text:
Legal Phases of the Trial of John Brown
By Daniel C. Draper
*This paper took form in a course in historical method at West Virginia University under Dr. F. P. Summers.
The history of the United States up to the Civil War witnessed a struggle between the individual states and the federal government as paramount powers; and the trial of John Brown was the legal crux of this struggle. The divergent interests of a Northern bourgeoisie and a Southern aristocracy could not but conflict; and, as the North endeavored to extend her industrial development by exalting federal power, the South tried to protect her agrarian system, based on slavery, by exalting states' rights. In 1857, Dred Scott V. Sanford gave support to the Southern view; and, on October 27, 1859, the case of Commonwealth v. Brown came before the of Charles Town, Virginia. The crimes for which the accused stood indicted were committed on a federal military reservation; but, even so, the local court assumed jurisdiction; and President Buchanan gracefully acquiesced. Brown was convicted of treason against the State of Virginia, and duly hanged. The precedent was significant; in little more than sixteen months South Carolina by force extended her sovereignty over Fort Sumter; and the Civil War began.
Commentators have neglected the purely legal aspects of this cause celebre. Hermann von Holst and later General Marcus Wright, followed by James Ford Rhodes, discuss its ethical aspects: as an apologist for the abolition of slavery, von Holst allowed his criteria of abstract morality to color his interpretation of fact; and Wright presents as conclusive evidence a declaration by the accused himself that the trial was fair, although Brown was obviously incapable of passing on the legal problems that arose, and seems, furthermore, to have complained frequently of inability to hear the proceedings.
During the trial, sympathizers raised a question that is preliminary to any study of the more involved issues. Brown's counsel received a telegram stating that the defendant's mother was insane; and they therefore entered a plea of insanity. Brown, however, rose in court and overruled his attorneys, who, being merely his agents, withdrew the plea. No convincing evidence has ever been produced to prove Brown's insanity. The mere fact that he believed in the forcible abolition of slavery is certainly no proof; for one may believe in spiritualism, or in the transmigration of souls after death into the bodies of animals; and these opinions are not evidence of insanity, which legally consists of delusion of fact and object, not of belief. Brown's possible delirium as the result of wounds, moreover, and the demented condition of his mother raised no legal presumption of lunacy. After Brown's counsel had withdrawn the plea, the Judge had no authority to investigate: for the Virginia Code states his obligation as follows: ". . . the court of the county or corporation of which such [insane] person is inhabitant, shall, on application of any party interested, examine into his state of mind, and being satisfied that he is insane shall appoint a committee of him."
The recent discovery of official orders of the court greatly illuminates the legal aspects of the case. These papers reveal two points at issue: first, whether residence or merely physical presence was the prerequisite for the charge of treason; and second, to what extent could the State of Virginia exercise jurisdiction over the arsenals of the United States?
Early in life, Brown had been interested in Sheep grazing and in 1840 spent a few weeks in Doddridge and Tyler counties, (West) Virginia with the thought of acquiring a farm and settling there, but, immediately previous to the raid, he was certainly neither a Virginia resident nor a Virginia taxpayer. In fact John Brown was never more than a casual visitor to Virginia at any time prior to his raid on the federal arsenal. He entered the state on that October night in 1859 from Maryland, where the raiders had their rendezvous, and passed almost at once to the federal arsenal, which was under the jurisdiction of the United States. The criminal acts of his raid took place within a few hours after his entrance into the state. On this ground, Brown's counsel took exception to the application of the Virginia law of treason. The presiding judge, Richard Parker, overruled the exception, and in so doing clearly implied that the only essential prerequisite for the commission of the crime was not citizenship or residence but mere presence on the soil.
Authorities agree that only he who owes permanent or temporary allegiance can commit treason. In the first place, is the rendering of this allegiance dependent merely upon presence on the soil; in the second place, if it is not, under what conditions does it become operative, and to what extent does the case of John Brown fit these conditions? Since the Virginia statute is silent upon most of the points in dispute, one must go back to the common law from which this concept of treason arose, and which presumably still remained in force. Treason cases, even after 1859, may be cited in order to reveal the meaning of the original law.
Cases decided in later years have not accepted the doctrine of mere physical presence which Judge Parker laid down. Carlisle v. U. S. held that an Englishman "resident" in the Confederate state of Alabama owes allegiance to the United States, and can commit treason against it. This case significantly does not use "on the soil" but "residence." De Jagar v. Attorney General applies residence in an even stricter sense, and holds that a Boer "resident" in English territory owes allegiance, although the territory be evacuated by British troops and reoccupied by Boers. In Ex Parte Quarrier, the Supreme Court of West Virginia felt that "residence" was too broad a basis for qualification, and so held that citizenship also was necessary. Although cases after the Civil War obviously could not be cited in Judge Parker's court, yet they sprang from the generally recognized common law tradition which in 1859 was available to the Court.
Even more authoritative are a number of rulings that antedate the trial of John Brown. These likewise conflict with Judge Parker's conception. Republica v. Chapman used "residence" when it held that an individual cannot commit treason against Pennsylvania before it became a state because one cannot be resident of a political unit that does not exist. In his official capacity as Secretary of State, Daniel Webster declared that United States citizens who were "resident" in a foreign land owed allegiance to that country and were liable to prosecution for treason "for so long a time as they remained under the dominions of a foreign government"; but he later added that United States citizens owe this allegiance "independent of any domicilation." The Supreme Court, moreover, later distinguished between "residence" and "domicile," and held the former, but not the latter, as a prerequisite for the commission of treason.
Treatises of common law support this view. In 1762, Sir Michael Foster declared: "Local Allegiance is founded in the Protection a Foreigner enjoyeth for his Person, his Family or Effects, during his Residence here; and it ceaseth whenever He withdraweth with his Family and Effects." Lord Hale summed up the theory of "residence" and allegiance when he declared: "And this allegiance is either natural from all that are subjects born within the king's allegiance or local which obligeth all that are resident within the king's dominions."
The most conclusive case is that of the Duke of Norfolk decided in 1571. In this instance, the assembly of Justices, referring apparently to Lord Herise's case, held that the Scottish Lords who raided across the border, in much the same way as John Brown did, were not guilty of treason, apparently because they were not residents; the Court also held that the Duke of Norfolk, who was an English resident and who had instigated the raid, could commit the crime of treason. Hale corroborates this view and declares: "And hence it is if an alien enemy comes into this kingdom hostilely to invade it, if he be taken, he shall be dealt with as an enemy, but not as a traitor. . . ." Hale quotes both East and Coke as authorities. "Residence," therefore, was a vital prerequisite for any prosecution for treason; and a raider, such as Brown, was not a resident.
Judge Parker might have maintained, however, that the indictment of Brown was defensible on the ground that, since the courts, between 1571 and 1859, have consistently extended the scope of "residence" in matters other than treason, this term might further be extended so as to include a raider from across a border. This, however, is not a valid argument; the definition of "residence" even today would not be sufficiently broad for Judge Parker's purposes. Whether Lord Herise's case uses "residence" in the constructive, technical, legal sense, or in the sense of common parlance denoting the personal and actual habitation of all individual, is hard to say. At any rate, although "residence" has no fixed meaning applicable to all cases alike, and is difficult of precise definition, certain minimal requirements distinguish it from mere physical presence: one must have stopped for a period of time; and one must have stopped in some kind of shelter. Although judges in recent years have shortened the time element, and have abandoned both physical presence and the narrower term "domicile" in favor of the more general terms "abode" and "dwelling," yet "residence," even in its narrowest modern sense, denotes at least a temporary lodging for the night. Thus by no conceivable stretch of definition could a person who had merely crossed a bridge into Virginia and proceeded through her territory for less than a half a mile, be called a Virginia resident. Subsequently, Brown may have made a foray deeper into the state; but, even in this case, such a movement could have lasted only a short time. To convict of treason, therefore, the Court must needs make a judicial ruling that clashed with the common law.
From the time of Republica v. Carlisle in 1778, later under Marshall, under Story and under Chase, the American courts, as far as treason is concerned, have regularly mitigated, rather than intensified, the common law. In this case, however, Judge Parker goes beyond even a liberal construction of the law, beyond the definition of treason formulated in the Middle Ages, beyond the law as applied by Judge Jeffries, and beyond the standards set up under Henry VIII and George III.
The Supreme Court of Appeals, moreover, then the highest tribunal in Virginia, rejected Brown's petition for writ of supersedeas. Perhaps it also subscribed to Judge Parker's theory of treason, but more probably the following provision of the Virginia Code was decisive: ". . . when there are several counts in an indictment of information; and a general verdict of guilty is found, [as was so in this case] judgement shall be entered against the accused if any count be good, though the others are faulty." The petition, however, endeavors to overcome this section and holds it modified by the following: "But on the trial the court on the motion of the accused [such motion was presented] may instruct the jury to disregard any count that is faulty." Counsel for the appellant contended: "No argument or citation, though both are abundant, is necessary to prove that where a statute says, a court may do what justice and right require, in the administration more especially of criminal law, there is the duty of the courts so to act, and that if it do not, error is thereby committed." The petition, furthermore, alleges that the indictment in the other counts was unwarrantedly vague as to time, place, and persons involved.
