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The evolution of world politics since the last decade of 20th century and several substantial events witnessed during this period have modified communities' outlooks towards each other. They sometimes modified our whole perception of global issues and generated new themes, trends and concerns in international relations.
By Professor Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu*
|Figure 1: Professor Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu during his talk at Padua University. (Source).
The evolution of world politics since the last decade of 20th century and several substantial events witnessed during this period have modified communities' outlooks towards each other. They sometimes modified our whole perception of global issues and generated new themes, trends and concerns in international relations. In this new period one of the most frequently referred themes is certainly that of inter-cultural relations, in particular the relations between the Muslim world and the Western world. While they indirectly affect economic relations, trade and business, these relations directly involve and spontaneously engage both political activity on one hand, and academic inquiry on the other. The reason for directing attention to the subject of inter-cultural relations is certainly not only academic. Explanations on the present order have been diverse, reflecting a variety of approaches. In the face of revived and renewed manifestations of misunderstandings and suspicions among nations, cultures and civilizations, we as scholars and perhaps only us have the means to show, objectively and unequivocally, that any effort to activate such negative feelings is bound to fail. In this endeavour our tool is no doubt, the results we can draw from the history of one of the most remarkable joint achievements of mankind, the history of science. The history of civilization, with or without an s at the end, is an eternal river. As Fernand Braudel states in his book A History of the Civilisations, the history of mankind is a history of the exchanges between civilisations. In this interactive process, every civilisation preserves its distinct characteristics, adds its own cultural elements to borrowed elements, and then passes it on to others. This history offers an immense and fertile field of study from where one can infer evidence of the innumerable common elements inherent to the various cultures and civilisations. Highlighting these factors as the substrata of a shared legacy of mankind can bring an element of rapprochement into a world that is fraught with controversies and conflicts. It can help to combat stereotypes and misinformation, in particular those related to Islam and the Muslim world. Therefore, it is both a moral and an academic duty to create consciousness in public opinion on the common heritage of mankind. An objective history of science is most effective to this aim.
|Figure 2: Representation of astronomers of the Islamic tradition studying the heavens in this Latin print from a commentary on Cicero's Somnium Scipionis (Dream of Scipio), whose central character ranges through the celestial spheres that surround the Earth and carry the planets and the stars. (Source).
Speaking of history of science at this particular venue is highly fitting and certainly not mere coincidence. One of the first universities of the world, established in 1222 within the same drive together with those of Bologna, Paris, Montpellier, the University of Padua actively participated in the Renaissance and the Enlightenment; it housed brilliant figures: here Copernicus, Galileo, Vaselius and Harvey were among the illustrious teachers and students. In the continuum of production and diffusion of science vertically down through the ages as well as within each major period of scientific activity, one of the main determinants of the degree of success is no doubt the institutional set up. Universities directly affect the course of scientific development not only as agents of diffusion of knowledge but also as builders of scientific mentality and cultural environment. In this respect the University of Padua has played a distinct role as one of the major crucibles of transmission of knowledge where translations from Arabic of the commentaries and innovative works of Muslim scientists and philosophers, based on Greek science and philosophy, were received, and disseminated throughout the Renaissance centuries. In this sense, the history of the transmission of science in the hands of this institution has been a most significant example of inter-cultural exchanges, and I will also say, civilisational dialogue, in History.
Science from Islam into Europe
The civilization of Islam expanded into Europe starting from the 8th century through the Muslim rule in Spain and asserted its presence in the continent in the 9th. From then on, cultural contacts developed between the Muslims and the Europeans in addition to commercial exchanges. The subsequent centuries were marked by moments of togetherness and interaction where Christians, Muslims and Jews coexisted fruitfully in Europe and elsewhere. The period of the Muslim rule in Spain, exchanges of knowledge during and after this period and prior to the European Renaissance, and subsequently the late Ottoman period, represent such historical moments of fruitful coexistence.
The former, the great influx of new knowledge into the Latin world between 1100 and 1200 which came partly through Italy and Sicily, but mainly through Spain, transformed learning in its essence. The addition of new logic, the new mathematics, and the new astronomy to the older Latin trivium and quadrivium are but some of the many features of the world of learning that now tied the two intellectual worlds together. Hence learning in European universities was deeply influenced by translated Islamic learning. The manuscripts of Muslim authors were comparatively abundant and many "compendia" containing the so-called "Arabist doctrines" were issued under the control of the universities of Bologna, Oxford and Padua. Studies on Bodleian library and other collections at Oxford University revealed that Arabic manuscripts and their Latin translation influenced the development of learning at the early stages of this university. Gerard Langbaine (1609-1658), the keeper of the archives of the university, compiled material from the Bodleian and other libraries in Oxford which illustrate the history of interest in Arabic sources. In one of his notebooks, he starts with Adelard's transcribing the opening of his Natural Questions, underlining Adelard's mention of Saraceni and Studia Arabum, then refers to three translations from Arabic made by him; then Plato of Tivoli's translation of al-Battani's astronomical tables; he then quotes portions of the dossier that Roger Bacon sent to Pope Clement IV that are relevant to the learning of Arabic, and he goes on to transcribe the introduction of Daniel of Morle's Philosophia, in which Daniel describes his visit to Toledo. There is also a powerful link between Islamic works and Oxford University, via Alfred of Sareshel's translations, which helped shape the teaching of later masters, such as Adam of Buckfield, Roger Bacon, and Henry of Renham, and also the Avicennist John Blund, who was teaching at the faculty of arts from around 1200 to 1209, before having to leave as the university was closed down because of riots; John Blund went to lay down the foundation of Cambridge. Although he seemingly praises Aristotle, and the fact that the "Arabs" in quote had recently handed Aristotle's science over to the Latin, Blund in his surviving work, De anima, relies mainly on Al-Kindi, Ibn Sina, and Al-Farabi. In 1200, at the time Blund, and possibly Alfred of Sareshel were teaching at Oxford, Grosseteste was also teaching the arts there, before he was appointed the first Chancellor his personality and scholarship eventually making Oxford a rival to Paris.
|Figure 3: A page from the Latin translation of Ibn Sina's Canon of Medicine. The book was first translated from Arabic into Latin in the 12th century and into Hebrew in 1279. It served as the chief guide to medical science in Europe and was used in medical European schools until the mid-17th century. (Source).
I wish to mention as well another European university of later date of establishment but relevant to what I am trying to say here; this is the University of Cracow, which was founded towards 1405. This university had one of the early chairs of astronomy in Central Europe where Copernicus studied mathematics and astronomy. It was towards 1450 that studies of astronomy at Cracow blossomed thanks mainly to the contribution of Martin Krol, who in his collection owned the works of Muslim astronomers, such as the commentaries on Ptolemy's Almagest by Ali ibn Ridwan, the same author's comment on Ptolemy's Centiloquim, the De Plaviis of al-Kindi, the Liber introductorins of al-Qubaysi and many other works. Isaiueh and Korolec in their competent studies showed us the effect of Islamic astronomy texts on the education at Cracow University. Korolec goes on to make an extremely useful list of the Islamic manuscripts that served at the teaching at Cracow. So it is no longer a surprise that Copernicus had solid background knowledge of the achievements of the astronomers of Islam.
Certainly in this short talk I cannot address all changes produced in the Latin West by successive translations of Arabic works nor cite all the translations made from Arabic or all the medieval authors who may have been influenced by them. Neither can I refer to the important developments in trigonometry and particularly spherical trigonometry, the making of instruments and the precision in computation, nor the astronomical tables or catalogues of stars. I would rather dwell on one or two elements which I consider of utmost importance as I do speak here in Padua where Copernicus was once a student.
What I am trying to show here is how we can understand, in the light of modern scholarship, the way Nicholas Copernicus could have been influenced by the developments made by Muslim astronomers though we know he did not learn Arabic, the language of scientific literature in the medieval world. Perhaps the best way to do that is to see to which extent the academic milieu in his time was conducive to such influence and to see the resemblance and correspondence between his knowledge, propositions and discoveries and those of his Muslim predecessors. As we try to portray these features, two questions remain to be answered. What were the channels of influence and how did he personally make it?
The influence of Islamic astronomy on the Copernican system
|Figure 4: Roger II, from Liber ad honorem Augusti of Petrus de Ebulo (1196). (Source). On the eminent role played by Roger II as patron of science and intercultural exchanges with Muslim science and culture, see: The Role of Sicily in the transfer of Islamic Science to the West.
One of the main challenges of the Islamic astronomers and natural philosophers was to solve the physical and mathematical inconsistencies in the Ptolemaic system of the world. While the Aristotelian foundations of the geocentric world demanded uniform circular motions around the centre of the world, observational and mathematical considerations caused Ptolemy to define a point, called equant, which was not coinciding with the centre of the world (not with the centre of eccentric) but it was with respect to that point that a typical planet performed uniform motion. It was Ibn al-Haytham who had a strong influence on the development of the new non-Ptolemaic astronomical theories from the 11th century onwards. These efforts created an astronomical system having a physical reality which improved on Ptolemy's results by reaching a greater coherence – models without equant, for example - and, sometimes, such as in Ibn al-Shatir, a better agreement between geometrical models and observation - even in those cases in which Ptolemy's models failed – was reached by a group of astronomers who worked in the Maragha Observatory and thus, the denomination of "Maragha School" has often been applied to them. The first formulation of the new astronomical system was made, however, a short time before the Maragha Observatory was built in 658/1259, either by Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi (d. 665/1266), in his Kitab al-Hay'a, or by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, in his Hall-i mushkilat-i mu'iniyya. The Kitab al-Hay'a describes non-Ptolemaic models for the superior planets, Mercury and the moon; in them al-Urdi, like the rest of the members of the school, succeeds in justifying planetary motions by using linkages of vectors of constant length rotating at uniform speed and obtains results which can be compared with those of Ptolemy's models. Al-Urdi also formulated one of the two crucial mathematical theorems which were used in the new systems, "Urdi's lemma". The second crucial theorem is Tusi's couple (in Kennedy's expression). Both theorems were known to Copernicus who used them in a way which suggests influence. In fact a close study of Copernicus's work shows that almost all the mathematical concepts he used for his heliocentric system were originally Greek and Hellenistic. However these two concepts, central for the mathematical building of Copernicus's system, are not from the classical sources but were developed by Muslim astronomers and used by them extensively. Tusi's Couple consists of two circles (in fact, two spheres or orbs), one twice the size of the other. The smaller circle located inside the larger one and is tangent to the latter. If both circles perform rotation in place in such a way that the small circle rotates twice the speed of the larger in opposition direction, then the point of tangency will perform a linear motion, back and forth, along the diameter of the large circle. The important aspect of the Tusi Couple, which makes it so significant in the history of astronomy, was the fact that it could produce a linear motion form a combination of uniform circular motions. Thus, for a given planet, by using a Tusi Couple with appropriate sizes and speeds for its spheres, one can not only produce the retrograde motion, but also by moving the epicycle back and forth and by-passing the effect of the equant, produce a uniform circular motion about a central point. This is the same device that was used by Copernicus to produce the same effect, this time in a heliocentric system. The other important theorem used by Copernicus, that is Urdi's lemma, transforms the eccentric models of planetary motions to epicyclic ones.
It is difficult to accept that Copernicus constructed and used those theorems in the same way that Muslim astronomers had established and used in a long lasting tradition starting at least from the mid-13th century. Rather, there are evidence which enlighten us about possible transmission and later transformation of those concepts. In 1973, Willy Hartner discovered an interesting similarity between Copernicus's work and that of Tusi.
