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Wearable electronic devices require materials that are flexible and lightweight. This is especially challenging for the devices' energy sources. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are one approach to solving this problem. They can convert mechanical movement into an electrostatic energy potential between two materials. The need for packing two materials in close contact can make miniaturization of such devices difficult, however.
Zhong Lin Wang, Guang Zhu, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, China, and colleagues have developed a stretchable porous nanocomposite that combines two materials in one spongelike structure, where each cavity in the "sponge" serves as a TENG unit. The team used sodium chloride powder as a sacrificial template, which they combined with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and uncured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). After curing the PDMS polymer, the sodium chloride was dissolved in water, leaving cavities that create the desired porous structure (pictured).
When the elastic material is subjected to mechanical stress, such as compression, bending, or twisting, the deformation causes contact electrification between the carbon nanotubes and the polymer matrix, and electrons flow through the network of CNTs. The team tested the material inside a shoe's insole, and it generated enough electricity during walking to power commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
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Hello Paul, Dave, I guess I am slightly confused by your arguments. I believe 64/66 provides a general (almost - see *) mechanism for transporting a serial octet stream which consists of contiguous octets(bytes) of data separated by contiguous stream of non-data octets. It doesnt really impose any constraint on how you interpret the packet of data, except that if the packet of data is CRC32 protected in ethernet style, then its 3-bit detection strength is not degraded. (One can easily determine/verify which other CRCs share this special relationship with 64/66 - there are two scrambler polynomials in consideration for 64/66 and maybe one is friendlier to many more CRCs?) So my question is, why should there be any problem in interpreting/allowing/encapsulating other format types within this framework? Isnt the main issue then how important the 3.125% overhead is for WAN transport? Please tell me if there are other issues I have misunderstood or if the limitations in (*) below, are severe enough to curtail its applicability in other areas. I would also appreciate if you can share any insights on burst error statistics. Thanks, Birdy * : 64/66 is really tuned to 10GE-standards proposals in the following ways: 1) Data octet streams should start on a special quad octet boundary. 2) It allows for only 8 different non-data octets with 3-bit protection to be transported and four types of ordered sets. 3) Verification of nondegradation of 3-bit detection strength of ethernet CRC32 has been done. other constraints 4) Data stream must be atleast 8 octets long. 5) Non data stream must be atleast 11 octets long ( I might be off a bit in the above two numbers) ----------------------------------------------------------- >Rick: >Using the Ethernet TYPE field does not work in a practical design. First, >the effect of errors in the TYPE field will alter the location of the CRC, >in effect producing a huge burst error. The large error will break the >misdetected error probabilities. Second, the Ehternet TYPE can not >eliminate the overhead of the SA and DA before generating a new frame. >Cheers, >Paul ----------------------------------------------------------- >Rick, >Your suggestion amounts to mapping L2 payloads into another L2 payload >(i.e. Ethernet MAC frames) prior to mapping into SONET/SDH. This would >make the SONET/SDH ANSI/ITU standards activity dependent on IEEE. >Such a cross-coupling would hinder progress in both IEEE and ANSI/ITU >and is therefore undesirable. >...Dave
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Japan Donates One Million US Dollar for Reduction of IED in Somalia
The government of Japan has donated $1 million to the United Nations to combat improvised explosive devices and remnants in Somalia.
Explosive hazards continue to have a detrimental impact on peacebuilding and state-building in Somalia.
In a statement, Japan said it renewed its commitment to promoting human security and stability in Somalia.
"The government of Japan contributed $1 million to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action," the statement reads in part.
According to a spokesperson at the Embassy of Japan in Kenya said Japan has always supported the Somali people through mine action activities in partnership with United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS).
"The assistance demonstrates our unwavering and robust commitment to contribute to the social stabilisation and security of Somalia," said spokesperson.
UNMAS was also indebted to the people of Japan for such contribution to Somali
Over the past years, al-Shabaab and ISIS groups have used improvised explosive devices (IED) as their preferred weapon against the Federal Government of Somalia and the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM).
The government of Japan pledged it would strengthen its humanitarian mine action by supporting risk education programmes and by providing additional training to the Somali Police Force to clear and manage explosive devices.


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Right from the beginning of your time alcohol liquor has been around. Individuals have been drinking alcohol anytime they need to celebrate as well as to steady their anxiety since the Stone Age! The actual drinking of alcohol liquor is recognized as a social and celebratory occasion all over the world.
Alcoholic beverages spirits could be classified as spirits, liqueurs, wine, beer and mixers. A close look at each of these can provide you a concept as to what these drinks really are. Alcoholic beverages just like spirits tend to be produced and distilled from ingredients like grain such as whole wheat and rye and other ingredients like destilerijski kvasac taters, corn, fruit juice, molasses, treacle as well as cane juice. These are either served on it's own or even they are along with mixers in combined alcoholic beverages liquor.
Liqueurs tend to be those spirits which are usually flavored with lotions, nuts, fruits and flowers. They are sweet because of the sugars that's added to help to make sweetened alcoholic beverages liquor that is full of flavor as well as fragrance. Wine beverages are sold in a number of flavors and colours. Wine is produced from fermented grapes. As an example, Vermouth is a dried out wines that's generally utilized in a mixed consume that's flavored along with herbs and spices which are aromatic. Bubbly is considered a sparkling wine.
Alcohol is usually sold in most liquor stores and it is very popular. Beer is an alcoholic liquor which has yeast as well as flavored with hops, a flowering plant. Ale can be categorized into lagers and ales. Mixers are those ingredients which are found in drinks such as coffee, juice, dark chocolate, drinking water and syrups. Most mixers include taste to the drink however tend to be lower in alcohol content.
