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A term used on reddit to describe a post or comment intentionally designed to illicit a large number of upvotes; often centered around a currently popular theme.
My dad died today, here is a picture of him with Neil deGrasse Tyson and me as a baby. All aboard the karma train! choo choo!
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the cumulative karma one builds up, either good or bad, through actions. karmic lessons are sometimes carried into the future, even into future lives, so karma keeps building. The karmatrain is the route you are on.
That driver cut me off! That's okay, cause his karmatrain will catch up with him later.
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text:
Opened 6 years ago
Closed 6 years ago
Last modified 6 years ago
#323 closed defect (fixed)
segfaults when using XCache 3.0.3 under heavy load
|Reported by:
|Owned by:
|PHP Version:
|Other Exts:
|Blocked By:
Hi. I am working with David Schnepper from Box to troubleshoot segfaults on our site. He previously worked with you on XCache 2.0.1. You took his fixes for XCache 2.0.1 and created XCache 3.0.3. Box upgraded to XCache 3.0.3 but we are still seeing the segfaults.
I have attached some stack traces. We would appreciate your feedback on what other data we can gather.
Version of XCache: php-xcache-3.0.3-5.4_box1.el6.x86_64
Version of PHP: php-5.4.13-1.el6.x86_64
Version of Apache: httpd-2.2.15-28.sl6.x86_64
OS: Scientific Linux 6
Output of 'uname -a': Linux pod4201-upload01.pod.box.net 2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Sat Dec 10 17:04:11 CST 2011 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Frequency of occurrence: Normally very low. But much more frequent when out test-driver uses around 150 concurrent processes or more.
xcache.readonly_protection = Off
Attachments (6)
Change History (23)
Changed 6 years ago by boxdev
Stack traces from a few core dump files.
Changed 6 years ago by boxdev
Command file for when we run GDB.
Changed 6 years ago by boxdev
The ".gdbinit" file for PHP 5.4.13.
Changed 6 years ago by boxdev
The xcache.ini used during testing.
comment:1 Changed 6 years ago by boxdev
When we dump the stack traces, we use a shell script that is similar to the following:
$ cat dump.sh
#!/bin/bash -x
CORES="core-httpd-11-48-48-29826-1378065706 core-httpd-11-48-48-32184-1378065706 core-httpd-11-48-48-9729-1378065706 core-httpd-11-48-48-18832-1378065708 core-httpd-11-48-48-9255-1378065706"
for x in $CORES; do
$ECHO " start: $x "
$GDB -x ./gdb.commands -e /usr/sbin/httpd -c ./$x | $GREP -v "Reading symbols from" | $GREP -v "Loaded symbols for"
$ECHO " end: $x "
comment:2 Changed 6 years ago by boxdev
Inside xcache.ini, when we set "xcache.readonly_protection = Off" we see thousands of segfaults on our site each day. However, when we set "xcache.readonly_protection = On" we see very few segfaults.
In our test environment (when "xcache.readonly_protection = Off"), we see almost no segfaults when the number of concurrent processes is around 100 or less. But when we run around 150 concurrent processes or more, we see many more segfaults.
Furthermore, in our test environment (when "xcache.readonly_protection = On"), we see no segfaults even when we run more than 150 concurrent processes.
Please let us know if you need any more information.
comment:3 Changed 6 years ago by moo
is it #296 that you're referring to?
i really want to fix this ticket asap, but the info provided can't get me straight into the problem
dump_bt won't work on this stack as it in sequence of request shutdown, not inside executor, executor_globals is already destruct'ed
i'm not sure if _SERVER variable with is still there as the REQUEST_URI could be useful information
destroy_op_array (op_array=0x7f03d8f3d048) <- this op_array need to dig in. so please try
bt full frame 1 print *op_array
comment:4 Changed 6 years ago by boxdev
Yes, #296 was the problem reported by David Schnepper. For the current segfaults, we don't see the same log messages as #296.
For your previous comment, did you mean "frame 0"?
Also, our Ops team has upgraded our servers from PHP 5.4.13 to PHP 5.4.19 since the last time we ran our tests. I will upload an attachment with the new stack traces.
Changed 6 years ago by boxdev
GDB output usint "bt full".
comment:5 Changed 6 years ago by moo
This stack is different from your previously attached stacks. It's frame 0 in this case. whether to use frame 0 or 1 depends on which frame the "op_array" variable stay in
previous stacks are strange that it only crash on request shutdown while this stacks back trace to unknown frames and then function_add_ref, autoload. maybe the frame stack is corrupted
the stack does look like a double free to me but still we not sure what the file (of the op_array) get double free. maybe the one get autoloaded --- class "box_service_action", but still no idea how it comes to request_shutdown when autoloading box_service_action
can you try investigate more core files you already have and see if there's a pattern (similar points), and how many patterns are there (distinguish by enough different points)
comment:6 Changed 6 years ago by boxdev
Yes, you're right. We are seeing several different kinds of segfaults. The segfaults which involve shutdown are the easiest for us to reproduce right now. I can run tests and reliably generate core dumps for you.
I will upload another stack trace.
Changed 6 years ago by boxdev
Updated version of the GDB output.
comment:7 Changed 6 years ago by moo
Is it possible to narrow down the test case script so I can reproduce it?
comment:8 Changed 6 years ago by moo
can you please change xc_lock_destroy function to
void xc_lock_destroy(xc_lock_t *lck) /* {{{ */ { } /* }}} */
(remove everything inside)
and recompile/install/restart apache, see if it crash
comment:9 Changed 6 years ago by moo
which sapi are you using?
comment:10 Changed 6 years ago by moo
- Resolution set to fixed
- Status changed from new to closed
In 1366:
comment:11 Changed 6 years ago by moo
In 1367:
comment:12 Changed 6 years ago by boxdev
Hi. Did you still need us to run a test with the body of xc_lock_destroy() removed?
And this ticket has been marked fixed. Could you please let us know if the fix will be in xcache 3.0.4?
Thanks for the clarification.
comment:13 Changed 6 years ago by boxdev
Hi. Can you please let us know how we can get the fix? Will you build xcache 3.0.4?
Thanks for the information.
comment:14 Changed 6 years ago by moo
it will be in 3.0.4, but i'm not sure if it fix your problem. i need you verify it in your env
so please download from http://xcache.lighttpd.net/pub/snapshots/3.0-r1369/xcache-3.0-r1369.tar.bz2 and build it
$ phpize && make all $ su # make install
restart apache/php
comment:15 Changed 6 years ago by boxdev
On our servers, we install XCache via rpms. Is there a way I can get an SRPM from you? Or is there a way to convert xcache-3.0-r1369.tar.bz2 into an SRPM?
OK. I may be able to take the XCache 3.0.3 rpm and replace the tar file with the one you mentioned above. I'll try to see if I can build a new rpm with the new tar file.
comment:16 Changed 6 years ago by boxdev
Hi. I was able to make an SRPM out of xcache-3.0-r1369.tar.bz2 and install it onto our test servers. When I re-ran our tests, we still observed segfaults. I will provide more data in another ticket.
comment:17 Changed 6 years ago by moo
- Milestone changed from undecided to 3.0.4


