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Infectious disease
Infectious disease, in medicine, a process caused by a microorganism that impairs a person's health. An infection, by contrast, is the invasion of and replication in the body by any of various microbial agents—including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and worms—as well as the reaction of tissues to their presence or to the toxins that they produce. When health is not altered, the process is termed a subclinical infection. Thus, a person may be infected but not have an infectious disease. This principle is illustrated by the use of vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases. For example, a virus such as that which causes measles may be attenuated (weakened) and used as an immunizing agent. The immunization is designed to produce a measles infection in the recipient but generally causes no discernible alteration in the state of health. It produces immunity to measles without producing a clinical illness (an infectious disease).
The most important barriers to invasion of the human host by microorganisms are the skin and mucous membranes (the tissues that line the nose, mouth, and upespiratory tract). When these tissues have been broken or affected by earlier disease, invasion by microorganisms may occur. These microorganisms may produce a local infectious disease, such as boils, or may invade the bloodstream and be carried throughout the body, producing generalized bloodstream infection (septicemia) or localized infection at a distant site, such as meningitis (an infection of the coverings of the brain and spinal cord). Infectious agents swallowed in food and drink can attack the wall of the intestinal tract and cause local or general disease. The conjunctiva, which covers the front of the eye, may be penetrated by viruses that cause a local inflammation of the eye or that pass into the bloodstream and cause a severe general disease, such as smallpox. Microorganisms can enter the body through the genital tract, causing the acute inflammatory reaction of gonorrhea in the genital and pelvic organs or spreading out to attack almost any organ of the body with the more chronic and destructive lesions of syphilis. Even before birth, viruses and other infectious agents can pass through the placenta and attack developing cells, so that an infant may be diseased or deformed at birth.
From conception to death, humans are targets for attack by multitudes of other living organisms, all of them competing for a place in the common environment. The air people breathe, the soil they walk on, the waters and vegetation around them, the buildings they inhabit and work in, all can be populated with forms of life that are potentially dangerous. Domestic animals may harbour organisms that are a threat, and wildlife teems with agents of infection that can afflict humans with serious disease. However, the human body is not without defenses against these threats, for it is equipped with a comprehensive immune system that reacts quickly and specifically against disease organisms when they attack. Survival throughout the ages has depended largely on these reactions, which today are supplemented and strengthened through the use of medical drugs.
Infectious agents
Categories of organisms
The agents of infection can be divided into different groups on the basis of their size, biochemical characteristics, or manner in which they interact with the human host. The groups of organisms that cause infectious diseases are categorized as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Bacteria can survive within the body but outside individual cells. Some bacteria, classified as aerobes, require oxygen for growth, while others, such as those normally found in the small intestine of healthy persons, grow only in the absence of oxygen and, therefore, are called anaerobes. Most bacteria are surrounded by a capsule that appears to play an important role in their ability to produce disease. Also, a number of bacterial species give off toxins that in turn may damage tissues. Bacteria are generally large enough to be seen under a light microscope. Streptococci, the bacteria that cause scarlet fever, are about 0.75 micrometre (0.00003 inch) in diameter. The spirochetes, which cause syphilis, leptospirosis, and rat-bite fever, are 5 to 15 micrometres long. Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics.
Bacterial infections are commonly caused by pneumococci, staphylococci, and streptococci, all of which are often commensals (that is, organisms living harmlessly on their hosts) in the upper respiratory tract but that can become virulent and cause serious conditions, such as pneumonia, septicemia (blood poisoning), and meningitis. The pneumococcus is the most common cause of lobar pneumonia, the disease in which one or more lobes, or segments, of the lung become solid and airless as a result of inflammation. Staphylococci affect the lungs either in the course of staphylococcal septicemia—when bacteria in the circulating blood cause scattered abscesses in the lungs—or as a complication of a viral infection, commonly influenza—when these organisms invade the damaged lung cells and cause a life-threatening form of pneumonia. Streptococcal pneumonia is the least common of the three and occurs usually as a complication of influenza or other lung disease.
Pneumococci often enter the bloodstream from inflamed lungs and cause septicemia, with continued fever but no other special symptoms. Staphylococci produce a type of septicemia with high spiking fever; the bacteria can reach almost any organ of the body—including the brain, the bones, and especially the lungs—and destructive abscesses form in the infected areas. Streptococci also cause septicemia with fever, but the organisms tend to cause inflammation of surface lining cells rather than abscesses—for example, pleurisy (inflammation of the chest lining) rather than lung abscess, and peritonitis (inflammation of the membrane lining the abdomen) rather than liver abscess. In the course of either of the last two forms of septicemia, organisms may enter the nervous system and cause streptococcal or staphylococcal meningitis, but these are rare conditions. Pneumococci, on the other hand, often spread directly into the central nervous system, causing one of the common forms of meningitis.
Staphylococci and streptococci are common causes of skin diseases. Boils and impetigo (in which the skin is covered with blisters, pustules, and yellow crusts) may be caused by either. Staphylococci also can cause a severe skin infection that strips the outer skin layers off the body and leaves the underlayers exposed, as in severe burns, a condition known as toxic epidermal necrolysis. Streptococcal organisms can cause a severe condition known as necrotizing fasciitis, commonly referred to as flesh-eating disease, which has a fatality rate between 25 and 75 percent. Streptococci can be the cause of the red cellulitis of the skin known as erysipelas.
Some staphylococci produce an intestinal toxin and cause food poisoning. Certain streptococci settling in the throat produce a reddening toxin that speeds through the bloodstream and produces the symptoms of scarlet fever. Streptococci and staphylococci also can cause toxic shock syndrome, a potentially fatal disease. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) is fatal in some 35 percent of cases.
Meningococci are fairly common inhabitants of the throat, in most cases causing no illness at all. As the number of healthy carriers increases in any population, however, there is a tendency for the meningococcus to become more invasive. When an opportunity is presented, it can gain access to the bloodstream, invade the central nervous system, and cause meningococcal meningitis (formerly called cerebrospinal meningitis or spotted fever). Meningococcal meningitis, at one time a dreaded and still a very serious disease, usually responds to treatment with penicillin if diagnosed early enough. When meningococci invade the bloodstream, some gain access to the skin and cause bloodstained spots, or purpura. If the condition is diagnosed early enough, antibiotics can clear the bloodstream of the bacterium and prevent any from getting far enough to cause meningitis. Sometimes the septicemia takes a mild, chronic, relapsing form with no tendency toward meningitis; this is curable once it is diagnosed. The meningococcus also can cause one of the most fulminating of all forms of septicemia, meningococcemia, in which the body is rapidly covered with a purple rash, purpura fulminans; in this form the blood pressure becomes dangerously low, the heart and blood vessels are affected by shock, and the infected person dies within a matter of hours. Few are saved, despite treatment with appropriate drugs.
Haemophilus influenzae is a microorganism named for its occurrence in the sputum of patients with influenza—an occurrence so common that it was at one time thought to be the cause of the disease. It is now known to be a common inhabitant of the nose and throat that may invade the bloodstream, producing meningitis, pneumonia, and various other diseases. In children it is the most common cause of acute epiglottitis, an infection in which tissue at the back of the tongue becomes rapidly swollen and obstructs the airway, creating a potentially fatal condition. H. influenzae also is the most common cause of meningitis and pneumonia in children under five years of age, and it is known to cause bronchitis in adults. The diagnosis is established by cultures of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or other tissue from sites of infection. Antibiotic therapy is generally effective, although death from sepsis or meningitis is still common. In developed countries where H. influenza vaccine is used, there has been a great decrease in serious infections and deaths.
