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Mr. Newman refers to one subject on which I will touch, as I think it will be generally useful. He objects to mediation as mischievous. Having never had any just conviction of sin, he does not feel the need of it. No one who has for himself felt what sin and grace are can hesitate a moment as to the value of it. Let the reader consult Job 9, and he may see the working of a true yet vexed soul under God's hand. It is all well talking of awe and reverence, &c, and love, as Mr. N. does: but the denial of the need of a mediator is the denial of a holy judge, and our sense of God's being so. But it is important to have a clear apprehension of the nature and work of the Mediator.
Mr. N.'s objection to it is this: that all moral profit arises from being brought into the presence of God, and that the notion of a mediator is a hindrance to this. Now this is plausible, because moral profit does arise from being brought into the presence of God; but it is altogether a fallacy. For our sense of the need of a mediator arises from the effect of our being brought into the presence of God; or (what is morally the same thing) so true an estimate of what God is, as makes us feel the impossibility of our standing before Him.
In the passage I have referred to in Job, this is evidently seen, whatever temper he met it in. He could not answer God "one of a thousand." If he called himself "perfect," his own mouth would condemn him. If he would "leave off his heaviness and comfort himself," God would not hold him innocent. If he should "wash himself with snow water, and make his hands never so clean, God would plunge him into the ditch." And he adds, "Neither is there any daysman betwixt us, who should lay his hand upon us both." Now I am not commenting here upon the spirit in which Job takes the matter up, for it was a wrong one: I adduce it to shew that the sense of the need of a mediator arises from the conviction of sin, and does not hinder it.
This doctrine is sometimes used in a way calculated to give a false idea of God—not precisely as to the effect of the presence of God upon the conscience, but as hiding divine love. The effect, as I have already said, of that presence is to present God as simply a Judge, and very often, while this thought of God remains unchanged in the mind, Christ is, on the other hand, looked at as One in whose love we can confide. But scripture is not answerable for this. God is a Judge; but Christ is never presented as an Intercessor with a Judge.
The scriptural doctrine of a mediator is quite different from this. It not only leaves the full effect of God as light upon the soul, but brings it down close to the moral eye; and does it in the way of love, that we should be able to walk in that light. Christ is God manifest in the flesh. But while He is the light itself, this manifestation is love.
See how John puts this point: "That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled of the Word of life (for the life was manifested, and we have seen it, and bear witness, and shew unto you that eternal life, which was with the Father, and was manifested unto us)… This then is the message which we have heard of him, and declare unto you, that God is light, and in him is no darkness at all. If we say that we have fellowship with him, and walk in darkness, we lie, and do not the truth." Here we have no hindering the full discovery of God to the soul: it is that discovery, "The darkness is past, and the true light now shineth." "The life was the light of men. That was the true light which lighteth [shineth upon] every man." And, it did tell upon men's consciences, the presence of that living Word; and, if sin was confessed, attracted in grace; if sought to be hidden, it vexed, irritated, and alarmed; humble and unassuming as was the garb in which grace, for love's sake towards men, had clothed the fight. So it is with the truth. It is indeed grace in testimony; but it reaches the conscience, and judges all men by the revelation of God Himself.
What could have brought light and love (and morally speaking that is God) so near to man as the incarnation? It was in the way of reconciling, not imputing trespasses; but this was to engage man, away from sin (if that had been possible), by coming in grace and goodness towards himself. Mediation is, in this respect, the revelation of God Himself close to us, bearing directly on the conscience and heart of man; and so is the word of the gospel now.
But there is yet more in Christianity, that we might be fully brought into the presence of God.
Christ is not merely God manifested to us down here, He has suffered in our place, the Just for the unjust, that He might bring us to God. Looking at God as righteousness, as having "purer eyes than to behold iniquity" (and surely this does not hinder the effect of His presence as regards conscience), the just sense of sin would make us feel that we could not come into His presence, nor appear, defiled as we are, before His holy majesty. There is no just sense of sin, no real effect of His presence on the conscience, till this is felt—no proper jealousy of right and wrong, till we estimate it thus, and bring God and ourselves together in thought, so as to produce it—ourselves, who owe everything to Him. But we could not. He ought not, in justice, to allow such in His presence. But Christ gives Himself for these sins; and, putting them away, appears in the presence of God in the efficacy and in virtue of that work.
I go into the presence of God with His full character maintained in holiness and love. He is more glorified as to both of these in what has been done by Jesus about sin, than if there had been no sin at all; and it is Jesus' glory in every way to have done it. I now appear, in virtue of (yea, being) this divine righteousness, in God's own presence, through infinite love and righteousness, which I thus know, and never should have known else; for it is not mere human righteousness. God is known as He is in glory, which Christ alone could meet in face, so to speak; and I am there with the full light of it upon me, without fear, because in virtue of the redemption in which that glory has been morally displayed and satisfied, and that as to and about sin itself now put away for me, and I appearing as made the righteousness of God in Him. My being there is that righteousness; it is the righteous answer to, and fruit of, the travail of Christ's soul; and what that was, He alone can tell who knows what wrath is to Him who dwelt in the unity of love—what sin is to Him who was in the unity of the divine holiness. I am in the presence of God in a righteousness adequate for His glory—and it is according to that glory that I judge sin now—a righteousness, as wrought out in Christ, competent to take righteously its seat at the right hand of the Majesty on high; for, God being glorified in it, God's glory was its just reward: and this in the fullest sense connected with the person of Him who accomplished it.
Now I find my place in God's presence in virtue of this. I sit down in heavenly places. Not where the personal accomplishment places Him who accomplished it, as a just reward; but, morally, as fully in the presence of God. Yet, in fact, I am a poor, feeble, erring creature; rising above sin in a heavenly way in mind, through the Spirit, but, alas! by virtue even of that which I see, seeing the wretched inadequacy of all my steps down here. There is always feebleness, often failures. Here mediation comes in again—not to obtain righteousness, but to maintain a feeble, failing creature in the enjoyment of the place where our being made righteousness in Him places us. It is the reconciling the state in which I actually am with the position in which that has set me. It is the only thing which can maintain a poor, feeble creature experimentally up to the height of that divine presence. To pretend to be there in the condition in which we actually are, would be mere madness, and prove we had never known it. We should even, as men, rather fall at His feet as dead. Yet if not, we must lose the full power of that presence to judge evil and good by, to know love by, to estimate the glorious counsels of God by. But Christ appears in the presence of God for us. His blood is on the mercy-seat. He is there in virtue of this blood-shedding, which places me there. I can abide there in peace to learn it all.
Am I to ignore, then, my feebleness and failing? No, I judge what I am by what I see of this glory, which is mine; and my feebleness and failure become the occasion of the exercise of grace, which does not lower God to the level of my failures, but which meets in the way of mercy the wants they prove to be in me, and lift me up out of them. We have a High Priest touched with the feeling of our infirmities, who was in all points tempted like as we are, without sin; so that we come boldly to the throne of grace, that we may obtain mercy, and find grace to help in time of need. Hence, in this also, mediation maintains for us the full display of God to ourselves, and alone can do so, and in the way of faith and grace, so as to be morally elevating while judging all inconsistent with itself. If Mr. N. thinks he could stand in the presence of God's majesty as he is and what he is, and compare himself with it, he knows neither himself nor God. Divine righteousness sets me there according to God; constant mediation obtains all the grace I need in the actual state I am in, and maintains me (without hiding my actual worthlessness from myself) in the full enjoyment of divine favour as known there,—restores me if need be,—maintains a just, practically holy, intercourse with that glory. Who has not this has none. Hence it is said," If any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous" (that never alters) "and he is the propitiation for our sins."
The first part of Christ's mediation is the revelation of Christ to man here, so that he might be directly in His presence. The second part is when righteousness has given man a place in God's presence in glory, and made him know it, and placed him in it through redemption, maintaining the intercourse of a feeble, failing creature with God in love, in the place where righteousness has set him; that is, in the presence of God fully revealed, as Christ the righteous Son is there—keeping us, on the one hand, in the sense of that glory unobscured, and, on the other, the true and sweet sense of a weakness which is the occasion of constant and unfailing mercy, which is working in it to bring us up to the actual enjoyment of such glory as that righteousness is entitled to. Such are God's wondrous, perfect, and gracious ways with us, which alone reconcile divine perfection and human weakness, and find in the latter, and even in its sin, the occasion of the display of the former in its highest glory, His ways in Jesus Emmanuel, to whom—Lamb of God, who takes away sin— belongs all glory for ever and ever, the joy and crown of those who trust in Him, the everlasting delight of God the Father.
May he whom I now answer know how sovereign is God's goodness—how great the grace in Christ—by finding all his attacks and blasphemies against it forgiven through the very grace which he has attacked and despised!