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text:
Sometime in 2011 (we can't be sure when), an airport worker hooked up an energized ground-power unit to a Cessna Citation CJ4 (525C), according to the FAA. The CJ4 was the first business jet certified with a lithium-ion main-ship battery. For whatever reason, after the ground-power unit was hooked up to the CJ4, something happened, and the result was, the FAA wrote, "a report of a battery fire."
The agency declined to provide any more detail about the nature of this incident, whether the ground-power unit was hooked up correctly, if the CJ4's switches were set properly, whether the battery was in a highly discharged state, excessively cold or hot or any other information that could shed more light on why the battery apparently caught fire. The FAA, in fact, doesn't even make clear whether the battery actually caught fire or if some other element, such as nearby wiring, burned. Cessna Aircraft also declined to provide more information about this incident. However, the result was an emergency AD, calling for replacement of all CJ4 lithium-ion main-ship batteries with a heavier nickel-cadmium or lead-acid battery.
Truly Unsafe?
Ask about lithium battery safety, and pundits will rattle off a list of incidents that seem to point to a higher risk of thermal runaway and catching fire compared with other battery types such as lead-acid, nickel-cadmium and nickel metal hydride. Chevy Volts are exploding, you will hear, and iPhones and iPads and laptops are burning in airplanes.
The Volt does use lithium-ion batteries, but it suffered a fire after a series of test crashes. The crashes released liquid coolant that keeps the batteries at optimal temperatures, which then shorted out the batteries, causing a fire weeks later. There are no verified cases of owner-driven Volts catching fire. As a result of the tests, Chevrolet modified the battery pack design to prevent the coolant leakage from causing a fire.
In a guide about vehicles equipped with high-voltage batteries, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration wrote, "NHTSA does not believe that electric vehicles present a greater risk of post-crash fire than gasoline-powered vehicles. In fact, all vehicles–both electric and gasoline-powered–have some risk of fire in the event of a serious crash."
The spontaneous combustion of an Apple iPhone on an Australian Regional Express Saab 340B that was taxiing to the gate at Sydney in 2011 was due to an improper repair, according to a report from the Australian Transport Safety Bureau. Investigative firm Exponent, overseen by the FAA, found that a misplaced screw was left in the iPhone's battery bay, damaging the battery and causing a short-circuit, which then caused thermal runaway. A repair to replace a broken screen had been done by a non-Apple-authorized facility. While the ATSB recommends not carrying lithium-ion-powered mobile devices in checked luggage, it also found, "There is no previous record in the ATSB's databases of self-ignition involving mobile telephones or other portable electronic devices on an aircraft in Australia."
According to a 2008 report on battery fires by the University of Alberta Department of Biological Sciences included the following three incidents that occurred on aircraft: a 2004 fire in a carry-on bag before takeoff, caused by a cordless drill with a nickel-cadmium battery; a 2006 fire involving an airplane on the ground caused by a spare lithium-ion computer battery in a computer bag; a 2007 battery fire in a carry-on bag (battery type not specified).
A search of NASA's Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) and the FAA's Accident/Incident Data System (AIDS) databases found nine lithium-related incidents and 12 nickel-cadmium-related incidents. One of the lithium incidents involved the medicine, and two related to concerns about cargo loads that might not have been properly labeled.
These incidents highlight a bit more about the real risks of any battery technology. And it is interesting to note that there are few reports of lithium-battery problems with mobile devices. Nickel-cadmium and lithium batteries are everywhere; if they were as terribly risky as some people fear, then there would have been far more cases of mobile phones, tablets and laptop computers spontaneously combusting. That this hasn't happened is a pretty good indicator of the relative safety of lithium technology, at least for small batteries. We don't have information, yet, for larger lithium battery applications, but it won't be long as all sorts of electric cars are filled with large banks of lithium-ion batteries.
Special Conditions
New airplanes such as Boeing's 787, Gulfstream's G650 and the Citation Ten are or will be equipped with lithium-ion main-ship batteries. The Airbus A380 uses lithium-ion batteries for emergency lighting. The FAA has acknowledged the fact that certification regulations don't cover this technology and has issued special conditions for lithium-ion battery installations. This occurred also when nickel-cadmium batteries became standard in aircraft, according to the FAA: "Increased use of nickel-cadmium batteries in small airplanes resulted in increased incidents of battery fires and failures, which led to additional rulemaking affecting large, transport-category airplanes as well as small airplanes."
In justifying the special conditions for lithium batteries for the G650, the FAA went on to explain, "The proposed use of rechargeable lithium batteries and rechargeable lithium-battery systems for equipment and systems on the [G650] has prompted the FAA to review the adequacy of these existing regulations. Our review indicates that the existing regulations do not adequately address several failure, operational and maintenance characteristics of rechargeable lithium batteries and rechargeable lithium-battery systems that could affect the safety and reliability of the [G650] rechargeable lithium batteries and rechargeable lithium-battery-system installations.
"At present, commercial aviation has limited experience with the use of rechargeable lithium batteries and rechargeable lithium-battery systems in aviation applications. However, other users of this technology, ranging from wireless telephone manufacturers to the electric vehicle industry, have noted safety problems with lithium batteries. These problems include overcharging, over-discharging and cell-component flammability."
The FAA special conditions document explained, "In general, lithium batteries are significantly more susceptible than their [nickel-cadmium] or lead-acid counterparts to internal failures that can result in self-sustaining increases in temperature and pressure (thermal runaway). This is especially true for overcharging, which causes heating and destabilization of the components of the lithium-battery cell, which can lead to the formation, by plating, of highly unstable metallic lithium. The metallic lithium can ignite, resulting in a self-sustaining fire or explosion. The severity of thermal runaway due to overcharging increases with increased battery capacity due to the higher amount of electrolyte in large batteries."
The other problem addressed by the special conditions is flammability of the electrolyte, according to the FAA. "Unlike [nickel-cadmium] and lead-acid cells, some types of lithium-battery cell use flammable liquid electrolytes. The electrolyte can serve as a source of fuel for an external fire if the cell container is breached." The special conditions address not only installation but also maintenance instructions.
Lithium Battery Makers
A variety of companies are working on lithium battery technology for aircraft applications, ranging from Mid-Continent Instrument's True Blue Power division (backup power systems) to Securaplane Technologies (G650 batteries) and Cessna (Citation Ten).
Cessna didn't confirm to AIN whether it is developing the battery for the Citation Ten on its own, but that appears to be the case. "Cessna constantly researches new technologies, such as the Li-ion battery, to incorporate into our product lines," a spokeswoman told AIN, "while ensuring that these new options meet our customers' needs in the marketplace. We are currently in a more than year-long process of testing the Li-ion battery for use in our business jets. The Li-ion battery has great benefits for aviation use and as long as those benefits meet our customers' needs, we will continue to look at the Li-ion battery as a viable option."
Another source told AIN that Cessna had developed the CJ4 battery internally. According to the FAA emergency airworthiness directive, this battery was made using A123 Systems nanophosphate lithium-ion battery technology. We asked both Cessna and A123 questions about what happened to the CJ4 battery, but both companies declined to respond. Incidentally, special conditions applied to the CJ4 battery, and Cessna did comply with those.
Mid-Continent has a strong relationship with A123 and in June announced an agreement to be the distributor and supplier of A123 technology for aviation applications. The company uses the A123 technology in its True Blue Power emergency power supply, the first of which is the FAA-approved MD-835. This unit is 66 percent lighter and has a five-time greater lifetime than the comparable power supply made using a lead-acid battery, according to True Blue Power division director John Gallman.
In fact, Mid-Continent never adopted nickel-cadmium technology and went straight from lead-acid to lithium-ion. "Pretty much any place where use a battery today, lithium-ion probably can step in and in most cases do the job better," said Todd Winter, Mid-Continent president and CEO.
Winter expects to see a number of new applications for lithium-ion batteries in aviation, and Mid-Continent is already working with many manufacturers to explore using the A123 technology. He also predicts that A123 batteries will be found in more main-ship batteries because although more expensive initially, the batteries will be more cost effective over their lifetime.
While many battery makers employ lithium-iron phosphate chemistry, A123's secret sauce is nanophosphate technology. The A123 batteries use lithium-iron phosphate chemistry, but the cathode surface material inside the battery is impregnated with tiny graphite particles, which adds surface area so the battery delivers, according to an A123 white paper, "higher power, excellent safety, long life and greater usable energy."
Another advantage of nanophosphate technology, according to Gallman, is that "it is more abuse-tolerant and less reactive when the product is abused." Products using A123 batteries still require protection circuits to prevent over-charging or other problems that could lead to thermal runaway. But in a nanophosphate battery, he said, the chemical reaction that leads to a thermal runaway is less energetic than in ordinary lithium-iron phosphate batteries.
When working with customers to develop lithium battery products, Mid-Continent offers three options: providing the A123 batteries to a customer who knows how to make a battery and protection circuits and offering consulting services; providing a module of battery cells already welded together (this is a special skill by itself) and the customer makes the protection circuitry; or making a complete solution, including the batteries and safety/performance-management circuitry.
According to a Securaplane spokesman, the batteries developed for the G650 use lithium-iron phosphate technology, which "is more tolerant to abusive conditions such as excessive ambient temperature or excess voltage charge conditions, and mechanical shock/crush conditions outside of specification. Securaplane cells may be overcharged or punctured without demonstrating any flame."
Features that keep the batteries safe include the cell design itself and high discharge capacity and a built-in charger, which, according to Securaplane, "result in excellent charge recovery rate from 100 percent depth of discharge (less than 60 minutes to 90-percent-charged condition), ensuring effective charge recovery following a complete discharge event. The cell/electronic architecture is configured to allow multiple levels of failure redundancy. Loss of several cells [is] required before loss of required function is realized. Modular cell pack design allows cells to be readily replaced at end of life or due to individual cell failure. Unique thermal monitoring and cell balancing during discharge ensures maximum battery capacity even after many internal cells have reached end of life."
For Gulfstream's G650, Securaplane is developing not only main-ship batteries but also emergency and flight control batteries (for the fly-by-wire controls). The total weight saving for the G650, compared with lead-acid or nickel-cadmium batteries, is about 170 pounds, the spokesman said. And the lithium batteries take up half as much space and have an energy density twice that of lead-acid or nickel-cadmium.
The lithium batteries are also much easier to maintain, with "built-in chargers, push-to-test state-of-charge and health determination, less scheduled maintenance, Arinc 429 interface, MSG-3 maintenance and internal heaters for faster dispatch," he explained. "The G650 will use nickel-cadmium batteries on entry-into-service," according to a Gulfstream spokeswoman. "We may look at using lithium-ion inthe future as the technology surrounding those batteries matures."
Concorde Battery is now developing its own line of lithium-iron phosphate batteries, according to Dave Vutetakis, director of advanced battery technology. The company's lithium-ion batteries should weigh about 50 percent less than lead-acid batteries, he said, but the new batteries will use the same volume to make them more interchangeable with lead-acid batteries. Concorde's lithium-ion batteries will include electronics to manage charging safely.
Vutekakis believes that adoption of lithium-ion batteries for certified general aviation applications will be a slow process, notwithstanding the work done by Cessna and Boeing and the development of lithium-ion batteries for the G650. "Weight is not as important for general aviation," he said. Paying five times the cost of a lead-acid or nickel-cadmium battery to save 20 pounds just isn't worth it, he explained. Manufacturing lithium-ion batteries is a tricky process, specifically the need to eliminate any moisture. And the batteries' electrolyte is flammable. "It's not just fire, it's the smoke. Iron phosphate is not as susceptible to thermal runaway." But if the battery does catch on fire, it can emit a lot of smoke, which means that even though such a scenario is highly unlikely, aircraft installations may require the ability to vent smoke from a battery fire overboard, adding more expense to the installation.
The lack of charge protection circuitry in lithium-ion batteries for the experimental market is a problem, he added, because if a battery is over-discharged, then trying to charge it generates heat and can cause thermal runaway. And if a lithium-ion battery gets below 5-percent charge, it is probably damaged and won't be recoverable. So, for example, if a pilot leaves the master switch on and kills the lithium-ion battery, it will have to be replaced.
Vutekakis is participating on industry committees to work with the FAA on standards and regulations that will eliminate the need for special conditions each time an aircraft manufacturer wants to install lithium-ion batteries.
He would prefer that risks of lithium-ion batteries be covered by adequate standards and that a serious safetyincident doesn't occur and cause regulators to shy away from the benefits of the technology. "That's why we're trying so hard to come up with adequate standards that will not allow that to happen. Murphy's Law is alive and well, if anything bad can happen, it will. If that doesn't happen, then more and more new designs are going to go to lithium-ion."
For ultimate safety, battery manufacturers are pursuing what Vutekakis said is the "holy grail" of lithium-ion battery design, a non-flammable electrolyte. "A lot of top companies are working on that."
As for portable devices with lithium-ion batteries, Vutekakis doesn't worry about those too much, because a thermal runaway in one of those is easier to deal with, provided the device is readily accessible. The FAA, in Safety Alert for Operators 09013, recommends knocking down these types of fire with either Halon or water, although water is not able to get into a sealed battery and might not have any effect until the runaway is finished. Many pilots are carrying fire-containment bags on board, in case of a portable device fire. The bags are designed to keep the fire from spreading. Industrial Fire Products makes the Fire-Fighter bag, which is distributed by Ship-it AOG. Aircare Access Assistance offers a bag called the FireSock.
What is abundantly clear from the research conducted for this article is that all types of battery have risks and can cause problems. Pilots need to know as much as possible about the type of battery installed in their aircraft, how the charging systems work and how they protect the batteries. Pilots also need to be aware of what mobile devices passengers are carrying and where they are located (and if any are stowed in non-flight-accessible baggage compartments). They need training for battery-related emergencies, not only in how to deal with battery problems, but in how not to let the problem overwhelm the primary duty to keep flying the airplane during the emergency.
Batteries Fall Under the Safety Spotlight
FAA's Accident/Incident Data System database:
• 2004: A lithium camera battery exploded, setting a passenger seat on fire in a Boeing 727 while airborne. Flight attendants extinguished the fire, and the pilots declared an emergency and landed at the departure airport.
• 1984: A nickel-cadmium "battery system" overheated on climb-out, but there was no damage or fire.
NASA's Aviation Safety Reporting System database (lithium):
• 2011: A lithium-battery-powered flashlight in the captain's computer bag made "popping noises and smoke." The flight continued to the destination.
• 2009: The cabin crew of a Boeing 757 detected a strong smoke odor. Passengers were asked to turn off all electrical devices in case of a lithium-battery fire. No cause of the smoke was found.
• 2007: A checked piece of luggage caught fire during boarding of an Airbus. The fire occurred in a handheld video game device. According to the reporter, "An alert ramper saw the bag in flames. He saved the day."
ASRS database (nickel-cadmium):
• 2011: The pilots of a Galaxy business jet declared an emergency and returned for landing after a "battery hot" message illuminated on the crew advisory system. "The fear, of course, is a nickel-cadmium battery thermal runaway," the reporter wrote. The problem turned out to be a faulty temperature sensor.
• 2004: A ramper noticed smoke from luggage before loading onto a Boeing 717. The airport fire department extinguished the fire. It was believed to have been caused by either a hand drill that was left running or the battery slipping out of the drill and shorting out.
• 2003: The pilot of a Pilatus PC-12 saw an overcharge indication for the airplane's battery while at 4,000 feet and asked for priority handling. While trying to comply with ATC instructions and deal with the battery problem, the pilot lost communication momentarily and the controller became worried about separation with another aircraft.
• 2003: After a battery charger light illuminated, the pilots of an MD-80 diverted to a nearby airport and made an overweight landing.
• 1993: A nickel-cadmium battery showed an overtemp indication in a turboprop twin, but it turned out that the wires for the number one and two batteries were reversed. The pilots ended up isolating the good battery, while the bad battery remained energized and subsequently destroyed itself.
• 1992: An overheat warning in a piston twin resulted in the pilot's departing from an assigned altitude. The problem was caused by a runaway nickel-cadmium battery with reversed cells.
• 1990: A series of problems caused the crew of a twin turboprop to deviate from an assigned altitude, following a cockpit indication of overheat of the nickel-cadmium auxiliary battery.
External link: http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aviation-international-news/2012-10-04/lithium-fires-generate-myths-and-misinformation
|Related Organizations:
|Matt Thurber