Chlamydial organisms
Chlamydia are intracellular organisms found in many vertebrates, including birds and humans and other mammals. Clinical illnesses are caused by the species C. trachomatis, which is a frequent cause of genital infections in women. If an infant passes through an infected birth canal, it can produce disease of the eye (conjunctivitis) and pneumonia in the newborn. Young children sometimes develop ear infections, laryngitis, and upper respiratory tract disease from Chlamydia. Such infections can be treated with erythromycin.
Another chlamydial organism, Chlamydophila psittaci, produces psittacosis, a disease that results from exposure to the discharges of infected birds. The illness is characterized by high fever with chills, a slow heart rate, pneumonia, headache, weakness, fatigue, muscle pains, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. The diagnosis is usually suspected if the patient has a history of exposure to birds. It is confirmed by blood tests. Mortality is rare, and specific antibiotic treatment is available.
The rickettsias are a family of microorganisms named for American pathologist Howard T. Ricketts, who died of typhus in 1910 while investigating the spread of the disease. The rickettsias, which range in size from 250 nanometres to more than 1 micrometre and have no cell wall but are surrounded by a cell membrane, cause a group of diseases characterized by fever and a rash. Except for Coxiella burnetii, the cause of Q fever, they are intracellular parasites, most of which are transmitted to humans by an arthropod carrier such as a louse or tick. C. burnetii, however, can survive in milk, sewage, and aerosols and can be transmitted to humans by a tick or by inhalation, causing pneumonia in the latter case. Rickettsial diseases can be treated with antibiotics.
Humans contract most rickettsial diseases only when they break into a cycle in nature in which the rickettsias live. In murine typhus, for example, Rickettsia mooseri is a parasite of rats conveyed from rat to rat by the Oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis; it bites humans if they intrude into its environment. Scrub typhus is caused by R. tsutsugamushi, but it normally parasitizes only rats and mice and other rodents, being carried from one to the other by a small mite, Leptotrombidium (previously known as Trombicula). This mite is fastidious in matters of temperature, humidity, and food and finds everything suitable in restricted areas, or "mite islands," in South Asia and the western Pacific. It rarely bites humans in their normal environment, but if people invade its territory en masse it will attack, and outbreaks of scrub typhus will follow.
The spotted fevers are caused by rickettsias that spend their normal life cycles in a variety of small animals, spreading from one to the other inside ticks; these bite human intruders and cause African, North Asian, and Queensland tick typhus, as well as Rocky Mountain spotted fever. One other spotted fever, rickettsialpox, is caused by R. akari, which lives in the body of the ordinary house mouse, Mus musculus, and spreads from one to another inside the house mite Liponyssoides sanguineus (formerly Allodermanyssus sanguineus). This rickettsia is probably a parasite of wild field mice, and it is perhaps only when cities push out into the countryside that house mice catch the infection.
Mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas
Mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas, which range in size from 150 to 850 nanometres, are among the smallest known free-living microorganisms. They are ubiquitous in nature and capable of causing widespread disease, but the illnesses they produce in humans are generally milder than those caused by bacteria. Diseases due to mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas can be treated with antibiotics.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most important member of its genus. M. pneumoniae is associated with 20 percent of all cases of pneumonia in adults and children over five years of age. Patients have fever, cough, headache, and malaise and, upon physical examination, may be found to have pharyngitis (inflamed throat), enlarged lymph nodes, ear or sinus infection, bronchitis, or croup. Diagnosis is established by chest X-rays and blood tests. Although treatment with erythromycin or tetracycline may shorten the illness, it can last for weeks.
Mycoplasmas may also cause a red, bumpy rash—usually on the trunk or back—that is occasionally vesicular (with blisters). Inflammation of the heart muscle and the covering of the heart (pericardium) is rare but can be caused by mycoplasmas. About one-fourth of the people infected with these organisms experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and cramping abdominal pain. Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) or the liver (hepatitis) may occur, and infection of the brain and spinal cord is a serious complication.
Ureaplasmas can be recovered frequently from the genital areas of healthy persons. The organism can cause inflammation of the urethra and has been associated with infertility, low birth weight of infants, and repeated stillbirths. In general, however, ureaplasma infections are mild. Tetracycline is the preferred treatment once the organism has been established as the cause of infection by microscopic examination of urethral secretions.
Viruses are not, strictly speaking, living organisms. Instead, they are nucleic acid fragments packaged within protein coats that require the machinery of living cells to replicate. Viruses are visible by electron microscopy; they vary in size from about 25 nanometres for poliovirus to 250 nanometres for smallpox virus. Vaccination has been the most successful weapon against viral infection; some infections may be treated with antiviral drugs or interferon (proteins that interfere with viral proliferation).
Viruses of the Herpesviridae family cause a multiplicity of diseases. Those causing infections in humans are the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which causes chickenpox and herpes zoster (shingles); the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes infectious mononucleosis; the cytomegalovirus, which is most often associated with infections of newborn infants and immunocompromised people; and herpes simplex virus, which causes cold sores and herpetic venereal (sexually transmitted) diseases.
There are two serotypes of herpes simplex virus, HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 is the common cause of cold sores. The primary infection usually occurs in childhood and is without symptoms in 50 to 80 percent of cases. Between 10 and 20 percent of infected individuals have recurrences precipitated by emotional stress or by other illness. HSV-1 can also cause infections of the eye, central nervous system, and skin. Serious infections leading to death may occur in immunocompromised persons. HSV-2 is associated most often with herpetic lesions of the genital area. The involved area includes the vagina, cervix, vulva, and, occasionally, the urethra in females and the head of the penis in males; it may also cause an infection at the site of an abrasion. The disease is usually transmitted by sexual contact. In herpetic sexually transmitted diseases, the lesions are small, red, painful spots that quickly vesiculate, become filled with fluid, and quickly rupture, leaving eroded areas that eventually become scabbed. These primary lesions occur from two to eight days after exposure and may be present for up to three weeks. Viral shedding and pain usually resolve in two weeks. When infections recur, the duration of the pain, lesions, and viral shedding is approximately 10 days.
Fungi are large organisms that usually live on dead and rotting animal and plant matter. They are found mostly in soil, on objects contaminated with soil, on plants and animals, and on skin, and they may also be airborne. Fungi may exist as yeasts or molds and may alternate between the two forms, depending on environmental conditions. Yeasts are simple cells, 3 to 5 micrometres (0.0001 to 0.0002 inch) in diameter. Molds consist of filamentous branching structures (called hyphae), 2 to 10 micrometres in diameter, that are formed of several cells lying end to end. Fungal diseases in humans are called mycoses; they include such disorders as histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and blastomycosis. These diseases can be mild, characterized by an upper respiratory infection, or severe, involving the bloodstream and every organ system. Fungi may cause devastating disease in persons whose defenses against infection have been weakened by malnutrition, cancer, or the use of immunosuppressive drugs. Specific types of antibiotics known as antifungals are effective in their treatment.
Among the infectious parasites are the protozoans, unicellular organisms that have no cell wall, that cause such diseases as malaria. The various species of malarial parasites are about 4 micrometres (0.0002 inch) in diameter. At the other extreme, the tapeworm can grow to several metres in length; treatment is designed either to kill the worm or to dislodge it from its host.
The worm Ascaris lumbricoides causes ascariasis, one of the most prevalent infections in the world. Ascaris lives in the soil, and its eggs are ingested with contaminated food. The eggs hatch in the human intestine, and the worms then travel through the bloodstream to the liver, heart, and lungs. They can cause pneumonia, perforations of the intestine, or blockage of the bile ducts, but infected people usually have no symptoms beyond the passage of worms in the stool. Specific treatment is available and prognosis is excellent.
Infections are also caused by whipworms, genus Trichuris, and pinworms, Enterobius vermicularis, each popularly named for its shape. The former is parasitic in the human large intestine and may cause chronic diarrhea. The latter can be found throughout the gastrointestinal tract, especially in children, and can cause poor appetite, loss of weight, anemia, and itching in the anal area (where it lays its eggs). Both conditions are easily diagnosed and treated with drugs.
