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Greystone Mill Pond
Image of a black-and-white lantern slide of Greystone Mill Pond located in Providence County, Rhode Island.The area later known as Greystone was initially the site of the Cooper Farm, one of five large farms that dominated the North Providence …
Easton's Beach
An image of Easton's Beach located in Newport, Rhode Island, c. 1925.See also:Newport: A Lively Experiment, 1639-1969 by Rockwell Stensrud, 2006Rhode Island Historical Preservation Commission: Statewide Preservation Reports, 1975 - 1982
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Clyde Square
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3rd RI Volunteer Memorial
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A Street Scene in Old Part of Warren
Image of "A Street Scene in Old Part of Warren", c. 1920.
General Marquis de Lafayette headquarters
Image of General Marquis de Lafayette headquarters located in Tiverton, R.I. During the American Revolution the British held Aquidneck Island and Tiverton became an asylum for Americans fleeing the British oppression. The famous French General,…
Beach in South Kingstown, RI
Image of a beach in South Kingstown, R.I., c. 1925.See also: Rhode Island Historical Preservation Commission: Statewide Preservation Reports, 1975 - 1982 Rhode Island Historical Preservation Commission: Historical and Architectural Resources…
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Scituate Dam
Image of the dam at the Scituate Reservoir located in Scituate, R.I., c. 1925.Beginning in 1636, when Roger Williams founded Providence on the east bank of the Providence River, the only drinking water available was derived from private wells. In…
Oldest House Shannock
Image of "The oldest house in Shannock," located in Richmond, R.I., c. 1930. Formerly used as a grist mill and home of Mr. J. B. Blanchard.
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Image of the Bristol Ferry leaving Portsmouth, R.I., c. 1925.
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Wickford Village, North Kingstown
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Bliss Hill Fort
Image of Howard W. Preston, et al atop Bliss Hill Fort, Green End, located in Middletown, RI. Bliss Hill Fort was a Patriot fort built during the advance on the British lines at Green End Fort nearby.See also:Revolutionary War, American, 1775-1783
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RI Red Memorial
Image of the RI Red Memorial located in Little Compton, R.I. The RI Red Memorial is a bronze relief, depicting a life-size rooster, accompanied by text, and surrounded by a simple molding worked in the bronze. The relief is set into the rough but…
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Image of the Jamestown Waterfront with US Naval ships in background, Jamestown, R.I., c. 1915-1920.See also:Rhode Island Historic Preservation and Heritage Commission: Rhode Island Historic Architectural Resources of Jamestown, 1995
Chepachet Jail
Image of the Chepachet Jail located in Glocester, RI, c. 1925.See also:Rhode Island Historical Preservation Commission: Historical and Architectural Resources Preliminary Reports, 1978-1991Town of Glocester, Rhode Island Monograph, November 1976
Cistercian Monastery
Image of the Cistercian Monastery located in Cumberland, RI. Excerpt from Cumberland Public Library Monastery History: The Cumberland Public Library is situated on the site of the Monastery of Our Lady of the Valley, occupied by the monks of the…
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Penner, a Mennonite family name, has occurred frequently among Mennonites in East and West Prussia, Russia, and North America. Records of the family have been found in the Marienburger Werder as early as 1592. In 1776 there were 118 Penner families in West Prussia. In 1936 the members were distributed as follows in Germany: Danzig 56, Elbing-Ellerwald 19, Elbing-Stadt-City 5, Fürstenwerder 21, Heubuden 62, Ladekopp-Orlofferfelde 58, Montau-Gruppe 1, Rosenort 49, Schönsee 8, Thiensdorf-Preussisch Rosengart 88, Tiegenhagen 54, Tragheimerweide 27, Berlin 13, Gronau 7, Hamburg 1, making a total of 469.
At Hamburg, Germany, Henrich Pender (Heinrich Penner) in 1669-78 was a partner with Carl de Vlieger, also a Mennonite, in the ownership of whaling boats operating near Greenland. Among the prominent bearers of the Penner name in West Prussia were the following: Elder David Penner (d. 1732), who left Lithuania with 120 Mennonite families in January 1724 because of persecution and settled with them at Thiensdorf-Markushof in the Kleinwerder (West Prussia). Abraham Penner of Tiegenhagen was an elder of the Old Flemish congregation of the Grosswerder 1749-67, and Jacob Penner (d. 1794) was a preacher of the Orlofferfelde congregation 1766-73. Gerhard Penner of Irrgang, the nephew of Gerhard Penner, Sr. was a preacher at Heubuden in 1861-1867. Heinrich Penner (d. 1890), the son of Gerhard Penner, Sr., was the elder of the "emigration congregation," and ministered to those who were compelled to postpone their emigration to Russia. Wilhelm Penner was an elder of the Danzig City congregation and chairman of the church board. Johann Penner of Prangenau (1871-1943) was ordained as preacher of the Ladekopp congregation in 1903, and elder in 1919. He also served as chairman of the Committee of Elders of the Conference of East and West Prussia. Jakob Penner and Johann Penner were elders in the Thiensdorf-Preussisch Rosengart congregation.
In Russia the following Penners should be mentioned: Bernhard Penner (b. 1756 at Elbing, d. 1791 at Chortitza), ordained preacher in 1790 and elder 1791 at Chortitza; Wilhelm Penner and Peter Penner were teachers in the Chortitza Zentralschule. Another Wilhelm Penner, born in Elbing, a brother of Johannes K. Penner, was a preacher at Ak-Metchet and later an elder at Aulie-Ata.
In America some of the Mennonite bearers of this name were as follows: Andreas Penner, a younger brother of Gerhard Penner, Sr., was preacher of the Heubuden congregation from 1854 and later served in Beatrice, Neb., Gerhard Penner, Sr. and Jr., were preachers in the Beatrice congregation. Two sons of the latter were Cornelius Penner (b. 17 May 1868 at Koczelitzke [Warnau] ), serving as a minister in Beatrice, starting in 1903, and Henry Gerhard Penner (b. 24 July 1872 at Marienburg), a physician in Beatrice. Peter A. Penner (b. 2 April 1871 at Bilisirkow, Ukraine, d. 1949), was a missionary in Champa, India. Peter William Penner (b. 12 February 1876 at Prangenau in the Molotschna), was a missionary in Janjgir, India. Jakob B. Penner (b. 10 February 1877) in South Russia, was a minister of the Mennonite Brethren congregation in Kronsgart, Manitoba, as were also Heinrich Daniel Penner and Johannes K. Penner. H. D. Penner was an important General Conference Mennonite Church minister and writer.
Andreas, W. C. "Highlights and Sidelights of the Mennonites in Beatrice." Mennonite Life 1 (July 1946).
Crous, Franz. "Mennonitenfamilien in Zahlen." Mennonitische Geschichtesblätter 5 (1940): 26-45.
Friesen, P. M. Die Alt-Evangelische Mennonitische Bräderschaft in Russland (1789-1910) im Rahmen der mennonitischen Gesamtgeschichte. Halbstadt, 1911.
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967: v. III, 340 f.
Inventaris der Archiefstukken berustende bij de Vereenigde Doopsgezinde Gemeente te Amsterdam 1. Amsterdam, 1883-1884: Nos. 1571-79; 11, 2, Nos. 708, 736, 751.
Mannhardt, H. G. Die Danziger Mennonitengemeinde. Danzig, 1919.
Naamlijst der tegenwoordig in dienst zijnde predikanted der Mennonited in de vereenigde Nederlanden. Amsterdam, 1731, 1743, 1755, etc.
Oesau, Wanda. Hamburgs Grönlandsfahrt. Glückstadt-Hamburg, 1955: 132 f.
|Ernst Crous
|Nanne van der Zijpp
|Date Published
Cite This Article
MLA style
Crous, Ernst and Nanne van der Zijpp. "Penner family name." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1959. Web. 24 May 2019. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Penner_family_name&oldid=60157.
APA style
Crous, Ernst and Nanne van der Zijpp. (1959). Penner family name. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 24 May 2019, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Penner_family_name&oldid=60157.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, pp. 133-134. All rights reserved.
©1996-2019 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.