text:
AUSTIN – Attorney General Greg Abbott talked Thursday about posting for-sale signs with his real-estate-agent mom when he was a kid in Duncanville. She was "thrust into the workforce after my dad had a heart attack," he told the Texas Association of Realtors.
He talked about the tree falling on him as a young man, an incident that left him "forever paralyzed" but didn't dampen his spirit.
He talked about keeping Texas "exceptional," saying he wants to be governor to do just that.
He talked, in general, about the need for low taxes, business-choking regulation, a reduced role for government in the private sector.
He talked about his entrepreneurial friends who started the Taco Shack, and their struggles with the federal health care law.
He talked about "right-to-work laws that prevent the union abuses you see in some commnities, like Detroit. How would you like to be a real estate agent in Detroit? Talk about a shrinking market."
He talked about his wife, a former educator and the daughter of two educators, and the need to prioritize roads, water and schools.
Asked after his speech about the issue burning up the race for lieutenant governor – Texas allowing in-state tuition for certain immigrants who are in the country illegally – Abbott was out of time.
"I've got to get to Round Rock," said Abbott, who earlier had told the members of the crowd he'd delayed his speech to the Round Rock Chamber of Commerce so he could address them.


text: My wife and I love the way that certain animals play. She is especially fond of ravens, and delights to read accounts or watch videos of their frolicking. They have been known to sled on their bellies and wings down snowy hills, or repeatedly fly over big chimneys in the winter and tumble head-over-wing in the updraft. They seem also to like playing tricks on people, even when the trick has no practical advantage to them.


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NM Tech Researcher Studies Ocean Acidity's Effects on Climate, March 6, 2007
Right: Students Max Zeigler and Karl Haase were co-authors of the research paper, along with chemistry professor Oliver Wingenter. Max is now a grad student at the University of Washington, and Karl is a grad student at the University of New Hampshire.
by George Zamora
SOCORRO, N.M., March 6, 2007 – New Mexico Tech chemistry professor Oliver W. Wingenter is the principal author of research paper published in the March 7, 2007 issue of Geophysical Research Letters (GRL), which investigates how increased levels of ocean acidity and carbon dioxide concentrations have resulted in unexpected changes in marine biological production of organic gases that affect the Earth's climate.
The study, funded by New Mexico Tech, the National Science Foundation and the Comer Foundation, sheds light on several chemical processes that regularly occur throughout the world's oceans and which may have the potential to help regulate the Earth's climate and slow down global warming.
In the GRL article titled "Unexpected consequences of increasing CO2 and ocean acidity on marine production of DMS and CH2CH: Potential climate impacts," Wingenter and his research colleagues have determined that by increasing atmospheric mixing ratios of carbon dioxide, the scientists were then able to make ocean surface waters three times more acidic than normal.
Other recent scientific studies have shown that ocean acidity is rising at a rate of about 100 times faster than at any known time, Wingenter said, but this newly published study links the effect of increasing ocean acidity to changes in phytoplankton ecosystems that consume and produce carbon dioxide and other organic "greenhouse gases."
"Pronounced physiological changes in some phytoplankton have been observed during previous CO2 perturbation experiments," said Wingenter. "And although the changes in ocean acidity can be predicted, the consequences for marine organisms, their ecosystems, and climate-relevant organic gas emissions are largely unknown."
In their month-long field experiment, conducted in late spring of 2005 at the Large-Scale Marine Facilities of the University of Bergen, Norway, Wingenter and his research team used three sets of three large plastic bags — two meters in diameter, and filled to a depth of 10 meters with seawater — to simulate present-day carbon dioxide concentrations and ocean acidity, as well as CO2 levels that are expected to be found at the end of this century and the middle of the next one.
During the study, concentrations of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and chloroiodomethane, which are produced by phytoplankton in the ocean water, were analyzed, measured and recorded.
"Marine microorganisms produce DMS, which is a radiatively important gas," Wingenter explained. "In the atmosphere, DMS is rapidly oxidized to sulfur dioxide, which can form sulfate aerosols.
"As a result, emissions of DMS are a major source of cloud condensation nuclei in the clean marine atmosphere," he added.
"In addition, chloroiodomethane and other iodocarbons produced by phytoplankton quickly react with sunlight in the atmosphere and end up releasing iodine that can destroy ozone and lead to aerosol nucleation," Wingenter said.
The marked increases in the climate-relevant gases and ocean acidity observed in the study may be directly attributable to changes the phytoplankton's environment brought on by adding more carbon dioxide, the researchers said in their paper.
"Enhanced future production of these gases may contribute to planetary cooling and may eventually slow down global warming," Wingenter pointed out.
"This experimental study points to the need for similar work to determine the changes in other phytoplankton communities in response to future CO2 concentrations and any resultant changes in organic gas production," said Wingenter.
"Combining future experimental and modeling efforts will lead to a better understanding of the feedback systems between the atmosphere and ocean in the future," he added.
Wingenter's co-authors of the recent GRL paper include then New Mexico Tech undergraduates Karl Haase and Max Ziegler, as well as research colleagues from the University of Bergen, the University of New Hampshire, the University of Kiel in Germany, and the University of California at Irvine.