Plenty of best liquor brands are available at liquor stores. Some of the best alcoholic beverages liquor being sold and consumed by the public tend to be Scotch which is complicated yet popular with many. It is a combined liquor that doesn't have a very special grain flavor; Vodka that's widely used in fairly sweet martinis; Tequila that is not really a cheap liquor but is worth the cash; Tanqueray 10 the industry gin that is pretty affordable and it is an enormous favorite on account of the taste and flavor; Rye that slashes the cost and is very tasty.
A great alcohol liquor is Maker's mark which is not too expensive however tastes really good. Jameson is an additional like it which is fulfilling. Smirnoff being one of many least expensive vodkas is also an enormous favorite using the consuming masses. It has proved to be very ideal for combining drinks. Another well-liked alcohol liquor is Gosling's Dark Seal that is a dark rum that is said to be fantastic with a wealthy deep molasses aroma and a slow burn. The best thing relating to this liquor is actually that it is underpriced!
Another alcohol liquor that has earned its status for being popular is Johnnie Walker because of its differentiating characteristics. Auchentoshan is really a single-malt scotch that is additionally suggested for its flavor and aroma. An alcoholic beverages liquor that individuals rave regarding may be the Elijah Craig 18 year, which costs around $43. This particular bourbon is actually considered great at any kind of price!


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Kate Moss is once again the face of Nikkie Plessen's latest collection
Dutch designer Nikkie Plessen has tapped top model and style icon Kate Moss for her latest fashion campaign.
Titled 'Selected by Kate Moss', the collection is described as tough, sexy and feminine and consists of long dresses, lace blouses, leather skirts, jackets, and trench coats. The images were lensed by Norwegian photographer Solve Sundbo, who has done several campaigns for the likes of Chanel, Saint Laurent, and Gucci.
Moss has been the face of Nikkie Plessens fashion label NIKKIE for several years now and had her input in the design of the line. 'Kate is not only a top model, she also has a great sense of style and fashion, so that adds more to this unique collaboration and collection', Plessen said about the collaboration with the top model.
The 'Selected by Kate Moss' collection is now available in stores and online at www.nikkie.nl.
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Follow Fashion Model Directory on Pinterest, Facebook, Linked In and Twitter!


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When a customer buys car insurance from any insurance-company then he needs to sign-up one official contract or agreement. In this contract, the insurer promises to the customer paying for defined car-loses mentioned within the concerned insurance-policy in exchange of car insurance premium paid by customer.
Nowadays, customers are receiving innumerable value-added services from auto-insurance companies out of which instant-quotes for car insurance plan deserves special mention. These quotes are usually provided to interested or prospective customers.
These quotes enable customers having a fair idea about the accurate premium-amount that they suppose to pay for their required insurance-coverage. Now, an advanced premium-calculator is getting used by official websites of both third-party insurance and insurers. Instant premium-quotes can be easily received with the help of this calculator.
Factors for determining auto-insurance premium:
Some important factors on the basis of which motor insurance premium are being calculated are as follows:
- Vehicle's manufacturing-year:
Manufacturing-year needs to be determined for ascertain the vehicle-age. New-cars have got comparatively higher premiums than that of older ones and vice-versa.
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Your residential-location and car-registration placetogether create a huge impact over the determination of auto-insurance premium. Insurance-zones are based on vehicle's vulnerability either damage or loss while operating on specific areas. Small-town or rural-area car-owners always pay much less than urban drivers.
- Present showroom-cost:
Insured-Declared-Value is the most important factor on which premium-amount is largely dependable. IDV is nothing but car's market-value. To be precise, if car's cost is higher then premium-cost will also go up.
- Car model:
Premiums for high-end SUVs, sedans and other important vehicle-brands are higher than local ones. Therefore, while filling-up the insurance-contract you have to mention your car's brand so that the insurer can calculate the exact quote.
- Car purpose:
Car insurance India has been majorly categorized into two broad categories, one is commercial and the other one is personal or domestic. Higher premiums need to be paid for commercial-cars and this is quite an obvious thing. In fact, this is the very reason that it is highly essential for mentioning the car-purpose especially while purchasing car insurance online.
- Claims history:
If you have currently put forward any claim then your vehicle's premium for the next year will surely get increased. No-claim bonus can be acquired if you have not raised any claims and this bonus will soon get converted in go discounted premium for upcoming years.
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Those cars equipped with multiple safety-devices especially anti-theft devices, advanced braking-systems, robust-locks, air bags and others always attract lower premium as they are associated with lower risks. Those models that are more prone towards damages are highly risky to deal with and thus higher premiums need to be paid for them. Safest features should be ARAI approved and you can get almost 2.5 percentage of premium discount for that. In short, if you really wish enjoying a discounted premium on your car insurance then nothing can be the best way other than buying the safest car.
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Once you have agreed on a certain quote you have to pay off the same when you want to renew car insurance. You can now get your car-premium renewed from the same insurer only. In this case, you have to get into the website once again for making the premium paid in order to fulfill the purpose of premium renewing.


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What kind of knowledge is saved utilizing mp4?Mozilla foundation safety Advisory 2015-17Buffer overflow libstagefright throughout MP4 video playback introduced February 24, 2015 reporter PantrombkaImpactCritical merchandise Firefox, Firefox OS, SeaMonkey fixed contained byFirefox three6Firefox OS 2.2SeaMonkey 2.33depictionsafety researcherPantrombkareported a buffer overflow inside thelibstagefrightlibrary throughout video playback when certain surrounded byvalid MP4 video files led to the assignment of a buffer that was furthermore cramped for the content material. This led to a probably exploitable ram. ReferencesMP4 bump access violation( CVE-2zero15-0eighty two9 )
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Rural Infrastructure and Food Security
Infrastructure: "The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise" (Oxford University Press 2018).