On the other hand, al-Tusi built a new lunar non-Ptolemaic model which, like those of al-Urdi and al-Shirazi, keeps Ptolemy's extreme values in the geocentric distance of the moon (and, therefore, does not correct the well-known defect in his lunar model) and gives the same longitudes as Ptolemy, but it does not use the eccentre and the centre of prosneusis employed in the Almagest. It is interesting to remark that he stated that the centre of the epicycle of the moon describes a non-circular curve. He also designed analogous models for the sun, the superior planets and Venus, but not for Mercury. These models, announced in the Hall, reached a definitive form in al-Tusi's masterwork, the Tadhkira fi 'ilm al-haya'a. Further mathematical research along the same line was done by al-Tusi's disciple Qutub al-Din al-Shirazi (1236-1311) who added new models for the moon and Mercury, the latter considered by Kennedy as "the apex of the techniques developed by the Maragha School".
Today, it seems clear that Copernicus knew, somehow, about the achievements of Maragha School; he probably became acquainted with it during his stay in Padua between 1501 and 1503 where he might have obtained, directly or indirectly, information from Byzantine manuscripts such as Ms. Gr. 211, a translation from unidentified Arabic source made by Gregory Chioniades which contains al-Tusi's linear model as well as the famous Tusi Couple. Furthermore, one of the sources of Copernicus can be traced through the transmission of Prolemy's kinematic models in Peurbach's work Theoricae novae planetarum and also his Epitome in Almagestum Ptolemaei completed by Regiomantanus (d. 1476). These two works were helpful for Copernicus in getting familiar with the findings of Muslim astronomers, especially al-Battani and al-Zarqali.
From the Muslim world into Europe and vice versa
|Figure 5: An illuminated opening from the alchemical treatise The Proof Regarding Secrets of the Science of the Balance (Kitab al-Burhan fi asrar 'ilm al-mizan) by 'Izz al-Din Aydamir al-Jildaki (d. 743 H/1342 CE). Undated copy made in Morocco in the late 19th century, held in the National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Maryland), MS A7, part 1, fols. 1b-2a. (Source).
After referring to Copernicus, I would like to refer now to another pupil of Padua, namely William Harvey (1578-1657), and illustrate, through his work, the circle of transmission of science. Dr. Harvey's research and lectures on the circulation of the blood in the lungs culminated in the publication of his book Exercitatio anatomica de motucordis et sanguinis in animalibus in 1628. The circulation in the lungs had been described for the first time by the Damascene physician Ibn al-Nafis (Abu'l Hazm al-Qureshi, d. 1288) in the 13th century, in his summary of Ibn Sina's Qanun. The influence of Ibn al-Nafis' work into Europe can be traced through the works of Michael Servetus whose book published in 1553 (Christianismi restituto) presents the lung circulation in a way that clearly shows this influence. Similar descriptions were given later by medical authors, notably Valverde and Colombo in the 16th century. Harvey's book which completes the blood circulation came about eighty years later. Meantime the fame of the University of Padua had transcended its own cultural realm and especially its school of medicine became well known in the Ottoman world as well. Several Ottoman medical doctors studied at the University of Padua; among them were Muslims and Christians, Turks, Greeks and Armenians. Nuh Efendi, who was the Chief Physician of the Sultans for 12 years from 1695, studied here. From among the Ottoman Greek physicians, Panagiotis Nicoussias (d. 1673), who was the physician of Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha from the mid-1550s, and the illustrious Alexander Mavrocordato (d. 1709) were graduates of Padua. From among the Armenian physicians, Manuel Sashian graduated from Padua in 1801 and served two successive sultans. Sashian Pavlaki from the same family graduated form the Padua school of medicine in 1830 and became the court physician in Istanbul. Other Ottoman Armenian graduates of the school include Nishan Ayvazyan (graduated in 1870) and Andon Mimidyan (graduated in 1905).
The physician whose work I want to underline here is Alexander Mavrocordato, who wrote an innovative treatise titled Pneumaticum intrumentum circulandi sanguinis on the function of the lungs in blood circulation. The book was published in Bologna in 1664, that is about fifty years after Harvey's book. It is considered as a most important anatomical study on lung circulation after Harvey's book, which Mavrocordato refers to and discusses. This circle is a representative case of the transfer and development process through the successive scientific zones – from the Muslim world to Europe and then to the Muslim world until our time.
Having just mentioned some scientists whose learning or contributions passed through this University, and especially in the present time where encounters between Europe and Islam acquire increased significance in the light of factors I pointed at the beginning of my talk, it is of course not possible to proceed without referring to Ibn Rushd.
Besides his contributions in various sciences, no doubt it is in him that Islamic philosophy found the most paradigmatic applications of "reason" and "rational thinking". He represents one of the most deeply influential efforts to understand and transmit Aristotle's philosophy to Europe, and also one that was received most controversially in both the Muslim world and in Europe. Averroes' impact in the Muslim world is perhaps even superseded by his seminal effect on the development of rationalism within the European context. In making Aristotle available to Aquinas and later right into the Age of Reason, it formed the line of thought that broke with Greek philosophy by introducing the concepts of the autonomy of reason and the universality of truth which form the basis of his distinction between philosophical and religious inquiry. Until this formulation of it, there had been no question in Europe about the possibility of there being two such approaches in philosophical thought. It is only after then that an exploration of "reason", as a way of inquiry in itself, was considered. Well into the 16th century his commentaries were used as textbooks in European universities. But it is the University of Padua which became the core of Aristotelian philosophy. Bologna, Pavia, Ferrera, Venice, flourished in their own merit along these lines. The Paduan scholars upheld this philosophy. In the line that descends vertically from Ibn Rushd and the Aristotelian centers in Europe, the next landmark destination is not else than Thomas Aquinas. He lived at a critical juncture of western culture when the arrival of the Aristotelian corpus in Latin translation reopened the question of the relation between faith and reason. Aquinas, the other great interpreter of Aristotle in the medieval period, faced difficulties, as did Averroes in Islam, reconciling Aristotelian philosophy with his own religion. The influence of Averroes on Aquinas's own rationalism is known. However, as known, Averroes was also the chief opponent whom he had to combat in order to defend and make known in quite "the true Aristotle".
By their respective status and roles in the history of philosophy, Averroes and Aquinas personify the issue of the relationship between theology on one hand and philosophy on the other, that is to say faith and reason, each one in its own time. This by the end of the Middle Age also encompassed, by extension, the equally historic debate of the relation between religion and science - since there was no denomination of science separately from philosophy. Autonomous reason in the search of reality was reflected in the works of subsequent European philosophers. The concept of the universality of reason has been a pillar of the universality of scientific progress. Certainly, an analysis of the concepts and values that have been conducive to scientific development in specific time and geographical contexts and those that were obstructive, is a field of study in its own merit. It is relevant for not only the history of science but the inquiry on degrees of receptivity and generosity in the exchanges among cultures, seen both over time and in cross-sections. In the present world where communities' perception of each other are increasingly affected by considerations of faith and cultural differences, if we want to build a constructive understanding between Christianity and Islam, we have to think of Copernicus, Ibn Rushd and Aquinas. Borrowings, transfers, accommodation in specific contexts, and a resulting joint contribution to universal knowledge and cultural heritage. Just as we feel grateful to our predecessors for the knowledge we owe to them, we as scholars we also feel responsible in conveying this knowledge to our successors. I believe this is a responsibility not only towards colleagues and students, but also towards public opinion, to contribute in building a better informed, more conscious, objective public opinion and protect it form falling into the whirlpool of cultural bias. I feel that increased consciousness acquired through academic life assigns greater moral duty to those in public office. All this acquires deeper significance here on these premises, and now especially for me on the present occasion.
Selected list of publications by Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu
- (1984). (Editor). Catalogue of Islamic Medical Manuscripts (in Arabic, Turkish, Persian) in the Libraries of Turkey. Prepared by Ramazan Sesen, Cemil Akpinar and Cevat Izgi. Istanbul: IRCICA.
- (1985). Annotated Bibliography of Turkish Literature of Chemistry. Printed Works: 1830-1928. Istanbul: IRCICA (in Turkish).
- (1986-87). (Editor). International Congress on the History of Turkish and Islamic Science and Technology. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on the History of Turkish and Islamic Science and Technology (28 April-2 May 1986). 3 vols.: Vol. 1: Turkish and Islamic science and technology in the 16th century; vol. 2: Architect Sinan; vol. 3: Invited papers and congress activities. Istanbul: IRCICA.
- (1987). The Ottoman Scientific and Professional Associations, First National Turkish History of Science Symposium. Istanbul: IRCICA. (in Turkish; available on CD-ROM).
- (1992) (Editor). Transfer of Modern Science and Technology to the Muslim World. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Modern Sciences and the Muslim World (Istanbul, 2-4 September 1987). Istanbul: IRCICA.
- (1991-1993). Arab-Turkish Relations. Vol. 1 (1991): From The Arab Viewpoint; vol. 2 (1993): From the Turkish Viewpoint. Edited by Mohammed Safiuddin Abu'l-Izz and Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu. (In Arabic). Istanbul: IRCICA.
- (1995). (Editor). Bibliography on Manuscript Libraries in Turkey and the Publications on the Manuscripts Located in these Libraries. Prepared by Nimet Bayraktar, Mihin Lugal; introduction by Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu. Istanbul: IRCICA.
- (1996). "Les Ottomans et La Science Européene." In: Les Ecoles Savantes en Turquie: Science, Philosophie et Arts au Fil des Siècles. Eds. S. Önen, Ch. Proust. Istanbul: Les Editions ISIS.
- (1996) "Aviation: The Last Episode in the Ottoman Transfer of Western Technology". In: Journal of the Japan-Netherlands Institute vol. 6: pp. 189-219.
- (editor) 1996: Bibliography on Manuscript Libraries in Turkey and the Publications on the Manuscripts Located in these Libraries. IRCICA, Istanbul.
- (1375 H/ 1996-97). "Yadi ez Ustad Aydin Sayili Tarikhenkar Ulum Devre-i Islami." Waqf, Mirath-e Javidan vol. 4, pp. 157-164.
- (1997). (Editor). Osmanli Astronomi Literatürü Tarihi. History of Astronomy Literature during the Ottoman Period. Prepared by Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, Ramazan Sesen, Cevat Izgi, Cemil Akpinar and Ihsan Fazlioglu. 2 vols. (in Turkish, foreword in English) Istanbul: IRCICA.
- (1997, 1999, 2000). E. Ihsanoglu et al., Ottoman Scientific Literature - Osmanli astronomi literatürü tarihi – History of Astronomy Literature during the Ottoman Period, 2 vols., Osmanli matematik literatürü tarihi – History of Astronomy Literature during the Ottoman Period, 2 vols., Osmanli cografya literatürü tarihi – History of Geographical Literature during the Ottoman Period, (Studies and Sources on the History of Science, Series No. 7, 8. 9). (in Turkish, foreword in English) Istanbul: IRCICA. [A monumental bio-bibliographical survey of Ottoman scientific literature, in Turkish.]
- (1999). Osmanli Matematik Literatürü Tarihi. History of Mathematical Literature during the Ottoman Period. Prepared by Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, Ramazan Sesen and Cevat Izgi. 2 vols. Istanbul: IRCICA.
- (2000). Science in Islamic Civilization. Co-edited by Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu & Feza Günergun. Proceedings of the "Science Institutions in Islamic Civilization" and "International Symposia Science and Technology in the Turkish and Islamic World." Istanbul: IRCICA.
- (2000). (editor). History of Ottoman Geographical Literature. Prepared by Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, Ramazan Sesen, M. Serdar Bekar, Gülcan Gündüz, A. Hamdi Furat. Edited by Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu. 2 vols. (History of Ottoman Scientific Literature Series, no. 3). Istanbul: IRCICA.
- (2000-2002). Proceedings Of The International Congress On Learning And Education In The Ottoman World On The Occasion Of The 700th Anniversary Of The Foundation Of The Ottoman State. (Istanbul, 12-15 April 1999). 3 vols.: Vol. 1 (2000): Papers in Arabic; vol. 2 (2001): Papers in English; vol. 3 (2002): Papers in Turkish Istanbul: IRCICA.
- (2001). "Science and Technology in the Ottoman Empire" in Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Yusuf Iskandar, Albert Zaki, and Ahmad Maqbul (editors) 2001. The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture.Vol. IV: Science and Technology in Islam, Parts I-II. Paris: UNESCO.
- (2003). Rosenfeld, Boris A. & Ihsanoglu, Ekmeleddin.
- Mathematicians, Astronomers, and Other Scholars of Islamic Civilization and Their Works (7th-19th Centuries. Istanbul: IRCICA.
- (2003). E. Ihsanoglu, K. Chatzis, & E. Nicolaidis, Multicultural Science in the Ottoman Empire. (Collection de Travaux de l'Académie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences). Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols.
- (2005). "Institutionalisation of Science in the Medreses of Pre-Ottoman and Ottoman Turkey." In Turkish Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science (Springer). Edited by Irzik & G. Güzeldere, pp. 265-284.
- (2005). Religious Values and the Rise of Science in Europe. Edited by John Hedley Brooke and Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu. Istanbul: IRCICA.
- (2004). Science, Technology And Learning in the Ottoman Empire: Western Influence, Local Institutions and the Transfer of Knowledge, Aldershot: Variorum.
- (2006). Essays in Honour of Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu. Compiled by Mustafa Kacar and Zeynep Durukal. 2 vols.: Vol. 1: Societies, Cultures, Sciences: a collection of articles; vol. 2: Biography, Bibliography and Recollection About Ihsanoglu. Istanbul: IRCICA.
End Notes
[1] The lecture of Professor Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu is published on the website of OIC at: http://www.oic-oci.org/press/English/2006/December2006/SG-padua.htm. The title of this article, the images, the caption and the final selected bibliography were added by the editor of www.MuslimHeritage.com. We thank Professor Ihsanoglu for his persmission to reproduce this important lecture (the editor).
* Professor Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu is the Secretary General of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudia Arabia.