I pass by a multitude of passages I had marked as shewing the excessive looseness of argument indulged in by Mr. N., and the marvellous absence of all spiritual apprehensions. Thus, as to this last point, he speaks of his old belief as depending on the interpretation of "the old scriptures," and of establishing "how much of the biography of Jesus in the new is credible. To judge wrongly about it may prove one to be a bad critic, but not a less good and less pious man." (Phases, p. 203.) That is, the credibility of Jesus's history is absolutely devoid of any moral element whatever. "In point of fact, I never did look much to futurity, nor even, in prospect of death, could attain to any vivid anticipations or desires, much less was troubled with fears." (Phases, p. 203.) Neither death nor Jesus could awaken a moral element of any kind in his mind, nor had the Lord's coming more effect, save to trouble his conscience; but none in the affections of his soul. It "awoke only now and then to reproach and harass me for my unfaithfulness to it." (Phases, p. 204.) What an expression of incapacity to receive a spiritual idea above the level of his own mind! "If I am not [to criticise Jesus by the received laws of human morality], then I have no ground for praising or admiring Him!" (Phases, p. 210.) What a denial of any capacity in the human soul to receive a thought of excellency beyond its present acquirements and apprehensions, any above itself as it is! My delight is to have some new excellency, which, as far as I know it, the human measure has never yet reached. But I leave all this, and the "clearlys" and "therefores," of which there is no proof, to touch on one subject, which, as a scripture one is important, and which will afford me an opportunity of referring more fully than I have done to one of the most interesting and important in its place of all the books of scripture.
"The old Hebrews," says Mr. N. (Phases, p. 189), "believed only in evil spirits sent by God to do His bidding, and had no idea of a rebellious spirit that rivalled God. That idea was first imbibed in the Babylonish captivity, and apparently therefore must have been adopted from the Persian 'Ahriman,' or from the 'Melek Taous,' the 'Sheitan' still honoured by the Yezidi with mysterious fear. That the serpent in the early part of Genesis denoted the same Satan is probable enough: but this only goes to shew that that narrative is a legend imported from further East; since it is certain that the subsequent Hebrew literature has no trace of such an Ahriman."
This is a curious passage, in point of argument, singular in its logic, but more singular still in shewing how a theory forced into one's service to get rid of truth fades away, in spite of the effort, before the truth it seeks to get rid of. First, reader, you have it all clearly settled, "that idea was first imbibed in the Babylonish captivity." Now if you believe this (though why we should we are not told. However, Mr. N. says so; and it is not certainly second hand faith with him: he believes it on his own authority), we may indeed be "peculiarly vexed to find so total a deficiency of clear and sound instruction on so vital a question" as "why we are to believe-it;" as if one "were solely anxious to have people believe without caring on what ground they believe, although that is obviously the main point." But if you do believe this, then you have a singularly nicely graduated logical progression: it was first imbibed then, and "apparently therefore" "must have been"—so that now it cannot be otherwise than "adopted from the Persian Ahriman." So that now we have indeed got "further East."—from the Hebrews to Babylon; and, since it certainly was imbibed in the captivity, it must have been from Persia. Well, I thought we had here got far East somewhat rapidly. But the reason puzzles me.
Mr. N. admits that the serpent in Genesis denoted the same Satan. But, then, why travel so far East for it? We have it in the first literature of the Hebrews—why is its being in the ante-Babylonish period a proof that it came from the farther East? Why might not Abraham have brought the same doctrine with him from Ur of Mesopotamia, if it was lost afterwards, or found it in Canaan? For, after all, Mr. N.'s account is, that we have it in the earliest writings of the Hebrews, but not in the subsequent ones—a very curious reason indeed for its being first imbibed in the Babylonish captivity. This is what is called "modern logic." But then other difficulties arise. The Pentateuch, in which this history occurs, was first completed and published, as Mr. N. assures us, in the reign of Josiah, when it was pretended the book of the law was found. Now this was about a century before the captivity; but it is there the serpent, Satan, is found. Why it should then be imported from the further East, or be first imbibed in the captivity, one is at a loss to tell. If we are to believe De Wette, as we have seen, it was certainly taught two hundred years before the captivity—at least two hundred years; for he says, the Pentateuch, as we have it, is quoted at that period (that is, by the earliest prophets whose writings we possess).
But if we abide by Mr. N.'s theory, "our logic" is in still greater embarrassment. The reason that its being in Genesis shews that it is a legend imported from further East is, that the subsequent Hebrew literature has no trace of such an Ahriman. Now if the Pentateuch was first published in Josiah's reign, there was no subsequent Hebrew literature previous to the captivity, save at the utmost a small part of Jeremiah. All Hezekiah's prophets preceded the Pentateuch, as of course those of "the century preceding his reign;" and then, in what is subsequent Hebrew literature, Satan is certainly found. Thus Zechariah and Chronicles use the term unequivocally. Why then does Mr. N. say that "subsequent Hebrew literature has no trace of such an Ahriman?" It can only really be thus: he forgot his theory; and his conscience, more true than his memory, in happy forgetfulness, recognized the Pentateuch as the genuine, ancient, most ancient, "literature" of the Hebrews, written long and long before Hezekiah's prophets, time enough for the nation to have forgotten the doctrine of the Persian Ahriman, if they ever did.
But, if we come to examine the facts, instead of what "apparently therefore must have been;" if they first imbibed it in the Babylonish captivity from the further East, where they were not that we know of, further difficulties start into view. Psalm 109 speaks of Satan, and Job very fully and largely indeed: where did these scriptures get it? I am aware that Psalm 109 is decided by "learned Germans" not to be David's. But it has not yet, as far as I can learn, found its place among the "latest positive results of criticism," so as to fix a date for it. So that it stands either before Hezekiah's prophets, and Mr. N.'s date of the Pentateuch, and disproves his whole theory; or, if after these, subsequent Hebrew literature has such an Ahriman. No one that I find has placed it after the captivity. And Job—where is he to go? Here the "latest positive results" are most untoward. De Wette, in his first four editions, had fixed the date of this book after the captivity. Whether his finding Ahriman in it had any influence in producing this judgment I know not; at any rate in his last we find: "We cannot place its date so low as the Chaldee period, but near it; in the time when the kingdom of Judah was sinking into ruin." Ewald and Hirzel place it, one at the beginning, the other at the end of this century (i.e., the seventh B.C.)—from Josiah to the captivity. That is, the fullest instruction we have as to Satan in the Old Testament is, according to the latest authorities, before the captivity, and exactly in "the subsequent Hebrew literature, which has no trace of such an Ahriman." It "apparently therefore must" not have been adopted from the Persian Ahriman, or "Melek Taous."
There is indeed a way of getting rid of this, suggested in Parker's De Wette, vol 2, p. 563.
"For the sake of the perfection of the poem, we could wish these historical passages were away. Accordingly they have been rejected by Hasse, Stuhlmann, and Bernstein"—what lively jealousy for the reputation of the unknown author! But De Wette's conscience seems to have been growing as he advanced in his enquiries and his years; he continues: "But the prosaic style, the occurrence of Satan therein, the use of the name of Jehovah (while Eloah is elsewhere used in the book for its poetic effect), prove nothing against the genuineness of these passages."
But here we get a most curious discovery. Herder, Eichhorn, Stuhlmann, and Bertholdt, think the Satan mentioned here "is not the common one!" However, we are assured in the same note, that "this is contrary to all analogy." What the analogy is I must leave to the reader to discover in De Wette's Biblische Dogmatik. But I must say, if ever there was a specimen of incapacity to seize the purpose of a moral author—self-sufficiency and a total want of all intelligence, it is in the learned German's account of the merits and contents of the book of Job, as given in the American edition of De Wette.
Discussions as to the date of a book which affords none, which affords no direct proof of any, so that it is to be drawn from internal criteria, cannot be surprising; and such there have been amongst those who fully bowed to the book of Job as the word of God. It does not seem to me a very difficult question; but I should not presume to impose an opinion, or dogmatize upon it. That it is inspired scripture no true believer doubts. It is cited in the New Testament, and certainly referred to by Ezekiel. When it was introduced into the canon is comparatively immaterial. I have not myself the least doubt of its antiquity. lam not Hebraist enough to pretend, in any way, to judge of the style; but many of those who are have not found it an obstacle to their conviction.