Based on the above definition, the term rural infrastructure can be defined as: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, power supplies, irrigation network, extension services, warehouses, storage facilities) needed for the operation of a rural society.
The Target 2.a of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 "Zero Hunger" links increase of investment in rural infrastructure, among others, with the enhancement of agricultural productive capacity in developing countries. This target aims to "Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development, and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries" (United Nations 2015, p. 15).
Improving agricultural performance will be central to addressing both food insecurity and poverty, as nearly two-thirds of the world's poor work in agriculture and more than three-quarters of poor people still live in rural areas (World Bank 2016a). Rural infrastructure is crucial ingredient for agriculture and agro-industry development and overall economic development of rural areas, besides providing basic amenities that improve the quality of life in rural areas. Adequate infrastructure raises productivity and lowers production costs (Satish 2007) and thereby improves rural livelihoods and state of human development in rural areas.
Infrastructure is an umbrella term that refers to different structures and facilities. Arthur Lewis (1955) included public utilities, ports, water supply, and electricity as infrastructure. The World Bank (1994) defined infrastructure as public utilities (power, piped water supply, sanitation and sewerage, telecommunications, solid waste collection and disposal, and piped gas); public works (roads, major dams, and canal works for irrigation and drainage); and other transport sectors (railways, urban transport, ports and waterways, and airports).
Other authors use terms "agricultural infrastructure" and "rural infrastructure" interchangeably. For instance, Fosu et al. (1995) distinguish up to 11 components of agricultural infrastructure: irrigation and public access to water; transportation means; storage services; processing infrastructure; commercial infrastructure; public services; communication and information services; agricultural research and extension services; land conservation services; health and education services; and credit and financial institutions.
Rural infrastructure refers to infrastructure and facilities necessary to provide services such as transport, energy/electricity, drinking water and sanitation, housing, ICT, health, education, etc. in rural areas. More broadly, rural infrastructure can be considered as physical capital (Box 1).
Box 1 Physical Capital in the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework
The sustainable livelihoods framework (SLF) identifies five types of capitals or assets upon which livelihoods are built, viz., natural capital, human capital, social capital, physical capital, and financial capital.
Infrastructure consists of changes to the physical environment that help people meet their basic needs and be more productive.
Producer goods are the tools and equipment that people use to function more productively.
The following components of infrastructure are usually essential for sustainable livelihoods: affordable transport; secure shelter and buildings; adequate water supply and sanitation; clean, affordable energy; and access to information (communications).
Infrastructure is commonly a public good that is used without direct payment. Exceptions include shelter, which is often privately owned, and some other infrastructure that is accessed for a fee related to usage (e.g., toll roads and energy supplies). Infrastructure – such as roads, rails, and telecommunications – is key to the integration of the remote areas where many of the poor live.
Source: Department for International Development-UK (1999).
Status of Rural Infrastructure: Rural-Urban Gap in Infrastructure
Despite the well-understood backward and forward linkages of rural infrastructure in agricultural and economic growth, rural development, and poverty alleviation (e.g., IFPRI 2017), there are still significant deficiencies of rural infrastructure, especially in developing countries and a significant urban-rural gap in most countries. In fact, infrastructure gap is one of the defining characteristics of rural and urban dichotomy. While the status of rural infrastructure varies widely within and among countries, in general, infrastructure stocks and services status in most developing countries are far from sufficient and are poorer than that in their developed counterparts.
Rural roads have become a critical headline indicator of rural development. Improvement of rural roads has positive and multifaceted social multiplier effects in terms of access to quality basic services such as schooling and healthcare (Plessis-Fraissard 2011). Juma (2011) argues that investments in infrastructure (e.g., transportation, energy, communication) can provide an opportunity for Africa to meet demand for food and also can offer African smallholder farmers a chance to make a decent livelihood. In fact, poor infrastructure hampers the ability of the continent to ensure sustained economic growth and meet sustainable development objectives. According to Plessis-Fraissard (2011), "Rural roads are the wealth of nations, a tool for social inclusion, economic development and environmental sustainability."
Therefore, there was a reasonable development of rural road network in the last few decades with a notable increase in road density (km/km2). However, surfaced and paved road coverage in rural areas is still scanty (e.g., only 33% of total rural road network in India was paved in 2011). Road connectivity varies according to degree of urbanization, population density, and level of economic development. The economic importance of an area, being it urban or rural, significantly affects roads density (Harding and Wantchekon 2012). The Rural Access Index [RAI measures the proportion of people that lives within 2 km, a reasonable walking distance, of an all-season road (one that is drivable at all times of the year and within, at most, 6 h after rain by the prevailing means of transport] shows that about half the rural population in Nepal lacks road access and around 15 million rural residents in Mozambique lack good road access. Initial estimates based on RAI indicate that approximately 30% of rural population (or about one billion) is disconnected from a good quality road network, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa (World Bank 2016b).
In general, rural roads networks tend to be better in Asia than in Africa (Pinstrup-Andersen and Shimokawa 2006). Nevertheless, low-quality rural roads account for about 70% of the road length in China (Fan et al. 2018). Access to road also determines the rural populations' access to services such as schools and hospitals. Poor condition of rural road network is a challenge not particular to the developing countries. In fact, one-fifth of the rural bridges in the USA are either functionally obsolete or structurally deficient (i.e., need repair, rehabilitation, or replacement), and 14% of rural roads have pavements in poor condition (TRIP 2017).
