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Eight Americans' eye-witness reports from Vatican II
The Second Vatican Council, which opened on October 11, 1962 and concluded on December 8, 1965, was the central event of Catholic life in the 20th century. Pope John XXIII called for the council to "open the windows" in the church to the world. John said he called the council to renew "ourselves and the flocks committed to us, so that there may radiate before all men the lovable features of Jesus Christ, who shines in our hearts that God's splendor may be revealed."
There were four years of preparation before the council and four sessions of the council itself. After John died in 1963, Pope Paul VI presided over the last three sessions. Voting members were all the world's Catholic bishops from both the Western and Eastern rites, superiors-general of religious orders, and prelates with their own special spheres of jurisdiction. There were more than 2,600 delegates in all. Including the 480 so-called periti (theologians and other experts), more than 3,000 participated. The largest previous council, Vatican I, had 737 in attendance. The council produced 16 documents, all of which had to be approved by the pope before they became official.
In 1995, marking the 30th anniversary of the conclusion of the council, U.S. Catholic magazine collected the accounts from eight prominent Americans who played a role at Vatican II on their expectations of the council, their most vivid memories, and their view of the state of Vatican II renewal in subsequent years. None of them is alive today, and neither is the author of the article, long-time Washington-based religion writer and editor Jim Castelli.
The following is a slightly edited and updated version of the article, the original of which first appeared in the September 1995 issue of U.S. Catholic.
Father Walter M. Abbott, S.J. was best known as the editor of the English-language version of the 16 documents produced by Vatican II and commentaries on them. "We had it out three months to the day after the end of the council," he said. "I never worked so hard in my life as I did getting that book out." That assignment only developed in the last year of the council, but Abbott attended the third session at the invitation of Cardinal Leo Suenens of Brussels, one of the four council moderators. "He said he'd like me to come to experience what probably would be one of the greatest experiences of my life," Abbott said, "and he was absolutely right."
Expected accomplishments
I thought it was a God-given opportunity to help the idea of the common Bible. The time had come for Catholics and Protestants to produce new translations of the Bible together, so that Christians could use them together. And, one step further, that editions of the Bible could be prepared for non-Christians and that Christians together could join in distribution of those scriptures. It worked out. It was approved in the final session of the council, the sixth chapter of the Constitution on Divine Revelation.
Vivid memories of the council
For me the greatest day of the council was the day when the Constitution on Divine Revelation was promulgated by Pope Paul VI. The second greatest experience was the approval and promulgation of the Decree on Ecumenism, because I had been at work in the ecumenical movement from 1958. It was such a wonderful thing to have the pope and all the bishops declare that we Catholics should have respect, esteem, and affection for our separated brethren the Protestants.
My most embarrassing moment was the morning I stopped everything in the middle of a speech being given by a Spanish cardinal against the idea of religious freedom. I was sitting behind St. Peter's altar with Father John Courtney Murray, one of the two drafters of that document. I had my feet on the bench in front of me, which was a little lower—a long oak bench, very heavy. I was rocking it gently without realizing it, and it went forward and smashed on the floor below.
It sounded like a cannon shot, and it brought the whole council to a complete stop. There must have been 2,400 bishops there that day, and every head in the basilica had spun in my direction. John Courtney Murray and I sat there as if nothing had happened.
After the morning session one of the cardinals asked me, "Walter, you caused that sound didn't you? What did you do?" I asked, "How do you know I caused that sound?" He replied, "I was near enough to see that you got red to the roots of your hair."
State of Vatican II renewal in subsequent years
A great deal of what Pope John XXIII wanted from the Second Vatican Council was achieved. What he wanted was to have a new presentation of the Catholic faith so that non-Catholics throughout the world could see the "radiant face of Christ shining through the church." That was achieved in the Decree on Ecumenism.
The council also moved forward the idea of Catholic people reading and using the Bible. That had been advocated by the popes from Leo XIII on, but that message never really got to people effectively. When the Second Vatican Council produced that message, the people heard it, and it has made a tremendous difference ever since. Catholic people have turned more and more to the Bible, and its place has been restored.
Father Godfrey Diekmann, O.S.B. was a member of the preparatory commission that wrote the draft for Sacrosanctum Concilium, the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, which was substantially passed and prompted the far-reaching liturgy reform in the years after the Council. He was a peritus from the second to the fourth sessions and then became a member of the concilium for the implementation of liturgical documents.
Expected accomplishments
I was very strongly involved in the pastoral liturgical movement before the council. That was a deeply spiritual movement that resulted in recovering important theological insights from the time of the church fathers. I think the great spiritual renewal before the council was the liturgical movement.
That took place through the experience of the dialogue Mass, at which people realized that they were the church and that when Christ said, "When two or three are gathered in my name," he was describing them.
It was the beginning of the realization that the local community is the church, not just a geographical division. It meant further realization of Christ's presence among them, which is one of the important insights of Vatican II, that Christ is not merely present in the Eucharist or up in heaven somewhere. All those were inspired by the doctrine of the Mystical Body of Christ.
Vivid memories of the council
Vatican II was a series of miracles. The curia, who assist the pope in governing the church, was not at all satisfied with what John XXIII was doing. When they finally had to capitulate, they prepared 36 drafts to be discussed—a huge number—which made it seem as though they were sabotaging the council itself. But before the council was started, the 36 was whittled down to 16. The liturgy document was slated in the eighth place for treatment. Then on the very first day, the council fathers rebelled. They said we didn't come here just to review or to rehash theology textbooks, because all those drafts had been prepared by the Roman theologians.
The only exception was the liturgy document, which had been prepared by about 55 pastoral liturgists from all over the world who had met several times—without any hope of a council—to share experiences and develop a common understanding. There was not a single Roman theologian among us. In that document we brought the new insights into theology stemming from the experience of liturgy and the doctrine of the Body of Christ.
The council fathers were confronted with the document on the liturgy, and before long they realized they had bitten off more than they could handle. It took them two years to bring it to conclusion. In the preparatory commission, Father Joseph Jungmann, S.J. said, "Are we sure we know what we're doing? This document is very, very radical, actually. How many bishops will realize what it's all about? How can we possibly expect a green light on this thing?" We had a showing of hands among the 55 of us of how many of the 2,400 bishops would have any real understanding and sympathy for the liturgical revival. None thought it would be more than 40.
Then Bishop Spülbeck from Meissen in East Germany said, "East Germany is communist and anything I say is off the record because if it ever comes out, I won't be able to go back to my country. You're wondering whether you should continue and express your hopes in this rather radical document. In East Germany the church is being persecuted. All we're allowed now is the Sunday Mass. We want the liturgy to be, as the liturgy document says, "the source and center of the spiritual life." It was an impassioned plea.
State of Vatican II renewal in subsequent years
The great tragedy of the present time is that much has been accomplished, but the spirit to a large extent has gone. The most important thing in the entire council was the recovery of the Body of Christ. I think it's a tragedy that so many people think the council was famous because it stressed the People of God idea. The People of God idea was meant as a supplemental idea to the Body of Christ.