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Priesthood, the office of a priest, a ritual expert learned in a special knowledge of the technique of worship and accepted as a religious and spiritual leader.
Throughout the long and varied history of religion, the priesthood has been the official institution that has mediated and maintained a state of equilibrium between the sacred and the profane aspects of human society and that has exercised a stabilizing influence on social structures and on cultic organizations. The term priest is derived etymologically from the Greek word presbyteros ("elder"), of which it is a contraction, and it is equated with the Latin word sacerdos (the Roman officiant at the sacrifices and sacred rites).
Nature and significance
The primary role of the priest is that of the ritual expert, the one who has a special and sometimes secret knowledge of the techniques of worship, including incantations, prayers, sacrificial acts, songs, and other acts that are believed to bridge the separation between the divine or sacred and the profane realms. The priest gains such knowledge through the institution known as the priesthood, which may be composed of various groups or guilds devoted to all or only a few aspects of the priestly craft. Because the priest gains his special knowledge from a school for priests, he is differentiated from other religious and cultic leaders, such as the magician, shaman (healer and visionary), diviner, or prophet, who obtain their positions by means of individual efforts (e.g., learning from a master magician or diviner; individual ecstatic experiences that are publicly recognized). As a member of the institution that regulates the relationship between the divine or sacred and the profane realms through the various rituals of a particular religion, the priest is the accepted religious and spiritual leader in his society.
At various times in the history of a culture or society the priestly institution may be attacked by other institutions or groups that vie for the religious leadership (and thus sometimes the social, political, and economic leadership) of a people. Such anticlericalism is a phenomenon not only of modern society (as noted in the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Mexican Civil War that began in 1857, and other less dramatic movements) but also in the ancient world, such as in Egypt in the 14th century bce, when the priesthood of the god Amon and the priesthood of the god Aton changed positions. Anticlericalism may be fostered by battles for religious leadership between two or more opposing priestly groups, or by prophets and others who are concerned with religious experiences in their personal rather than in their institutional forms. Among Protestants the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers (i.e., all believers have direct access to God) militates generally against strong anticlerical tendencies within their own ranks. In Islam there is, technically, no priesthood, though there are local spiritual and community leaders, such as the imam, the mullah, the mufti, the qadi, and others.
The priest and his office
The function of the priest as the mediator and maintainer of the equilibrium between the sacred and the profane in human society, and as the stabilizer of the social structures and the cultic organizations, determines the various criteria for holding the priestly office. In preliterate society the functions are accomplished by ritual experts who are trained in the special knowledge and techniques of magico-religious disciplines in which sacred power is believed to be inherent. They also are trained in disciplines that enable them to gain a supernormal psychic knowledge and in the techniques of mystical experience. As agents of the sacred power, they are believed to have the ability to control and manipulate through ritual natural processes and events and to engage in a sacramental relationship between humanity and the sacred order on which the community and its members depend for their sustenance, survival, and well-being.
Because religious institutions and beliefs are intimately connected with other social institutions, those who are set apart to establish efficacious relations with the transcendental powers that are believed to control the universe, as well as human affairs and destinies, occupy a key position at the dynamic centre in the social structure. Thus, in certain types of societies the office and functions of the priest may be limited to those having a particular ancestry, those belonging to certain tribes (such as the Levites in Judaism), families (such as the Eumolpids of the Eleusinian mystery religion of Greece), or castes (such as the Brahmans in Hinduism), and those initiated into certain professional orders (such as the cure doctors among the Maya).
Besides such sociocultural criteria, there are also certain personal requirements in various cultures for those who would become members of a priesthood. Celibacy (as in Roman Catholicism and the Archakas of the Digambara sect in Jainism), asceticism (as in various Buddhist groups), and religious experiences (as among some Holiness Protestant sects) are among the personal requirements for those who aspire to or are chosen to assume the priestly office.
The religious functions of priests are quite varied. In his specific role as the officiant of the rites that unite the sacred and the profane realms, the priest as a pontifex (from the Latin word that means maker of a bridge) celebrates or administers at the rituals of initiation into the cult or church, presides over ritual reenactments of creative, redemptive, or salvatory (salvation-working) events, and offers sacrifices to the gods or to one God. He also functions as a perpetuator of the sacred traditions, practices, and beliefs and as a teacher, healer, counselor, and diviner.
In all their respective offices, functions, and capacities, those who have exercised and manipulated sacred power have attained a uniquely prestigious position as the spiritual and social leaders par excellence. When perplexing and emotional situations that appear to be beyond human control, knowledge, skill, or techniques have arisen in a community, the people have a recourse in the priest, who has the special knowledge of the relationship between the divine or sacred and the profane realms. The priest is often called upon at critical junctures in the lives of individuals (such as birth, puberty, marriage, and death) and in the life of a community (such as seasonal changes or at times of flood, drought, and famine).
Priesthood in the religions of the world
Nonliterate cultures
The office of priesthood in nonliterate society ranges from the medicine man, who magically manipulates the sacred power as a quasi-impersonal force, to the shaman, who, as an agent of divine or spiritual beings, may be at once a medicine man, a visionary, an occult diviner, and a genuine sacerdotal cult leader. Not infrequently, chiefs or headmen of a clan or village may become sacred men or ritual experts displaying supernatural insight and knowledge as the agents of spiritual beings. As such, they may eventually become prophets or sacral kings occupying a unique status in the community. This status may be acquired by accepted claims of descent from a mythical divine ancestor or god on whom the fertility of the crops and the welfare of the community in general are thought to depend. Occult power and insight may be derived from spirits with which the prophet or diviner is related in a trance or ecstasy, or else in dreams, visions, or auguries and oracles that make known the divine will. To occupy such a position, a strenuous course of training is frequently required, involving some knowledge of therapeutics (healing), leechcraft (use of leeches in healing), trephining (operating on the skull), herbs, poisons, and perhaps sleight of hand and similar techniques, together with the development of psychical and occult qualities. While charlatanry (pretensions to medical knowledge) is often practiced, the office also demands an understanding of the technical equipment calculated to bring about the results that are sought, and the proper type of temperament, conditions of mind, and state of emotion.
Unlike the shaman and the medicine man, both of whom exercise their respective functions while relying largely on their own initiative and psychic and occult powers of divination, healing, and direct access to the spirit world at their command, the priest supplicates and conciliates supernatural forces superior to himself, guards the sacred tradition in his care, and acts as the master of sacrifice. The shaman or magician officiates in his own name and by his own methods and techniques; the priest serves the altar, in the temple or shrine, as the representative of the community in his relations with the gods and the sacred order by virtue of the status and its functions that have been conferred upon him at his ordination, bestowing its sacredness and attendant taboos.
The ancient Middle East
In the Nile valley the occupant of the throne (the pharaoh) was regarded as a god incarnate, the sacred king. Because he was believed to be the epitome of all that was divine, he alone was the intermediary between humankind and the gods whom he summed up in his complex personality. Before Menes, founder of the 1st dynasty (c. 3100–2890 bce), centralized the rule of Upper and Lower Egypt, the high priest and king "Scorpion" was traditionally considered to be the incarnation of Horus (the sky god). Under the powerful influence of the priesthood of Heliopolis, the sacred kingship was given a solar significance; the pharaohs were represented as the sons of the sun god Re, who was identified with the god Atum. When Memphis became the imperial city, Re-Atum was brought into relation with its god, Ptah (the creator), and subsequently with Osiris, a fertility god who also was regarded as a god of the dead. Osiris was equated with the life-giving waters of the Nile and believed to be the first civilizing king, reigning in the person of the pharaoh as his posthumous son Horus. Therefore, in Egypt the divine origin and status of the monarchy was so firmly established that it became the stabilizing force of the civilization in the Nile valley.
In theory, the king of Egypt was the high priest of every god, and in all important ceremonies he alone was depicted in the temple scenes as the officiant. For practical purposes, however, he delegated his functions to the particular professional local priesthoods. In due course the priests, courtiers, and officials shared in his divine powers and privileges. Even though they only acted on behalf of the divine ruler, his representatives shared in some measure his personality and potency. As the priest par excellence, the pharaoh remained unique, and it was from him that the priesthood and nobility exercised their sacerdotal functions when the solar theology of Heliopolis was established in the 5th dynasty (c. 2494–c. 2345 bce). After the 5th dynasty the pharaoh was accredited exclusively with having built all the temples, and on their walls he was portrayed officiating as the mediator between humanity and the gods in all important rites. In fact, nevertheless, his place was taken by one of the retinue of priests attached to the royal household or to the local temples. Only very occasionally did he perform his sacerdotal duties in person. Every temple had its high priest who, in addition to his sacred offices, might also be a high judicial official, thereby combining sacred and profane roles, varying with the actions performed.
From the number of titles assigned to priestly officials in the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–c. 2160 bce), it appears that one priest must have served simultaneously a multiplicity of cults in the shrine to which he was attached and received a share of the offerings and emoluments. In wealthy great temples in the New Kingdom (c. 1567–c. 1085 bce) there was an elaborate organization, and a large staff engaged in administrative, civil, and educational duties, as well as in their sacerdotal and mortuary functions. There were also a number of priestesses associated with the mother-goddess Hathor (wife of the sun god Re), who were mainly concerned with playing the sacred sistra and other musical instruments. From the 18th to the 21st dynasties (1567–1085 bce), however, under the Theban priesthood of Amon-Re, the priestly hierarchy was able to create an absolute "state within a state."
In Mesopotamia, where kingship occupied a less prominent position than it did in the Nile valley, powerful priesthoods and highly organized temples were firmly established in and after the 4th millennium bce. The temples were centres of sacred learning of the content and methods of incantation, prognostication, exorcism, and political and economic administration, and their attendant priests were divided into classes with special sacerdotal and secular functions. The valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers contained a series of city-states loosely bound together under the rule of a governor (patesi or ensi) and of a high priest (sangu mah). Their main functions were to integrate the temple communities of the city, their revenues and boundaries; and the unigallu, or head of the priesthood, was responsible for the performance of the seasonal rites, with the assistance of those who sang the liturgies and directed the temple music and those who uttered the lamentations, invoked the oracles, and interpreted the astrological signs and omens. The duties of other members of the priesthood included making incantations and pronouncing spells and exorcisms. The seers, or baru, foretold the future by means of soothsaying, interpreting dreams and visions, and communicating revelations.
An important function of the priesthood in the ancient Middle East was that of exorcism. All down the ages good and evil have been viewed as two contending forces in perpetual conflict, and in the dual task of the riddance of evil and the induction of good the exorcist, the shaman, and the seer have exercised complementary functions hardly distinguishable in the higher cultural levels in Babylonia and Assyria. When the function of the driving out of demons from human beings and buildings by incantations and ritual expulsions was separated from the interpretation of omens and astrological portents, the office of the exorcists was in ever increasing demand. According to cuneiform texts from about the 3rd millennium bce, exorcists held a position of supreme importance, assisting at the consecration of temples, at funerals, and at seasonal ceremonies. In the temple schools, exorcists, diviners, and astrologers, together with physicians, scribes, and judges, fostered the study of astronomy, medicine, and jurisprudence. In their sacerdotal functions and capacities they were regarded as the agents and exponents of the gods, having a monopoly on sacred knowledge, controlling for good or evil the destinies of the community and its members. Therefore, their power was enormous, and they maintained the relation between religion and culture by their all-embracing hierarchy that determined the present welfare and future destinies of both human beings and the social order.
Similar beliefs and practices occurred in northern Syria in the middle of the 2nd millennium bce, before the Israelite settlement in Canaan. Here, again, the priesthood was responsible for the dramatic rituals on which the social structure and the well-being of humans were believed to depend, especially in the climax of the autumnal festival that culminated in the enthronement of the year god. The priestly movement was centred in the temple of Ugarit, and the religious texts discovered there (Ras Shamra) were essentially liturgical documents devised to make the sacred drama enacted there efficacious. Baal, the weather god, was regarded as "the lord of the furrows of the field," responsible for the rain and the production of the fruits of the earth. A series of temples was erected in his honour in Syria and Palestine. The temple at Ras Shamra was a considerable structure with a lattice, the opening of which was supposed to produce the autumnal rains, and its liturgical ritual was celebrated by the priests and priestesses in their official capacities as those who personified the gods and goddesses responsible for providential bounty and beneficence.
With the advent of Persian sovereignty in Mesopotamia, a new approach to cosmology and mythology was introduced. In the religion founded by Zoroaster (c. 7th century bce), the ultimate ground of the universe was reduced to a single supreme deity, Ahura Mazdā, the "Wise Lord." Astrology became widely practiced by the Iranian Magi (priests of the Zoroastrian religion) who were highly skilled in the knowledge of astral lore and the signs of the zodiac. In the three centuries after the Persian occupation of Mesopotamia (6th century bce), the Babylonian priests under Iranian influence made remarkable strides in astronomical learning that ultimately dethroned astrology from its exalted position in sacred tradition. Beyond the Euphrates valley, however, it survived until after Islamic rule, when the astrologer and the astronomer became indistinguishable.
Ancient Greece and Rome
The ancient Greeks were devoid of hierarchical institutions composed of men and women through whom the gods were approached, though priests and priestesses could be found in many places engaging in specific sacerdotal functions and ritual acts. Some of them attained considerable social and civic prestige and importance and were attached to particular temples or shrines such as the oracle at Delphi, which was consulted on private and state matters. Their duties, however, were generally those of members of a household engaged in everyday affairs, rather than of a caste or sacerdotal order set apart and consecrated for the performance of sacrificial and other rites, functions, and practices. Though not regarded as mediators between the gods and men, they did act in such ritualistic capacities in certain civic and administrative areas. There was no specific distinction, however, between them and lay members of society. On the contrary, such officials as magistrates might be priests and vice versa. Some exercised considerable influence if they were regarded as outstandingly efficient, wise, or distinguished in their respective civic or religious capacities.
Similarly, in ancient Rome when the agricultural religion of Numa (the legendary second king) was transformed into an institutional state cult in the republic, it was organized as a hierarchy with the rex sacrorum ("king of the sacred things") inheriting the office and attributes of the former priest-king. The rex sacrorum had to be a patrician and was chosen for life, subordinate only to the pontifex maximus, who was the head of the college of pontifices ("advisors on the sacred law") and flamines ("priests devoted to a particular god"), 3 of whom were assigned to the gods Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus, the remaining 12 to other deities. The flamen Dialis, dedicated to the supreme sky god, Jupiter, occupied a unique position socially, politically, and sacerdotally and was subject to strict taboos and regulations because of his sacred office. The flaminica, the wife of the flamen Dialis, participated in his sacredness and official status, and so vital was her association with him and his office that if she died he ceased to perform his functions.
