text:
Many areas of historical study ignore the unique role of women. However, the study of witchcraft in early modern England is not one of them. Since the publication of Keith Thomas's significant work Religion and the Decline of Magic, many historians have made serious efforts to establish women as the sole object of witchcraft accusations (at least of any importance). In fact, this objectification is so embedded in the modern historiography that 'witch' has become synonymous with 'woman'.[1] Those who unquestioningly hold to such a paradigm discount Karl Popper's warning, "Very often we are unaware of the fact that we are operating with hypotheses or theories, and we therefore mistake our theoretical models for concrete things."[2]
Historians must continually question assumptions and ideas about the past, so that the historical models being implemented do not become presumed truths. The historian not only implements models in interpretation but also criticizes the model itself. The current paradigm of witchcraft is one such model that requires greater criticism. Through an analysis of demonological works and three case studies of male witchcraft, this examination intends to interrogate the comprehensiveness and applicability of the witch/woman paradigm in early modern England. If historians can begin to look at witchcraft outside the witch/woman paradigm, without discarding it completely, future research can be done with a greater openness to the intricacies of witchcraft accusations.
The belief that most accused witches were women is not in question here. Rather, this essay intends to support and expand upon Christina Larner's claim that early modern witchcraft accusations while "sex-related, were not sex-specific." [3] Undoubtedly, gender is a valuable aspect in studying witchcraft, but should historians assume it to be the most important aspect? As Robin Briggs states, "Gender is now an issue everyone has to confront, whereas at the time of witchcraft persecution it was a bundle of shared assumptions."[4] There is a tendency within the witch/woman paradigm to apply modern concepts and expectations of sexuality and gender to the early modern period. Was this bundle of assumptions as important in early modern society as it is today? Or, were there alternative reasons why women were accused more often than men?
Before attempting to answer such questions, it is necessary to acknowledge the strong points of the witch/woman paradigm. Though the paradigm has never been systematically mapped out, most research on early modern witchcraft operates under the presumption that "the history of witchcraft is primarily a history of women."[5] Since the 1970s, gender has been the primary factor in studying witch trials. [6]Because of this it is important to understand the basic evidence for the witch/woman paradigm and why so many scholars believe "witchcraft was quintessentially the crime of women." [7]
First, most witch trials in England and Europe focused on women. Many historians like Stuart Clark conclude from this that there was an "association of witchcraft with women."[8] In England, over eighty-five percent of accused witches were women.[9] Around Europe, the numbers fluctuated, however in most regions the accused witches were predominantly women. Furthermore, in demonological treatises such as the Malleus Maleficarum, there tends to be a temperament, which could be labeled as misogynistic. The Malleus states:
here are three things in nature, the Tongue, an Ecclisiastic, and a Woman, which know no moderation in goodness or vice… When they are governed by a good spirit, they are most excellent in virtue; but when they are governed by an evil spirit, they indulge the worst possible vices.[10]
Most works on witchcraft focused upon the physical, emotional, and spiritual weakness of women, conceiving women to be more open to the Devil's temptations.[11] Clark concludes that, "writers on witchcraft evidently took for granted a greater propensity to demonism in women."[12] In a final point of interest, there is also the modern assumption that the Devil always takes a male form to tempt humans. This connects with the idea of women as the weaker sex, the female biology, like the female heart and mind, was more susceptible to possession and witchcraft. However, recent research has quietly raised important questions regarding the witch/woman paradigm. Malcolm Gaskill states, "the fact that even a single man was prosecuted for witchcraft has implications for what witchcraft actually meant in terms of experience…"[13] This is poignant because, even though men make up only a small minority of witchcraft accusations in England, those who were accused become a dangerous contradiction to the witch/woman paradigm. In Normandy, Estonia, and Burgundy, more men were accused of witchcraft. The people in Iceland, where ninety percent of witches were male, read the same Malleus Maleficarum as they did in all of Europe and England.[14] What can one conclude from such statistics? How does English witchcraft compare to these European examples?
Stuart Clark has rightly argued that early modern demonology has not received adequate research. What has been done is limited to criticizing the gender "relevant selections of the Malleus Maleficarum and little or nothing else."[15]But there is an entire body of literature that arose in Elizabethan and Jacobean England written to instruct judicial officers and educate people about witchcraft. The general assumption about this literature has been that "witchcraft, as the demonologists had repeatedly insisted, was sex-linked."[16] Neglecting this intellectual source material has perhaps done a great deal to sustain mistaken assumptions about early modern witchcraft because English demonology offers several contradictions to the witch/woman paradigm.
First, the Biblical precedents of witchcraft, such as Simon Magus and the Egyptian magicians, studied by early modern scholars were often male. It is important to remember that, "these figures provided precedents that prevented witchcraft theorists from developing a conceptual barrier to the idea of male witches."[17] Biblical and classical ideas were benchmarks for early modern thinking. It would be difficult to conclude that such examples of male witchcraft had little or no effect upon early modern thinking. For, as one English demonologist states, Biblical and early modern witchcraft "be the same" and in "the substance and the foundation of Witchcraft agree."[18]
As early as 1501, the question of gender and witchcraft was present, if not prevalent in Europe. Pope Alexander VI, in a papal bull to the Inquisitor of Lombardy, states, "we have learned that in the province of Lombardy many people of both sexes give themselves over to diverse incantations and devilish superstitions in order to procure many wicked things…"[19] Other European scholars express similar opinions. The witchcraft prosecutor Nicholas Remy argued that both men and women could copulate with demons: "He [the Devil] fabricates some fair and delectable body and offers it for a man's enjoyment…", just as would occur with female witches and a male body.[20] Furthermore, Remy offers several examples where male witches knowingly committed such acts with the Devil, while presenting no special awareness of a female proclivity toward witchcraft. Elsewhere, a priest is recorded as being continually tempted by a female demon into breaking his vow of chastity.[21] In fact, early modern demonologists seemed to agree with St. Thomas Aquinas's view that demons could take both male and female bodies.[22]
It is important to remember that, "the male witches described in demonological texts are not homosexual; indeed, even their demon lovers are female. They are not described as wearing women's clothing, working in women's occupations, or having feminine habits."[23] Male witches were not considered 'unnatural' in their gender or sexuality. If they were, it could explain the existence of male witches in the early modern period (at least in terms of the witch/woman paradigm).
The Malleus Maleficarum, a standard text on witchcraft, has a tendency to avoid a gendering of witches. It asks,"why this kind of perfidy [toward witchcraft] is found in more fragile of sex than in men ?"[24] At first, this may seem to possess a clear gender bias. However, if witches were identified naturally with women, it seems then that the answer would be assumed and the question mute. Why should the authors feel it necessary to address something that was a presumed truth, embedded in the social construction of witchcraft? Instead, they take measures to justify this tendency toward women.[25]
This fragility of women does not exempt men from witchcraft. The Malleus simply considered women to be more prone to witchcraft, but since the root of witchcraft was "to abjure the faith", any adult was capable of it. [26] Instead of pointing to a gendered cause (e.g. wretchedness of women or the sin of Eve), the Malleus points to heresy as the source of witchcraft.
Most English treatises on witchcraft were written much later than those in Europe . Until Reginald Scot published his skeptical work Discoverie of Witchcraft in 1584, it was foreign texts like Latin copies of the Malleus that instructed English intellectuals and court officials about witchcraft.[27] However, the subsequent English works followed the European examples, avoiding a stereotype of witches as women. Some English writers even moved away from the European stance on gender and witchcraft, concluding that men and women were almost equally likely to be witches.
In A Discourse on the Damned Art of Witchcraft (1610), preacher William Perkins makes a detailed argument for the possibility of male witches. For Perkins, the difference between a witch and a magician was not determined by gender but instead depended upon an "open or secret league" the witch made "to use the aide and assistance of the Devil." He clarifies his point, saying, "I comprehend both sexes or kindes of persons, men and women, excluding neither from being Witches."[28] This was not a mere concession for Perkins. For even though he states women are "sooner intangled" because they are the "weaker sexe", he holds true to his claim that both men and women can be witches. [29] Richard Bernard in A Guide to Grand Jury Men (1627) agrees with Perkins:"women were more addicted thereunto than men." He then provides five reasons for this greater proclivity toward witchcraft, and yet he is adamant that both sexes have been and are witches.[30]
While these writers exhibited patriarchal ideas of women's inferiority to men, they also believed both men and women could be witches. One could infer from this that these scholars were intent upon rubbing out a popular stereotype connecting women with witchcraft. It is no serious stretch of the imagination to believe the intellectual community and the uneducated populace held conflicting beliefs about witchcraft. These treatises were intended to eradicate such popular errors, establishing the opinion of "the clerical and judicial elite: namely that witches could be men as well as women."[31]
Several English treatises alluded to the possibility of men being more susceptible to the temptation of witchcraft. Thomas Ady's treatise, A Candle in the Dark (1656), seems to hold the line of earlier thinking, in that, "A Witch is a Man, or Woman, that practiseth Devillish crafts…"[32] But, this could also be read as Ady considering men more likely to be witches and including women as an afterthought. This interpretation is bolstered by the continuous use in Ady's work of masculine pronouns when referring to witches. Moreover, Ady is prone to use male examples of witches in his arguments, such as Simon Magus, King Ahaz, Jannes and Jambres, and the magicians of Pharaoh in the story of Moses. Finally, he explains, "Moses…speaketh more fully Witches in the Masculine, than in the female Sex; it confuteth that common tradition of people that Witches are most of the female Sex."[33] It seems safe to assume then that Ady saw men and women as equally likely to be witches.
Such sentiments were also expressed earlier in the century by preacher Thomas Cooper in The Mystery of Witchcraft(1617). Cooper agrees with contemporaries like Perkins and Bernard that both men and women were capable of witchcraft and that women were the weaker of the two sexes. But Cooper also argues, "man by Ordination is fitter to command…therefore hath the God of this world, for ambitions and aspiring men so suitable a point in this Trade [of witchcraft]."[34] They are "fitter" candidates to be witches because of their social and spiritual positions of authority. The Devil can seduce them, using the male's natural position as master over his children, his wife, and his household as a hook to becoming master over supernatural forces. Nathanael Homes submits a similar idea arguing that it was "men…at such times as these, [that] the Devil, by voice only, or by some shape also, approacheth near to them, offering them aid…upon his conditions", and this the Devil achieved through "this method of pride."[35]