Modes of survival
Infectious agents have various methods of survival. Some depend on rapid multiplication and rapid spread from one host to another. For example, when the measles virus enters the body, it multiplies for a week or two and then enters the bloodstream and spreads to every organ. For several days before a rash appears, the surface cells of the respiratory tract are bursting with measles virus, and vast quantities are shed every time the infected person coughs or sneezes. A day or two after the rash appears, the amount of antibody (protein produced in response to a pathogen) rises in the bloodstream, neutralizing the virus and stopping further shedding. The patient rapidly becomes noninfectious but already may have spread the virus to others. In this way an epidemic can rapidly occur. Many other infectious agents—for example, influenza virus—survive in this manner. How such viruses exist between epidemics is, in some cases, less clear.
The picture is different in more-chronic infections. In tuberculosis there is neither overwhelming multiplication nor rapid shedding of the tubercle bacillus. Rather, the bacilli remain in the infected person's body for a long period, slowly forming areas of chronic inflammation that may from time to time break down and allow them to escape.
Some organisms form spores, a resting or dormant stage that is resistant to heat, cold, drying, and chemical action. Spore-forming organisms can survive for months or years under the most adverse conditions and may not, in fact, be highly infectious. The bacterium that causes tetanus, Clostridium tetani, is present everywhere in the environment—in soil, in dust, on window ledges and floors—and yet tetanus is an uncommon disease, especially in developed countries. The same is true of the anthrax bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. Although usually present in abundance in factories in which rawhides and animal wool and hair are handled, it rarely causes anthrax in employees. Clostridium botulinum, the cause of botulism, produces one of the most lethal toxins that can afflict humans, and yet the disease is one of the rarest because the microorganism depends for its survival on its resistant spore.
In contrast to these relatively independent organisms, there are others that cannot exist at all outside the human body. The germs of syphilis and gonorrhea, for example, depend for survival on their ability to infect and their adaptation to the human environment.
Some organisms have complicated life cycles and depend on more than one host. The malarial parasite must spend a portion of its life cycle inside a mosquito, while the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, an occasional human parasite, spends part of its life in the body of a land animal such as a sheep, part in a water snail, and part in the open air as a cyst attached to grass.


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TOWN OF BRADLEY, Wis. — A 73-year-old bus driver is suspected of falling asleep behind the wheel and crashing his coach bus in Lincoln County last week.
The crash happened around 6 a.m. Wednesday on U.S. Highway 8 in the Town of Bradley.
The driver told a deputy a tire on the bus blew, causing him to go into the ditch. However, passengers on the bus said the driver fell asleep and when they yelled at him to wake up, he went off the road.
WSAW-TV reports deputies are waiting for statements before deciding on any possible action against the driver.
All of the passengers on the bus were adults. No one was hurt.

subset: commoncrawl


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Toyota Sienna2017
Starting at
$33,690 *
2017 Toyota Sienna for sale
Expectations - life is filled with them. And the 2017 Sienna has been designed to surpass all of them, inside and out. The highly stylized interior surrounds you with sophisticated materials, premium accents and enough space to seat up to 8. The dramatic exterior features stunning contours and sleek lines that not only help to improve fuel efficiency and ride comfort, but also to turn heads. One look at the 2017 Sienna, and you'll have no doubt at all that it was built to travel far beyond your expectations.
Town: 12.5 L/100km
highway: 8.9 L/100km
- Electric Power Steering, Rack & Pinion
- Front wheel drive
- Vehicle Stability Control (VSC), Traction Control (TRAC)
- Front Ventilated Disc Brakes, Solid Rear Disc Brakes, Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) with Brake Assist (BA), Electronic Brake Force Distribution (EBD)
- Engine: 3.5 Litre, 6-Cylinder, Aluminum Alloy Block, DOHC, 24-Valve, Dual Variable Valve Timing with intelligence (VVT-i), Electronically Fuel Injected, Acoustic Control Induction System (ACIS), D4S Direct Injection
- Horsepower hp (kW) 296 (220)
- Torque lb.ft (N.m) 263 (356)
- Front Suspension: Independent, MacPherson Gas Struts, Coil Springs, Stabilizer Bar
- Rear Suspension: Torsion Beam Type, Gas Shock Absorbers, Coil Springs
- 8-Speed Automatic, Lock Up Torque Converter, Transmission Cooler
- Temporary spare tire
- Front Seatbelt Pre-Tensioners and Force Limiters
- Assist Grips
- Engine Immobilizer
- Front Seat Mounted Side Airbags
- Front Seatbelt Anchor Height Adjusters
- Dual Stage Driver & Passenger Airbag Supplemental Restraint System (SRS)
- Glove Box Lock
- Front and Rear / Side Curtain Airbags
- Active Front Headrests with Whiplash Protection
- Middle Row Outboard Seatbelt Anchor Height Adjusters
- Backup Camera
- Front Passenger Occupancy Classification Indicator
- Driver Knee Airbag
- Warnings: Low Fuel, Door Ajar, Tire Pressure, Front Driver and Passenger Seat Belt Warning, Key Remind Warning
- Passenger Seat Cushion Airbag
- ISOFIX Anchor Points for Child Restraint Seats
- Vehicle Stability Control (VSC), Traction Control (TRAC),Anti-lock Brake System (ABS), Electronic Brake-forceDistribution (EBD), Brake Assist (BA) and Smart Stop Technology (SST)
- Upper Tether for Child Restraint Seats
- Cruise control
- Keyless Entry
- Carpet Floor Mats, All Season Floor Mats
- Power Door Locks
- Rear Seat Heater Ducts
- Retained Accessory Power
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- Outside Temperature Gauge
- 3-Zone Independent Climate Control (Automatic)
- ECO Driving Indicator, Tachometer, Dual Trip Odometer
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How many credits do I need to be a junior? What happens if I don't reach junior standing by the end of my second year?
You need 56 total credits (including MSU and transfer credits) to be a junior. You are not required to have 56 credits at the end of your second year. Freshmen, sophomores, and those engineering students just reaching junior standing are reviewed for admission in their current major at the end of each semester. Therefore, it is important to choose your major quickly and make sure you are officially coded in the engineering major in which you plan to graduate. If you will reach junior standing at the end of the current semester, you may apply for admission, where you will be able to choose a first major choice, and a second and third major choice, if you wish. If you do not apply for admission, you will be reviewed for admission to your current major.


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Applying for Noyce Phase I & II
written by
Gay Stewart and
John Stewart
The National Science Foundation's Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program seeks to encourage talented science, technology, engineering, and mathematics majors and STEM professionals to become P-12 mathematics and science teachers. In this workshop, Gay Stewart, PI of a Noyce at the University of Arkansas and adviser on several other Noyce projects, will help participants gain an understanding of the features of the Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program and assist them in developing their own ideas for projects and proposal preparation. Her funded proposal, with reviewer comments and project responses, will be used to help participants consider their own programs and data, and how to prepare a potentially successful proposal.
Math and Science Partnership Program: Strengthening America by advancing academic achievement in mat
written by
the Math and Science Partnership Program
Launched in 2002, the Math and Science Partnership (MSP) program at the National Science Foundation is a research and development effort to build capacity and integrate the work of higher education, especially its science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) disciplinary faculty, with that of K–12 to strengthen and reform mathematics and science education.
A Synergistic Model of Educational Change
written by
Valerie K. Otero,
Michael J. Ross, and
Samson Sherman
CU Boulder recruits teachers through the Colorado Learning Assistant (LA) program and through the STEP I and STEP II courses of the CU-Teach curriculum (part of the UTeach national replication effort). A critical part of our recruitment, preparation, and retention efforts is the Noyce Fellowship Phase I and Phase II programs, which provide support for LAs and CU-Teach students who have committed to teaching in high needs school districts. Finally, the Master Teacher track of the Noyce program provides crucial support for our Streamline to Mastery induction program, which seeks to retain teachers while preparing them for leadership positions in their districts and for participating in the national dialog on educational assessment and educational change.