Attached to the temple of the goddess Vesta on the Forum in Rome were the six Vestal Virgins dedicated from childhood to the service of the sacred fire in the atrium vestae (hearth temple) and to the care of the storehouse (penus). Originally they were selected from patrician families by the pontifex maximus, but later plebians were eligible for election. During their 30 years of service to the goddess, beginning in childhood, chastity had to be strictly observed on pain of death by starvation, but after the completion of the period of service the virgins were free to marry. The duties assigned to them at very ancient festivals, such as the Lupercalia (a fertility festival) on February 15, and at other occasions indicate their unique position and significance in the state cult going back, in all probability, to their origins in the family tradition, associated with the pontifices as the officiating priests. Augurs (divinatory personages) had a powerful influence on state religious beliefs and practices, especially in divination to ascertain the will of the gods and the blessing of the crops. They also interpreted signs in the sky as good or bad for the guidance of the magistrates. At the end of the republic (in the 1st century bce) this practice led to abuses that were ridiculed by the politician and orator Cicero. Among other groups of Roman priests were the Salii on the Palatine Hill (the 12 Leapers of the god Mars), and the Luperci, whose sacerdotal functions were confined to the Lupercalia. The fetiales were Roman officials employed in making treatises or declarations of war, whose work gradually fell into disuse at the beginning of the empire (late 1st century bce) when the state cult was in decline and losing its vitality.
Ancient Judaism
When Christianity became the legal religion of the Roman Empire after ad 313, it had already inherited from its Jewish background a concept of an organized priesthood. The Jewish priesthood had been centralized in the Temple of Jerusalem from the 10th century bce until its destruction by the Romans in 70 ce. The Hebrew-language designations for those who exercised oracular, divinatory, and ecstatic functions in ancient sanctuaries that were prominent cultic centres prior to the building of the temple, such as Mamre, Hebron, Bethel, Shechem, and Gilgal, were kohen (also romanized "cohen"), levi, naviʾ, and roʾe, corresponding to priest, Levite, prophet, and seer, respectively. Kohen is the equivalent of the Arabic word kāhin ("diviner"), and in Hebrew it has the meaning of "priest," denoting the occupant of the office concerned with obtaining oracles by the aid of the ephod (an apronlike garment) containing the Urim and Thummim (sacred lots) and by inspiration, as well as with officiating at a sanctuary. After the 7th century bce, when worship was concentrated in Jerusalem, the capital, the priesthood was restricted to the Levitical house of Aaron (brother of Moses, the 13th-century-bce lawgiver) after having been previously drawn from other lines of descent, such as those of David, Nathan, Micah, and Abinadab (royal, prophetic, and priestly families).
Whether in fact the Levites ever were members of a sacerdotal tribe is open to debate, but in any case they represented a special fraternity set apart to be guardians of the sanctuary and to engage in oracular and prophetic functions, over against the rival priestly kohanim in their respective independent confraternities. It was not until after the exile of the Jews to Babylon in 586 bce, when the Priestly code was drawn up, that the distinction between priests and Levites became absolute. The priesthood was confined exclusively to those claiming succession from Aaron, in spite of the Zadokites claiming priestly descent from Eleazar as an "everlasting covenant" (Numbers 18:2–7, 25:13; I Chronicles 24:37). The Zadokites may have represented the survival of an ancient Jebusite (Canaanite) royal priesthood, giving them special duties and privileges in the Temple worship above those of the Levites. Later, when the priesthood became reserved for the descendants of the family of Aaron alone, the title was restricted to members of the non-Aaronic families of the tribe acting as the servants of the Temple.
The oracle given by the priests as the inspired word of the Law, called the Torah, which was referred back to Moses in postexilic Judaism, acquired a new significance, involving a rigid observance of its ritual and legal commands that permeated every aspect of life, worship, and conduct. The cessation of the daily sacrifice and other Levitical priestly ministrations in the Temple after the fall of Jerusalem to the Romans (70 ce) gave a new emphasis to and interpretation of the Torah in the synagogue and in domestic rituals. The prerogatives of the high priest, and those of the priesthood in general, with its exclusive lineage, were maintained after the revolt of the Jews under the leadership of the Maccabees against the Hellenistic Syrians in the 2nd century bce, and the priestly blessing (dukhan) in the synagogue remained the exclusive right of the kohanim claiming descent from Aaron. They also have had the right to be the first called upon to read the Torah in the synagogue, followed by a Levite. Their privileges, however, have been questioned by some rabbinical authorities (nonpriestly Torah scholars and religious leaders). The Sadducees (deriving their name from the Zadokites) were the high priests in Jerusalem during and after the time of the Hasmoneans, the descendants of the Maccabees (135–104 bce). They exercised considerable influence in the Jewish Sanhedrin (supreme rabbinic court) as the conservative class of the religious aristocracy, favoured accommodations to Greek culture, and maintained the importance of the letter of the written Torah over against the oral tradition of the rival Pharisees. The high priesthood, however, was declining in status under the increasing control of the Roman authorities.
At this critical juncture in Judaism, Christianity, with its own particular conception of priesthood and sacrificial redemption, began in Palestine and rapidly spread throughout the surrounding regions in the Greco-Roman world. In the New Testament the imminent destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem and its worship is predicted, and the culmination of its high priesthood in the person of Jesus Christ, after the order of Melchizedek (the priest-king of Jerusalem revered by Abraham in the Hebrew Bible [Old Testament] Book of Genesis), is proclaimed. The Jewish Aaronic priesthood and its ritual are represented in the Letter to the Hebrews as imperfect shadows, in a Platonic sense, of the archetypal order of the eternal sacrifice of Christ. Only Christ, who was described as "beyond the veil" (referring to the veil that separated the "Holy of Holies" section from the other areas of the Temple), was believed to be able to save those who came to God through him, since he had removed the barrier of sin that separated human beings and God for those in a state of grace. The writer of the Letter to the Hebrews stated that Christ, in his reconciling offering as both priest and victim on the cross, accomplished the removal of the barrier in the heavenly tabernacle. This was interpreted in terms of the Hebrew Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), a ceremony in which the Jewish high priest made expiation annually for himself, the priesthood, and the whole congregation of Israel. The view of Christ as king, high priest, mediator, and victim influenced the establishment and gradual development of the Christian priesthood in the church, which shares in and makes accessible to its baptized members the all-sufficient priesthood of Christ.
Originally the terms presbyteros ("elder") and episkopos ("overseer"), current in the New Testament and the early church, were probably identical. From the 2nd century on, however, the sacerdotal hierarchy developed along the lines of the Hebrew priesthood, the title episcopus, or bishop, becoming reserved for those who presided over the presbyterate, then called sacerdotes because they shared in the episcopal sacerdotium ("priesthood"), which included the offering of the eucharistic sacrifice of bread and wine. But the conferring of holy orders (ordination of presbyters) and administering the sacrament of confirmation, together with administration of the diocese (jurisdictional area), were confined to the episcopate. In due course the threefold ministry of bishops, priests, and deacons (administrative and liturgical assistants in a parish) became organized on a diocesan basis. This remained the norm in the Western church until the Reformation in the 16th century, when it was repudiated by the continental Reformers (e.g., Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli). In Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, Swedish Lutheranism, and Eastern Orthodoxy, apostolic succession and jurisdiction have been maintained, especially in the Roman Catholic papacy and in Eastern Orthodox patriarchates.
In European Christianity in the Middle Ages (c. 6th to 14th centuries), the deeply laid tradition inherited from the theocracies and priesthoods in the ancient Middle East of a common social, judicial, political, and religious structure was sustained and gave expression to medieval civilization, especially in the Latin West. Church and state became so closely associated that they were virtually identical, as in the cases of the sacred and secular in preliterate societies. As Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) contended in De Monarchia ("Concerning the Monarchy"), the pope, as the head of the spiritual aspects of society, and the emperor, as the ruler of the temporal areas of concern, were equally ordained by God to exercise their functions in their respective spheres of power and influence for human welfare. If this duality of control did not endure, because the church gradually usurped more and more of the civil jurisdiction and dominated emperors, kings, and other ecclesiastical rulers, the unification of the body politic was rendered more complete as an integrated whole, and the life and character of medieval civilization was determined through the papacy and its priesthood.
In Vedic India, the early period of Hinduism, when the priestly caste (Brahman) was vested in a particular tribe or special class, it occupied the primary place of importance in the segmentation of Hindu society. The king was subordinate in some respects to the Brahmans, though at one time both sometimes were chosen from the Kshatriya, or warrior, caste. Nevertheless, because the existence of the universe and all cosmic processes were made to depend upon sacrificial offerings, the king delegated such functions to the priests before the end of the 7th century bce, the priests having usurped that position previously held by the kings. The priesthood then exercised supreme control over the fortunes of the gods and human beings, of heaven and earth, and of the state, though not infrequently priests worked in the service of princes. The Brahmans, however, were so firmly established in the caste system as the twice-born masters of sacrifice and of exclusive sacred knowledge that they were viewed as holding the universe in their grasp. As "lords of creation" by divine right they were divided into 10 tribes, above all other castes. They were required to pass through four ashramas (the celibate religious student, married householder, forest hermit, and wandering ascetic), or conditions of life, prior to and after marriage, to become anchorites (or hermits), and to attain the plenitude of their status, vocation, and authority, thus renewing the creative process by the due performance of the sacrificial offering.
Against this Brahmanic sacerdotalism and its caste organization, the reaction noted in the Upanishads (speculative texts), about 1000–500 bce, introduced a mystical conception of the priesthood in Hinduism and subsequently in Buddhism. Living as hermits in the forest, groups of mystics, reacting to Brahmanic ritualism, gathered around them disciples to learn and propagate a philosophical doctrine based upon the quest to discover a new function for the priesthood, in which the identification of the inner, eternal core of a human being (atman) with the divine ground of the universe (brahman) was achieved by asceticism, renunciation of the world, and mystical experience and realization, rather than by the sacrificial offering. This quest was eventually associated with the meditative techniques of yoga (mental and physical exercises) and opened the way for the rejection of the exclusive claims of the Brahmans in favour of the mystical insights and esoteric knowledge accessible to all who adopted the Upanishadic teaching and way of life.
With the establishment of the four ashramas, sacrifice and Brahmanic study of the Vedas were rehabilitated and brought into relationship with the Upanishadic tradition. The Brahman was thus regarded as occupying the highest state of life; he was, as the Indian scholar of religion Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan said:
one who has sensed the deepest self and acts out of that consciousness, [communicating it to others],…gives moral guidance,…lays down the science of values, draws out the blueprints for social reconstruction, and persuades the world to accept the high ends of life.
Jainism and Buddhism
In Jainism and Buddhism, arising within Brahmanism as nontheistic sectarian movements, the Brahman priesthood was sublimated and the Vedic caste and sacrifice eliminated. In their place a monastic system was evolved, with monks and nuns devoted primarily to rigorous asceticism in the quest of perfection and in the pursuit of chastity and truthfulness. Complete detachment from all phenomenal possessions and connections in Jainism (founded by Mahavira in the 6th century bce) made paramount the mendicant life of meditation and spiritual exercises dependent upon the fulfillment of vows of poverty. The functions of the priesthood were sublimated in a process of self-salvation, centred around the purpose of the deliverance of a suffering humanity from the cycles of rebirth. Since in Buddhism tanha ("desire"; literally "craving" or "thirst") was regarded as the fundamental cause of dukkha (commonly translated as suffering but meaning a sense of uneasiness or unsatisfactoriness), priestly intervention and the sacrificial offerings were considered to be of no avail in the pursuit of the Eightfold Path leading to the passionless peace of nibbana (also spelled "nirvana," the state in which tanha and dukkha are extinguished).
In the absence of any conception of a deity in Buddhism, the question of sacerdotal mediation could be ignored, though in the Mahayana ("Greater Vehicle") school and in the Tantric (esoteric) school some elements of the priestly tradition survived. The earliest converts to Buddhism were Brahmans for the most part, and a religious organization in monasteries developed, with various prescribed roles for their inhabitants, with daily routines, certain periods devoted to alms and quests, and periods for sacred learning and the translation of literary and theological works. To these activities were added other functions, such as recitations of the sacred texts at births, marriages, and in sicknesses to keep evil influences at bay. In the temples, shrines were erected to the honour of the eternal Buddha, and the image of the Blessed One on a lotus bedecked with flowers has become the central object of worship in certain Buddhist groups. The recitation of the ancient Pali sutras (discourses of the Buddha) is believed to transmit the merit inherent in the texts.
Buddhism, Daoism, and Shintō in China and Japan
In the Mahayana Buddhist sects, the monks, and those who are popularly known as bonzes, can hardly be said to exercise definitely sacerdotal functions in the temples, monasteries, and shrines. For the most part these functions have been confined to recitations and invocations, which all of the believers share. In China the Daoist priesthood emerged as an organized institution in the 2nd and 3rd centuries ce. Some were celibates and others were married, living ordinary domestic lives. A number were mendicants and some engaged in alchemy and astrology; others were illiterate. There were also those who assisted in ceremonies and collecting revenues. In the 6th century ce, in imitation of Buddhism, the Daoist celibates lived in monasteries with a patriarch as the head and interchanged facilities with their Buddhist counterparts. In Zen, a contemplative sect in Japan that grew out of Chinese Chan ("meditative") Buddhism (both "Chan" and "Zen" are corruptions of the Sanskrit dhyana, "meditation"), adherents attempted to cultivate themselves through strict discipline and training in quasi-yoga intuitive methods, without priestly intervention or divine grace, in order to attain a sudden flash of enlightenment (satori).
When Buddhism reached China, Japan, and Tibet in the opening centuries of the Common Era, it came under the influence of the indigenous faiths, cults, and social structures, and, reciprocally, it became a most important influence, adapting its beliefs and customs to those already established in these regions. In the second half of the 6th century ce, after Buddhism had acquired official recognition, pagodas, temples, and monasteries were erected with ornamentations of Buddhist origin. Buddhism adapted itself to Shintō, the native religion of Japan, and to its shrines, festivals, and rites. The functions of the four priestly classes (e.g., as ritual experts, diviners, musicians, female dancers, and "abstainers" to ward off pollution) that emerged from the family or tribal cults of Shintō were absorbed by Buddhism.
When Shintō was restored as the national religion of Japan in the 19th century, after a period of decline, the Shintō and Buddhist priests were assigned their respective duties and offices by the State Department of Religion without discrimination, for the maintenance of reverence for the gods and love of country (the truth of heaven and the way of humanity) and proper respect for the sacral emperor (the mikado). This dual sacerdotal combination lasted only until 1875, because Buddhism and Shintō were basically incompatible. This resulted in Shrine Shintō becoming the national faith under the Imperial family, maintaining its divine status, cultic practices, and priesthood, but leaving Buddhism free to propagate its dharma ("teaching") in its own way. New rituals and ceremonies were composed by the government for use at the Shintō shrines, and the duties and grades of the priests were fixed.