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|New York, New York County, Municipal Archives, New York City, Manhattan birth certificate no. 1900-32892, "Fridrich H Norris"
And the misspellings don't stop there. His mother's name is listed as "Adella A Norres", and her maiden name is "Bartolome". None of that is accurate, although it's close. His father's name was "Edward", though. I sincerely doubt my great-grandfather was a "pedler"; more likely, he was a peddlar.
I believe that the midwife (Anna Allemann) was German-speaking, and she spelled the names and words the way they sounded to her.
None of that matters, though. It was easy enough to find the marriage certificate for Grandpa's parents. And that's where the fun really began.


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David16 necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 82 diseños de 36 diseñadores freelance.
I'm a successful family photographer in Santa Fe, New Mexico in need of a new logo to accompany a new website and other new promotional materials. I was a web designer for years, so I'll be working on the site, but the logo is key.
The goal of the firm is to help create more good kids' photos in the world. We do that with our own portrait sessions, through workshops which help parents to take better photos themselves, and through the site's blog which offers tips and training to people who aren't local to us.
The style of photography we do is contemporary and casual - we don't pose the kids in their best clothes in front of a bad backdrop. Instead we chase them around the house or yard and try to capture more authentic representations of them.
The logo needs to communicate warmth (photographing children is about warm family emotions), professionalism (we're not just cousin Bob with his new DSLR) and some hipness - most of our clients don't like traditionally staged portraits and have a more contemporary aesthetic.
Why 'Clearing the Vision'? it's from a quote by famous landscape photographer Ansel Adams: ""Through the art of brush, pen, and lens … we possess a swift and sure means of touching the conscience and clearing the vision."
In other words, we see so much – especially of our kids growing up - but we should pay a bit more attention.
We're targeting our existing audience of portrait sessions which is predominantly female, 30s - 40s, upscale. They are university educated with a family annual income of $80,000 and above. They are often more design savvy than their husbands, and might well read Dwell magazine or Real Simple (as well as Vanity Fair and/or The Atlantic). They're well travelled, quite foodie and might well drive Volvo or Audi wagons or SUVs.
The audience for the workshops and blog is more male, however. Similarly wealthy and educated, but less design savvy. They're photo enthusiasts and want to feel like they're hiring someone who really knows what they're doing both creatively and technically.
The words in the logo should be 'Clearing The Vision' - feel free to use caps or lowercase however you prefer.
You can incorporate a shape or image as part of the logo if you'd like, so long as it has some conceptual link to what we do. Basically, aside from the palette I'm attaching, I'm flexible as to the exact form and shape of the logo - it absolutely need not look anything like the current logo.
The logo needs to communicate creativity, expertise and passion, while still being approachable. I fear being too cutesie - too many family photo logos and sites look like they sell baby clothes.
We've developed a palette for the new identity (attached), and I've roughed out a draft website homepage and subpage to give you an idea of what I have in mind for the broader look. But I'd be happy to make adjustments to the site to accommodate the logo better, and you are not required to do any work on the site.
I chose a sans-serif typeface (Univers Light) for most of the navigation and display type to produce the contemporary clean feel the audience like, but you're welcome to use any type of font in the logo if you feel it will meet our needs, and I'll be happy to change the site to use a different font if that would work better.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