Leveraging Corporate Support for Science Education Reform at Seattle Pacific University
written by
Eleanor W. Close
Describes Seattle Pacific University's success at leveraging corporate support for science education reform.
Partnerships for STEM Education
written by
Kevin Foster,
Kathleen Bergin,
Ann McKenna,
Don Millard,
Lance Perez,
Joan Prival,
Daphne Rainey,
Hannah Sevian,
Elizabeth VanderPutten, and
James Hamos
This article provides a general introduction to the NSF's math/Science Partnership project. It provides an overview of the project and discusses some of the project's successes.
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That wilfull and vnruly age, which lacketh rypenes and discretion, and (as wee saye) hath not sowed all theyr wyeld Oates. [Thomas Newton, "Lemnie's Touchstone of complexions," 1576]
Hence, to feel (one's) oats "be lively," 1831, originally American English.
Fred: I still want to sow some wild oats!
Lamont: At your age, you don't have no wild oats, you got shredded wheat.
["Sanford and Son"]


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Nutrition Poster Set Colorful, eye-catching poster kit to help you promote a healthy lifestyle!
With these colorful, eye-catching posters you can promote healthy eating habits in your office, classroom, community center, library, etc.
This kit includes five different 18" X 24" posters that will fit standard, ready-made frame. Four Food For Life posters featuring a different fruit, one in Spanish. One Food For Life 'Power Plate' Poster.
This site does not provide medical or legal advice. This Web site is for informational purposes only.
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Being a successful executive, entrepreneur, or Fresno business owner takes sacrifice, dedication, and a willingness to learn as you grow. But, there are several characteristics that many Fresno entrepreneurs have… [Read More]
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Talk to your customers and ask for feedback. Retailers must survey and research their customers to develop an understanding of the key triggers that motivate their particular customers to buy…. [Read More]


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Joe Scarborough and other "Morning Joe" panelists ripped into President Barack Obama for the administration's drone program on Wednesday, comparing him to a king who can decide the fate of American citizens without oversight.
Like he had on Tuesday, Scarborough called a recent leaked memo of the administration's rationalization for killing American citizens "frightening" and "chilling."
The document outlines three conditions in which the government can authorize legal force against an American citizen abroad: The citizen poses "an imminent threat of violent attack" against the U.S., capture is not plausible, and the strike must be carried out according to the "law of war principles."
"You have the United States government saying, we can kill you, American citizen," Scarborough said. "
"You have no constitutional right to a jury by your peers. You have no constitutional right even to probable cause or to due process. You have no right to a lawyer. You have no right to counsel. You have no right to anything. If we suspect you, just suspect you, without evidence, that you were thinking about committing an act against the United States of America, we can kill you."
Later, Scarborough and fellow panelist Jon Meacham, the executive editor at Random House, compared Obama's authority over the program to that of a "king." Meacham compared it to British rule of the American colonies, saying that British rule failed because "the rule of law could not simply be in the hands of a king and could not be arbitrarily applied. And that's precisely what this is: it's in in the hands of an American king."
"An American king who actually gets the list of people who he decides who should be killed and who should not be killed and he goes down that list. There are so many things that are chilling here," Scarborough said.
Watch the clip below, courtesy of MSNBC:


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Best Of :: Food & Drink
Chef Daniel Elmaleh and his wife, Justine, opened contemporary Moroccan restaurant Mizlala in the space that once held his dad's eponymous Simon's Cafe. The elder Elmaleh's warm hospitality and love of cooking great food is much in evidence in Daniel's new restaurant (translated from the Hebrew vernacular, mizlala roughly means "eatery"). There's an open kitchen with roughly a dozen high-backed counter seats to view the action. The sound system is primarily tuned to Israeli pop music. Dinner may begin with a variety of freshly made salads, such as root vegetable slaw, sauced with rich tahini and apple cider vinaigrette, but the house-made merguez steals the show. The menu describes it as "Simon's Famous." Simon himself, though retired, still makes these beef and lamb sausages for his son's restaurant. The links are coarsely ground, with a hint of chili. One order is never enough. Justine, Simon's daughter-in-law, divulged that they simply could not leave the merguez off the Mizlala menu. The San Fernando Valley dining scene is rapidly evolving, and Mizlala is part of the new guard.
Sometimes I take notes on my phone while dining out, in order to remember later how something tasted or how it made me feel. From my last meal at n/naka, I have only one entry. It reads, "Sushi course: This is what fairies eat. On their birthday." In addition to feeling like Tinkerbell at her most celebratory, I had multiple other giddy moments during the course of the meal, as well as the persistent thought: This is the best restaurant in Los Angeles. That wasn't always true of n/naka — chef Niki Nakayama's kaiseki restaurant in Palms was wonderful from the moment it opened, but it's taken her a few years to grow into her full potential, and if I were to guess I'd say the difference now is that she trusts her instincts more fully. Meals made by Nakayama and team are lyrical musings on season, tradition, newness and the meeting of California and Japan, both culturally and in terms of ingredients. Seafood and seasonality are prized above all else, and occasionally a dish arrives — a spiny sea urchin, for instance, filled with its own creamy roe, plus snow crab and dashi gelee — that redefines your feelings about the limits of textural pleasure. If you opt for a sake pairing, you'll find yourself delighted by some of the most intelligent, passionate beverage professionals around, who mix no snobbery with their enthusiasm. That's the beauty of this restaurant — it is practically perfect while exuding humbleness and hospitality at every turn.
Felix, the Venice restaurant from pasta maestro Evan Funke, has it all. The space is wonderful in the way that only restaurants built in old houses can be, outfitted in warm brown leather booths and green botanical wallpaper that feels both modern and vintage. The service is lovely. The cocktails are fantastic. The wine list is deep and smart. You could easily make a beautiful meal from the antipasti section alone: delicately fried squash blossoms stuffed with fior di latte; a crudo of raw ridgeback prawns with a gloriously creamy texture; pork meatballs that have been quickly fried and burst with porky flavor. But you're here for the pastas, which are made in a glassed-in, climate-controlled room that faces the front dining room. Funke and his cooks roll and cut and extrude the dough with care and precision, a showcase of the handmade techniques the chef learned on his travels and proof that he's serious with his oft-used social media hashtag #fuckyourpastamachine. It would take weeks to eat through all these pastas, from saffron-tinged malloreddus (tiny Sardinian gnocchi) and multiple variations of spaghetti to hearty ragus and lovely little orecchiette with sausage and broccoli. Every table seems to have a plate of the pappardelle — bathed in a mellow Bolognese, the pasta is practically silky, making the pappardelle of your past seem rough and clumsy by comparison. Taken as a whole, Felix is a stunningly great restaurant: personal, beautiful and with some of the most goddamned delicious pasta Los Angeles has ever seen.
The recent reinvention of Michael's, the 38-year-old Santa Monica mainstay that helped to define modern Californian cooking, rests mainly on the brilliant decision to hire Miles Thompson, the young chef who used to run Allumette in Echo Park and then left town for a couple of years. Thompson's cooking was always assertively modern, but in the time he's been gone from L.A. it has become more refined, more clever and more umami-driven. This is food that's cool to look at (in some cases for reasons that are almost subversive), but it isn't so cerebral that it becomes a killjoy. Pure pleasure appears to be the base ingredient in all of Thompson's cooking. Crab and uni chawanmushi is built upon a base of savory egg custard, topped with large hunks of Dungeness crab and the decadent funk of uni, punctuated by delicately floral ginger sprout. Burrata comes lolling in its bowl with orange orbs of trout roe across the top; underneath is a sweet and tart chow chow, which sits in lovely contrast to the milky cheese. Thompson's arrival at Michael's offers hope that, rather than shut down our venerated institutions, we might honor them by moving steadily forward, keeping the components that are worthy of preservation (in this case the iconic, irreplaceable glamour of the restaurant's leafy patio) and installing youth and vitality where it's needed.
