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Electroweak Baryogenesis from Exotic Electroweak Symmetry Breaking
We investigate scenarios in which electroweak baryogenesis can occur during an exotic stage of electroweak symmetry breaking in the early Universe. This transition is driven by the expectation value of a new electroweak scalar instead of the standard Higgs field. A later, second transition then takes the system to the usual electroweak minimum, dominated by the Higgs, while preserving the baryon asymmetry created in the first transition. We discuss the general requirements for such a two-stage electroweak transition to be suitable for electroweak baryogenesis and present a toy model that illustrates the necessary ingredients. We then apply these results to construct an explicit realization of this scenario within the inert two Higgs doublet model. Despite decoupling the Higgs from the symmetry-breaking transition required for electroweak baryogenesis, we find that this picture generically predicts new light states that are accessible experimentally.
Nikita Blinov, Jonathan Kozaczuk,
David E. Morrissey, and Carlos Tamarit
(a) TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
(b) Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
(c) Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Department of Physics
Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
email: firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com,
firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com
May 8, 2018
1 Introduction
Electroweak baryogenesis (EWBG) is an elegant mechanism for the generation of the baryon asymmetry during the electroweak phase transition [1, 2, 3]. If this phase transition is strongly first order, it proceeds through the formation of bubbles of broken electroweak phase that expand rapidly within the surrounding region of symmetric phase. This departure from thermodynamic equilibrium, together with (charge) and (charge-parity) violation in particle scattering at the bubble walls and violation by electroweak sphaleron transitions, satisfy the necessary Sakharov conditions for baryogenesis [4].
The standard realization of EWBG is driven by the Standard Model (SM) Higgs field (or a Higgs sector from which the SM-like Higgs emerges). At high temperatures, the Higgs is stabilized at the symmetry-preserving origin of its potential by thermal effects. As the temperature falls, the Higgs field develops a vacuum expectation value (VEV) and breaks the manifest electroweak invariance. EWBG requires that this transition be strongly first-order, both to generate bubble walls near which efficient baryon production can take place and to suppress violation by sphaleron transitions within the broken-phase bubbles. The latter condition is more severe, and is usually quoted as
where is the Higgs VEV at the critical temperature
below which the first-order phase transition can occur.
This baryogenesis mechanism is particularly intriguing because the dynamics takes place near the weak scale, suggesting that it can be probed experimentally with current or upcoming data. Indeed, EWBG has already been tested and ruled out within the Standard Model (SM), which contains all the necessary ingredients. The are two reasons for this: the electroweak phase transition (EWPT) is not first order for the observed Higgs boson mass [7, 8], and the measured violation from the Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix is insufficient [9, 10, 11].
Electroweak baryogenesis is able to generate the observed baryon asymmetry in a number of extensions of the SM. However, most of these realizations are becoming very strongly constrained as well. To drive the EWPT to be strongly first order, the new physics must couple significantly to the SM Higgs, and this can lead to modifications to Higgs boson production and decay rates. For example, the EWPT can be made strong in supersymmetric extensions of the SM through the effects of a light scalar top (stop) superpartner [12, 13], by mixing with a new singlet scalar [14, 15, 16], or even by arranging a tree-level barrier between the Higgs vacuum and the origin. Comparing to data, the stop-driven scenario is mostly ruled-out by precision measurements of the Higgs production and decay rates at the LHC [17, 18, 19, 20] as well as by direct stop searches [21, 22], while Higgs measurements also limit the singlet-driven scenario to a small subset of the model parameter space [23, 24]. Coleman-Weinberg–like scenarios with tree-level barriers involve heavier exotic fields, but could be probed by precise measurements of the Higgs couplings [25, 26]. Similar conclusions are found in other extensions of the SM that produce a strongly first-order EWPT [27].
New sources of violation are also needed for viable EWBG, and these must connect to the SM Higgs so that they can be enhanced by the advancing bubble walls. This will typically lead to new contributions to the permanent electric dipole moments (EDMs) of leptons and baryons at the two-loop level [28]. In supersymmetric extensions, the main new source of violation in EWBG typically comes from the charginos and neutralinos, and their contribution to EDMs is larger than the current experimental limits except in a small resonantly enhanced window [29]. Similar bounds are found in other theories [30].
In this work, we investigate a non-standard realization of electroweak baryogenesis involving a two-stage phase transition as a means to sidestep some of these constraints, making use of the mechanism first introduced in Ref. [31]. The key idea is to have an initial stage of electroweak symmetry breaking induced by the VEV of an exotic -charged scalar rather than the standard Higgs. At some later time, the system will evolve from the exotic vacuum to the standard Higgs vacuum that we occupy today. Baryon production via EWBG could then occur in the first, exotic field transition. As long as the transition to the standard Higgs vacuum maintains enough electroweak symmetry breaking (or if it is strongly first-order), the baryons created in the initial phase transition will be preserved. Additional new physics (beyond the exotic scalar) needed to drive the strong initial transition or to generate violation can couple primarily to the exotic scalar rather than the SM-like Higgs field. This suggests that the bounds on EWBG can be relaxed in this scenario. We will see that this is only partially true.
Multi-stage phase transitions have been considered before in the context of EWBG. In scenarios with a singlet scalar that helps to drive a strongly first-order Higgs phase transition, the singlet is often found to develop a VEV before the Higgs field [32, 33, 27, 23, 24, 34]. Electroweak symmetry breaking by an exotic doublet was suggested in Ref. [35] with the goal of inducing EWBG in a strongly first-order phase transition from the exotic vacuum to the Higgs vacuum. This does not work because of a strong suppression of sphalerons in the initial exotic broken phase [36].
Two-stage electroweak symmetry breaking with EWBG taking place in the first step was proposed in Ref. [31]. Here, we aim to investigate and extend this mechanism further. Relative to Ref. [31], which was based on a triplet extension of the SM, we elucidate several general criteria for such two-stage electroweak phase transitions, and we exhibit a new realization suitable for EWBG within an inert two-Higgs-doublet model. We also discuss the resulting particle phenomenology of this class of theories.
The outline of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, we argue that two-stage electroweak phase transitions are difficult to achieve with one field alone, generically requiring additional fields transforming non-trivially under . To illustrate what this entails, we present a toy model that realizes a two-stage phase transition in a simple and general way. In Section 3, we apply these results to a realistic inert two-Higgs-doublet model that exhibits a two-step electroweak symmetry–breaking transition in which the first stage is suitable for EWBG. The experimental constraints on this scenario are studied in Section 4, where we show that an additional contribution to the masses of the exotic scalars is needed, and we exhibit a simple extension of the inert doublet model in which this can occur. Finally, Section 5 is reserved for our conclusions. Some technical details about our treatment of the effective potential and its thermal corrections are collected in a pair of appendices.
