two plots. These are screen shots from Audacity of signals generated in Reason and distorted by Thor's Shaper. Each plot has nine waveforms - these are measurements of the Shaper at various Drive levels from 0 to 127 - 0, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112 and 127.
Each waveform is independent of the others - it's just easier for me to present them on a single axis. Zero on the horizontal axis is in the centre of each waveform (where the diagonal line crosses the axis in this case). Zero on the vertical axis is where the horizontal axis lies.
The first plot will be a representation of the Shaper function, obtained by passing a rising full-scale linear signal (sawtooth) through the Shaper and recording the output. This is essentially just reading out the values in the function look-up table (if Thor uses such a thing). In this example, the Shaper is turned off and output is directly proportional to the output - in fact it's the same, or y = x:
If the function is linear, then the output will look exactly like one of the graphs above. In this example only, all nine waveforms are practically identical because the Drive parameter has no effect when the Shaper is disabled.
The second plot is an example of what the Shaper does to a pure sine-wave input for each drive setting:
Because the Shaper is switched off in this example, the function is again y = x and the sine-wave is unmodified regardless of the Drive parameter. For other modes it's interesting to see the effect on the sine-wave but its usefulness is limited - remember that the Shaper is non-linear so you cannot apply the principle of superposition! Adding sine-waves together before the Shaper input does not give you the same result as adding the result of passing through separate sine-waves. A particular function might generate a harmonic for a single sine-wave input, but two sine-waves might do something else entirely - see Intermodulation Distortion below.
In all cases, you can click on an image to view a full-resolution version.
I used these RNS files to generate the signals by "exporting loop as audio":
- Thor Shaper Scope-1.0.0.rns - see warning below!
- Thor Shaper Audio-1.0.0.rns
For the CV Scope, the connection from the main mixer to the hardware device is deliberately disconnected. Do not reconnect the audio output unless you have turned off your speaker system first! I am not responsible for any damage that might result if you try to drive CV signals through your expensive amplifier or speakers!!
This is a simple distortion that reduces the range of the incoming signal as the drive increases by clipping the signal. Compared with the hard clip, there is a more gentle, rounded characteristic to the clipping. Note that at zero drive it is not quite linear - there's a small distortion in linearity and a small attenuation of amplitude. At high drive the distortion is very distinct, very similar to the hard clip mode, and will introduce many new frequencies.
This is a very simple and nasty type of distortion that simply limits the input signal to a maximum and minimum level according to the drive. It is similar to the soft clip mode except that the function has no gentle rolling off before the clip takes effect. At zero drive, the function is practically linear, and at maximum drive it's pretty much a step function except for a very narrow range near zero, just like the soft clip at this drive. This distortion adds significant new frequencies at higher drives.
It is my understanding that the saturate mode is meant to model the behaviour of a transistor that is fully turned on. There is a linear section near the origin, but as the signal approaches the upper and lower limits, the saturation function pulls it back in. It's essentially a smoother version of the soft clip, which means it puts less energy into the higher harmonics.
This is a weird one - the shaper function is actually a sine-wave itself. I'm not sure what the intent of this function is, but it's pretty strange. At low drive, it's a bit like saturate with an attenuation at extreme input values. At higher drives, the frequency of the 'sine-wave' increases rapidly, essentially producing what I'd consider to be a fairly random effect. Consider an input signal value of x, with a drive of 127 - the output value is going to be almost anything, and will change dramatically for very small changes of x. It's pretty unstable.
This mode has some interesting and dramatic results if you automate the drive control, so that it changes as the sound plays through the shaper.
Another slightly strange distortion mode - I imagine it's called "bipulse" because at higher drives the function looks like two pulses, one inverted. Notice that the output signal for any input is greatly attenuated for any drive setting - even at minimum drive, the signal is no more than 25% of the original amplitude. At lowest drive, it's very similar to the sine or saturate function. As drive increases, the attenuation becomes even more dramatic. It's as if the signal almost disappears. I'm really not sure what I'd use this function for, but if you put in a very quiet signal, you would get an amplified output, whereas louder inputs would tend to disappear to nothing.
Yep, another unusual function. This is actually an even function, which means that it reflects negative input signals back into the positive half; notice the sine-wave above, it never goes below zero. In many ways, this function is a bit like a soft clip followed by a rectify - at low drive, it rectifies and amplifies then clips the input signal. At higher drives, the clip level decreases and the amplification domain becomes very small. At maximum drive this mode essentially creates a fixed DC signal and not much else.
The peak mode has two main effects - first, it cuts out all positive input input, which reduces the energy in the output by half. Second, it clips the negative input. So it's really just a soft clip or saturate with the bottom half cut off.
One unexpected use of this mode is to implement a unipolar step function for CV processing - at maximum drive, the output is zero for negative CV (0-63), and -64 for positive CV (64-127). All you have to do is invert this and you've got a nice step function.
Now we're getting interesting - this function has some interesting properties. At zero drive it's linear, and at low drive the bottom is attenuated. At mid-drive, the lower half of the input signal is zeroed out and energy is lost. At higher drives, things get very interesting - the lower half is mirrored up into the top half, and this has three effects - first, fundamental frequency is doubled; second, the fundamental frequency is eliminated; third, even harmonics are introduced.
You can also use this function with CV processing to zero-out half of the input signal by setting the drive to 63. Unfortunately, the function is not quite zero for negative CV input, so you don't get a pure zero. An inverted peak works better in this case. The advantage is that this function retains linearity for the upper half of the input signal domain.
And now for the strangest function of them all. I'm really not sure how to describe this one. At low drive, it's linear, but as the drive increases the upper half of the input signal is quickly attenuated non-linearly, and then inverted! Yet the maximum positive input is still passed through unmodified. As drive increases further, it just gets weird. Look at the way it distorts a basic sine-wave. Crazy stuff!
Frequency Analysis
I set out intending to examine each mode according to its frequency response. But I quickly hit a problem - non-linear systems don't lend themselves to frequency analysis very easily at all. Since the usefulness of this analysis is very limited, I decided to give this a miss.
Audacity does do some very nice spectrum analysis plots though.
Intermodulation (wikipedia) is a phenomenon of non-linear systems where two input frequencies combine in a way that does not produce harmonics, but typically sum and difference frequencies. It's essentially an interaction between the input signals - they mix together and produce new frequencies which are typically non-harmonic, or "off-key".
It's intermodulation distortion that makes non-linear systems difficult to analyse, as well as sometimes sound very cool. It also means that the sine-wave plots throughout this article are indicative only - simply add a second sine-wave and you'll get completely different results. Put in more complex signals and who knows what you'll get out...
As I was writing this, something occurred to me. If you take a typical Thor sound patch and play a chord, Thor creates a separate voice for each note. Each voice has its own Shaper, so you're only playing one note through each Shaper - the result is mixed together later. This completely avoids any intermodulation distortion created by different notes. If you want to create this sort of distortion, which sounds completely different, you need to route the mixed audio into another Shaper. Here are some examples of the same chord played through a separate Shaper:
|soft clip
|hard clip
Here's the RNS file:
Normally the Shaper is used for audio distortion, but with a few considerations it can also be used to process CV signals. This opens up some very interesting possibilities.
Shultz designed a Triple Cross Fader using the Shaper's rectifier mode. This brilliant design uses the drive set to maximum which implements two piece-wise linear functions. You can read all about this here.
During the development of my 8-bit Adder, I encountered an issue where one of my CV signals was growing very, very large. This was causing the Thor scaling to fail. To fix this, I fed the rogue CV signal into a Thor Shaper with the hard-clip mode set to zero drive. This clipped the CV signal at 127 rather than whatever high value it had reached, and this allowed the Thor scaling to work properly again, regardless of what processing happened before.
In order to use the Shaper for CV processing, there's a trick you need to know. Because the Shaper is located in the "per-voice" section of Thor, it is only available when Thor is playing a note. Or at least when Thor thinks it is playing a note.
To do this, route your incoming CV source into Filter 1 Audio Input, then route the Shaper output to wherever you want the output to go. The trick is to use the Step Sequencer on Repeat Mode with a single step of gate length 100%, and to tie the Step Sequencer Trigger to LFO2, set to square wave. Also, set LFO2 to trigger the Amplitude Envelope (with A=99ms, D=max, S=max, R=max). The LFO2 rate and Step Sequencer rate don't seem to matter too much (but see the bug below).
I've created a basic template for this here.
I co-discovered an unfortunate bug in Reason 4. Although the above self-triggering of the Step Sequencer works fine after loading a file, sometimes after exporting an audio clip, or even hitting "stop", the Thor Step Sequencer stalls. The 'Run' light remains on and the Step Sequencer is running - you can see the lights flashing above the steps - but there's no output. To reset this condition, simply click the Thor Run off then on. You can set the gate length to 99% to avoid this problem, but this will introduce very obvious glitches between each step. Not good.
This bug is a bit of a shame really, because it's just serious enough to make the Shaper unreliable. To get around this, I am considering making all of my Shaper devices 'resettable' - an external signal will toggle the trigger. Then I just need a way to generate this signal on "stop" - this same behaviour can be exploited to do this, as long as this behaviour remains consistent in future versions of Reason... (*ahem*).
Update: selig has suggested an excellent workaround for this bug here, using the global LFO2 to trigger a voice's Amplitude Envelope. I have created an updated template here and the old one is still available here. This design solves the "stop" bug, but still has an issue after exporting audio. The fast LFO2 rate retriggers as soon as possible. If you don't care about the export issue, you can turn down the LFO2 rate if you like.
The Shaper is a mono device - it can only process a single audio channel at a time. However you can use it to process any audio, not just Thor's oscillator signals. With this in mind, and using the same principles as the CV Shaper above, you can use the following patch to do this - just wire your incoming audio into Audio In1, and take the result from Audio Out1.
The Random Element
The Reason manual mentions that the Shaper has a slightly random element:
"... there is a slightly random element to the resulting distortion."I'm not sure what this refers to. During my analysis the shaper functions were very well defined and always returned the expected values. I did notice a couple of glitches (if you look carefully you may see them in the plots above) but I put these down to Step Sequencer glitches briefly disabling the shaper. Other than that, I didn't see anything random at all. Maybe someone at Propellerhead can enlighten us?
Spiky Glitch
One other observation - sometimes the first value that is fed into the Shaper for each 'scope' sweep outputs an extreme low value. You'll see this as a little downward spike in the function graphs above, on the left, just as each one starts. I wasn't able to determine what causes this - I'm not even sure if it's a consequence of "exporting to audio file" or whether it's either related to the way the Step Sequencer works, or behaviour of the Shaper when it is given a zero input for a period of time. Any ideas?
This might be the longest article I've written for this blog so far - it certainly took the most time. Hopefully, if you've read this far then you now have a better understanding of what Thor's Shaper actually does in each of its modes.
In my opinion, the effect that the Shaper has on many sounds is a bit unpleasant, although with care it can be used to add warmth. It should work differently on chords because of intermodulation, but by default a separate instance is used for each note/voice, so you have to route into a Shaper yourself.
I don't think it's quite as pleasing as the Scream4 but it is a handy device to have around and its use in CV processing is also very powerful.
If you have any comments or questions, please do submit them - it's always great to get feedback.