While statistical evidence cannot be ignored, there is no proclivity to hunting women as witches in English demonology. In fact, the opposite could be true. If such a witch/woman paradigm did exist in popular belief, then it could be said that many writers strove to reform popular opinions that equated witches with women.
Popular views of witchcraft at times differed from the demonological literature. However, these two viewpoints needed some coherency because the witch trial depended upon both popular and intellectual opinions. Because of this, the witch trial is an interesting object of historical study. As Jim Sharpe points out, the witch trial was more "than [a] straightforward imposition of learned beliefs on the populace."[36] Often, the popular views of the community brought accusations and testimonies to the courts' attention. Then the legal/intellectual views of the court derived a verdict. An old widow with a hooked nose and a tempestuous personality may be considered 'witch-like' by her neighbors; however, the courts would probably demand more substantial evidence to convict her. Likewise, Matthew Hopkins, the infamous witch hunter, could have easily convicted a traveling medicine man of witchcraft, where the community saw a wise healer. To obtain a guilty verdict, the court needed relative consistency between popular beliefs and intellectual ideas. Since the research supporting the witch/woman paradigm is based to a great extent upon witch trials, it is necessary to look there for further evidence, so this investigation can extend beyond the realm of demonology.
In early modern England, there were dozens of male witches. Nevertheless, the male witch is only an incidental point of early modern witchcraft history. Some scholars have theorized that eleven of the twenty-three male witches in Elizabethan Essex were accused because of a relationship they had with an accused woman.[37] While ultimately inconclusive, such conjecture does not provide analysis of the twelve male witches unconnected to women. What can be said about the male witches that had no female relation?
Among these men was John Samond, accused in 1560 of bewitching John Graunte and Bridget Pecocke and murdering them. After this trial session, in which he was found not guilty, Samond is accused of witchcraft several times over the next twenty years. Only once in 1570 does Joan Samond, John's wife, appear in court for witchcraft alongside John.[38] Finally, in 1587, John returns twice for murder by witchcraft, both times a number of women are accused of witchcraft as well. But, where the female witches were released, Samond was finally convicted and executed.[39]
Samond does not seem like the stereotypical witch. He was married, male, and a beer brewer. Neither does his witchcraft seem induced by a female witch. John's wife Joan had only the one accusation in 1570, whereas her husband was finally convicted and executed for being a witch. Nor is there any evidence of Samond being a cuckold. In fact, Lara Apps and Andrew Gow assert that, "His indictments demonstrate that…men could be accused of witchcraft independently of their female relatives and were not always accused of practicing magic that was different from that of women."[40] If there was any spousal connection to witchcraft, it seems that it was John influencing Joan, rather than vice versa.
Also, Samond's story occurs years before most of the English demonology. This was a time when much of the legal/intellectual ideas about witchcraft were derived from European sources; however, such ideas about gender and witchcraft do not appear to be dissimilar from the later English demonology. Nor does popular opinion seem at all opposed to the idea of a male witch. Samond received no less than four accusations of witchcraft from townspeople over a twenty-year span. Samond seems to fall into William Perkins's category of the "bad witch" who was "in league with the Devill…for the doing of hurt."[41]The notion of a man being a malicious witch was as tenable before 1600, as it was after scholars like Scot, Cooper, and Ady published their ideas.
The second case study is that of Dr Fian (alias John Cunningham), a true-life Faustus. As schoolmaster in Saltpans during the 1580s, Fian was charged with:
[B]eing the clerk to all those that were in subjection to the Devil's service bearing the name of witches, that always he did take their oaths for their true service to the Devil, and that he wrote for them such matters as the Devil still pleased to command him.[42]
Along with this, Fian confessed to having bewitched a gentleman, driving him to "lunacy and madness". But Fian's fatal crime was his attempt to seduce via witchcraft the said gentleman's wife. He confessed that he had "used means sundry times to obtain his purpose and wicked intent of the same gentlewoman…trusting by conjuring, witchcraft, and sorcery he might to obtain it…"[43]
There are several compelling factors in Fian's case. First, the reason Fian committed the final act of witchcraft was because of his lust to have another man's wife. This is a recurring theme in demonology. While writers mention many possible reasons for witchcraft, one of the most emphasized is lust or carnal desire.[44] The Malleus has been criticized for claiming: "All witchcraft comes from carnal lust, which is in women insatiable." [45] The Malleus does not say men cannot be witches out of lust. Nor does it say men do not have insatiable lust. The idea of women as the weaker sex did not exclude the possibility of men using witchcraft to fulfil lustful desires.
An interesting factor in Fian's case is his confession. Procuring a confession from an accused witch was very important in a witch trial. As Bernard states, "We see therefore, that Witches may be brought to confesse their Witchcraft. And this much for the sound evidences, more then presumptions, upon which they may be found guilty, and justly be condemned, and be put to death."[46] The confession acted as a reassurance that the person in question was actually a witch. Fian's confession is evidence of the idea that men could identify themselves with witchcraft, regardless of any gender-oriented stereotype. This point further destabilises the witch/woman paradigm. For a community to suspect a man of witchcraft and then project the identity of a witch upon him in a witch trail is one thing. But for a man to embrace that identity even so far as to confess the crime of witchcraft is much more revealing. Men could believe themselves to be witches; something that could not occur if the witch/woman paradigm were as strong in early modern society as many believe it to have been.
Another factor in this case is the use of torture to extract a confession. The idea that torture was a physical manifestation of the suppressive nature of early modern masculinity toward female witches (i.e. unnatural women) seems slightly undermined here.[47] Demonologists condoned the use of torture to procure the truth from a witch. However, they never distinguish between male and female in the context of torture. Nor do they make any extra effort to encourage torture of female witches.[48] Fian underwent the "thrawing of his head with a rope", suffering of "the boots", after which he confessed to the aforementioned witchcraft and repented.[49] He then suffered the boots again and his fingernails were torn off with pincers.[50] If torturing women was an expression of misogyny, then why were male witches like Dr Fian, or the later convicted witch John Lowes, tortured?[51] Though torturing women may have been done for different reasons than torturing men, it seems more reasonable to conclude the threat of witchcraft was the motivating reason.
Perhaps the most compelling factor in Fian's case is his degree of control over other witches. Fian was both an educated and well-respected member of the community. He was also a registrar and conductor of a group of witches, most of whom were women. Even though this case precedes Thomas Cooper's work, it reflects the same idea that men are prone to witchcraft because they are "fitter to command."[52] Fian was a pivotal figure for the other witches involved. He is the epitome of Thomas Ady's description of a witch as, "a Ring-leader to Idolatry."[53] For the witch was not only a threat to themselves and to their victims but also to everyone they seduced into learning their sorcery.
The final case study is William Godfrey of New Romney in Kent.[54] This case began when William Clarke accused Godfrey of bewitching Clarke's lamb after Clarke had a dispute with Godfrey's daughter Judith. Days later, Clarke's wife was unable to get butter from the churn. Interestingly, it was Godfrey's daughter, not Godfrey himself, who had argued with Clarke. Yet, it was the man, the head of the household, who was accused.[55] After this, John and Susan Barber provided a history of suspicious happenings for the court. John Barber described "ghostly sounds", and Susan Barber claimed that Godfrey's familiars, described as "three rugged blacke spaniell dogges", tried to carry off her newborn child.[56]Margaret and William Holton, who lived on Godfrey's land, reported similar bizarre experiences. In 1614, their infant son James died after Godfrey had blessed the sick child, convincing the Holton's of Godfrey's malice. Finally, in 1618, Godfrey was charged with using maleficium to destroy the goods of William Clarke and to murder James Holton.
Malcolm Gaskill's analysis of Godfrey's case has revealed several important aspects of English attitudes toward witchcraft. First, Godfrey's tale, like that of many accused females, "can also be read as a classic tale of fear andmaleficium."[57] The fear of the unchecked power of witchcraft was perceived by most as a substantial threat. Godfrey's authority and position did not deter the accusations, but perhaps even lent to the neighbors suspicions. For many of the occurrences are connected to Godfrey's property or property Godfrey wanted to own. Godfrey's ducks strayed onto Clarke's land; the Barbers and the Holtons rented lodgings on Godfrey's land; and Godfrey expressed interest in John Barber's piglets. One examinant testified he would "have no doinge with the said Godfrey for if he had not, then Godfrey could have no power over him."[58] Other aspects of the classic witch trial that appear include: verbal curses, the loss of livestock and children, an arrogant or peculiar personality, a history of strange incidences, and the presence of familiars. But it is the minor aspects like Godfrey's familiars that make this case so intriguing. Familiar spirits were not a frequent part of English witch trials. Though George Gifford explains that it was these "uncleane spirits" who "are the doers in sorceries and witchcrafts", the familiar spirits are not always present or even expected in witchcraft accusations.[59]
However, many male witches reportedly had familiars, including confessed cunning man John Walsh in 1566. [60]Both Giles Fenderlyn and John Lowes, vicar of Brandeston in Sussex, were believed to have conjured familiars.[61]These familiars always seemed to be a sign of malicious witchcraft, as Richard Bernard explains, "For these [spirits] they call, when they would doe harme, as farre as the these spirits have power to doe hurt, and then bid them doe this or that for them."[62]In Godfrey's case familiars elevated the community's fear of the witch and further inflamed their detestation of him. Familiars were not only extensions of a witch's power but were themselves free agents of malice that worked outside the witch's control.
Godfrey's case also challenges English demonology. For many demonologists, witches became witches out of necessity, to fulfil basic needs. This is why many theorists assumed most witches were impoverished or social outcasts.[63] Godfrey, however, lived an upper-middle class lifestyle. He does not appear to have been a nobleman, for he is never addressed as such. But Godfrey was wealthy enough to afford his own sword, while serving in a militia, something few of his comrades could do. He also served as a petty juror for his village and made his money as a husbandman.[64] Altogether, Godfrey was wealthy enough to dote on his children and own several pieces of land, livestock, and at least two living spaces. That Godfrey was male, financially prosperous, and a solid member of the community problematises the general image of a witch both in the demonology and in the historiography.
Understood as samples of a larger collection of male witchcraft, these case studies become complicated within the witch/woman paradigm. Along with Godfrey, Fian, and Samond, there were infamous cases like the astrologer Dr John Lambe.[65] Other examples include Thomas Lyons and John Vaux, curates of Earsdon and St. Helens respectively, prosecuted for practicing divination and witchcraft. Anthony Blake, a schoolmaster in York, was arrested by the church courts for witchcraft.[66] A relatively early example is the convicted traitor John Story who confessed to having cursed Queen Elizabeth as part of his mealtime prayers.[67] Though he was convicted of treason not witchcraft, witchcraft was considered to have been his weapon. While early modern witchcraft was sex-related, little explanation has yet to be offered as to how being male effected the witch's prosecution. For if witchcraft was sex-related, and both males and females were witches, then it follows that both genders would have unique connections to witchcraft. But how were men connected with witchcraft? What advantages or disadvantages did being male give to the accused? Did the community see any difference between male and female witches? Or, was witchcraft perceived as an equalizer, a spiritual virus that needed to be eradicated regardless of its host?