Drinking Water and Sanitation
Access to clean water and safely managed sanitation services can have multiplier effects on many other socioeconomic indicators like health (e.g., diseases such as cholera) and poverty. However, there are significant urban-rural disparities, and rural populations still have a disproportionately lower access to these basic services (United Nations 2018). In fact, there is an urban bias in access to improved water supply and sanitation facilities (Pinstrup-Andersen and Shimokawa 2006). Nevertheless, migrants' influx from rural areas also overburdens the urban water and sanitation facilities. In fact, many migrants from rural areas end up in slums that are characterized by inadequate access to safe water, sanitation, and infrastructure. In general, life in slums is characterized by lack of water, sanitation, and sewage infrastructure, air pollution (both indoor and outdoor), and dusty roads, which exposes residents of slums to a plethora of health risks.
In 2015, over 90% (6.6 billion people) used improved drinking water sources, but only over two-thirds the world's population (4.9 billion people) used improved sanitation facilities. People without access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation live predominantly in rural areas, especially in different parts of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa (United Nations 2017). Access to safe drinking water is one of the basic human needs. However, many rural areas and villages still lack coverage with tapped water supply so they depend on other means like bore well, hand pumps, and fetching water from nearby canals and rivers, etc. (almost half of people drinking water from unprotected sources live in Sub-Saharan Africa; eight in ten live in rural areas). The poor sanitation facilities in the rural areas are an equally critical issue (in 2010, only 31% of rural households had access to sanitation facilities in Africa). A large share of rural households still resorts to open defecation (69.3% according to the 2011 Census in rural India). Even some rural facilities such as primary schools lack toilets. Therefore, provisioning of safe drinking water and adequate sanitation facilities in rural areas need to be a top priority of the rural development policies. In many developing countries, investments are needed in both infrastructure and cultural change.
Health Facilities
Health infrastructure in rural areas is still largely inadequate. In general, there are less healthcare facilities and fewer medical practitioners in rural areas than in their urban counterparts (Strasser 2003). For instance, healthcare accessibility and the use of available healthcare facilities continue to be poor in rural areas of India (Panagariya 2014). Absence of connectivity to the villages and inadequate number of health centers (and/or skilled health workers) still endangers the life of rural population. Many villages do not have any health center nearby (Kanuganti et al. 2015). Added to this, many health centers are also run without doctors, and in some cases, treatment is done by unskilled healthcare workers. Access to adequate healthcare and health facilities must be available and easily accessible to rural residents. In other words, access to healthcare is also affected by the availability and quality of other rural infrastructure assets such as roads.
Power and Electricity
Access to electricity has become a necessity for every household even in the rural areas. Therefore, many countries have been trying to push various reforms in power sector to provide affordable and reliable electricity to rural populations. In particular, programs of hybrid and renewable electricity provisioning (off-grid connectivity and power supply from cogeneration, solar and micro-hydro) and distributed generation have been implemented to electrify remote rural areas (Memon and Hussain 2018). For instance, there was a dramatic increase in electrification of rural areas in China, and, consequently, electricity consumption that was almost nil in 1950 rose to about 198 million kilowatts by 1997 (Fan et al. 2018). However, many rural villages across different countries are yet to get electrified. Moreover, annual per capita electricity consumption (in kwh) is low in rural areas compared to their urban counterparts. Once again the worst situation is found in Sub-Saharan Africa, e.g., only 12% of Ugandan rural villages were electrified (and a meager 2.1% of rural households enjoy electricity) in 2000, while the share of electrified villages reached 89% by 1995 in India (Pinstrup-Andersen and Shimokawa 2006).
Education Facilities
Education enhances human capital and is one of the key drivers of rural transformation (IFAD 2016). Nevertheless, it is still a challenge in rural areas, especially in remote villages. Not all villages have primary schools. The situation is even worse when considering secondary or high schools (World Bank 2017). Even in villages where there is a primary school, the average teacher availability is quite low (e.g., 2.2 teachers per school in rural India in 2011). The school infrastructure in rural areas needs a lot more improvement even in terms of the number of classrooms, quality of furniture (e.g., in some rural schools, pupils are even made to sit on the floor due to unavailability of furniture, while others lack doors and/or windows), availability of safe drinking water and toilet facilities, etc. (Sreekanthachari and Nagaraja 2013). Likewise, there is a huge deficit of education infrastructure in rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa; for instance, most of rural schools in Nigeria are poorly built and are characterized with damaged roofs and walls and educational facilities (tables, chairs) (Olawale 2016).
Irrigation Infrastructure
Throughout the human history, possibility to irrigate had been the primary motivation for human settlements along rivers. Even today, the irrigated agriculture is the economic mainstay of many societies such as in Asia – a region that accounts for more than 70% of the global irrigated farmlands. Though the irrigated agriculture makes less than one-third of the global harvested land, its contribution to food production is more than two-fifths (Ringler 2017). Irrigation infrastructure that supports rural development and livelihoods may be classified along various lines. On the one hand, these may be differenced as surface and groundwater system, while on the other hand, these can be grouped into large gravity-driven system, built through national governments and international donor support (such as Indus River system) (Memon and Thapa 2011), community-built and operated small irrigation systems (Memon et al. 2017b), and private tube wells installed by millions of farmers in parts of South Asia, Africa, and elsewhere (Jacoby 2017).