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Back-to-back state champs set sights on return
News editor
Hillsboro High School volleyball coach Sandy Arnold doesn't plan on having a rebuilding year after back-to-back state titles.
"I would be lying if I didn't say I'm hoping to be back at the state tournament," she said. "We all hope that. It's a goal we have, a tradition to uphold."
The Trojans have only missed the state tournament twice since 2004, and not since seniors Addie Lackey and Danae Bina were in sixth grade.
"I don't believe these girls will have trouble being hungry," Arnold said. "They are very competitive girls who realize how much hard work it takes to have a successful program — physically, emotionally, and mentally."
Not every team would have such ambitious goals after losing a two-time state player of the year — Tena Loewen — but Hillsboro's cupboard isn't bare entering 2013.
Bina, a 5-4 libero; and Lackey, a 5-8 outside hitter; are joined by sophomores Alex Ratzlaff, a 5-8 outside hitter; and Shannon Heiser, a 5-8 middle blocker, as returning letterwinners from the 2012 championship team. Bina, Lackey, and Ratzlaff all earned state honors from the Kansas Volleyball Association.
"Bina will need to be our emotional, vocal leader both on and off the court," Arnold said. "On the court, she and Addie lead by example with their athleticism, competitiveness, and drive.
"Alex and Shannon, although younger, will also take leadership roles due to their experience on the varsity court," she said.
The Trojans will be an aggressive team on offense, always looking to score. Arnold said the players also have strong fundamental skills and a good work ethic and attitude.
Perhaps the biggest question mark for the Trojans is at setter. The team lost Maci Schlehuber and have little experience at that spot.
"We have girls who can set, just few with experience," Arnold said.
Other senior departures included middles Erin Loewen, Christina Morris, and Taylor Thiessen.
Arnold and assistant coaches Jill Hein and Collette Haslett will emphasize passing and serving, as always.
"If you can't do either of those, you can't play volleyball … very well," Arnold said.
The Central Kansas League has gotten more competitive this year with the addition of Larned and Hoisington. Hoisington has gone to state each of the past two years, and the Trojans defeated Hoisington in the 2011 finals.
"We should be very competitive in the league, which will build us up for postseason play," Arnold said.
The Trojans won't take it easy in their non-league schedule, either. They will play Great Bend and Newton on Oct. 10, and they may get matches against Salina South, Concordia, and Abilene on Sept. 14.
- Aug. 31: 12-team Central Kansas League tournament, 9 a.m. at home.
- Sept. 10: Double dual, 5 p.m. at Douglass against Douglass, Hesston, and Word of Life Traditional.
- Sept. 14: Eight-team tournament, 9 a.m. at Southeast of Saline.
- Sept. 17: Triangular, 5 p.m. at Haven against Haven and Cheney.
- Sept. 24: Triangular, 5 p.m. at home against Pratt and Kingman.
- Oct. 1: Double dual, 5 p.m. at Smoky Valley against Lyons and Smoky Valley.
- Oct. 5: Eight-team tournament, 8:30 a.m. at Canton-Galva.
- Oct. 8: Double dual, 5 p.m. at Hesston against Hesston and Sterling.
- Oct. 10: Triangular, 5 p.m. at Newton against Newton and Great Bend.
- Oct. 15: Triangular, 5 p.m. at home against Halstead and Nickerson.
- Oct. 19: Trojan Invitational eight-team tournament, 9 a.m. at home.
- Oct. 22: Triangular, 4 p.m. at Trinity Catholic (Hutchinson) against Trinity Catholic and Sedgwick.
- Oct. 26: Sub-state, 1 p.m. at site to be determined.
- Nov. 1: State, 8:30 a.m. at White Auditorium, Emporia State University.
- Nov. 2: State, 10 a.m. at White Auditorium, Emporia State University.