Upon its opening in February, Pasadena's Bone Kettle was touted as "a bone-broth concept." This description buried the lede significantly: The far more interesting thing about Bone Kettle is its chef, Erwin Tjahyadi, and his use of Indonesian flavors on this menu. Bone Kettle is not a purely Indonesian restaurant by any stretch of the imagination, nor does Tjahyadi claim it is one. It's inspired, he says, by his travels throughout Southeast Asia, and particularly by the many bone broths he tasted along the way. And the soup is great! Local company Sun Noodles provides the round, slightly bouncy, ramen-style noodles, and the broth, made from boiling beef and spices for 36 hours, is milky and rich and comforting. But what's far more interesting about Bone Kettle are the small plates, and the evolution they represent in terms of bringing Indonesian flavors into the New American canon. Gado gado, an intense peanut sauce that's usually served as a dressing over vegetable salad, is used by Tjahyadi as the binder for a small pile of chewy rice cakes. Mie goreng pedas — literally fried spicy noodles — is chock-full of shrimp paste–fueled, fermented fish funk. A sous vide egg comes nestled in the middle of the bowl, adding to the dish's slick richness. Bone Kettle is a major advancement of our city's best food trend — the one that involves chefs with immigrant backgrounds and fine-dining training taking the two parts of their culinary identities and merging them into something new and delicious.
Mexican chef Diego Hernández is best known for his restaurant Corazón de Tierra in Baja's Valle de Guadalupe, which has racked up admirers and accolades, including a ranking of No. 39 on The World's 50 Best Restaurants of Latin America. Hernández recently made his much-anticipated L.A. restaurant debut with Verlaine, taking over the old Dominick's space in West Hollywood. After a rocky start, Verlaine has become just as thrilling as we all hoped it would be. For proof, look no further than the unassuming, dark red, oily liquid that comes alongside the ceviche of the day. The ceviche itself, generally made with Hiramasa yellowtail, is vibrantly fresh and lightly flavored with cilantro and lime. It comes with house-made tostadas on the side, and two ramekins, one with mayonnaise and one with that red stuff, a "matcha" sauce made from fried guajillo chilies and scorched peanuts. It has a dark smokiness, the edge-of-burnt peanuts presenting a radical kind of nuttiness. If the matcha sauce is indicative of Hernández's ability to present beautifully intricate flavors, his grilled oysters showcase an opposite talent, one in which simplicity is king. It's tempting to use some kind of Eurocentric comparison to sum up Verlaine, something along the lines of how Hernández's talent for burnt peanut sauce is just as impressive as the skill of a chef who has mastered sauces with cream or butter at their core. But that would undercut the newness of this food and the history that came before it. At his best, Hernández delivers some of the most thrilling food I've eaten in L.A. this year.
Josef Centeno is doing something slightly different at P.Y.T., something that makes this newest venture relevant in its own right. Where all the food at his Bäco Mercat — meat and meat-free — is aiming for maximum flavor and contrast and excitement, the food at P.Y.T. is more focused on the soul of the vegetable itself, and the best way to frame singular ingredients so that they shine. This ethos makes for food that's presented in a slightly simpler format, and dishes that are built around produce that Centeno obviously chooses carefully, perhaps even obsessively. This was perhaps best evidenced with a dish P.Y.T. served early on, in which Centeno figured out how to get the most turnip-y flavor from a turnip by wrapping it in an hoja santa leaf and baking it for hours in a salt dough crust. He'd bring the whole thing to the table and crack it open in front of you, cut the turnip into pieces, and drizzle it with some shiso-inflected chimichurri.
At MTN, Travis Lett's new Abbot Kinney izakaya, the ramen is almost a thing unto itself, so much a product of its time and place that it's hard to compare it to other ramen. Lett and his crew have managed to make something based in Japanese tradition but rooted in Southern California. For their beautiful, ludicrously priced pork ramen, they cook down the bones and head of a whole Peads & Barnetts pig — but rather than a thick, milky tonkotsu broth, this version is much, much lighter, yet still manages to pack an incredible amount of pork flavor into each sip. The bowl comes with komatsuna (mustard spinach), fermented black bean paste and pickled Fresno chilies. There's a clam version that tastes so purely of the ocean it borders on magical. The ramen noodles, which have a chewy, firm structural integrity, are made in-house from artisanal wheat and buckwheat. That it's served in the trendiest, most fun new restaurant in the neighborhood makes it all the more exciting.
The decision to start a magazine and a restaurant that are based on one another speaks volumes about Botanica and its owners, food writers Heather Sperling and Emily Fiffer, and also about the state of restaurants in L.A. right now. This is an intellectual pursuit as well as an aspirational one. The storefront space is a market that sells wine and coffee and a few beautifully chosen baskets of seasonal produce; behind that lies a long bar and banquette seating, and there's a garden patio out back with more seating and vases spilling unruly arrangements of flowers. Most of the food comes in wide, heavy bowls, herbs and lettuces and pops of brightly colored garnish draped around the inner curve of the tableware, messy but somehow composed and perfect. The natural beauty of produce is king here, rarely manipulated more than just enough to emphasize its best qualities. You could go to Botanica simply to be the type of person who goes there, who eats gorgeous plates of food that look as though they were lifted from the pages of a fabulous food magazine, in a room that might be featured in the pages of a fabulous design magazine. Botanica is a restaurant, but it is also a lifestyle.
Where to begin? The menu is scrawled in marker on greasy brown paper bags. It's BYOB. It has a phone number and a website, but neither is currently functional. Your server might not remember that he's already taken your order, but he will confer "blessings" upon you multiple times. The crowd is generally, painfully Silver Lake–ian, high-waisted jeans–wearing and quirkily beautiful. The seating is almost entirely outdoors on the sidewalk in a jumble of colorfully painted but rickety tables and chairs. (Who knows what they'll do if it ever rains.) And yes, you will most likely have to suffer through a long wait for one of those tables. But once you've endured that wait and popped open your BYO bottle and the dishes begin to arrive at your wonky table, it's hard to keep up any façade of annoyance with Mh Zh. If you do manage to maintain some ambivalence throughout your meal, the last vestiges will likely dissipate when you get your check. I have stuffed myself silly here numerous times and have never yet cracked $50 (pre-tip) for two people. Mh Zh is cheap, and the Israeli food served here — from charred potatoes to a pile of peas over stracciatella cheese to the funky and tangy "lamb ragooooooo" — is as simple as it is delicious.
When European art powerhouse couple Iwan Wirth and Manuela Hauser Wirth opened their expansive gallery compound in the Arts District, the move signaled that the global art world was beginning to invest big money in our city. With high-profile names lined up to populate the exhibition spaces, it was surprising to discover that the real gem of the reimagined 19th-century flour mill was its restaurant, Manuela. The elegant space, designed by Matt Winter, encompasses everything that is great about dining out in L.A. The restaurant's interior is a glass-enclosed room, perhaps like a cozy conservatory in a Montreal manor (or the boardgame Clue), which creates a seamless indoor-outdoor feel with the expansive patio area. There, brunchers lounge and Instagram each emerging dish, like paparazzi for chef Wes Whitsell's grilled peaches or sizzling Texas quail. At night, the thick marble bar becomes a launching pad for discussions on gentrification or (post)-postmodernism fueled by Manuela's craft cocktails, served under the yolky glow of the chandeliers. Art lovers can make discoveries of their own, too, such as the large-scale expressionistic cityscape by South Los Angeles painter Mark Bradford and a pastoral mural by Black Flag's illustrator Raymond Pettibon. When your meal is done, you can stroll to the nearby gardens and chicken coop to personally thank the hen responsible for your omelet. This merger of sophistication and casualness reflects the Angeleno experience, where cultural collisions and mashups are never-ending.