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Lately Zazzle, our fulfillment partner, has been on a bit of a mission. They want to add products to their platform that change the world in a socially and ecologically responsible way. In enters one of Zazzle's new partnerships: American Mojo®.
American Mojo® is a very unique, very cool company. We really can't do them any justice when describing them. In a nutshell, American Mojo employs single mothers to cut and sew their products right in the USA. So, all their products are made in the USA. Impressive for sure, but that's not all. They also pay these mothers better than minimum wage. Not only that, they provide them with childcare, healthcare, retirement plans, and education/career training as well as opportunities to move to Read More » »
Posted on March 22, 2012 8:57 am by Wasootch
Blog Categories | Housewares | New Products | Social Responsibility | Made in the USA
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Technology, specifically the Internet, is revolutionizing how we live, learn and work. No other technology in history has provided us with so much information so easily. Recognizing that the Internet has raised concerns about children's access to potentially harmful material, the Association for Library Service to Children affirms the commitment of children's librarians across America to ensuring a positive library experience for children.
We are committed to:
- Providing collections, services and assistance that encourage and support children in exploring the world of ideas and information and in developing the knowledge and skills they need to live, learn, work and govern in a democratic society;
- Selecting and guiding children to age appropriate materials in print, video and online;
- Providing instruction for children and parents about online searches and other techniques to ensure a positive Internet experience;
- Respecting the right of parents to decide which materials are appropriate for their children;
- Advising children and parents on the selection of materials they read and view and to make positive choices;
- Developing policies and services that recognize and serve the wide ranging needs of children that include, but are not limited to, differences in their emotional and intellectual maturity and family values;
- Educating parents about the Internet and encouraging them to take an active role in guiding their children's use;
- Compiling and recommending quality Web sites for children; and
- Taking an active role in developing Internet policies and programs that help parents protect their children from inappropriate material and ensure children's access to information they need.
This commitment is expressed daily in communities across America. We encourage everyone to visit their local library to learn more about this important and valuable new resource and about the policies and programs in place to provide a positive and enriching experience for children.
*Approved by the ALSC Board of Directors at the Midwinter Meeting in San Antonio, January 14-19, 2000.