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NSA leaker reveals his identity
The former CIA employee who leaked details about classified secret surveillance programs to The Guardian and The Washington Post revealed himself in a story published Sunday, saying that he has no apologies for his actions.
Edward Snowden, 29, told The Guardian that he wanted his identity made public.
Story Continued Below
"I have no intention of hiding who I am because I know I have done nothing wrong," he said.
Snowden, who told the papers that he is at a hotel in Hong Kong, said he intends to seek asylum outside the United States.
( Also on POLITICO: Leak investigations so far: Just a warm-up)
"I intend to ask for asylum from any countries that believe in free speech and oppose the victimization of global privacy," Snowden told the Post.
Snowden is taking credit for leaking documents exposing both the National Security Agency's PRISM program, which gathers electronic communications data from companies like Facebook and Google, and a government program designed to track every phone call made within or from the United States.
Director of National Intelligence James Clapper acknowledged the existence of PRISM in a statement Saturday. Clapper reiterated President Barack Obama's stance that Congress has been regularly briefed about the programs and approved the laws that allowed their creation.
(Also on POLITICO: Reporters say there's a chill in the air)
His office referred questions about Snowden to the Justice Department and said in a statement that "the Intelligence Community is currently reviewing the damage that has been done by these recent disclosures. Any person who has a security clearance knows that he or she has an obligation to protect classified information and abide by the law."
Several hours later, Justice Department spokeswoman Nanda Chitre said the department "is in the initial stages of an investigation into the unauthorized disclosure of classified information by an individual with authorized access." But, she said, "consistent with longstanding department policy and procedure and in order to protect the integrity of the investigation, we must decline further comment."
A White House spokesman declined to comment Sunday on Snowden's emergence.
( PHOTOS: 10 famous/infamous whistleblowers)
Snowden, who is currently an employee of defense contractor Booz Allen Hamilton attached to the National Security Agency, said he has been holed up in secret at a Hong Kong hotel since taking medical leave from his job at an NSA facility in Hawaii in late May.
Booz Allen said Sunday night that Snowden had been an employee for less than three months. "News reports that this individual has claimed to have leaked classified information are shocking, and if accurate, this action represents a grave violation of the code of conduct and core values of our firm," the company said in a statement. "We will work closely with our clients and authorities in their investigation of this matter."


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Page is - media
Source: The Lexington Dispatch
January 05, 2007
The new NASCAR Hall of Fame, slated to open in Charlotte by late 2009, will be a catalyst for other regional economic activities, its executive director predicts.
Winston Kelley, who is leading development of the $155 million facility for the Charlotte Regional Visitors Authority, was the featured speaker for the 58th annual meeting of the Thomasville Area Chamber of Commerce Thursday night. "We truly look at it as an amenity for the whole community and the whole region," Kelley told a crowd of about 135 gathered for dinner at Thomasville Furniture Industries' central office on Main Street.
Economists are estimating the NASCAR Hall of Fame to generate more than $60 million of economic activity annually, he said.
Prior to landing what he calls his 'dream job,' the Concord native spent 27 years in business management, public relations and economic development with Duke Energy, the company that sponsored the chamber event.
But Kelley grew up in a racing family and has been passionate about motorsports since he attended his first Daytona 500 in 1964. His father, Earl Kelley, was a public relations director for Charlotte Motor Speedway, and the younger Kelley has been a radio broadcaster with the Motor Racing Network since 1988.
Using a short promotional video and a detailed computer slide show, Kelley explained how Charlotte edged out five other cities to win the project last year. "The biggest thing we thought we had to offer was the synergy with the existing NASCAR teams," he noted. With nine out of 10 NASCAR racing teams based in the region, Kelley expects hall of fame visitors to tour those sites as well. He described how a typical day trip might end at the Childress Vineyards winery in Lexington, where tourists will be able to enjoy dinner and spend the night in the adjacent hotel.
The hall of fame's uptown Charlotte site is owned by the city and will be managed by the CRVA, which also operates the Charlotte Convention Center, Ovens Auditorium, Cricket Arena and a portion of the nearby Charlotte Bobcats Arena. In addition to the exhibit area itself, plans for the facility include a new 100,000-square-foot ballroom, high-rise office tower and parking deck, all interconnected to the convention center. Nearly two-thirds of the project's cost will be funded by a new 2 percent hotel occupancy tax.
Kelley said he is working to make the NASCAR Hall of Fame Charlotte's 'signature tourist attraction.' "We hope that when people think of Charlotte, they'll think of the hall of fame," he said, describing the way people associate Nashville with music and Cooperstown with baseball as his goal.
The architectural firm Pei, Cobb and Freed Partners is designing the buildings. Among its many notable projects are the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, the Jacob Javits Convention Center in New York City and an expansion of The Louvre in Paris.
Ralph Appelbaum Associates, the largest museum design firm in the world, is creating the exhibit space. The firm's work includes the Country Music Hall of Fame in Nashville, Tenn., and the U.S. Holocaust Memorial in Washington, D.C. "These folks are truly world-class," Kelley observed. Visitors will begin their tour of the NASCAR Hall of Fame in a multimedia theater, possibly with live links to radio communications between drivers and pit crews during races, Kelley said. Afterward, they will get to see what a 35-degree banked racetrack looks like up close.
Groundbreaking is expected in the first quarter of this year, Kelley announced, with construction expected to take about 30 months.


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How to post a report - Flickr Guide
hamtagger posted a article in Technical HelpHow to post a report using Flickr Flickr seems to change every time the wind changes direction so here's a quick guide on how to use it to post a report... Step 1 - Explore and take pictures Step 2 - Upload your chosen pictures to Flickr like this.. Step 3 - Once your images are successfully uploaded to flickr choose a category for the location that you have visited... Step 4 - Then "Start New Topic".. You will then see this screen... Step 5 - Now you are ready to add the image "links", known as "BBcodes", which allow your images to display correctly on forums.. Step 6 - Then click "select" followed by "view on photo page".. Now select "Share" shown below.. Step 7-13 - You will then see this screen... Just repeat those steps for each image until you're happy with your report and click "submit topic"! You can edit your report for 24 hours after posting to correct errors. If you notice a mistake outside of this window contact a moderator and they will happily rectify the problem for you


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Treatment for idiopathic adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder of the shoulder is controversial. The hypothesis of the study is that intra-articular corticosteroid injection in the early stages of idiopathic adhesive capsulitis will lead to a rapid resolution of stiffness and symptoms.
This is a retrospective cohort study of only patients with Stage One or Stage Two adhesive capsulitis. The diagnosis was made by history and physical examination, and only when other causes of pain and motion loss were eliminated. Stage One adhesive capsulitis was defined as significant improvement in pain and normalization of motion following intra-articular injection. Stage Two included patients who had significant improvement in pain and partial improvement in motion following injection. Seven patients with Stage One and fifty-three patients with Stage Two comprised the baseline cohort. The mean age was fifty-two years (range: thirty to seventy-eight); forty-six patients were female and nine patients had diabetes mellitus. Patients completed a physical examination as well as a shoulder rating questionnaire for symptoms and disability.
Criteria for resolution were defined as forward flexion and external rotation to within fifteen degrees of the contralateral side, and internal rotation to within three spinal levels of the contralateral side.
Forty-four of the patients out of 60 met the criteria for recovery at a mean of 6.7 months. The mode and median time to recovery was three months. The mean score at final follow-up for forty-one patients using the shoulder rating questionnaire of L'Insalata was 90 (range 52-100).
The mean time to recovery for the Stage One patients was six weeks (range: two weeks to three months), and seven months for Stage Two patients (range: two weeks to two years).
Glenohumeral corticosteroid injection for early adhesive capsulitis may have allowed patients to recover motion at a median time of three months. In many cases, the patients had improvement prior to the three-month mark; however that was the routine time for follow-up. Patients with Stage One disease tended to resolve more rapidly than Stage Two patients. Prompt recognition of Stage One and Stage Two idiopathic adhesive capsulitis and early injection of corticosteroid with local anesthesia may be both diagnostic and therapeutic.
This article appears in HSS Journal: Volume 3, Number 2.
View the full article at springerlink.com.
About the HSS Journal
HSS Journal, an academic peer-reviewed journal, is published twice a year, February and September, and features articles by internal faculty and HSS alumni that present current research and clinical work in the field of musculoskeletal medicine performed at HSS, including research articles, surgical procedures, and case reports.
Posted: 9/5/2007