The fear of witchcraft was as real to early modern society as the fear of bio-terrorism is to the twenty-first century. Moreover, witchcraft enticed people away from God to the damnation of the Devil, threatening a person's temporal and eternal future. For many demonologists, the root of witchcraft could be traced to the Biblical account of Adam and Eve. The sin of Adam and Eve "was then learned, and could never since be forgotten, but continually is derived from them to all their posteritie." This original sin, several demonologists believed, was the "cause of the practices of Witchcraft."[68] For women to be witches was certainly a terrible thing. But a male witch could present an even greater danger to society. As Adam (not Eve) allowed sin into the world (1 Corinthians 15:22), so a male witch could produce several times more havoc because of his position of authority. Since men could trade goods, buy and sell property, make contractual agreements, and were the heads of households, a male witch could endanger a much wider spectrum of the community from a higher position of power.
Perhaps one question that requires reexamination is why did people become witches? Or, what was believed to be the cause(s) of witchcraft? One possible answer to this concerns the general stereotype of witches as elderly and/or impoverished individuals seeking aid through supernatural means. These witches are as Reginald Scot wrote, "old, lame, pale, and full of wrinkles", who are socially and economically powerless and turn to magic to gain social power.[69] The idea of weakness is the important factor here. For, it was the impoverished or socially oppressed men and nearly all women that could be suspected of witchcraft. Yet, there seems to be the implication that the witch is also a victim of the Devil. As Richard Bernard reflected, "ignorant whose eyes are blinded by Satan and are led captive by him."[70]These weak people are seduced into the vilest of acts: selling one's soul to fulfill carnal desires.
On the other hand, there is another reason for why people became witches. The root of witchcraft in some cases was believed to be the product of "vain pretence of extraordinary skill and knowledge" and/or "the pride of the heart."[71]Cases like that of William Godfrey and Dr Fian are examples of such witchcraft, where the accused is not socially or financially downcast, but rather prosperous. Fian, a schoolteacher, seems to be an instructor of witches, and Godfrey is a mildly affluent middle-classman who curses anyone who does not cooperate with him. Neither one possesses physical, financial, or social weaknesses. Witchcraft in individuals such as Fian and Godfrey was not an act of desperation. It can better be described as "seducing the people for gain, from the knowledge and worship of God…to the worshipping of Idols."[72] Such witches were seduced by a lust for power. This more malicious motive for witchcraft makes the witch, not the Devil, the active force of wickedness. While this distinction may appear too academic, it is essential in understanding how men could be accused of witchcraft. As men were perceived as stronger, they would not usually be prone to witchcraft out of weakness as readily as women. There needed to be another explanation for why prosperous males in early modern England turned to witchcraft. Motives of pride of heart and vanity in one's knowledge and ability provides such an explanation.
There are several explanations that could be offered to explain male witchcraft. For instance, female witches could have bewitched the males. Both Fian and Godfrey were themselves victims of witchcraft conjured by women.[73]Several women in early modern England had made accusations that witches had bewitched or possessed them with a demon.[74] So, it is feasible to believe male witches were victims of female witches. But this is something extremely difficult to prove. Though the number of male witch accusations in England is miniscule, it is hard to believe that all men were victims of women. If this were the case, or even if this were society's perception, then there would be more evidence for it within the demonology.
Even the smallest number of male witches demands an explanation. Gender certainly played an important role in witchcraft. However, it does not seem to have been the ultimate factor as the witch/woman paradigm promotes. Women did bear the majority of the accusations, especially during witch-crazes. But, one must keep in mind that women were also the subjects, as well as the objects, of accusations. Peter Rushton notes that in Durham, defamation suits (some probably for false witchcraft accusations) were most commonly brought against women by women.[75] Men also played a significant role in witch trials as witnesses, judges, victims, prosecutors, and accused witches. Until it can be proven otherwise, there were male witches that acted, or were accused of witchcraft, independently of women. Historians must begin to account for male witchcraft in the historiography. Until this happens, many scholars will continue to ignore, or pay mere lip service to, an important factor in witchcraft studies: the men.
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[1] The concept of this paradigm will be abbreviated as "witch/woman" in this essay.Back
[2] Karl Popper, The Poverty of Historicism, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1961, p. 136. Back
[3]Christina Larner,Witchcraft and Religion: The Politics of Popular Belief, Alan MacFarlane (ed.), Basingstoke, Oxford, 1984, p. 87. Back
[4] Robin Briggs, Witches and Neighbours: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft, Harper Collins, London, 1996, p. 286. Back
[5] Carol Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England, W.W. Norton, London, 1987, p. xiii. Back
[6] Anne Barstow, Witch-craze: A New History of the European Witch-hunts, Harper Collins, London, 1971; Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, Witches, Midwives and Nurses: A History of Women Healers, Writers and Readers Publishing Corp., London, 1973; Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman; Marianne Hester,Lewd Women and Wicked Witches: A Study of the Dynamics of Male Domination, Routledge, London, 1992. Back
[7] Barstow,Witch-craze, pp. 148-9. Back
[8] Stuart Clark, Thinking with Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997, p. 109. Back
[9] Alan Macfarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England, a Regional and Comparative Study, Routledge, London, 1970, p. 160. Back
[10] Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger, Malleus Maleficarum, trans. Rev. Montague Summers, Dover Press, New York, 1971, part 1, question VI, p.42. Back
[11] See Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, Penguin Books, London, 1971, pp. 620-22; 678-80.Back
[12] Clark, Thinking with Demons, p. 117. Back
[13] Malcolm Gaskill, "The Devil in the Shape of a Man: Witchcraft, Conflict, and Belief in Jacobean England",Historical Research , vol. 71, no. 175 (June 1998), p. 147. Back
[14] Kirsten Hastrup, "Iceland: Sorcerers and Paganism", Early Modern European Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries, Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen (eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990, p.267. Back
[15] Clark, Thinking with Demons, p. 116. Back
[16] E. William Monter, Witchcraft in France and Switzerland: The Borderlands During the Reformation, Cornell, NY : Cornell University Press, 1976, p.198.Back
[17] Lara Apps and Andrew Gow, Male Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2003, pp. 122-3. Back
[18] William Perkins, A Discourse on the Damned Art of Witchcraft , London , 1610, pp. 186-7. Back
[19] Alan Kors and Edwards Peters, Witchcraft in Europe, 400-1700: A Documentary History, 2nd ed., University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2001, p. 190.Back
[20] Nicholas Remy,Demonolatry, trans. E.A. Ashby, London, 1930, Bk.1, ch.1.Back
[21] Reginald Scot,The Discoverie of Witchcraft, 1584, Book IV, ch. 9.Back
[22] St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province, Benziger Brothers Inc., New York, 1947, p. 267. Back
[23] Apps and Gow, Male Witchcraft, p. 128. Back
[24] Kramer and Sprenger,Malleus, part 1, question VI, p. 41. Back
[25] Clark,Thinking with Demons, p. 117. Back
[26] Clark,Thinking with Demons, p. 117. Back
[27] Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, p. 523. Back
[28] Perkins, A Discourse on the Damned Art of Witchcraft, pp. 167-8. Back
[29] Perkins, A Discourse on the Damned Art of Witchcraft, p. 168-180. In this pamphlet, Perkins goes so far as to use the indefinite pronoun "he or she" when referencing the witch. Back
[30] Richard Bernard, A Guide to Grand Jury Men, 1627, p. 91. Back
[31] Gaskill, "The Devil in the Shape of a Man", p. 147. Back
[32] Thomas Ady,A Candle in the Dark, or A Treatise Concerning the Nature of Witches and Witchcraft, London, 1655, pp.12-13. Back
[33] Ady, A Candle in the Dark , p. 36. Back
[34] Thomas Cooper,The Mystery of Witchcraft, London, 1617, p. 181. Back
[35] Nathanael Homes , Daemonologie and Theologie, 1650, p. 34-5. Back
[36] Jim Sharpe, "The Devil in East Anglia: the Matthew Hopkins Trials Reconsidered", in Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe , Jonathan Barry, Marianne Hester, and Gareth Roberts (eds), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p.249. Back
[37] Joseph Klaits, Servants of Satan: the Age of the Witch Hunts, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1985, p. 82.Back
[38] Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments, Elizabeth I, J.S. Cockburn (ed.), Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London, 1978, no. 95. Back
[39] Assize Records, no. 1704. Back
[40] Apps and Gow, Male Witchcraft, p. 49. Back
[41] Perkins, A Discourse on the Damned Art of Witchcraft, p. 173-4. Back
[42] Barbara Rosen (ed.),Witchcraft in England, 1558-1618 , University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, 1991, p. 198. Back
[43] Rosen (ed.),Witchcraft in England, p. 199. Back
[44] Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, p. 678. Back
[45] Kramer and Sprenger, Malleus, part 1, question VI, p.47. Back
[46] Bernard, A Guide to Grand Jury Men, p. 225. Back
[47] Barstow, Witch-craze, p. 142. Back
[48] Bernard, A Guide to Grand Jury Men, pp. 237-240. Back
[49] The 'boots' was a device wherein the prisoner's legs were held in iron tubes, and wedges hammered in between the flesh and metal. Back
[50] Rosen (ed.), Witchcraft in England, pp. 198-202. Back
[51] Sharpe, "The Devil in East Anglia," p. 241. Back
[52] Cooper, The Mystery of Witchcraft , p.181. Back
[53] Ady, A Candle in the Dark, p.16. Back
[54] This case has been thoroughly covered in Gaskill, "The Devil in the Shape of a Man", pp. 142-171. Back
[55] Gaskill, "The Devil in the Shape of a Man", p. 152. Back
[56] Gaskill, "The Devil in the Shape of a Man", p. 154. Back
[57] Gaskill, "The Devil in the Shape of a Man", p. 158. Back
[58] Gaskill, "The Devil in the Shape of a Man", p.156. Back
[59] George Gifford, A Discourse of the Subtill Practises of Devilles by Witches and Sorcerers, 1587, ch.8. For further discussion about familiars in English witchcraft see Keith Thomas,Religion and the Decline of Magic, pp. 530-1. Back
[60] Thomas,Religion and the Decline of Magic, pp. 256. Back
[61] Sharpe, "The Devil in East Anglia," p. 241; Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, pp. 619. Back
[62] Bernard, A Guide to Grand Jury Men, p.159. Back
[63] For more on this theory see Perkins, A Discourse on the Damned Art of Witchcraft, pp.10-11; Bernard, A Guide to Grand Jury Men, p.155. Back
[64] Gaskill, "The Devil in the Shape of a Man", pp. 151-2. Back
[65] A Briefe Description of the Notorious Life of John Lambe, Amsterdam, 1628.Back
[66] Rushton, "Women, Witchcraft, and Slander", pp. 121-2. Back
[67] Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, p.609. Back
[68] Perkins, A Discourse on the Damned Art of Witchcraft, p.9. Also, see Bernard, A Guide to Grand Jury Men, p.92.Back
[69] Scot, The Discoverie of Witchcraft, p. 7. Back
[70] Bernard, A Guide to Grand Jury Men, pp. 94-5. Back
[71] Cooper, The Mystery of Witchcraft, p. 340. Back
[72] Ady, A Candle in the Dark, pp. 12-13. Back
[73] Rosen (ed.),Witchcraft in England, pp. 199-200; Gaskill, "The Devil in the Shape of a Man", p. 155. Back
[74] Diane Purkiss,Witch in History, chapters 4, 6. Back
[75] Rushton, "Women, Witchcraft, and Slander", pp. 130-1. Back