2 Requirements for a Viable Two-Step Transition
We are interested in scenarios in which electroweak symmetry breaking occurs in two stages in the early Universe, with the first transition proceeding towards an exotic vacuum and the second transition bringing the system (close) to the standard electroweak minimum. In this section we outline the general conditions under which such a two-stage transition can occur in a realistic way, list the additional requirements for successful EWBG, and present a simplified toy model that illustrates what is needed.
2.1 General Conditions with One Electroweakly Charged Scalar
A minimal scenario for a two-stage transition would involve
a new exotic vacuum in the potential of a single Higgs scalar doublet.
At zero temperature the exotic vacuum should lie above
the standard Higgs vacuum or disappear entirely, while at high temperature
the SM vacuum should be lifted to enable a direct transition
from the symmetry-preserving origin to the exotic vacuum.
This reversal in the ordering of the free-energies of the vacua implies
that the effective potential in the region of the standard vacuum needs
to receive stronger thermal corrections than the potential
in the region of the exotic minimum.
We do not expect this to occur if the false vacuum has a larger VEV
than the SM minimum, since thermal corrections to the potential increase
for growing values of the fields, until they become roughly constant due to
Boltzmann suppression.
2.2 General Conditions with Two Electroweakly Charged Scalars
For the remainder of this work we will focus on theories with two electroweakly-charged scalars and , with mostly inert and associated with the standard electroweak vacuum, gauge boson and fermion masses, and the Higgs boson. At zero temperature, , electroweak symmetry breaking should therefore be dominated by the VEV of . A VEV for is also possible, but it must be much smaller than the VEV of to avoid large corrections to electroweak observables or Higgs boson production rates [37, 38]. We will focus on the case where is negligible today. Thus, any non-standard vacua present at should be shallower than the Higgs vacuum, or separated by a large barrier.
At very high temperatures, thermal corrections are expected to drive the ground state of the system to the origin of the field space. To realize the two-stage scenario we are interested in, the exotic field must develop a VEV first. This can occur readily if the field has larger couplings than to light matter fields in the cosmological plasma, since these will provide a stronger thermal stabilization of the direction. If EWBG is to occur in the first transition along the direction, it must also be strongly first order to suppress non-perturbative baryon washout processes such as sphaleron transitions [39, 40] or electroweak monopoles [31].
As the temperature falls further, the system should evolve from the exotic vacuum to something close to the standard electroweak minimum dominated by the VEV of , as shown in Fig. 1. This later transition can be first- or second-order. However, if it is to preserve the baryon number generated by EWBG in the initial transition, it must satisfy some additional conditions. When the second transition is first-order, corresponding to the middle panel of Fig. 1, it must complete efficiently enough that it does not inject a large amount of entropy that would overly dilute the baryon asymmetry [31]. If the second transition is second-order, as in the right panel of Fig. 1, the total amount of electroweak symmetry breaking must be large enough to suppress baryon washout by sphaleron transitions [39, 40]. In the case of two electroweak doublets, this translates into a condition of the form [41]
where it should be noted that there is a significant uncertainty due to the gauge dependence of the effective potential and higher-order parts of the sphaleron transition rate [5]. A similar condition applies when the exotic multiplet occupies a higher-dimensional representation of [41].
2.3 A Two-Stage Toy Model
The general conditions for a two-stage electroweak transition described above can be understood simply in a toy model containing a pair of complex scalar fields. While this model does not contain any gauge degrees of freedom, and the first transition is usually not first-order, it will serve as a useful reference for studying realistic theories of electroweak symmetry breaking and EWBG below.
The model consists of two complex scalar fields and and copies of a "top" fermion with Lagrangian
with and . The potential of this theory has two independent global symmetries under which each of the complex scalars transforms independently. The negative quadratic interactions will induce VEVs for one or both fields. Choosing a vacuum where both VEVs are real, we expand the fields as
where are the (canonically-normalized) background scalar fields entering the effective potential. The tree-level effective potential then becomes
where the second line is a suggestive rewriting of the potential in terms of
For any values of and , the potential always has local extrema at and with and . In the special case of , these local extrema both coincide with an ellipse of minima in plane defined by . Turning on small values of and , the ellipse is deformed and the potential develops discrete minima. These minima may coincide with the exclusive extrema at and , or they may lie in a valley connecting them. Examining the local stability conditions for the exclusive extrema, is stable for and is stable for . This implies three distinct cases (up to the exchange ):
is a minimum and is unstable, and they are connected by a smoothly decreasing valley.
and are both local minima, and there exists a higher saddle-point barrier within the valley connecting them.
and are both saddle points, and there exists a deeper minimum within the valley connecting them.
We will be primarily interested in Cases 1 and 2; Case 3 is undesirable because both fields would obtain non-negligible VEVs.
At finite temperature , the effective scalar potential will receive thermal corrections. The leading effect at large is to modify the scalar squared-mass parameters in Eq. (2.5) according to
At very high , both and are negative and the only minimum of the potential lies at the origin. As the temperature falls, one of the will become positive and a VEV will develop along the corresponding field direction. For appropriate values of the parameters, this theory may also undergo a second, later transition in which the other field develops a VEV.
To illustrate a two-stage transition, let us take and (at ) as in Case 1 above, so that the minimum at lies at . The and VEVs are then analogous to the SM-like Higgs and the exotic scalar fields, respectively. For the first transition to occur exclusively in the direction, should become positive before , which requires
The inequality can be satisfied if the coupling in Eq. (2.2) is large enough or is small enough. As the temperature falls further, the minimum in the direction will disappear and the field will end up in the minimum at . This can happen smoothly in a second-order transition, or via tunneling in a first-order transition if a barrier is generated by thermal effects.
A two-step transition can occur in a similar way in Case 2, with and . However, a barrier between the and vacua is present at tree-level in this case and persists at . The second transition is now first order, and there is a danger that it never completes or that it will lead to strong supercooling followed by a substantial injection of entropy. Both outcomes are problematic for electroweak baryogenesis, and we will study them further in the more realistic theories to be considered below.