Whether one followed this view or not, another question, wholly ignored in the petition, would appear to cast the remaining counts in doubt. Could Virginia rightfully exercise jurisdiction of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry? Although authorities differ as to the number killed, the proslavery but caution Baltimore Sun declared that the raiders shot two persons on federal property and probably several within the state.
In the first place, was Brown involved as a principal in the murders within the state? On leaving Maryland, he directly traversed the few hundred yards to the arsenal, and no accounts refer to any deaths this early in the expedition. Rhodes mentions but a single occasion on which Brown later left the arsenal, and this was to escort a Baltimore and Ohio conductor across the Potomac bridge in order to convince him that it was not mined. In this instance, no one was killed. According to the testimony, moreover, of those captured as hostages by the various parties raiding outside the reservation, Brown took no part in these expeditions, and in every case was in the arsenal when the hostages were brought in. Brown, therefore, was responsible, for these murders in the state only as an accessory.
A provision of the Virginia code declared that "In the case of every felony, every principal in the second degree and every accessory before the fact, shall be punishable as if he were the principal in the first degree. . . ." The indictment charged Brown only as a principal in the first degree, not as an accessory, and the jury rendered the verdict, "Guilty of treason and conspiring with slaves and others in the first degree." According to Virginia law, the indictment must clearly stipulate whether one be charged as a principal or as an accessory, even if one crime be the legal equivalent of the other. The Court, therefore, apparently must have considered murders that occurred on the United States property rather than those committed within the territory of Virginia.
A second issue naturally arises: to what extent could the Virginia court exercise jurisdiction over these crimes committed on a military reservation? Usually in cases of domestic insurrection, involving the use of federal troops, military tribunals supersede the civil courts; but, in this case, President Buchanan, inadvertently or not, neglected to make the requisite proclamation. Since the Constitution, however, provides that arsenals purchased with state permission shall be entities entirely separate and immune from the legal processes of the state, and since Virginia, in the manner deemed necessary by the courts, had authorized the purchase of the Harpers Ferry arsenal, a federal, rather than a state, court should normally have prosecuted Brown.
One might maintain, nevertheless, that the possible death within Virginia of individuals shot on federal property affected the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States courts. The Baltimore Sun, however, declares that Beckham, one of the two men shot on federal property, was killed instantly, and that Private Quinn was removed to a hospital on the arsenal grounds, the apparent place of his death. Even if one doubt the exact location of Quinn's death, the United States courts after the Civil War in U. S. v. Guiteau, sanctioned the predominant common law opinion that jurisdiction rests where the wound is inflicted rather than where the victim dies. A special statute permitted the courts of Virginia to prosecute a murderer whose victim died outside the state, but no such statute authorized the courts to prosecute a murderer who, like Brown, inflicted the fatal blow outside the State, but whose victim died within the State. With only the common law as a guide, the court might well have decided the question as it wished. The federal courts, however, have laid down the general principles governing such situations: "However proper it may be hat the courts of the States where the Common Law exists should treat such questions of jurisdiction from the standpoint of that law, that question must be treated by the courts of the United States, where a fort or a magazine or an arsenal is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the National Government, from the standpoint of Federal authority and with reference to the relation of the crime to the sovereignty of the United States."
John Brown probably would have preferred a trial in a federal court where a change of venue might have been obtained, and Virginia seems to have recognized this possibility. In a letter to Governor Henry A. Wise, Andrew Hunter, Brown's special prosecutor, intimated that John E. Cooke, one of the defendants and a brother-in-law of Ashbel P. Willard, the Democratic Governor of Indiana, might be permitted a federal trial. Governor Wise, although he ostensibly denied any such intention, also suggested the possibility, and desired to oblige "my friend," Governor Willard; but, in order to obviate public criticism of such discrimination, Cooke was later convicted in the Charles Town court and hanged. This byplay between friendly state executives seems to imply that even Virginia felt that Brown might obtain a more favorable hearing in the federal courts. What then occasioned the assumption of jurisdiction by the State?
The Baltimore Sun sheds more light on the problem, and reveals the unusual method by which the jurisdiction was originally obtained. Its first statement, published October 22, 1859, reads as follows: "It appears that the prisoners are amenable to the United States and State authorities to the former for murder, to the latter for treason." The paper added that the federal court would be in session "next Monday," and so apparently expected federal jurisdiction. In the same issue appeared a notation to the effect that Robert Ould, the Federal District Attorney for the Western District of Virginia, was in conference with President Buchanan. Its final comment on jurisdiction was: "The sending of the prisoners to Charles Town is believed to be a concession to the views of Governor Wise who claims to try them by the laws of Virginia." Such "concessions," however, are usually confined to politics rather than to criminal justice.
Thomas Drew, a Northern pamphleteer, suggested that possibly a reservation in the deed of cession of the land on which the arsenal stood made this "concession" possible; but the present writer can find no such reservation in the deed; and, even if such reservation existed, it could hardly take precedence over an express article in the Constitution of the United States. Mr. Thomas C. Green, an eminent member of the Charles Town bar and the son of one of the lawyers for the defense, declares that Brown's counsel filed a general demurrer on the basis of jurisdiction to the indictment; and, according to a pro-Southern account Judge Parker overruled this demurrer, and cited an earlier decision of his own in which he maintained that Virginia had jurisdiction.
In view of the supporting precedent, the failure of Brown's counsel to appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States under Article I, Section 8, is puzzling. Mr. Green suggests, however, that, since no stenographic record of the trial exists, and since a demurrer was apparently entered, the failure to appeal resulted perhaps from a conviction on the part of the other defendants that such appeal would only delay an inevitable execution. The lawyers seem to have followed this policy for all defendants; and Brown appears not to have realized the exact situation. Much confusion, furthermore, was created by his imprudent change of counsel in the midst of the proceedings.
No procedural obstacles, however, deterred the lawyers for defense. At any time before the execution of judgment, they could have appealed; for the defendant's consent, either implicit or explicit, does not confer jurisdiction. Irrespective of any question of appeal to a higher court, the local court erred in not sustaining the original demurrer. As George F. Caskie, a Virginian, declares in a Southern periodical:
When John Brown reached Harper's ferry, his first act was to take possession of United States' property and overpower United States guards found there. When finally captured, it was by United States troops on United States' property after a fight in which one of the United States Marines was killed. Were these occurrences to take place today, it will hardly be doubted that the jurisdiction of the whole matter would be taken by United States Courts.
On the other hand, the Virginia court probably did not have access to the more obscure of these cases, previously cited, and it certainly intended no special discrimination against Brown, for the judge seems to have made a similar error in an earlier case. The prevailing Southern view of states rights, moreover, doubtless prompted both the Charles Town court and the Virginia Court of Appeals to deal this blow to Federal power.
Other aspects of the movement had already gained impetus from the courts. Consequently President Buchanan, following an opinion of his own Attorney General, found that, although the secession of the Southern states was unconstitutional, no authority then remained to restrain them. According to Mr. Edward Corwin so atrophied was the legislative prerogative that Lincoln on his inauguration resorted to "war power." The Circuit Court was apparently swept away by a similar view.
In Commonwealth v. Brown, therefore, the judicial phase of a conflict, fierce and many sided, reached a crisis. Within the framework of the constitution of one nation, two social and economic systems, agricultural and industrial, two English traditions, Cavalier and Puritan, two competing sovereignties, state and federal, struggled for supremacy. The founders envisaged state and federal authorities both paramount and yet harmonious. As Calhoun pointed out, the scheme failed. Under the Confederation, the states prevailed; in the early days of the Constitution, the federal authority prevailed. The combined efforts of Calhoun and Taney resurrected a modified tradition of thirteen jealous colonies; and the trial of John Brown saw this interim of reaction rise to its apogee.
Twenty-five years before, the Federal courts would doubtless have exercised jurisdiction, and after the Civil War, the national government would certainly have claimed it; but the South, as the work of Corwin and Dunning amply attests, was winning in the judiciary the battles that it later lost on the field of actual combat. The Dred Scott decision was merely the harbinger of a greater curtailment of federal authority. The trial of John Brown was not only the unwitting caricature of a refined constitutional conception, not only a strained and curious application of the theory of states rights, but also the Gettysburg, the veritable Pickett's charge, of the judicial side of the conflict.
1 Dred Scott v. Sanford (1856), 19 How. 396.
2 H. von Holst, John Brown, Boston, 1889.
3 Marcus Wright, "Trial of John Brown," Southern Historical Society Papers, IV (1904).
4 James Ford Rhodes, History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, New York, 1920, II, 361.
5 M. J. Wright, Am. Hist. Assoc. Papers, XVI, 362.
6 J. F. Rhodes, op. cit., II, 360. See also R. P. Warren, John Brown, New York, 1929. 395 passim.