text: > I'm not sure what this means. 15A "plug"? Either this is horribly > dangerous and a code violation or irrelevant -- if you use a 20A > breaker, everything in your circuit downstream had better be rated for > 20A or be fused for lower current operation so you can't start a fire > and not blow the (or a) breaker first. You're absolutely right. The room is wired correctly - I misidentifed the plug types. The wire molding is darkish gray and runs along the wall beneath the table surfaces - so there isn't a lot of light or contrast. Inspected up close with a flashlight the receptacles are clearly 5-20R. Oddly, even knowing this, looking at them with normal room light from 8 feet out they still look like 5-15Rs to me. Guess I need new eyes too. Regards, David Mathog mathog at caltech.edu Manager, Sequence Analysis Facility, Biology Division, Caltech

subset: commoncrawl


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CUTMR / Public Space / Ana Jofre
Ana Jofre started exhibiting her figurative sculptures while teaching physics at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte. She is currently a graduate student at OCAD University working on marionette characters that straddle the chasm between subject and object.
Life-sized marionette characters mingling among the viewers in a public space such as the Melody Bar or the Café. The marionettes will have human proportions such as to blend into the social environment. They have articulation at the knees, hips, wrists, elbows, shoulders, and neck, which allows a single character a large range of positions. They will be seated or standing and will be emoting an interpersonal situation. The goal is to emotionally engage the viewer and to invite the audience to investigate the unspoken interactions between individuals.
Come Up To My Room (CUTMR) Toronto's largest alternative design show enters a new decade with new initiatives and a diverse lineup of local and national talent: 25 installations, 60 artists, and 4000 visitors, all in under 4 days. Gladstone Managing Director of Art, Britt Welter-Nolan is joined by three new curatorial forces: Jaclyn Blumas, Robert Cram and Elise Hodson.
CUTMR11: Thurs Jan 23 – Sun 26, 2014
- Opening Reception: Sat Jan 25, 2014 | 7-11pm
- Hours: Thurs 6-8pm, Fri 11am-8pm, Sat 11am-10pm, Sun 11am-5pm
- Price: $10 ($5 for students on January 24th)


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Sorry if explained wrong then - I meant that in "talk" many english speaking say 12 meter kite...dyyylan wrote:Peter_Frank wrote: Why do so many use the term "12m" about a 12m2 kite ?
The word constellation 12m does not exist as an area measurement in Danish nor German, and also lacking in most other languages, so why do so many english speaking say "12m" ?
Simple lazyness, or old bad habits or ?
Because there is no such thing as "12m2", it is 12m², but most keyboards do not have a way to produce that character. Everyone know what you're talking about when you say you have a 12m kite.
And this "term" is not used in most other languages, where it is named (translated of course) 12 squaremeter kite
Just a silly thing I've noticed


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I haven't played Tennis in a while but I think I'm still about a 3.5. I would love to play this weekend either Saturday morning or Sunday morning. I want to play a match, not just rally! Thanks!
Views: 150
Replies to This Discussion
Hey Rudy,
I'm up for playing Sunday. Monday also if you'd like to.
jgcbill at yahoo
c - 818 720 5461
© 2019 Created by Mark / The Mayor. Powered by


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What is the UA Foundation?
The University of Alaska Foundation is a private nonprofit corporation, operated as a public Foundation, which was established in 1974 to solicit, manage and invest donations for the exclusive benefit of the University of Alaska.
The Foundation is a tax-exempt organization as described in subsection 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code and donations made to the Foundation are deductible according to schedules established under income and estate tax regulations. The Foundation qualifies as a public charitable organization under Subsection 170 (b) (1) (A) (vi) of the Internal Revenue Code.
The Foundation is separate and distinct from the University of Alaska and is governed by its own Board of Directors. These volunteers are composed of prominent Alaskans and includes the University President, two members of the Board of Regents and the Chancellors from each campus.
The Board of Regents of the University of Alaska has recognized the University of Alaska Foundation as the entity to manage private gifts made to support all campuses of the University of Alaska system.
The Foundation is a well established non-profit in Alaska with more than 30 years of experience in the management of funds to support the University of Alaska. The Foundation's operations are funded by a one-time Administrative Fee of 5% on non-endowed gifts and 1% on endowed gifts to the UA Foundation and an annual Administrative Fee (1%) on endowed funds.
The Foundation has experience with the acceptance, valuation and management of such diverse donations as developed and undeveloped real estate (raw land and office buildings, single family residences and condominiums), stocks, bonds, and a large variety of tangible personal property gifts, including gifts of raw gold, collections of Ivory, fine art pieces, copyrights, musical instruments, etc.
The Foundation has experience assisting donors in making gifts through trusts, bequests, life insurance policies and similar instruments and has the ability to provide such instruments to donors depending upon their needs.
The Foundation adheres to the highest ethical standards with regard to fundraising and fund management and subscribes to the Code of Ethics adopted by, and is a member of, the Council of Advancement and Support of Education. The Foundation staff regularly attends continuing education seminars to remain current in the field of charitable giving.
The accounts at the Foundation are overseen by the Treasurer. The Foundation's financial records are audited annually and the audited financial statement appears in the Foundation's annual report.