Besides, I confess I have not very great confidence in the decisions of sceptics as to Hebrew language. I open one writer of credit on these points, and he tells me, "In respect to the language, to the contents and entire spirit, the book belongs not at all to the golden age, but to the later period of Hebrew literature." I beg leave to demur to the contents and spirit; I cite as to the Hebrew. I open another book of credit, and I find: "The nature of the language employed is of itself sufficient to shew that its origin must be referred to a period antecedent to the compositions of the Psalms. In Job the use of Aramaisms is strongly marked, evidently pointing to a period prior to David, in whose time language was purer. Besides, these Aramaisms differ essentially from the later ones, exhibiting an ancient and primitive character quite distinct from the corrupt and degenerate Aramaisms of a later age," and then several examples are given. Indeed, in a language of which so little remains as there does of Hebrew, it requires uncommon nicety of judgment and depth of knowledge, both of the language, and, I may add, of cognate dialects, to judge from such a criterion (except in very clear cases, such as comparing the Pentateuch with the Chaldean period, or even with books written earlier than that). Gesenius mentions a fact which shews the full examination such a ground of judging of age requires: "The ancient Hebrew agrees, in its grammatical structure, more with the modern Arabic than with the ancient." He states how this has arisen, which is not my present subject. He places Job in the golden age of the language in his grammar; in his history of the language, next to Proverbs; in date of style, between the golden and inferior style.
It may be well to mention here, that it appears modern German critics have abandoned their old notion of the Josiah date of the Pentateuch, to which Mr. N.'s "eyes were opened" as "he considered the narrative." It is, even for them, at least as old as David and Solomon; for opinionum commenta delet dies. I may add that the greatest masters of the subject are clear that writing began two thousand years at least before Christ, or, as another expresses it, "more ancient than any history is able to disclose. It was a privilege enjoyed by the Shemitish nations a long time before Moses made his appearance in history."
I cite the opinion of German rationalists.199
I recall this, as attempts are made to becloud this point too. The result is, that we have Satan (according to Mr. N. himself; the believer cannot have a doubt of it) referred to in the earliest historical books, in the history of the serpent. He is very largely, and with very particular development and purpose, introduced in the book of Job. He is spoken of in Psalm 109; and fully in Zechariah and Chronicles, after the captivity. That is, from the beginning to the end of the Old Testament. So much for "no trace of such an Ahriman," and legends "imported from further East." The latest authorities and best Hebrew scholars of Mr. N.'s views place Job before the captivity (many making it very much earlier; some, indeed, the most ancient book in existence).
But the criticisms on the book of Job are useful to refer to in this way. When the discussion is on historical prophecy, many subjects come before the mind to which natural intellect can apply its powers (dates, historical facts, and the like). The results are just as false as in books more properly didactic; and some unhappy English sceptic, unable to go at the pace at which light German wit and diligent German labour travel in doubt, finds his "eyes opened" some years too late on something on which those of his more assiduous neighbours have already closed again; and we get some Josiah date of the Pentateuch published in English, when no one of the originally opened eyes can see it any longer. But the moral scope of a book abides for every one to examine. Job pretends to no ostensible date. The ways of God are simply and directly in question; and here the glaring incompetency of these unhappy sceptics becomes too evident to bear the light. A converted child—nay, any one who had retained some respect for God—could judge the unimaginable flippancy, the utter incapacity to seize hold of the purport and connection of the divine writings, exhibited by these critics. "Elihu's speeches are spurious; they do not introduce God well; they subvert the scope of the book."
I may feel unable to judge whether an Aramaism is an old one or a new, whether there are Arabisms in Job, or whether they are not such as have passed through an Aramaean crucible, and become genuine poetical Hebrew; but Elihu's speeches are before us all; and an English reader, if he has not the linguistic niceties, has the subject fully before him. It is a relief to turn to it. It has been, at least, a comfort to me in my present task to have an opportunity of occupying myself and my reader from time to time with the contents of scripture.
The reader of the book of Job is let in at once into what was really going on, that he may know God's purpose and ways. Job is not. It would have destroyed the effect of the gracious, though painful, process. God takes notice of His saints—"Hast thou considered my servant Job?" Satan's attention thus attracted to them in a way which shews that God, whatever Satan's malice, is the real source of all that is to follow, he becomes the accuser. Thus the great scene, of which man (and, we must add, the saint) was the object, really opens.
God, whose purpose is only disclosed at the end in the profit done to Job's soul (though His being the source of all is revealed), leaves Job, in a measured way, in the hand of the adversary for temptation and trial. Such is the scene and spring of action from within. But all comes on Job from without by apparently ordinary causes. The predatory hordes of Sabaeans, Chaldeans, and the like, make razzias on his flocks and herds; a violent wind from the desert throws down his house when his children are feasting; and at last a disease of the country attacks his own body: rapidly accumulated no doubt, but all ordinary events, however trying. What was Job's own character? He was, in his general character, a godly, upright, gracious man, fearing God, eschewing evil, and gracious with those around him. Why should evils, if there be a divine government, fall on such a one? If this world be simply the present manifestation of divine government as such, then indeed it would be incredible. But though Providence overrules all, and God delights to bless even temporarily; and though in result, when He takes to Him His own great power and rules, the blessing of the righteous will fully arrive; yet now, in a world of sin, He is carrying on another purpose, the perfecting of saints for the full enjoyment of Himself. This, since sin and will are come in, is wrought in two ways—judgment of self, and submission to God.
Now Job needed, and God saw that he needed, this. He was gracious and pious, but he did not know himself; and he had never so seen God as to be brought to a real knowledge of himself in His presence. God deals therefore with him in a way to bring his sinfulness fully out, and then places him with it, manifested to his conscience, in His own presence. Elihu's place we shall see in a moment. He gives the key to God's ways in grace, in order that the soul which God was dealing with might be brought into God's presence, as under discipline, not under judgment. Job had acted well, for grace had acted in him; but he did not know himself before God. Thus he speaks: "When the ear heard me, then it blessed me; and when the eye saw me, it gave witness to me; because I delivered the poor that cried, and the fatherless, and him that had none to help him. The blessing of him that was ready to perish came upon me, and I caused the widow's heart to sing for joy. I put on righteousness, and it clothed me; my judgment was as a robe and a diadem. I was eyes to the blind, and feet was I to the lame. I was a father to the poor; and the cause which I knew not, I searched out." All very right and gracious; but was it all that was in Job's heart? What did the thinking of it produce there? What did it shew? Men waited for Job, no doubt; but where was Job's heart? What was it? Well, God allows Satan, in his malice, to sweep all he could entirely away; and here more good is displayed in the sufferer. He is patient in his sorrow: he blesses God, and bows his head to Him who gave and saw fit to take away.
But Job's heart was not yet reached. Its reflections on itself there was nothing to change. Men would have said, "What more can you want than grace in prosperity, and patience in adversity? "Such a knowledge of myself as makes God everything to me, and me morally capable of enjoying Him. Had God stopped here, though outwardly preparation had been made for His further work, Job would have been better pleased with himself than ever. Had God restored him now, mischief would have been done. Satan had done all he could. Job's friends arrive, and sympathy or shame (for God will have His blessed work fully done) reveals Job to himself; and he who has become the type of patience curses the day in which he was born. The surface is broken through, and Job, and his friends too, come out in their reality. His friends take the ground of a present certain government of God manifest in all His ways; in which they are wholly and in every sense wrong. Did He directly govern, He could allow no sin at all. He who could suppose this present evil world the expression of the just and adequate results of God's character in government must have an awful idea of God Himself. They were pretty much on Mr. N.'s ground. They had a pre-existing standard of morals, and judged God and all things by it. God loved righteousness, and hated iniquity: Job was under His afflicting hand; consequently, he was a hypocrite. They pronounce, indeed, many "wise saws," common-place truisms, which explained nothing, and reached no man's conscience, not even their own; and hold their tongues, vexed that their wisdom is despised.
In Job two things are brought out—an unbroken, impatient will, which set up to judge God and say that he was more righteous than He; but, at the same time, a heart which had a sense of relationship with God, though in rebellion against Him and writhing under His hand—a perception of qualities in God which shewed a personal knowledge of Himself, which only longed to find Him, and knew when he did he should find Him such. He could not indeed find Him: He was in one way, and who could turn Him aside? But if he did, he would order his cause before Him: God Himself would put words in his mouth. There was that confidence in Him, that he counted upon His heart towards him. When he can get rid of the stupid importunities of his moralizing and heartless friends, he turns to cry after God with an "O that I might find Him!" In justice, he sees it is no use. How can a man plead with God? But in heart he will trust Him, if He slays him. Nothing can be more beautiful than the way he turns thus, casting aside his friends as he may, to throw himself into the arms of God, if he could only find Him. But ail was not ready yet: the confidence would be sustained; but the will must be broken, self-complacency destroyed. In this process all manner of feelings come out—impatient anger presumptuously arraigning God, acknowledging present government in pious justification of his ways; clearly proving that it was no present adequate proof of what God thought of a man, a deep personal heart sense of what God is expressed in confidence in Him. The heart was fully exercised: its evil brought out, its good—its faith in God—brought into play: but the riddle was not yet solved.