The Holy Spirit was there in a very manifest way, and if we mess it up it's our own damn fault. The Holy Spirit is very close to the church today, and I hope we live up to that. {C}
Msgr. John J. Egan was a veteran social activist. "I wasn't a peritus or anything like that," he said. "I attended three of the four sessions because I believed that a church council wasn't to be missed. So I used my vacation time and managed to get a room at the Villa Nova where the periti stayed."
Vivid memories of the council
John Courtney Murray lived at the Villa Nova. He had a great love for the church as well as a great intellect. I'll never forget his coming in one night and almost shouting, "Jack, we won!" I recall Msgr. George Higgins and Bishop Mark Hurley. Those two would gather around the ice machine and argue one issue after another. George loved a good fight.
Msgr. John S. Quinn, a peritus from Chicago, organized the bishops and got the council back on the agenda. He also brought that ice machine to the last three sessions. It became the focal point for the experts and the bishops. Americans like their drinks with ice.
Cardinal Albert Gregory Meyer of Chicago and Courtney Murray put on a full court press for religious liberty. It was wonderful to watch.
The Roman Curia had its own agenda for Vatican II, but by the end of the first week of the second session the entire agenda had changed. Gaudium et spes, the Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, was rewritten from top to bottom. In the first session, the bishops thought that they were going to do it all themselves. But gradually they consulted the periti more, and things began to change.
State of Vatican II renewal in subsequent years
John Courtney Murray said during the council that we would have to expect some 25 years of confusion but that we will see a glorious church emerging from it all. Well, the confusion has lasted a little longer, but we're still a better church because of it.
I think we have to go back to the documents and read them again. I don't think that what they call for has been fully implemented. I regret that the liturgists moved as quickly as they did. I think we deprived our people of much of their devotional life. It was much the same with the music; we still haven't got the music quite right. But overall it was a great council.
Msgr. George G. Higgins was a peritus to the commission on the lay apostolate, which was merged into the commission on the church in the modern world. He also served on the press panel set up by the U.S. bishops to provide daily briefings to reporters.
Expected accomplishments
Like many people, I went to the council not knowing what to expect. There had been no experience in the United States, there was nobody living who had been in a council before, so that most of us went in rather blind. It was very providential that it lasted that long so that it could develop its own dynamics. I think if there had been only one session, we wouldn't be talking about the council today. It took a process of growth and development.
Vivid memories of the council
I had a particular interest in two of the documents as an American, the one on religious freedom—I think most of the Americans did—and the one on Catholic-Jewish relations. Theologians, however, would say that the most important document was the one on the church. Biblical scholars probably look to the one on divine revelation as being extremely important.
State of Vatican II renewal in subsequent years
The big question still hanging in the air is the relationship between collegiality and papal primacy. It was discussed in the council but not completely resolved, and I personally doubt that it will ever be finally resolved. It's one of those tensions built into our theology that will vary from one papacy to another and one period to another.
The next council will certainly be much more oriented toward the Third World by the very nature of the demography of the church and the hierarchy. Vatican II was much more European and North Atlantic, not only in its makeup, but certainly in the direction it took. I doubt that would be true the next time.
Bishop Mark J. Hurley, the retired bishop of Santa Rosa, California, was a peritus of the council and peritus to the commission on seminaries, universities, and schools. He was also a member of the American press panel. He attended every session of the council.
Expected accomplishments
Once you got there it was almost like a game, and you began to cheer for the teams. You spent morning, noon, and night hoping that things would succeed. There were a lot of contests in reference to various subjects. There was a real question whether the document on religious liberty would ever reach the floor.
As a matter of fact, Cardinal Augustin Bea, S.J., chief protagonist, if you will, sent for George Higgins and me in the early stages of the council and asked for two things. First, how would the American bishops respond to a document on religious liberty? We responded that we thought at least 95 percent would vote favorably. Second, how would they respond to a document on the Jews? We said 90 percent would vote favorably. And that's the way it turned out. They were overwhelmingly in favor.
Vivid memories of the council
We lived at the Villa Nova, which was a pensione run by French nuns in Rome, and in that house we had somebody who was on every single commission. One of the most vivid memories by far was the time at the end of the third session when Cardinal Eugene Tissarant, as president, announced that there would be no vote on the religious liberty document. That just sent the council, in particular the American bishops, into high gear.
We went immediately down onto the floor and we got a petition. Cardinal Meyer, one of the 12 presidents of the council, was on the floor, and he led what you might call an outburst against it. It wasn't scheduled, there was nothing in order, and the periti were scurrying around asking bishops to sign a petition to the pope objecting to what was done.
We typed it up right on the floor, and I said to Cardinal Meyer, "Cardinal, you haven't signed it yourself yet." And I held it for him as he signed it. Then he led a delegation of bishops to Pope Paul, and the pope then promised that it would be brought up right away in the fourth session. That was a very dramatic moment.
Another dramatic moment was when the patriarch came from the Greek Orthodox Church and he and the pope embraced in the sanctuary and disavowed the schism between the East and West, disavowing the excommunications that were hurled in both directions. Another high point: Archbishop Joseph T. McGucken of San Francisco left the council a week early, and I got to sign about four of the major documents for the archdiocese. So 500 years from now they'll find my name in there.
State of Vatican II renewal in subsequent years
I think that one of the things that has encouraged me tremendously is that the pope has a chapter in his book on the council, and he supports the council. He says that we have to implement and build on the council. That is a very positive step because there are an awful lot of negative things said about the present pope trying to veto or override the council.
At the end of the council there was a banquet at the Villa Nova, and we had a resolution signed in which the different theologians and leaders said that the council is the beginning, that we must go ahead and implement the council. And the first two who signed were the German theologians Hans Küng and Joseph Ratzinger.
We became very, very strong advocates for the council, and most of us have remained that way.
Father Frederick R. McManus was a peritus to the commission on the liturgy, a member of the commission that planned for the liturgy document, and a member of the post-conciliar commission that implemented the liturgy document. He attended all sessions of the council and wrote a weekly column for the St. Louis Review. He said, "When my department at Catholic University submitted its proposals for the council, it caused a brouhaha in 1959 and 1960. The rector didn't send them all to Rome; he thought there were some dangerous suggestions about the diaconate or the vernacular."
Expected accomplishments
We all knew about the accommodation and the ecumenical drive to the other churches. I had very large expectations that the council would not be negative and condemning, but would be very positive and take advantage of the liturgical, biblical, catechetical, ecumenical, and lay movements in the church in the preceding couple of decades. I had very high expectations, many of which were exceeded. I didn't really expect that the mandated reform of the liturgy would go that far.
Vivid memories of the council
Even after the first 15 days of debate in 1962 when the liturgy constitution was debated, we were all uncertain of how the majority of the members of the council would vote. They took a straw vote, and it was overwhelmingly favorable. It wasn't until that moment that we were sure that particular document would receive overwhelming support. In October 1963, when the final vote was taken on the constitution on the liturgy, there was a fair amount of partying, in a sober way.