7 Bushrod Washington, "The Trial of John Brown," Green Bag, XI, 171-172.
8 Bushrod Washington, loc. cit.
9 Brown v. Ward (1879), 53 Md. 376; Chafin's Will (1873), 32 Wisc. 557.
10 Bonard's Will (1872), 16 Abb. Pr. N. S. (N. Y.) 128.
11 Middleditch v. Williams (1889) 45 N. J. Eq. 526. Brown v. Ward supra. Reg. v. Burton (1861), 3 F. & F. 772.
12 See Porter v. Porter (1892), 39 Va. 118, 15 S. E. 500. Beverly v Walden (1870), 20 Gratt. 147.
13 South Atlantic Life v. Hurt (1913), 115 Va. 398, 79 S. E. 401.
14 Code of Virginia, Richmond, 1849, p. 393.
15 My italics.
16 MS. In Archives Division of West Virginia University.
17 Lasher v. State (1891), 30 Texas App. 387; Kelly v. U. S. (1885), 27 Fed. 616; U. S. v Ames (1845), 1 Wood and Minot 76; Sinks v. Roese (1869), 19 Ohio 306; Leavenworth v. Lowe (1885), 114 U. S. 525; Ex Parte Siebold (1879), 100 U. S. 371; U. S. v. Cornell (1819), 2 Mason 60; U. S. v. Davis (1829), 5 Mason 356; Commonwealth v. Clacy (1811), 8 Mass. 72. See also Constitution of the United States, Article I, Sec. 8.
18 J. F. Rhodes, op. cit., II, 349 passim.
19 MS. West Virginia Division of Archives.
20 U. S. v. Wiltberger (1818), 5 Wheat. 96, approved by Young v. U. S. (1877), 97 U. S. 62. Followed as to states in Ex Parte Quarrier (1867), 2 W. Va. 572. See also Prize Cases (1862), 2 Black 670 ff. Quoted in Ex Parte Quarrier.
21 The statute enacted in 1776 quoted in 9 Hen. Stat. 168, chap. 3, sect. 1 remained identical through early revisions 1 Shep. Stat. 187, chap. 70, sect. 1: Virginia Laws (1794) p. 282, chap. 136, sect. 1; Revised Code (1803) p. 272, chap. 136, sect. 1; 1 Revised Code (1814), p. 284, chap. 136, sect. 1; 1 Revised Code (1819), p. 590, chap. 162, sect. 1 only to be slightly changed in 1849 Code of Virginia (1849), Part II, p. 722. The law still is based on the common law quoted in 25 Stat. Edw. III, stat. 5, cap. 2. An alteration in the Code, furthermore, is presumed not to have been intended unless such alteration is explicit. Dillard v. Tomlinson (1810), 1 Munf. 200, 207; Commonwealth v. Carver (1827), 5 Rand. 664-665; Myrick v. Hasey (1847), 27 Maine 9; Adams v Field (1849), 21 Vt. 256; Ingrahm v Regon (1851), 23 Miss. 213; Rigg v. Wilton (1851), 13 III. 15; McKenzie v. State (1847), C Engl. (Ark.) 594; Commonwealth v. Hartnett (1855), 3 Gray (Mass.) 450; Duronius v. Harrison (1855), 26 Ala. 326; State v. Swope (1885), 7 ind. 91. The matter is discussed in detail in the petition for writ of supersedeas quoted in the Richmond Daily Enquirer, November 21, 1859. See also Holdsworth, History of English Common Law, 1926, II, 449-50.
22 Carlisle v. U. S. (1872), 16 Wall. 147
23 See also Young v. U. S. supra.
24 De Jagar v. Attorney General (Eng.-Natal) 1907, A. C. 326, or 8 Ann. Cas. 76 and notes.
25 Ex Parte Quarrier, supra.
26 Respublica v. Chapman, (1781), 1 Dall. 33.
27 Quoted in Carlisle v. U. S. supra, or Webster, Works, I, 526. Dominion denoted here actual territorial boundaries. See N. E. D., s. v.
28 See for etymology K. E. Georges, Lateinisch-Deutsches, Leipzig, 1902, s.v.
29 Sir Michael Foster, A report of some proceedings on the commission of Oyer and terminer and gaol delivery for the trial of the rebels in the year 1746, in the county of Surrey; and of other crown cases; to which are added discourses upon a few branches of the crown law, Oxford, 1762, p. 183. See also East, Pleas of the Crown (1803), pp. 77-78.
30 The italics are mine.
31 Sir Matthew Hale, Pleas of the Crown, Philadelphia, 1847, I, 62, Chap. X; Daubigny v. Darellon, 2 Anst. (Eng.) 462.
32 Case of the Duke of Norfolk, MS. Brit. Museum, No. 1471 (1571), 1 Stat. Tr. 1030.
33 Coke, Institutes (1809), Part III, p. 11; Herise's case Co., P. C., Cap. 1, p. 11. 7 Co. Rep. 6a. Perkin de Warbeck's case MS. Brit. Museum, quoted in Hale supra. This rule may not have applied to Ireland. See also petition for writ of supersedeas, Richmond Daily Enquirer, November 21, 1859, for Calvin's Case and other authorities.
34 Hale op. cit., I, Chap. 10, p. 58.
35 Fisher v. First Trust Joint Stock Land Bank (1930), 231 N. W. (Iowa) 671. For school districts, see Baker v. Conway (1926), 214 Ala. 356; Kidd v. Joint School Dist. No. 2 (1927), 194 Wisc. 353, 216 N. W. 499, 501. State v. Smith (1896), 64 Mo. A. 313, 319. Trask v. Karrick (1920), 94 Vt. 70.
36 McLauchla's Petition (1924), 1 Fed. (2d) 5; intent for residence in bankruptcy, In re Garneau (1904), 127 Fed. 677, 579. State v. Smith supra.
37 Fisher v. First Trust Joint Land Bank (1930), 231 N. W. 671.
38 Residence is the equivalent of bodily presence for a time; in re Newcomb (1908), 192 N. Y. 238, 250, or 84 N. E. 950; Flatauer v. Loser (1931), same as above, 156 App. Div. 591, 593, 141 N. Y. S. 951; residence for school purposes, where one lives for the winter, Trenton Board of Education v. Crill (1911), 73 Misc. 472, 133 N. Y. S. 394, 297; Pecos etc. Rail Co. v. Thompson (1914), living in a particular locality, 106 Tex. 456, 167 S. W. 801, 803; and implied strongly by the use of dwelling or domicile in Wilson v. Danley (1924), 165 Ark. 565 People v. Platt (1888), 50 Hun 454, 470, 3 N. Y. S. 367, Hall v. Hall (1870), 25 Wisc. 600, 607; residence includes the idea of staying in the place for the time, Handling v. Standard Oil Co. (1910) 182 Fed. 421, 425; Willingham v. Swift (1908), 165 Fed. 223, 224; distinction between residence and domicile, Lawson v. Adland (1891) 46 Minn. 243; misappropriation of funds, residence where one sleeps and the physician visits, Smith v. Smith (1917), 122 Va. 341; differentiates between domicile and residence, Long v. Ryan (1878), 30 Gratt. (71 Va.) 718; residence differentiated from whereabouts, Krunmenacker v. Andis (1917), 38 N. D. 500.
39 See above cases and Matter of Hawley (1866), 1 Daly (N. Y.), 531, 533; in re Newcomb (1908), 192 N. Y. 238, 250; Morgan v. Nunes (1877), 34 Miss. 308, 310; Watson v. North Carolina (1910), 152 N. C. 215; Mt. Hope School Dist. V. Hendrickson (1924), 197 Iowa, 191. Idea of home, Littlefield v. Clayton (1917) (Tex. Civ. App.), 194 S. W. 194, 198. See also before 1850, residence defined in cases of debt, Frost v. Brisbin (1837), 19 Wend. 11 and Lask v. U. S. (1839), 1 Pin. (Wisc.) 77.
40 Webster v. Minister of Health (Eng.) (1926), 43 T. L. R. 36, 37 D. C. quoted in Eng. And Empire Digest, XLIV, 1315.
41 Respublica v. Carlisle (1778), 1 L. Ed. 35.
42 Soliciting a foreign prince in time of peace to invade one's homeland is not treason; U. S. v. Burr (1807), 25 Fed. Case No. 14,693. But see Lord Mansfield, C. J. in Rex v. Hendy (1758), 6 Stat. Tr. 1341.
43 Fries' Case, 25 Fed. Cas. 165, and Charge to Grand Jury (1861), Fed. Cas. No. 13,273 hold mere assembly and words not treason. But see Rex v. Tongue (1662), 6 State Tr. 226.
44 Young v. U. S. supra held conspiracy beyond the sea not treason. But see 1 State Tr. 1807 Sub nom. Story's Case (1571), 3 Dyer 298b, 300b.
45 Stat. Edw. III, loc. cit.
46 Jeffries, C. J. in Rex. V. Rosewell (1684), 10 State Tr. 147.
47 Virginia Code (1849), chap. 208, sect. 34; Mowbray v. Commonwealth (1841), 11 Leigh 643 overruling Kirk v. Commonwealth (1838), 9 Leigh 627; Clere v. Commonwealth (1846), 3 Gratt., 615. The Court of Appeals certified the trial "plainly right." See George Caskie. "The Trial of John Brown." Virginia State Bar Association Twenty-Second Report, 1909, p. 276.
48 The italics were inserted in the petition. Richmond Daily Enquirer November 21, 1859. See also Rand v. Commonwealth (1852), 9 Gratt. 738.
49 Richmond Daily Enquirer, November 21, 1859. The petition is here printed in full.
50 Commonwealth v. Marks (1833), 4 Leigh 658-660; Hord v. Commonwealth (1833), 4 Leigh 674; Bishop v. Commonwealth (1856), 13 Gratt, 787; Scott v. Commonwealth (1858) 14 Gratt. 687; Baker v. Commonwealth (1817), 2 Virginia Cases 122; Jacobs v. Commonwealth (1830) 2 Leigh 710; Commonwealth v. Peas (1834) 2 Gratt. 629; Marshall's Case (1848), 5 Gratt. 663, Cocke's Case (1885) 13 Gratt. 750. See also for more detail Richmond Daily Enquirer, November 21, 1859.
51 Baltimore Sun, October 22, 1859. All references to the Sun in text are to the number of this date.
52 J. F. Rhodes, cp. cit., p. 350
53 Ibid., p. 350 ff.
54 Senate Reports, 1st Session, 36th Congress, No. 276, pp. 2, 6, 19, 21, 31, 34, 43, passim.
55 Virginia Code, Richmond, 1849. Chap. CXCIX, Sec. 7. p. 750.
56 MSS. West Virginia Division of Archives.
57 J. F. Rhodes, History of United States from the Compromise of 1850, New York, 1906, II, p. 405. The italics are mine.
58 Raesnick v. Commonwealth (1822), 2 Va. Cases 356; Thornton v. Commonwealth (1874), 24 Gratt. 657; Hatchett v. Commonwealth (1882), 75 Va. 925; State v. Lilly (1900), 47 W. Va. 406.
59 Constitution of the United States, supra; State v. Kelly (1885), 76 Me. 331; United States v. Ames, supra; Leavenworth v. Lowe, supra; People v. Godfrey, supra; U. S. v. Cornell, supra; U. S. v. Davis, supra; Commonwealth v. Clacy, supra; Sinks v. Roese, supra.
60 Samuel Shepard, Statutes (New Series) Richmond, 1835, p. 306. See also Annals of Congress, March 21, 1794, p. 72.
61 U. S. v. Guiteau (1882), 1 Mackay 498, 47 Am. Reports, 247.
62 State v. Hall (1896), 115 N. C. 811 following Simpson v. State (1844), 4 Humph. (Tenn.) 461; Green v. State (1880), 66 Ala. 40; Tyler v. People (1860), 8 Mich. 326; Henmaker v. State (1849), 12 Mo. 453; U. S. v. Guiteau, supra. See also Rex v. Coombes (1785), 1 Leach, 388.
63 Code of Virginia, see title Criminal Law. This overrules Commonwealth v. Linton (1820), 2 Va. Cases 205.
64 U. S. v. Guiteau, supra.
65 Virginia Calendar of State Papers, XI, p. 87, passim.
66 Ibid., p. 89.
67 MS. West Virginia Division of Archives.
68 Governor Wise told President Buchanan that when Virginia was done with the culprits, the United States could hold the Remainder. See also Hall MSS. Debates on West Virginia Constitution, Dec. 13, 1861.
69 Thomas Drew, compiler, John Brown, Boston, 1860, p. 60.
70 See MS. Charles Town Court House, deed between United States and Elizabeth and Ferdinand Fairfax. See also MS. Martinsburg Court House.
71 Interview, November 24, 1938.
72 Bushrod Washington, "Trial of John Brown," Green Bag, XI, 173.
73 Ibid., loc. cit.
74 Interview, supra.
75 M. J. Wright, loc. cit.
76 Bostwick v. Perkins (1848), 4 Ga. 47; Hill v. People (1868), 16 Mich. 351; Green v. Creighton (1848), 18 Miss. 159, 10 Smedes and Mason 150; Coffin v. Tracy (1805), 3 Caines (N. Y.) 129; Blin v. Campbell (1817) 14 Johnson (N. Y.) 432; Cuyler v Rochester (1833), 12 Wend. (N. Y.) 165; Dudely v. Mayhew (1849), 3 N. Y. (Comestock) 9; Preston v. Boston (1831), 12 Pick. (Mass.) 7; Chapman v. Morgan (1849), 2 Greene (Iowa) 374; followed in Louisville Trust v. Comingor (1901), 184 U. S. 18.
77 George F. Caskie, op. cit., p. 262.
78 B. Washington, op. cit., p. 173-174.
79 Edward McPherson, History of the United States during the Rebellion etc., Washington, (1882), p. 54.
80 Edward Corwin, The Twilight of the Supreme Court, New Haven, (1934), pp. 13- 14.
81 John Calhoun, "Disquisition on the Constitution and the Government of the United States." Works ed. Croll'e, Columbia, (1851), I., 236 ff.
82 See U. S. v. Cornell (1819), 2 Mason 60; U. S. v. Davis (1829), 5 Mason 356; Commonwealth v. Clacy (1811), 8 Mass. 72; Mitchell v. Tibbets (1835), 17 Pick. 298; 6 Opins. Of Atty. Gen'l. 557 citing People v. Godfrey (1819), 17 Johnson 225.
83 Edward Corwin, loc. cit. William A. Dunning, Essays on the Civil War and the Reconstruction, New York, 1931, pp. 3 passim.
84 Dred Scott v. Sanford (1856), 19 How. 396.
West Virginia History Journal
West Virginia History Center