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The life of a houseboater—on, in, and surrounded by water—has always seemed idyllic to this road-weary soul. So I leaped at the chance to spend a weekend this spring tooling around the pristine coves of Shasta Lake, Calif., in a top-of-the-line, 56-foot boat with my husband, three kids, and a few friends.
Our trip didn't go exactly as planned. Stormy weather kept us indoors most of one day and pulled the boat loose from its moorings one night. We'd been told to use our cell phone in the case of an emergency. But when a short circuit stalled the boat's engine not far from the marina, we were already out of cell-phone range and reduced to the time-honored method of seeking assistance: standing on the deck shouting "Help!"
Despite the mishaps, we'd go back in a minute. The kids loved the fishing, and my husband and I cherished the quiet of having our early-morning coffee as we watched the sky turn pink. We also learned a few lessons that should ensure smoother sailing next time around:
Before you cruise, cruise the Web Novices can find boating basics and helpful links at www.houseboat.net and www.houseboatmagazine.com.
Choose your waterway carefully Snoop around to find out when lakes are especially crowded. Arizona's Lake Havasu, for instance, is awash with partying teens during spring break every March. On the other hand, California's Shasta and Trinity lakes, as well as Lake Powell, which straddles Arizona and Utah, are more likely to lure families at all times of the year. Even in high season, these three lakes are big enough to offer some privacy. But anyone craving quiet should time a visit for the spring or fall. And if lovely scenery isn't enough to entertain you, consider the Sacramento Delta, where you're never far from the next marina and the chance to enjoy a restaurant meal.
Book the right boat Choices range from modest 36-footers that sleep six and offer few frills to vessels that stretch 56 feet or longer, sleep 12, and sport a hot tub, water slide, satellite TV, and CD and DVD players. On a rainy weekend with the lake too cold for swimming, we rotated between the hot tub and the couch, cozying up with old movies. But in sultry July, the refreshing lake water might be entertainment enough. Weekly summer boat rentals run from about $1,500 to $6,500 or more; remember to budget for gas. Look for bargains from October through May—many companies cut rates in half and some include free gas and a powerboat rental.
Pack lightly Space is tight and first timers usually bring too much of everything—except ice. Most boats have fully stocked kitchens and all you need to supply is clothes, bedding, and food.
Prepare for problems Neither my husband nor I had ever piloted anything bigger than a rowboat, and though docking takes nerve and practice, after our half-hour orientation we did fine. Still, make sure there's a manual on board and insist on a ship-to-shore radio.
Stay safe Keep small children in life vests, and don't swim when the motor's running. To avoid carbon monoxide poisoning, turn off the generator at night.
Bring toys Whether you rent or bring your own, you'll be glad to have a miniflotilla of rafts and inner tubes. And even if you don't water-ski, a powerboat (typically, an extra $200 a day) is great for exploring a large lake without tugging the house along. If you love Jet Skis—or hate them—check with the marina to see if they're permitted. We relied on a couple of kayaks to explore little coves and creeks reachable only from the water. Nothing could break the peaceful spell as we paddled along.
Not even the rain.
Photography courtesy of Aramark Parks & Resorts
This article was first published in July 2003. Some facts may have aged gracelessly. Please call ahead to verify information.


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COMMERCE >> A regional water board member said Friday he plans to ask the board Monday to take away the auto allowance from one of his colleagues who doesn't have a driver's license.
James Roybal, a director of the Central Basin Municipal Water District, said he also plans to ask the board to stop a $16,000 payment to a woman injured in a 2010 car accident that was caused by Director Art Chacon.
Both the $597 monthly allowance and the payment to the woman are listed in the district's warrant list that is on the board's agenda for the 10 a.m. Monday meeting.
"This is money that is not being properly expended," said Roybal. "These are issues we have to address."
The board during a special March 13 meeting censured Chacon for lying to authorities and driving without a license.
General Manager Tony Perez agreed to make the $16,000 payment and agreed that Chacon should receive $63,000 in workers' compensation payments for injuries he allegedly suffered in the accident.
Asked why Chacon continues to receive an auto allowance, Joseph Legaspi, spokesman for the district, in an email cited the district's administrative code.
"District directors may receive monthly car allowance for conducting district business in Los Angeles and Orange counties," it states.
However, the code also states the driver must possess a valid California driver's license and carry automobile insurance.
Questioned about how Chacon can receive an auto allowance since he doesn't have a driver's license, Legaspi replied in an email that directors incur transportations costs, such as car's wear and tear gas and insurance for conducting district business.
All of this is covered by the $597 monthly payment, he stated.
Chacon, who didn't return a phone call made to him through the district, has said he has a driver's license. But he has refused to show it to district staff.
He also has said that during the accident in 2010 that involved six cars and injured five people he was driving on district time.


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PHOENIX — Channeling his inner Pete Carroll, Bill Belichick showed up relaxed in jeans and flip flops. Channeling his inner One Direction, Tom Brady showed up with hair somewhere between boy band and bed head.
And Marshawn Lynch?
"I'm just here so I won't get fined."
There is an art to saying nothing before the Big Game and in one hour, four minutes and 51 seconds Tuesday, three key components in Super Bowl XLIX were content to push every conceivable boundary of the aforementioned art.
Look, covering Super Bowl Media Day at US Airways Center was better than being back home in Eastern Connecticut shoveling two feet of snow — but not by much. The chain of...


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SEGA Superstars Tennis includes over 15 playable SEGA characters - like Sonic The Hedgehog, AiAi from Super Monkey Ball fame, Ulala of Space Channel 5 and Amigo from Samba De Amigo, each of whom have their own unique attributes, and superstar tennis skills. The game's arcade style matches are played out on courts based on environments from Sega games of the past such as the lush tropics of Sonic's Green Hill Zone or the street fair fiesta of Amigo's Carnival Park to name a few. In addition, there are a host of cameos and other surprises for fans of Sega games.


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This week's "Photo of the Week" comes to us from State Department photographer Michael Gross and shows U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivering remarks at the Gays and Lesbians in Foreign Affairs (GLIFAA) 20th Anniversary celebration at the U.S. Department of State in Washington, D.C. on November 28, 2012.
GLIFAA works to secure full parity for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) personnel and their families in U.S. foreign affairs agencies. GLIFAA seeks to raise awareness about LGBT issues and advocate for LGBT Foreign Service, Civil Service, and Contract employees and their partners and children. GLIFAA also serves as a support network and resource of information for LGBT employees and their families.
During her remarks, Secretary Clinton said, "…It wasn't really that long ago since this organization was created, but in many ways it was a completely different world. As we heard, in 1992 you could be fired for being gay. Just think about all of the exceptional public servants, the brilliant strategists, the linguists, the experts fired for no reason other than their sexual orientation. Think of what our country lost because we were unable to take advantage of their hard work, expertise, and experience. And the policy forced people to make terrible choices, to hide who they were from friends and colleagues, to lie or mislead, to give up their dreams of serving their country altogether.
"That began to change, in part because of the brave employees here at State, who decided that it was time for the bigotry, the ignorance, the lying, and discrimination to end. The LGBT community deserve the same chance as anyone else to serve. And indeed, as we all know, many had for many years, just without acknowledgment of who they were. So enough was enough, and that's how GLIFAA was formed. And thank goodness it was."
Secretary Clinton continued, "We've helped to make it easier for transgender Americans to change the gender listed on their passports, because our mission is not only to protect the rights and dignity of our colleagues, but also of the American people we serve.
"And we've taken this message all over the world, including the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva, where we worked to pass the first ever UN resolution affirming the human rights of LGBT people.
"Now, together we have worked to make something very simple and right come true. Our people should not have to choose between serving the country they love and sharing a life with the people they love."
Secretary Clinton concluded, "…Creating an LGBT-welcoming workplace is not just the right thing to do, it's also the smart thing to do. In part, that's because the nature of diplomacy has changed, and we should and need to keep up. Today we expect our diplomats to build relationships not just with their counterparts in foreign governments, but with people from every continent and every walk of life. And in order to do that, we need a diplomatic corps that is as diverse as the world we work in.
"It's also smart because it makes us better advocates for the values that we hold dear. Because when anyone is persecuted anywhere, and that includes when LGBT people are persecuted or kept from fully participating in their societies, they suffer, but so do we. We're not only robbed of their talents and ideas, we are diminished, because our commitment to the human rights of all people has to be a continuing obligation and mission of everyone who serves in the Government of the United States. So this is a mission that I gladly assume. We have to set the example and we have to live up to our own values."
You can read Secretary Clinton's full remarks here.
Molly in New Jersey writes:
As a gay college student, it is to heartening to see this as I look toward my future, hopefully in the Foreign Service. I am so thankful for those who paved this path before me and for having grown up in this era of change for LGBT people. The workforce I will enter will be drastically different from that of a decade earlier. Once again, Secretary Clinton nails it.