There was a meeting of the conciliar commission on the liturgy in the spring of 1963 between sessions of the council. We were preparing chapters two through seven and preparing amendments for the vote. During the meeting, after listening to the president of the commission, Cardinal Arcadio Larraona, talk and talk and obstruct, as it were, Joseph Malula of Africa, who was an auxiliary bishop at the time and later a cardinal, finally got up behind his chair, banged it on the floor, and yelled, "Listen, listen, listen, that's all we do, listen to you!"
At the end we had a very nice dinner, and Larraona said very candidly that he didn't have any expertise in the liturgical field. Well, we had known that, but for him to admit it was amusing.
State of Vatican II renewal in subsequent years
In the liturgical field, from 1964 through 1975, tremendous technical and professional revisions of the liturgical services had to be done in full compliance with the mandate of the council. I would say that at that level it was entirely successful.
At other levels, the expectation of the council's openness to cultural adaptation hasn't been as yet fulfilled. Even now within the past year, there was a Roman document encouraging the further development of liturgical forms and rites and texts and all the rest.
In the churches throughout the world, I don't think catechesis and sacramental preparation were adequate. While it's been improved, I think much more could be done. The revisions of the council have slowed in some ways and in some ways reversed. For example, at the council it was decided that there wouldn't be a catechism, there would be a catechetical directory. So you do have things that would seem to be revisionism.
As far as the role of the conferences of bishops, the minority's position has been revived in recent years, and the new code of canon law is actually somewhat negative about the conferences of bishops. But the pastoral impact of these conferences has been very great. I've been involved in dialogue with the Orthodox Church. It's pretty slow going, but it was inconceivable before the council.
Father Francis X. Murphy, CS.S.R. was a peritus to Bishop Aloysius Winninger of Monterey-Fresno. He famously covered the council for the New Yorker under the pseudonym Xavier Rynne.
Expected accomplishments
Pope John defined the council as opening the windows—bringing the church up to the demands of the modern world, in its doctrinal teaching, moral teaching, and attempts to teach the gospel to every creature as Christ had demanded. The idea was to impress the world with the idea that Christ had given to the world and the papacy the obligation to try to bring mankind around to see things from a Christian viewpoint.
Vivid memories of the council
At the beginning, I was standing in the piazza in front of the opening of St. Peter's when the bronze doors opened and out came a tremendous light - the klieg lights of the television people—and out came the bishops in rows of six with their white chasubles and miters and some of the Oriental bishops with their crowns marching across the piazza at St. Peter's, swinging to the right up to the basilica. At the end Pope John was carried out, looking very lonely, until all of a sudden the crowd began to shout, "Viva il papa?" Then he opened up and you could see the tears coming down. His council had started. That was one of the great things that I saw.
Another was the speech Pope John gave in which he said there will be no condemnations, that it will be an open council and we're going to do all the things that we should do to catch up with the modern world. He said that he was tired of listening to the prophets of doom. My hair was standing on the top of my head just listening to this incredibly great speech.
State of Vatican II renewal in subsequent years
I think it's going too slow. I think that Pope John Paul is not totally convinced that the council did the right thing in all respects, and, as a consequence, he's slowing things down, especially with the approach he has to contraception. He justifies natural family planning, which is contraception, and he does not justify barrier methods. I just do not understand that type of logic.
On the other hand, he's tremendously good with the Jewish people. He goes out of his way to see the chief rabbi wherever he lands in his journeys around the world. In 1993 he recognized Israel as a country and started an ambassadorial exchange without demanding any of the things that his predecessors had demanded, such as the internationalization of Jerusalem. Likewise, the pope has been good with the ecumenical movement.
I'd say about 60 percent of the church is moving in the right direction, 30 percent is hanging back—dug in not to move—and 10 percent wants an absolute return to pre-Lutheranism, pre-Trent.
Bishop James Malone of Youngstown, Ohio was auxiliary bishop of Youngstown when the council opened in 1962.
Expected accomplishments
Well, like every other American bishop in 1962, I expected that the opening session would go as planned by those who organized it, and that plan did not include any of the great movements that clearly developed as the council shifted into gear and moved forward.
Vivid memories of the council
One is a new awareness of the meaning of the universal church, with daily contact with bishops from other continents and other countries. Also, I came to appreciate that the opinions of those attending, when expressed basically in concert with others, often resulted in changes in a proposed text.
Also, I was much impressed by the attitudes and the expansiveness and the friendliness of Pope John XXIII. Unprepossessing as his appearance was, his insights, his verve, and his perennial hopefulness left very strong impressions.
State of Vatican II renewal in subsequent years
The implication of Vatican II renewal continues to be for me the agenda for action in the contemporary church. The principal documents of the council continue to call for attention. They set forth the respective roles of the different groups in the church. The renewed and expanded role for laity has for me as much call for attention as it had in the 1960s.
Moreover, the emphasis in Gaudium et spes on the renewal of society, which too often loses sight of the dignity of the human person, continues to be a challenge not only in foreign countries but in our own.


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Diversity trailblazer to speak at MLK Unity Breakfast
Maj. Gen. Augustus L. Collins
"Oppressed people cannot and will not remain oppressed forever." The statement is as true today as it was in 1963 when Martin Luther King Jr. wrote it in a Birmingham jail cell.
Each year, the nation celebrates King's life and legacy on the third Monday in January, which this year is on the 21st. That day, Mississippi State will hold the Community MLK Unity Breakfast, a free celebration that this year features a keynote address by Maj. Gen. Augustus L. Collins, adjutant general of the Mississippi National Guard.
In 2005, Collins became the first African American to attain the rank of general officer in the Guard. A Booneville native, he directs the Mississippi Military Department that includes all Army and Air National Guard units.
Now in its 19th year, the MLK breakfast program begins at 7 a.m. in the Colvard Student Union's Bill Foster Ballroom. Collins' presentation will get under way an hour later.
For those unable to attend, the program will be live-streamed at http://mymedia.msstate.edu/viewer.php?live=mlk.
Also during the program, local high school winners of the second annual Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay Contest will be recognized. The competition asked participants to articulate King's most powerful ideas regarding social justice.
Collins has held numerous staff and command positions during his military career. Among them was command of the Guard's 155th Brigade Combat Team during the U.S. Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2005 -- Mississippi's largest military mobilization since World War II.
He is a 1982 business administration graduate of the University of Mississippi who went on to complete a 1993 master's degree in the same field at Jackson State University. He also holds a master's in strategic studies from the U.S. Army War College.
Over his career, Collins' demonstrated commitment to diversity has been honored by the Mississippi Trailblazers organization, a non-profit group that recognizes Mississippians for their distinguished and significant contributions to diversity. In 2006, he received the organization's Trailblazer of the Year Award, followed in 2012 with the Sam Haskell Spirit of America Award.
The unity breakfast is one of several MSU celebrations of King's life and achievements.
Following the breakfast, at 10 a.m., the Maroon Volunteer Center will begin the "MLK Day of Service." Other related events include:
-- An AmeriCorps VISTA MLK School Supply Drive to support needs of Starkville and Oktibbeha County schools.