What restaurant makes you feel fabulous and stylish and wonderful just because you were smart enough to walk in the door? Kismet does. The all-day restaurant from chefs Sarah Hymanson and Sara Kramer and restaurateurs Jon Shook and Vinny Dotolo has a way of charming you so much, you become part of the charm. Maybe it's the sunlight streaming in from the front windows, shining that famous white L.A. shimmer on the blonde wood interior. Maybe it's the plates of food, festooned with beautiful green lettuces, jewel-toned vegetables, little pots of house-made sauces and yogurts, big slabs of bread. Maybe it's the effortlessly disheveled beauty of the servers, or the fact that more than one movie star is likely to walk in looking fabulously disheveled themselves — this is a place where even the A-list can hang out without any drama. Whatever spell Kismet is weaving, it certainly works to make anyone who enters feel marvelously clever for being part of the magic.


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For the first time, better than 80 percent of California's high-schoolers graduated on schedule, state officials announced Monday.
The 80.2 percent of students across California who finished their coursework within four years and obtained diplomas in 2013 marks a 1.3 percent uptick over 2012 and third consecutive year of similar gains.
Encouraged by the numbers, State Superintendent of Public Instruction Tom Torlakson said he thinks California will meet a national goal of 90 percent in advance of a 2020 deadline.
"I believe that goal is obtainable," Torlakson said. "We want it in a faster time frame."
Additionally, fewer high school students dropped out in 2013 — 1.5 percent fewer than 2012. Although the 11.6 percent or 57,491 students who left high school without a diploma is an improvement from the previous year, Torlakson said, more can be done.
"We can, we must do better to help all our students graduate," Torlakson said.
Another 7.5 percent of students continued attending high school in hopes of earning a degree behind schedule — 0.2 percent more than 2012. The same percentage of students in 2012 and 2013 obtained graduate equivalency degrees in lieu of diplomas, 0.2 percent. And degrees granted via special education fell by 0.1 percent from 2012 to 0.5 percent last year.
Torlakson attributed the climbing graduation figures and falling drop out rates to programs that target disadvantaged and low performing students. The efforts, he said, will be ramped up under a new statewide formula that allocates additional funding to districts based on the number of their poor students and English language learners.
English language learners showed less improvement than their peers. The group's four-year graduation rate only grew by 0.7 percent compared to 2012. But 0.7 percent more students also stayed in class to graduate behind schedule.
Torlakson said schools have been focused on teaching English learners to read in third grade, before they have to start comprehending science and social studies books. But a number of English learners, he said, have been enrolling in junior high school and high school.
The state's largest school system, Los Angeles Unified, kept pace with California's uptick in graduation rates, reporting 1.3 percent more students earned their degrees on time than in 2012. LAUSD's decrease in dropouts outpaced California, as 3 percent fewer students left high school compared to 2012.
However, with 67.9 percent of students graduating in four years, LAUSD is still below the statewide average.
"I don't want to take away from the fact this is the right direction, but it's not enough," Superintendent John Deasy said.
LAUSD's efforts to educate parents, put dropouts back inside classrooms and improve attendance, Deasy said, are responsible for the gains.
Additionally, LAUSD students who didn't finish in four years, but are still attending classes was nearly double the statewide average at 14 percent. Many of those pupils, Deasy said, will earn their diplomas in five years.
"A lot of work in Los Angeles Unified goes in to making sure our five-year students don't get tossed away," Deasy said. "They do get a diploma at a higher rate than the state."
Compared to California's second and third largest school districts — San Diego Unified and Long Beach Unified, respectively — LAUSD's four-year graduation rates were lower and dropouts higher.
In San Diego Unified, 87.8 percent of students graduated within four years, while 80.6 percent obtained diplomas from Long Beach Unified on time. Both districts, however, showed less improvement than LAUSD. San Diego Unified's graduation rate only grew by 0.8 percent and Long Beach was up by just 0.5 percent compared to their 2012 figures.
The two districts also posted lower drop out rates, at 5.2 percent in San Diego Unified and 10.8 percent in Long Beach Unified. But LAUSD's 3 percent improvement over its 2012 figures, outpaced the 0.9 percent decrease in San Diego Unified and 1.9 percent fewer dropouts in Long Beach Unified.
Deasy said his plans to help poor students and English learners with extra state funding in the upcoming year should make for more gains. Deasy's proposed budget restores some services that were cut during the recession, while creating programs to help foster kids and other disadvantaged students.
"I think these results come at the absolute bottom of all these devastating cuts, yet we continue to get better," Deasy said.


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Common Blue
Males blue with dark border. Females brown with row of red spots. Undersides brown-grey with black spots, a row of orange spots, and small greenish flecks on outer margin. Males similar to Common Blue, which lacks greenish spots.
This small butterfly is found mainly in heathland where the silvery-blue wings of the males provide a marvellous sight as they fly low over the heather. The females are brown and far less conspicuous but, like the male, have distinct metallic spots on the hindwing. In late afternoon the adults often congregate to roost on sheltered bushes or grass tussocks.
The Silver-studded Blue has a restricted distribution but occurs in large numbers in suitable heathland and coastal habitats. It has undergone a major decline through most of its range.
Size and Family
- Family: Blues
- Size: Small
- Wing Span Range (male to female): 29-31mm
Conservation Status
- Butterfly Conservation: Medium
- Section 41 species of principal importance under the NERC Act in England
- Section 42 species of principal importance under the NERC Act in Wales
- UK BAP status: Priority Species
- Protected under Schedule 5 of the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act (for sale only)
- European status: Not threatened
Caterpillar Foodplants
A wide variety of ericaceous and leguminous plants are used: on heathland the most common are Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Bell Heather (Erica cinerea), Cross-leaved Heath (E. tetralix), gorses (Ulex spp).
A rare butterfly found on heathland, sand dunes and chalk/limestone grassland.
- Countries: England and Wales
- Most colonies are found in Southern England, but some colonies are present in Wales, the East of England and on Prees Heath Reserve in Shropshire.
- Distribution Trend Since 1970's: -43%
Silver-Studded Blue Priority Species Factsheet
pdf 291.09 KB
Silver-Studded Blues in eastern england
pdf 394.62 KB


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UiM/EJU subscribers are now provided with a mobile digital issue of their journal. The eRef app enables you to comfortably read the latest journal issues on your tablet.
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octr202 wrote:Based on 15-odd years occasional weekend Red Line experience (on the Alewife end), another consideration is that frankly they can use the six-car trains for a good chunk of Saturdays, if not even some times on Sundays. Don't know what the south end looks like, but the north end of the RL is pretty busy seven days a week. And when it's not packed to the gills, it's nice for folks to enjoy some of their trips at less than sardine-can conditions.
Disney Guy wrote:Six car (4 man) trains in 1962 in the McLernon era?
Which line(s) did they run on? I only recall seeing trains up to 4 cars back then. I didn't think that platforms were long enough for 6 car trains, even using older cars.
Gerry6309 wrote:BostonUrbEx wrote:caduceus wrote:IIRC, the reason they broke up the trains and ran two and four-car sets was due to the rules regarding door operators...it required more employees to run a six-car set, so during non-peak times they broke the trains up to save on payroll. When the rules changed they stopped the practice.
The second operator was only recently eliminated. Much later than they stopped breaking down sets into smaller ones.