Though irrigation has always remained a hot issue in the post-WWII rural development and food security debate and a key ingredient of the so-called 'green revolution', the conception of and interest in irrigation have fundamentally changed over the past few decades (Turral et al. 2010; Ward 2010). During the 1950s–1980s, the emphasis was on developing large-scale irrigation infrastructure due to the looming food shortages and famines (Koohafkan et al. 2012). During this period, countries like Pakistan could develop substantial part of their irrigation infrastructure – a system large enough to irrigate about 18 million hectares or 80% of its farmlands (Ward 2010; Memon and Thapa 2011). However, many such investments around the developing world are currently facing problems like aging, inadequate operation and maintenance (O&M), poor cost recovery from water users, corruption culture in hydraulic bureaucracies responsible for their O&M, and environmental degradation when evaluated from watershed perspective. Likewise, public investment in irrigation infrastructure was a priority in China soon after 1949. Thanks to the prioritized investment and the commune work system, which allowed the mobilization of a large number of rural laborers, more than ten million ha of land became irrigated in the country (Fan et al. 2018).
From the 1980s and onward, there has been a major shift in conception of irrigation that goes beyond physical infrastructure building toward a holistic approach. Its contemporary conceptualization has embraced concepts like governance; irrigation use efficiency and modernization at all levels of irrigation operations; technical, institutional, and financial viability of irrigation investments; cross-sectoral linkages and competitive uses of available freshwater resources; farm productivity and poverty reduction potential; market mechanism; property right regimes; and so on. This approach by no means undermines the importance of investment in rehabilitating aging and building new irrigation infrastructure. Ringler (2017) argues in favor of the need for investment in irrigation infrastructure, technology, policies, and institutions to ensure food security at regional and global scale. This implies that investments are needed not only for making irrigation available but also efficient along the ideals of "crop per drop of water" (Memon et al. 2017a).
Relation Between Rural Infrastructure and Food Security
Food security has four dimensions: food availability, food access, food utilization, and stability in food availability, access, and utilization. Food access refers to having sufficient resources to obtain appropriate food for a nutritious diet. Accessibility relates to economic access (i.e., food purchasing power), physical access (i.e., transport, infrastructure), as well as sociocultural access and preferences. Food utilization refers to the appropriate use of food based on nutritional value, food safety, and social value (United Nations System High Level Task Force on Global Food Security 2011).
Indicators relating to infrastructure in the food security suite of indicators
Food security dimension
Food accessa
Percentage of paved roads over total roads
This indicator measures the share (%) of paved roads over total road network, where paved roads are those surfaced with crushed stone (macadam) and hydrocarbon binder or bituminized agents, with concrete, or with cobblestones, as a percentage of all the country's roads, measured in length. This indicator provides information on the possibility of physical access to markets
Road density
The indicator measures the km of road per 100 km2 of land area, where total road network includes motorways, highways, and main or national roads, secondary or regional roads, and all other roads in a country. This indicator provides information on the possibility of physical access to markets
Food utilization
Access to improved water sourcesb
This indicator measures the share (%) of the total population with access to improved drinking water sources. Access to an improved water source refers to the percentage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of water from an improved source, such as a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, and rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access is defined as the availability of at least 20 l a person a day from a source within 1 km of the dwelling
Access to improved sanitation facilitiesc
This indicator measures the share (%) of the total population with access to sanitation facilities. Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the percentage of the population with at least adequate access to excreta disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained
Rural Infrastructure and Food Production
Since the 1960s, there is an increasing recognition of the vital role that infrastructure plays in generating agricultural growth (de Vries 1960; Ishikawa 1967). The spread of technology in agriculture depends critically on both physical and institutional infrastructures (Satish 2007). As a recognition of the role of rural infrastructure in fostering agricultural growth, the second pillar of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) is "Improving rural infrastructure and trade-related capacities for market access." The CAADP is Africa's policy framework for agricultural development, food security and nutrition, and rural development. The first declaration on CAADP as an integral part of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) was made in 2003 on the occasion of the African Union's Summit in Maputo (Mozambique).
Studies in Africa show that the lack of quality roads is one of the main constraints to agricultural development in the continent (deGrassi 2005). Construction of rural roads generally leads to increases in agricultural production and productivity (IFAD 1995; Rosegrant 2003; Pinstrup-Andersen and Shimokawa 2006; World Bank 2016b; Fan et al. 2018), among others, by bringing in new land into cultivation or by intensifying the existing land use (IFAD 1995). Farmers' profit margin directly depends on the transportation cost to take their agricultural produce to appropriate marketplace, which in turn depends on quality of road infrastructure. Transport companies are reluctant to utilize rural roads or charge extra fee because rural roads are often impassable.
Access to market has seasonal connotation as during rainy season rural roads are usually flooded and have potholes that can damage trucks (IFAD 2003). Developing rural infrastructure – roads in particular – improves the mobility of production inputs and outputs to and from farms, thus decreasing the input prices and increasing income from agricultural produce (Setboonsarng 2008). Infrastructure also plays a crucial role in boosting backward and forward linkages between rural and urban areas and other sectors of the economy. This makes crucial the investments in road and allied infrastructure (e.g., storage and warehousing) (IFAD 2016).