--A free screening at Starkville's J.L. King Center of "Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.--A Man of Peace in a Time of War."
For more information, locations and times of other volunteer opportunities related to the holiday, visit the center's website at http://mvc.msstate.edu.
Leah Barbour | University Relations

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Subject: Regulatory Capital - Enhanced Supplementary Leverage Ratio
Date: May 1, 2014
To: Chief Executive Officers of National Banks and Federal Savings Associations, All Department and Division Heads, All Examining Personnel, and Other Interested Parties
Description: Final Rule
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (collectively, the agencies) have adopted a final rule to strengthen the supplementary leverage ratio standards for the largest, most systemically significant U.S. banking organizations. The final rule applies to any bank holding company (BHC) with more than $700 billion in consolidated total assets or $10 trillion in assets under custody (covered BHC) and any insured depository institution (IDI) subsidiary of these covered BHCs (covered IDI).
Concurrent with this final rule, the agencies have issued a proposal to revise the calculation of total leverage exposure (the denominator of the supplementary leverage ratio) in a manner generally consistent with revisions to the international leverage ratio framework published by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) in January 2014. See OCC Bulletin 2014-19, "Regulatory Capital—Proposed Revisions to the Supplementary Leverage Ratio—Notice of Proposed Rulemaking."
Banking organizations subject to the enhanced supplementary leverage ratio requirements are required to calculate and publicly report their supplementary leverage ratios beginning in the first quarter of 2015. The supplementary leverage ratio requirements are not effective until 2018.
The capital conservation buffer applies limitations on capital distributions (i.e., dividends) and discretionary bonus payments to banking organizations that fail to hold a minimum buffer of common equity tier 1 capital above their overall minimum capital requirements. A covered BHC that maintains a supplementary leverage ratio of tier 1 capital in an amount greater than 5 percent of its total leverage exposure will not be subject to limitations on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments pursuant to this rule.
Note for Community Banks
The final rule will not apply to community banks.
Further Information
You may direct questions or comments to Roger Tufts, Senior Economic Advisor, Capital Policy Division, at (202) 649-6981; Nicole Billick, Risk Expert, Capital Policy Division, at (202) 649-7932; or Carl Kaminski, Counsel, or Henry Barkhausen, Attorney, Legislative and Regulatory Activities Division, at (202) 649-5490.
John C. Lyons Jr.
Related Link


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|Oracle® HTML DB User's Guide
Release 1.5
Part Number B10992-01
|View PDF
This section provides basic conceptual information about Application Builder. Application Builder is the core component within Oracle HTML DB that enables you to build database centric Web applications.
This section contains the following topics:
In Oracle HTML DB you use Application Builder to build dynamically rendered applications. An application is a collection of database-driven Web pages. You can link pages together using tabs, buttons, or hypertext links. Each page can have buttons and items and can include application logic. You can branch from one page to the next using conditional navigation, perform calculations, validations, and display reports, calendars, and charts. You can generate reports, charts, and forms using built-in wizards, static HTML, or deliver more custom rendering with PL/SQL programming.
A page is the basic building block of an application. When you build an application in Application Builder you can include a number of common user interface elements, including standard tabs, navigation bar icons, buttons, items, and regions. Figure 6-1 illustrates the use of some of these elements.
Figure 6-1 Sample Application
You can view all the elements that make up a page by accessing the Page Definition.
To view the Page Definition for an existing page:
Click the Build icon.
From the Available Applications list, select an application and click Go.
The list of pages appears at the bottom of the page.
To edit a specific page, enter the page ID in the Edit Page field and click Go, or click the page name.
The Page Definition appears. (See Figure 6-2.)
Figure 6-2 Page Definition
By default, the Page Definition is divided into three sections:
Page Rendering
Page Processing
Shared Components
The left section, Page Rendering, lists page level attributes as well as any UI controls and logic that is executed at the time the page is rendered. The middle section, Page Processing, lists the logic controls (such as computations and processes) that are evaluated and executed when the page is processed. The far right section, Shared Components, lists common components that display on every page within an application.
The following list briefly describes Page Rendering components:
Page. Defines page level attributes such as the page name, title and template.
Regions. Defines regions. A region is an area of a page that uses a specific template to generate HTML content. Each page can have any number of regions. You can use regions to group other controls, such as buttons and items, together. You can create simple regions that do not generate additional HTML, or create elaborate regions that frame content within HTML tables or images. The HTML DB engine displays regions in sequence within columns. You can choose whether a region displays conditionally.
Buttons. Lists the buttons on the current page. Buttons are used to submit a page. When you submit a page, the HTML DB engine processes it, or redirects users to another page without any processing. Buttons can be implemented as an HTML button, an image, or by using a template.
Items. Lists the items grouped by region. Items are HTML form elements such as text fields, select lists and check boxes with an associated session state.
Computations. Lists the computations that are executed at the time the page is rendered. Computations are units of logic used to assign session state to items.
Processes. Lists the processes that are executed at the time the page is rendered. Processes are logic controls used to execute data manipulation language (DML) or PL/SQL. For example, you can use a process to populate session state at the time the page is rendered.
The following list describes Page Processing components:
Computations. Lists the computations that are executed at the time the page is processed. Computations are units of logic used to assign session state to items.
Validations. Enables you to create logic controls to verify whether user input is valid. For example, a validation can check whether a value has been typed into a mandatory field.
Processes. Lists the processes that are executed after the page is submitted. Processes are logic controls used to execute data manipulation language (DML) or PL/SQL.
Branching. Enables you to create logic controls that determine how the user navigates through the application.
See Also:
The HTML DB engine constructs the look and feel of each page using templates. Templates contains contain HTML and variables that are substituted with dynamic values at runtime. Using templates, the HTML DB engine dynamically renders pages from data stored in tables. You can specify a template for each page. If you do not specify a template, the HTML DB engine uses the default application level template. Application Builder also includes templates for regions, rows, lists, reports, labels, menus, list of values, and buttons.
The use of templates offers a number of advantages:
Templates can be shared by multiple components
A single change to a template will affect all components using that template at once
The separation of the user interface definition from data access and application logic ensures that the application and user interface can be built concurrently by different people. The following sections describe the different types of templates available in Oracle HTML DB.
Each page is rendered using a page template. Every application has a default page template which applies to all pages in the application, unless you specify a different template.
Page templates control the appearance of navigation bars, parent tabs, and standard tabs. To change an application's default page template, select Edit Attributes from the Application Builder home page. An asterisk (*) indicates that a template in another application subscribes to (or is using) this template. Page templates are divided into component areas. Each area supports specific substitution strings.
See Also:"Using Substitution Strings"
Region templates control the appearance of regions. For example, you could use a region template to place a box around some content. Region templates can also be used to control the placement of buttons and region titles. An asterisk (*) indicates that a template in another application subscribes to (or is using) this template.
List templates control the appearance of lists. For example, you could create a list to add a list of icons on a home page or third level tabs, or to include a progress indicator. An asterisk (*) indicates that a template in another application subscribes to (or is using) this template.