text: I'm using the following nginx Directives in my ISPConfig for one of my websites where I run WordPress and it works fine. Code: location / { try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args; } # Add trailing slash to */wp-admin requests. rewrite /wp-admin$ $scheme://$host$uri/ permanent; location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|css|js|ico)$ { expires max; log_not_found off; } # Deny public access to wp-config.php location ~* wp-config.php { deny all; } I'm trying to figure out how can I setup nginx rewrite so I can install another CMS (WordPress, Joomla, etc.) within same website, in another folder. Anyone has similar setup, please advise?


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When running back Doug Martin left last night's game after taking a knee to the head, the Buccaneers said he was being "evaluated," carefully avoiding the C word.
But Martin himself said he passed concussion tests, and could have returned to the game, after Chandler Jones' knee struck him in the helmet.
"It was just a tough play," Martin said, via Stephen Holder of the Tampa Bay Times. "Things happen."
Martin was going low on Jones after missing a previous block, which led to a sack of Josh Freeman. It wasn't the best start for Martin, but at least he escaped without a more serious problem.


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- Rated NR
- Suspense
- 2005
- Buy the DVD
Reviewed by Jason Zingale
The Universal-produced "Alfred Hitchcock: The Masterpiece Collection" is no different, and the lack of a number of the director's actual masterpieces lead us to believe that this is a glorified release meant only to act as the simple holiday gift option. And the faux-velvet cover acts only as more evidence to this theory. It's meant to look pretty on your shelf, and nothing more, but if you're a fan of Hitchcock, and you've yet to purchase any of his work on DVD, this is just as good a place to start as any. Of course, you'll be forced to endure some of his less significant work like "Saboteur," Torn Curtain," Topaz" and "Family Plot," but there's plenty of classics here as well. The rest of the films featured include: "Shadow of a Doubt," "Rope," "Rear Window," "The Trouble With Harry," "The Man Who Knew Too Much," "Vertigo," "Psycho," "The Birds," "Marnie," and "Frenzy."
Fourteen films in all, with a bonus disc to top it off, are presented in chronological order across fifteen separate discs. Gathered in four digipacks that slide nicely into the durable velvet box, a colorful 32-page booklet is included with short introductions to all of the films. Each film is also accompanied by a number of special features, though some have far more than others, while the bonus disc includes an "AFI Salute to Alfred Hitchcock," a documentary on the director, and two making-of featurettes for "The Birds" and "Psycho," respectively. All of the films look great in their new video transfers to disc, but the changes aren't drastic enough to warrant re-buying the films if you already own them in DVD format.
Perhaps the biggest problem with the set is that, while it denotes a certain level of respect for the director, the only films featured were made under the Universal brand. This means that Top-10 classics like "North by Northwest" and "Strangers on a Train" don't appear, nor do other fan favorites like "Rebecca," "Notorious," and "The 39 Steps." So what do you do if you're a fan of Hitchcock? It's tough to say, though this is easily the most extensive set that's appeared on the market, and is worth picking up if you're planning on buying a majority of the featured movies anyways. It will save you both time and money, and will be the main attraction of your DVD collection. Just don't forget to pick up "North by Northwest" while you're there.
You can follow us on Twitter and Facebook for content updates. Also, sign up for our email list for weekly updates and check us out on Google+ as well.


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VIDEO: Video: GameTime: Learning from the Czar
GRANADA, SPAIN — Groups C and D got back into action at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup, with Australia edging Lithuania 82-75 in the headline game of the day in Gran Canaria.
The Boomers played a near perfect first half. Joe Ingles hit some ridiculous shots, Aron Baynes was incredibly active, destroying Jonas Valanciunas in the first few minutes, and their sagging defense kept Valanciunas from finding any space on post-ups or rolls to the basket. With Ingles hitting a 3 at the buzzer, Australia took a 19-point lead into the break.
To start the second half, both Valanciunas and Donatas Motiejunas were on the bench for Lithuania. Valanciunas eventually played a few more minutes, but it was the veteran Lavrinovic brothers and defensive pressure that led Lithuania back to within three after the first possession of the fourth quarter.
They were back within three with 4½ minutes to go, but never had a chance to tie or take the lead, with Australia holding them off with free throws and a couple of big baskets from David Andersen down the stretch.
More notes from Australia 82, Lithuania 75…
- Baynes is averaging 16.0 points and 7.7 boards after putting up 14 and six on Tuesday.
- Motiejunas (a minus-15 in just eight first-half minutes) wasn't the only NBA player to sit the entire second half. So did Dante Exum. After logging just four first-half minutes on Tuesday, the Jazz rookie has totaled just 28 minutes through three games. He may have a high ceiling, but right now, the Cavs' Matthew Dellavedova is Australia's best point guard.
- ESPN's Marc Stein reports that multiple NBA teams are interesting in signing the 26-year-old Ingles, who has averaged 15.7 points with a effective field-goal percentage of 79.6 percent through three games.
- Former Raptor and Timberwolf Nathan Jawai is a large man.
More Day 4 notes
- Ukraine and the Dominican Republic each took big steps toward qualification for the knockout rounds from Group C with wins over Turkey and Finland, respectively.
- Francisco Garcia turned his right ankle as the Dominican was holding off a late rally by Finland. He left the game briefly, but did return.
- Slovenia (3-0) led by just one at halftime, but remained unbeaten with an 89-72 victory over Korea (0-3). Goran Dragic led the way again, scoring 22 points in just 27 minutes.
- With Lithuania's loss, Greece, Spain and the U.S. are the only other teams without a loss.
- Group D is a solid group with Slovenia, Australia and Lithuania at the top. The U.S. could see two of those three teams in the quarterfinals and semifinals.
- Mexico looks like it will be USA's opponent in the round of 16 on Saturday. The Mexicans' win over Angola on Tuesday has them looking like the fourth-place team in Group D. They'd have to beat Australia, lose to Korea or have Angola pull an upset for them not to finish fourth.
- Top 5 offenses (points scored per 100 possessions) through Tuesday: 1. Slovenia (127.7), 2. USA (120.0), 3. Argentina (118.3), 4. Spain (117.9), 5. Greece (114.3)
- Top 5 defenses (points allowed per 100 possessions) through Tuesday: 1. USA (77.6), 2. Spain (78.8), 3. Brazil (89.4), 4. France (91.3), 5. Greece (94.4)
Big games on tap for Wednesday
We're back to a full, 12-game slate with Groups A and B resuming action in Granada and Sevilla.
- Two 2-1 teams, Argentina and Senegal, will meet in Seville at 11:30 a.m. ET. The winner of that matchup will clinch a spot in the knockout rounds.
- At the same time, two 1-2 teams, Finland and Turkey, will meet in Bilbao in an important game for third or fourth place in Group C.
- If there's a Group B team that can knock off Greece, it could be Croatia, which has had the most entertaining set of games in the tournament so far. Those two teams meet at 2 p.m. ET.
- Group A has the best two of the best games of the day. Serbia (2-1) faces Brazil (2-1) at noon ET on NBA TV, and France (2-1) meets Spain (3-0) in a rematch of last year's Eurobasket semifinals at 4 p.m. ET.