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Israel News - Stay Informed, Pray Informed
Israeli Minister of Strategic Affairs Avigdor Lieberman said on Tuesday that he received the tacit blessing of Europe and the United States for an Israeli military strike on Iran's nuclear facilities.
"If we start military operations against Iran alone, then Europe and the US will support us," Lieberman told Army Radio following a meeting earlier in the week with NATO and European Union officials.
Lieberman said the Western powers acknowledged the severity of the Iranian nuclear threat to the Jewish state, but said that ongoing conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq are "going to prevent the leaders of countries in Europe and America from deciding on the use of force to destroy Iran's nuclear facilities," even if diplomacy ultimately fails.
The message Lieberman said the NATO and EU officials conveyed to him is that Israel should "prevent the threat herself."
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subset: commoncrawl


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Taken during the Easter Egg Hunt by Madpea. While gathering eggs, I came upon this pair of flags. While Canada prides itself on being broad-minded, I can't help but imagine some in the Great White North having mixed feelings about their maple leaf banner being made all rainbow.
By Bixyl Shuftan


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Aurélien Villette
Dogma, maison du partiAbout this photograph
As an introduction to our architecture month I want to share with you the work of Aurelien Villette, an inspiring French photographer who has dedicated the last 4 years of his life to documenting old/forgotten/abandoned buildings. In a time when design and building happens at such an astonishing speed, it?s reassuring to know that some people are looking back and appreciating what we already have ? not in a conservation sense or even in a documentary sense, but as pure and honest research into spatial qualities.Read more Read less
The photographs are carefully packaged in order to ensure their optimal protection during transport.
Photographer Aurélien Villette questions the meaning and patrimonial value of ancient abandoned buildings. While the latter represent an era in architectural history, they also bear witness to the specific history of a country, a region or a civilisation. The remains left in these sites are the chronological markers of an era. Ruins become both objects of contemplation and meditation.