Report templates control the format of database queries. These templates format the results of reports. An asterisk (*) indicates that a template in another application subscribes to (or is using) this template.
Label templates control the appearance of item labels. For example, you could use label templates to determine how required field labels display. An asterisk (*) indicates that a template in another application subscribes to (or is using) this template.
Menu templates control the display of menus. You select a menu template when you create a region. For example, menu templates can be used to create breadcrumb style navigation links. An asterisk (*) indicates that a template in another application subscribes to (or is using) this template.
The HTML DB engine dynamically renders and process pages based on data stored in database tables. To view a rendered version of your application, you run or submit it to the HTML DB engine. When you run an application, the HTML DB engine relies on two processes:
Show Page is the page rendering process. It assembles all the page attributes (including regions, items, and buttons) into a viewable HTML page.
Accept Page takes care of page processing. It performs any computations, validations, processes, and branching.
When you call a page using a URL, the HTML DB engine is running the Show page or page rendering process. When you submit a page, the HTML DB engine saves the submitted values in the session cache and then performs any computations, validations, or processes.
Shared components are common components that display on every page within an application. Examples of shared components include:
Application Builder includes two different types of tabs:
Standard tabs
Parent tabs
An application having only one level of tabs uses standard tabs. An application having two levels of tabs uses a parent and standard tabs. A standard tab set is associated with a specific page and page ID. You can use standard tabs to link users to a specific page.
Parent tabs give users another level of navigation. Parent tabs function as a container to hold a group of standard tabs. You can use parent tabs to link users to a specific URL associated with a specific page. When the target page appears, it displays its own standard tab set.
See Also:"Creating Tab Sets" for more information on creating standard and parent tabs
Use navigation bars to link users to various pages within an application. Typically navigation bars are used to enable users to log in and log out or link to help text. The location of a navigation bar depends upon the associated page template. A navigation bar icon enables you to display a link from an image or text. When you create a navigation bar icon you can specify an image name, text, a display sequence, and a target location (an URL or page).
See Also:"Creating a Navigation Bar" for more information on creating navigation bars
A list of values (LOV) is a static or dynamic definition used to display a specific type of page item, such as a radio group, check box, or select list. LOVs can be static (that is, based on a set of predefined display and return values) or dynamic (based on SQL queries that select values from tables).
You define LOVs at the application level by running the LOV Wizard and adding them to the Named List of Values repository.
See Also:"Creating LOVs"
A menu is a hierarchical list of links that is rendered using a template. For example, you can display menus as a list of links or as a breadcrumb path.
See Also:"Creating Menus" for more information on creating menus
A list is a collection of links that is rendered using a template. For each list entry, you specify display text, a target URL, and other attributes that can control when and how the list entry displays. You control the display of the list by linking it to a template. This template controls the appearance of all list entries.
See Also:"Creating Lists" for more information on creating lists
Templates control the look and feel of the pages in your application. As you create your application you specify templates for pages, regions, reports, lists, labels, menus, buttons, and popup list of values.
See Also:"Working with Templates" for more information on viewing, creating, and editing templates
A condition is a small unit of logic that helps you control the display of regions, items, buttons, and tabs as well the execution of processes, computations, and validations. For example, when you apply a condition to a button, the rendering engine evaluates the condition during the rendering (or Show page) process. Whether the condition passes or fails determines whether the component (such as a button) displays.
You specify a condition by selecting a condition type when you create the component (that is, the region, item, button, or tab) or by making a selection from the component's conditional display attribute. (See Figure 6-3 .) The condition evaluates to true or false based on the values you enter in the Expression fields.
Figure 6-3 Conditional Display Attribute
To view a complete listing of all available conditions for a given component, click the view icon to the right of the Conditional Display Type list. Shortcuts to common selections appear directly beneath the Type list. If your condition requires an expression, type it in the appropriate field.
The sections that follow offer examples of some commonly used condition types.
Current page = Expression 1 evaluates to true if the current page matches the page ID listed in the Expression 1 field. For example:
If the current page is 100, 101, or 102, then this condition evaluates to true and the condition passes.
Exists (SQL query returns at least one row) is expressed as a SQL query. If the query returns at least one row, then the condition evaluates as true. For example:
SELECT 1 FROM emp WHERE deptno = :P101_DEPTNO
This example references item
P101_DEPTNO as a bind variable. You can use bind variables within application processes and SQL query regions to reference item session state. If one or more employees are in the department identified by the value of
P101_DEPTNO, then the condition evaluates as true.
See Also:"About Bind Variables" for more information
PLSQL Expression to specify an expression in valid PL/SQL syntax that evaluates to true or false. For example:
If the value of
:MY_ITEM is YES, then the condition evaluates as true. Otherwise it evaluates as false.
See Also:Appendix A, "Available Conditions " for a detailed listing of all conditional types available in Oracle HTML DB
Build options enable you to conditionally display specific functionality within an application. Using build options you can control which features of an application are turned on for each application deployment. If you specify a build option at the application level, you do not need to specify it for each attribute (for example, each page, branch, button, item, or tab).
Build options have two possible values: INCLUDE and EXCLUDE. If you specify an attribute as being included, then the HTML DB engine considers it part of the application definition at runtime. Reversely, if you specify an attribute as being excluded then the HTML DB engine treats it as if it does not exist.
See Also:"Editing Application Attributes" and "Editing Page Attributes" for more information on specifying build options
Before you can specify a build option, you must create it.
To create a build option:
Click the Build icon.
When Application Builder appears, select the Builds tab.
To create a new build option, click Create.
Follow the on-screen instructions.
Oracle HTML DB includes a report detailing build option utilization in the current application.
To view a report of build option utilization:
Click the Build icon.
When Application Builder appears, select the Builds tab.
Click Navigate in the left navigation pane and then select Build Opt Utilization.
Make a selection from the Build Options list and click Go.
Authentication is the process of establishing users' identities before they can access an application. Authentication may require a user enter a username and password or may involve the use of a digital certificate or a secure key.
Oracle HTML DB supports authentication. You can establish a user's identity by selecting from a number of built-in authentication methods, or by using a wizard to create your own custom authentication approach.
See Also:"Establishing User Identity Through Authentication" for more information
While conditions control the rendering and processing of specific components on a page, authorizations control user access to specific components. Authorization is a broad term for controlling access to resources based on predefined user privileges.
Authorization schemes extend the security of your application's authentication scheme. You can specify an authorization scheme for an entire application, a page, or specific component such as a region, item, or button. For example, you could use an authorization scheme to selectively determine which tabs, regions, or navigations bars a users sees.
HTTP, the protocol over which HTML pages are most often delivered, is a stateless protocol. A Web browser is only connected to the server for as long as it takes to download a complete page. In addition, each page request is treated by the server as an independent event, unrelated to any page requests that have happened previously or may occur in the future. This means that to access form values entered on one page on a subsequent page, some form of session state management needs to occur. Typically, when a user enters values into a form on one page, those values are not accessible on later pages. Oracle HTML DB transparently maintains session state and provides developers with the ability to get and set session state values from any page in the application.