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rickburnes necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 107 diseños de 32 diseñadores freelance.
HubSpot's Inbound Marketing Blog (blog.hubspot.com) is one of the world's top marketing blogs. It's growing like crazy (~1K new subscribers each month) and needs a new header for the top of the page.
HubSpot is a leading provider of marketing software for small- and medium-sized businesses. It is a startup that focuses on inbound marketing -- that is, marketing that focuses on getting found by prospects, as opposed to interrupting them.
HubSpot's Inbound Marketing Blog is a top resource for online marketers. It provides daily advice and insight on topics including business blogging, using social media in business contexts, lead generation and marketing analytics.
IMPORTANT: Make sure you understand that the Inbound Marketing Blog is NOT a blog about HubSpot. It's a blog that provides marketing advice. The blog header will help define this image and brand.
Before starting this project, please read a bit of the blog, including this post: http://bit.ly/16xQb
In order of priority, here are the requirements:
- one blog header image (980 px wide to be displayed on blog.hubspot.com)
- The header will define the blog's image and brand (see above for more info about image and brand)
- Include the HubSpot sprocket (orange thing on our site with spokes) and the words "Inbound Marketing Blog" (this will serve as the title image for the blog)
- Banner will be displayed at the top of blog.hubspot.com (it will replace the HubSpot logo above the orange horizontal nav)
- The design should fit with the current blog and website colors.
- There is no height requirement (it's up to you), but recognize that it will be a blog header (it should have enough height to be prominent, but it shouldn't overshadow the blog itself)
- Exceptional designs will have element(s) subtly evocative of inbound marketing.
- The title ("Inbound Marketing Blog") should be bigger/more prominent than the HubSpot logo and name.
- The final deliverable should include the PSD file
- It should be creative and fun.
- A loud banner that will overpower the site.
- Lots of new colors.
- A wordpress/typepad theme/header
- There should be no navigation in the image (the image will sit above the existing orange nav).
- Please, no dollar signs in the header
- We'd like to avoid images that look like clip art.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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IBM Employees:
The correct URL for entering your ideas is https://hybridcloudunit-internal.ideas.aha.io
Our team welcomes any feedback and suggestions you have for improving our offerings / products! This forum allows us to connect your offering / product improvement ideas with IBM product and engineering teams.
If you have not registered on this portal please click on the following link and register. To complete registration you will need to open the email you will receive from Aha to confirm your identity. https://ibm.biz/AnalyticsIdeasPortalRegister
NOTICE TO EU RESIDENTS: per EU Data Protection Policy, if you wish to remove your personal information from the IBM ideas portal, please login to the ideas portal using your previously registered information then change your email to "firstname.lastname@example.com" and first name to "anonymous" and last name to "anonymous". This will ensure that IBM will not send any emails to you about all idea submissions


text:
Movie Screenings for Adults and Teens 8/5 & 8/12
The next two movies in our science fiction themed collection are Jurassic Park and The Unforeseen. These films will be shown on the big screen in our Smart Community Room. We hope you will join us!
Jurassic Park – August 5th at 6:00pm
The Unforeseen – August 12th at 2:30pm


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MONTGOMERY, Ala. — Beginning Thursday, Alabamians with permits to carry concealed pistols may keep them locked in their cars while at work even if their employer prohibited it in the past.
MONTGOMERY, Ala. — Beginning Thursday, Alabamians with permits to carry concealed pistols may keep them locked in their cars while at work even if their employer prohibited it in the past.
Workers with hunting licenses can also keep their unloaded rifles and shotguns locked in their vehicles while at work during hunting season. In both cases, the weapons must be out of sight.
The changes are part of a new law, commonly called the "guns in the parking lot act."
"The purpose of the law is to make sure the right of law-abiding citizens to carry a firearm and defend their families is clear," said the law's sponsor, Republican Sen. Scott Beason of Gardendale.
The law was passed the end of a legislative session that pitted the National Rifle Association and other gun rights advocates against business and law enforcement groups. Eventually, the Legislature passed a compromise that most found acceptable.
A supporter of the law, House Speaker Mike Hubbard, R-Auburn, said, "Alabamians' Second Amendment Rights are more secure than ever." But Business Council of Alabama President William Canary called it "unnecessary legislation which erodes the property rights of businesses."
NRA spokeswoman Jacqueline Otto Isaacs said Tuesday more than a third of states have laws protecting the rights of employees to defend themselves on their daily commutes.
In the three months since the law was passed, law enforcement officers and business groups have been informing the public about it.
Rosemary Elebash, state director for the National Federation of Independent Business, said the law represents a major change for businesses. "Many have prohibited guns from being in their parking lots," she said.
Lee County Sheriff Jay Jones said he's received the most questions about the parking lot provisions. He said it would be naive to assume that some workers didn't have guns in their vehicles before the law passed. "I think in the majority of circumstances things will go on as they have before," he said.
Rep. Barbara Boyd of Anniston, vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus, opposed the new law. She worries that it will lead to more people carrying guns and, coupled with Alabama's existing "stand your ground law," Alabama might see shootings like the Trayvon Martin case in Florida.
"I would be doing an injustice to the people I represent if I voted for it," she said.
Under the new law, employers can still prohibit employees from bringing guns inside the businesses. The law also protects employers from lawsuits resulting from harm caused by an employee bringing a weapon on an employer's property.
Businesses open to the public can post signs prohibiting someone from openly carrying a gun inside. However, the business cannot prohibit someone with a concealed carry permit from bringing in a concealed weapon, according to material being passed out by business groups.
The law also provides that Alabamians without permits can carry unloaded pistols in their vehicles, provided the guns are locked away out of reach, such as in the trunk or glove box. Beason said Alabama's old law allowed a person to buy a pistol and keep it at their home without buying a concealed carry permit, but they couldn't take it to target practice or for repairs without violating the law.
The law also makes it clear that carrying a visible pistol, holstered or secured, in a public place does not constitute disorderly conduct.
Under the law, guns are still banned from many government buildings, mental health facilities and any facility hosting an athletic event not related to firearms.
The new law requires a sheriff to issue a pistol permit within 30 days of getting an application and fee unless the sheriff determines the person is prohibited from owning a firearm; has reasonable suspicion the person may use it illegally; determines the person has falsified part of the permit application; or has a justifiable concern for public safety. Then the sheriff must issue a written reason for the denial, which the applicant can appeal to district court.
Concealed carry permits have traditionally been for one year, but now gun owners can buy a permit for up to five years.
Beason predicts a few people may carry a gun openly after the law takes effect Thursday, but that will fade away. "I really don't see much change at all," he said.
Democratic Sen. Billy Beasley, who operates a pharmacy in Clayton, said he opposed the new law because he worries about the long-term impact. "I respect the Second Amendment, but we can't go back to the Wild West days," he said.


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NM Tech Grad Student Studies Water Decontamination Process, Nov. 22, 2005
by Shawna Carter
SOCORRO, N.M., Nov. 22, 2005 —New Mexico Tech graduate student Craig Altare recently presented his research findings concerning the removal of organic contaminants from produced water at the annual convention of the Geological Society of America.
Altare, a member of a research team at the state-supported research university in Socorro, recently helped develop a process to remove organic contaminants from produced water, which is generated as a byproduct in the petroleum industry as part of the oil extraction process.
"One barrel of oil creates 10 barrels of produced water," Altare says.
Currently, the unusable produced water is pumped back deep into the ground for disposal, an expensive process.
"By treating this water, we may be able to use it for other purposes," Altare states. "It could be used for crop irrigation, dust control, or a multitude of other purposes. The water may not be of human drinking quality, but it would still be useable."
Altare and his research team have developed a simple process, which uses naturally occurring and inexpensive materials that can be reused multiple times without losing efficiency or effectiveness.
The New Mexico Tech researchers filter produced water using a surfactant-modified zeolite (SMZ) column, which traps organic compounds between thin layers of molecules.
The resulting treated water has a higher salt content than what humans can normally tolerate, but animals, such as cattle, may be able to drink the water, Altare points out.
Once the SMZ column is saturated with organic compounds, compressed air is pumped through the column to remove these compounds, and the column can be reused repeatedly.
The removed organic compounds must go through further treatment to prevent pollution of the environment. The end results of this treatment process are carbon dioxide and water.
"We have already performed field testing on our filtering system, and it works as well in the field as it does in the laboratory," Altare says.