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EDEN PRAIRIE, MN — With club openings in Columbia, MD, and Minnetonka, MN, Life Time Fitness Inc. reported that its revenue grew 29.2 percent in the first quarter 2006 to $115.4 million from $89.3 million during the same period last year. Net income during the quarter grew 28.5 percent to $10.4 million, or $0.28 earnings per diluted share. This compares to net income of $8.1 million, or $0.23 per diluted share, for the first quarter last year.
For the three months ended March 31, 2006, revenue grew 29.2 percent to $115.4 million. Net income grew 28.4 percent for the same period to $10.4 million from $8.1 million for the first three months of 2005.
The company expects that full-year revenue for 2006 will grow 23 percent to 25 percent (or $480 million to $488 million) driven by new center growth, membership ramp at new and existing centers, and in-center revenue growth.
Also, Life Time Fitness expects full-year net income to grow 24 percent to 26 percent (or $51.2 million to $51.8 million), up from 23 percent to 25 percent (or $50.7 million to $51.3 million), driven by growth strategies. Diluted earnings per share are expected to grow 22 percent to 24 percent (or $1.38 to $1.40), up from 21 percent to 23 percent (or $1.37-$1.39), driven by net income growth.


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This new, regular feature on NHLNumbers will share interesting stats-related posts from around the web almost every day.
Welcome to edition number 15 of the rebooted Number Chains. In this space you will be able to find the best analytical hockey writing from around the internet on a close-to-daily basis. Subject matter will include statistical evaluation, financial analysis, contractual issues, and (sometimes) closely-related tangential works. If you have something you would like to submit for a future edition (your writing or that of someone else) feel free to send it to me via Twitter @JoshL1220 or leave a comment.
The decertification talk has begun for the NHLPA. Among those talking about decertification is Buffalo Sabres goaltender Ryan Miller. His comments appeared in The Globe and Mail in a James Mirtle piece. He talks about how the NHLPA needs to push back against the NHL:
"It seems like the players in any league are going to be subjected to the same scripted labour dispute developed by [NHL and NBA law firm] Proskauer Rose in all collective bargaining discussions now and in the future. Decertification becomes part of the script because Gary Bettman and the owners are trying to get a sense of how far they can push us and at some point we have to say 'enough.'
"They want to see if we will take a bad deal because we get desperate or if we have the strength to push back. Decertification is a push back and should show we want a negotiation and a fair deal on at least some of our terms."
He makes good points, but I have a hard time taking this so-called American seriously when he spells labor with a u. Different angles on the decertification debate, Herschel Walker, and some stats related articles are after the jump.
* Nick Kypreos waxes apocalyptic about decertification.
* Cam Charron writes about VORP, longevity, Roberto Luongo, and Henrik Sedin.
* At Flames Nation Kent Wilson asks how good Leland Irving is.
* At NHL.com Pierre Page is quoted extensively saying that Eric Lindros was his Herschel Walker. Among the interesting tidbits is this that I never knew:
Page said he closed a deal with the Rangers and Smith for a package that included goaltender John Vanbiesbrouck, center Doug Weight, forwards Alexei Kovalev, and Tony Amonte, three first-round draft picks and $15 million in cash.
Meanwhile, unbeknownst to Page, Aubut had closed a deal with the Flyers an hour or two earlier for a package that included forwards center Peter Forsberg, forwards Mike Ricci, and Chris Simon, defensemen Steve Duchesne and Kerry Huffman, goaltender Ron Hextall, a first-round draft pick and $15 million — a trade Page previously coveted, but was led to believe was dead.
They aren't going to complain about the haul they ended up getting, but that Rangers package is pretty salty.
*Finally today Tyler Dellow dove head first into the decertification issue. He expounds on one of the great problems facing the NHLPA as they discuss decertification:
In other words, it seems to me that a decertification threat, followed by a CBA within the next couple weeks is great in terms of getting hockey back on the ice but doesn't do anything to solve the players' larger problems: when next time comes, they'll be asked to take less, regardless of how the league does between now and then. Making a deal now does not solve the basic problem: hockey's done really well for the last seven years and the owners want to pay them less and limit their rights. I think they'll end up making a deal, because they're reasonably close, and I can't tell guys with short windows to make millions of dollars that they're wrong to pass on uncertainty and grasp the golden ring, but they should be clear what they're doing: the only way to ensure that the NHL doesn't just do this again in five years or so is by pursuing the decertification angle and being successful in doing so. Otherwise, this will just happen again.
The never-ending cycle continues. Speaking of never-ending cycles, Number Chains will be back again tomorrow. See you then.
Follow Josh and NHLNumbers today.


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Achilles ATR-K Economist 155/55R14XL 75H BSW Tires
The Achilles ATR-K Economist tire is a sporty high performance tire that provides your vehicle with style, performance, comfort and safety at an economical price. This makes this tire an excellent choice for every-day driving and commuting all-year round in climates that dont get freezing temperatures or snow. It is an excellent three season tire and handles heavy rain and flooded roads easily. This tire has twin offset center ribs are designed to deliver a smooth and responsive driving experience while the rest of the tread, including the shoulder of the tire has deep grooves, multiple edges and additional sipes. These features provide excellent grip. In addition, the ATR-K Economist has low rolling resistance for better fuel economy.
Great if you want low profile 14s
I bought these tires for an experiment. I put them on a 96 civic to test the effect of a small diameter tire on final drive. The car became noticeably more peppy on a 0-60 sprint.
Finally getting some 14" tire choices in the US for car enthusiasts!
This is a specialty tire and I bought these for a very specific fitment on a customized car. So glad to see these choices becoming available here in the United States for us car enthusiasts. Keep stocking these tires-easy.com
Awesome tire
just can't go wrong for the prices
You cannot go wrong. Use tires on my 2009 Smart Car....front. solid handling, great price and superb service
Miguel Romeu
Bought tires for my 2009 Smart Car. Found them to be of high qualuty, smooth ride, great value...
Great hard to find size. Affordable and quality product
I mounted these on stock 4.5" rims for my '64 VW Beetle. They were paired with the same brand in a 195 on 6" rims in the rear. It looks great and overall braking and handling has improved. Very happy with this purchase.
Great quality tires
Perfect tires for the perfect stance car
Good tires
Bought these for my 37 year old car, they actually ride fantastic & quiet, I'll probably look into them for some of my other vehicles.
These tires are great.
Good tires. Thanks.
Great value
Good tire at a great price. These will be on a low mileage vehicle, and I expect many years of service. Tires-easy.com was easy!
Great tire for Smart Car
Improved the ride from the OEM tires
Very happy with them
Love them and the price great thank u
Nelida Diaz
Very good tire
The tire came very quickly, and it mounted easily. I did not have to add any weights, anywhere. I have no vibration and the bike handles very well with it.
Awesome tires!
Great tires for a great price! On top of that, they were the look I were going for! 195/40/r17 were on point and they made my car drive super smooth! Definitely can't beat the price nor the quality!! Don't know how long they would last, but if they don't,the pice it to good to not buy a couple more if need be!
Definitely a great buy!!!!
These tires are great and pretty smooth! I will be definitely buying my tires from here from now on!!! Don't sleep on these tires, great price awesome quality!
Derrick B
Great tires for the price
Awesome tires long lasting for a great low price
Easy to stretch, relatively quiet
Cheap tires, decent ride, more quiet than previous Pirelli p-zero.
Aaron W.
They do the job
I got these tires for one of our Mini coopers. The car is super low, so we needed the smallest tire to help with clearance. It has a medium stretch on 18x8 wheels. I have had them for 3 years, and don't race the car obviously, but the tires to last a good bit. I will definitely buy again when the time comes
Frank & Candi B
Best tires for slammed cars
Never disappoint, hard to wear these down on camber and they last forver, only brand I'll stick with
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Meanwhile, in the NFL....
Coach: OK, guys. The first half was a little rough.
Player #1: Rough?!? We're getting creamed 78 to 3!
Coach: I understand that.
Player #2: The other team is killing us, coach! We're being humiliated!
Coach: I know. That's because they have a better owner, who spent more money on getting better players. It's hard to hear, but it's true. They also have a better coaching staff. It's all about the benjamins.
Player #3: So what do we do? How do we win?
Coach: We're not going to win. It's not within our power.
Player #1: Huh?
Coach: There's nothing any of us can do to win. It's up to the owner. He didn't come through with the cheddar, so we might as well give up.
Player #2: Isn't there anything we can do?
Coach: Nope.
Player #3: What about trying harder?
Coach: Won't work. We don't have the support of the owner. Without that influx of money and talent, we're all just spinning our wheels.
Player #1: But I'm a great player! I was on the all star team!
Player #2: I was a first round draft pick!
Player #3: I won awards!
Coach: It's not enough.
Player #2: What about heart? Effort?
Coach: None of that matters.
Player #1: This is a pretty shitty halftime speech, coach.
Coach: Why? it should be liberating. Once you know that you can't win, that success isn't possible, you can absolve yourself of blame.
Player #3: But we want to win.
Coach: Too bad. There's simply nothing you can do.
Player #2: We can refuse to give up. We can analyze what we've done before, and adjust our tactics. We can brainstorm new plans. We can keep trying our best.
Coach: Won't matter. You're doomed to fail. Only the owners can decide who wins. You don't have the power. Think of all the football players who play the game. Only a few are winners. We can't all be winners. You should accept that. In fact, if I were you, I wouldn't even finish this game. I know I'm not going back out there. What's the point?
Player #1: Well, when you put it that way, it sort of makes sense.
Player #3: Yeah. I mean, if we don't have any control anyway, why should we bother trying?
Coach: Now you're getting it. Forgive yourself this humiliating defeat. It isn't your fault. It's the owner's fault. Now who wants to go out and get ice cream?
Player #2: But we still have a game to finish!
Coach: There's no point. Nothing you do matters.
Player #2: But we can still try! We can still play our best!
Player #3: I'm getting Rocky Road.
Player #1: And a waffle cone. I love waffle cones.
Player #2: Guys! Come back! It's your names on the backs of those jerseys! This is your career! You're responsible for your success, not the owners! Guys...?
Announcer: Remember kids, success isn't up to you. Nothing you do to help your life matters, so you might as well give up now. Trying is for the ignorant. So just cross your fingers, and hope the money people get behind you.
This has been a public service message by PWUEIHW (People Who Use Excuses Instead of Hard Work.)
There will be people in life who tell you you're not going to make it.
And there will be times in life where you think your efforts are in vain.
Once you start making excuses rather than trying your best, you've lost.
You may not be able to guarantee the outcome.
But you can guarantee your best effort.
Now go get 'em, tiger.
Saturday, April 19, 2008
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The Home of Fashion Film and Live Fashion Broadcasting
Report by Indigo Clarke on 14 September 2012.
Their new flagship store may be decidedly uptown, but the designer's key look for S/S13 – bold patch-worked python jean vests and skirts – prove their downtown cool aesthetic is staying just that.
Ariel Pink is extra sparkly @ProenzaSchouler after-party. #nylonfw http://t.co/TJyl6KZN
I love that @proenzaschouler used @FatimaAlQadiri for their soundtrack! I gagged.
"I'm just ready to go" - Jack before the show at @proenzaschouler. http://t.co/nLTp64fd
The best makeup is the no-makeup look. My favorite from the whole week @ProenzaSchouler by Diane Kendal. http://t.co/ZlXpSH2q
Very intricate braiding backstage at Proenza Schouler... http://t.co/QOqWieY5
Proenza Schouler's spring 2013 show used patchwork and crochet in exciting ways and the result was perversely chic http://t.co/aEtn2mxx
It's all about the 'boot sandal' this season. Here @proenzaschouler. ML http://t.co/dZnkmPhu
Makeup @proenzaschouler: @maccosmetics Diane Kendal smudged on brown shadow then removed it w Embryolisse for an undone look.
Strongest trend I've ever seen! Nude nails IS #NYFW. Proenza Schouler got the nudest nude of nude nails ever! One step further!!
Model Joan Small revving up backstage at Proenza@SocialMiami @MBFashionWeek http://t.co/eHLJScsw
Backstage is in high gear with Diane Kendal on key @proenzaschouler #NYFW http://t.co/B63gchBQ
Two hours until the live show. First backstage preview in 5. #nyfw #proenzaschouler
Packing up the collection before heading over to the show venue. #nyfw #proenzaschouler
Final day of fittings before the show. Watch it live tomorrow night at 8pm EST on http://t.co/AuaG8jwM. #nyfw #proenzaschouler
Time for the moment I look forward to the most during NYFW each season: @proenzaschouler studio preview!!
An exclusive behind the scenes look at this season's casting with @GaranceDore #nyfw #proenzaschouler
Late night music meeting with Michel Gaubert before fittings start tomorrow #nyfw #proenzaschouler
What can we expect from @proenzaschouler's SS13 collection? "Color. Lots of it." http://t.co/OBaAgkuZ