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There is a serious hardware malfunction or a bug in a driver.
Some versions of Windows may show the description as "HARDWARE_INTERRUPT_STORM".
This is a fatal Windows error, typically called a Stop message, Bug Check, or more commonly the Blue Screen of Death (BSoD). The system is in a forced reboot state. Any unsaved work is likely lost.
A problem has been detected and Windows has been shut down to prevent damage to your computer.
An interrupt storm has caused the system to hang.
If this is the first time you've seen this Stop error screen, restart your computer. If this screen appears again, follow these steps:
Check to make sure any new hardware or software is properly installed. If this is a new installation, ask your hardware or software manufacturer for any Windows updates you might need.
If problems continue, disable or remove any newly installed hardware or software. Disable BIOS memory options such as caching or shadowing. If you need to use Safe Mode to remove or disable components, restart your computer, press F8 to select Advanced Startup Options, and then select Safe Mode.
Technical Information:
*** STOP: 0x000000F2
Beginning dump of physical memory
Physical memory dump complete.
Contact your system administrator or technical support group for further
Confirm the hardware is working correctly using a hardware diagnostic program. If you suspect a specific hardware item, such as memory stick or video card, try replacing it with known good hardware.
Don't overlook the possibility that hardware was not installed correctly, especially anything you installed just prior to the problems starting. Make sure all cards and memory are securely seated in their slots. Verify disk drive cables are properly connected and are not loose.
Several software products that offer an extensive range of hardware diagnostics includes Fix-It Utilities Professional and SystemSuite Professional. Other diagnostic products include Eurosoft's PC Check and Iolo's System Mechanic.
Install the latest Windows software updates. Don't forget to check for non-critical updates too!
To manually get updates, open Internet Explorer (you can't use a non-Microsoft browser for updates).
For IE 8 and later: Click on Safety, then Windows Update. Follow the instructions.
For IE 7 and older: Click on Tools, then Windows Update. Follow the instructions.
Check if you are using the latest hardware drivers, especially the chipset and video drivers. Older drivers are a common contributor to BSoD issues.
You can use a product like Driver Genius or Radar Sync to verify you have the latest drivers and help keep all your drivers up-to-date. If you're comfortable with driver installations, you can individually find and install current drivers.
A some of the most popular driver download sites:
Also see our list of common Fatal Error Solutions.
Check out what others say about this issue and review or add your own comments and solutions!