Elihu then comes in, an interpreter, "one among a thousand," and brings in this truth—that God deals personally with man. A general superintending government no doubt there is—a God that judges the earth; but there is another kind of government— that of souls. He turns man from his purpose. He hides pride from man. He hides not His eyes from the righteous. They are with kings; but He binds them in affliction and cords of iron to shew them their works, their transgressions, that they have exceeded. He chastens, He restores, He governs with a view to blessing—and souls in a moral relationship with Himself. He was not God to terrify Job; yet Job could not answer, when God, acting in respect of an unjudged conscience and an unsubdued heart, was brought out.
Yet, while judging the conscience and shewing the sin of the will and pride of heart, such reasoning shewed God's active, condescending, painstaking grace to a soul that had the integrity that was found in Job. Thus God's ways were revealed by the interpreter, and self-righteousness totally set aside. Still one thing remained: where gracious ways had softened the heart of the wilful one for submission, God's own majesty was to be revealed to shew Job his utter folly—worms and sinners that we are. Hence God is displayed in majesty and power; and Job acknowledges his vileness, first by shutting his mouth before God, staying his presumptuous words, and then by opening it in unfeigned confession before the gracious God who dealt with him, in whose presence he now stood in a truth and reality he had never been in before: "I have heard of thee, by the hearing of the ear: but now mine eye seeth thee. Wherefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes." Then God can fully bless him, and pardon his friends, putting each in his place.
These were, so to speak, the parties in question—self-righteousness referring to present government now; a saint, yet unsubdued and not knowing himself as a poor sinner before God; and the God of majesty with whom they all had to do. Elihu was but an interpreter by the way, and hence not seen when the judgment is to be pronounced. He answers to the intelligent spirit of Christ, acting by the word to teach God's ways as the Church ought to know them. Thus "we have heard of the patience of Job, and have seen the end of the Lord; that the Lord is very pitiful, and of tender mercy." We can add that the Daysman, whom Job sought in vain, has presented for us a perfect, divine, and accepted righteousness before God. Surely He was not one on earth in whom God brought His terror on the sinner. Such, I apprehend, is the purport of this book for every soul—the most instructive revelation of God's ways with men. I do not doubt its application to Jewish's history; for in the Jews God will ultimately display His government of the earth, as He has already to those who have spiritual intelligence to discern it. But that history is but a large picture of man's heart and God's ways that we may learn them.
There are higher revelations no doubt in the New Testament. But the sovereign grace and righteousness there revealed have not superseded these principles of intercourse of God with godly men—with the redeemed, and with men in general—which are brought out, independently of all particular dispensations, in this wonderful and most beautiful book. It carefully shuts out thus all special dispensational character or Jewish legal form of knowledge, or God's taking a people specially to Himself, while picturing the dealings developed in them. I have no doubt, from the kind of idolatry referred to, the patriarchal manners and other characteristics of the book, that it is of Mosaic date at least; but however this may be. of its spiritual place and purpose in the holy book of God I have not the least doubt—a godly man, standing with God in government in the earth, and his acceptance before Him.
The reader will remark that sacrifices are introduced as the means of escape from the consequences of our folly and sin in respect of God. The book of Job is the testimony now (independent of all peculiar dispensational truth and blessings; and it was the testimony before there were any) of the great fundamental truths on which all relationship between God and man on earth rests, dispensationally brought out.
I would add, that I have no doubt that 1 Corinthians 7:37, 38, applies to the man's own state, and not in any way whatever to his daughter's.
Mr. N. speaks of the difficulty which scientific men have of determining what a miracle is; and that the course of nature must be known to know what a deviation from it is. This remark shews how reasoners create difficulties for themselves. The object of a miracle is to shew the intervention of God. If God did, in favour of some one or many, in a day what man would take ten years to do but could do if he had time, it would be a miracle in the truest sense of the word. But if Laizarus was raised from the dead, did any one doubt it was out of the course of nature? If a blind man received his sight from clay and the pool of Siloam, did he doubt it? If a cripple of forty years old from his birth, not expecting it, could leap and walk in a moment, does Mr. N. think that he, or any one in his senses, would wait till science had settled the course of nature to know whether there was a miracle or not?
Let the reader remark, I am not now discussing whether these things happened or not, but the difficulty of ascertaining their character, supposing they did happen.
Is God Otiose, Or Active In Grace?
One point yet remains of the general moral character of the system which I would bring under the notice of the reader. The principle which Mr. N. sets forth as excellent, and the basis of all practical religion, is the sympathy of God with individual man. "The Bible," he says (Phases, p. 188), "is pervaded by a sentiment which is implied everywhere; namely, the intimate sympathy of the pure and perfect God with the heart of each faithful worshipper." Be it so. But sinners with "an antagonist will" are not faithful worshippers. The same Bible declares "there is none that understahdeth, none that seeketh after God"; and we all know that it is the case with a vast majority, and has been, if it be not yet, our own case. What is to become of these—in truth, of all? Mr. N.'s philosophical system leaves them to any possible desire which an antagonist will may have to approach. One from whom as such it desires to be free, and whose presence awakens an uneasy conscience which would desire anything rather than to be there. The mass of men—all really—are left in the hopeless condition of those who are not faithful worshippers and care not to become so.
God must reveal nothing—must sit in otiose indifference, till some one changes himself and comes: no word may He speak to engage him. It would be a revelation. Does Christianity leave sinners in this desolate state, and present a God who, if love be in His heart, is helpless to shew it? It is just the contrary. There God is revealed as One who, in Christ, comes to seek and save that which was lost. The Good Shepherd at all cost to Himself seeks His sheep—gives His life for His sheep. Christianity does speak of more than "sympathy for the worshipper"—it speaks of communion. But it is first of all the activity of God's love towards them that were perishing by their own fault far from Him—a love exercised towards them though their will was antagonist. It reveals a God of love, who cared for—thought of—those who did not care for Him—who has compassion on sinners, that they may become thankful worshippers. Judaism did own faithful worshippers, though at the outset it had, as a figure, sought out an enslaved and suffering people. But in Christianity God is fully revealed, not helpless to shew His love, but coming in goodness to the sinner where he is, that thus love may give assurance to the heart, and the work of redemption peace to the conscience; so that the sinner may have boldness to approach because God came to him in grace, when he dared not—could not—come to God.
It is this which is the answer of the Lord to the Pharisees, who reproached Him for receiving sinners and eating with them.
The shepherd sought his sheep from the earnest care of his own heart for it. The woman used all diligence to find her piece of money. The joy was the shepherd's, and the woman's. And how is the sinner received when he turns to God? The returning prodigal had his father on his neck while in his rags, and the best robe to enter into the house. It was his father's joy to have him back there. Such is the God revealed in Christ. Where is Mr. N.'s? It is a philosophical god, to be found by philosophers. Trouble Himself to seek you! How should a God reveal Himself? It is an unplausible thing. And if I have found Him, and found Him to be love—silence! to speak of Him would be a revelation; to listen, second-hand faith. Let others find Him if they care to do so; if not, nobody knows what will become of them. Nor does the philosopher mind this much more than the helpless careless god he professes to have found.
I leave to Mr. N. to say why he writes against a book in which is found the basis of all practical religion, which is pervaded by it, and which alone, as he admits, has preserved and produced it.
199 I cite from English translations accessible to me at the moment; I have not the German originals.


text:
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text:
If you asked the stakeholders in your business whether packaging is perceived as an unwanted cost or a value driving innovation, what would they say?
Inbound or Asia sourced product packaging has been on the radar of most procurement teams in terms of the cost of a box to varying degrees of success. This is mainly due to either a lack of visibility or simply the degree of complexity involved.
However, as internal retailer teams continue to be challenged to reduce costs, improve compliance and increase speed to market the time has come where packaging must take center stage as a key driver and enabler.
Retailers and brand owners have historically dedicated significant budget to the graphic design and artworking of primary packaging with little focus on the structural specification which is often controlled by the supplier. However with the growth of the ecommerce channel and the complexities of omni-channel the physical make up of packaging has never been more important.
Although suppliers are given some standards for packaging, the real benefits around supply chain efficiency and damage reduction is a game of fractions of inches and the ability to manage detail at scale.
The only way to effectively manage this challenge and create opportunity is to somehow touch and consider every piece of packaging to ensure it is designed to complement the end to end value chain.
Here are the 5 steps you can take to start your journey transforming packaging to a value driving innovation across your business.