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NH DOE and the NH Literacy Task Force have produced a PreK-16 Literacy Action Plan for the 21st Century. The entire document with appendices can be found at the link below along with a PowerPoint Presentation that explains the development process and a summary of what is included in the document. This version includes active links to other resources and documents.
Every school in New Hampshire received at least one bound version of the Literacy Plan, CD-rom versions of the plan, and professional resources selected especially to assist in the implementation of a comprehensive literacy program. The texts are: The Literacy Principal, by Booth and Rowsell; Subjects Matter, by Daniels and Zemelman; Best Practice Third Edition, by Zemelman, Daniels, & Hyde; Learning by Doing, by Dufour, Dufour, Eaker, & Many; Creating a Culture of Literacy: A Guide for Middle and High School Principals, NASSP; and Teaching Reading in the Content Areas, by Billmeyer & Barton. In addition to above texts, each school is received a DVD prepared by the NH Parent Information Center that includes ideas for working with parents.
(603) 271-2035
Acrobat Reader format. You can download a free reader from Adobe.
Microsoft PowerPoint format. You can download a free reader from Microsoft.
Microsoft Word format. You can download a free reader from Microsoft.


text:
£49 - £99 Red Glasses
Ray-Ban Glasses RX5228 53
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Direct Sight is proud to offer an extensive range of glasses direct to you at home. From our own unique DS glasses collection to glasses frames from designer brands, our prescription glasses feature high quality and fashionable designs with lenses carefully overseen by qualified professionals.
With the entire collection available online, you can buy your glasses direct when you need them, delivered to your door for a hassle-free buying experience.
At Direct Sight, we understand the importance of finding the perfect pair of spectacles. With the new Try At Home service, you can choose up to four pairs of our glasses and get your chosen glasses direct to your door to help you make the right decision before you buy.
We have a huge range of glasses for you to choose from. Whether you're looking for reading glasses, spectacles for everyday wear, work eyewear goggles or a complex prescription glasses frame, with our entire collection right at your fingertips, you can choose your glasses at the click of a button.
Once you have chosen your frames, simply select your prescription and get your glasses direct to your door.
Shop our fantastic range of glasses above.


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On the Tonight Show with Jay Leno, President Obama made a statement that cuts right to the chase on the whole NSA surveillance hype. I call it hype because almost every revelation that we've learned about recently has been blown out of proportion, exaggerated or inserted into an existing conspiracy theory. And damn near all of the revelations have been known for years, written in books and published in many outlets. President Obama from The Tonight Show.
"We don't have a domestic spying program. What we do have are some mechanisms where we can track a phone number or an email address that we know is connected to some sort of terrorist threat. And that information is useful. But what I've said before I want to make sure I repeat, and that is we should be skeptical about the potential encroachments on privacy. None of the revelations show that government has actually abused these powers, but they're pretty significant powers."
That paragraph pretty much sums up the reality of what is happening. Let's break it down.
The President makes it very clear, "We don't have a domestic spying program." I know that makes heads explode, especially those deeply invested in conspiracy theories and mistrust of everything our federal government does. But it is true, and there is no indication that one exists…in any of the "new' information that has come to light.
The President went on to spell out exactly what the feds do in their effort to protect us from 9/11 style terrorist attacks, "What we do have are some mechanisms where we can track a phone number or an email address that we know is connected to some sort of terrorist threat." Those mechanism are set in motion by warrants issued by judges. Sure, you can argue that the process is crazy and needs to be changed, but at the moment, it is legal.
I was very vocal in my opposition to the Patriot Act, I wrote my senators and congressperson when that piece of crap law was being rammed through the congress in the fog of a nations grief after 9/11. If we only had a functioning legislative branch today, we could maybe get rid of that law and replace it with something that doesn't trample on our liberties as much.
And finally, the President points out what I think is the heart of the issue, "…we should be skeptical about the potential encroachments on privacy. None of the revelations show that government has actually abused these powers, but they're pretty significant powers." The issue of encroachments on privacy, especially as it relates to law enforcement and national security, isn't new. It's a balancing act that has been going on since our country was founded. And yes, there have been many, many abuses. Just ask any African American about that.
The reason I think that last statement is the heart of the issue is because it's all about trust. For those who have a profound mistrust of all politicians or leaders, it's not hard to convince them to be outraged. The awesome Bob Cesca coined the phrase "outrage sandwich", which is best explained by him…
It gets sillier. The following Greenwald statement could be referred to as an outrage sandwich: two outrageous claims surrounding a throw-away mention of delicious, meaty truth that mitigates the outrageousness of the two claims.
"It's done with no need to go to court, no need to get approval. There are legal constraints for spying on Americans, you can't target them without going to the FISA court. But it allows them to listen to whatever e-mails they want, telephone calls, browsing history, Microsoft Word documents."
Put another way: No need for court oversight! (But there's court oversight and warrants.) They can listen to whatever they want! In the midst of inciting outrage, these mitigating news blips manage to pop up in nearly every article. But the blips are considerably out-gunned by all of the bloated hyperbole preceding and following each one.
And Glenn Greenwald has been getting away with "outrage sandwiches" for a long time. It's the red meat he feeds his mushy brained followers.


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Catalyst 6500 Speaks: I'm Alive and Well, Thank You!
"Rumors of My Death…"
I'm always amazed by how the rumor mill continues to try to kill off people and products. The American author, Mark Twain, once felt compelled to write, "The report of my death was an exaggeration." and I know how he feels!
It happened to Sir Paul McCartney, when the Beatles were still an active band. It happened to that iconic sports car, the Porsche 911, in the mid-70s. Quick… who remembers the Porsche 928? More importantly, who doubts that the 911 still delivers class-leading performance?
So, am I alive and well? Yes, I am! The 25,000+ customers who I serve day in and day out; the 2500+ customers who have deployed more than 16,000 of my Supervisor Engine 2T portfolio all think so. And guess what? Cisco is planning to invest hundreds of millions of dollars more in me over the next three years alone. That's more than some of my competitors' annual revenue.
If you haven't gotten it yet – I, the Cisco Catalyst 6500, am the evergreen switch for the campus backbone and plan to remain that way for many, many years to come! I can deliver the unique combination of rich network services, performance and scale needed to address emerging trends like BYOD and pervasive video in the enterprise campus backbone.
By the way, Cisco is about to go on the road with its Cisco Unified Access(www.cisco.com/go/semreg/unifiedaccesscustomer) vision, in which the Catalyst 6500 (me!) plays a key role. If you are a Cisco customer and attend the roadshow, you'll hear more about the three dimensional roadmap planned for me – multifold increases in performance and capacity, continued leadership in features and services, and lower TCO.
Ask your Cisco representative for more details. And continue to watch this space.
In an effort to keep conversations fresh, Cisco Blogs closes comments after 60 days. Please visit the Cisco Blogs hub page for the latest content.
4 Comments
Dr. Jose A. Wong - Perez
…Both are very happy to hear about that, Me and my fellow partner Cisco Catalyst 6500…Thanks for sharing…
I have to admit its mildly funny that the link about the roadshow 'Sorry, this page does not exist'….
PS. I buy cisco products, its just amusing 'whoops' moment


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(Reuters) - U.S. health regulators warned five eyecare providers to stop misleading advertising and promotion of refractive lasers used in eye surgery procedures such as LASIK.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration found that the advertisements and promotional materials did not offer consumers adequate information about risks and possible side effects.
Warning letters were sent to certain eyecare centers in Indiana, California, Florida, Texas and Georgia.
"Providers whose advertising does not provide adequate risk information are finding out today that the FDA is serious about consumer protection," said Steve Silverman, compliance director at FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health in a statement posted on the agency's website.
Surgery with refractive lasers is intended to reduce the need for glasses or contact lenses. It involves the removal of corneal tissue by a special laser and permanently reshapes the cornea and changes its focusing power.
The most common risks of LASIK surgery include dry eyes, the possible continued need for glasses, visual disturbances such as halos, starbursts or double vision, and even loss of vision.
The FDA said it issued letters in 2009 and 2011 to eyecare professionals across the country explaining the agency's concerns about improper advertising and promotion of FDA-approved lasers.
It also issued letters in March 2012 to the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery and the American Academy of Ophthalmology, providing additional information about disclosing risk in eyecare professionals' advertisements and promotional materials.
"The FDA reminds consumers that eye surgery such as lasik is irreversible, that not all patients will achieve optimal results, and that some patients may need additional procedures," the FDA said.
Reporting by Toni Clarke in Boston; editing by Matthew Lewis