A session is a logical construct that establishes persistence (or stateful behavior) across page views. Each session is assigned a unique identifier within the Oracle HTML DB installation. The HTML DB engine uses this identifier (or session ID) to store and retrieve an application's working set of data (or session state) before and after each page view.
Because sessions are entirely independent of one another, any number of sessions can exist in the database at the same time. Since sessions persist in the database until purged by an administrator, a user can return to an old session and continue running an application long after first launching it. A user can also run multiple instances of an application simultaneously in different browser sessions.
Oracle HTML DB sessions are logically and physically distinct from the Oracle database sessions used to service page requests. A user runs an application in a single Oracle HTML DB session from log in to log out with a typical duration measured in minutes or hours. Each page requested during that session results in the HTML DB engine creating or reusing an Oracle database session to access database resources. Each of these sessions lasts just a fraction of a second.
The HTML DB engine establishes the identity (or anonymity) of the user for each page request and the session ID in order to fetch session state from the database. The most visible location of the session ID is in the URL for a page request. Another visible location is in the page's HTML POST structures or in a session cookie sent by the HTML DB engine during authentication and maintained for the life of the application (or browser) session.
Oracle HTML DB assigns new session IDs during authentication processing, records the authenticated user's identity with the session ID, and continually checks the session ID in each page request's URL or POST data with the session cookie and the session record in the database. These checks provide users with both flexibility and security.
While the session ID is the key to session state, the session cookie (where applicable) and the session record safeguard the integrity of the session ID and the authentication status of the user.
The behavior of an HTML DB application is usually driven by values in session state. For example, a button may display conditionally based on the value of an item session state. You can view the session state for a page by clicking Session on the Developer toolbar.
Figure 6-4 Developer Toolbar
The Session State page provides valuable information about the page. Table 6-1 describes the various types of information available on the Session State page.
Table 6-1 Information Available on the Session State Page
|Application, Page, Session
|Identifies the application name, page ID, and session ID.
|Page Items
|Identify attributes of the page, including the item name, how the item displays (hidden, popup, button, display only HTML), the state or session ID, and status.
The Status column indicates the status of the session state. Available values include:
|Application Items
|Application items are items that do not reside on a page. Application items are session state variables without the associated user interface properties.
See Also: "Using Substitution Strings" for more information on referencing item values
|Application Environment
|Identifies the session ID, current user, security ID, and browser language.
|Session State
|Indicates the user's entire session state. The section at the top indicates the state for the current page.
See Also:"Using the Developer Toolbar" for more information about the Developer toolbar
When building interactive, data driven Web applications, the ability to access and manage session state values with ease is critical. In Oracle HTML DB, session state is automatically managed for every page and easily referenced in static HTML or logic controls such as processes or validations.
Topics in this section include:
See Also:"About Items" and "Referencing Item Values" for more information
Referencing the value of an item is one of the most common examples of referencing session state. In Oracle HTML DB, an item can be a field, a text area, a password, a select list, or checkbox. Table 6-2 describes the supported syntax for referencing
item values.
Table 6-2 Syntax for Referencing Item Values
|Standard bind variable syntax for items no longer than 30 bytes. Use this syntax for references within a SQL query and within PL/SQL.
|PL/SQL syntax referencing the item value using the v function.
See Also: "Oracle HTML DB APIs"
|Standard PL/SQL syntax referencing the numeric item value using the nv function.
See Also: "Oracle HTML DB APIs"
|Static Text
|Static text.
|Static Text (exact)
|Static text. Exact Substitution.
When a user submits a page in Oracle HTML DB, the HTML DB engine automatically stores values typed into fields (items) in session state. For example, suppose you have an application containing two pages. The first page of the application contains a form in which a user can enter a phone number. You have defined this form by creating an item named
P2_PhoneNo. On the second page you want to display the information the user enters in the form.
When the page is submitted, Oracle HTML DB captures the value typed in the phone number field and stores the value for future use. The phone number typed by the user can then be retrieved from session state by referencing the item associated with the field on the page.
As you develop your applications, you may find it useful to clear the cached value for specific items, all items on a page, all pages in an application, or the current user session. Clearing a cached value resets the value to null. The topics that follow offer specific examples of clearing session state.
Clearing cache for a single item resets the value of the item to null. For example, you might use this approach to make sure a specific item's value is null when a page is prepared for rendering.
The following example uses standard
f?p syntax to clear the cache for an item. This example calls page 5 of application 100. Placing
MY_ITEM in the
ClearCache position of the
f?p syntax resets the value of
MY_ITEM to
The following example resets the value of the items
THE_EMPNO and
Caching application items provides a very effective way to maintain session state. However, there are occasions when you may want to clear the cache for all items on a page. For example, suppose you needed to clear all fields on page when a user clicks a link the creates a new order. By clearing cache for an entire page you set the value of all items on the page to null.
This example clears the session cache for two pages and resets pagination.
This example:
Runs page 6003 of application 6000 and uses the current session ID
Indicates to not show debug information (NO)
Clears all values maintained by the current session's cache for items of pages 6004 and 6014
Resets region pagination (RP) on page 6003 (the requested page)
See Also:Creating a Report with Pagination
This example demonstrates a good way to implement an update form. It clears existing information and sets the item's value (typically a primary key).
Specifically this example:
Runs page 6003 of application 6000 and use the current session ID
Indicates to not show debug information (
Clears all values maintained by the current session's cache for items on page 6003
Sets the session state of an item called
MY_ITEM to the value
This example is similar to the previous one except it passes values to multiple items.
Specifically this example:
Runs page 6004 of application 6000 and use the current session ID
Clears the current session's cache for items on page 6003
Indicates debug information should be hidden (
Sets the value of
MY_ITEM1 to 1234, sets the value of
MY_ITEM2 to null (indicated by the commas used as placeholder), and set the value of
MY_ITEM3 to 5678
You can also clear application cache by using
f?p syntax by creating a
REQUEST argument using the keyword APP using the following syntax:
Note:Resetting the cache for an entire application does not actually restore the application to a completely reset state. For example, if an application includes on-new instance computations or on-new instance processes, the HTML DB engine runs these computations and processes when the application session is created. Then, it processes the clear cache request and displays the requested page.
The only way to reset the application completely is to request it using a URL without a session ID, or by calling
You can use bind variables within an application process or SQL query to reference session state of a specified item. For example:
SELECT * FROM emp WHERE name like '%' || :SEARCH_STRING || '%'
In this example, the search string is a page item. If the region type is defined as SQL Query, you can reference the value using standard SQL bind variable syntax. Using bind variables ensures that parsed representations of SQL queries are reused by the database, optimizing memory usage by the server.
When using bind variable syntax remember the following rules:
Bind variable names must correspond to an item name
Bind variable names are not case sensitive
Bind variable names cannot be longer than 30 characters (that is, they must be a valid Oracle identifier)
Although application items can be up to 255 characters, if you intend to use an application items within SQL using bind variable syntax, the item name must be 30 characters or less.