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Best Ankle Boots on Sale | Winter 2012
10 Too Good to Be True (But They Are!) Ankle Boot Steals
10 Too Good to Be True (But They Are!) Ankle Boot Steals
After some
sale stalking careful research, we've come to one very awesome conclusion: even after all the gift buying, there are plenty of sales to ensure you get yours, too. If, by chance, you've had your eye on any number of ankle boots, we're making it our mission right here to help you find the pair you want — at a healthy discount. Thanks to the end-of-season sales, our favorite pairs are that much more attainable. Whether you've lusted after a luxe calf-hair finished pair or a go-with-everything black bootie, it's all inside. Just click on to take advantage of all the sales.


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I'm exploring the web to find sites I like
Carr. Rancho Luna, Km. 18, Cienfuegos, Cuba
"nice hotel but needs room upgrade"
Posted by: tobi on Jun 10, 2014
see all reviews
Located 18 kilometers from the city of Cienfuegos – known also as the "southern pearl" because of its charm and the overwhelming beauty of its bay - the Faro Luna Hotel offers the ideal spot for a sun and sand vacation – a place for scuba diving and ecotourism that combines the charms of the city's history and architecture with the cultural appeal of its inhabitants.
Share your experiences with others. Don't forget to send your review to Debbie by using an easy form.
"nice hotel but needs room upgrade"
Posted by:
tobi on Jun 10, 2014 >
1 contribution(s) Canada
Visited on: May, 2014 | Leisure | Solo
453 people found this review helpful
I can't really speak so highly of the rooms because they were not at all great, in my opinion is was poor and needs urgent upgrade but every other thing was in place and working fine. The location of this hotel is really great and a very big plus for the run down rooms. Drinks are included in the payment so I usually go to have drinks at the bar and the bartender is really nice and friendly and always want to have conversations with you. The night shows offered by this hotel was pretty amazing and entertaining and I usually enjoy it and look forward to it. They have a nice and clean pool where I go to relax most of the time. They have got nice and very pleasant staff that is always with smiles making the guests and me comfortable. The hotel has a simple yet adequate look and right on the ocean. Those who are interested in scuba diving and snorkeling will enjoy this place. The staff here is very accommodating and I loved how genuine they were especially when it comes to trying to help you find a way out any situation that you are complaining to them about. I enjoyed my pool time here as it was quiet and I just enjoyed the lovely view. I will definitely be back here but I recommend that you try to upgrade the rooms so that people will have a complete experience here. Thanks for a wonderful time at your hotel.


text: A world of cities, and many worlds within each city. In this trans-disciplinary course, students will learn about the unique challenges of collective existence in the increasingly urbanized fabric of the globe. Drawing on a range of critical social science scholarship, supplemented by film and literature, the course explores themes such as social justice, global economic relations, sustainability, communication, citizenship, security and political agency.


text:
Local couple celebrates 70th wedding anniversary
August 7, 2013
When you see Joe and Cecilia "Rue" Monesmith, you would not think of them being as old as they are. They take walks, dine out regularly and enjoy the autumn of their years as much as anyone....
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text:
Deployed in over half of all current embedded USB modems, USBware Device is the world's most widely used USB device stack.
This modular USB protocol software supports multiple USB classes on a wide variety of embedded hardware platforms and enables product implementers to easily add USB Device functionality to any current and future product development. Jungo's extensive experience and leadership in embedded connectivity technologies make this product the choice of the world's top mobile chipset vendors and consumer electronics device manufacturers.
Common uses:
- Wireless data communication devices
- Consumer electronics
- Military wireless communication devices
- Medical embedded devices