1. Take a look-see
2. Find the source of the problem
3. Build an improvement strategy
4. Check compliance
5. Enforce it
Implementing this process through the introduction of software will provide transparency for all stakeholders, build an asset library and workflow manager, which will decode the mystery of overseas packaging development.
Equator, (https://player.vimeo.com/video/153491647) , a system unique to More from Less which is designed to communicate and deliver your brand promise consistently across all markets. As a result you are able to control the harmonization of your packaging designs, improve supply chain visibility and increase the speed of your products to market.
For more information on how More from Less can help you make packaging a source of value and more than just an unwanted cost visit www.morefromlessglobal.com and contact us.


text:
No matter what your zodiac element—earth, fire, water, or air—it's never a bad time for a winter sojourn. From the sugar sand beaches of Miami to the powdery slopes of Jackson Hole, Wyoming, Susan Miller, the venerable astrologer and fashionable founder of AstrologyZone, weighs in on where domestic travel might take the 12 celestial signs this year.
1. Pisces (Feb. 19–March 20)
As a Pisces you are imaginative, mystical, romantic, compassionate, highly intuitive, spiritual, and possibly religious, reflective and highly creative. You prefer to be near water, always.
Visit: A perfect setting would be the Florida Keys with their charming gingerbread houses, tiny streets, and sublime turquoise waters. If you want a more cosmopolitan experience, head to Miami, with the salty sea breeze and sexy salsa music spilling out from restaurants, instantly getting you in the mood for fun and love. Pisces does not need a lot of outside stimulation to enjoy a vacation—just the opposite. You like a soothing environment to unlock the rich imaginative repository of ideas that lies within you.
Where to Stay: With only 77 rooms and steeped in glam history (think Sinatra and Gardner), the Richard Meier–designed Four Seasons Hotel at the Surf Club mixes clean lines with chic, leafy interiors, compliments of Parisian designer Joseph Dirand. Come evenings, slip into Le Sirenuse for al fresco champagne and Amalfi Coast–inflected dishes like linguine with clams.
2. Aries (March 21–April 19)
You are adventurous, energetic, an enthusiastic self-starter, pioneering, and always up for something new. Most Aries are athletic and inquisitive, and on vacation they need a complete change from everyday life.
Visit: Go to Jackson Hole, Wyoming, against the dramatic, breathtaking backdrop of the Grand Teton Mountains. You'll have big sky and flat planes, and you'll see real-life cowboys on horseback tending their cattle and using their lassos to pull in an errant bull. There are plenty of hiking paths, and if you like, add a tour of Grand Teton National Park and the nearby Yellowstone National Park. Work in time to poke around through shops in Jackson Hole and buy a pair of cowboy boots to wear with your jeans, and you'll fit right in.
Where to Stay: In town, design-savvy folks drop their bags at the renovated Anvil Hotel, whose 49 rooms are dressed in two-toned wainscoting, brass fixtures, and iron bed frames. Meanwhile, the ultimate ski-in ski-out experience happens in Teton Village at the venerable, rustic-luxe Four Seasons Jackson Hole, where fireplaces are always ablaze, and afterward, a little après inside the Mangy Moose.
3. Taurus (April 20–May 20)
Taurus loves nature, and usually on a vacation you need to be near lush forests, mountains, and fresh air. You are observant, organized, realistic, loving, and warm-hearted.
Visit: Your senses are remarkably acute, so plan a trip to Napa Valley and expand your knowledge of California offerings with many wine tastings. Choose a five-star hotel in this region—and while you are at it, book a treatment at a sumptuous spa, too. (As a rule, you do not like staying at a hotel without creature comforts; those seem to you like camping.) Ask your concierge for names of fine restaurants. On your drive back to San Francisco, plan a special dinner once you reach this gastronomic capital, a perfect way to end your trip before flying home.
Where to Stay: In St. Helena, book a room at the quiet, elegant Meadowood Napa Valley, where chic, cheery cottages stocked with California King beds, cozy fireplaces, and vineyard-inspired spa treatments dovetail with an endless array of local wineries. Pssst: This summer, the iconic resort will unveil a new fitness and pool area.


text:
Best Kids Books About Christmas
The Ultimate List of The Best Christmas Books
You better not pout, I'm telling you why: Bookroo's ultimate list of the best Christmas books ever is here to make your holiday season perfect. Christmas is the most wonderful time of the year, and we've got the books to help make it even more special and festive! We've combed through the many Christmas books to find you the best of the best -- classics and hidden gems. Don't just take our word for it (or do, because we've read, rated, and tested!), we're sure you're going to rediscover old favorites and find magical new favorites. Whatever your style, just make sure to not wait until the night before Christmas to get reading, there are just too many good ones to read!
A timely rendition of the nativity follows Mary, Joseph, and Baby Jesus as they travel in a strange land, hoping to find refuge in the kindness of strangers. $1 from the sale of each print book sold until October 2017 will go to the UN refugee agency, UNHCR. Everyone knows the story of how Jesus was humbly born in a manger when was no room at the inn. But here is a lyrical depiction of what came next: the new family's travels through the desert, fleeing Herod's soldiers in order to find a safe place to welcome their son into the world. A refreshing look at the classic Christmas story that's never been more relevant, Refuge asks readers to consider the modern day implications of being forced to flee your home country.
This edition of the classic story has the most beautiful illustrations! A Christmas classic, this one's a must read of the season. I especially love the lift-the-flap pages that make the book extra fun.
The original tale of The Night Before Christmas by Clement C. Moore is now accompanied by enchanting illustrations from Antonio Caparo in this festive holiday picture book. 'Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse… Since it was first published nearly 200 years ago "The Night Before Christmas" has enchanted readers young and old with the story of St. Nicholas landing on a snowy roof, climbing down the chimney, and filling all the stockings with gifts before riding off in his sleigh, wishing "Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good night!" This classic poem is now accompanied by stunning, richly detailed illustrations from Antonio Caparo, illustrator of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and Rudolph Shines Again. This beautiful picture book is the perfect Christmas gift.
I LOVE the Snowmen books by the Buehners and this is no exception. Fantastic and super catchy rhymes make this super enjoyable to read aloud (and listen to!) and clever re-interpretions of everything Christmas into a snowman world give plenty of things for children to "I spy" as you go through the story.
On Christmas Eve, snowmen hold a party in the center of town and celebrate with food, music and dancing, and presents, in the companion title to Snowmen at Night.
Illustrates the story of the birth of Jesus and the arrival of the wise men and shepherds at the manger.
This book is spunky, clever and delightful, and the perfect book for that tender age where the doubt begins to creep in. The illustrations are amazing (LOVE Cale Atkinson) and a perfect compliment to this story about the tandem doubts of Harold who doesn't believe in Santa... and Santa who doesn't believe in Harold.
Santa has a problem. This kid? Harold? Santa doesn't think he's real. He WANTS to believe in Harold--after all, Harold is one of the most magical parts of Christmas. Getting Harold's letters, eating the cookies he leaves out, feeding his carrots to the reindeer... what would Christmas be without that? But Santa's just not sure. Some of his friends are telling him they think Harold's not real. And the Harold that sat on his knee last Christmas looked AWFULLY different. Santa comes up with a plan to find out once and for all if Harold really exists... with hilarious consequences.
This story was beautiful and I loved that it showed you the carvings at the bottom of the pages as they were being made. It was so sweet to learn about the nativity scene through the eyes of the young boy and see how it softened Jonathan Toomy's heart.
The spirit of Christmas heals a sorrowing woodcarver's heart in this splendid reissue of a Candlewick holiday classic, dressed in a radiant new cover. The spirit of Christmas heals a sorrowing woodcarver's heart in this splendid edition of a holiday classic, complete with a CD masterfully narrated by James Earl Jones.
When Lucida is unable to finish her gift for the Baby Jesus in time for the Christmas procession, a miracle enables her to offer the beautiful flower we now call the poinsettia.
This is a beautiful story about the true meaning of Chrismas and seeing the beauty of the big things that matter in the midst of little stumbling blocks. Patricica Polacco's illustrations are always gorgeous, and heartwarming, and this story definitely brought tears to my eyes.
A tapestry that is being used to cover a hole in a church wall at Christmas brings together an elderly couple who were separated during World War II.
This is a very touching tale that is sure to become a holiday favorite. The beauty of the story is matched by the beauty of the illustrations. The story moves quickly enough to hold the attention of young readers while also having a depth that will inspire the heart of anyone reading.
Once upon a mountaintop, three little trees stood and dreamed of what they wanted to become when they grew up. Each of their dreams come true in an unexpected way in this lovely retelling of an old folk tale. This Lion classic, beloved by young and old, is now retold in simpler text for younger readers.