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First lady to deliver president's weekly address
WASHINGTON (AP) — Michelle Obama is delivering the president's weekly address this week.
The White House says she will focus the radio and Internet address on Mother's Day and the nearly 300 girls who remain missing after being kidnapped more than three weeks ago from their school in Nigeria by an Islamist extremist group whose leader has threatened to sell them.
The case has sparked international outrage. The U.S. and other nations are assisting the Nigerian government in its efforts to find the girls.
This week, Mrs. Obama tweeted a photo of herself in the White House holding a sign with the message "(hashtag) Bring Back Our Girls."
Mrs. Obama has joined President Barack Obama on past weekly addresses. Saturday's will be the first one she delivers alone.
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text: This is the accessible text file for GAO report number GAO-05-177T entitled 'Flu Vaccine: Recent Supply Shortages Underscore Ongoing Challenges' which was released on November 18, 2004. This text file was formatted by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) to be accessible to users with visual impairments, as part of a longer term project to improve GAO products' accessibility. Every attempt has been made to maintain the structural and data integrity of the original printed product. Accessibility features, such as text descriptions of tables, consecutively numbered footnotes placed at the end of the file, and the text of agency comment letters, are provided but may not exactly duplicate the presentation or format of the printed version. The portable document format (PDF) file is an exact electronic replica of the printed version. We welcome your feedback. Please E-mail your comments regarding the contents or accessibility features of this document to firstname.lastname@example.com. This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. It may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without further permission from GAO. Because this work may contain copyrighted images or other material, permission from the copyright holder may be necessary if you wish to reproduce this material separately. Testimony: Before the Subcommittee on Health and the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives: United States Government Accountability Office: GAO: For Release on Delivery Expected at 9:30 a.m. EST: Thursday, November 18, 2004: Flu Vaccine: Recent Supply Shortages Underscore Ongoing Challenges: Statement of Janet Heinrich: Director, Health Care--Public Health Issues: GAO-05-177T: GAO Highlights: Highlights of GAO-05-177T, a testimony before the Subcommittee on Health and the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives: Why GAO Did This Study: Influenza is associated with an average of 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. Persons who are aged 65 and older, people with chronic medical conditions, children younger than 2 years, and pregnant women are more likely to get severe complications from influenza than other people. The best way to prevent influenza is to be vaccinated each fall. In early October 2004, one major manufacturer of flu vaccine for the United States announced that its facility's license had been temporarily suspended and it would not be releasing any vaccine for the 2004-2005 flu season. Because this manufacturer was expected to produce roughly one-half of the U.S. flu vaccine supply, the shortage resulting from its announcement has led to concern about the availability of flu vaccine, especially to those at high risk for flu-related complications. GAO was asked to discuss issues related to the supply, demand, and distribution of vaccine for this flu season in the context of the current shortage. GAO based this testimony on products we have issued since May 2001, as well as work we conducted to update key information. What GAO Found: The current vaccine shortage demonstrates the challenges to ensuring an adequate and timely flu vaccine supply. Only three manufacturers produce flu vaccine for the U.S. market, and the potential for future manufacturing problems such as those experienced both this year and to a lesser degree in previous years is still present. When shortages occur, their effect can be exacerbated by the existing distribution system. Under this system, health providers and vaccine distributors generally order a particular manufacturer's vaccine and have limited recourse, even for meeting the needs of high-risk persons, if that manufacturer's production is adversely affected. By contrast, providers who purchased vaccine from a different manufacturer might receive more of their order and be able to vaccinate their high-risk patients. The current situation also reflects another concern: the nation lacks a systematic approach for ensuring that seniors and others at high risk for flu-related complications receive flu vaccine when it is in short supply. Once this year's shortage became apparent, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) took a number of steps to influence distribution patterns to help providers get some vaccine for their high-risk patients. These steps are still playing themselves out, and it will take more time to assess how well they will work. Problems have not been totally averted, however, as there have been media reports of long lines to obtain limited doses of vaccine and of high- risk individuals unable to find a flu vaccination in a timely fashion. We shared the facts contained in this statement with CDC officials. They informed us they had no comments. www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-05-177T. To view the full product, including the scope and methodology, click on the link above. For more information, contact Janet Heinrich at (202) 512-7119. [End of section] Messrs. Chairmen and Members of the Subcommittees: Thank you for the opportunity to be here today as you discuss the nation's response to problems with the supply and distribution of influenza vaccine. This year's loss of roughly half of the country's supply of flu vaccine highlighted what has become a growing problem-- the fragility of the vaccine production and distribution system. We have been monitoring this issue for a number of years, and we are starting new work for the House Committee on Government Reform to analyze this year's situation in greater detail. My testimony today focuses on (1) the challenges in ensuring adequate supply to meet demand for vaccine and (2) the mechanisms in place to target high-risk populations when, as happened this year, a vaccine shortage occurs. My remarks are based on reports and testimony we have issued since May 2001[Footnote 1] as well as work conducted to update key information. Our prior work on flu vaccine included analysis of information provided by and interviews with Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) officials, vaccine manufacturers, medical distributors and their trade associations, companies that provide flu vaccinations at retail outlets and work sites, physician and other professional associations, and other purchasers. We also surveyed physician group practices and interviewed health department officials in all 50 states about their experiences in the 2000-2001 flu season. In September and November 2004 we updated this work with analysis of information provided by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) officials, one major manufacturer, and other sources. We obtained information on (1) the available doses and demand for the 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 flu seasons, (2) the status of this year's flu vaccine, and (3) CDC activities, including actions taken following the announcement that one major manufacturer could not supply any vaccine for the U.S. market this year. We conducted all of our work in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. In summary, the current situation demonstrates the challenges of ensuring an adequate and timely flu vaccine supply. Only three manufacturers produce flu vaccine for the U.S. market, and the potential for future manufacturing problems such as those experienced both this year and to a lesser degree in previous years is still present. When shortages occur, their effect can be exacerbated by the existing distribution system. Under this system, health providers and vaccine distributors generally order a particular manufacturer's vaccine and have limited recourse, even for meeting the needs of high- risk persons, if that manufacturer's production is adversely affected. By contrast, providers who purchased vaccine from a different manufacturer might receive more of their order and be able to vaccinate their high-risk patients. The current situation also reflects another concern: the nation lacks a systematic approach for ensuring that seniors and others at high risk for flu-related complications receive flu vaccine when it is in short supply. Once this year's shortage became apparent, CDC took a number of steps to influence distribution patterns to help providers get some vaccine for their high-risk patients. These steps are still playing themselves out, and it will take more time to assess how well they will work. Problems have not been totally averted, however, as there have been media reports of long lines to obtain limited doses of vaccine and of high-risk individuals unable to find a flu vaccination in a timely fashion. Background: Influenza is associated with an average of more than 200,000 hospitalizations and 36,000 deaths each year in the United States. Most people who get the flu recover completely in 1 to 2 weeks, but some develop serious and life-threatening medical complications, such as pneumonia. People who are aged 65 and older, people of any age with chronic medical conditions, children younger than 2 years, and pregnant women are more likely to get severe complications from influenza than other people.[Footnote 2] For the 2004-2005 flu season, CDC initially recommended in May 2004 that about 185 million Americans--about 85 million in high-risk groups and over 100 million in other target groups--receive the vaccine, which is the primary method for preventing influenza. Groups at high-risk for flu-related complications included people aged 65 years or older; residents of nursing homes and other chronic-care facilities; people with chronic conditions such as asthma and diabetes; children and adolescents aged 6 months to 18 years who are receiving long-term aspirin therapy; pregnant women; and children aged 6 to 23 months. Other target groups identified in the May 2004 recommendations included persons aged 50 to 64 years and people who can transmit influenza to those at high-risk, such as health care workers, employees of nursing homes, chronic-care facilities, and assisted living facilities, and household contacts of and those who provide home care to high-risk individuals.[Footnote 3] Not everyone in these high-risk and target groups, however, receives a vaccination each year. For example, based on the 2002 National Health Interview Survey and other sources, CDC estimates that only about 44 percent of individuals at high-risk and about 20 percent of individuals in the other target groups were vaccinated. It takes about 2 weeks after vaccination for antibodies to develop in the body and provide protection against influenza virus infection. CDC recommends October through November as the best time to get vaccinated because the flu season often starts in late November to December and peaks between late December and early March. However, if influenza activity peaks late, vaccination in December or later can still be beneficial. Producing sufficient quantities of influenza vaccine is a complex process that involves growing viruses in millions of fertilized chicken eggs. This process, which requires several steps, generally takes at least 6 to 8 months from January through August each year, so vaccine manufacturers must predict demand and decide on the number of doses to produce well before the onset of the flu season. Each year's vaccine is made up of three different strains of influenza viruses, and, typically, each year one or two of the strains is changed to better protect against the strains that are likely to be circulating during the coming flu season. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and its advisory committee decide which strains to include based on CDC surveillance data, and FDA also licenses and regulates the manufacturers that produce the vaccine for distribution in the United States. In a typical year, manufacturers make flu vaccine available before the optimal fall season for administering flu vaccine. For the 2003-2004 flu season, two manufacturers--one with production facilities in the United States and one with production facilities in the United Kingdom- -produced about 95 percent of the vaccine for the United States. A third U.S. manufacturer produces a flu vaccine that is given by nasal spray and is only approved for healthy persons aged 5 through 49 years. This nasal spray vaccine is not recommended for individuals at high risk for flu-related complications. According to CDC, this manufacturer produced about 4 million doses of the nasal spray vaccine for the 2003- 2004 season. Flu vaccine production and distribution are largely private-sector responsibilities. Like other pharmaceutical products, flu vaccine is sold to thousands of purchasers by manufacturers, numerous medical supply distributors, and other resellers such as pharmacies. These purchasers provide flu vaccinations at physicians' offices, public health clinics, nursing homes, and at nonmedical locations such as workplaces and various retail outlets. Millions of individuals receive flu vaccinations through mass immunization campaigns in these nonmedical settings, where organizations such as visiting nurse agencies under contract administer the vaccine.[Footnote 4] In a typical year, most influenza vaccine distribution and administration are accomplished within the private sector, with relatively small amounts of vaccine purchased and distributed by CDC or by state and local health departments. For the 2004-2005 season, CDC had estimated that about 100 million doses of flu vaccine would be available for distribution through this network. On August 26, 2004, one major manufacturer announced a small quantity of its flu vaccine did not meet sterility specifications and that distribution of its vaccine would be delayed until after further tests were completed. On October 5, 2004, this manufacturer announced that the regulatory body in the United Kingdom, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), had temporarily suspended the company's license to manufacture flu vaccine in its facility in Liverpool, England. The manufacturer stated that this action prevented the company from releasing any vaccine for the 2004-2005 flu season-- effectively reducing the anticipated U.S. supply by nearly half. This sudden disruption of the supply set off the chain of events the nation has experienced in the past 6 weeks, and has focused national attention on the flu vaccine supply and distribution system. Challenges Exist in Ensuring an Adequate and Timely Flu Vaccine Supply: Ensuring an adequate and timely supply of vaccine is a difficult task. It has become even more difficult because there are few manufacturers. As we are witnessing this year, problems at one or more manufacturers can significantly upset the traditional fall delivery of influenza vaccine. These problems, in turn, can create variability in who has ready access to the vaccine. Matching flu vaccine supply and demand is a challenge because the available supply and demand for vaccine can vary from month to month and year to year, as the following examples illustrate. * In 2000-2001, when a substantial proportion of flu vaccine was distributed much later than usual due to manufacturing difficulties, temporary shortages during the prime period for vaccinations were followed by decreased demand as additional vaccine became available later in the year. Despite efforts by CDC and others to encourage people to seek flu vaccinations later in the season, providers still reported a drop in demand in December. The light flu season in 2000- 2001, which had relatively low influenza mortality, probably also contributed to the lack of interest. As a result of the waning demand that year, manufacturers and distributors reported having more vaccine than they could sell. In addition, some physicians' offices, employee health clinics, and other organizations that administered flu vaccinations reported having unused doses in December and later. * For the 2002-2003 flu season, according to CDC officials, vaccine manufacturers produced about 95 million doses of vaccine, of which about 83 million doses were used and about 12 million doses went unused. * For the 2003-2004 flu season, shortages of vaccine were attributed to an earlier than expected and more severe flu season and to higher than normal demand, likely resulting from media coverage of pediatric deaths associated with influenza. According to CDC officials, this increased demand occurred in a year in which manufacturers had produced about the same number of doses used in the previous season--about 87 million doses total--and that supply was not adequate to meet the demand. If production problems delay or disrupt the availability of vaccine in a given year, the timing for an individual provider to obtain flu vaccine may depend on which manufacturer's vaccine it ordered. This happened in the 2000-2001 season, and there are reports of similar problems this season after one manufacturer that had previously stated it expected to supply 46 million to 48 million doses announced that it would not deliver any flu vaccine to the U.S. market. Those who ordered from this manufacturer did not receive their expected vaccine--a different situation than those who ordered from the other manufacturer, which reported sending its vaccine on schedule beginning in August and September. As a result, one provider could have held vaccination clinics in early October that would be available to anyone who wanted a flu vaccination, while another provider may not yet have had any vaccine for its high-risk patients. Shortages of flu vaccine can result in temporary spikes in the price of vaccine. When vaccine supply is limited relative to public demand for flu vaccinations, distributors and others who have supplies of the vaccine have the ability--and the economic incentive--to sell their supplies to the highest bidders rather than filling the lower priced orders they had already received. When there was a delay causing a temporary shortage of vaccine in 2000, those who purchased vaccine that fall--because their earlier orders had been canceled, reduced, or delayed, or because they simply ordered later--found they paid much higher prices. For example, one physician's practice ordered flu vaccine from a supplier in April 2000 at $2.87 per dose. When none of that vaccine had arrived by November 1, the practice placed three smaller orders in November with a different supplier at the escalating prices of $8.80, $10.80, and $12.80 per dose. On December 1, the practice ordered more vaccine from a third supplier at $10.80 per dose. The four more expensive orders were delivered immediately, before any vaccine had been received from the original April order. With the severely reduced vaccine supply this year, opportunities exist for vendors who have vaccine to significantly inflate the price of available supplies. CDC is collecting information on allegations of such price increases and is providing information to respective state attorneys general. To date, CDC officials report receiving and forwarding over 100 reports of alleged price gouging that they received from 33 states. Following the 2000-2001 flu season, HHS undertook several initiatives to address supply and demand of flu vaccine and to protect high-risk individuals from flu-related complications when vaccine is in short supply. Actions taken include the following: * Extending the optimal period for getting a flu vaccination until the end of November, to encourage more people to get vaccinations later in the season. * Expanding the target population to include children aged 6 through 23 months. * Including the flu vaccine in the Vaccines for Children (VFC) stockpile to help improve flu vaccine supply. For the 2004-2005 flu season, CDC had originally contracted for a stockpile of approximately 4.5 million doses of flu vaccine through its VFC authority--of which 2 million doses were ordered from the manufacturer whose license was temporarily suspended and therefore will not be available. CDC officials said the remaining 2.5 million doses intended for the stockpile will be apportioned as they become available. * Taking steps to identify additional sources of influenza vaccine from foreign manufacturers that, once approved for safe use, could help increase the flu vaccine supply in the United States. Challenges Persist in Targeting Flu Vaccine to High-Risk Individuals: Our work has also found continuing obstacles to delivering flu vaccine to high-risk individuals in a time of short supply. During the fall 2000 vaccine shortage, for example, targeting limited doses to high- risk individuals was problematic because all types of providers served at least some high-risk individuals. Some physicians and public health officials were upset when their local grocery stores were offering flu vaccinations to everyone when they, the health care providers, were unable to obtain vaccine for their high-risk patients. Many physicians reported that they felt they did not receive priority for vaccine delivery, even though about two-thirds of seniors--one of the largest high-risk groups--generally get their flu vaccinations in medical offices. For the 2004-2005 flu season, despite early indications that one manufacturer was having production difficulties, CDC published guidance in September 2004 stating that it did not envision any need for tiered vaccination recommendations or prioritization of vaccine for those at higher risk of flu-related complications. Following the suspension of one manufacturer's license and the announcement it would not supply any vaccine to the U.S. market this season, CDC revised its recommendations and took steps to mitigate the vaccine shortage. Although HHS has limited authority to control flu vaccine distribution,[Footnote 5] upon learning that nearly half of the nation's expected flu vaccine supply was in jeopardy, it took steps to help direct the available vaccine to help providers get some vaccine for their high-risk patients. In particular, CDC officials have worked with the remaining major manufacturer, as well as state and local health departments, to assess needs, prioritize customers, and make plans to distribute the remaining vaccine. CDC also convened its Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) to reassess and revise the recommended vaccination priorities for the flu season.[Footnote 6] The revised priority groups for the 2004-2005 flu vaccine include the estimated 85 million people in high- risk groups, but they do not include many of the other target groups. In addition to high-risk individuals, the revised priority groups include an estimated 7 million health care workers and an estimated 6 million household contacts of children aged 6 months or younger, for a total population of about 98 million in the revised priority groups. While CDC can recommend and encourage providers to immunize high-risk patients first, it does not have direct control over the distribution of vaccine (other than the generally small amount that is distributed through public health departments); thus, CDC cannot ensure that its priorities will be implemented. As these actions play out, more time is needed to gauge the success of CDC's efforts to mitigate the current flu vaccine shortage. Despite the efforts by CDC and others, many high-risk individuals appear to be experiencing problems getting a flu vaccination. Media across the country are reporting that some seniors are waiting hours for flu vaccinations and others are so frustrated they are traveling to Canada or Mexico to get vaccinated. There are other media reports of anxious seniors unable to get vaccinated in a timely fashion. How many high-risk individuals ultimately get vaccinated against influenza this season remains to be seen. We are beginning new work to analyze this year's vaccine shortage and the federal response. Concluding Observations: Ensuring an adequate and timely supply of vaccine to protect high-risk individuals from influenza and flu-related complications remains a challenge. The limited number of manufacturers and the manufacturing problems experienced in recent years illustrate the fragility of vaccine production. The abrupt loss of nearly half of the nation's vaccine supply has further highlighted the potential inequities that can result from the current vaccine distribution system. Under this system, some providers can be left with little immediate recourse for meeting the needs of those most at risk. CDC is responding by working with the remaining major flu vaccine manufacturer and states and local public health agencies to better target high-risk populations. Nonetheless, with this flu season, there are reports of long lines, people crossing international boundaries to obtain their flu vaccinations, and anxious seniors unable to obtain a vaccination on a timely basis. Whatever the outcome of this flu season, ensuring that vaccine can be made available as expeditiously as possible to those who need it most in times of shortage remains a challenge. Agency Comments: We shared the facts contained in this statement with CDC officials. They informed us they had no comments. This concludes my statement. I would be happy to answer any questions the Chairmen or other Members of the Subcommittees may have. Contact and Staff Acknowledgments: For further information about this testimony, please contact Janet Heinrich at (202) 512-7119. Jennifer Major, Terry Saiki, Stan Stenersen, and Kim Yamane also made key contributions to this statement. [End of section] Related GAO Products: Infectious Disease Preparedness: Federal Challenges in Responding to Influenza Outbreaks. GAO-04-1100T, Washington, D.C.: September 28, 2004. SARS Outbreak: Improvements to Public Health Capacity Are Needed for Responding to Bioterrorism and Emerging Infectious Diseases. GAO-03- 769T, Washington, D.C.: May 7, 2003. Infectious Disease Outbreaks: Bioterrorism Preparedness Efforts Have Improved Public Health Response Capacity, but Gaps Remain. GAO-03-654T, Washington, D.C.: April 9, 2003. Flu Vaccine: Steps Are Needed to Better Prepare for Possible Future Shortages. GAO-01-786T, Washington, D.C.: May 30, 2001. Flu Vaccine: Supply Problems Heighten Need to Ensure Access for High- Risk People. GAO-01-624, Washington, D.C.: May 15, 2001. FOOTNOTES [1] See "Related GAO Products," at the end of this testimony, for a list of our earlier work related to flu vaccine. [2] Influenza and pneumonia rank as the fifth leading cause of death among persons aged 65 and older. Persons aged 65 and older are involved in more than 1 of 2 hospitalizations and 9 of 10 deaths related to influenza. [3] See HHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 53 (2004). CDC also recommended a vaccination for anyone who wanted one. [4] Data collected by states through the CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System during 2002 indicate that among persons aged 18 years or older reporting receipt of flu vaccine, about two-thirds reported getting their last flu vaccination at a health care facility, such as a doctor's office, health center, or health department, while about one-third reported getting vaccinated at a workplace, community center, store, or other location. [5] Under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act, FDA ensures compliance with good manufacturing practice and has limited authority to regulate the resale of prescription drugs, including influenza vaccine, that have been purchased by health care entities such as public or private hospitals. This authority would not extend to resale of the vaccine for emergency medical reasons. The term health care entity does not include wholesale distributors. CDC has a role in encouraging appropriate public health actions. [6] See HHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Interim Influenza Vaccination Recommendations, 2004-2005 Influenza Season," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 53 (2004).