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Work with Pakistan to get Bin Laden
Barack Obama was right: The United States should be prepared to do what it takes to capture key Al Qaeda figures such as Osama bin Laden. For far too long, these figures have been on the loose it is a national embarrassment every time the leaders of an organization responsible for the deaths of thousands of Americans taunt the United States in tapes released to the media.
This failure is in large part a consequence of the Bush administration's strategic error to shift resources to an unnecessary war of choice in Iraq and away from completing the mission in Afghanistan. By taking the United States into Iraq, President Bush diverted precious national security assets from dismantling Al Qaeda's leadership. A 2006 2006 National Intelligence Estimate from the top U.S. intelligence agencies concluded that the Iraq war gave a boost to global terrorist networks by providing them with a rallying cry and recruitment tool. A separate NIE released last year detailed how Al Qaeda had reestablished its central organization, training infrastructure and lines of global communication with key parts of the ungoverned areas of northwestern Pakistan becoming a major terrorist haven.
The Pakistani government's inability to control many parts of its territory is a key part of the problem. The failure to capture top Al Qaeda leadership is a result either of a lack of capacity or a lack of desire on the part of Pakistani authorities or some combination. As long as the Pakistani government does not deal with this problem, the United States and other countries have a responsibility to address this threat.
The best path forward, of course, is to work with Pakistani governing institutions to boost their capacity to conduct these operations. If the Pakistani government is willing and able, so much the better. One of Sen. Obama's main points was that the United States would mount a unilateral operation if and only if the Pakistani government can't or won't mount such an operation.
The United States and other countries are taking steps to work more closely with Pakistan's government. Earlier this week, the top U.S. military commander in the region said that Pakistan's government recently expressed increased willingness to cooperate with U.S. forces that could be introduced on the ground. That's perhaps a step in the right direction, but the nature of increased cooperation and support needs to be part of a broader strategy that focuses on performance and outcomes and not just an unconditional program that allows for more corruption and diverted military assistance funds. There are signs that other countries are looking to step up their cooperation with Pakistan's government. Earlier this week, the British government sent a high-level counter-terrorism delegation led by the prime minister's security advisor to discuss joint efforts.
But we cannot afford to just focus narrowly on military cooperation. The United States and other countries need to redouble their efforts to resolve the political tensions growing in the run-up to Pakistan's elections next month the last thing Pakistan needs is more instability from an illegitimate election. Boosting the capacity of Pakistani institutions also means garnering support from the Pakistani public and key figures such as tribal leaders which is why a singularly focused military approach is not likely to eradicate terrorist havens.
In the long run, cooperating with the Pakistani government is the best way forward, but it shouldn't be unconditional cooperation. When it comes to addressing the threat posed by global terrorists, the United States should take no option off the table. But we also cannot afford more of the same simplistic strategies to address problems that have deeper roots.
Brian Katulis, a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, is the coauthor of the forthcoming book, "The Prosperity Agenda."
Don't make provocative statements
If the U.S. has good, actionable intelligence against Al Qaeda leaders in the tribal areas, it should certainly act on it in coordination with the Pakistani leadership. In fact, we have already seen at least two targeted attacks against suspected hide-outs of Al Qaeda deputy Ayman Zawahiri in Bajaur, one in January 2006 and another in October 2006. These attacks demonstrate that when actionable intelligence is available, it will be acted on.
While I agree that eliminating the burgeoning terrorist haven in Pakistan's borderlands should be Washington's No. 1 counter-terrorism goal in 2008, I disagree, Brian, on the best way to achieve this goal. Taking precipitous U.S. unilateral military action on Pakistani territory could backfire and worsen the global terrorist threat emanating from South Asia. Such action could lead to a revolt within the Pakistani military, thereby destabilizing the Pakistani government and tipping the balance in favor of Islamist extremists. It could be just the sort of destabilizing event Al Qaeda needs to make a run at controlling Pakistan and its nuclear assets.
Barack Obama overlooks the fact that the Pakistanis are already cooperating with the U.S. against Al Qaeda targets, having captured and handed over several senior Al Qaeda leaders, including 9/11 mastermind Khalid Shaikh Mohammed. Obama also fails to take account of the close coordination that exists between U.S. and Pakistani forces in the Pakistan-Afghanistan border areas. Although there may not be U.S. forces stationed on Pakistani soil, they operate just over the border in Afghanistan and communicate regularly with their Pakistani counterparts. Pakistan has about 100,000 troops stationed near the border with Afghanistan.
One problem with statements like Obama's is that they come across as direct threats to the Pakistani public and create a sense of insecurity about the U.S. role in the region. Instead of making threatening statements, we should focus on convincing Pakistanis that these terrorists pose a direct threat to their own national security interests and on developing a joint strategic approach to addressing the problem. CIA Director Michael V. Hayden recently made this point when he commented that the turmoil in Pakistan over the last few weeks has deepened U.S.-Pakistan cooperation and highlighted our mutual interests.
Besides getting Pakistan onboard with a strategy that pools our intelligence and brings U.S. military resources to bear on the situation in the tribal areas, Washington also needs to persuade Pakistan to proactively undermine the Taliban/Al Qaeda ideology and break entirely with Islamist militancy. Remaining sympathies and links between elements of the Pakistani security establishment and Islamist militant groups that previously fought in Kashmir or with the Taliban in Afghanistan hamper Pakistan's ability to gain the upper hand against the extremist threat.
Last July's showdown at the Red Mosque was a turning point in Pakistan's battle with extremism. Most of the suicide bombings over the last six months, which have targeted Pakistani security forces, are retaliation for the military operation at the mosque. The situation in Pakistan is fluid and delicate and requires strategic diplomacy, not provocative statements.
I disagree with the idea that publicly conditioning U.S. assistance on "performance and outcomes" will serve U.S. counter-terrorism objectives in Pakistan. It will only feed the perception that the U.S. is using Pakistan to achieve its own goals, rather than demonstrate that the U.S. and Pakistan are partners in the battle against extremism.
Lisa Curtis is a senior research fellow in the Asian Studies Center at the Heritage Foundation (heritage.org).
| | | | Day 5
| | | | Day 5


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School to adult services, supported group and individual employment and the life enrichment volunteer, social and recreation programs.
Group home living opportunities, supported independent apartment living and in-home supports for daily living skills.
Self-esteem, empowerment and personal growth through nutrition, physical activity and emotional wellness.
"The Arc of the Farmington Valley"
Favarh helps people with intellectual and developmental disabilities live as independently as possible, experience continual growth and live the lives they want to lead.
Our success started with a deep belief in the potential of every human being to achieve their personal best, in all aspects of life. Favarh focuses on and integrates the three pillars of independent living:
1) Productive engagement in the community
2) Offering supported living and residential choices
3) Teaching people how to live healthy and enriching lives.
Within each of these three areas, Favarh offers a rich array of inclusive programs and supports, so that we can customize our services to the specific needs of each person that we serve.
The Arc of the Farmington Valley, Inc. is best known, and often referred to, as Favarh (pronounced FAY-var). Favarh is a chapter of the Arc, the world's largest community-based advocacy organization for people with intellectual, physical and developmental disabilities.
Founded by families of people living with disabilities in 1958, Favarh now serves more than 400 children, young adults, adults, seniors and families in Connecticut's Farmington Valley and beyond. We continue to be governed by families and employ more than 250 people, making us the largest employer in Canton and engage more than 200 volunteers.
Click to read Scott's latest article!


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Do What's Right (You Can't Go Wrong) »
Common courtesy goes along way to promoting a positive view of GA. More
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About AVweb
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When the next e-mail arrives, look for a link that reads "Unsubscribe from these updates." Click that link, and the notifications will stop.
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AVweb no longer provides support for Flight Explorer, but you can get help directly from the manufacturer.
Common courtesy goes along way to promoting a positive view of GA. More
Done for the day. Photo by Cody Timmons.