A very fun book about a dog who thinks he might be a reindeer. :) So cute and the story will make you smile. The illustrations in this book are absolutely beautiful and so colorful!
Thinking that "all of the other reindeer" she hears people singing about include her, Olive the dog reports to the North Pole to help Santa Claus on Christmas Eve.
Three kids venture to the North Pole to help Santa defeat an army of evil elves in this holiday classic from the brilliant mind that brought you The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore. Art Atchinson Aimesworth—inventor, crime fighters, and all-around whiz kid—journeys north with his sister, Esther, and his pal Spaulding, by special invitation from Santa himself. Why did Santa call them to the North Pole? Art wants to know. But when Esther is taken by the Queen of the Dark Elves, Art must put his questions aside and save his sister. This reissue of William Joyce's epic Christmas adventure now comes complete with lift-the-flap letters from Santa himself!
A deluxe gift edition of the modern Christmas classic, featuring an access code to a printable Christmas party kit, plus downloadable audio read by Academy Award-winning actress Ellen Burstyn! Auntie Claus is just another eccentric New Yorker—or is she? Young Sophie has often wondered about her unusual great-aunt, Auntie Claus. She lives in penthouse 25C at the Bing Cherry Hotel and is so curioso! After all, Auntie Claus serves Christmas cookies all year long and her tree is always the best-decorated in the city. And then there's her annual "business trip," right around the holidays. This year Sophie is determined to get to the bottom of Auntie Claus's mysterious ways. Put on your mittens and bundle up for an adventure beyond your wildest dreams. Ho, ho, ho!
This rhyming story of getting Christmas trees just right is both funny and sweet! I love the sharing that goes on and that every piece of the tree is used and cherished. The illustrations make you feel snuggly and warm, and this book really makes me want to read by the Christmas tree!
When Mr. Willowby's Christmas tree is so tall that he has to cut the top off, he unwittingly provides trees for various people and animals.
That cold winter's night, beneath the star's light... ...a Little One came for the world.
Such a fun book showing how all artists have different styles. It walks through famous painters and what their snowmen might look like. I love this introduction to famous artists and their styles! It's also super fun that there's a blank canvas at the end for you to copy and create your own snowman with your own style.
-If someone asked you to paint a snowman, you would probably start with three white circles stacked one upon another. Then you would add black dots for eyes, an orange triangle for a nose, and a black dotted smile. But if Picasso painted a snowman....-
Bells jingle, sleds dash through the snow, trees are topped with sparkling stars, and children everywhere dream of candy canes and presents. But the best gift of all-the most magical gift of the season-is when we spend Christmas with those we love. Once again, this New York Times-bestselling author and artist has created a special, beautiful book that families will want to share year after year. (And readers will want to look for the Spirit of Christmas image that Nancy Tillman has hidden on every page!)
Wombat auditions for the Nativity play, but has trouble finding the right part.
The perfect Christmas book for all the little ninjas out there! The illustrations in this book are so cute and I love that it mostly uses black, white, and red. Plus, this book is sure to make you love Santa and his magic even more!
"Yukio wants to have a snowball fight but all the other ninjas want to stay good for Santa. So Yukio decides to sabotage Santa"--
A sweet holiday story from a New York Times bestselling duo! From the New York Times bestselling team that brought us The Littlest Pilgrim comes a sweet new holiday follow-up filled with Christmas cheer and adorable stickers! Oliver may be the littlest elf in the North Pole, but he has a big desire to discover his very special job in Santa's workshop! But after getting lost in the toy shop, making a mess at the bookshop, and falling in the mixing machine at the bakery, is the littlest elf just too little? Perhaps he just needs the littlest reindeer to remind him what Christmas is all about!
"With warm joyful art and a rhythmic, read-aloud text, here is a celebration of every festive step in taking home and decorating a Christmas tree"--flyleaf.
A lyrical retelling of the birth of Christ, told as an adaptation of "'Twas the Night Before Christmas," follows the arrival of Mary and Joseph in Bethlehem, the birth of Jesus, the angels' appearance to the shepherds and the visit by the Wise Men.
Just in time for the holidays—here comes Santa Cat! From the author of The Quiet Book and Here Comes the Easter Cat comes a hilarious holiday adventure! Cat took on a bunny in Here Comes the Easter Cat, but now Christmas is coming, and Cat has a hunch he's not on Santa's "nice" list. Which means? No presents for Cat. So he tries to be good, but children, it seems, aren't wild for his brand of gift-giving. Still, Cat might surprise himself, and best of all, he may just get to meet the man in the red suit himself—and receive a holiday surprise of his own. Fans of Pete the Cat, Splat the Cat, and Bad Kitty will delight in this holiday treat.
Presents with elegant wrapping paper, festive decorations, Christmas cookies with sprinkles -- and who could forget the tree? After all, there is no such thing as too much tinsel. Ooh la la! This year, Nancy is especially excited about decorating the Christmas tree. She bought a brand-new sparkly tree topper with her own money and has been waiting for Christmas to come. But when things don't turn out the way Nancy planned, will Christmas still be splendiferous? In this merriest of stories from bestselling duo Jane O'Connor and Robin Preiss Glasser, Nanyc proves once again that a little fancying up can go a long, festive way!
In this beloved classic picture book, Tomie dePaola retells and illustrates an Italian Christmas folk tale, breathing warmth and humanity into the character of the lonely Old Befana and her endless search for the Christ Child. Every morning and every afternoon, Old Befana sweeps with her broom. "Cranky old lady," the children say. "She is always sweeping!" Sweep, sweep, sweep. But when a brilliant star glows in the eastern sky one night, and Old Befana encounters the glorious procession of three kings on their way to Bethlehem, her little world will never be the same.
Illustrated throughout with stunning watercolor nightscapes of snowy winter scenes, Santa's Book of Names depicts all the warmth and spirit of this special time of year in a story about a young boy who learns to read with Santa's help. David McPhail's inspirational holiday story emphasizes the importance of literacy while reminding readers that with patience and practice, you can achieve just about anything.
Have a suggestion for a book to add to this list? Send an email to [email protected] with your book and list suggestion.


text: A SunniBunni Acai Bowl is lovingly made to order, when you order. Our BunniBowls are made with an Organic, Unsweetened Acai, so you're not getting a sugared up mess or any other funky stuff. Whichever BunniBowl you choose, our Original BunniBowl, our Green BunniBowl or our CocoaBunniBowl, your tastebuds will be experiencing an authentic, real food taste. Top your BunniBowl up with fresh, organic fruits, some nuts and an organic granola and you've got a meal that will leave you feeling energized and ready to go, without that, "I feel like I have a brick in my tummy" vibe.


text:
International team of scientists demonstrates superfast optical magnetization switching with record efficiency
Using extremely short bursts of light, precisely shaped in a custom-cut gold antenna, an international research team from Germany, The Netherlands, Russia, and the US has switched the magnetization state of a solid faster and more efficiently than ever before.
Their key achievement could pave the way towards a novel kind of nearly dissipation-free information technology. The results are published in the current issue of the top-tier journal Nature.
Modern electronics has to be ever faster and more compact. Yet this challenge comes with a fundamental predicament: Performing a task more rapidly costs more energy. State-of-the-art technology allows for reading and writing information on a hard disk drive at a rate of up to one billion (109) bits per second.
The binary information (0 or 1, respectively) is encoded in the orientation of tiny magnetic moments called spins. A magnetic read/write head is used to set or retrieve the information. While this scheme has defined large-scale magnetic data storage for more than six decades, it is facing fundamental limitations regarding energy efficiency and speed.
Already now, data centers around the world are responsible for 5 % of the world's electricity consumption – a staggering and continuously increasing figure. In light of this, it may sound like a dream that the laws of physics do not prohibit ultrafast and almost dissipation-free information processing.
Researchers around Dr. Christoph Lange and Prof. Dr. Rupert Huber (Department of Physics, University of Regensburg) as well as Dr. Rostislav Mikhaylovskiy, Prof. Dr. Alexey Kimel (Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) and Prof. Dr. Anatoly Zvezdin (Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia) have now made a large leap towards ultrafast information storage with minimal energy dissipation.
In principle, low-energy electromagnetic pulses in the far infrared - the so-called terahertz spectral range – should allow for steering spins from one stable configuration to another to encode information in the shortest possible time, and at the minimal possible expense of energy. So far, however, even the strongest sources of terahertz radiation did not provide sufficiently strong fields to achieve this goal.
"It has been possible for a few years to wobble spins around a little bit, but pushing them hard enough to fully reverse their orientation had remained impossible", as Stefan Schlauderer, PhD student and first author of the study, explains.