The end of six-car four-man trains in about 1962, during the McLernon era. Four-car three-man trains persisted until the guard law was repealed. When six car trains were introduced on the Orange Line they had three man crews and were cut to four off-peak. This was also true when the Red Line got its first six-car trains ca. 1988. The second guards were eliminated and full time six-car operation was introduced in the 1990s.
One-man operation began on the Blue Line with four-car trains, and continued when six-car trains were introduced with the No. 5 cars. It spread slowly to the Orange Line and finally the Red Line. The four-car train became extinct with the retirement of the last No. 4 Blue Line cars in 2009.
BTW Two dead cars are allowed in a six car train, one in a four-car train but none in a two car set.
F-line to Dudley via Park wrote:Disney Guy wrote:Six car (4 man) trains in 1962 in the McLernon era?
Which line(s) did they run on? I only recall seeing trains up to 4 cars back then. I didn't think that platforms were long enough for 6 car trains, even using older cars.
Orange went to 6 cars in 1987 after the SW Corridor opened and all stops Haymarket-Chinatown had platform lengthenings. Prior to that Washington St. El stations were only long enough for 4.
Red went to 6 cars in 1988 after a platform lengthening project at all the non-Alewife/non-Braintree extension stations, and upon delivery of the 01700 cars.
Blue went to 6 cars within the last 10 years after that platform lengthening project and arrival of the 0700's.
Pretty sure no service pattern on any line would've fit 6 cars prior to these dates.
Yellowspoon wrote:Everybody talks about the expense (man-hours & equipment wear) of breaking trains, but it's done all the time on the green line. I've seen one car trains on Sunday mornings on the C & E branches, but they're back to two car trains by mid-morning. If the green line can routinely break/assemble trains, why can't the other lines?
Arborwayfan wrote:Does anyone have a breakdown of the actual costs of operating a subway car, so that we can have a clearer idea how much money we're talking about here?
deathtopumpkins wrote:So apparently the T does still sometimes run short trains on the red line. First time I can remember seeing one in who knows how long, but I'm typing this standing in a 4-car Ashmont train.
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You follow Goro, a village chief, as he seeks revenge through a variety of levels (Japanese temples, ocean beds, flying boats, and other inhospitable caverns).
The game has 9 levels with bosses that Goro has to overcome using his axes. Run, grab hold, throw yourself forward, chop, throw shurikens: anything goes in pursuit of your goal! Each time a level changes, the graphics and sound also change! The difficulty draws inspiration from old-school games for scores and achieving perfection. More experienced players can try to beat the developers' score... if they dare!
Key Fatures:
- Several ways to take the way of the Sensei: dive in or play with finesse!
- A unique "Japan Steam Rock" universe with punch and tons of humor
- Several different types of atmosphere and gameplay
- An original graphic style, an exclusive OST
- "Dev-Time" challenge for each level: beat the developers' time
- Localized in 5 languages: French, English, Spanish, Italian, German
More articles about Wooden Sen'SeY


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- Mercedes news
Mercedes can turn it around - Hamilton
Lewis Hamilton believes it is possible for Mercedes to turn itself into a serious challenger this year after visiting his new team's bases in Brackley and Stuttgart.
Hamilton has joined Mercedes from McLaren this year but is coming to a team that struggled for points towards the end of last season. However, he is not ruling out fighting with the top teams in the sport this year and said he was buoyed by his recent visit to the F1 factory in Brackley.
"I live to win," he said in a Mercedes video. "That's what I work towards every year so that's what we're going to work towards this year. Of course it's going to be tough to beat the guys who are already at the front - the Red Bulls, the McLarens, the Ferraris - but I don't think it's impossible."
He added: "I went to Brackley back in the early part of December, asking lots of questions, trying to get as much involved as I can in the limited time I was there. It was great to see how enthusiastic everyone was. It looked like there was incredible determination to turn this thing around and that gave me a lot of motivation for my winter."
But Hamilton is aware that he faces a steep learning curve over the next two months as he gets to know his team before the start of the season.
"I think this year's going to be an interesting year, an interesting journey," he said. "Learning and getting to know new people is always a massive challenge and that's first and foremost one of the biggest challenges I have. After that it's trying to succeed with them and extract the most out of them. But I think it's going to be a journey that we enjoy."


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LocationJacksonville, FL
1577 Wells Rd
Orange Park, FL 32073
New 2018 Grand Design Reflection 150 Series 230RL
Enjoy all of your camping excursions with this Grand Design Reflection 150 Series fifth wheel hitched up and ready to go! Model 230RL offers a rear living layout, one nice slide for added interior space, plus everything else you might need to enjoy spending time away from home.
As you enter notice the three nice aluminum steps. You will immediately see upon stepping inside the theater seating along the rear wall. This offers a great place to kick back and relax with a perfect view of the entertainment center that is at an angle opposite for easy viewing. The slide out 80" u-shaped dinette is also available for seating during meals, or for anytime you wish to relax and enjoy the conversation of family or friends, or while playing a board game when you are indoors. This can also be quickly transformed into sleeping space at night.
Along the curb side, just inside the door, you will find your kitchen area. Here you can provide meals for your family with ease using the three burner range with overhead microwave oven. There is an 8 cu. ft. refrigerator within the slide out along the road side. You will also find a pantry behind the entertainment center for storage, plus the overhead cabinets allow you to keep your dishes and things neatly tucked away when not in use. A large sink makes cleaning up a breeze, and there is a counter top extension near the sink for added space to set things down.
Head up the steps next to the counter-top and notice the complete bath through the first door on your right. There is a space saving sliding door to keep the hallway clear. Inside the bathroom you will find a convenient 30" x 36" shower with skylight, a vanity with sink, and a toilet opposite the sink along with overhead cabinets on both sides
At the very front of this Reflection 150 Series model you will find another sliding door that leads into a private bedroom which includes a 60" x 80" queen size bed with storage cabinets over the head of the bed, as well as along each side. There is also a handy wardrobe for hanging clothes in the corner of the bedroom.
On the outside you will enjoy an unobstructed pass-through compartment beneath the bedroom space for all of your outdoor camping gear, and a 17' power awning with LED lights for creating an added outdoor living space, plus so much more!
Like most: Thank you all so very much for helping us with our RV needs. Terry was so great selling us our new Big Horn Fifth Wheel. He was not pushy with us and we like that. We will tell our friends who are looking for a new or used RV to go visit Terry. Matt went through the walk around and told us how everything works on the unit and how to take care of our new Fifth Wheel. Joe, the Money Guy I ... More » - Jack from Carleton, MI
Stock# 163599
Interior Color: Please Review
|28 ft 4 in
|Ext Width
|8 ft
|Ext Height
|11 ft 8 in
|Interior Color
|Please Review
|Hitch Weight
|1195 lbs
|Gross Weight
|9495 lbs
|Dry Weight
|7100 lbs
|Fresh Water Capacity
|52 gals
|Grey Water Capacity
|71 gals
|Black Water Capacity
|39 gals
|Furnace BTU
|35000 btu
|Available Beds
|Refrigerator Size
|8 cu ft
|Cooktop Burners
|Shower Size
|30" x 36"
|Number of Awnings
|LP Tank Capacity
|Water Heater Type
|Quick Recovery
|15000 btu
|TV Info
|Hi Def LED with Swing Arm - Living Room
|Awning Info
|17' Adjustable Power Awning with LED Lights
|Axle Count
|Number of LP Tanks
|Shower Type
|Electrical Service
|30 amp
General RV works hard to ensure the accuracy of all its listings however we are not responsible for any misprints, typos, or errors found in our website pages. Any price listed excludes sales tax, registration tags, and delivery fees. Manufacturer-provided pictures, specifications and features may be used as needed. Inventory shown may be only a partial listing of the entire inventory. Please contact us at 888-436-7578 for availability as our inventory changes rapidly. All calculated payments are an estimate only and do not constitute a commitment that financing or a specific interest rate or term is available.