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The Hyperkin Ultra Game Boy sounds like an absolute dream.
Playing off the nostalgia of Nintendo's Game Boy, Hyperkin created a model that has a backlit screen, is charged by USB-C, and you can still use your old games.
According to CNet, there will be a ton of bonus features on the product, including stereo output, an SD card slot, and will eventually come with a program created by the brainchildren of Little Sound Dj to make chiptune music composition software a staple into the aluminum handheld console.
A Look At The Sleek New Game Boy | CES 2018
Gizmodo at CES 2018: Until Nintendo revives the Game Boy, Hyperkin has the answer: Ultra Game Boy.
The best part is, right now, it's looking like it's only going to cost $100 and will be released late this year.
Guess it's time to hit eBay and Resale Shops to find some old cartridges!
Amy Cooper is one with the force and the force is with her.


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Saw this on Wired and had to share. I'm only massively enamored with "wearable tech." First watch the video, then read the article. I think you'll want this too!
Why Google Has the Best Shot at Making the Killer Smartwatch
- By Kyle VanHemert 03.24.14 6:30 AM
Last week, Google unveiled its vision of the smartwatch, the elusive Next Big Gadget. It takes the form of Android Wear, a new version of the mobile operating system designed specifically for on-the-body devices. It's a good deal more sophisticated than the smartwatches we've seen hitherto, relying on the company's unparalleled voice recognition for registering simple commands and promising to serve up the "info and suggestions you need, right when you need them" thanks to the same predictive, personalized algorithms that power Google Now on Android phones.
Amidst speculation that Apple's long-fabled iWatch might in fact be a health-specific wristband, Android Wear is clearly aiming for something much bigger. And that makes sense. If there's any company today that has a chance to make the multipurpose smartwatch we've all been dreaming of, it's Google. But it's not just heaps of data and algorithmic might that make Android Wear promising. It's also Google's approach to the endeavor–its willingness to let third-party developers deeper into the stack and, potentially, to let users define the experience for themselves–that could help make it a hit.
Context Is King
Context is the holy grail of wearable devices. With the limited real estate of a watch face, knowing what app, service, prompt or data point a person needs at a specific moment becomes paramount. The shiny promotional videos Google released this week show how context plays out in Android Wear in a number of situations. On the bus, your smartwatch might show you the next few stops; if there's a meeting coming up, it'll remind you who it's with, and offer directions for how to get there. The video suggests a few less obvious use cases, too. If your Android Wear watch feels itself shaking around and its microphone hears music, it might figure out that you're dancing, and tell you what song's playing.
But context isn't just about using sensors to intuit your environment and activity. It's also about tying your scattered digital existence to your actual, physical self. It's about looking at your calendar, your inbox, and your contacts in concert, cross-referencing them, and coming away with a more human understanding of your schedule, your to-do list, and your circle of friends. When it was released in 2004, Gmail did away with the hassle of organizing email by letting you search through your inbox. At its best, a contextually-savvy operating system like Android Wear takes the next step, doing away the hassle of search by surfacing the stuff you need automatically when you need it.
It's this second, more intimate type of context that Google is so uniquely poised to conquer, according to Nick de la Mare, principal of design consultancy Big Tomorrow. De la Mare, who worked extensively on wearable projects as Executive Creator Director at Frog, sees Android Wear signaling a move to contextually-driven simplicity over the "maximalist," computer-on-your-wrist approach of watches like the Galaxy Gear.
"There are very few companies that have that repository of data to provide that simplicity," de la Mare says. "Google is one of the only organizations that can take the management away from you and provide something meaningful."
Revisiting Our Assumptions About Apps
Contextual awareness is the key to a functionally robust smartwatch. What will make one truly useful, however, is how easy it is to use. The metric for success is simple: for a smartwatch to make sense, it has to let you do things more quickly than you could by pulling your smartphone out of your pocket.
This is where a lightweight user interface is key, and it seems like Google's got a promising foundation, mixing concise, swipe-able cards with optional voice commands. From one perspective, it's the logical continuation of the card-based UI that took root with Google Now. From a different viewpoint, however, it's something considerably more radical: a reinvention of mobile apps as we know them.
The Android Wear UI is based on two core functions: "suggest" and "demand." Suggest is the term Google uses for all the notification cards that make up the watch's "context stream." These could include urgent notifications, like text messages, that buzz your wrist when they come in, or morsels of data that get silently added to your stack, like scores of sports games.
But these aren't "notifications" in the smartphone sense–hollering flags that pull you back into a third-party app. On the watch, they serve as the apps themselves. Google lays out strict guidelines for how these should work: "Omit needless text from your notifications. Design for glance-ability, not reading. Use words and phrases, not sentences. Show, don't tell: Where possible use simple icons, glyphs, and visualizations to convey your message."
Notifications can be supplemented with additional "pages," which people can access by swiping sideways on their smartwatch screen. These can add additional information or actions users can take on the data. The example Google gives is a reminder for a picnic. The notification itself reminds you that you have a picnic scheduled with a friend; the next page tells you that you're responsible for bringing bread, cheese, and wine; and the third gives you a button for navigating to the spot.
It's worth reiterating: This is Google's idea of a smartwatch app. Timely notifications and relevant actions, all bundled up in a relatively strict visual language. Apps, in this vision, become much more homogenized; they're about utility, service, information and action more than anything else. In this new model, you don't tap icons to summon apps. Instead, they just pop up when you need them, triggered by contextual cues like location, time, or activity.
The other part of the Android Wear interface is "demand," encompassing something Google refers to as the "Cue Card." This is a list of commands that can be spoken or tapped on screen. From the look of things, it seems like these will include a preset list of actions for calling cabs, taking notes, sending messages, setting alarms and the like. These can either be triggered by tapping the screen, or by saying the command aloud. In Android Wear, apps aren't to be thought of as discrete programs but rather as actions you can take.
Here's an important bit: Google's developer documents state that users will be able to choose which app corresponds to these demands. This is where Google's willingness to let users choose could be a huge boon to their smartwatch efforts. Presumably you could pick whether saying "call me a cab" triggers Uber, say, or Lyft.
Compare this to Siri, where Apple decides which third-party services get folded in and dictates what information you receive. Think about what happens when you ask Siri what movies are playing that night. You get a few seemingly random movie times, with zero opportunity to fine-tune the results, sorting by reviewer rating or by a preferred list of movie theaters. Hypothetically, with Android Wear's more flexible model, you could map that same "what movies are playing tonight" command to whichever movie times app worked best for you.
We can say little with certainty when it comes to what we'll want from smartwatches and the apps that run on them. But the approach Google's seemingly taking with Android Wear–to let third party apps in, under strict UI and UX guidelines, and to let users choose which they want to rely on–seems like a smart compromise.
Humility and Flexibility
Android Wear is a compelling vision for smartwatches. But for now, it's just that. Google and its partners have been mum on hardware details, and much remains to be seen about how they're planning to power a full-color, always-on display. Even if they do figure out the hardware, there are many ways in which Google's smartwatch efforts could falter.
For one, let's not forget, these are the people that make Google Glass. The scene in the promotional clip that shows a guy on a crowded bus talking to his watch says it all. Google continues to live in a world where wearables are an inevitability, cyborgs are cool, and talking out loud to your gadgets is as normal as striking up a conversation with the person next to you. "Google is sometimes a little bit tone deaf in terms of the social mores," de la Mare says. And wearables, as much as anything, are devices can live and die with social acceptance.
There's also the question of balancing utility and personalization. Google's already working with a number of hardware partners, promising a diverse range of looks for potential Android Wear devices. Watches, at day end, are accessories, and having different styles will be a big draw. But is Android Wear itself going to be as flexible? Will users be able to pick what watch face is showing? Or to tweak the predictive powers of the "supply" stack? A mainstream smartwatch won't likely be a one-size-fits-all solution, and having software that can accommodate different types of users and use cases will be important, too.
That gets to the more foundational question, of how much people really need a smartwatch in the first place. Is a wearable screen, as Google shows it, viable as a mainstream product? The video shows many of the vanilla use cases we've talked about for years: reminding you about appointments, showing you how long it takes to get to work in the morning. But not everyone has a packed calendar and a potentially gridlocked commute. Right now, Android Wear is a purely utilitarian endeavor, leaving little room for the do-anything magic that sparked the smartphone's huge success. "There's definitely some poetry that can happen with a smartwatch," says de la Mare. "That's something they're not really exploring."
Of course, the fact that Google is exploring at all, and inviting developers to explore with them, seems like a shrewd course. Where the multitouch wonders of the smartphone were quickly obvious, it stands to reason that finding the perfect fit for a smartwatch will take a greater level of trial and error. Apple will refine and rework its wearable device, whatever it may be, until it feels like it's figured everything out. Google, it seems, is more inclined to do that process out in the open–like they've done with Glass, for better or worse. That willingness to feel things out, to see what makes sense, could be the key to its success. "If they tell everybody what the answer is, they probably will fail," de la Mare says. "But if Google does this with humility, there's every possibility of it becoming ubiquitous."