The international consortium cut the Gordian knot by combining the expertise of the Nijmegen group on a material class called antiferromagnets with the ability of the Regensburg group to control solids with the help of custom-tailored terahertz electromagnetic waveforms faster than even a single oscillation cycle of light.
The international team utilized a novel interaction mechanism which efficiently couples the spin motion to terahertz electric fields. In order to reach sufficient field strengths they used a trick from cutting-edge nanooptics. They developed and fabricated a very small antenna which strongly concentrates and thus enhances the terahertz radiation.
With this structure, the force on the spins exerted by the terahertz pulses was strong enough to change the structure's magnetic orientation within just a few picoseconds (millionths of a millionths of a second) while requiring only a single quantum – a photon – of the terahertz light field, per spin.
Their scheme not only surpasses the speed of existing technologies by a factor of more than 1000, it furthermore sets a new record in terms of energy efficiency. "The amount of energy put into the switching process is spot-on, which allows for virtually frictionless spin motion. Our approach thus bears potential for quantum information processing", Dr. Lange details.
The results are a key step towards a new generation of information technology which aims to simultaneously enable maximal energy efficiency and speed.
Priv.-Doz. Dr. habil. Christoph Lange
Am Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik
Universität Regensburg
Tel.: 0941-943-1800
E-Mail: email@example.com
Prof. Dr. Rupert Huber
Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik
Universität Regensburg
Tel.: 0941-943-2070
E-Mail: email@example.com
S. Schlauderer, C. Lange, S. Baierl, T. Ebnet, C. P. Schmid, D. C. Valovcin, A. K. Zvezdin, A. V. Kimel, R. V. Mikhaylovskiy, and R. Huber, "Temporal and spectral fingerprints of ultrafast all-coherent spin switching", Nature (2019).
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1174-7
ID: Nature 569, 383–387 (2019)
Christina Glaser | idw - Informationsdienst Wissenschaft
Further information:
Further reports about: > binary information > data storage > electricity consumption > energy efficiency > information technology > magnetic data storage > quantum information processing > reading and writing > spectral fingerprints > terahertz radiation
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Sunday, May 26, 2019
Raise your hand if you wish there was a way to make drug development more efficient. Guess what? There is. It's called model-based drug development, and it involves using quantitative analysis to better design protocols, determine dosage levels, and figure out other neat stuff that lead to successful regulatory filings. Once you see how incredible (and cost-effective) pharmacometrics can be, you'll be hooked.
"Proven and state of the art are mutually exclusive qualities."


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2014 Dodge Challenger Langhorne, PA
The 2014 Dodge Challenger boasts a rare mix of talents, combining the power and attitude of a muscle car with the refinement of a luxury coupe. Aside from some minor equipment adjustments, the 2014 Dodge Challenger is unchanged.
2014 Dodge Challenger Exterior
'14 Dodge Challenger Interior
2014 Dodge Challenger Style & Design
The 2014 Dodge Challenger line goes from the base SXT to the loaded SRT8. The base SXT model includes keyless entry, 18-inch all-season performance tires, automatic climate control, remote start and 6-speaker AM/FM/CD player with auxiliary input and Chrysler's Uconnect hands-free communication system. Inside, the layout seems uninspired. There are hard plastics, so-so color choices, only-average textures, moderately-adequate details, a lot of ho-hum. Two adults can actually fit in the rear, although getting there requires a bit of gymnastics. The Challenger also provides, surprisingly, a fairly generous trunk.
Power & Handling of the '14 Challenger
Whatever you thought or remembered about the way those muscle cars of times past drove, forget it, because the 2014 Dodge Challenger is a completely new and far, far better driving experience. All 2014 Dodge Challengers are rear-wheel drive. The base SXT is powered by a 3.6-liter V6 that produces 305 hp and 268 pound-feet of torque. A five-speed automatic is standard. EPA fuel economy estimates stand at 18 mpg city/27 mpg highway and 21 mpg combined.
There is no doubt: If you're drawn to the Challenger's image and powertrains, or missed a Challenger the first time around, or just have to drive a Hemi, nothing else will do. For more information about this model, visit the official 2014 Dodge Challenger website.


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21 July 2006
Urban Golf, the indoor golfing concept, will open its second London club next month.
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Solid support for continuing strike action over guards on trains
Talks between the two sides are expected to be held at the conciliation service Acas next week.
Rail workers were said to be solidly supporting their 38th strike in the long-running dispute over guards on trains.
Members of the Rail, Maritime and Transport union at Arriva Rail North (Northern) mounted picket lines outside stations. Services were disrupted, with only around a third of the usual number running.
Talks between the two sides are expected to be held at the conciliation service Acas next week.
The union said it had set out three principle objectives to be met which would have facilitated talks and allowed for today's action to be suspended.
Emergency Situations - Just another reason why we need to #KeepTheGuardOnTheTrain pic.twitter.com/PiA5a4KGD1— RMT (@RMTunion) December 1, 2018
RMT general secretary Mick Cash said: "I want to pay tribute to RMT members across Northern Rail on this 38th day of strike action.
"It is their sheer guts and resilience that has kept the fight for safe and accessible rail travel for all across the Northern franchise in the spotlight while the company continue to duck and dive and refuse to face up to the key issues.
"RMT made it clear that we needed a formal response from Northern Rail by noon yesterday to the core principles around the role and responsibilities of the second person on their trains.
⚠ RMT UNION STRIKE ACTION ⚠— Northern (@northernassist) November 30, 2018
Planned for this Saturday 01 December.
You can find more details here: https://t.co/eizZfdNSb7 pic.twitter.com/G06bjNIKsk
"We are angry and frustrated that no such response was forthcoming, and as a result of the company's failure the action has gone ahead today; exactly as planned.
"It has only been the resilience of RMT members and our supporters from the travelling public whose solidarity and determination have been instrumental in getting the focus of the dispute back on to the guarantee of a second person on the train.
"It is deeply disappointing that the company failed to meet a deadline yesterday that could have moved the issues forward."
Press Association


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Inclusion Manager
- Recruiter
- Location
- Peckham
- Salary
- Leadership Scale (Inner London)
- Posted
- 19 Feb 2018
- Closing date
- 19 Mar 2018
- Ref
- 3300
- Contact
- Harris Primary Academy Peckham Park
- Industry
- Schools, Primary leadership, Head of Department/Subject Leader, Primary teaching, Special & additional needs
- Job level
- Management
- Hours
- Full time
- Contract
- Permanent
- Listing type
- Job vacancy
We are looking for a qualified teacher to join our academy as Inclusion Manager.
Harris Primary Academy Peckham Park is a primary academy for local children. Our belief is that children thrive when they are consistently happy and safe at school. Whatever a child's background or starting point, we want to make sure that they finish Year 6 with the academic skills, social skills and knowledge necessary to succeed. Every lesson at our school is creative and there is plenty of time for children to think, to play, to discover and wonder. In addition, parents have the option to start their children in Harris Peckham Park Nursery from the age of 3.
We are a team of ordinary individuals who genuinely enjoy working together to create extraordinary outcomes, and we have an opportunity for someone to join us.
Your role:
This is a non class-based leadership position with a teaching commitment that will vary based on need. You will have the overall responsibility for leading and managing inclusion, including responsibility for leading the inclusion team to ensure that children with additional needs are included in the most effective and appropriate way through excellent support and provision resulting in their needs being met and their progress accelerating.
You must hold the NASENCO qualification, QTS (or equivalent) and an undergraduate degree to be considered for this post.
We are looking for:
- An excellent teacher with proven experience of raising standards and accelerating children's learning at all levels.
- An aspiring leader who can take responsibility for developing and managing an effective team; training monitoring and evaluating their impact on learning.
- Someone who shares our passion, commitment, drive, enthusiasm, and hardworking ethos.
- QTS (or equivalent) and an undergraduate degree.
Why work at Harris Primary Academy Peckham Park?
For more information, please contact Harris Primary Academy Peckham Park on 020 7639 6091 or email@example.com.
Are you an Aspiring Senior Leader?
At Harris, we have a strong culture of school improvement, and professional development is at the heart of the Federation. We offer the opportunity for you to gain your NPQSL qualification, a dynamic development programme for middle leaders potentially one year away from senior leadership. This programme is led by some of the most talented principals in the country and delivered by high-performing principals and senior leaders with exceptional track-records. Our leaders have a wealth of knowledge and are highly experienced in improving outcomes for students. Find out more www.harristeachingschool.com
Harris academies are committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and expect all staff and volunteers to share this commitment. All offers of employment are subject to an Enhanced DBS check, and where applicable, a prohibition from teaching check will be completed for all applicants. In line with our commitments to safeguarding, the Harris Federation uses preferred agencies and is unable to work with any agencies where Terms of Business have not been agreed by both parties prior to an engagement.