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Birth as a Work of Art
I see it in my mind's eye; hear it long before you, my readers, see it. I often start with a title – titles are one of my strengths. The bullet points come next and then I sit down to write and the words bubble forth, as if they've been sitting there, waiting to finally be put down, ending up as if they'd been there all the time.
I stop. And read it, correcting typos, changing this word or that, sometimes moving whole paragraphs around because they didn't seem to fit the way they were sitting. I read it again, put it away and read it once or twice more before publishing it here on my blog. (I used to write IN Blogger, but after losing several posts, learned to write the piece in Word instead.)
Once it is available for your viewing pleasure, I leave it alone for about 12 hours, and then I go back and read it again, usually after someone has commented, and make a couple more last minute changes. It's rare, after this point, that I'll go and change something in the meat of the piece. I've added a paragraph here and there that clarifies, but not often.
We had The Red Tent on Monday night. Several women attended and shared their stories and it was good... no, it was powerful and wonderful. Lots of tears, some laughter and even more healing.
I witnessed the unveiling of women's pieces of art. Some of the works were brand new while others were dusty with age. We all helped each other carry them in, especially the heavy ones, and then we sat quietly, studying, wondering, listening to each artist describe her piece.
Birth, too, starts as a thought. Should I have an epidural? A scheduled cesarean? A home waterbirth? Will I have a VBAC this time? Oftentimes, long before the words come out of our mouths about our desires, we've been studying, learning about our options and once we feel strong enough, confident enough, we'll tentatively start mentioning what we'd like to do... almost testing the waters.
Will I be bold and noisy like Mappelthorpe ? Or will I sing softly like Sarah McLachlan . Will my brushstrokes be chunky and globbed with paint? Or will I create wisps with watercolor ink. To whom will I show my work? My partner first? Or my understanding friends?
The commonality between the women included wanting to share her story, wanting to share her story with others who have had difficult or challenging births, wanting to be heard and not judged, wanting a safe place to cry or be angry without someone telling her to get over it already and wanting to know she wasn't alone. I believe the meeting accomplished that and more.
Listening to the stories, it was easy to see how much the women wanted and needed an understanding female at their births. Over and over, I heard tales of the husband or partner's lack of involvement during the labor and birth. Women who thought they would be protected from the medical establishment were left to defend themselves – and we all know how little a laboring mom can defend herself, right? However, one of my clients even said she needed me more than I was there for her. I listened hard and with an open heart. I also apologized. So, even women who attend births can be distant and not what the mom needs her to be.
My favorite expression of the gathering came from one of the moms who'd birthed in the hospital, her husband not terribly involved and who had a cesarean delivery. When we were getting ready to adjourn for the night, she said, "What I get from all of this is even if I had a doula, even if I was going to have a homebirth, even if I had a midwife, I still could have ended up in the hospital with a cesarean! That makes me feel so much better!"
We all agreed to bring our art pieces back next Monday night. Some said they'd bring a friend along.
What a privilege to see the inner workings of how art is created!
I love that all of us has something to share.


text:
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The small college cross country season begins Saturday (Sept. 1) with the traditional Vanderbilt Invitational hosted by Hope College. The meet will be run at the Ridge Point Church on Holland's southeast side beginning at 10:30 a.m.
The small college cross country season begins Saturday (Sept. 1) with the traditional Vanderbilt Invitational hosted by Hope College. The meet will be run at the Ridge Point Church on Holland's southeast side beginning at 10:30 a.m.
Started in 1966, the meet is named in honor of William Vanderbilt, Sr. who coached the Hope cross country program from 1971-87. A 1961 Hope graduate, Vanderbilt guided Hope cross country teams to 17 Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) championships, 14 by the men and three by the women. He coached current Hope cross country coach Mark Northuis who was an All-MIAA distance runner.
While at Hope, Vanderbilt chaired the department of physical education, recreation and athletics. He also served as president of the NCAA Division III Cross Country Coaches Association and in 1987 brought the Division III national championships to Holland. As a student-athlete, he lettered in basketball, baseball and track. He was captain of the basketball team as a senior and won the MIAA championship in the high jump in 1959. He received the masters degree from the University of Michigan and the Ph.D. from the University of Utah. Vanderbilt left the Hope faculty in 1988.
The first invitational was held in men's cross country in 1966. The women's cross country component was added in 1980.
In 2006, Hope won the women's invitational while Cornerstone captured the men's.
The Vanderbilt Invitational will be Hope's only home meet this season.
A blend of returning letterwinners and athletes new to Hope cross country are reason for optimism as the Flying Dutchmen approach the 2007 season.
The 2006 Flying Dutchmen finished second in the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) and were fifth at the NCAA Great Lakes Regional, Hope's best finish since 1991.
Coach Mark Northuis begins his 19th season at the helm of the Hope cross country program. He also coaches the distance runners in Hope's track and field program.
The pre-season roster includes 14 returning letterwinners. There are nine freshmen, five sophomores, six juniors and five seniors.
Co-captains of the team are seniors Seth Weener of Grandville (Grandville HS) and Nick Zendler of Flint (Carmen-Ainsworth HS).
Returning runners who achieved All-MIAA distinction in 2006 include Seth Weener, and junior Rob Bailey of Portage, Ind. (Portage HS). Weener competed in the NCAA Division III championships.
Other returning letterwinners include sophomore Eric Anderson of Ann Arbor (Pioneer HS), sophomore Ryan Jara of Commerce Township (Walled Lake North HS), junior Zach King of Portage (Portage Northern HS), senior Jeff Layman of Holland (West Ottawa HS), junior Carl Morrison of Pickford (Pickford HS), junior James Ralston of Holly (Fenton HS), sophomore Ryan Summers of Naperville, Ill. (Naperville Central HS), senior Jason Todd of Niles (Niles HS), junior Paul VanderVelde of Lawrence, Kan. (Free State HS), sophomore Matt Wiersum of Minnetonka, Minn. (Minnetonka HS), and sophomore Lucas Wotlhuis of Vicksburg (Vicksburg HS).
A young but experienced team should put the Flying Dutch in the thick of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) race this fall.
In 2006 coach Mark Northuis' Flying Dutch finished runnerup in the MIAA and 10th at the NCAA Great Lakes Regional.
Coach Northuis begins his 19th season at the helm of the Hope cross country program. He also coaches the distance runners in Hope's track and field program.
The pre-season roster of 26 runners includes 12 returning letterwinners. There are eight freshmen, eight sophomores, eight juniors and five seniors.
Tri-captains are senior Lydia Hartsell of Alexandria, Minn. (Jefferson HS), senior Anne Hoekstra of Kalamazoo (Loy Norrix HS), and junior Molly Nyboer of Spring Lake (SpringLakeHS).
Anne Hoekstra received All-MIAA honors in 2006. She has been All-MIAA three consecutive years, first team in 2004 and second team in both 2005 and 2006. Junior Sarah Multer of Plainwell (Plainwell HS) was All-MIAA second team in 2005 and senior Charlotte Meeker of Traverse City (TC Christian HS) received the honor in 2004. Sophomore Amy Kamps of North Muskegon (North Muskegon HS) was named the team top newcomer in 2006.
Other returning letterwinners include sophomore Jacqueline Ellis of Lebanon, Ohio (Lebanon HS), sophomore Sara Gosses of Amherst, Ohio (Amherst Steele HS), sophomore Emma Lucas of Cadillac (Cadillac HS), sophomore Meghan Scholl of Hillsdale (Hillsdale HS), sophomore Faith Whitehouse of Manton (Manton HS), and junior Rebekah Woods of Lowell (Lowell HS).


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Here's how you play:
Check the teams you think will win for a chance at $100.00…
You must submit your entry by Friday at 4pm each week
In case of a tie, the winner will be the person closest to the score of the tiebreaker game at the bottom of the form
must be 18 to play.. 1 entry per household per week
1. No purchase necessary.
2. Participant must be at least 18 years of age or older.
3. Participants must be residents of the United States.
4. One entry per family or household per week will be accepted during the course of this contest.
5. The dates of this promotion are: August 27, 2012 through November 25, 2012.
6. There will be one winner each week. There will be a total of 12 winners. The decision of Eagle Radio is final. The winner will be determined by picking the most winners of each week's offering of college and professional football games.
7. The winners will be contacted by Eagle Radio in order to claim prize.
8. Winner agrees to sign an affidavit of eligibility and release form to receive any prizes related to this promotion.
9. The prize for this promotion will be in the form of Chamber 'Bucks'.
10. Employees of Eagle Communications, Inc., their immediate families, plus, contract employees of Eagle Communications, Inc., competitive media including radio, television, audio or web internet broadcasters, cable television, newspaper or periodical publishers are not eligible to participate in this contest.
11. Eagle Communications, Inc. reserves the right to substitute a prize of equal or greater value.
12. Eagle Communications, Inc. reserves the right to use and publicize the winner's name, character, likeness, voice, photos and the fact that he/she won a prize in an Eagle Communications, Inc. contest for any and all promotional purposes without further compensation for permission.
13. Participants enter the promotion by registering at participating sponsor locations or online at northplattepost.com.
14. Eagle Radio reserves the right to modify the rules and/or dates of the Football Fortune Contest at any time without notice.
15. By participating in the Football Fortune Contest, participants agree to be bound by all of the official rules of the promotion.
16. All federal, state and local tax laws apply. Any federal, state and/or local taxes are the sole responsibility of the winner. Each winner is the sole responsible party for reporting and paying any and all applicable federal, state, local and other taxes. The winner must provide Eagle Communications with valid identification before any prize will be awarded. Prizes are not redeemable for cash.
17. The Football Fortune Contest rules are available for inspection at Eagle Communications, Inc. Business office, Monday through Friday, 8:00 am to 5:00 pm, or by sending a self-addressed envelope to Gas Giveaway Contest Rules, P.O. Box 248, North Platte, Nebraska 69103, or online at northplattepost.com.