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- Home
- The CIOC
- Comet ISON
- Observing
- Blog
- Resources
- FAQs
Comet ISON's Current Status
Latest Update: December 5th, 2013
last report. Why have we been so quiet? Because we haven't had any substantial new information to report (and because we're all recovering the whirlwind of last week!).
Comet ISON left the LASCO C3 field of view early on December 1 as a diffuse object lacking a central condensation down to the instrument's limiting magnitude of about +8.5. It appeared in STEREO-HI1A around this same time and is expected to remain in the field of view through about December 7. As of December 3, 2013 (the most recent images available as of this writing), a broad and diffuse remnant of comet ISON continues to be visible in STEREO HI-1A images. Due to a complete lack of any kind of central condensation down to the instrument's limiting magnitude of about +13.5, photometry is impossible at this stage. A by-eye estimate would be that the comet remnants continue to drop at approximately half a magnitude per day, and in the most recent images appear to be around magnitude +11. We will update the lightcurve if/when there are new measurements reported.
We continue to encourage observations of comet ISON to help understand what, if anything remains. It is our hope that subsequent observations when it is at a more favorable solar elongation and closer to the Earth may be able to detect or set upper limits on any remaining nucleus/fragments or gas production. Such measurements will be vital for understanding what was the ultimate fate of ISON. At this stage our working assumption is that it disintegrated, but it is plausible that the nucleus was simply devolatilized, or that there exists one or more small fragments each of which is active at a level too low to be detected by SOHO or STEREO.
Light-CurveSome notes about the lightcurve plot:
We plot two sources of data. The first, shown as red circles, are the magnitude measurements being reported by the Minor Planet Center. As we've discussed before, these measurements vary widely from observer to observer based on each person's technique and instrumentation. Most are only measuring a relatively small region near the comet, yielding a fainter brightness than if they measured the whole coma.
The second, plotted as blue triangles, are from the International Comet Quarterly. The ICQ data are generally "total magnitude" estimates that try to encompass all of the light from the comet. Many of these estimates are made by very experienced observers using binoculars or even their naked eye who compare the comet to nearby stars of known brightness. It takes a lot of work to be good at this technique, but as you can see from the relatively small scatter in the blue points, yields quite reliable estimates.
You will notice that near perihelion the ICQ data fall much closer to the trend line, but back in the first half of 2013, the red and blue points roughly overlap. This is because in early 2013 Comet ISON had a small angular size, so in effect all brightness measurements were "total" measurements. Once ISON got close to the Sun, its coma was much larger in an absolute sense. Furthermore, it was also closer to the Earth, so its apparent size was also larger. The result is that what worked very well early on (measurements using a small aperture on a CCD) began to diverge systematically from the total brightness. So near perihelion the blue points do a better job answering what everyone cares about: "How bright is Comet ISON?"
The black line is just one possible model of ISON's brightness behavior. It makes no prediction for what comet ISON will actually do. After being steadily adjusted throughout the first ten months of 2013, the line ended up doing a fairly good job of matching most of the "total brightness" measurements leading up to perihelion. Due to comet ISON"s apparent demise near perihelion, the post-perihelion curve is obviously no longer very relevant. However, any small active fragment that might still exist would likely follow this rough shape, albeit with a MUCH lower brightness.
The gray box is a zoomed in plot of the most recent data. If new brightness measurements are obtained this will continue to show the new measurements in greater detail.
The "Current Status" page will not be updated further unless there are new measurements reported. You are encouraged to follow the CIOC's Karl Battams '@SungrazerComets' Twitter feed to learn more about comet ISON and other sungrazing comets.
Current Status ArchiveAs this has been a dynamic page throughout the website's existence, it was unwieldy to display previous status updates. You can go directly to previous updates below, but note that near perihelion more information was conveyed through the blogs.
November 30
November 27
November 25
November 23
November 20
November 19
November 18
November 15
November 13
November 11
November 8
November 6
November 2
< -- History The Future For ISON -- >


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Welcome to the 'Unofficial' CAcert Wiki
These pages are a user-maintained FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) for [http://www.CAcert.org]. CAcert.org offers FREE digital certificates for everyone.
FAQ, Support, Tutorials, Documents
[http://www.cacert.org/index.php?id=19 CAcert features and Assurance points] and ["FAQ/AssuranceDetails"] All about CAcert features and points
- ["FAQ"] - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
GettingSupport - Mailing lists, IRC, email, etc.
TutorialsHowto - Tutorials and HOWTOs about everything you need
ImportRootCert - How can I trust CAcert´s root certificate?
[http://www.cacert.org/stats.php CAcert Statistics] - How many people are using CAcert?
TrustedThirdParty - An information page for TTPs who are asked to do a verification
Core documents
Assuring People & Organisations, Managing Assurance process
- ["FAQ/AssuringPeople"] - Intro to individual Assurance: Short and easy to understand how to assure individuals
OrganisationEntities - Intro to organisations Assurance : how to Obtain Org support & Certificate Management for Organisations.
[http://blog.cacert.org UpcomingEvents] - Events all around the world ...
EventOrganisation - What to consider for assuring at big events. What procedures proved best?
AssurerTraining - E-Learning and E-Testing for our Assurers
AssuranceTest - Question collecting for above
AssuranceHandbook - Draft of a Handbook to be presented to our new assurers
Technical Area
ClientCerts - The basics of using your CAcert client certificates.
ServerCerts - For securing Websites, VPNs, etc.
BrowserClients - Including the CAcert Root Certificate into your browser
DeveloperNotes - Programming stuff for developers.
CodesigningCert - Getting a code-signing certificate.
CustomBuilds - Custom building applications to include our root certificate
Organisational Area
InclusionStatus - Is CAcert´s root cert already included?
CacertSites - See who's using CAcert certs!
PressPass - See what the media and our supporters have to say!
StrategicPartnerships - Joint ventures involving CAcert or CAcert products
CaCertificates - What kinds of certifications are interesting for CAs?
CacertDonate - Ways to support CAcert community
CacertMembership - Getting more involved in CAcert community of Trust?
Task Forces
Key projects
PolicyDrafts - is a section dedicated to the drafting of policies required under a CA audit.
Latest projects
OcspResponder - Technical details about our OCSP Responder
VhostTaskForce - Securing Vhosts with SSL, compatibility
DomainController - Taskforce on working out what's needed for MS clients to authenticate with PKI
SmartCards - Requirements for Smart Cards.
CryptoHardware - Help and Howtos on Cryptography Hardware
Pkcs11TaskForce - PKCS#11 Taskforce
General Tasks
HowToHelp - How can you help CAcert?
TranslationTeam - Help for translation contributors
[http://bugs.cacert.org ContentReviewTeam] - What should be changed on CAcert.org to make it a better website
WikiMailingList - Collaborate with CAcert wiki, help the community !
RegressionTest - Regression-testing the CAcert website
AntiFraudCoffeeRoom - Researchers discussing anti-fraud techniques to combat phishing
OidAllocation - Allocation of CAcert´s OIDs
PkiPhilosophy - Philosophical views on PKI, Certificates, Trust, ...
Legal Issues
LegalIssues - Legal issues surrounding CAcert internationally
DigitalInvoice - Digitally signing digital invoices
DigitalSignature - Security Capsule for Digital Signatures
RecentVisitors - Tell us who you are and showcase you
WhosWho - The people behind the curtain...
WikiNewbie - A Wiki Newbie? Don't worry! Go here to learn how you can contribute to this wiki!
ContentReviewTeam - Deprecated - see [http://bugs.cacert.org Bugs Reports]
UpcomingEvents - Deprecated - see [http://blog.cacert.org Blog] )