If your region type is defined as a SQL Query, SQL Query (plsql function body returning SQL query), or list of values (LOV) you can reference session state using the syntax:
One common way to do this is to incorporate a session state variable in a WHERE clause. The following example demonstrates how to bind the value of the item
THE_DEPTNO into a region defined from a SQL Query.
SELECT ename, job, sal FROM emp WHERE deptno = :THE_DEPTNO
See Also:Creating Regions for more information on creating different types of regions
For region types defined as a PL/SQL Procedure, regions are constructed using PL/SQL anonymous block syntax. In other words, the beginning and ending are added automatically around the PL/SQL. For example:
INSERT INTO emp (empno, ename, job) VALUES (:P1_empno, :P1_name, :P1_job);
In this example, the values of the
ename, and
job are populated by the values of
P1_name, and
Each application has a number (called an application ID) or alphanumeric alias which uniquely identifies it. Similarly, each page also has a unique number (called a page ID) or an alphanumeric alias. When you run an application, the HTML DB engine generates a session number that serves as a key to the user's session state.
The URL that displays for each page indicates the location of Oracle HTML DB and identifies the application ID, page ID, and session ID. For example:
This example indicates that:
The address of Oracle HTML DB is:
The application ID is 4350
The page ID is 1
The session ID is 220883407765693447
You can create links between pages in your application using the following syntax:
Table 6-3 describes the possible arguments you can pass when using
f?p syntax.
Table 6-3 f?p Syntax Arguments
|Indicates an application ID or alphanumeric alias.
|Indicates a page ID or alphanumeric alias.
|Identifies a session ID. You can reference a session ID to create hypertext links to other pages that maintain the same session state by passing the session number. You can reference the session ID using the syntax:
|Sets the value of
REQUEST. Each application button sets the value of
REQUEST to the name of the button. This enables accept processing to reference the name of the button when a user clicks it. You can reference
REQUEST using the syntax:
|Displays application processing details. Valid values for the DEBUG flag are
YES or
NO. Setting this flag to
YES displays details about application processing. You can reference the Debug flag using the following syntax:
|Clears cache. Clearing cache for a single item simply sets the value of the item to null. To clear cached items, use a comma delimited list of page numbers. Comma delimited lists can also contain collections to be reset or the keyword
RP, which resets region pagination on the requested page.
|Comma delimited list of item names used to set session state with an URL.
|Comma delimited list of item values used to set session state with an URL.
|Identifies the printer friendly preference of
YES or
NO (default). You can use this item when preparing a page view with minimal graphics and a layout suitable for printing. You can reference the printer friendly preference by using the syntax:
When referenced, the HTML DB engine will not display tabs or navigation bars and all items will be displayed as text and not as form elements.
Although it is important to understand how
f?p syntax works, you rarely have to construct this syntax yourself. Oracle HTML DB includes many wizards that automatically create these references for you. The sections that follow describe a number of specific instances that utilize
f?p syntax to link pages.
The following example calls a page using an application and a page alias from within an Oracle HTML DB application. It runs the page
home of the application
myapp and uses the current session ID.
You can use substitution strings within a page template or region source to replace a character string with another value. As you design your application and enable users to edit items, you will need to use substitution strings in order to pass information.
You can use substitution strings in Oracle HTML DB in the following ways.
Include a substitution string within a template.
Create an item at the application or page level.
Use built-in substitution strings to achieve a specific type of functionality.
Substitution strings used within a template contains the pound symbol (#). For example:
Substitution strings created at the application level do not display, but are used as variable to maintain session state. You can define page items as an attribute of a page. You can use this type of session state substitution at the application or page level. For example:
Application Builder supports a number of built-in substitution strings. You may need to reference these values in order to achieve specific types of functionality. Built-in substitution strings available in Oracle HTML DB include:
The sections that follow describe these substitution strings, when to use them, and what supported syntax is currently available. Note that no short syntax exists for
SESSION or
USER since both are Oracle reserved words.
Topics in this section include:
See Also:
APP_SESSION is one of the most commonly used built-in substitution string. You can use this substitution string to create hypertext links between application pages that maintain a session state by passing the session number. Table 6-4 describes the supported syntax for referencing
Table 6-4 APP_SESSION Syntax
|Reference Type
|Bind variable
|Short PL/SQL
|Short substitution string
|Substitution string
Consider the following examples:
From within an HTML Region:
<a href="f?p=100:5:&SESSION.">click me</a>
Using PL/SQL:
htf.anchor('f?p=100:5:'||v('SESSION'),'click me');
Using a SQL query:
SELECT htf.anchor('f?p=100:5:'||:app_session,'clickme') FROM DUAL;
APP_USER is the current user running the application. Depending upon your authentication model, the value of the user set differently. If the application is running using database authentication, then the value of the user is the same as the database pseudo column USER. Table 6-5 describes the supported syntax for referencing
Table 6-5 APP_USER Syntax
|Reference Type
|Bind variable
|Short PL/SQL
|Substitution string
Consider the following examples:
From within an HTML Region:
Hello you are logged in as &USER.
Using PL/SQL:
htp.p('Hello you are logged in as'||v('USER'));
As a bind variable:
SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE user_id = :app_user
The Image Prefix attribute is defined on the Edit Application Attributes page. By default the image prefix is
"/i/". Use this prefix when referencing images distributed with Oracle HTML DB. If you wish to reference uploaded images, use
WORKSPACE_IMAGES and
APP_IMAGES. Table 6-6 describes the supported syntax for referencing
See Also:"Editing Application Attributes" for more information on application attributes
The workspace images prefix is derived from the
IMAGE_PREFIX (see "IMAGE_PREFIX"). Workspace images differ from application images in that workspace images are not specific to a given application and can be shared among multiple applications. Table 6-7 describes the supported syntax for referencing
The application images prefix is derived from the IMAGE_PREFIX (see previous section). Oracle HTML DB stores uploaded images in the database. Workspace images are specific to a given application and are not shared over many applications. If you uploaded an image and make it specific to an application, then you must use this substitution string, or bind prefix. Table 6-8 describes the supported syntax for referencing
BROWSER_LANGUAGE refers to the Web browser's current language preference. Table 6-9 describes the supported syntax for referencing
The value of
PRINTER_FRIENDLY determines whether the HTML DB engine is running in print view mode. This setting can be referenced in conditions to eliminate elements not desired in a printed document from a page. Table 6-10 describes the supported syntax for referencing
HOME_LINK is the home page of an application. The HTML DB engine will redirect to location if no page is given. Table 6-11 describes the supported syntax for referencing
PROXY SERVER is an application attribute. The attribute may be used by regions whose source comes from a URL. The following is the correct syntax for a direct PL/SQL reference used when you are writing PL/SQL to access remote Web servers from within the database (for example, when using the
utl_http package shipped with the database).
Each application button sets the value of
REQUEST to the name of the button. This enables accept processing to reference the name of the button when a user clicks it. In the
f?p syntax,
REQUEST may be set using the fourth argument.