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Helpful Links
Coliform Bacteria
What is coliform bacteria and where does it come from?
Coliform bacteria are microscopic organisms. They originate in the intestinal tract
warm blooded animals and may also be found in soil and vegetation.
Human Influences that cause an increase in coliform bacteria:
Why care about coliform bacteria?
Drinking Water Information
How do I find out if there is coliform in my water?
If you rely on a public water system, then your water is tested often for coliform bacteria and other pollutants. If any coliforms are found in a public water supply, the supplier is required to notify the public within 24 hours. With this notification, you will be instructed on how to treat your water until the public water system is cleaned and tests free of coliforms. Most water companies will send out an annual Consumer Confidence Report which discloses contaminants found, possible health effects, and the water's source. This report is generally sent in July with your water bill. If you do not receive a report, contact your water company for this information.
If you have a private water system (private well) then you are responsible to ensure your drinking water is safe for human consumption. Test for coliform at least once a year. Also test your water if you have a new well or pump installed, or if there are any environmental changes that might affect your well, such as flooding or a new feedlot operation near your well. To test for coliform bacteria contact a certified testing lab near you. A coliform test will cost approximately $10-30.
What is the drinking water standard for coliform?
The established standard for bacteria in drinking water includes total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli. Municipalities that collect less than 40 total coliform samples per month may have no more than one sample that tests positive. Those collecting over 40 samples per month are required to have no more than 5% test positive. No samples should test positive for fecal coliform or E. coli. There is no standard for private wells, nor is any testing required, which means the owners of private wells must test their own water.
How can I treat water that contains coliforms?
In a public water system if coliform is found, the supplier will notify users within 24 hours and will immediately disinfect the water supply by putting chlorine into the system. If certain types of coliform bacteria have been found the water supplier may issue a "Boil Order" notice. This means the decontaminating and re-testing of the water supply may take several days, during which you should boil all water for several minutes before any uses that involve ingestion. Follow the instructions provided by the water supplier.
If you find coliform bacteria in your private well system the first thing you will need to do is determine whether the source of contamination is in the well or inside your home in the water system. Test the well itself (or as close to the well as possible). If it contains coliforms the well is contaminated, if not, then the source of contamination is probably in the plumbing system. If the results from the water from the well return as uncontaminated, but the tap water results read as contaminated, the contamination source may be an inadequately maintained treatment system. Charcoal filters, and many other point-of-use systems at the faucet or in a refrigerator water system can harbor bacteria. To avoid this filters should be maintained and replaced according to the manufacturer's directions. Other possible sources of contamination may be cross connection with irrigation water or back siphonage (reverse flow) from garden hoses.
Consider possible contamination sources (e.g., faulty septic system, storm runoff, livestock waste runoff). Correct these problems, if practical, before installing permanent water treatment equipment. Well water can be treated by "shock chlorination". This method circulates a strong chlorine solution throughout your water system. It may also remove biological material collecting in your plumbing system. For more information about well water and coliform bacteria view the fact sheet Coliform Bacteria.
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Escherichia coli (commonly known as E. coli) is a single species in the fecal coliform group. It is a bacterium that is found in the intestines of humans and other warm blooded animals. E. coli does not occur naturally in soil and vegetation. It will only enter water from fecal contamination.
Why care about E. coli?
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) E. coli is the best indicator of health risk from water contact in recreational waters. The presence of E. coli in water is an indication of recent contamination from sewage or animal wastes, which may have many disease-causing organisms. Although most strains of E. coli are harmless, E. coliO157:H7 is a cause of foodborne and waterborne illness. This strain was first recognized as a source of illness in 1982, when people were getting sick from it in ground beef. Since then, most infections have been from undercooked ground beef, but some have gone waterborne.
What are some health concerns of E. coli in water?
Although most strains of E. coli are harmless, E. coli O157:H7 is one that causes serious illness by producing a powerful toxin. Symptoms of infection usually take 2 to 4 days to appear, but may take as many as 8 days. Symptoms often include severe diarrhea (sometimes bloody) and abdominal cramps. However, these symptoms are common to a variety of diseases and E. coli O157:H7 may not be the cause of infection. In some people (children under 5 and the elderly particularly) an infection can cause a complication referred to as hemolytic uremic syndrome. In this syndrome red blood cells are destroyed and kidneys fail. Approximately 2%-7% of infections lead to this complication. It is a life-threatening condition that usually needs to be treated in an intensive care unit.
How is E. coli monitored?
Most water companies will send out an annual Consumer Confidence Report which discloses contaminants found, possible health effects, and the water's source. This report is generally sent in July with your water bill. If you do not receive a report, contact your water company for this information.
If you have a private water system please see the section, How do I find out if there is coliform in my water?
Natural Water
Bacteriological testing labs in Utah:


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Breastfeeding is best for your baby and provides many benefits. Good maternal nutrition is important for the preparation and maintenance of breastfeeding.
Introducing partial bottle-feeding could negatively affect breastfeeding and a decision not to breastfeed is difficult to reverse. Infant Milk Formula should only be used on the advice of a health professional and the manufacturer's instructions for use should be followed carefully. Improper use of an infant milk or innappropriate foods or feeding methods may present a health hazard. The social and financial implications of using infant milks should be taken into consideration. If you choose to bottlefeed, do not allow prolonged or frequent contact of milk feeds with your baby's teeth since this increases the risk of tooth decay. Make sure your baby's teeth are cleaned after the last feed at night.
If you choose to view this information you are accepting that Cow & Gate is supplying this information at your individual request.
Got a question? Get in touch. We'd love to hear from you!
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Gibbs & Parnell, PA
Gibbs and Parnell is a law firm in Tampa, Florida, that specializes in personal injury law services, including wrong death claims, all types of accidents, and nursing home abuse. Our law firm also handles cases involving serious personal injury.
722 E Fletcher Avenue - Tampa, FL 33612
(813) 975-4444


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Words and Photography by Yoon Sul
[LOS ANGELES, CA] Free candy, free popcorn, free booze, and free signed Lance Mountain/C.R. Stecyk prints… the people over at Nike SB sure know how to throw a party! Last night at the Montalban Theatre in Hollywood, the people over at Nike SB threw a shindig for the launch of Lance Mountain/C.R. Stecyk Blazer. Many people showed up in support of these two skateboarding legends and enjoyed the evening seeing old friends and listening to new conversations. The evening ended with a performance by the band Versions and a screening of Jon Humphries' short film called Roadsigns. A great evening indeed, if you were lucky enough to have been there and get one of those free signed prints, frame that bitch—seriously.


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The recreational red grouper bag limit in Gulf of Mexico state waters (excluding Monroe County) will increase Dec. 30 from two to four fish, followed by the Jan. 1 season closure of shallow-water grouper in Atlantic state waters.
The red grouper bag limit increase is one of several fishery management changes made at the November Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) meeting in Key Largo.
Hello, Hello, Hello. Merry Christmas.
Ha ha, okay, maybe I can get some fake laughs for that. Anyways not a big o' bunch to talk about this week. Not much guiding going on for me.
I did make a fish camp trip to the north with my oldest son Daniel. We had a big time and ate like champs. But the cool, big news is something new happened to me that has never of all my days happened.
We were catching fish while having deer walking within casting range of our boat in a 2 to 3 foot shallow flat.
By Frank Molitor
The following is a tribute to Jack's 90th birthday and deals with his military history.
On Dec. 7, 1941 Jack was attending an Albany, GA high school and, along with most teenagers, at that time, wanted to be in the service - specifically the U. S. Army Air Corp. But to get there he had to first have two years of college to qualify for officer candidacy.
The Levy County Schools Foundation will host its annual STARS Gala on Saturday, Jan. 28 at 6 p.m., doors open at 5:30 p.m. at Chiefland Elementary School.
STARS — Students, Teachers, and Respected Supporters - Gala was formerly known as the Superintendent's Gala and is the non-profit Foundation's premier fundraising event.
When Candy Barber started working as a substitute in the Chiefland schools lunchroom she only wanted to have a job that allowed her to be home with her children, Royce and Janet, when they were not in school.
On Jan. 4 Barber, who estimates she has served or overseen the serving of over 5 million meals, will retire from her post as coordinator of food service for the county's 13 schools. She is also president of the Florida School Nutrition Association.
Through December
Cedar Key Museum State Park
The third annual Festival of Trees event will feature a beautiful display of holiday greenery displayed by local non-profit organizations. The trees will be on display during museum hours of Thursday through Monday, 10 a.m. through 5 p.m. This event is free and visitors can vote for the favorite decorated tree. Please note there is a separate fee of $2 per person (free for children under six) to view the museum exhibits and the Whitman House. For more information, call (352) 543-5350.
By LOU ELLIOTT JONES
The municipalities of Bronson and Fanning Springs, which faced being split under a proposed redistricting plan for Levy County Commission and School Board districts, have been made whole under boundaries approved by the commission on Tuesday.
Due to printing problems the Cedar Key Beacon is late reaching post boxes and news racks.
The Post Office will be delivering the Beacon on Friday. The staff of the Beacon would like to thank the Post Office staff for their help this week.
The newsracks will be delivered today.
To our readers, we apologize for the inconvenience coming during Christmas week. You have our promise this will not be happening in the future.
May you have a Joyous Christmas.
Children wait eagerly on the dock for Santa Clam and his helpers to disembark from the airboat that delivered him to the City Dock in Cedar Key on Saturday during the island town's Christmas celebration. Once his clammer's boots touched land, Santa Clam proceeded to a specially decorated picnic pavilion in City Park to hear children's wish lists.
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The Cedar Key Beacon is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Levy County and Cedar Key Florida, and the surrounding area.