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Apple iPhone X
Search for a guide or problem below or select a topic.
Activating your phone
You need to activate your phone before using it for the first time and after a factory reset. Before you can activate your phone, you need to insert your SIM into your phone.


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It pains me...to neglect my blog for such an extended period of time!!
But I think you'll forgive me.
I have a good excuse....
that post awhile back about my thoughts on getting busy with number 4, you're probably chuckling right now.
I've been extremely tired and sick to my stomach continually...
so blogging has taken a back seat :)
I'm lucky these days if I accomplish anything besides taking care of the basic needs of my children.
And by basic, I mean very basic: food, changing diapers, and wiping bottoms :) That's pretty much it.
Alice, by 5 1/2 year old has officially stepped up into my position! She is quite the little mamma.
So be patient with me... I'll gradually get back to full strength!
I feel like maybe the worst is over.
I have a Doc. appoint. next week... so pray for everything to be going well. I struggle with fear because of the many disappointing and scary appointments I've had in previous pregnancies. I know God is in control and I trust him, yet I also know that that doesn't make me exempt from the hard and painful parts of life. So as I pray for this little one and ask God to help it grow and develop, I also pray for his strength to help me face anything that lies ahead.
Once I start looking pregnant and not just chubby I'll start posting some belly bump pictures :)
12 comments:
Congrats, Amy and Jeremy! -The EsausReplyDelete
Congrats! I'll say a lil' prayer for you!ReplyDelete
Congrats!! Pray everything goes well and you start to feel better soon.ReplyDelete
- BreannaJuly 13, 2010 at 6:01 AM
I remember, long ago, in HS we once talked about having children in pairs, and we both agreed that four sounded just about perfect. I'm so happy for you!! I'll be praying that your appointments go well and that you get to feeling better soon! Take care of yourself mamma!!ReplyDelete
Congratulations! Praying for a healthy baby and pregnancy! =)ReplyDelete
I wondered! :) In fact, I almost asked you when we had lunch together but something in my head stopped me.ReplyDelete
Congratulations! We will be praying for you guys. Something that REALLY helped my morning sickness was lemon drops. My nurse suggested them and I am so thankful I tried 'em. Hope you get feeling better!
Love you & your family!
Yay!!! I'm so happy for you!!!!!!!!!ReplyDelete
Congrats! that is amazing!ReplyDelete
Congrats!!! So happy for you! When are you due?ReplyDelete


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Magento is an interesting and emerging player in the e-commerce space. I wanted to get a feel for the application so I thought I'd install a copy of the community edition in a Linode VPS.
Although you can run all of the following as the root user, it is strongly recommended to create a non-root account and run the following commands using sudo.
- Become a Linode customer and create an instance in the Linode Manager using the Ubuntu 9.10 profile.
- SSH into your VPS instance using the root account and the password that you configured when provisioning your Linode.
- Install the core software for a LAMP Server (Apache, MySQL, PHP) by running the following command:
sudo tasksel install lamp-server
A blue installation progress screen will appear, you'll be asked to provide certain configuration parameters (like a root password for MySQL.
When the blue screen disappears the installation of Apache, MySQL and PHP will be complete.
- Edit /etc/apt/sources.list and uncomment the 'universe' repsoitories.
- Update apt so that it is aware of the new repositories by running the following command:
sudo apt-get update
- Install mcrypt by running the following command:
$ sudo apt-get install php5-mcrypt
- Enable mcrypt by editing the php.ini file by editing /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini and adding the following line to
the extensions section of the php.ini file:
- Generate new Symlinks in /etc/apache2/mods-enabled so that Apache 2 enable the extension for URL rewriting by running the following
$ sudo a2enmod rewrite
- Next the following lines need to be put at the end of /etc/apache2/apache2.conf:
(Assuming that Magento is going to be installed in /var/www/magento otherwise, edit the path accordingly)
<Directory "/var/www/magento">
AllowOverride All
- Next install the additional software required for the installation with the following commands:
$ sudo apt-get install php5-curl php5-gd subversion
- Restart Apache for the PHP settings and the Apache settings to take affect:
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
- Create a MySQL database for the installation with the following command:
$ sudo mysqladmin -u root -p create 'magento'
- Install Magento from subversion using the following commands:
$ cd /var/www
$ sudo svn checkout http://svn.magentocommerce.com/source/branches/1.3
$ sudo mv 1.3 magento
- Set the correct permissions for the installation wizard with the following commands:
$ sudo chown -R www-data.www-data /var/www/magento/app
$ sudo chown -R www-data.www-data /var/www/magento/var
$ sudo chown -R www-data.www-data /var/www/magento/media
$ sudo chmod 770 /var/www/magento/app/etc
$ sudo chmod 770 /var/www/magento/var
$ sudo chmod 770 /var/www/magento/media
$ sudo chmod 770 /var/www/magento/media/downloadable
$ sudo chmod 770 /var/www/magento/media/import
- You should now be able to run the Magento Installation Wizard by pointing your browser at http://hostname/magento/ .
Your mileage may vary but the above steps worked for me.
This post was inspired by Installing Magento on Slicehost with Ubuntu.


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Department of Biological Chemistry
The Department of Biological Chemistry at the University of Michigan Medical School educates and trains undergraduate, graduate, post-graduate and medical students in modern biochemistry. Our research areas include structural enzymology, protein processing and folding, regulation of gene expression and biochemical signaling. Explore our graduate programs and labs, and some of the cutting-edge work being performed by our faculty.


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Mk.19 mod.3 automatic grenade launcher on tripod, with ammunition box attached. Today it is one of most widespread designs of this class in the world
Mk.19 mod.3 automatic grenade launcher
Experimental Mk.19 mod.2 grenade launcher in remotely-controlled form, with electric trigger. Note that it had much slimmer profile
The Mk.19 mod.1 was the first upgrade of the basic design; about 1000 of such guns were converted from Mod.0 or or built as new
The very early (probably prototype) Mark 19 model 0 grenade launcher; note that it lacks sights and any grips
Development of the Mark 19 (Mk.19 in short) grenade machine gun was initiated by US Navy in 1966, after the initial experience gained during Vietnam war. Since about 1962, US forces in Vietnam used several multi-shot 40mm grenade launchers that fired low velocity 40x46mm M406 grenades originally developed for M79 single-shot weapon. Among these, most notable was the Mark 18 belt-fed grenade launcher, developed by Hughes Corporation; this was a hand-cranked weapon that provided significant short-range firepower to riverine crafts and marine infantry. However, all such weapons lacked effective range, and US Navy decided to develop a new, automatic, self-powered weapon around the high-velocity 40x53mm M384 grenade (which was originally developed for US Army's M75 automatic grenade launcher, used on UH-1 and AH-1 combat helicopters). Development of Mark 19 automatic grenade launcher began in July 1966, and by October 1967 firs three working prototypes of the new weapon were ready for official field trials. The production Mark 19 Model 0 grenade launchers entered service in Vietnam in early 1968, on board of riverine crafts and UH-1 Huey gunship helicopters belonging to US Navy. In around 1971, the basic design was slightly improved, and type classified as Mark 19 Model 1; these weapons were manufactured by US Naval Ordnance Station Louisville. In around 1974, US Navy attempted to produce more streamlined version of the basic design, known asMk.19 Mod.2, but this development never went past prototype stage, and in 1976 work began on simplified and more robust improved version of the Mk.19, which was type classified as Mark 19 Model 3 (Mk.19 mod.3) in 1981. The manufacturing contract for Mk.19 Mod.3 weapons was granted to Saco Defense (now General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products - GDATP). By the year 2000, at least 25 thousands of Mk.19 mod.3 grenade launchers were in service worldwide, mostly with all branches of US armed forces.
The Mark 19 Model 3 (Mk.19 mod.3) automatic grenade launcher is air cooled, belt fed, blowback operated machine gun. It fires from open bolt and uses advanced primer ignition principle to decrease peak recoil. To provide minimum of parts and maximum reliability of feeding, Mk.19 uses two-stage feed, when each round is first withdrawn rearwards from the belt on the opening stroke of the belt and then placed into T-slot cut in the bolt face; on the closing stroke, the round is already properly positioned on the bolt and is feed straight to the chamber; empty cartridge cases are ejected to the bottom as they are pushed down from the T-slot by the next cartridge (the same principle has been employed on some WW1 era machine guns). Ammunition is fed using special disintegrating belt; when rounds are fed into the chamber, links stay on the case and are ejected from the gun along with spent cartridge cases. Ammunition is usually supplied in belt boxes with capacity of 32 or 48 rounds. Loaded 32-round box weights about 19 kg (42 lbs.). Mk.19 grenade launcher s fitted with dual spade grips, and can be fired in semi-automatic of full automatic modes. Alternatively, electric trigger pack can be installed for remote controlled mounts. It can be installed on standard M3 tripods (using Mark 64cradle / adapter) for infantry use, or on various vehicle mounts on jeeps, armored vehicles, naval vessels etc. By default, Mk.19 mod.3 grenade launchers are equipped with machine gun type iron sights, but other types of sighting equipment (including night sights and range-finding electronic sights) are available. Today the primary ammunition type for Mk.19 mod.3 in US service is the 40mm M430 High Explosive, Dual Purpose(HEDP) round, which can penetrate up to 50mm (2") of rolled homogenous armor and provide effective anti-personnel fragmentation effect with damage radius of about 15 meters (lethal damage / kill zone radius 5 meters).