Many features of this simple toy model will be applicable to extended Higgs sectors giving rise to two-stage transitions where the VEVs are aligned along one of the field directions at each of the transitions. In particular, we can derive four conditions on the parameter space of the toy model that will serve as a useful guide for realistic theories when we identify with the standard Higgs doublet and with an exotic electroweak scalar multiplet. Fixing , , and , these conditions can be expressed as inequalities in the – plane:
The first condition, Eq. (2.10), is a restatement of , which is necessary for the "standard" electroweak minimum to be locally stable. The second condition, Eq. (2.11), ensures that this minimum is a global minimum at , deeper than the exotic minimum at . The third condition, Eq. (2.12), is equivalent to Eq. (2.9) and implies that the exotic direction is likely to be destabilized before the direction. The fourth condition, Eq. (2.13), corresponds to and the absence of a barrier between and at zero temperature.
In Fig. 2, we illustrate the region satisfying all these conditions. We fix , with , and set and such that and (where is the real scalar fluctuation around ). The upper hatched region is excluded because it lacks a stable electroweak minimum. In the shaded regions, the conditions of Eqs. (2.10, 2.11, 2.12) are satisfied, with the requirement of Eq. (2.13) also realized in the darker shaded region. A bigger portal coupling would lead to a larger tree-level barrier and therefore decrease the area of this region via Eq. (2.13). Increasing the value of or enhances thermal corrections in the direction, making it easier to satisfy (see Eq. (2.12)), which enlarges the wedge region. We will see below that when these considerations are applied to realistic theories of electroweak symmetry breaking, the parameter regions supporting a two-stage transition amenable to EWBG mostly correspond to the darker shaded region in this figure, where all four conditions are satisfied.
3 Two Stages with Two Higgs Doublets
Armed with the general considerations of the previous section, we turn next to realistic Higgs sectors, focusing primarily on a restricted inert two-Higgs-doublet model. We show that a strongly first-order electroweak-symmetry-breaking phase transition can occur first in the direction of the inert doublet, followed by an efficient second transition to the standard Higgs vacuum. We also discuss certain technical aspects of the calculation, and comment on a related extension with a new electroweak triplet scalar.
3.1 Methodology
Most of our analysis will focus on the inert doublet model, consisting of the SM Higgs doublet together with an inert doublet with no direct couplings to the SM fermions. The tree-level scalar potential is
This is the most general potential allowed when is odd under
a symmetry. This parity also forbids renormalizable
couplings of to SM fermions.
A larger global symmetry acting on
is present in the limit [42].
If both ,
the global symmetry is enhanced further to an
acting on [42].
Motivated by the SM-like Higgs boson observed at the LHC [43, 44] and the consistency of the SM with precision electroweak tests, we will focus exclusively on parameters where only has a VEV today: and . Negative quadratic mass parameters are assumed (corresponding to ), as well as positive values of , , and . For simplicity, we also take , and with . We will see that these choices are close to optimal for generating a two-stage electroweak phase transition, while a small but negative value of also forces the charged components of the exotic doublet to be slightly heavier than the neutral ones.
The thermal evolution of the theory is tracked by computing the one-loop thermal effective potential in the Landau gauge (), where and are the canonically-normalized background field values corresponding to the real neutral components of and . We further improve the effective potential using the renormalization group with two-loop beta functions and anomalous dimensions when determining the couplings in terms of experimental measurements at scales and , with the relevant (one-loop) expressions for these collected in Appendix A. The top Yukawa coupling is determined from the pole mass including SM strong and weak threshold corrections of order . The Higgs quartic and mass parameters are fixed by requiring the correct Higgs VEV and physical mass, which we take to be and [45]. The latter is matched to a zero of the neutral Higgs 1PI two-point function at , the 1PI function being equal to the second derivative of the effective potential with respect to (yielding the zero momentum contribution) plus a finite momentum correction obtained from the general formulae of Ref. [46].
The negative quadratic coefficients of and generate imaginary parts in the effective potential at low temperatures and small field values. To minimize these effects, we resum the one-loop zero-temperature corrections for the Goldstone self-energies [47, 48] as well as the dominant finite temperature corrections for all bosonic self-energies [49, 50]. The thermal daisy resummation is known to improve convergence of the thermal corrections for small values of the effective bosonic masses; details of the temperature corrections to the bosonic masses are given in Appendix B.
Second-order phase transitions are straightforward to analyze using only the thermal effective potential, but first-order transitions require more care. Such transitions can occur when two local minima, and , are present at the same temperature. In this case, the critical temperature is defined by the relation
where includes the resummations described above. Suppose the system starts in the vacuum just above , and the minimum becomes deeper than the first as falls below . In this case, the system may transition to the second vacuum at some lower temperature by thermal fluctuations or quantum tunneling through the nucleation of bubbles of the lower-energy phase.
We analyze such tunneling transitions using the CosmoTransitions package [51], modified to ensure that the thermal corrections are evaluated appropriately for negative values of their arguments. When more than one minimum is present, the package is also used to compute the multifield tunneling rates and nucleation temperatures. The nucleation temperature of a first-order transition is the temperature below which the bubble nucleation rate overcomes the expansion rate of the Universe, allowing the transition to complete. When thermal tunneling dominates the formation of bubbles, this occurs when [52], where is the three-dimensional Euclidean action of the instanton corresponding to a thermal transition between the relevant vacua. In all cases, the relevant temperatures are large enough such that thermal transitions are more efficient than -symmetric quantum tunneling.
Let us also mention that two-stage electroweak phase transitions have been studied in the inert two-Higgs doublet model in Ref. [53] and more generally in Ref. [54]. It was also noted in Ref. [55] that non-inert vacua may appear due to large quantum corrections. The inert doublet model has also been applied to generate a strongly first-order Higgs-driven one-step electroweak phase transition suitable for EWBG in Refs. [56, 57, 55, 58, 59]. As far as we can tell, EWBG in a two-step transition has not been studied previously in this context.
3.2 Parameter Scans
Following the methods described above, we have analyzed the inert doublet model of Eq. (3.1) by scanning over the model parameters and searching for acceptable two-stage phase transitions. For each parameter point, we start at a very high temperature and track the evolution of the potential down to determine the order and structure of the cosmological phase transitions. The free parameters in our scans are , , , and , with the other parameters fixed in terms of and to guarantee a (local) minimum at with , , and . We focus on , , for fixed values of and .
In Fig. 3 we show the main results of our parameter scans in the – plane for (left) and (right). The solid red and purple dots correspond to specific parameter points that give rise to a two-stage electroweak phase transition that is potentially viable for EWBG. For these points, the first transition occurs in the direction and is strongly first-order with
where is the nucleation temperature computed with CosmoTransitions, and is the VEV of in the symmetry-breaking vacuum when this occurs. Among the parameter points where the first transition is strongly first-order, we also demand that the second transition completes efficiently. As discussed above, first-order transitions complete when the bubble nucleation rate overcomes the expansion rate of the Universe, which for thermal tunneling processes roughly takes place when . The other features of Fig. 3 will be explained below.