Rural Infrastructure and Food Losses
About a third of the global food production is lost or wasted with severe impacts on the global hunger, economy, and environment. Food losses and waste occur along the whole supply chain (harvesting, transport, storage, packaging, processing, wholesale and retail trade) and where food is consumed. Losses in the first part of the food chain are more important in developing countries (FAO 2011; HLPE 2014) largely because of poor roads and inappropriate storage facilities (World Bank 1997); this is particularly the case for perishable food commodities such as meat, milk, fruits, vegetables and fish. In fact, the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security (HLPE 2014) identifies the lack of infrastructure (especially transport, processing, energy, and market facilities) for well-functioning food chains as one of the main causes of food losses and waste (FLW); recommendations to reduce FLW include that states "Invest in infrastructure and public goods to reduce FLW and to ensure sustainable food systems such as storage and processing facilities, reliable energy supply, transport, appropriate technologies, improved access and connection of food producers and consumers to markets" (p. 17). Likewise, in its Global Food Policy Report, IFPRI (2017) puts that "Poor transportation infrastructure can make it too costly for smallholders to sell their produce downstream to urban consumers and can contribute to greater food losses and waste" (p. 18). Investments in transport and marketing infrastructure (roads, market facilities, cold storage, etc.) may induce a significant reduction in postharvest agricultural losses (Sheahan and Barrett 2017). Food losses adversely influence the income of farmers and affect their access to nutritious food. In fact, food losses translate into lost income for farmers and into higher food prices paid by food consumers (HLPE 2014; FAO 2017).
Rural Infrastructure and Food Access
According to Mellor (1976), infrastructure plays a strategic role in producing large multiplier effects in the economy with agricultural growth. This, in turn, contributes to the development of rural economies with increase of income and consequent improvement of quality of life in rural areas. In fact, the growth of farm productivity and nonfarm rural employment is linked closely to infrastructure provision (Pinstrup-Andersen and Shimokawa 2006; World Bank 2007). This is particularly relevant taking into consideration that most of the poor live in rural areas (World Bank 1994, 2007). Fan et al. (1998) show that rural infrastructure is an important driver for total factor productivity growth (Comin 2006) and directly contributes to reduction in rural poverty. Access to public infrastructure affects household labor assignments, transforms gender roles, and can favor the diversification of their livelihoods and income-generating activities. Therefore, the majority of studies show that infrastructure investment has a positive impact on rural incomes and especially on that of the smallholders (Satish 2007).
Deficiencies in infrastructure (e.g., transportation/roads, telecommunication, energy) translate into poorly functioning markets (Pinstrup-Andersen and Shimokawa 2006), thus affecting food supplies and, consequently, food security of the population. It is widely admitted that investments in roads have major impacts on food supplies and that the quality and density of roads network impact food accessibility. In fact, transportation costs explain most of food prices variation, and limited transport infrastructure increases food prices, thus reducing food accessibility for consumers (Harding and Wantchekon 2012). Since the poor spend most of their incomes on food items, they are the worst victims of escalated transportation cost due to poor infrastructure resulting in their lower levels of well-being, food insecurity, and livelihood vulnerability (IFAD 2003). The cost of marketing farm produce can be prohibitive for poor farmers when rural infrastructure has deteriorated or is nonexistent. Therefore, rural infrastructure plays a key role in reaching the large mass of rural poor and in favoring their access to market (Satish 2007).
Rural economy still plays a significant role in the overall economic structure of many developing countries, and it has a high potential in terms of their labor market. However, inadequate infrastructure, among other factors, has been driving the rural population into poverty and low levels of well-being. Rural infrastructure is the catalyst, having multiplier impacts on rural communities' efforts to stimulate economic growth. Rural areas face unique challenges in addressing infrastructure needs such as lack of financial resources as well as low staff capacity and expertise. Provisioning of basic infrastructure would help in tapping the vast resources in the rural areas for the development not only of agriculture but also of other sectors (e.g., rural tourism). Therefore, rural infrastructure gap needs to be addressed urgently so as to alleviate poverty and achieve inclusive growth.
From the latter point of view, provision of rural infrastructure has not only an economic but also an ethical justification. This implies increasing investment in rural infrastructure of developing countries, through any possible means including domestic resources and international cooperation, to foster agricultural development and eradicate rural poverty. Investments are required to expand rural infrastructure base in the form of roads, bridges, schools, water supply and sanitation, irrigation, energy and telecommunications, and warehousing and storage facilities. Likewise, investments (public, private, and public-private) are needed for the maintenance and operation of existing rural infrastructure. Moreover, the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, due to climate change, will require substantial investment in rural infrastructure to cope with this changing environment. Failure of accelerating investments in rural infrastructure may jeopardize efforts to achieve many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and limit opportunities of developing countries to benefit from market globalization and trade liberalization.
Nevertheless, the provision of physical infrastructure should be coupled with a kind of institutional infrastructure that is flexible to adjust according to the contemporary needs of rural societies as they develop along the desired development path. The investments that lack strong institutional support for their smooth operation may start decaying and teeter to death until saved through frequent subsidies – a situation that lacks economic justification and, certainly, not in line with the principles of sustainable development.
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Navrati Special Tour Package
- Transfers & sightseeing Mention in itinerary by non ac Cab ( 2 pax – Indica, 4 Pax –Swift Dzire,6 Pax – Innova , 10 Pax – Tempo Traveler, 12 pax- Tempo Traveler).
- Accommodation on Dbl sharing basis in above proposed hotels.
- Daily Buffet Breakfast Pure veg
- Driver allowance.
- All Transfer & sight seeing as per itinerary
- All Toll Tax & Parking as per itinerary
Meals: No MealToday On Arrival Pick up and Transfer to Hotel later visit Local touring of Ahmedabad visit Today Proceed to Ahmedabad Local touring Gandhinagar Akshar Temple, (Monday Closed)Gandhi Ashram,. Hutheesing Jain Temple, Bhadra Fort, Julta Minara, Kankaria Lake, Iscon Temple over night remain at inn .
Meals: BreakfastToday Morning After Breakfast Proceed to Rajkot on Arrival Check in Later visit Watson Museum, Rajkumar Collage and Night allowed to Visit Naratri Program after that Back to lodging over night remain at inn .