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When I launched my blog back in July of 2010 (the 5th to be exact), I never dreamed that I would a) stick with it long enough to make 200 posts, or b) have enough books that I felt needed reviews to be posted (because I honestly don't review half of the stuff that I read)…
But here, I am, so happy 201st Blog Post day – I actually planned on doing one for my 200th post, but that just seemed to expected whereas a 201st, not so much (yes, I am that much of a dork!).
Now for the random blog facts (since I know you guys love them!)
5487 total views (and thanks for all you guys who keep coming back for bumping up my numbers!)
122 views on my busiest day (who would have thunk that a blog giving away prizes would have been the most popular…)
Top countries that have had viewers to my blog:
United States (well, duh, I live here)
Australia (Thanks Mom!)
Philippines (ok, that was an interesting one…)
Random Countries that popped up:
Iceland (thanks James!)
Most Popular Post:
Summer Blog Giveaway – Aug 1 (ironically, my most popular blog day…)
Most Popular Review:
The Ponds of Kalambyi from 28 October, 2011.
Most Popular Tag Used:
Audiobook (well, I am a self-admitted junkie), followed by 3.5 stars (guess I am also a picky reviewer 😉 )
But of course, no blogaversary would be complete without gifts 😉 So for all you guys out there, I'm offering up a $20 Amazon giftcard to a lucky commenter. All you have to do is comment and let me know which of my reviews, or other blog posts, you found the most interesting. Entries will close on November 30th.


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Wednesday, September 12th 2007, 11:44pm
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Friday, September 14th 2007, 8:44am


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With senior Ashley Lutz on the way to becoming the program's all-time leading scorer, the Ready High School girls basketball team earned a share of its first CCL championship in 15 years and won its second consecutive Division III district title during the 2006-07 season.
With senior Ashley Lutz on the way to becoming the program's all-time leading scorer, the Ready High School girls basketball team earned a share of its first CCL championship in 15 years and won its second consecutive Division III district title during the 2006-07 season.
While coach Joe Lang isn't ready to compare this season's team to that one in terms of what it could accomplish, the Silver Knights might rival that team in terms of athleticism.
Ready, which has gone a combined 52-58 since finishing 22-3 in 2006-07, returns five key players and should get a boost from its newcomers as well.
The Silver Knights, who were 10-11 overall last season, opened Nov. 23 with a 51-44 loss at Worthington Kilbourne.
"The thing I feel best about is that we have really good team quickness," said Lang, who began his 32nd season with a 422-273 record.
"We'll be able to go back to a style we haven't been able to play for four or five years where we can full-court press. The thing about our roster is that (everyone) will play. I think we'll be able to score points."
The top returnees are seniors Kim Lloyd (5-foot-6) and Carly Culbertson (5-7), juniors Caroline Riewe (5-5) and Margie Berkemeyer (5-11) and sophomore Lauren Ruth (5-8).
Lloyd was the leading scorer last year at 12.4 points per game and was honorable mention all-district.
Ruth averaged 9.6 points and was honorable mention all-district. Riewe (5.3 ppg) and Culbertson (3.3) also contributed.
Berkemeyer missed the first 12 games with illness but scored 23 points in a 47-17 win over Grandview in the regular-season finale.
Looking to take on key roles are juniors Bobbie Menke (5-10), Elisabeth Palazzo (5-8) and Allie Schroeder (5-7) and sophomore Madison Gatley (5-5).
Freshman Delaney Cutteridge (5-6) is expected to be an immediate contributor. Sophomore Maggie Quinn (5-5) likely will split time between varsity and junior varsity.
Junior Holland Jones (5-6), who spent most of last season on j.v. but was expected to compete for a varsity role, isn't expected to play because of a hip injury.
"Practices have been going great and the varsity team is (mostly) all veterans," Lloyd said. "In our scrimmage (Nov. 17) all we did was run and play defense. Most of our scores were layups. We were getting a lot of steals because we're playing hard defense.
"I think, especially at Ready, that the atmosphere is a little different than it is in AAU ball. We can work with each other more and it's more of a team bond."
Last season, Ready finished fourth (3-5) in the CCL behind co-champions DeSales and Watterson (6-2) and Hartley (5-3). Columbus School for Girls (0-8) was last.
The Silver Knights won five of their last seven of the regular season but lost to Johnstown 65-52 in a first-round Division III district tournament game.
Nikki Brown, Ciara Carr and Caitlin McAndrew were 2012 graduates who were key players a year ago.
"I think defense will be a key for us," Lang said. "In our scrimmages, Berkemeyer was the only one who consistently rebounded the ball.
"I think Hartley is going to be the team to beat (in the CCL). I think we'll be able to challenge them."