The solid blue and dashed black lines in Fig. 3 correspond to the conditions of Eqs. (2.10–2.13) derived for the toy model when applied to this theory. To translate these conditions to the inert doublet model, we note that the tree-level potential of Eq. (3.1) projected onto the neutral real scalar components of and coincides with the (tree-level) toy model presented in Section 2.3. The specific parameter identifications are
and the parameters of Eq. (2.8) now include gauge boson contributions. As in Fig. 2, the top of the wedge region enclosed by the thick solid blue lines bounds the region where the standard Higgs minimum is deeper at . Above the lower boundary of the wedge the direction is destabilized before the direction to leading order in the thermal expansion of the potential. The upper horizontal black line in the left panel () shows where the standard vacuum disappears entirely, while to the right of the black diagonal line the standard Higgs vacuum is the only one present at . The horizontal line is also present for , but it is not visible within the parameter ranges shown.
The shading and gray dashed contours in Fig. 3 correspond to , defined to be the ratio of the VEV at the local extremum in the direction to the critical temperature (at which becomes degenerate with the origin). Note that this definition does not require that the extrema at or the origin be local minima, and thus the ratio does not necessarily correspond to a physical phase transition as it is usually applied. However, such an interpretation can be made within the wedge region bounded by the solid blue lines discussed above. Within the wedge, we also show contours of as solid green lines, defined similarly to be the ratio of the VEV at the local extremum at the critical temperature (when it becomes degenerate with the local minimum at ).
The EWBG-viable points in Fig. 3 are also colour coded according to whether the second phase transition is strongly first-order (red), or second-order or weakly first-order (purple). For the red points, we have checked that the second transition completes efficiently using CosmoTransitions. The second transition in this case will inject some entropy into the cosmological plasma and dilute the the baryon asymmetry produced at the first transition. We have verified that this entropy injection is small for all of the points considered, typically resulting in a percent-level dilution of the asymmetry. For the purple points, we have checked that the combination remains greater than unity over the course of the transition to ensure a sufficient suppression of sphaleron washout during the second transition [41]. An example of this situation is shown in Fig. 4. The left panel of the figure shows that two minima exist away from the origin at high temperature . In the right panel, we see that at a lower temperature of , the minimum becomes a saddle point and the field rolls down to the vacuum following the field trajectory shown by the dashed red line.
Note that the solid red and purple dots in Fig. 3 featuring a two-stage electroweak phase transition suitable for EWBG are found only in the left panel, and all of them lie within the wedge region and to the right of the diagonal dashed boundary line where . These features exemplify the general expectations derived from the toy model of Section 2.3. To the left of the diagonal boundary, a tree-level barrier between the local minima along the and directions persists at , and the second transition from the exotic to the standard electroweak vacuum never completes. The viable points also lie in the leftmost part of this subset of the wedge region where since this ratio is often a good estimate for . These two considerations also explain why no points are found for (right panel of Fig. 3); the diagonal boundary for now lies further off to the right where is very small, and it is not possible for the first transition to be strongly first-order, while also having the second transition complete efficiently.
More generally, we only find two-stage electroweak phase transitions suitable for EWBG in a limited range . Significantly larger values face the same challenge as , with the second transition not completing efficiently. Smaller values of are also problematic because they destabilize the standard Higgs minimum in the parameter region where the exotic direction is destabilized first (corresponding to lowering the horizontal black line in Fig. 3 related to the condition of Eq. (2.10) below the lower boundary of the wedge). We expect that a wider range of is possible with additional matter coupling to or .
3.3 Comments on Gauge Dependence
The viable points in Fig. 3 rely primarily on the non-analytic gauge boson contributions to the thermal effective potential to drive the first transition in the direction to be first-order. The challenge presented by these contributions is that they are gauge-dependent [5, 6], and they lead to a gauge dependence in the ratio used to estimate the strength of the first phase transition. For this reason, some care must be taken in interpreting the results of the calculation, which were obtained in the Landau gauge ().
To check the robustness of our findings, we have also analyzed the transition strength of several scan points following the gauge-invariant prescription of Ref. [5] to first-order in the loop expansion. While the critical temperatures change substantially (reflecting the breakdown of the loop expansion near ), we find that viable two-step transitions still typically occur for the points shown, although usually with a reduced strength. Given the significant uncertainty in determining the rate of non-perturbative baryon washout in the broken phase [5], these points remain very plausible candidates for two-stage EWBG.
Let us also mention that the effective potential for along the axis closely mirrors the potential for the SM Higgs in the limit , which can be similarly driven strongly first-order by gauge boson loop effects. This scenario has been studied in great detail, with the literature including a number of non-perturbative studies [7, 8] which do not suffer from gauge-dependence. The strength of the transition we find matches reasonably well with those reported in these previous investigations, giving us further confidence in the reliability of our results.
3.4 Comments on a Triplet Extension
To conclude this section, we review the results for the real triplet extension of the Standard Model studied in Ref. [31] and we compare them to the inert doublet model discussed above. The triplet does not couple to the SM fermions, thereby allowing the Higgs to receive stronger thermal corrections than the exotic states, in line with the general requirements for viable models with two-stage transitions delineated in Section 2.2. However, unlike the inert doublet case, the triplet also couples more strongly than the Higgs to the electroweak gauge bosons and thus has a relatively enhanced contribution to its thermal mass from these states. Hence, we expect a more limited parameter space for which two strongly first-order transitions are feasible relative to the models we have considered thus far.
The model considered in Ref. [31] consists of the SM plus a real triplet, , with zero hypercharge and the relevant interactions given by
Projecting these fields onto their real neutral components, this potential can be matched to the toy model of Section 2.3 with the identifications
The thermal mass corrections must also be modified appropriately and can be easily deduced from Ref. [31].
We have investigated this theory using the same techniques as for the inert doublet model by scanning over the parameters and with fixed . Figure 5 shows the results of this scan for , with the plot format directly analogous to Fig. 3. As before, the purple triangles and red dots correspond to parameter points that are suitable for EWBG where the first phase transition in the exotic direction is strongly first-order, with the second transition being strongly first-order (purple triangles), or second-order or weakly first-order (red dots).
These results show many similarities to the findings for the inert doublet model and are consistent with the toy model expectations. As before, the potentially viable points all lie within the wedge region bounded by the solid blue lines. They also lie mostly to the right of the dotted black diagonal line where no exotic minimum is present at zero temperature. In general, we also find fewer points in the triplet case that are suitable for two-stage EWBG, as well as larger allowed values for and . This can be understood in terms of the stronger stabilization of the triplet direction from thermal gauge boson loops. To destabilize the triplet direction before the Higgs, a larger is needed, which requires in turn a larger to drive the transition first-order.