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Would like to say a big thank you to everyone who entered our challenge and hope we see you again.
Using Loves Gone & Micro Dots digi papers
Thanks for a great challenge. Nice makes DT xReplyDelete
Very nice work DTReplyDelete
Thanks so much for the fabulous inspiration by the DT! Thanks for your challenges as well. Have a terrific day! Hugs, Gloria
Thanks for the challenges and for the fabulous creations by the DT. I love the variety of images and the differences in the team's creations. Awesome! Have a wonderful day! Hugs, Gloria
Thanks for the challenge, Great work, DT - what a great variety to inspire!ReplyDelete
New to you, so many great cards here! I tried to link up but I don't think it worked.
Wonderful work DT!ReplyDelete


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Paul Reed Smith Guitars and Van Damme Cabling have teamed up to bring a quality cable to PRS's product offerings. Cables are the lifeline of your tone, and you can trust these tried and trusted cables to carry the signal produced by your guitars and amplifiers without compromise.
PRS/VDC instrument cable is a relatively low capacitance unbalanced audio cable designed specifically for use with unbalanced output devices (read guitars!). The cable's tight construction and dual screens of conductive thermoplastic and close lapped copper ensure flexible, noise free handling and excellent noise rejection, and all connectors utilize a no wear, no corrode hermetically sealed reed switch, making this cable ideal for onstage use.
Ask for PRS Cables at your PRS Dealer or order them from The PRS Accessory Shop.
PRS/VDC Premier Instrument Cables are offered in 10', 18', and 25' lengths with either a straight to straight or straight to right angle connector setup. Straight and right angle connectors are available in "regular" or "silent" option All cables are RoHS compliant.
PRS Guitars is proud to partner with Van Damme Cabling, one of the world's premier cable suppliers. Founded by Niall Holden (now Managing Director), Van Damme offers a comprehensive range of cables widely found on A-list tours and in studios around the world, in broadcast and post production arenas, in commercial and corporate installations and even on super yachts and hi-end sports cars.-
No stranger to the music world, one of Holden's first orders in the eighties was from the Eurythmics. Since then Van Damme has been used extensively in Abbey Road Studios (the famous Beatles Studio 2), and the company has worked with numerous A-list artists, including Sting, Radiohead, Mark Knopfler, Muse, The Foo Fighters and Coldplay...to name a few.
"We are delighted to be associated with such a quality and respected brand as PRS Guitars. I believe the strength of the partnership lies in the same basic approach to supplying a no-nonsense, evolving quality product. With our exacting client base Van Damme has to do exactly what it says on the jar - much like PRS, we aim for the same excellence," said Niall Holden, VDC Managing Director.
PRS and Van Damme have both been in operation since the mid 1980's and still operate under their respective founders. Moreover, both brands have largely been built on reputations of quality and customer service.
"We are very excited to be working with Niall and the whole Van Damme family. Like PRS, Van Damme is extremely focused on quality, reliability and continual improvement, and because both of our shops have an independent character, the partnership has been effortless every step of the way. We trust their cables to faithfully bring to life the tone that we work so hard to get from our guitars and amplifiers," commented Jack Higginbotham, PRS President.
Davy Knowles
Back Door Slam
"People spend a fortune on guitars, amps and effects while paying little attention to how they connect them. PRS cables are the only choice for players who really care about their tone"
O Rappa
"The fact is, it takes years to find the right combination of guitars, amps, effects and cabinets. So why link them with something cheap? PRS cables are noise free, durable and offer pure sound integrity for touring and studio work."
Marcin Zabielowicz
"I am way past my wireless era. I prefer to stay true to the sound, even at the cost of stage freedom. That's why I use cables. PRS cables. They don't seduce you with a slick look, they don't attract you with oversized diameter (as if it had something to do with the sound…). What they do is transmit your unaltered sound straight to your amp, and this is exactly what I expect from great cables. They don't coil and tangle on stage. Perfect cables for a pro player. A huge "Thank you" and hats off to Paul for delivering another great product."


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By CYRUS LEVESQUE
BRISTOL — After a heated public discussion at a meeting Tuesday evening, the Bristol Planning Commission decided to readopt the existing town plan, which expires in December, rather than try to complete an update that has rekindled debate over gravel pits in town.
"It's clear now that we can't get done by Dec. 27," planning commission member Tom Wells said. He added that the commission will continue to work on the update and try to have a new town plan ready by next summer. "We should commit ourselves to a deadline on this," he said.
The commission's vote to readopt came after a 15-minute public comment section at which seven citizens were each given two minutes to speak. Some opposed the language in a draft of the land use section of the town plan revision the commission is working on, some spoke in favor of it.
By JOHN FLOWERS
MIDDLEBURY — U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. was squarely in the spotlight at Middlebury College's Mead Chapel on Tuesday night, but it was Roberts' predecessor, the late Chief Justice William Rehnquist, who stole most of the headlines.
Speaking in front of an overflow crowd, Roberts credited Rehnquist — a part-time Greensboro resident for whom he clerked — for leading an exceptional life and for bringing more focused legal discourse to the land's highest court.
Middlebury College President Ronald D. Liebowitz paid further homage to the late justice by announcing the establishment of an endowed "William H. Rehnquist Professorship of American History and Culture." Rehnquist had delivered a speech at the college in 1998.
By ANDY KIRKALDY
FERRISBURGH — Ferrisburgh officials say the town has reached a $700,000 deal to buy a 34-acre Route 7 parcel if residents approve the purchase in a vote tentatively set for Dec. 12.
Selectman John DeVos said he — on behalf of a selectboard-appointed task force that also included board chairman Larry Simino — and landowner Clark Hinsdale Jr. of Charlotte both signed a letter of intent last week and that attorneys on both sides have begun preparing a formal purchase-and-sale agreement.
The deal is contingent on selectmen's formal approval as well as voter support. DeVos said the rest of the five-member selectboard believe residents should have the opportunity to weigh in on the land purchase, which will close early next year if backed in December.
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The International Grains Council cut its forecast for global wheat output by 1.1 percent last week, primarily on the news that major grain exporter Russia has seen one-third of its crop wiped out by the worst drought in a century.
To prevent inflation and ensure supplies for Russian tables and livestock, the Russian government banned all grain exports from Aug. 15 to Dec. 31. The news has sent crop prices soaring. It's bad news for grain importers, but increased demand may boost profits for other grain exporters, such as the US.
Is there a grain crisis?
While the International Grains Council cut its 2010-11 forecast by seven million metric tons to 644 million metric tons, that's still the third highest wheat crop on record.
But it doesn't mean the situation in Russia is insignificant. It was the world's fifth-largest wheat grower and fourth-biggest wheat exporter in 2009, after the European Union, the United States, and Canada. In 2009-10, Russia harvested 94 million metric tons of grain, including 62 million metric tons of wheat – 18 million metric tons of which was exported. In 2010-11, Russia is expected to harvest about 67 million metric tons of grain and to export 3 million metric tons of wheat, according to the US Department of Agriculture.
Along with drought, Moscow hit a new high of 102 degrees F. on July 30, according to the National Climatic Data Center. Temperatures continued to hover 27 degrees F. above average during the first half of August. The heat wave helped spark more than 600 wildfires in July over 494,200 acres of land. The fires crept within 50 miles of Moscow, pushing carbon monoxide levels to 6.5 times the allowable level.
What is the fallout in Russia?
By mid-August, wildfires were contained to 56,000 acres. But the damage was done – physically and politically.
The fires destroyed more than 2,000 homes and killed more than 50 people; the indirect toll of the heat and smog is estimated to have contributed to the deaths of thousands more. Analysts at HSBC Holdings said the drought could reduce 2010 economic growth by a full percentage point – or $15 billion.
Amid the crisis, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin stepped out front, personally flying a firefighting plane over the blaze. President Dmitry Medvedev said that "what is happening now in our central regions is evidence of this global climate change," a shift for a government that has resisted action on climate change out of fear it could slow economic growth.
"It's hard to tell whether or not Russia will use this as a wake-up call," says Jake Schmidt, international climate policy director for the Natural Resources Defense Council. "Policy change doesn't happen in one day."
How does this affect U.S. farmers?
The ban, and also the drought in neighboring Black Sea region countries Ukraine and Kazakhstan, sent wheat prices to a two-year high of nearly $8 a bushel, from just about $4.50 in early June. That's bad news for grain importers but good news for grain exporters.
Egypt, the world's largest wheat importer, has said the rise could cost it an additional $705 million. Egypt is already buying more grain from the US.
Meanwhile, grain exporters Europe, Australia, and Turkey are each forecast to increase wheat exports by about 1 million metric tons.
For the US, the world's No. 1 exporter of wheat and corn, the effect is even greater. "The sharp fall in Black Sea region exports will see a marked shift in trade flows, with US exports in particular placed much higher than before," the International Grains Council said in its Aug. 26 report.
The US Department of Agriculture on Aug. 12 boosted its forecast for US wheat exports by 5.4 million metric tons, to 32.7 million metric tons, for the year 2010-11. The USDA projects agriculture exports to surpass $100 billion this year, second only to 2008, when agriculture exports topped $110 billion.
Could there be food riots?
Food riots are not expected, as happened in 2008 when escalating food prices led to rice export bans. At that time, grain stocks "were very tight," says Gerald Bange, head of the USDA's World Agricultural Outlook Board, but since then the world has seen several good harvests.
The world produced a record-high yield, in 2008-09, of 683.3 million metric tons of wheat, followed in 2009-10 by 680.3 million metric tons.
The year 2009-10 ended with 194 million metric tons of wheat stock, an increase of 28 million metric tons. The USDA forecasts the year 2010-11 to end with 175 million metric tons of wheat stocks, which is still much higher than the end of 2007-08.
"What happened in Russia is manageable, given we had large stocks going into it," says Mr. Bange. The USDA forecasts American food inflation this year at 1.5 to 2 percent, and at 2 to 3 percent next year – compared with 2008 food inflation of 5.5 percent. "I think that the impact of the situation on food prices will be very small, very small," he says.
Still, consumers around the world may feel some effects. Rising wheat costs, for example, led Sara Lee Corp. on Aug. 12 to say it expected to raise bread prices over the next year.
Gwynne Dyer, author of "Climate Wars," wrote in a recent column that "in poor countries, where people spend up to half their income on food, the higher prices will mean that the poorest of the poor cannot afford to feed their children properly."
Is climate change to blame?
Russia's leaders blamed the drought on global warming, though Lester Brown of the Earth Policy Institute in Washington, D.C., says no one event proves or disproves climate change. But heat and drought similar to that experienced in Russia are projected to occur more frequently as Earth's temperature rises, he says.
The rule of thumb, says Mr. Brown, is that with every degree (Celsius) rise in average temperature, we lose 10 percent of food production. Over the next century, the global temperature is expected to rise up to 11 degrees F. By comparison, the Russian drought killed 2 percent of the world's grain harvest.
USDA's Gerald Bange offers a less dire outlook. For decades, he says, corn yields have increased annually by two bushels per acre per year. "It continues to grow, and I'm not prepared to say it will plateau in my lifetime," he says. Other countries such as China, he adds, have much room to improve their crop productivity.
Both Brown and Bange agree that what happened in Russia could happen elsewhere with more serious consequences.
"We're lucky that this heat wave was centered in Moscow instead of Chicago," says Brown. "At most, the Russians lost 40 million tons of grain. If Chicago were to have average temperatures in July of 14 degrees [Celsius] above the norm, it would have cost us and the world 150 million tons of grain."