REQUEST is typically referenced during Accept processing (that is, the processing that occurs when you post a page). Table 6-12 describes the supported syntax for referencing
When you post a page, you initiate Accept processing. Accept processing consists of computations, validations, processes, and branches. The value of request is available during each phase of the Accept processing. Once Oracle HTML DB branches to a different page then
REQUEST is set to NULL.
The value of
REQUEST is the name of the button the user clicks, or the name of the tab the user selects. For example, suppose you have a button with a name of "CHANGE", and a label of "Apply Change." When a user clicks the button the value of
REQUEST will be
It is common to reference
REQUEST using conditions. For example, you may wish to reset pagination when a user clicks Go on a report page. You can reset pagination by creating a on-submit page process. The page process can be made conditional using the condition
Request = Expression 1.
To create an on-submit page process:
Under Conditional Display, select the condition type Request = Expression 1.
In Expression 1, enter GO.
You can also use
REQUEST for Show processing when navigating to a page using
f?p syntax. For example:
Remember that the fourth argument is in the
f?p syntax is
REQUEST. This example goes to application 100, page 1 for the current session and sets the value of
REQUEST to GO. Any process or region can reference the value of
REQUEST using Show processing.
The following is a similar example using PL/SQL:
IF v ('REQUEST') = 'GO' THEN htp.p('hello'); END IF;
Note that
htp.p('hello') is a call to a PL/SQL Web Toolkit package in order to print out the specified text string.
See Also:
SYSDATE_YYYYMMDD represents the current date on the database server, with the
YYYYMMDD format mask applied. You may use this value instead of repeated calls to the SYSDATE() function. The following list describes the supported syntax for referencing
Bind variable:
Direct PL/SQL:
Valid values for the
DEBUG flag are YES or NO. Turning debug on shows details about application processing. If you write your own custom code, you may wish to generate debug information only if the debug mode is set to YES. Table 6-14 describes the supported syntax for referencing
Table 6-14 DEBUG Syntax
|Reference Type
|Bind variable
|Direct PL/SQL
|Substitution string
The following is an example of a substitution string reference that preserves the current value of
APP_ID identifies the application ID of the currently executing application. Table 6-15 describes the supported syntax for referencing
Table 6-15 APP_ID Syntax
|Reference Type
|Bind variable
|Direct PL/SQL
|Substitution string
The following is an example of a substitution string reference:
APP_PAGE_ID is the current application Page ID. For example, if your application was on page 3 then the result would be 3. Using this syntax is useful when writing application components that need to work generically in multiple applications. Table 6-16 describes the supported syntax for referencing
Table 6-16 APP_PAGE_ID Syntax
|Reference Type
|Bind variable
|Direct PL/SQL
|Direct PL/SQL
|Substitution string
The following is an example of a substitution string reference:
If you are generating calls to applications from within your PL/SQL code, you may need to reference the owner of the Oracle application schema. The following describes the correct syntax for direct PL/SQL reference:
SQLERRM is template substitution only available in the Applications Region Error Message. The following describes the correct syntax for a region template substitution reference:
This application level attribute identifies a valid authenticated prefix (that is, a logged in URL prefix). You can use a relative path or a full path beginning with
http. This item is useful if your application can be run in both authenticated (logged in) and public (not logged in) modes. You can use
AUTHENTICATED_URL_PREFIX to construct a link to an authenticated page. This item is most useful when using basic database authentication since changes to the URL can require authentication. Table 6-17 describes the supported syntax for referencing
LOGOUT_URL is application level attribute used to identify the logout URL. This is a URL that navigates the user to a logout page or optionally directly logs a user out. To create a logout navigation bar icon, use
&LOGOUT_URL for the navigation bar link. If you are coding a page template use
#LOGOUT_URL#. Table 6-18 describes the supported syntax for referencing
PUBLIC_URL_PREFIX is an application level attribute that identifies an URL to toggle out of a logged in mode to a public view. Table 6-19 describes the supported syntax for referencing
CURRENT_PARENT_TAB_TEXT is most useful in page templates, but is only relevant for applications that use two level tabs (that is, parent and standard tabs). Use this string to reference the parent tab label. This substitution string enables you to repeat the currently selected parent tab within the page template. Table 6-20 describes the supported syntax for referencing
APP_ALIAS is alphanumeric name for the current application.
APP_ALIAS is different from the
APP_ID in that the
APP_ID must be unique over all companies and all applications hosted in one database. In contrast,
APP_ALIAS must be unique within a workspace. Using the same
APP_ALIAS you can create an application called ABC in two workspaces. You can use
APP_ALIAS almost anywhere a
APP_ID can be used. For example,
f?p Syntax can use an
APP_ALIAS or an application ID as demonstrated in this example:
This example runs application ABC, page 1 using the current session.
Table 6-21 describes the supported syntax for referencing APP_ALIAS.
Table 6-21 APP_ALIAS Syntax
|Reference Type
|Bind variable
|Substitution string
The following is an HTML example:
Click me to go to page 1 <a href="f?p=&APP_ALIAS.:1:&SESSION."> of the current application</a>
APP_UNIQUE_PAGE_ID is an integer generated from an Oracle sequence which is unique for each page view. This number is used by applications to prevent duplicate page submissions and can be used for other purposes. For example, if you wish to make a unique URL to avoid browser caching issues, you can embed this number in the request or debug column in calls to the f procedure. Table 6-22 describes the supported syntax for referencing
Table 6-22 APP_UNIQUE_PAGE_ID Syntax
|Reference Type
|Bind variable
|Substitution string
The following is an HTML example:
SELECT 'f?p=100:1:'||:APP_SESSION||':'||:APP_UNIQUE_PAGE_ID|| ':::P1_EMPNO:'||empno, ename, job FROM emp
Note the use of the
APP_UNIQUE_PAGE_ID in the request column. This makes this URL unique and may avoid excessive browser caching problems.


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Tag Archives: john constable
Little Swimmer
Definitely a very cute little critter and a fantastic swimmer to boot! I was lucky enough to get a non-blurry pic of this little bit swimming around as they're awful fast. It's amazing how often you can see water voles in … Continue reading
Posted in My Art, Paintings Tagged constable's walk, countryside, cute, elisabeth gardens, endangered species, english countryside, fauna, furry, john constable, mammal, nature, photo, photograph, photography, ruth weal, salisbury, Salisbury England, town path, UK, vole, water mammal, water vole, wealie, wild animals Leave a comment


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Item Details
Antoninianus of Valerian, Rome, A.D. 254. 1991.17.62.
The Fralin Museum of Art, Accession # 1991.17.62
- Format
- Online; Physical Object; Coin
- Denomination
- Antoninianus
- Mint
- Rome
- Collection
- Oliver's Orchard Hoards
- Coins of the Fralin Museum of Art
- Copyright & PermissionsRights statements and licenses provide information about copyright and reuse associated with individual items in the collection.
Additional information about rights, reuse of Library materials, suggested citation forms, and related issues can be found on the "Permission to Use Library Materials" page.
- No Known Copyright
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