The results of our scan also appear to be consistent with the findings of Ref. [31], although we also focus on a slightly different region of the parameter space. Relative to that work, we impose a stronger requirement on the strength of the first phase transition in the direction, although the weaker transitions considered in Ref. [31] are potentially also consistent with EWBG given the significant uncertainties associated with determining the extent of baryon washout by non-perturbative transitions [5]. After the first transition in this model, baryon washout can occur both through sphalerons, and the scattering of baryons with the monopoles that can arise in the broken-triplet phase [31]. The approximate condition for the suppression of sphalerons is similar to the usual electroweak doublet, with at leading order [41]. The corresponding requirement for monopole suppression is more uncertain, but it is argued in Ref. [31] to be similar to that for sphaleron suppression. With our stronger condition of , the coupling value is about as large as possible.
4 Phenomenological Constraints and the Need for More
In the previous section, we showed that two-stage phase transitions suitable for EWBG can occur in models with an additional inert Higgs doublet. We turn next to investigate whether the model parameter space of these scenarios can be consistent with existing experimental constraints. In general, we find that all the parameter points that exhibit two-stage phase transitions are in conflict with observation due to the existence of light inert states in the spectrum. To correct this, we construct a mild singlet extension of the inert doublet model that drives up the inert doublet mass without significantly modifying the two-stage electroweak phase transition.
4.1 Mass Spectrum of the Inert Model
The inert doublet model presented above has four new physical degrees of freedom, in addition to the usual SM states. They consist of neutral and charged complex scalars, and . At tree-level, their masses are
where . The small and slightly negative used in the analysis above implies that the charged states are slightly heavier than the neutral ones. Note as well that a non-zero coupling in Eq. (3.1) would split the complex state into a scalar and a pseudoscalar separated in mass by . We will focus on the limit, but we will comment on those cases where a small non-zero value can significantly modify the phenomenology.
Comparing these expressions to the parameter values found to yield two-stage transitions, all the points that are consistent with EWBG lead to new scalars that are very light, . We expect this to hold beyond the specific parameter ranges studied above. Larger scalar masses would require larger values of and smaller values of . However, increasing makes it more difficult for the second transition to complete (corresponding to Eq. (2.13) with ), while decreasing tends to destabilize the standard Higgs direction before the exotic direction (corresponding to Eq. (2.12) with ).
In the analysis to follow, we will see that inert scalar masses below about are inconsistent with current experimental bounds. With this in mind, we will study the limits on the theory while allowing for an additional contribution to the scalar masses, which we will parametrize according to
We will return later to exhibit a singlet extension of the inert doublet model that provides such an enhancement without significantly changing the phase transition structure or the other direct constraints on the theory.
4.2 Precision Electroweak Tests
The states from the new electroweak doublet can modify precision electroweak observables through their oblique loop corrections to the weak vector bosons [60, 61]. Explicit expressions for these effects in the inert doublet model can be found in Ref. [62], and the most important constraint usually comes from . Evaluating them, we find only very mild shifts in the oblique parameters that are consistent with current limits even for . This can be understood from the custodial of the theory in the limit of [42], which is realized to a good approximation for the small value chosen in our analysis.
The new scalar states can alter the behaviour of the and vector bosons in a more direct way by opening up new decay channels. To be consistent with data, new vector boson decay channels must be nearly or completely kinematically forbidden, implying
The first limit comes from the invisible decay width of the , or from searches for . [63, 64]. The second limit above follows from the precisely measured decay width of the [65].
4.3 Direct Collider Searches
Searches for supersymmetry at LEP can be applied to derive limits on the new scalars. A reinterpretation of the OPAL search for charginos [66, 67] suggests [68], although this limit disappears for mass splittings between the charged and neutral states below about . Similarly, the LEP search for neutralinos () can also be recast into a limit on the production cross-sections for the neutral inert scalar . If the mass splitting between the scalar and pseudoscalar components of is at least , the bound is [69]. However, for the small mass splittings that arise in the limit considered here, this bound disappears and the only relevant LEP limit on the neutral state is .
Data from the LHC has also been applied to constrain new inert doublets. These analyses typically use many of the same methods as for chargino and neutralino searches [63, 64, 70, 71, 72, 73]. New bounds have been obtained beyond LEP, but they do not provide a useful constraint on the model parameter space in the nearly-degenerate limit considered here [70, 71, 72, 73, 74].
4.4 Higgs Boson Decays
The presence of new electroweakly-charged scalars can have a significant effect on how the SM-like Higgs boson decays. These effects can be direct if the Higgs decays into pairs of the new states, or they can be indirect from the new scalars running in loops. We examine both possibilities here.
Direct decays of the Higgs into the scalars can occur if they are light enough. The decay width to is [68]
Away from the kinematic threshold , this mode (and possibly its charged counterpart) completely dominates the Higgs branching for [74], and is constrained by current Higgs data to lie below [75]. Larger values of this coupling appear to be needed for a viable two-stage electroweak phase transition, so we will focus on masses above where such decays are kinematically forbidden (on-shell).
If the direct decays are closed, the most important effect of the new doublet on the SM-like Higgs is to modify its decay width to and [76, 77, 78]. In particular, the states will contribute a new loop to the amplitudes for these processes at a level that is similar to the dominant loop in the SM. The other Higgs decay modes relevant at the LHC will not be changed at leading order. Modifications to the branching ratios of the Higgs were computed using the formulae of Refs. [79, 80, 81, 82], while the SM width was evaluated using HDECAY [83]. The results for the diphoton channel are shown in Fig. 6, where we show the deviation in the signal rate in the – plane for (left) and (right). In both panels the deviations are generally consistent with the signal strengths observed by at ATLAS [84] and CMS [85],
Similar conclusions hold for the triplet case [31].
4.5 Dark Matter
The inert doublet model we have considered has an unbroken global in the standard electroweak vacuum (in the limit), and the lightest exotic state will therefore be stable and contribute to the density of dark matter. For , this state will be the neutral scalar . The relic abundance of the lightest scalar in inert doublet models has been studied extensively in, e.g., Refs. [86, 64, 55, 87, 74, 88], and we restrict ourselves to a few brief comments.