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Jack Sparks serves within the Center for Emerging Threats and Opportunities (CETO).
Click to learn more about us!
The Potomac Institute for Policy StudiesBallston Metro Center Office Towers901 North Stuart Street, Suite 1200Arlington, VA 22203Tel 703.525.0770
Click here for map
The Potomac Institute for Policy Studies is an independent, 501(c)(3), not-for-profit public policy research institute. The Institute identifies and aggressively shepherds discussion on key science and technology issues facing our society. From these discussions and forums, we develop meaningful science and technology policy options and ensure their implementation at the intersection of business and government.
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String quartets in Gloucestershire
Hire string quartets, ensembles and classical musicians. Book live bands for wedding music, parties and corporate entertainment. All bookings secured with our peace of mind guarantee.
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Jubilee String Ensemble
Highly experienced string ensemble available to hire as a duo, trio or classical string quartet. Perfect for the wedding service, the wedding breakfast as well as private and corporate events. Classical Music / String Duo / String Trio / String Quartet in London.
Viva Strings
Premiere classical string ensemble in London available for wedding receptions, corporate entertainment and themed events such as masqued balls. Highly versatile with a huge repertoire. Classical Music / String Trio / String Quartet in London.


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Buenos Aires Shopping
Whether you're looking for a unique handicraft, the latest boutique-vineyard malbec, a one-off pair of rhodochrosite earrings, or jeans no one's got back home, you're bound to leave Buenos Aires with your suitcases full. Argentina's designers inject their wares with creativity, and innovative items can be found everywhere from elite boutiques to neighborhood street fairs.
If you love the
hustle and bustle, elbow your way through the city's outdoor ferias. The array of open-air markets testifies to the fact that locals enjoy stall-trawling as much as visitors do. Crafts—whether traditional or contemporary—often take center stage, with artisans proudly selling their own creations; however, the selection can also include art, antiques, curios, clothing, jewelry, and assorted household goods.
At the other end of the spectrum, this city certainly isn't lacking in high-end couture. During Fashion Weeks (www.bafweek.com.ar) in February and August, Buenos Aires turns the spotlight on both its world-class designers and its talented up-and-comers. But at any time of year you can swank it up at Patio Bullrich or at posh Recoleta boutiques where the security is as tight as an airport.
Clothing bargains are harder to find than they once were, but that doesn't mean visitors should pay through the nose. Although haggling isn't commonplace, do ask for a discount if paying in cash, especially if you decide to snap up leather wrist cuffs for all your cousins at a sidewalk stall. Also look out for the tax refund sticker in many shop windows.
Argentina is cow central, and leather goods—from boots to jackets to polo saddles—are an excellent value. Buenos Aires' well-established antiques trade is also thriving, but modern houseware shops are putting up some fierce competition. On the wine front, many local vintages still aren't exported, so this may be your only chance to try wines from regions other than Mendoza.
It's not just about retail therapy, either. Part of the Buenos Aires experience can be wandering around and stepping, unexpectedly, into a restored mansion selling silk frocks and vertigo-inducing heels, then taking a break at a bistro or juice bar. People-watching is the name of the game. Known for their good looks, Argentineans like to watch and be watched from the café sidelines.
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The Best Off Page SEO Techniques To Consider
SEO is divided into two: On page and off -page SEO. On-page SEO is the type of SEO which involves everything done on a website to increase rankings such as page titles, internal linking, and Meta tags and so on.
Off-page SEO, on the other hand, refers to those things done off a website to boost rankings such as blog marketing, article submission, social networking forum and so on. In this article, we are going to talk about off page SEO. Here are some of the best off page SEO techniques you should consider:
Social media platforms
Sharing great content on social media platforms can bring massive traffic to your website. You should sign up to social network sites such as Twitter, LinkedIn, Google, etc. and create your own profile. Doing this will enable you to promote your blog/website and help you build your reputation online.
Blogging is a good way to promote your site. This is due to the fact that blogging gives a reason to your visitors to keep visiting your site to keep up to date with the latest posts. Blogging also helps search engines crawl your site on a regular basis as the search engines have to update your latest blog post entries.
This will ultimately boost your rankings. Create unique content for your blog. If you are not a good writer, then it may be a good idea to look for a guest blogger to help you out.
Forum marketing
There are many forums online and it is a good idea to look for forums related to your niche. Once you find these forums get involved by replying to threads, offering advice, answering questions people ask and so on.
Doing all these things will help you build your online reputation as it makes people see you as an expert in your niche. Look for 'Do-Follow' Forums as they enable you to include a link to your site hence helping search engines crawl your website.
Blog marketing
Look for blogs within the same niche as yours and choose those that allow you to add a link in the comments section. Search engines can crawl these links. The links then lead the search engines to your website.
Search engine submission
Waiting for search engines to find your website can take a while. So, it may be a good idea to speed up everything by submitting your website to the most popular search engines such as Google, Bing, Yahoo, etc.
Directory submission
I know that some people out there believe that directory read more submission is dead. However, this depends on how you choose the directories and how efficiently you chose the category for submission. For instance, submitting your article to general directories is not as effective as submitting to niche categories.
Answer questions
Actively participating in answering questions on sites such as Yahoo Answers can help you build your reputation online as you will be seen as someone who understands their niche.
If possible, put a link to your website in the source section to enable people to find your site. However, you should avoid spamming as it may have a negative effect.


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David Walliams is ousting John Humphrys as Mastermind host for a Sport Relief special – in which he probes footballers.
The comedy star and Britain's Got Talent panellist will fire questions at three players including England and Arsenal player Jack Wilshere in the sketch.
The midfielder will be joined by Michael Dawson from Spurs and Fulham's Scott Parker as they each take a turn in the black leather chair for their Celebrity Mastermind grilling.
Their performances will form part of the Sport Relief night programming on BBC One, which begins at 7pm tonight (March 21).
Walliams once branded a Mastermind contestant 'astoundingly thick' after he scored only one point during his specialist subject round and his comment during a Channel 4 programme was probed by Ofcom following a complaint.
However the broadcasting regulator concluded his remark was 'fair comment'.