Meals: BreakfastToday Morning After Breakfast Proceed to Bhavnagar on landing register with lodging later visit neighborhood touring of Bhavnagar Takhteshwar Temple, Khodiyar Temple,Victoria Park and night visit Navratri Festival and back to Hotel over night remain at inn .
Meals: BreakfastToday Morning Proceed to Ahmedabad through Lothal on Arrival At Ahmedabad visit over Drop.


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3 bed
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1263 Lambeth Rd Great location within steps of the Fox River preserve and trail! Super charming ranch home with updated kitchen, great room addition with fireplace and patio doors leading to a large deck overlooking flat backyard. The master bedroom features an attached dual access bath and huge walk-in closet, and the finished lower level offers even more space in the rec room, office/guest bedroom and 3rd full bath. Plus tons of storage space in the unfinished area, currently utilized as an in-home gym. You can't beat the location and all the home has to offer!
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TALLAHASSEE, Fla. – It might have gotten lost in the final score, but tucked away in Florida State's 24-3 loss to Virginia Tech was a solid performance from coordinator Harlon Barnett's new-look defense.
Maybe even an encouraging performance.
It didn't necessarily look that way from the start. Not after watching Virginia Tech march on a 10-play, 75-yard scoring drive on the game's opening drive.
From there, though, the Seminoles were surprisingly stout.
The Hokies' next nine possessions (not including a special-teams turnover) amounted to just 130 yards 2.9 yards per play and three points.
And that includes three straight third-quarter drives that started in FSU territory, one of which ended with a fourth-down stop on the goal line.
With Barnett's group holding up its end of the bargain, the Seminoles were able to stay within striking distance well into the fourth quarter, despite an offense that struggled to find its footing for much of the evening.
Even better, Barnett believes that his group still has plenty of room to improve.
"I just told them (they were) 'average to good,'" Barnett said Wednesday morning. "We can be much better. There are some things we want to be able to do better."
Tops on Barnett's list of priorities are forcing more turnovers and applying more pressure to opposing quarterbacks.
The Seminoles didn't have any interceptions or fumble recoveries on Monday, and although they sacked quarterback Josh Jackson three times, they weren't in Jackson's face as much as Barnett might have liked.
The former can be remedied, Barnett believes, by doing a better job of swarming to the ball.
Case in point, the Hokies officially fumbled four times – although one was a snap over the quarterback's head and another a muffed punt – but the Seminoles couldn't get their hands on any of them.
Consider that all but one of those fumbles occurred when FSU trailed by just two scores, and it's at least worth thinking about what might have been had one of those balls bounced the other way.
"When the ball is popping out like that, hey, run to the ball," Barnett said. "That's even more proof, guys. Get to the ball. We can get those turnovers. We need to get them."
There are positive signs for the pass rush, too.
Perhaps most importantly, junior defensive end Brian Burns did his part with half the sack total and six total tackles. (It took Burns nine games to reach 1.5 sacks a year ago.)
FSU got contributions from some new faces, too. Freshman Jaiden Woodbey, starting at the "star" linebacker spot, made nine tackles, forced a fumble, had 1.5 tackles for loss and showed the makings of an effective blitzer.
Up front, the Seminoles got positive contributions from Janarius Robinson (two tackles) and Cory Durden (two tackles, 1.5 TFLs), each of whom logged the first major action of their careers.
"(Robinson) played extremely well," he said. "The old adage, 'You practice like you play,' and that's how he's been practicing."
Barnett is also pleased that sophomore defensive tackle Marvin Wilson performed well in a limited role and showed no ill effects from the knee injury he suffered during the spring.
Wilson made two tackles against the Hokies, and Barnett said he expects Wilson's workload to increase on Saturday.
"Coach Odell (Haggins) said, 'I should have played (Wilson) more,'" Barnett said. "But I think he was a little concerned, first time back, he didn't want to give him too much. He looked good. No setbacks, anything like that."
While Barnett wishes that his defense had started better, he also noted that it was mostly the result of a few too many butterflies.
Once things settled down – and seemingly everyone who has spoken about the defense, including Barnett, Willie Taggart and players has said that the defense either "settled down" or "settled in" – there was a lot to like.
And besides, if FSU's defense can make the same type of jump from Game 1 to Game 2 as it did from its first drive to its second, then the Seminoles might be in pretty good shape moving forward.
"We need some improvement, but like they always say, the biggest improvement is from Game 1 to Game 2," Barnett said. "So we're looking forward to that this Saturday."


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well this is a fun announcement! I was chosen with 4 other bloggers to be a part of this cool commercial last month for the . we got to hang around on a rooftop downtown and document a concert with our phones — which was EASY for me because I love taking phone pics! I met some really awesome people (usually when I hear I will be working with other bloggers it's mostly girls, but this was 4 guys!)
I loved being a part of this campaign and that song is eternally in my head after so many takes that night. watch the video and let me know whatcha think, will you?
follow my new friends on that were also a part of it! , , and


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Los Angeles: Biographical drama "Green Book", the story of an unlikely friendship across racial divides, upstaged Alfonso Cuaron's "Roma" to bag Best Picture Oscar at the 91st Academy Awards, which spread its four top awards across four different films. Cuaron bagged the Oscar for Best Director while Olivia Colman got the Best Actress win for "The Favourite" and Rami Malek Best Actor for his turn as Queen musician Freddie Mercury in "Bohemian Rhapsody".