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It will be hard to narrow it down to just one thing. I'm looking forward to: 1. Celebrating my 15th anniversary with my wife, 2. Going on vacation with my family, 3. Participating in our middle school camp, 4. Finding some refreshment from the rigors of the school year.
Why We Cannot Wait For Summer
Everyone I know looks forward to summer vacation. A chance to leave the ordinary behind and experience an adventure that will be talked about for years to come. For me and my family, and a thousand of our closest friends, the next week will bring one of those adventures.
At my church, we love Vacation Bible School! It is the biggest event of the year. It brings a ton of excitement to the people of the church and the community; and, it infuses energy into our Children's Ministry that we feed off of the rest of the year.
Over the next few days, I will share with you some of the adventures that we experience, the lessons we learn and a little of what it takes to make the biggest event of the year happen.
Keep checking back all week for new posts and updates. In case you miss any, check back to this page for links to each post.
- God Is Wild About You – VBS Day 1 – God Made You
- God Is Wild About You – VBS Day 2 – God Listens To You
- God Is Wild About You – VBS Day 3 – God Watches Over You
- God Is Wild About You – VBS Day 4 – God Loves You, No Matter What
- God Is Wild About You – VBS Day 5 – God Gives Good Gifts
- God Is Wild About You – VBS Weekend Celebration
- 7 Foundations For Creating The Best Event Of The Year
- 5 Key Ingredients for Managing Chaos
- Why You Should Spend A Week With Kids (upcoming)
- (more)
Question: What big thing can you not wait for this summer? You can leave a response by clicking here.
56 Comments to "Why We Cannot Wait For Summer"
Jon Stolpe June 6, 2011 at 7:20 am
Ebony May 19, 2016 at 11:46 am
– isn't that a bit of a chicken and egg thing, mick, given that a classical rather than a specialist or &#n726;moder8– education was precisely the type thought to equip gentlemen (women, if I remember correctly, couldn't graduate from Cambridge til 1921, not sure about Oxford) to rule an Empire? So there we have status and culture and their legacies once again.
Brandon June 6, 2011 at 7:22 am
I'm going on a week long mission trip/choir tour with the 70 youth from my church next week!
PS- I'm gonna post about it later today, but I'm looking for guest posters for next week. Would you be interested? I'm just trying to get about 3 people…Also, the guest post can be posted on your site too!
Chris June 6, 2011 at 10:06 pm
As a part of that very VBS that you are referring to Steven, I also look at this week as one of the most exciting things in the year for me and my kids. We absolutely love it! It is so cool to see all the effort and energy that we put into it, come to fruition. Today was exciting and I look forward to the rest of this week! God will move powerfully!
Jason Fountain June 7, 2011 at 6:07 am
More than any one event of summer, my longing has to do with nostalgia. Since I work as an elementary educator, summer still has a great feeling of freedom associated with it. But, more than anything, summer is nostalgic. I love summer movies like "The Sandlot" and the sense that anything is possible. It seems like when I was little, my friends and I would dream up adventures all day then go to bed, wake up and do it all again.
Maybe I need to reinvent some of that magic as an adult. Thanks for the post. I look forward to following your VBS "adventures."
God Is Wild About You – VBS Day 1 | Steven Cribbs June 7, 2011 at 7:02 am
[…] is part of the Why We Cannot Wait For Summer Series. Have you seen the other posts […]
Adam June 7, 2011 at 11:54 am
We are moving in about three weeks and I cannot wait for that to be over. it will be nice to be closer to family, and as much as I love my son, to be able to go out on dates with my wife again!
God Is Wild About Us – VBS Day 2 | Steven Cribbs June 8, 2011 at 6:06 am
[…] is part of the Why We Cannot Wait For Summer Series. Have you seen the other posts […]
God Is Wild About You – VBS Day 3 | Steven Cribbs June 9, 2011 at 12:52 pm
[…] is part of the Why We Cannot Wait For Summer Series. Have you seen the other posts […]
God Is Wild About You – VBS Day 4 | Steven Cribbs June 10, 2011 at 6:39 am
[…] is part of the Why We Cannot Wait For Summer Series. Have you seen the other posts […]
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disse:LINA e BETH,Obrigado pelas inµCnmaçÃfes.oortinuando…risos. Compra-se as passagens pela internet com quanto tempo de antecedência? Qual os sites de compra?Estou querendo ir em outubro porque fui em maio/2010 e tava um calor enorme e queria sentir um friozinho (bem pequeno…risos).Abraços.Rinaldo
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http://www./ November 3, 2016 at 2:14 am
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text:
Bugatti 'Jean Bugatti' pays homage to founder's son, and one of the world's most expensive classic cars.
Is France's oldest luxury car brand stuck in a Groundhog Day nightmare, or have they really run out of ideas? Not that we don't like another opportunity to drool messily over the fastest car in the world. But seriously folks, enough already. It's been nine years since the Veyron debuted. Time to look to the future again.
This is the Jean Bugatti. It's the second of a series of six Veyron-based one-offs, each celebrating a legend. The first was the 'Jean-Pierre Wimille', celebrating a man who was an F1 driver in the 1930s and a member of the French resistance during World War Two.
The Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Grand Sport Vitesse 'Jean Bugatti', to give the second 'legends' car its full name, celebrates the son of Bugatti's founder Ettore.
A gifted automotive designer, Jean's most celebrated work has to be the Type 57SC Atlantic, an iconic 1930s sports coupe of which only four were ever built.
The specific Altantic to which the Jean Bugatti pays homage is the first one "La Voiture Noire", hence the jet black paintjob. La Voiture Noire once belonged to Bugatti, but was lost in transit amid the confusion of World War Two. My bet is it's sitting in a Swiss bank vault somewhere...
Inside the Jean Bugatti, platinum has been used for the first time to lend an air of extravagance to the vehicle. As if it needed any more help in that regard.
Flick through the gallery to check out the special Veyron and the 57SC Atlantic that helped inspire it.


text:
This book provides a concise and clear introduction to signals and systems theory, with emphasis on fundamental analytical and computational techniques. Introduction to Signals and Systems develops continuous-time and discrete-time concepts/methods in separate chapters - highlighting the similarities and differences - and features introductory treatments of the applications of these basic methods in such areas as filtering, communication, sampling, discrete-time processing of continuous-time signals, and feedback. This text is written for introductory courses in continuous-time and/or discrete-time signals and systems for Electrical Engineering students. It is also accessible to a broad range of engineering and science students, as well as valuable to practicing engineers seeking an insightful review.Stuller, John Alan is the author of 'Introduction to Signals and Systems ', published 2007 under ISBN 9780495073017 and ISBN 0495073016.[read more]
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We hope this new graduate student online orientation will help you get better acquainted with the University of Hartford and the services available to you.
Once accepted into one of our graduate programs, new students should review our easy-to-follow checklist of tips and information to help you get started at the University of Hartford:
Welcome to the University of Hartford! We cordially invite you and a guest to a reception for graduate students. Please join us for an evening of networking, sharing, and a sense of community. More Information
Meet with your graduate program director or faculty advisor to determine the appropriate courses to commence your graduate studies. More Information
Learn how to find and register for classes for your first semester and how to manage tuition payments for your graduate studies. More Information
Our campus facility provides various health-care services to University students, including acute care, women's health clinic, laboratory testing, allergy clinic, medication, and immunizations. More Information
You may now purchase your parking permits online through our Self-Service Center. More Information
E-mail accounts will be automatically generated based on registration. More Information
All students should obtain a student ID, also called a Hawk Card. Your Hawk Card allows you to take advantage of University of Hartford services with the ease of not carrying cash. More Information
Textbooks are located on the lower level of the bookstore in the Harry Jack Gray Center. Bring your class registration to help you find the appropriate books for your courses. More Information
On the academic side of campus, you will find the Gengras Café and Einstein Bros. Bagels in Gengras Student Union, and the Dorothy Goodwin Café and 1877 Club in the Harry Jack Gray Center. More Information
Graduate housing is available on our Asylum Avenue campus, which is located in a quiet residential area near the Bloomfield campus in West Hartford. More Information
The Mortensen Library is the main library on campus and encompasses all subjects, except music, dance, and theater, which are found in the Allen Library. More Information
Memberships are available for graduate students of the University of Hartford. You will need to bring your ID card or proof of registration to the Sports Center to purchase a membership. More Information
The International Center has scheduled an orientation program and other activities for all new international students and scholars who will begin their program in the fall or spring semesters. More Information


text: "The liberation of Hervé Ghesquière, Stéphane Taponier, and Reza Din is wonderful news for them, their families and all journalists who pursue news in troubled regions," said Bob Dietz, CPJ's Asia program coordinator. "We are relieved that this ordeal has come to an end."Ghesquière, Taponier, Din and the others were kidnapped on December 29, 2009 in a village northeast of Kabul by Afghan militants while working for France 3 Television. The two journalists are expected to return to France on Thursday morning.


text:
After Jean Quan was elected mayor of Oakland nearly three years ago, we opined that it marked a new era for the East Bay's most populous city.
Wow, we were sure wrong.
Quan wasn't our first choice for mayor in the 2010 election; she was our third in the city's rank-choice balloting. But, we figured, at least she would show up for work and begin to move things forward.
After Ron Dellums, MIA for most of his four-year term, it was hard to imagine things could get worse; and it was hard to fathom that a mayor could be less popular.
Well, Quan has achieved that ignominious status. New polling, conducted by EMC Research for the Oakland Chamber of Commerce, shows Quan's popularity below Dellums' rating four years ago.
Twenty-four percent of likely voters regard her favorably, compared to 30 percent for Dellums at the same point in his term. Only 18 percent would re-elect her, exactly the same number who said they would support another round for Dellums.
In both cases, 69 percent said they would support someone else. Dellums read the writing on the wall. He opted to bow out after four years. Quan, who faces re-election next year, should do the same.
Oakland, with its huge assets, including the port and a downtown at the hub of the BART system, holds the potential to once again be the economic driver of the East Bay. Instead, it's the region's crime capital. Oakland has the highest per-capita robbery rate in the nation. The number of sworn police officer is about 23 percent lower than six years ago.
We can't fault Quan, despite her wasteful travel, for being disengaged. Unlike Dellums, she regularly appears in public. But she doesn't lead, and she's deaf to the cries of the city's residents.
Fifty-five percent of likely voters feel less safe than a year or two ago. Only 13 percent feel safer. Sixty-nine percent identify crime as the worst thing about living in Oakland.
Quan talks about making the city safer. But she seems to think that can be done by obtaining grants for a handful of officers and using false statistics to mislead residents.
Meanwhile, she refuses to deal with the city's shortfalls and misallocation of resources. Despite promising since she took office in 2011 that she would deliver a long-term financial plan, Quan continues to budget year to year.
City funds must be redirected to put more cops on the street and address the city's huge retirement debt burden. Tough tradeoffs must be made. Quan refuses to do so. She should go.