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Course Details
SWK230 Interviewing and Agency Analysis
This course focuses on core communication skills essential to interviewing and the problem-solving process. Students gain exposure to basic listening and action oriented skills within the context of social work values and knowledge. Generalist practice along with exposure to cultural diversity and populations at risk are emphasized through tours of area social service agencies. This exposure affords students the opportunity to anaylze service delivery and components that comprise various organizational systems.
Credit Hours: 3


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Welcome to our tribute gallery. Please browse through some of the unique pieces that were requested by our customers. In each instance, we tried our best to understand the request and apply our design skills to come up with not just a sympathy decoration, but a tribute to the person they are honoring. Some of these designs were not properly lighted nor staged for display, but we wanted to capture our design for future reference as an example of our quality workmanship. Please browse the Sympathy category for additional selection.
Click on the picture to enlarge the image. Once enlarged, you can easily view the rest of the pictures in the enlarged format by rolling the mouse over the right or left side of image and clicking to move next/previous through the pictures. Alternatively, you can press the right/left arrow key. Press Esc key to exit at any time.


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Bruno Mars Teams Up With Cardi B For 'Finesse' Dropping At Midnight
Cardi B is taking no breaks after her monumental 2017. On Wednesday (Jan. 3), Bruno Mars teased a new collab with Cardi on Instagram.
The song artwork, which features Mars and Cardi channeling some serious '90s music video vibes, was posted with the caption "Start your 2018 with Big Bronx Boogie Herself @iamcardib and I Midnight Tonight EST #Finesse."
You can check out the photo above, and keep an eye out for the new track tonight at midnight.
Cardi B just became one of only three artists to have their first three entries on the Billboard Hot 100 in the top 10 at the same time, joining The Beatles and Ashanti. "What a great way to start my Year," she wrote on Instagram. "Thank you Lord. Only you and i know how much i pray to you. These last few weeks been too much for me but my Lord always find a way to uplift me. Thank you to my fans, DJS, Team for the support...I love you."


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Beth reports from Wembley pitch at NFL game
PUBLISHED: 14:14 14 November 2012
An Exmouth student got to take the field at Wembley Stadium, when she interviewed officials at the stadium's recent NFL game.
Beth Thomson, 18, who attends Exmouth Community College, was handed a press pass by the NFL to carry out interviews on the pitch, before the New England Patriots beat the St Louis Rams in front of more than 84,000 fans.
Not only did Beth get on the field before and after the game, interviewing British American Football Referees Association (BAFRA) officials, but she also got to see the post-game interviews in the stadium's press conference room, and interviewed members of the British American Football Association (BAFA).
The reason Beth was granted a press pass is that, through the college's Exmouth Raptors' American football programme, she has just become the youngest member of BAFRA, and only the second female to join the association.
Beth's interview will now be used for a BBC School Report Day item in the spring, and Raptors' coach Rob Rooksby says the day was a great milestone for Beth and the Raptors.
He said: "I am very grateful to the London NFL office for putting so much work into getting us the press pass for Beth at such short notice - it was a fantastic experience for Beth.
"BAFA have recognised our work in a very public way in the programme for the match saying that the college is regarded as the "benchmark" for other schools and that we are leading the way on American Football development in schools in the UK, something we can be very proud of."
BAFA's director for student football Andy Fuller, who Beth also interviewed, said: "It was a pleasure to meet Beth.
"She is a tremendous ambassador for Exmouth Community College and their innovative American Football programme."


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Watch Episodes
s08e00 the last watch https://verystream.com/stream/ZQJUqL8H2kT
your welcome bro
Thank you ouddaimrane, now I have another website to use!
Could someone add more links please! Other than streamplay.to?
@MockingbirdAlice Ummm....wow you are commenting on an old episode that is for sure. LOL.
I've finally had another really good episode to support my conclusion: Laurel Lance is a bitch. I am saying that her whole personality is bitchy because she does have her good moments and qualities but the way that she has been acting recently is just not okay. You can say that she has gone through seriously hard times but so have many other characters who went through exactly the same shit that she went through for about the same period of time. You can even try to say that she lost Tommy...but so did Oliver and I don't remember him being a huge d**k about it to everyone in his life. Him and Sara did wrong by sleeping together when her and him were together. I understand that. She had every right to be angry but she forgave Oliver. She's had years to deal with all that anger and grief even though she didn't have anyone to direct it at. For me, all that is chill but what triggers me most is when your sister that you thought was dead comes back and you blame almost every bad thing directly on her and you act like you are the only one going through a shitty time and that you are all innocent when you really aren't. Erm hello....your sister has been gone for 6 years and you don't even bother to ask her what happened. If you knew the shit that she went through you would not be complaining about your life. You are not in a relationship with Oliver and your sister is yet you still have the audacity to get angry at them. She went to hell and back; she deserves to have some happiness whilst she is home. One more thing I want to point out is when she came to the bar. That was not an apology. By no means whatsoever. Sara was just a forgiving person and felt sorry for her sister. Laurel needs to realise that it is not the Laurel Lance show and not everything is gonna go your way just because you want it to. It is quite shameful because Laurel is the elder sister and it was very shameful. It is way too obvs how much I don't like Laurel right now and how angry her attitude makes me.
Then it is YOU, not them. Last one vidlox.net via skorpio777 works fine... dont say ALL when it isnt ALL. As well, dont watvhanything by MArtin or OnlinewatchIT, either they are ad blocking people, or they are viruses constantly. Wish they wouldnt make it so when they upload they made it work with an AD block most watch videos with a AD block due to 99% have viruses in them when watching like this.
Is there an easy way that I missed to get more than just last 500 links?
ALL of these are NOT in a usable format...PLS upload correct ones :)
@Kyndred--after you've begged for an appointment in 3-6 months and driven for hours and been kept waiting until closing time--
If you're like me and haven't watched this show in a while, you need to watch this episode for its shocker ending. Is she or isn't she...?
Can someone upload this episode again? All the links are dead. Thanks in advance!
Can we have links here pls?
is it really wise to have TWO major story lines running side by side?
each time I think, "yeah, that was weird, it cant be worse, right?' This show comes along, and it doesnt say "Hold my beer" it screams, "Hold my KEG"
I was fine withis episode - until the kids got the gun.
New links added
The VA response when a service member, current or ex, attempts to get medical care: "Thanks for serving our country, now go fuck off."
New links added
New links added
This aired on May 23rd and here it is May 25th and no links yet? What's up with that? Anyone have an answer?
cliffhanger. I absolutely LOVE cliffhangers. . . . . . . . not.
New links added
New links added
New links added
New links added
New links added
@Schrunsekris i added new links with english subtitles
Watch Thunderbirds Are Go! Season 3 Episode 11 Online Free. https://watchepisodeseries.su/episodes/thunderbirds-are-go-season-3-episode-11/ Watch the latest Full Episdes of Thunderbirds Are Go! Season 3 Episode 11 in High Quality. WatchEpisodeSeries is free site to Watch Thunderbirds Are Go! Season 3 Episode 11.
those scenes with jemma and daisy acting drunk after eating those candies were th ebest part of this episode. jemma being proud of daisy in that state <333333
This has been cancelled? Why? I was thoroughly enjoying this!
has someone maybe other links than oplenload? not working anymore
Too bad they already cancelled the show again....really started to like the show :(
This might be a bit broad, but not watching TV per se at all, just shows online, I rarely see things like this since it's usually cut (or it's about sexual content, which is also not that obvious tbh). "The following program contains material involving suicide. Viewer discretion advised." Someone form US please explain to me, who cares? Is there something more discrete about suicide than murder, sexual, physical and mental abuse (all present in this concrete show)?
s10 e16 https://verystream.com/stream/WaCe7oT31jQ
I read today that there would be no spin-off of Arya going west. Too bad. I wanted to see her meet hobbits in NZ-os, King Dundee in Auz-os, then sail north to the advanced civilization in SonyNintend-os, from which she would never want to leave.
Jane the Virgin: 5x9 https://myseries4you.com/episodes/jane-the-virgin-season-5-episode-9-watch-online/
Still posting de-synced audio links 5 days later, this site is really trash since openload died
Split Blood & Treasure 1 and 2 in to 2 parts
Split Blood & Treasure 1 and 2 in to 2 parts
A very unexpected plus: "Dr. Anna Castillo" is almost certainly the real-world hero Dr. Kathleen Martinez of the Dominican Republic. You can see her unique pursuit of Cleopatra's tomb on YouTube. Unfortunately, the permits to dig further are controlled by the pompous, chauvinistic Dr. Zahi Hawass, who intrudes on anything having to do with ancient Egypt and takes the spotlight. He's not about to let some amateur foreign female get her deserved glory. And no, Cleo's tomb isn't where the show says--I think that might be the writers' way of sticking it to Hawass: "See, right under your nose all along!"
@sswarlock: THANKS for adding what is technically episodes 1+2. I watched live, but I'll also be DLing. The first half was pretty good, then it got better. I'd give it a solid B, something fun to watch during the summer. Sofia Pernas shows some real Tomb Raider skills and looks like she doesn't mind chowing down and not having perfect hair and make-up in every scene.
Blood & Treasure: 1x1 https://myseries4you.com/episodes/blood-treasure-season-1-episode-1-watch-online/
http://moviestreaming.fun/tvepisodes/l-a-s-finest-1x4-watch-online/ http://moviestreaming.fun/tvepisodes/l-a-s-finest-1x5-watch-online/
Justified Season 3 Episode 5 (s03e05) vidzi.tv