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Welcome to the Rumor Mill - are we testing a new feature or did we come across a bug ?
Playable NPC's
FACT OR FICTION - Vote NOW !!!!!
At some stage we plan to offer free trials of the game allowing players to have limited control of a un-owned NPC in the game world, including the ability to attack players and structures.....
FACT OR FICTION - Vote NOW !!!!!


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With 90,700 apprehensions of illegal immigrants in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas by U. S. Border Patrol over the last six months, Councilman Danny Dromm is drumming up support for his "Alien ID" bill, which usurps federal authority, circumvents federal immigration law, and advertises New York City as the global capital for foreign migrants, criminals and terrorists.
So what's next? A coordinated (and expedited) immigration system with the Obama administration to send 15,000 illegal aliens directly to Dromm's council district in lieu of federal deportation processing?
Obviously, short of brain transplants, we can't change the pathologic thinking of Mayor Bill de Blasio, Speaker Melissa Mark-Viverito, Dromm of Public Advocate Letitia James. Therefore, the only solution to this Alien ID card is simple: no person who has legitimate New York State ID or an American passport should elect to get an NYC Alien ID card.
The card is touted as one without specification of alien status to protect the "innocent," and open to even legal immigrants and American citizens to obfuscate the public as to the illegal status of the aliens.
Ergo, if no legal New Yorkers opt for the Alien ID card, then anyone who presents such a card as ID will be a certified immigration miscreant. Have the F. B. I. round them all up, and either transfer them to Dromm's district and Gracie Mansion, or deport them back to El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, the major origins of the current migrant spike into Texas.
Joseph Manago


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Course Details
CIS452 Internship III
This course allows the student an opportunity to acquire practical knowledge in the student's intended career field. The course requires a minimum of 240 clock hours in an approved work situations. The internship is under the direct supervision of a professional engaged in the application of the student's major field, along with a CIS faculty member who will oversee the internship process. Students must meet specified requirements for entry, submit applications, fulfill all internship requirements and complete an internship interview prior to being admitted. Internship hours cannot be substituted for any of the courses required for the major. Internships may be combined (CIS 390,451,452) for a combination of 3,6,9 or 12 credit hours. Permission of the CIS Internship director required prior to registration.
Credit Hours: 3


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Easyriders Sturgis "Bleu Bear" Matted Biker Motorcycle Art
Biker art by Marc Daniel, removed from a vintage Easyriders motorcycle magazine, matted as shown, ready to display as-is, or make your own custom frame.
Great vintage motorcycle artwork print to decorate your office, garage, basement, rec room, man cave & more! Makes a great gift!
Size including mat: 11 3/4" x 17 1/4"
Image area: approx. 8 5/8" x 11 1/8"
1 business day
I'll do my best to meet these shipping estimates, but can't guarantee them. Actual delivery time will depend on the shipping method you choose.
Buyers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. I'm not responsible for delays due to customs.
Just contact me within: 14 days of delivery
Ship items back to me within: 30 days of delivery
But please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Buyers are responsible for return shipping costs. If the item is not returned in its original condition, the buyer is responsible for any loss in value.


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Wednesday May 22, 2019; 12:05 pm EDT
The four-masted, 141-foot Kalmar Nyckel drops anchor in Solomons this weekend
The tall ships have sailed out of Baltimore, where for a week the harbor looked as if it were 1812. The 40-strong flotilla — including 25 tall ships representing a dozen nations — marked the anniversary of the declaration of war on Great Britain and the official start of the bicentennial celebration of the War of 1812.
A million people visited over a week.
For a less hectic but equally awe-inspiring sight, catch up this weekend with a ship as historic as any of those.
The tall ship Kalmar Nyckel, a full-scale recreation of the original 17th‐century ship, and her 300-strong crew of volunteers, docks at Solomons Island June 22 to 24.
The original Kalmar Nyckel rivals the Mayflower in historic significance. That ship sailed from Sweden to the New World in 1638 to establish the first permanent European settlement in the Delaware Valley, at Fort Christiana in present-day Wilmington.
Like the reproduction Bounty (as in Mutiny on the) that docked in Annapolis last weekend, this 20th century ship is a wonder in its own right. The four-masted sailing pinnace stretches 141 feet from stem to stern and supports eight miles of rigging. Magnificent carvings on stern represent people who helped make the ship a reality.
In person, you'll meet some of the crew — from student, teacher, tradesman to scientist — who sail and maintain the ship. Among the sailors bringing the ship to Solomons are Sharon Litcofsky, port captain, and Lauren Morgans, sea captain.
From June 22 to 24, the Kalmar Nyckel docks at Watermen's Wharf on Solomons Island for public sails and tours: FSa 10am-12:30pm and 5-7:30pm and Su 3-5:30pm. $60 w/age discounts. Free dockside tour Su 10am-1pm. rsvp: 866-659-7447; www.kalmarnyckel.org.
Miss this visit, and you'll have to wait to see more tall ships until September 2014, when the fleet returns to Baltimore to mark the end of the War of 1812.