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Do we really have just one more night of auditions after this? Can it be true?
Nothing too Earth-shattering in this round. Except for the most amazing song I've heard all year.
Melanie Wright: She's a 49-year-old paralegal and incredibly nervous. And she turns "Titanium" into a creepy lullaby. It's awkward and embarrassing to watch. Simon Cowell says "it was like finding out Cinderella worked at the Playboy mansion."
Cue the requisite montage of terrible auditions, including a dentist who will remain a dentist and what looked like Justin Bieber's grandfather.
Emery Kelly: A 15-year-old with a fedora and I think a spray tan. He's not a very strong singer. Not much range or color in his voice on "I Won't Give Up." But the judges are smitten for some reason. If he makes it, he'll end up as a non-lead in a boy band. I'm not sure how good he can get in just a few months.
Khaya Cohen: She starts off wrong with a Jennifer Hudson song. A JENNIFER HUDSON SONG. No ma'am. The judges stop her, and she restarts with Nina Simone's "I Put a Spell On You." It's better, but she still tends to go screechy and needs to work on control. It's also just too mature of a song for a 15-year-old. She gets a standing ovation from Demi Lovato and Simon, who calls her "the one we've been waiting for" (which he's said about countless people at this point).
Joseph Tolve: Kelly Rowland tells him to try out for "Sesame Street" because his helium voice is unique. He says he would probably voice an anteater. I cannot deal with any part of this exchange.
James Kenney: An apartment manager with two daughters and good hair. He was on season 1 but I don't really remember him. He completely oversings "Summertime," and I hate the arrangement. It's just too much too quickly. Kelly likes it. WHY, KELLY, WHY.
I don't understand why they hinge every audition on Simon's fourth vote if the three ladies have already said yes. Even if he says no, the singer is still in.
Isaac Tauaefa: The former college footballer from Corinth, TX gets a yes despite a shaky audition. He's followed by quick yes-es for redhead Chad Goehring; and Allison Davis Isabel Requena and Isaiah Alston, who all audition with "I'm Goin' Down."
David Gray and Lauren Waguespack: This whole episode is sort of gross. He's ridiculously cocky and only there to propose to his girlfriend on TV. He's a bad singer. She's only slightly better. Why and yuck. BACK TO THE SHOW.
Tim Olstad: He's so nervous his hands are shaking while he sings. But he has a unique vocal tone and is completely sincere and hearfelt in his performance. If he can get over the nerves, he might be able to go far.
Wesley Mountain: He loves Kelly. No, he LOVES KELLY. (STALKER ALERT.) And he's not bad on Hunter Hayes hit "Wanted" and flips it into a bit of a R&B ballad. I like his voice. But Demi is right — kinda creepy.
Celine Polenghi: An unpolished voice on diva duet "When You Believe" but there's some potential in there. It leads into a quick look at girls who get through, including Bree Randall on Bruno Mars' "Treasure" (not great), Primrose Martin on Jessie J's "Nobody's Perfect" (also not great) and Summer Reign on "Impossible" (also not great).
Rickey Clarke, Jr.: SIMMER DOWN, KELLY, HE'S YOUNG. Rickey isn't bad on Stevie Wonder's "Superstition." At least not any worse than some who have gotten through. But he gets rejected and breaks into tears. It earns him some Kelly love.
Lorie Moore: A women's pro football player who tackles (HA HA HA) Whitney Houston's "I Have Nothing." She's OK but comes off like a restaurant singer.
Second Hand High: WOW, THESE PEOPLE ARE ANNOYING. Even before they sing. Or rap. Or go, "Uh." This is like a "Saturday Night Live" version of Karmin. (Though let's be honest, Karmin is a "SNL" version of Karmin.) But wait. It's so bad that it eventually becomes amazing.
I want them to perform at my wedding. SOMEONE PLEASE GET ME THEIR NUMBER. (You bettah ask me to dance.) I'm almost sad they don't get through.
More auditions Thursday night, then things get really intense. The judges will immediately cut the group down to 40. No boot camp. No second chances. No judges' homes. Each mentor will then be assigned their singers (boys, girls, groups or over 25s). And then it's the FOUR CHAIR CHALLENGE.
In the Four Chair Challenge, contestants who impress the judges will be given a chair on the new "X"-shaped stage, and the others will be sent home. But just because they get a chair, it doesn't mean they are safe. Each judge has the choice to replace one of his/her already seated acts with a new act, or send that act straight home, upping the emotion and drama to new heights.
Drama, y'all.
"The X Factor" airs at 7 p.m. Wednesdays and Thursdays on Fox.


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A Child Support Office is a government agency at the state, county, or local level that assists custodial parents in obtaining financial support for their children. Child Support Offices provide a number of services to support children's welfare, including establishing paternity, locating non-custodial parents, and collecting child support payments. Child Support Offices also help enforce court orders for child support and assist families in receiving additional benefits for children. Child Support Offices provide services for anyone in the community who may be eligible for child support payments.
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Future Tech Student Receives Highest Student Civic Award
By Thomas Guengerich
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M., March 18, 2009 – A high school student participating in New Mexico Tech's Upward Bound program has received one of Albuquerque Public School's highest honors.
Melvin Ojeda, a senior at West Mesa High School, was named a Selfless Senior for his involvement and dedication to his school and community.
"At first, I thought I wasn't the right person to get the award," Ojeda said. "I am not one to like being the center of attention."
Ojeda, who's first language is Spanish, said he plans to go to Central New Mexico Community College for a year, then transfer to New Mexico Tech, where he intends to pursue a degree in chemical engineering.
Ojeda has big plans for his future, but in the meantime he's happy to help others at West Mesa High and his community. An active church volunteer, Melvin helps take care of the grounds and buildings. He lives in a neighborhood plagued with tension, and he often steps up and serves as mediator between feuding neighbors.
"Melvin's award shows that he contributes to society in a well-rounded way," Upward Bound Director Frances Ortega said. "Not only in the classroom, but he has care and respect for people in his community."
He also participates in the Upward Bound Program at New Mexico Tech, where he plans to attend college, and has been active in the award-winning Skills USA program at West Mesa. His giving and generous nature set him apart, as does his motto: Keep Dreaming.
"He's one of those incredibly talented individuals who is very diplomatic," Ortega said. "He seeks to communicate and understand – that's what sets him apart from a lot of other students. He is willing to listen to others and to bring a broader understanding."
Upward Bound is a yearlong program at New Mexico Tech that is active at West Mesa, Highlands and Albuquerque High. Students participate in monthly Saturday workshops, cultural activities, college entrance exam preparation, five weeks on campus at New Mexico Tech and college visits.
In late March, the Upward Bound students will visit campuses in Arizona – Northern Arizona in Flagstaff and Arizona State in Tempe.
"Upward Bound is wonderful," Ojeda said. "It's a great experience and you get to learn more to make your life easier in school."
He said the biggest influence of Upward Bound was the college visit. He spent a summer session living in a dorm at New Mexico Tech.
The biggest impact of Upward Bound was when I went to New Mexico Tech this past summer," he said. "It was a scene of what a person gets at college, living in a dorm with a roommate, going to class every day."
New Mexico Tech Vice President of Student and University Relations Dr. Ricardo Maestas helped write the proposal that garnered federal funding to launch the Upward Bound program.
He said Ojeda is exactly the type of person that Tech is trying to reach through the Upward Bound program.


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- Area
- Bengaluru
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- Rest of Tamilnadu
Malleshwaram Vijayanagar Nagarbhavi Nobonagar Koramangala Kamakshipalaya RS Palya Shivaji Nagar JP Nagar Uttarahalli K.R.Puram Jayanagar East Rajaji Nagar Indira Nagar Jayanagar
Irumbuliyur Nanganallur Villivakkam Mylapore Ernavur Little Mount Maduravoyal Padi Annanagar West Kundrathur Mkb Nagar Nerkundram Redhills Selaiyur – Camp Road Kovilpathagai Chengalpattu Royapuram Jalladianpet Ayappakkam Kumananchavadi Tiruvottiyur Choolaimedu Keelkattalai Purasaiwakkam Thiruvallur Sowcarpet Madipakkam Thirumazhisai Bai Kadai Avadi Mogappair East West Mambalam Valasaravakkam Anna Nagar Velachery Porur Tambaram Chrompet Perambur Tondiarpet Alwarpet Kilpauk Vadapalani
Coimbatore – Saibaba Colony Kovilpatti – Pudhu Road Kumbakonam Nagercoil Villupuram Oomatchikulam Theni Dindigul Trichy Pavoorchatram Dharmapuri Krishnagiri Hosur Salem Erode Coimbatore V.Reddiarpatti Tirunelveli – Melapalayam Ambasamudram Sattur Puliangudi Tirunelveli – Rahmath Nagar Tirunelveli – Town Vellore Rajapalayam Tenkasi Kovilpatti Tuticorin Palayamkottai Tanjore Madurai Tirunelveli – Vannarapettai
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Elert Archive
HSLDA Alerts & Information (ALL) RSS
Elert Archive
HSLDA Alerts & Information (ALL) RSS August 2012 8/31/2012 Vermont: Commissioner's New Labor Day "Deadline" Approaching 8/30/2012 Missouri--Urgent Action Needed to Stop Raytown Daytime Curfew 8/29/2012 California: AB 2109 - Call The Governor! 8/27/2012 Public Hearing on Daytime Curfew in Chula Vista! 8/24/2012 Will You Be On the Field...or on the Sidelines this Election Season? 8/24/2012 Clarification: AB 2109--Close Vote Call Again 8/24/2012 California: AB 2109--Close Vote Call Again 8/24/2012 Upton-Mendon Situation Shows that Freedom Demands Vigilance 8/22/2012 California: AB 2109 - Calls Needed Now! 8/22/2012 Kansas--No More Calls Needed to KSBE 8/21/2012 Still some openings left in PHC Prep Academy online courses... 8/20/2012 Still some openings left in PHC Prep Academy online courses... 8/17/2012 Vermont: Action Needed to Fight Commissioner's New Homeschool Policy 8/17/2012 Kansas--Call State Education Board on Homeschool Legislation 8/13/2012 Homeschool Starter Kit for New Homeschool Families 8/13/2012 Iowa--Reminder: CPI Form Filing Deadline August 26 8/13/2012 Mississippi--Certificate of Enrollment Reminder 8/13/2012 Georgia--Declaration of Intent Deadline 8/13/2012 Arkansas--Notice of Intent Deadline 8/8/2012 Reminder: New Hampshire's New Homeschool Law Webinar! 8/7/2012 New York--Deadline Approaching 8/7/2012 Reminder: Homeschool Notification Due by August 15 8/7/2012 California: AB 2109 - Vaccination Waiver Threatened 8/3/2012 Virginia: Reminder--Sales Tax Holiday This Weekend 8/3/2012 Vermont: DOE unveils revised, restrictive homeschool enrollment policy