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Tropical Storm Hanna moved through the Bahamas on Thursday and headed toward the Carolina coast with 65 mph winds, the National Hurricane Center said.
Forecasters predicted a slight strengthening of the storm, warning there was a possibility it may be a Category 1 hurricane when it hits the U.S. mainland.
Hanna may make landfall near the North Carolina-South Carolina state line late Friday night or early Saturday morning, the hurricane center said. Read full article »
CNN's Larry Shaughnessy and Alanne Orjoux contributed to this report.
All About Bahamas • Haiti • South Carolina


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Eunux is an operating system in Grand Theft Auto IV. It is a clear parody of the Linux operating system. The OS was created in the early 1990s by a Scandinavian teenager named Eunus, a play on Linux kernel architect Linus Torvalds. Eunux's mascot is Sux the Sea Cucumber, which parodies Linux's mascot Tux the Penguin. Like the real-life OS, Eunux is available in several distributions, including RedTwat, Ucuntu, Slackcrack, and Knobbix, which are parodies of Red Hat, Ubuntu, Slackware, and Knoppix, respectively. Eunux's main website, www.eunux.net, details the history and goals of the Eunux OS and its community. The website makes fun of the misconception that Linux is a difficult operating system to learn. Eunux is considered the male-only world of open source software and discourages females from using the OS. Eunux is also a word pun on "eunuchs", or castrated individuals.
Related news articles
There are internet news articles and radio news reporting about a young woman in Alderney City that was discovered to have installed the open source operating system. The Eunux community has launched a hate campaign against her.
- Eunux Says "No Girls Allowed", Staff Writer, Liberty Tree
- Hate Campaign Against Female Eunux User, S Fiona Scott, Public Liberty Online


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This is what smart travel looks like. All products, working together as a system, to assist you along the journey


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NEW HAVEN, Conn. - After a magical start to the 2011-2012 season, the next three meets will reveal a great deal about this year's edition of the Yale men's swimming and diving team. Owners of an unblemished record heading into Saturday's matchup with Penn and Dartmouth in Hanover, N.H., the Bulldogs are receiving contributions from all over the roster, and are seemingly clicking on all cylinders heading into the heart of their season.
The most recent victim for the Elis was Cornell, who ran into the Bulldog buzzsaw Saturday on Senior Day at the Kiphuth Exhibition Pool. If it was official a day for the Class of 2012, the win was the product of strong swimming from members of all four classes.
The four honorees, Alex Benz, Goksu Bicer, Matt Boone and captain Christopher Luu, certainly did their part in the win. Bicer took home a victory in a race he has dominated throughout his career - the 100-yard butterfly, while Boone made it two seniors in the top three in that event with his third-place finish. Benz and Luu also turned in strong showings to pace the Bulldogs.
Next year's seniors, Jared Lovett and Mike Dominski, also made their mark. Lovett grabbed second in the 200-yard backstroke (1:55.59) and 200-yard IM (1:56.62). Dominski was just one second behind the pace set by freshman Rob Harder in the 500-yard freestyle, good for second in that race.
The sophomores - as they have been all year - were also integral components of the Yale win. West Cuthbert took second in the grueling 1000-yard freestyle (9:46.48), while classmate Danny Clarke finished sixth (10:17.18). Pat Killian added a third place finish in the 200-yard freestyle (1:44.80), one his of two top-three showings on the day. The other came in the 100-yard freestyle, where Killian took second (47.27). Danny McDermott also had a huge day, particularly with his second-place finish in the 200-yard breaststroke (2:10.03) and third-place time in the 200-yard IM (1:59.61).
The freshmen were dominant. Josh Ginsborg (1000-yard and 100-yard freestyle), Rob Harder (500-yard and 200-yard freestyle), Ronald Tsui (100-yard breaststroke), Andrew Heymann (50-yard freestyle and 200-yard breaststroke), Mike Lazris (200-yard backstroke and 200-yard IM) all had individual wins on the day, in addition to a flurry of top three performances from them and from classmates Alwin Firmansyah and Andy Wingerson.
The showdown with Penn and Dartmouth gives the Bulldogs a chance to continue their hot start to 2012 and improve on blemishes on the 2010-11 slate. Last year, Yale fell to Penn while beating Dartmouth. That victory was one of just two conference victories the Elis earned last season. They've already matched that number this season, with an opening win over Columbia and last week's dismantling of Cornell. Saturday's showdown will be an excellent tuneup for Feb. 3rd's H-Y-P meet, the true barometer of the Bulildogs' progress in 2011-12. That and a dual meet with Brown are all that remains between Yale and the Ivy League Championships, scheduled for Mar. 1-3 at Princeton, N.J.
Report filed by Chelsea Janes '12, Yale Sports Publicity


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Small, quirky, and fun to drive.
The Mazda 2's light weight, sporty gearing, and small footprint make for smiles behind the wheel, but in other respects, the 2 struggles to match its rivals. For one, fuel economy is significantly below the current 38-to-40-mpg zeitgeist for small cars — although a 35-mpg highway rating is still nothing to be sniffed at. A 100-hp four-cylinder engine provides adequate acceleration, especially with the slick five-speed manual transmission. The optional four-speed automatic is two gears short of its Ford Fiesta sibling's dual-clutch six-speed, and that deficit hurts fuel economy. Although the 2 is nicely finished inside for a car in this price range, it lacks the luxury features available in other new subcompacts such as the Fiesta, the Hyundai Accent, and the Kia Rio. That means no navigation, leather, or heated seats, but a high-spec Touring model comes with fifteen-inch aluminum wheels, foglights, a rear spoiler, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, and an upgraded sound system. The base Sport model, on the other hand, has steel wheels with hubcaps and lacks cruise control. At the end of the day, the Mazda 2 is simple to use, fun to drive, and very affordable. For basic transportation in congested cities, that's more than enough.
Fiat 500
Ford Fiesta
Hyundai Accent
Toyota Yaris
new for 2013
The 2013 Mazda 2 gains a new clear water blue paint color and a USB port.
ABS; traction and stability control; and front, side, and side curtain air bags are standard.
High Mileage
Cute and sporty
Fun to drive
Refined and comfortable
Fuel economy
Four-speed automatic
Short options list
Base Price Range: $15,500–$18,000 (est.)
DRIVE: Front-wheel
TRIM LEVELS: Sport, Touring
BODY STYLE: Hatchback, 5-passenger
ENGINE: 1.5L I-4, 100 hp, 98 lb-ft
TRANSMISSIONS: 5-speed manual, 4-speed automatic


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For the Marysia Swim show at Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Swim in Miami, Make Up For Ever key artist Lottie created a beach, fresh faced make up look with a beautiful glow for the show on Monday, July 19th. The make up was neutral with a delicately smoky seaweed green eye designed to complement the collection, which was inspired by a dream vacation to the islands of the Pacific.
Complexion & Cheeks: Lottie used MAKE UP FOR EVER Mat Bronze and MAKE UP FOR EVER Compact Shine On to give the skin a soft glow. She gave the cheeks natural contour with MAKE UP FOR EVER Sculpting Blush #20.
Eyes: The eyes had a grey wash that was created by blending MAKE UP FOR EVER Flash Color #0 in teal from the lid into the crease and then sweeping Eye Shadow #33 in grey across the eye lid and crease, then dusting it around the outer corner of the eyes and just below the lower lash line. The models did not wear liner or mascara.
Lips: Lottie applied lacquered MAKE UP FOR EVER Lipstick #221 for a natural, nude lip.
From this look we will be giving away 1 Mat Bronze #2 (medium bronze), 1 Eyeshadow #33 (matte grey) and 1 HD Microfinish Blush #8 (pink nude).
To enter, simply leave a comment below on this entry by midnight on Saturday, July 31st. A winner will be chosen at random and notified via email on Sunday. Good luck!
Check back with us tomorrow for the look created for the Tyler Rose show and the final giveaway! Good luck and don't forget to enter our Ed Hardy, Dolores Cortes, Mara Hoffman, Aqua di Lara/Qiss Qiss and Luli Fama giveaways!