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Dark Reading is part of the Informa Tech Division of Informa PLC
This site is operated by a business or businesses owned by Informa PLC and all copyright resides with them.Informa PLC's registered office is 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG. Registered in England and Wales. Number 8860726.
Chris Eng (@chriseng) is vice president of research at Veracode. Throughout his career, he has led projects breaking, building, and defending software for some of the world's largest companies. He is an unabashed supporter of the Oxford comma and hates it when you use the word "ask" as a noun.
John P. Pironti is the President of IP Architects LLC. He has designed and implemented enterprise-wide electronic business solutions, information security and risk management strategies and programs, enterprise resilience capabilities, and threat and vulnerability management solutions for key customers in a range of industries, including financial services, insurance, energy, government, hospitality, aerospace, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, media and entertainment, and information technology on a global scale for over 20 years. Mr. Pironti has a number of industry certifications including Certified in the Governance of Enterprise IT (CGEIT), Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA), Certified Information Security Manager (CISM), Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP), Certified in Risk and Information System Control (CRISC), Information Systems Security Architecture Professional (ISSAP), and Information Systems Security Management Professional (ISSMP). He frequently provides briefings and acts as a trusted advisor to senior leaders of numerous organizations on information security and risk management and compliance topics and is also a member of a number of technical advisory boards for technology and services firms. He is also a published author and writer, highly quoted and often interviewed by global media, and an award-winning frequent speaker on electronic business and information security and risk management topics at domestic and international industry conferences.
Zach Wikholm is a Research Developer at Flashpoint where he specializes in information security and Internet of Things (IoT) risk analysis. Driven by lifelong interests in cyber threat research, emergent malware, and all things open-source (especially Linux), Zach has built a career around designing custom systems to help organizations achieve the optimal balance between security and usability. Prior to Flashpoint, Zach's extensive experience in security engineering and IT consulting led to his role managing all internal security and network infrastructure operations as the Director of Security at CARI.net. He lives in San Diego with his wife and two dogs.


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January 24, 2013 at 6pm to May 16, 2013 at 9:15pm – Cosumnes River College CONSTRUCTION 163 Advanced Energy Auditing and Energy Modeling Instructor: Scott Blunk Prerequisite: None. Course Name: CONST 163 Hours: 54 hours, Every Thursday January 24th – May 16th, 6:00pm –… Organized by Scott Blunk | Type: energy, modeling, course
December 1, 2012 to December 1, 2013 – Online This 1-month online Manual-D Training course will provide you with a solid overview of Manual-D concepts, as well as a thorough training on Wrightsoft's Right-D and Draw modules. This class offers th… Organized by Home Energy Partners | Type: online, training
January 7, 2013 at 8am to January 31, 2013 at 7pm – Online Join EnergyLogic Academy for the "classroom" portion of HERS Rater Training, delivered via our eLearning platform. This state-of-the-art learning management system allows us to deliver optimal traini… Organized by Meagan Foster | Type: training
January 16, 2013 at 5:30pm to February 22, 2013 at 8:30pm – ECONTC Training Center Building Analyst & Envelope Professional Training for BPI Certification Night & Weekend Course (Wed. pm & Sat. am) Offered in partnership with Mount Hood Community College Energy Conserva… Organized by Energy Conservation Training Center | Type: training, certification
January 22, 2013 at 10am to January 24, 2013 at 1pm – Michigan The 2013 Habitat for Humanity of Michigan HOMES Green Building Summit will be held January 22-24 in Roscommon, Michigan. The fourth annual Summit will provide training in healthy, safe, durable and e… Organized by Thom Phillips | Type: conference
© 2019 Created by Building Performance Association Powered by


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Sherlock Investigates
Sherlock (Jonny Lee Miller, left) and Detective Bell (Jon Michael Hill, center) try to prove that one of people whose body was found in the wreckage of small plane crash was actually killed before the plane went down. Also pictured is Reiko Aylesworth as Miranda Molinari. Photo Credit: GIOVANNI RUFINO/CBS © 2012 CBS. All Rights Reserved.


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Are you pushing a Sophia or an Aiden around in a baby stroller? Congratulations, your kid has the hottest baby name of 2011.
BabyCenter released its list of the Top 100 Baby Names of 2011 today.
The online parenting and pregnancy destination compiled some 300,000 baby names and combined those that sound the same but have different spellings (such as Sophia and Sofia) to create a true measure of popularity.
Almost all of last year's top-10 darlings are still favorites this year. Aiden still rules the roost as the top boy's name for the seventh year in a row, and Sophia remains the queen after inching her way up to the top last year.
Emily, the only new name to crack the top-10 ceiling for girls this year, claimed the number-9 spot, kicking Addison out of the pack. Mason muscled his way into the top-10 boy's club, pushing out Caden who tumbled down to number 12 .
Top 10 girls' names of 2011
- Sophia
- Emma
- Isabella
- Olivia
- Ava
- Lily
- Chloe
- Madison
- Emily
- Abigail
Top 10 boys' names of 2011
- Aiden
- Jackson
- Mason
- Liam
- Jacob
- Jayden
- Ethan
- Noah
- Lucas
- Logan
What about the hottest naming trends? Anderson Cooper, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, and the Kardashians all influenced baby-naming parents.
- While TV viewers bashed reality star Kourtney Kardashian, they fell in love with her son Mason who stole the show as a ring bearer at Kim's wedding. Kourtney lost serious ground, and Mason toddled up to the third place for boys.
- Kate and William's fairy tale spring wedding captured the attention of the entire world, and both their names rose multiple spots.
- Parents aren't finding inspiration in politicians themselves—instead, they're looking to politicians' kids. Sarah Palin's daughters Bristol, Willow and Piper; Barack Obama's daughter Malia; and Hillary Clinton's daughter Chelsea all shot up the chart.
- Steve Jobs has touched everyone including baby-naming parents. His full name—Steven—jumped 14 spots to 73.
- CNN's silver-haired fox Anderson Cooper now has a daytime talk show that's moving up in the ratings—just as both his first and last name are on the baby names list.