For , the charged and neutral states are close in mass and produce a very small thermal relic density through coannihilation [68]. As the neutral-charged mass splitting increases (with a heavier charged state), the relic density increases as well but still remains well below the full dark matter density thanks to efficient annihilation through the to fermions [62]. The relic density of the lightest state will increase further if the global symmetry is broken to by introducing a small coupling; this separates the scalar and pseudoscalar components of and moderates the annihilation via the [62]. Since the required splittings are small, we expect that all these possibilities can be realized while maintaining a two-step electroweak phase transition consistent with EWBG.
The lightest inert scalar is also strongly constrained by direct searches for dark matter, even if the scalar relic density is well below the full dark matter density. This is especially true when the scalar and pseudoscalar components of are degenerate (), since there is an extremely strong -nucleon interaction mediated by exchange. When is turned on, the couples exclusively to the scalar–pseudoscalar combination and the scalar-nucleon scattering is inelastic [89]. Thus, it becomes irrelevant to direct detection searches for mass splittings above a few hundred keV. The next most important contribution to nucleon scattering comes from Higgs exchange [62], and even this is too large compared to current limits from XENON100 [90] and LUX [91] for and assuming a local scalar relic density of [74].
Taken together, these results suggest that it is unlikely for the lightest scalar to make up all of the dark matter while satisfying the limits from direct detection and producing a viable two-stage electroweak transition. On the other hand, the lightest scalar could make up a small fraction of the dark matter density provided it is neutral with at least a small mass splitting ( keV) between its scalar and pseudoscalar components. Alternatively, the lightest scalar could be destabilized by introducing an explicit soft breaking of the symmetry [38, 37], allowing the would-be dark matter to decay. If this breaking is small enough, the phase transition history is expected to be mostly unchanged.
4.6 A Singlet Extension
As discussed above, the exotic scalars are very light in the parameter regions found to yield a two-stage electroweak phase transition suitable for EWBG. Such scalars are excluded by experimental measurements of weak vector boson and Higgs decays. We parametrized an additional contribution to the scalar masses by a factor such that . In this section we exhibit a simple singlet extension of the theory to generate such a contribution that does not significantly disturb the electroweak phase transitions.
The potential in the extended theory for the scalar electroweak doublets and the new real singlet is taken to be
where possible additional terms can be forbidden with suitable symmetries. As before, we will invoke an approximate symmetry to set . We will also set for now to avoid mixing with the SM Higgs, but we will return to non-zero values below. If the singlet develops a VEV, , the masses of both the neutral and charged doublets will be modified by with
The mass of the real singlet excitation in the present vacuum is
In Fig. 7 we show parameter points in this extended theory that realize a two-step electroweak phase transition that is amenable to EWBG for the model parameters , , , , and . For these points, the field is found to develop a VEV at temperatures near , well below the temperatures of the other transitions. Thus, the singlet mostly decouples from the dynamics of the electroweak transitions for our choice of parameters, and its primary physical effect is to generate the mass contribution at late times.
The distribution of EWBG-viable points in Fig. 7 is mostly similar to what was found for the pure inert doublet (Fig. 3) and triplet (Fig. 5), with most of the points in the wedge region to the right of the dashed black diagonal line. However, there is also a small population of viable dots in the lower left of Fig. 7 outside the wedge region. These points lie below the bottom of the wedge where the direction is expected to be destabilized before the direction based on the simple analysis of Section 2.3. The more complete analysis of the thermal evolution of the potential undertaken here shows that some points can avoid this criterion to an extent. Note as well that this second population, as well as a subset of points within the wedge, lie very close to, but to the left of the boundary where . For these points, a local minimum persists in the direction at zero temperature, but the barrier separating it from the standard electroweak vacuum may be small enough for tunneling to occur at an acceptable rate. The corresponding transitions would be weakly first-order.
While we have set in the analysis above, this limit is unnatural since loops will generate
where is the running scale and is a reference scale where vanishes. Similarly, the singlet self-coupling receives contributions from quantum corrections on the order of , so naturalness sets an approximate lower bound on as well. The phase transition picture described above will be preserved as long as and are small, near the lower range consistent with naturalness. However, one could also imagine larger values where the singlet plays a key role in the other phase transitions.
A non-zero value of also gives rise to mixing between the singlet and the SM-like Higgs boson. This Higgs portal coupling allows the Higgs to decay to pairs of light singlets, and it opens a new decay channel for the singlet states [92, 93]. For , the dominant decay of the mostly-singlet state proceeds through the Higgs portal and will mirror the branching fraction a SM-like Higgs would have if . Searches for rare decays imply very strong limits on for that typically rule out natural values of this coupling [94, 95, 96]. For higher masses, the limits become much weaker, coming from a combination of LEP searches for a light Higgs boson (typically above the threshold) [95, 96], rare decays [95], and low-mass dimuon searches at the LHC [95]. These typically allow for small but natural values of .
Finally, let us note that this theory has a global symmetry under which that is spontaneously broken when gets a VEV. As it stands, this will lead to the formation of cosmologically problematic domain walls [97]. These can be eliminated without significantly modifying the electroweak phase transition structure by adding a very small explicit soft breaking of the , or by promoting to a complex scalar charged under a hidden gauge group.
5 Conclusions
Electroweak baryogenesis provides a well-motivated explanation of the observed baryon asymmetry that is in principle testable at present day experiments. As such, it is important to understand its possible realizations and the extent to which they can be probed. Indeed, many existing proposals for EWBG are strongly constrained by precision Higgs measurements and searches for new sources of violation. In this study, we have focused on a realization of EWBG in which baryon creation occurs in an initial phase transition to an exotic vacuum exhibiting broken electroweak symmetry [31]. A later transition to a Standard Model-like Higgs vacuum then occurs at some lower temperature. Naively, this allows for the new physics involved in strengthening the electroweak phase transition to be decoupled from the properties of the SM-like Higgs boson observed at the LHC. The results of our study suggest that this is not entirely true.
While two-stage electroweak phase transitions have been studied previously and applied to EWBG, our investigation is novel in several respects. We have presented a simplified model that makes clear the conditions required for two-stage electroweak symmetry breaking in general extensions of the SM Higgs sector. We used the intuition gained from this toy model to study two-stage phase transitions in inert two-Higgs-doublet models, with and without additional matter content. These scenarios can exhibit two-step phase transitions suitable for EWBG. Relative to the triplet model studied in Ref. [31], the inert doublet model appears to have a larger parameter region where this can occur, and it avoids the possibility of additional baryon washout by monopoles after the first transition.