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October came and went so quickly for me, that I completely forgot that it marked the 2 year anniversary of Just Bento! The site has grown so much in such a short time. And it's thanks to you - yes, you, I'm pointing to you! ^_^
Seriously, the people who post frequently to the forums are the backbone of the site...I dare not mention names, unless I leave out someone inadvertently. But, extra-special thanks go to Bronwyn, who helps moderate out the bad seeds, of which there are thankfully just a few.
Thank you so much for helping this site to prosper!
The Big Onigiri.
- Wherever you go, there you are. -
You're welcome Maki. Happy belated birthday Just Bento.
My blog is Food and Shoes
Omedetou gozaimasu!
Here's to the next two years, Maki, and I hope you will be posting for much of that time from a new, and much loved, kitchen.
And my compliments to Bronwyn for her warmth, sincerity, know-how, generosity and a much appreciated level-headed approach. With so many power mad moderators out there, it's so refreshing and wonderful to see the moderation here be consistently so... moderate.
Well done, all of you!
*blushes* It must be the grandma in me. Thanks Loretta.
Omedetô!!! :D
I love everyone's posts. Really I do. I enjoy so much talking with all of you people!!
My bento blog: http://justbento.com/blog/1305
My art blog: http://jizaacaso.deviantart.com
|Last Post
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|5 years 41 weeks ago
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|5 years 43 weeks ago
|Fuki (Japanese Butterbur) Tsukemono Recipes
|5 years 43 weeks ago
@justbento - strictly site updates
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Tuesday, October 16, 2012
"Tonite's gonna be a good night...""
13 comments:
- jean said...
wow!!! u girls had fun!!!please let us know the travel agent who recommended this cruise to you..
- October 17, 2012 at 2:32 PM
- goodluck said...
Cruises are fun until the ship starts to shake violently.First timers must go with the experienced to enjoy and explore. There is nothing in the world like a cruise holiday which will take you away from the real world literally. A dream experience which everyone must savour atleast once in a lifetime. Ahoy.
- October 17, 2012 at 3:47 PM
- Raisuddin tch said...
good work.
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- October 18, 2012 at 3:51 PM
- Shirish Subramanian said...
Seriously! Absolute, absolute brilliance. Thanks Shobhaa ji. You may have just unwittingly added 'Venice Cruise with Gang of Three, To Boot' on my bucket list!
Keep up the bedazzling you, not to mention the other two!
- October 19, 2012 at 12:31 AM
- Raisuddin tch said...
Kerala here.
Kerala has a lot of options for tourist. Kerala pulls lure tourists from opposite the globe with their marvelousness and appeal. It is also a nice place for honeymooner. Head out to Kerala and party about your vacation here. Kerala Tour Packages give tours to beaches, backwaters, natural life ends, mound stations, landmarks and so on. Cherish is circulating everywhere at Kerala. For more visit India Tours.
- October 20, 2012 at 6:22 PM
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- October 28, 2012 at 11:49 AM
- Aditya said...
Great Post
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- December 16, 2013 at 4:48 PM
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The environment is the cornerstone of Agenda 21 Sustainable Development.
The collectivists started with a grain of truth, that our survival and future is dependent on our care of the environment. However, this idea has been corrupted by the ruling collectivists as they have programmed us to believe that the Earth has finite resources, as opposed to abundance.
This Club of Rome quote sums it up perfectly:
"In searching for a common enemy against whom we can unite, we came up with the idea that pollution, the threat of global warming, water shortages, famine and the like, would fit the bill. In their totality and and their interactions these phenomena do constitute a common threat which must be confronted by everyone together. But in designating these dangers as the enemy, we fall into the trap, which we have already warned readers about namely mistaking symptoms for causes. All these dangers are caused by human intervention in natural processes, and it is only through changed attitudes and behavior that they can be overcome. The real enemy is humanity itself."
This quote not only tells us of the collectivists' blueprint to create alarmism around environmental issues, but also blames mankind for them. Further, this quote advocates that attitudes and behavior must be changed. This is done through the media and the educational system, in order to garner support for the policies they wish to implement.
The 3 major tools used to accomplish this are:
- The threat of Global Warming
(They have propagandized many people into believing this is pollution.)
- Water Shortages
(This causes famine. See the analysis of Food & Water under Depopulation.)
- Endangered Species Act
(This is a common excuse to render land unusable.)
The Wildlands Project and Smart Growth are really 2 sides of the same coin.
The Wildlands Project is designed to clear people off of 50% of the American landscape, primarily by making the land worthless through the prohibition of using the lands resources by "protecting" wildlife. When the land becomes useless (via water shortages to farms, etc), people move into the cities in order to make money.
Smart Growth is the consolidation of people into cities, and is designed so that they don't have to travel outside of the city (because the necessities are nearby, like a mixed use building with the storefronts on the ground floor with apartments upstairs in high rise buildings).
The overall scheme is to devalue rural land so that people move into Smart Growth cities, and that land becomes very valuable. Of course, many people will not be able to afford moving into a Smart Growth high rise, so the government will subsidize it, thus creating more dependency on the government.


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I admit, I'm playing catch-up here, but I couldn't let another moment go by without acknowledging the Story Prize finalists, which were announced Tuesday. The three short story collections in the running are Dan Chaon's "Stay Awake," Junot Diaz's "This Is How You Lose Her" and "Battleborn" by Claire Vaye Watkins. The winner will receive a substantial prize -- $20,000.
The Story Prize simultaneously announced the debut of a new prize, the Spotlight Award, designed for the Story Prize founders to single out a work due additional attention. The winner is selected from the pool of Story Prize entrants -- 98 books in 2012 -- and awarded $1,000. The first Spotlight Award will go to Krys Lee for "Drifting House," a collection of fiction set in the U.S., North Korea and South Korea.
I hope the Spotlight Award didn't come into being because of a frustration with the judges -- I was one for the 2009 prize, which went to Daniyal Mueenuddin for his collection "In Other Rooms, Other Wonders."
Each of the books in the running for the 2012 prize have been written about by the L.A. Times. Here's a sample:
"Reading the stories in Díaz's new collection, 'This Is How You Lose Her,' is often a three-dimensional, laugh-out-loud experience. It's the voice that transports you: erudite, Caribbean, bilingually foul-mouthed, channeling the assorted insanities of Dominicans, New Jerseyites and English professors." -- Hector Tobar
"An understated master of the form whose occasionally devastating debut story collection 'Among the Missing' was a National Book Award finalist in 2001, Chaon has returned to the format with more quietly haunting stories of isolation and disconnection that stick with you like faded images from a disturbing dream." -- Chris Barton on Dan Chaon's "Stay Awake"
"[Father Paul] Watkins died of cancer when Claire was 6, leaving her the private legacy of an absent father and a public one connected to the Manson case. In 'Battleborn's' first story, 'Ghosts, Cowboys,' she folds her real-life history into something surreal and clearly metaphorical while also, she says, 'getting the Manson thing out of the way.'" -- Carolyn Kellogg
The Story Prize will be awarded in New York on March 13; tickets are $14. In addition to the hefty cash award, the winner gets an engraved bowl; the runners-up get $5,000 apiece.
Is it time for the National Book Awards to change? Yes.
Dan Brown of 'The Da Vinci Code' to publish 'Inferno' in May
YA star John Green brings music and heart to Evening of Awesome


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NHL CapsulesNHL.com @NHLdotcom
PHILADELPHIA - Jiri Tlusty scored the tiebreaking goal in the third period to lift the Carolina Hurricanes to a 3-2 victory over the Philadelphia Flyers on Wednesday night.
Nathan Gerbe had a highlight-worthy goal and Alexander Semin also scored for Carolina, which improved to 3-0 against Philadelphia this season.
Claude Giroux and Scott Hartnell scored for the Flyers, who lost for just the second time at home in their last 14 games.
Tlusty beat Flyers goalie Steve Mason from close range high to the glove side with 6:10 remaining.
DETROIT (AP) ? Darren Helm scored on Detroit's sixth attempt in the shootout and Jonas Gustavsson stopped Andrew Shaw's shot, lifting Detroit past Chicago.
The defending Stanley Cup champion Blackhawks faced Detroit for the first time since beating them in overtime in Game 7 of their second-round series last year to complete a comeback from a 3-1 deficit.
Chicago captain Jonathan Toews scored on his team's first attempt in the shootout and Patrick Sharp scored on the second before Patrick Kane was stopped with a chance to win the game.
Gustavsson, playing for the injured Jimmy Howard, made 31 saves in his first game in nearly a month.
Corey Crawford gave up four goals on the first 17 shots he faced and finished with 27 saves for the Blackhawks.
CALGARY, Alberta (AP) ??? Sean Monahan scored his team-leading 14th goal of the season and Matt Stajan got the game-winner as Calgary snapped its team-record seven-game home losing streak.
Lance Bouma also scored for Calgary, which scored more than two goals for the second time in 14 games since Christmas and had been outscored 22-4 during its home skid.
Karri Ramo finished with 30 saves for the Flames.
Antoine Vermette and Shane Doan scored for Phoenix, which has lost eight of its last 11.
PITTSBURGH (AP) ??? Jussi Jokinen scored twice and Pittsburgh cruised past Montreal.
Evgeni Malkin added a goal and an assist, Sidney Crosby picked up his 26th of the season and Taylor Pyatt added a rare score for the Penguins. Marc-Andre Fleury made 22 saves as Pittsburgh bounced back from a dismal loss to Florida on Monday by trouncing hapless Montreal.
Jokinen picked up his third multi-goal game of the season
Rene Bourque had his seventh goal for the Canadiens but Montreal spent most of the night chasing the Penguins. Carey Price stopped just 16 of 21 shots before being pulled late in the second period. Montreal has lost four of six.


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Q: My daughter is 4 months old. When should I start feeding her solid foods?
A: Start solids at no earlier than 6 months old. Giving your baby breast milk exclusively is not just adequate for six to nine months--it's optimal. Formula is a second-best option, but either way, no solid foods need to be added during the first six months. (Pediatricians used to recommend starting solids at age 4 months, but we now know that introducing them this early may increase a child's tendencies toward allergies and obesity.) Fruits and vegetables are easier to digest than cereal and thus make excellent first foods. Cook a sweet potato, mash it and feed it to your baby. Or let her do it herself: Babies love to feed themselves. (Any food is finger food if you're willing to clean it up!) Just be certain to stay nearby to make sure she doesn't shove too much into her mouth.


text:
1 syllable
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2 syllables
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3 syllables
- annotates, conjugates, delegates', interstate's, procreates
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