The glittering ceremony, which went hostless for only the second time since 1989, began on a predictable note here Sunday evening but the Best Picture and Best Actress awards proved that anything can happen at the Oscars. The India connect came with "Period. End of Sentence", set in a village in western Uttar Pradesh's Hapur district, walking away with Documentary Short win. The year's best film "Green Book", about the relationship between a black musician and his white driver, is backed by Anil Ambani-owned Reliance Entertainment's Amblin Entertainment. It also won Best Supporting Actor for Mahershala Ali and Best Original Screenplay.
"This is about loving each other despite our differences and finding out about the truth of who we are, we are the same people," director-producer Peter Farrelly said in his speech.
Best Movie: Peter Farrelly, center, and the cast and crew of "Green Book" accept the award for Best Picture at the Oscars on Sunday at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles
British actor Colman edged out frontrunner Glenn Close ("The Wife") with her portrayal of temperamental Queen Anne in "The Favourite".
She was gracious in her shining moment and acknowledged Close in her speech.
"...And to be in this category with these extraordinary women. And Glenn Close, you've been my idol for so long and this is not how I wanted it to be. And I think you're amazing and I love you very much," she said.
Olivia Colman bags Best Actress Oscar for 'The Favourite'
Best Actor and Actress: Rami Malek, winner of the award for best performance by an actor in a leading role for "Bohemian Rhapsody", left, kisses Olivia Colman, winner of the award for best performance by an actress in a leading role for "The Favourite", in the press room at the Oscars
British actor Olivia Colman, as temperamental Queen Anne in "The Favourite", bested Hollywood veteran Glenn Close to win her maiden Best Actress Oscar at the 91st Academy Awards here. Colman and Close, nominated for her role of a bitter wife to a literary giant in "The Wife, were in a neck-and-neck fight for the coveted golden knight.
Colman gave a nod to fellow nominee Close, who was a favourite in the category, and said she did not want to win an Oscar while her "idol" lost.
"It is genuinely quite stressful. This is hilarious, I have got an Oscar! To be in this category with these extraordinary women. Glenn Close, you have been my idol for so long. This is not how I wanted it to be. I love you all," she said in her acceptance.
India-set short film 'Period. End of Sentence' wins Oscar
India short film: Melissa Berton, left, and Rayka Zehtabchi pose with the award for best documentary short subject for "Period. End of Sentence."
in the press room at the Oscars.
A film on menstruation, set in rural India, titled "Period. End of Sentence," has won the Oscar in the Documentary Short Subject category at the 91st Academy Awards.
Award-winning filmmaker Rayka Zehtabchi has directed the short film, which has been produced by Indian producer Guneet Monga's Sikhya Entertainment. The film came to into being as a part of The Pad Project, started by students at the Oakwood School in Los Angeles and their teacher, Melissa Berton.
"I'm not crying because I'm on my period or anything. I can't believe a film on menstruation won an Oscar," Zehtabchi said in her acceptance speech. She also gave a nod to Monga.
"Guneet Monga - know that you have been empowering women all over the world fight for menstrual equality," she added. Dedicating the award to her school, Berton said the project was born because her students in LA and people in India wanted to make a "human rights difference".
"I share this award with the Feminist Majority Foundation, the entire team and cast. I share this with the teachers and students around the worlds - a period should end a sentence, not a girl's education," she said. The documentary feature is set in Hapur village outside Delhi, where women lead a quiet revolution as they fight against the deeply rooted stigma of menstruation.
Best Director: Alfonso Cuaron poses with the awards for best director for "Roma", best foreign language film for "Roma", and best cinematography for "Roma"
Spike Lee 'furious' over 'Green Book' Best Picture Oscar win
Spike Lee may have ended his own long enduring wait for Oscar glory with his Best Adapted Screenplay win for "BlacKkKlansman" but the director made it clear that he was not happy with "Green Book" winning Best Picture honour.
At the 91st Academy Awards, the Peter Farrelly-directed film, featuring Viggo Mortensen and Mahershala Ali in the lead, edged out the likes of "Roma", "Vice", "The Favourite" and "Vice" to bag the top honour of the night. According to Deadline, Lee, whose film "BlacKkKlansman" was also nominated in the category, attempted to storm out of the Dolby Theatre after it was announced that "Green Book" has won the award.
Priyanka Chopra at the Vanity Fair Oscar Party on Sunday


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ROCHELLE — Peyton Ezra Dexheimer, 12, passed away Monday, Nov. 19, 2018 at Lurie Children's Hospital in Chicago. Peyton was born on Jan. 26, 2006 to Valerie Ziemba and Jonathan Dexheimer in Winfield.
Peyton was a very special young man who's light shined so brightly you can see into his soul. Peyton was tender, loving, gentle, energetic and was so filled with life. Every where Peyton went, he touched someone's heart very deeply that it left an imprint. There is no doubt this sweet boy was loved by so many and many that hardly knew him as well!
Peyton's smile alone could turn a frown upside down. Peyton's laughter was contagious that everyone joined in, and the sparkle in his eyes when he was joyful was intoxicating to watch. Heaven gained an angel and Peyton will forever be missed.
Peyton is survived by his parents, Valerie Ziemba (Mike Judkins) of Rochelle and Jonathan Dexheimer (Kimberly) of Waterman; Peyton's brothers, Phoenix, Phineas and Devon; Peyton's sisters Alina, Amayah and Taylor; Peyton's grandparents, Fred Dexheimer (grandma Dex, God rest her soul) Gary and Susan Ziemba and Grandpa Scott Prazak.
There will be a memorial visitation from 4 to 8 p.m. on Friday, Nov. 30, 2018 at the Unger-Horner Funeral Home, 400 N. 6th St. in Rochelle.
Visit www.ungerhorner.com to sign the online guest book.