A seemingly general result of our study is that two-stage electroweak phase transitions predict new light electroweakly-charged particles. In the portion of the inert doublet model parameter space consistent with two-stage EWBG, these new states are so light that they are ruled by direct collider searches. We illustrated a generic solution to this problem in the form of a singlet-induced mass term for the problematic states that can still allow for successful electroweak baryogenesis from a two-stage transition. Although the singlet contribution to the sterile particle masses allows for two-stage scenarios consistent with current experimental data, the models we have considered here still generically feature potentially observable deviations in the rate of relative to the Standard Model due to loop contributions from the new exotic states. This prediction seems difficult to avoid since increasing the singlet-inert mixed quartic coupling to push up the electroweak-preserving masses of these states would also lead to larger thermal mass corrections to the exotic multiplet. For large couplings, the phase transition to the SM-like Higgs vacuum will then occur first. We expect this feature to be generic, holding beyond just the inert doublet (and triplet) scenarios considered here. This exemplifies the virtue of electroweak baryogenesis as a concretely testable scenario and one that deserves to be studied thoroughly, both theoretically and in experiments exploring the electroweak scale.
The authors would like to thank Wei Chao, Grigory Ovanesyan, Michael Ramsey-Musolf, Brian Shuve, and Peter Winslow for useful discussions. We also thank Michael Ramsey-Musolf for comments on this manuscript. This research is supported by the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). Research at the Perimeter Institute is supported in part by the Government of Canada through Industry Canada, and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research and Information (MRI). NB thanks UC Santa Cruz and the Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics for hospitality where part of this work was completed. DM thanks the Perimeter Institute for their hospitality during part of the completion of this work. CT acknowledges support of the Spanish Government through grant FPA2011-24568 (MICINN), and thanks TRIUMF, where the ideas for this work were first discussed.
Appendix A One-Loop Beta Functions and Anomalous Dimensions
In this appendix we reproduce the beta functions and anomalous dimensions relevant for computing the renormalization group-improved effective potential. We follow the standard convention of defining the beta function of a coupling to be
where is the renormalization scale. For a field with an associated (unmixed) wavefunction renormalization factor we define the anomalous dimension to be
We computed these at two loops in the scheme in dimensional regularization following the general results of Refs. [98, 99, 100, 101]. In the formulae below, we only show the one-loop result for compactness. Note as well that we use the GUT normalization for the hypercharge gauge coupling, .
The beta functions for the inert doublet plus singlet model defined in Section 4.6, in the enhanced-symmetry limit , are


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Copyright © 2018 · jcc.space


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Arizona State-committed outfielder Jordyn Vanhook helped El Camino Real of Woodland Hills turn its season around with victories over Granada Hills Charter, 14-1, Taft of Woodland Hills, 18-0, and Birmingham of Lake Balboa, 6-0, in West Valley League games and in an 8-2 win over Notre Dame of Sherman Oaks at the Valley Classic. Vanhook…
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Lil Xan - The Official Story - Told By Him | Vevo LIFT
Lil Xan isn't your normal hip-hop artist. He named himself after a prescription drug, his sullen delivery doesn't rely on boast or beats per se, and there seems to be at least a part of him that's the opposite of whatever swag is. But the 21-year-old Diego Leanos has a definite magnetism defining his work. Whether onstage or in a video, the clear-cut emo feels of his lyrics and the almost-disturbing candor of their subject matter create a fascinating character. Once you hear Lil Xan you don't forget him. Crashing out of a rough childhood in Redlands, CA that was marked by poverty and drug abuse, he's said that he's been inspired by everyone from N.E.R.D. to Mac Miller. That inspiration led him to grabbing a mic, and in late 2016 Xan blossomed on SoundCloud and had writers placing his music under the heading of "sad-rap," a perfect example of which is his smash, "Betrayed," whose video is closing in on 200M views. His vibe of his album debut 'Total Xanarchy' is overwhelming, a trap-flecked dreamscape with a narcotic tone and mission of escapism with features by 2 Chainz, Charli XCX, Rae Sremmurd and Diplo. Our LIFT profile lets this self-proclaimed "member of a generation of broken kids" explain things in his own words. He didn't start out to be a rapper, he just wanted to express himself and "be different." Find out how a stolen camera jump-started his stage work, how he fights anxiety every day, how he was hospitalized and medicated, how that medication overtook him, and how he tries to beat it all the time. "How do you go about kicking a drug addiction that you medically need to function? Like, when you're high, it's just feeling normal." Fan help. Xan the Man explains it all.
Producer: Ed Walker, Micah Bickham, Contrast Productions
Director: Ryan Booth
Watch Lil Xan videos: https://bit.ly/2thIvQo
Watch Hip-Hop videos on Vevo: https://bit.ly/2thWdCN
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/VEVO
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/VEVO
Instagram: http://instagram.com/vevo
Lil Xan


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Classic Smokey Eye Tutorial
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Did this video help you?
Briana V: Looks beautiful! But how do you keep your eye makeup from smearing throughout the day? Maybe its my eyes but it all tends to run on me. :(
Shanti: I'm so glad that I discovered you, your video's are really helpful!! (:
Chris Corley: Awesome look.
Kara bo bara: Is it just me or doors Lisa have an incredible amount of eyelid control??
longwhip: Any chance of us getting married in the future Lisa???
anna bell: Lisa, I love your videos and often watch them to relax before bed, and I realised, you are the make up, YouTube equivalent of the Joy of Painting! Thank you xx
T. Loftus Ate Your Cookie Boo: I am so thrilled to discover you and your wonderfully helpful tutorials! I adore you! I am learning so much I want to thank you for taking the time to teach. I noticed that all profit goes to charity. Could you be any more amazing? Only if you came to my house and did a makeover on me in person! But seriously, you are brilliant!! Thank you so much for the tutorials!
mat: I love how this is so wearable. I feel like other smokey makeup tutorials by other beauty gurus are just too much and looks too clowny instead of effortlessly sexy
Vincent Gurus: You look like the combination of Keira Knightley and Monica Belluccii
Cynthia Meirah Voormeij: I also love that blouse/ dress you are wearing!
Just Grace: This was so helpful
InLaws Attic: If like color, can that be done as a smoky eye? Same technique only color?
1969Vanessa G: Help, what would a woman of color use?
debra houston: Love this look with the nude lip! FABULOUS!!! Will definitely try.
What is the eyepencil br as nd & color?
JM JM: OMG...thank you... finally one makeup tutorial video with no eyeliner...just love it. easy to do and less messy...thank you... beautiful finish
Cynthia Meirah Voormeij: Finally someone with natural eyebrows.... I love this one Lisa!!
Mari Carmen Ferrero: Very beautiful.
Radioactive Heart: What do you do when you look like your whole face is dragged down whenever you put something on your lower lid. I really want to rock a Smokey eye but I look like a sad raccoon wit eyes dragging down
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Briana V: Does she use any finishing spray afterwards to hold the eye-makeup throughout the day?