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Table of Contents
> Addison's disease
Addison's disease
Also listed as:
Adrenal insufficiency, Hypocortisolism, Addisonian crisis
Related Terms
Author information
Integrative therapies
Integrative Therapy Quick Links:
Related Terms
ACHT, autoimmune disease, autoimmune disorder, autoimmunity, adrenal cortex, adrenal glands, adrenal hormones, adrenocorticotropic hormone, aldosterone, corticotropin, corticotropin releasing hormone, cortisol, CRH, endocrine system, endocrinology, glucocorticoid, glucocorticoids, hormonal disorder, hormone, hormones, hydrocortisone, hypoadrenalism, mineralocorticoid, mineralocorticoids, polyendocrine, polyendocrine deficiency syndrome, primary adrenal insufficiency, Schmidt syndrome, secondary adrenal insufficiency, tuberculosis.
Addison's disease, also called adrenal insufficiency or hypocortisolism, is a rare endocrine (hormonal) disorder that is characterized by weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, and occasional darkening of the skin.
Addison's disease is named after Dr. Thomas Addison, who first identified adrenal insufficiency in 1849. The disease occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormone cortisol and, in some cases, the hormone aldosterone.
The adrenal glands, located just above each of the two kidneys, secrete cortisol, also called hydrocortisone. Cortisol regulates proper glucose metabolism, blood pressure, and insulin release for blood sugar maintenance and it is involved in the inflammatory response. When the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol, symptoms of Addison's disease develop.
Aldosterone belongs to a class of hormones called mineralocorticoids. This hormone helps regulate blood pressure as well as the water and salt balance in the body by helping the kidneys retain sodium and expel potassium. When aldosterone production falls too low, the kidneys are not able to regulate the salt and water balance, subsequently causing blood volume and blood pressure to drop.
Addison's disease can occur at any age, but is most common in people ages 30 to 50. Researchers estimate that about one out of 100,000 people have Addison's disease. The disease is slightly more common in females than men. Researchers estimate that the male to female ratio is about 1:1.5-3.5
Treatment for Addison's involves replacing the hormones that the adrenal glands are not producing with medication. Corticosteroids like hydrocortisone (A-hydroCort®, Cortef®, Hydrocortone®, Hydrocortone® Acetate, Hydrocortone® Phosphate, Solu-Cortef®) are used to replace cortisol. Mineralocorticoids like fludrocortisone (Florinef®) are used to replace aldosterone.
Author information
This information has been edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).
Australian Addisons Disease Association Inc. .
Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service. .
Jeffcoate W. Assessment of corticosteroid replacement therapy in adults with adrenal insufficiency. Ann Clin Biochem. 1999 Mar;36 ( Pt 2):151-7. .
Kyriazopoulou V. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy in patients with Addison's disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007 Apr;8(6):725-9. .
Natural Standard: The Authority on Integrative Medicine. .
U.S. Pharmacist. .
Primary adrenal insufficiency
: Addison's disease can be caused by a primary adrenal insufficiency. This type of deficiency occurs when the adrenal cortex is damaged and does not produce enough cortisol. Adrenal insufficiency occurs when at least 90% of the adrenal cortex (outer layer of the adrenal glands) has been destroyed. Several conditions, including autoimmunity, polyendocrine deficiency syndrome, and tuberculosis infection, can lead to primary adrenal insufficiency.
Autoimmune disorders that lead to the gradual destruction of the adrenal cortex are responsible for about 70% of Addison's disease cases. Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's cells because they are identified as foreign cells. The body tries to destroy healthy tissue because the immune system identifies the cells as harmful invaders like bacteria. As a result, often both cortisol and aldostertone hormones are deficient. Sometimes only the adrenal glands are affected, and sometimes other glands (like the pituitary gland) are also affected.
The polyendocrine deficiency syndrome is another type of primary adrenal insufficiency that may also lead to Addison's disease. This occurs when other organs, in addition to the adrenal glands, do not secrete enough hormones, including cortisol. There are two forms of polyendocrine deficiency - type I and type II (Schmidt's disease).
Type I occurs in children and adrenal insufficiency may be accompanied by underactive parathyroid glands (glands in front of the neck that regulate calcium in the blood), slow sexual development, pernicious anemia (low levels of red blood cells caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12), chronic candida infections (yeast infections), chronic active hepatitis (liver infection), and hair loss (very rare).
Type II, commonly called Schmidt's syndrome, typically affects young adults. Common symptoms of type II polyendocrine deficiency syndrome may include slow sexual development, diabetes, and vitiligo (white patches of skin). Some patients may have an underactive thyroid, which often causes symptoms such as fatigue, sensitivity to cold, coarse and thinning hair, brittle nails, sore muscles, depression, weight gain, constipation, and/or heavy or irregular menstrual periods.
Tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial infection of the lungs that can spread to the adrenal glands, accounts for about 20% of cases of primary adrenal insufficiency in developed countries, such as the United States.
Less common causes of primary adrenal insufficiency, which can lead to Addison's disease, include chronic infection (usually fungal infections), cancer cells spreading from other parts of the body to the adrenal glands, amyloidosis (disease that causes an abnormal protein to build up in the body's tissues and organs), and surgical removal of the adrenal glands.
Secondary adrenal insufficiency
: Secondary adrenal insufficiency occurs when the adrenal glands are healthy, but factors outside of the adrenal glands stimulate them to produce less cortisol. The most common cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency occurs when patients who are taking cortisol-like drugs (corticosteroids) for chronic conditions like asthma or arthritis suddenly stop taking the medication. These drugs, which can be inhaled or taken orally or intravenously (injected into the vein), suppress the hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). CRH stimulates the release of ACTH, which then stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol hormones. Prolonged suppression of the adrenal glands can lead to atrophy (shrinkage) and it may take several weeks to months for the patient to recover to full function after the drug is discontinued. Therefore, patients should slowly taper off the mediation under the supervision of their healthcare providers.
Secondary adrenal insufficiency can also occur if the pituitary gland does not produce adequate amounts of ACTH, the chemical that signals the adrenal glands to release cortisol. Consequently, individuals who have low levels of ACTH will also have low levels of cortisol, even if the adrenal glands are healthy.
: Patients who have untreated Addison's disease may experience Addisonian crisis, also known as acute adrenal failure, in response to physical stress, such as an injury, infection, or illness. This is a serious condition that can be life threatening.
Symptoms are the same for primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency that cause Addison's disease. Symptoms typically develop slowly, often over several months. Physical stress, such as injury, infection, or illness, can cause symptoms to appear suddenly. Common symptoms include muscle weakness and fatigue, weight loss and decreased appetite, darkening of the skin, low blood pressure, fainting, cravings for salt, low blood sugar levels, irritability, depression, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
Symptoms of acute adrenal failure (Addisonian crisis) may also include lower back pain, abdominal pain, leg pain, low blood pressure, loss of consciousness, and severe vomiting and diarrhea that can lead to dehydration.
: If it is suspected that a patient has Addison's disease, a healthcare provider may measure the cortisol levels of the patient's blood in the morning (usually between 6 and 8:00 a.m.). Healthy individuals typically have plasma cortisol levels that range from 5-23 micrograms/deciliter. Plasma cortisol levels less than 10 micrograms/deciliter are suggestive of Addison's disease.
However, the standard diagnostic test for Addison's disease is the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test. If a patient tests positive for Addison's disease, a healthcare provider may then perform a corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test and/or imaging studies (scans that take pictures of the body's internal organs) to determine the cause of the disease.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) stimulation test
: The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) test measures the level of cortisol in the blood and urine before and 30-60 minutes after an injection of man-made ACTH. Individuals who do not have adrenal damage will begin producing cortisol in response to the injection. Patients with Addison's disease will produce minimal or no cortisol in response to the injection.
Corticotropin releasing hormone
CRH) stimulation test
: If the patient tests positive to the ACTH test, a corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test is conducted to determine the cause of adrenal insufficiency. The patient's cortisol levels are measured in the urine and blood before the test. Then, a man-made CRH is injected intravenously into the patient. Cortisol levels in the blood and urine are then measured 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after the injection. Patients with primary adrenal insufficiency have high levels of ACTH but do not produce cortisol. Patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency have will have very low cortisol levels in response to the injection and absent or delayed ACTH responses. Absent ACTH response indicate that the pituitary gland is causing the disease. A delayed ACTH response indicates that the hypothalamus (part of the brain that controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland) is the cause.
Imaging tests
: Imaging studies, including computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, may be conducted at the hospital after a patient shows low levels of cortisol in response to the ACTH stimulation test. During these procedures, which are generally noninvasive and painless, pictures of the internal organs are taken with machines that use X-rays and magnetic waves. The healthcare provider will check the size of the adrenal glands and pituitary glands. If the adrenal glands are smaller than normal, this indicates that primary adrenal insufficiency is the cause. If the pituitary gland is smaller than normal, this indicates that secondary adrenal insufficiency is the cause.