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Woodward offers complete sensor subsystems which combine multiple sensor types (position, force, pressure, discrete switching, acceleration, angular rate, level, etc.) integrated around a digital-signal concentrator electronics module. Woodward customers realize substantial weight savings due to optimization of sensor wire lengths around the centrally-located signal concentration module.
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UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. -- Sean Grier (Hummelstown, Pa.) was awarded the Counsilman-Hunsaker CollegeSwimming.com men's Division I swimmer of the week accolade for his strong showing in the season-opener vs. West Virginia.
The second team All-Big Ten selection from a year ago competed in the 100 backstroke and 100 butterfly events and touched the wall first in both races. Grier was also a member of the winning 200 medley relay team, finishing with a time of 1:29.27.
The senior reached the NCAA "B" qualifying standard in both individual events in the opener. Grier turned in a time of 48.30 in the 100 backstroke event, finishing just under the standard of 48.49. In the 100 butterfly, Grier also finished .19 seconds better than the NCAA "B" standard, recording a time of 48.10
Grier and the Blue and White travel to Buffalo for their first away meet of the season on Nov. 2 to face the Bison in a meet that is scheduled to start at 2 p.m.


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A Los Alamos vault that nobody "knew about" (but lots of people knew about) has been opened.
A private audit of New Mexico's mental health providers is apparently quite critical. So nobody's allowed to look at it.
Based on this report that nobody's allowed to look at, the State is cutting back on funding for behavioral health services. Got a problem with that? Go to this meeting and do something about it.
A Subway employee learned a valuable lesson: don't put your dong on sandwich bread, take a picture of it and then post it on Instagram for the world to see.
Everyone else also learned a valuable lesson: don't eat at the Subway at 5350 Tuttle Crossing in Columbus Ohio.
Florida's fountain of youth: on the one hand, it just might work. On the other, it's radioactive.
And the best way to enjoy Miley Cyrus's music is, well, without the music.


text:
Feb. 16, 2008
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. - A balanced scoring attack coupled with strong defense helped lead MIT to a 54-48 victory over NEWMAC foe Wellesley College on Saturday afternoon. Despite being out-rebounded 51-22 and outscored 36-6 in the paint, the Engineers forced 26 turnovers while allowing nine of their own en route to a 24-8 advantage in points off turnovers.
Both teams started cold, with MIT breaking the ice at the 17:06 mark when Mahjub sank a pair of free throws. The Engineers built a 9-0 advantage before a lay-up by Jessica Duff put the Blue on the board with 13:32 remaining in the half. Wellesley narrowed the gap to six (12-6), but MIT responded with a 10-6 run that featured two three-pointers from Alice Yeh. Aggressive offensive rebounding from Duff and Julia Thomas resulted in eight second-chance points during a 13-5 spurt that trimmed the lead to 29-25 at the break.
Each side traded buckets in the opening minutes of the second half before the Blue tallied seven unanswered points to take its first lead of the game at 34-33 with 15:25 remaining. Wellesley threatened to break away, edging out to a 39-35 margin on a three-point play from Duff. MIT quickly tied the score with a jumper from Sally Simpson and a lay-up by Mahjub.
The Blue inched ahead again, taking a 43-39 advantage with 9:31 left. The Engineers rallied, eventually going ahead (45-44) on a put-back by Mahjub with 4:56 on the clock. A minute later, she gave the Cardinal and Gray some breathing room by draining three consecutive free throws. Wellesley answered with Courtney Richter's short jumper that brought it within two (48-46). On the Engineers' ensuing possession, Clara Yuan hit a 12-footer with less than two minutes to play.
The four-point margin forced the Blue to foul during the final minute of the game. MIT stayed perfect at the line, as Simpson and Kimberly Soo Hoo went four-for-four down the stretch. Wellesley's Katie Martore capped the scoring by driving through the lane untouched with less than two seconds to go.
Mahjub paced the Engineers (12-11, 4-7 NEWMAC) with 13 points, seven rebounds, and five steals. Simpson, Yuan, and Yeh each chipped in 11 points as Simpson added five rebounds. Cheryl Kwinn bolstered MIT's rebound total with six, including a key grab off a missed three-pointer by Wellesley late in regulation.
For the Blue, Duff tallied 27 points while collecting 14 boards. Katie Frett added seven points while Thomas contributed eight caroms and six points.


text:
Brad Paisley's Son Tries to Impress Carrie Underwood With 'Cave Man' Moves
Before Brad Paisley filmed the 'Remind Me' video, his son Huck (William Huckleberry) had a chance to meet Carrie Underwood for the first time. The 4-year-old has long had a crush on the blond singer, and Paisley says his boy made the most of his opportunity.
"He got all excited. He had to pick out what he was gonna wear," Paisley said during Sunday's CMA Awards press conference for radio stations. "He picked out a Batman shirt." Paisley and Underwood are once again hosting Wednesday night's ABC broadcast.
"[He] bought me flowers, wrote me a note, showed me karate moves and stuff," Underwood added, smiling. It's clear she finds the adulation adorable. Paisley finds it hilarious, if not a little confusing.
"And then I looked over," Paisley continued, "and they had been talking for a little bit, and he's standing beside the couch … and he's got the pillow from the couch and he's pushing it up as high as he can get it over his head and he goes, 'Hey, Carrie. Look how strong I am.'"
"I don't know what kind of cave man these kids turn into, but it sort of starts really early," Paisley said. He then went on to share that Huck has been checking out other women recently, specifically Kimberly Perry from the Band Perry, who'll be touring with Paisley in 2012.
"There's still Jasper," the shocked and heartbroken Underwood meekly whispered into her microphone. Jasper is Paisley's youngest son, who has also shown interest in Underwood. When the two met, he stared up at the singer for an uncomfortable amount of time.
Both videos below are well worth the watch, but you'll find the two discussing Underwood's new love interest at the 5:45 mark of the first clip.
Watch Brad Paisley and Carrie Underwood's 2011 CMAs Press Conference (Part 1)
Watch Brad Paisley and Carrie Underwood's 2011 CMAs Press Conference (Part 2)


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H/D Contrast Variation
Most of the elements in the periodic system have several stable isotopes that exhibit the same chemistry but have nuclei with different neutron content. The interaction of the nuclei with thermal neutrons can vary a lot among these isotopes. So does their scattering contribution. For example, details of alloy or liquid melt structures may be obtained by comparing the scattering intensities from samples containing different isotopes of one or several of the constituents. Of particular significance is the huge difference in scattering between hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) with even a sign change in the interaction potential strength. Virtually all bio- and soft-matter molecules pertain to the realm of organic chemistry and contain substantial amounts of hydrogen. Labelling parts of larger molecules by H/D exchange or creating contrast in a mixture by combining D-molecules and H-molecules is used to focus the scattering signal origin to specific structures in the sample, the objects of interest can literally be stained and thus made visible.
In soft-matter research, this effect is an essential advantage of neutrons compared to other radiation probes, which enables otherwise unavailable insights into the structure, topology and dynamics.
Imagine a flexible necklace (a linear polymer) of connected molecules (beads) that can have many shapes, like one string of pearls in a bowl of many. To learn more about interactions and motions of this type of molecule, we would like to follow its tracks in space and possibly in time. Imagine now the bowl of identical strings in their closely entangled mixture. Even with a direct view of them it is virtually impossible to recognize the conformation of one selected single necklace. Staining one of the beads or just a few of the strings would of course be very helpful! For a polymer this means using a few H-chains mixed with a majority of D-chains. In that case neutrons "see" the difference and scattering intensity carries information on conformation and motions of the labelled chains.
At a resolution the size of molecular building blocks, the scattering properties of single atoms are averaged over the block, thus H/D content average can be varied or equalized (contrast matching). Molecules, polymers or bio-molecules may change from being "visible" to "invisible" by altering the ratio of normal and heavy water (H2O/D2O) in an aqueous solution or gel.