Classic Smokey Eye Tutorial 5 out of 5


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WILKES-BARRE — With Luzerne County poised to purchase new voting machines this year, Wednesday's meeting of the county Board of Elections centered on the lingering controversy over county election director Marisa Crispell's ties to a county vendor of voting equipment.
Peter Ouellette, election board vice chairman, read aloud a statement about Crispell and the looming purchase of electronic voting machines that provide a "paper trail" for added security.
One of the prospective vendors is Election Systems & Software, which supplied the voting machines the county has used for more than 10 years, as well as electronic poll books the county purchased last year. Crispell served on the company's advisory board in 2017 — which snowballed into a major controversy in December, with several investigations launched.
"The process used to select electronic poll books for the county was open and public," Ouellette said.
"A similar, open and public process to select voting machines is underway," he said. "I am confident that our recommendation will be based on the facts ... and our evaluation of which technology best suits the needs and finances of the county."
Ouellette expressed confidence in Crispell, whose performance he described as "exemplary."
Walter Griffith, who is running for county council, gave Crispell conditional support during remarks in public comment.
Griffith said that Crispell's trips to Election Systems & Software advisory board meetings, at the company's expense, violated the county ethics code. However, the greater responsibility is borne by Crispell's supervisors, if they authorized her trips, he said.
Crispell has said she cleared her service on the advisory board with election board solicitor Michael Butera and county director of administrative services David Parsnik.
"I don't think it's fair for Marisa to take the brunt of it," Griffith said.
The board recessed into executive session to discuss the request for proposal for new voting machines the county plans to issue soon.
Romilda Crocamo, chief county solicitor, said the matter "deals with a personnel issue for the county," so it qualified as a valid topic for an executive session, from which the public is barred.
Kingston resident Brian Shiner objected, saying the election board does not supervise county employees and thus should not meet in executive session for personnel matters.
Crocamo advised board members that if they discussed the topic in open session, they would expose themselves to potential liability.
After the executive session ended and open session resumed, Ouellette said the request for proposal for the voting machines has not been finalized.
Contact the writer:


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El Erizo Famous Quotes & Sayings
List of top 13 famous quotes and sayings about el erizo to read and share with friends on your Facebook, Twitter, blogs.
Top 13 El Erizo Quotes
#1. Wins and losses come a dime a dozen. But effort, nobody can judge effort. Because effort is between you and you. Effort ain't got nothing to do with nobody else. - Author: Ray Lewis
#2. Possibly from the outside this looks determinedly individual. Nobody realises what a mess of loneliness and inadequacy I am inside. - Author: Lindsay Anderson
#3. There was a certain age, Cecilia had noticed, before people stooped or trembled, but where they didn't seem to trust their bodies in quite the same way as they once had. - Author: Liane Moriarty
#4. I love all people, whatever race they are. - Author: Alain Robert
#5. Almost all movie scripts contain material that cannot be filmed. - Author: David Mamet
#6. Kid, you may be the smartest person alive, but a master of subtlety you are not. - Author: T.J. Klune
#7. Change me, I whispered, change me. - Author: Paul Monette
#8. It will be my sincere and constant desire to observe toward the Indian tribes within our limits a just and liberal policy, and to give that humane and considerate attention to their rights and their wants which is consistent with the habits of our Government and the feelings of our people. - Author: Andrew Jackson
#9. It's an old sailor's idea that every ship has a rope with one end made fast to her bows and the other held by the loved ones at home. - Author: Bruce Chatwin
#10. Sometimes we just have to cut off the dead branches in our life. Sometimes that's the only way we can keep the tree alive. It's hard and it hurts, but it's what's best. - Author: Nicole Williams
#11. A good story, a story resonant and remarkable, can be remade endlessly to tell new sides of itself for new generations of readers. - Author: Jean Hanff Korelitz
#12. Always thank your nurse. Sometimes they're the only one between you and a hearse. - Author: Warren Beatty
#13. I don't trust any country that looks around a continent and says, "Hey, I'll take the frozen part." - Author: Jon Stewart
Famous Authors
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Power packs
A lot can also be said about carrying an extra battery—it can mean the difference between being out of juice or having phone life when you land. "The Anker PowerCore+ 20100 USB-C, Ultra-High Capacity Premium Portable Charger works with every device I carry," Abramson says. "It allows me to recharge my iPhones, iPad, Mac Book, and Pixel as it has both USB and USB-C ports." He calls it an essential because if keeps everything powered even when there's no power near by and fits in his shoulder bag.
Apps to stay connected
We all need—and want—to stay in touch with friends and family back at home. WhatsApp, Telegram, Signal, Apple's iMessage and FaceTime, Google Voice, Hangouts, Facebook Messenger, and many others all work great. To keep large groups informed, Facebook is great for "this is what I'm up to" while Facebook Messenger is ideal for calls, texts, and video as are WhatsApp and Telegram. "For texting Google Voice is far and away the app of choice. I've also started to use Instagram more this past trip, as I've found more immediate engagement with friends to let them know what I was up to," says Abramson. For business conference calls, or family calls with people in different places, ZOOM is ideal. "My second choice is UberConference. For phone service, the two best choices I've found are DialPad and Telzio. Both have apps so I'm able to use them over Wi-Fi or on LTE on both iOS and Android, as well as on my laptop," says Abramson. Want to forget everything you just read? Here are 11 easy ways to turn your vacation into a digital detox.


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Our 13th rock comes from our friend Linda. She and her husband Ralph, who love the outdoors, took a day trip to Orient Point,New York, on a recent vacation and brought back this "rock that looks like a sugar cookie" (agreed!).
We received this rock on March 26.
Linda and Ralph previously mailed us a very cool sparkly conglomerate. If you'd like to see Linda and Ralph's first contribution to our wedding rock collection, you can read all about it here:


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Beautifully maintained, move-in ready home, set in a quiet West Hempfield location with quick access to parks, highways, and shopping. High end kitchen with quartz counters features a breakfast bar, ceramic tile backsplash, and Miele appliances including a double wall oven. Master suite with fireplace includes a private deck, spacious walk-in closet, skylight in bathroom, and Jacuzzi. Home additionally features hardwood flooring throughout first floor, plenty of natural lighting, and brand new, energy efficient, heating and cooling equipment. The exterior has two stamped concrete patios, one with a retractable sunsetter awning, which provide lots of outdoor living space. There is plenty of storage between the 3-car garage, unfinished daylight basement, and closets galore.
Listing courtesy of Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Homesale Realty.