: Since patients with Addison's disease do not produce enough hormones, treatment may include one or more hormones to replace the deficiency. Corticosteroids like hydrocortisone are used to replace cortisol. Mineralocorticoids like fludrocortisone (Florinef®) are used to replace aldosterone.
When signs and symptoms of the disease begin to subside, this indicates that the treatment is working. However, it can be challenging to obtain the appropriate dosing for the patient. If the dose is too low, the patient will experience continued adrenal insufficiency. Children may suffer from nocturnal hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels at night), which can result in seizures. If the dose is too high, patients may experience weight gain, increased blood pressure, and osteoporosis (hollow, brittle bones).
: Corticosteroids, such as hydrocotisone (Cortef® or Hydrocortone®), prednisone, cortisone, and dexamethasone (Decadron® Baldex® or Dexone®), are used to replace low levels of cortisol. These medications are taken once or twice a day to control hormone levels. Corticosteroids may increase blood glucose levels and should be used cautiously in diabetics.
: Patients who also have low levels of aldosterone typically receive daily doses of fludrocortisone acetate (Florinef®). Patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency normally maintain aldosterone production, so they do not need aldosterone replacement therapy.
Emergency care
: An Addisonian crisis (acute adrenal failure) is a life-threatening condition that causes low blood pressure, low blood sugar levels, and high levels of potassium in the blood. This condition requires immediate medical care. Treatment generally includes intravenous injections of hydrocortisone, saline solution, or sugar (dextrose).
: Patients should consider carrying a medical alert card and/or wearing a medical alert bracelet. Patients should carry extra medication with them because missing even one dose of medication may cause symptoms to return.
Some healthcare providers may prescribe an injectable form of corticosteroids for patients to carry with them, in case of an emergency.
Since stress can exacerbate symptoms of Addison's disease, patients should find ways to manage their stress. Patients should maintain a positive outlook and avoid triggers of stress. Regular exercise may help decrease stress levels. Also, good scientific evidence suggests that music therapy, aromatherapy, art therapy, relaxation therapy, and yoga may help relieve symptoms of stress. Patients may also benefit from classes that teach individuals how to manage their time, stress, and anger.
Patients with Addison's disease should visit their healthcare providers regularly to monitor their hormone levels.
Integrative therapies
Good scientific evidence
: DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) is a hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands. Several studies suggest that DHEA may improve well-being, quality of life, exercise capacity, sex drive, and hormone levels in people with adrenal insufficiency. Though promising, additional study is needed to make a strong recommendation. Adrenal insufficiency is a serious medical condition and should be treated under the supervision of a qualified health care professional, including a pharmacist.
Avoid if allergic to DHEA. Avoid with a history of seizures. Use with cautiously with adrenal or thyroid disorders. Use cautiously if taking anticoagulants or drugs, herbs, or supplements for diabetes, heart disease, seizures, or stroke. Stop use two weeks before and immediately after surgery/dental/diagnostic procedures with bleeding risk. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Unclear or conflicting scientific evidence
: Licorice is harvested from the root and dried rhizomes of the low-growing shrub
Glycyrrhiza glabra
. Licorice has been used historically for adrenal insufficiency. In theory, there may be some benefits of licorice for high potassium levels resulting from abnormally low aldosterone levels. There is early evidence in humans in support of this use. However, research is preliminary and a qualified healthcare provider should supervise treatment.
Avoid licorice if allergic to licorice, any component of licorice, or any member of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) plant family. Avoid with congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease, fluid retention, high blood pressure, or hormonal abnormalities. Avoid if taking diuretics. Licorice can cause abnormally low testosterone levels in men or high prolactin or estrogen levels in women. This may make it difficult to become pregnant and may cause menstrual abnormalities.
Traditional or theoretical uses lacking sufficient evidence
: Preliminary research reports that
containing herbal formulas may protect adrenal function, however the effect of
on adrenal insufficiency is currently unknown. Additional research is needed.
Avoid if allergic to astragalus, peas, or any related plants or with a history of
bark-induced asthma. Avoid with aspirin or aspirin products or herbs or supplements with similar effects. Avoid with inflammation (swelling) or fever, stroke, transplant or autoimmune diseases (like HIV/AIDS). Stop use two weeks before surgery/dental/diagnostic procedures with a risk of bleeding and avoid use immediately after these procedures. Use cautiously with bleeding disorders, diabetes, high blood pressure, lipid disorders or kidney disorders. Use cautiously with blood-thinners, blood sugar drugs, diuretics, or herbs and supplements with similar effects. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Ginseng has been traditionally used as an adrenal tonic, and in laboratory study has demonstrated adrenal stimulating effects. High quality clinical study is warranted to better understand ginseng's effect on adrenal function.
Avoid ginseng with known allergy to plants in the Araliaceae family. There has been a report of a serious life-threatening skin reaction, possibly caused by contaminants in ginseng formulations.
Patients who are taking corticosteroids should not discontinue medication abruptly. Instead, patients should slowly taper off the medication under the supervision of their healthcare providers.
Patients can take precautions to avoid contracting infections that may lead to secondary adrenal insufficiency. Avoiding close contact with individuals who have contagious illnesses may help reduce the risk of acquiring infections. Practicing good hygiene and regularly washing the hands with soap and water may also help reduce the risk of acquiring infections.
Since stress can exacerbate symptoms of Addison's disease, patients should find ways to manage their stress. Patients should maintain a positive outlook and avoid triggers of stress. Regular exercise may help decrease stress levels. Also, good scientific evidence suggests that music therapy, aromatherapy, art therapy, relaxation therapy and yoga may help relieve symptoms of stress. Patients may also benefit from classes that teach individuals how to manage their time, stress, and anger.
Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard (
The information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.
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What did the Virginia Ordinance of Secession declare?
Lesson Images
Virginia Convention (1861: Richmond), Records, 1861—1961 (bulk 1861), Accession 40586, State Government Records Collection, Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia (Transcription)
Standards Of Learning
Historical Information:
The election of President Abraham Lincoln in 1860 brought the political tension that had been increasing for decades between the North and the slaveholding South to a breaking point. By the spring of 1861, seven Southern states had seceded from the Union. Virginia's government called for a special convention to decide Virginia's position on secession. On April 4, 1861, the convention voted eighty-eight to forty-five against seceding from the United States. The desire to preserve the Union changed in Virginia after the firing on Fort Sumter on April 12, which resulted in President Lincoln's calling for volunteer troops to defeat the rebels. On April 17, the delegates reconvened, this time voting eighty-eight to fifty-four in favor of secession. The Ordinance of Secession was ratified by the voting citizens of Virginia on May 23, 1861. The Ordinance declared that the State of Virginia had repealed its ratification of the United States Constitution, and declared Virginia an independent governing body. On June 14, the delegates who supported Virginia's decision to secede signed the formal document, seen here. Virginia then joined the Confederate States of America, and Richmond became the capital city of the new nation.
Many of the delegates who had voted against secession were not satisfied with the outcome. The delegates from the far western part of the state met in Ohio County in May and held another vote. The group voted against secession. In June, they set up the Restored Virginia government with Francis H. Pierpont as governor. Pierpont administrated from Wheeling, in what is now West Virginia, until 1863 when he moved the capital seat to Alexandria. In that same year he supported the fifty western counties' request to be admitted to the Union as a new state, West Virginia.
The history of the document does not end with the secession of Virginia. The Ordinance of Secession was taken from the Capitol in Richmond by a Union Soldier named Charles W. Bullis during the evacuation of the city on April 2–3, 1865. It passed through many hands before returning to the Library of Virginia's collection in 1929.
• Vocabulary Words:
♦ Abrogate—to abolish by authoritative action
♦ Oppression—the feeling of being ruled with unjust power
♦ Ordinance—An authoritative decree
♦ Pursuance—the following or carrying out of a plan
♦ Ratification—approval or formal sanction.
♦ Secession—formal separation from an alliance or federation.
Lesson Activities
• Use this document as an introduction to Virginia's role in the Civil War:
♦ Give each student a printed copy of the document to read. The students should use selective underlining to pick out the important information and discuss as a class what the document can tell them.
♦ Ask students to define vocabulary words in the context of the document.
♦ As a class, or in small groups, "translate" the document into language the students would use today.
• Re-create the convention and debate secession according to positions held in 1861.
Discussion questions
♦ What particular quality of the South is referenced in line five of the document? What institution does this point to playing an important role in the division of the North and South? Use this question to illustrate slavery's role in dividing the regions.
♦ What if you didn't agree with the vote to secede? What would you do? Use this question to introduce the history of West Virginia and the Restored Virginia government. Follow up by showing maps of pre– and post–Civil War Virginia.
Suggested Materials
Davis, William C., and James I. Robertson, Jr., eds. Virginia at War, 1861. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2005.