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4/14/11 Orioles at Yankees: New Yankee Stadium
As I entered the Stadium, I saw this:
As soon as I took that picture a security guard said something that I thought was "Hi". After a round of unsuccessful bp I headed over to left field for the second Yankee group. As I was headed out, the security guard:
I then went through a patch where neither Yankee nor Orioles were hitting balls to my part of left field. It was a group made out of all lefties except for one weak hitting righty. Since I wasn't getting any toss-ups from the Orioles it was a tough bp. I think I probably should have been louder because it seemed like they always just missed my Orioles cap when scanning the crowd. Me not having my Orioles t-shirt didn't exactly help either.
Then the power group came up. The group consisted of: Mark Reynolds, Derrek Lee, Caesar Izturis, and either Robert Andino or Adam Jones. This led to plenty of Home Runs to make up for the previous group. Most were out of my reach but several came into my axises of power. A few went over my head yadah, yadah.
Though, two came into my row. The first was hit by Derrek Lee two sections to my right (left if looking from home plate). I ran over and scooped it up as it trickled down back to my row for ball #2 on the day. The second, was hit by Mark Reynolds and actually landed in my row. So, I slid to get it before it rolled into the row in front of me. In the process of sliding I actually ripped the knee of my pants:
Although the pants were double layered, I can still say I would have been much happier on this specific ball if I had gotten it because I pretty scraped up, not on the slide but on banging my knee on the seat getting up.
I was in no mood to keep running around in the outfield. So seeing as it was the last group of bp, I got a head start on the end portion of bp. Nothing came of that. There I met up with Zack Hample and another ballhawk I had never met before named, Ben Weil (boys and girls, this is why you wear long pants even when it is warm outside:
(Can't you tell a high quality camera picture when you see it. That would be both high quality photography and high quality camera.)
I stayed behind the Yankee dugout before the knee started hurting again and I knew I had to start moving to have it ready for the game (it was about 6:40 at the time). I abruptly left for right field because I knew there were two righties on the mound that day and the Yankees have many switch hitters.
From my spot in right I took time to laugh at those trapped in the bleachers I had been on my last trip to Yankee Stadium:
This would be my view from right:
To give you an idea of how close it came:
As far as the rest of the game goes, it was pretty good but for some reason the more I go to Yankee Stadium the less I am a fan of the Yankees themselves. Through this game, I was actually more disappointed that the Twins lost in a devastating fashion than the win the Yankees had. I was looking up here all game:
After the end Rafael Soriano threw a ball into my part of right field as he left the bullpen:
I didn't want to get in front of the person who it was intended for so I let him try and catch it but he missed it completely and so neither of us got it.
Yankees 6 Orioles 5
- 2 Balls at this game
- 2.0 Balls Per game
- 28 straight games with at least 1 ball
- 5 straight games at Yankee Stadium with at least 1 ball
- Competition Factor: 81,034
- Time at Game: 4:30-10:30 Six hours


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Della Robbia Pottery
English, active 1894–1906
Charger, 1903
6.4 x 34 cm
Collection of the Winnipeg Art Gallery; Acquired with funds from the Mrs. George H. Sellers donation
Ceramic, Decorative Arts Ceramic
A relatively short-lived venture, the Della Robbia Pottery was founded by Harold Steward Rathbone (1858–1929) in 1894 and named after the famed fifteenth-century Florentine sculptor Luca della Robbia. It operated out of Birkenhead near Liverpool, a thriving industrial community with a strong interest in the arts. Combining the sensibilities of the Arts and Crafts movement with the flair of the Pre-Raphaelites, this charger is typical of Della Robbia's production, which often followed Italian prototypes. The WAG piece takes its inspiration from a work by the early Italian Renaissance painter Sandro Botticelli. Despite royal patronage, the support of the Pre-Raphaelites and William Morris, as well as high-end retailers selling its wares, the niche market was too small and the pottery struggled, eventually closing in 1906.
Gallery Hours
- Tuesday 11am-5pm
- Wednesday 11am-5pm
- Thursday 11am-5pm
- Friday 11am-9pm
- Saturday 11am-5pm
- Sunday 11am-5pm
- Closed Monday


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October means Halloween season in Western countries. It is a time for howling faces carved into pumpkins and children in spookish gowns haunting every house, knocking on doors, shouting trick or treat! The festival is so popular that it has spread to Asian countries including Vietnam.
In Vietnam, locals now expect to see the same things in Vietnam as the smiling children pour into the streets with their ghoulish costumes.
Knowing that, many restaurants and hotels have rolled up their sleeves to prepare ghostly dishes alongside lively and terrifying games for a spooky night not to forget.
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Updated 25 Feb 2019
Snapshot: The Brother MFC-J6530DW connects via ethernet, WiFi and USB and has a 2.75" display. How well does it print?
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We don't retest older printers. To account for their age, each year we alter their overall and individual scores. This can affect whether a printer maintains recommended or worth considering status.
Extra ink used is the percentage of extra ink used for maintenance cleaning when printing 30 pages (text, graphics and photos) intermittently over 4 weeks, compared to the same printer printing 30 pages continuously.
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Playhouse on the Square will present "Sunset Boulevard" Friday, Jan. 25, through Feb. 17 at Playhouse, 66 S. Cooper St. Visit playhouseonthesquare.org for times and tickets.
Greater Memphis Chamber Small Business Council will host its 2013 program launch luncheon Friday, Jan. 18, from 11:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. at Memphis Marriott East, 5795 Poplar Ave. Dr. Martin Regalia, senior vice president of economic and tax policy and chief economist at the United States Chamber of Commerce, will speak. Cost is $35 for chamber members and $40 for nonmembers. Visit memphischamber.com.
WKNO-TV and Tennessee Shakespeare Co. will host a documentary screening and opening reception for "The Apparel Oft Proclaims the Man": A "Shakespeare Uncovered" Costume Exhibit on Sunday, Jan. 20, at 2 p.m. in the WKNO Digital Media Center, 7151 Cherry Farms Road. Cost is free; R.S.V.P. at wkno.org.
Memphis Rotary Club will meet Tuesday, Jan. 22, at noon at the University Club of Memphis, 1346 Central Ave. Dwan Gilliom, director of the City of Memphis Public Works Division, will speak. Cost is $18. R.S.V.P. to Taylor Hughes at email@example.com.
Memphis Botanic Garden and Artists' Link will host the Incognito Art Gala and Silent Auction Friday, Jan. 18, from 5:30 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. at the botanic garden, 750 Cherry Road. Items include more than 90 original, unsigned works by local artists. Cost is $25 for MBG members and $35 for nonmembers. For more information or to buy tickets, visit memphisbotanicgarden.com or 636-4131.
The Circuit Playhouse and Hattiloo Theatre will present "The Mountaintop" Friday, Jan. 18, through Feb. 10 at Circuit, 51 S. Cooper St. Visit playhouseonthesquare.org for times and tickets.
Christian Brothers University hosts the Mid-South Woodturners Guild's woodturning collection in the Beverly & Sam Ross Gallery in Plough Memorial Library on the CBU campus, 650 East Parkway S. The exhibit runs through Feb. 3. Visit cbu.edu or midsouthwoodturners.com.
Eclectic Eye hosts Faces by Cornelius Carter in its showroom, 242 S. Cooper St. Carter's impressionistic paintings depict 19th and 20th century pop and music icons. The exhibit runs through Feb. 27. Visit eclectic-eye.com.
POTS@TheWorks will present "The Left Hand Singing" through Jan 27 at TheatreWorks, 2085 Monroe Ave. Visit playhouseonthesquare.org for times and tickets.
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Posted 8 years ago
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My parents are moving and have gone through their storage and we found about 40 gorgeous Japanese dolls in various conditions. They belonged to my grandmother who lived in Japan since her birth in 1902 until after the wars. She lived to be 104! I need help identifying these dolls. I know they are from the Japanese girls festival because I remember my grandmother set them all up for display when I was in girl scouts 4o years ago! I know there are musicians and dancer dolls and a few geisha dolls. I will try to post several. Thanks ahead of time for your help!


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Minnesota Gophers Football Players Join Lawsuit Against NCAA
Minnesota Gophers tight end Moses Alipate and wide receiver Victor Keise have been named plaintiffs in the anti-trust lawsuit that is claiming the NCAA owes billions of dollars to former players for allowing their likenesses to be used without compensation.
Former UCLA basketball star Larry O'Bannon is the lead plaintiff, along with six current NCAA football players including Alipate and Keise.
In the case, the judge is still deciding whether to turn the lawsuit into a class action. If the move were to be made, it would be a legal victory for the players. Plaintiffs are demanding the NCAA finds a way to give players a cut of the billions or dollars earned from live broadcasts, memorabilia, and video games.
Earlier this week, the NCAA announced they would be breaking times with EA, and that EA could no longer use the NCAA's name and logo in video games.