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What It Is: Think Mary Kay (cosmetics), Pampered Chef (kitchenware), or Rodan + Fields (skincare)—over time, you build a base of clients to whom you sell a company's wares. "There are several reasons why I decided to become a consultant," says Rodan + Fields independent consultant Debbie Royer. "I had seen how much of a blessing the business had been to a friend of mine and my sister-in-law. Plus, everything can be done from my phone, and being a mom to a preschooler and an infant I don't have a lot of extra time to be sitting at a computer."
It is also important to ask only one question at a time. Questions that ask respondents to evaluate more than one concept (known as double-barreled questions) – such as "How much confidence do you have in President Obama to handle domestic and foreign policy?" – are difficult for respondents to answer and often lead to responses that are difficult to interpret. In this example, it would be more effective to ask two separate questions, one about domestic policy and another about foreign policy.
That's why the UP Global team uses Zapier to send email notifications of their new SurveyGizmo survey responses, to help manage Startup Weekend and their interactions with their sponsor, Coca-Cola. "With 10,000 volunteers in more than 110 countries, coordinating volunteers and Coke representatives is no small feat," says Mitchell Cuevas, senior marketing director at UP Global. But it's easier with Zapier.
The Once a Month Meals team uses Zapier's Google Sheets integration for just that. Whenever their SurveyMonkey applicant survey is filled out with, their Zap copies the survey data into different worksheets in the spreadsheet based on types of meals the applicant can cook. Their team can then find cooks for each type of menu just by opening the correct sheet.
But what makes me smile is SurveyGizmo's Survey Diagnostics tools, which uses data from other surveys in SurveyGizmo to estimate the accessibility of your survey, and how long it'll take people to complete. You can even get SurveyGizmo's team to test your survey for you, or invite others' feedback on your survey. That way, you'll get a polished survey others are sure to fill out. A survey that, perhaps, will even make them smile.
SurveyGizmo is a flexible freemium option for surveys. The free version has ~25 question types, letting you write a survey that caters to specific needs. If you need even more question types, you can bump up to the next paid level whenever you need to, and drop back down when you don't ($22/month—the lowest paid level—gets you additional branding and logic options).
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In addition to large tech companies like Apple and Dell, at-home jobs for technical support representatives are available from any number of large companies who sell products with any type of technological component to them. Keep in mind that technology isn't just limited to electronics. Companies selling any type of product with working parts may need technical support representatives to help customers with problems operating the product.
Paid survey site companies invest billions of dollars into marketing research online. They always want to find out more intricate details of a consumer's relationship with their product. Whether it's a new television show or just an existing product line, companies like Disney, Samsung, and Sony go to great lengths to find out their ideal audiences.
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After joining a survey site, you provide some personal and demographic information, which legitimate survey sites will keep private. That information will be used in choosing participants to take surveys on certain goods and services. If you get selected to take part in a survey, you will be notified through mail to take a short survey to see if your profile suits that survey. When you are deemed qualified, you will be requested to take a longer survey.
Because of concerns about the effects of category order on responses to closed-ended questions, many sets of response options in Pew Research Center's surveys are programmed to be randomized (when questions have two or more response options) to ensure that the options are not asked in the same order for each respondent. For instance, in the example discussed above about what issue mattered most in people's vote, the order of the five issues in the closed-ended version of the question was randomized so that no one issue appeared early or late in the list for all respondents. Randomization of response items does not eliminate order effects, but it does ensure that this type of bias is spread randomly.
Harris Poll has made a strong presence in the market research industry. They are a member of the National Council of Public Polls (NCPP), the Council of American Survey Research Organizations (CASRO), the Council for Marketing and Opinion Research (CMOR), and the European Society for Opinion & Marketing Research (ESOMAR). The firm abides by the standards of these organizations, thus proving their reputability.
Perhaps the most important part of the survey process is the creation of questions that accurately measure the opinions, experiences and behaviors of the public. Accurate random sampling and high response rates will be wasted if the information gathered is built on a shaky foundation of ambiguous or biased questions. Creating good measures involves both writing good questions and organizing them to form the questionnaire.


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Set to arrive next month, the Nintendo Labo VR kits will come in a few different options.
The new Toy-Con is available in two configurations: the complete VR Kit set includes the Switch software and materials to build all six Labo VR projects-VR Goggles, Blaster, Camera, Bird, Wind Pedal, and Elephant.
It's been rumored for years, but now the Switch console is finally getting virtual reality support by way of Nintendo Labo.
The inventive Toy-Con Garage mode - included as part of all Nintendo Labo software - returns with Nintendo Labo: VR Kit, offering basic programming tools for players to experiment with.
The company will use its DIY cardboard accessories to help turn the Switch into a makeshift VR headset, akin to how Google was able to turn the smartphone into a VR portal through Cardboard.More news: School Warns Momo Challenge Is Hacking Peppa Pig And Fortnite
More news: Diddy, Oprah, Ice Cube & More React To Regina King's Oscars Win
More news: 'Space Jam 2' Scheduled To Be Released July 16, 2021
"We wanted to design an experience that encourages both virtual and real-world interactions among players through passing around Toy-Con creations", said newly-appointed Nintendo of America president Doug Bowser. Both sets also include a safety cap and screen holder, for people who prefer to play the minigames in traditional 2D. That's the more expensive of the two. The Nintendo Labo: VR Kit - Starter Set + Blaster and complete Nintendo Labo: VR Kit will be available in stores on 12 April. One includes all Toy-Con creations and the other is a smaller, introductory kit.
Note that this is just a virtual reality set for the Labo, this won't suddenly let you play Breath of the Wild in VR.
The kit of very fancy cardboard (as well as the Labo software) will be available April 12. Those looking to get their feet wet can begin with the Starter Set, which includes the VR Goggles as well as a Blaster, for $39.99.
Two expansion sets, comprising the Elephant, Camera, Bird and Wind Pedal Toy-Con projects, will also be available for $19.99 each. "VR Kit is a unique first VR experience kids and families can build themselves!"


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Founded in 1911, Franke was built on a foundation of precision engineering, combined with traditional craftsmanship. Over100 years later, those principles endure, while a focus on the changing needs and lifestyles of our customers has helped us become the world's largest manufacturer of kitchen sinks
These days the kitchen is the heart of the home and a place to express yourself. That's not just true for what you create there, but also in the design of the kitchen itself. It's the hub, where friends and loved ones gather and it should reflect a very personal style. In turn, your kitchen should inspire you.
At the center of any kitchen are its sink and faucets. No other items better encapsulate the kitchen's balance of form and function. That makes choosing the right sink and faucet an important part of any kitchen design.
Be Inspired
The Franke range is constantly evolving and there are always innovative new products being introduced to help bring your kitchen dreams to life


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A goal from second half substitute Anthony Martial helped Manchester United claim a 1-0 win over Tottenham .
The visitors were forced to make the trip up north without leading scorer Harry Kane, who is nursing a hamstring problem, with Son Heung-min getting the nod upfront.
Both sides were restricted to long shots in the first half, with neither goalkeeper being especially tested.
United began the second half brightly with Henrikh Mkhitaryan seeing a shot parried by Hugo Lloris before Ben Davies blocked Marcus Rashford on the rebound.
But the hosts eventually broke the deadlock thanks to substitute Anthony Martial, who slotted him after he was fed by Romelu Lukaku.
Here are five talking points from Old Trafford.
1. Jose has the last laugh
The United faithful booed when Jose Mourinho brought on Anthony Martial for Marcus Rashford with 20 minutes left.
But Martial came up trumps with a brilliant finish after 81 minutes to decide a tight and intense game.
Sometimes you just have to trust the manager - and so it proved. Just that change, a switch, something different proved to be a master stroke.
And what a top quality substitute to have in Martial.
2. Manchester United needed this fuel injection
Manchester United started the season like a train, they had a real energy and spring in their step which made them look like genuine title challengers.
But they had gone flat in recent weeks, lacking a spark and thrust in attack. Incredibly, they were heading for a third game without a win until Anthony Martial's late winner.
That is the sort of bad run which puts teams out of the title race. And United found a new momentum which must get them back on track.
3. Another Saturday lunchtime turn-off
At half time, Manchester United's in house TV channel called it an "intense and exciting" contest. Blimey, don't know what game they were watching but it can't have been United v Tottenham.
Maybe Saturday lunchtime kick-offs don't help as they rarely produce the same atmosphere as midweek or even a 3pm kick off, let alone a Super Sunday.
It was better than United's recent trip to Anfield but not the classic we were hoping for. Can we not have the fixture of the weekend on a Saturday lunchtime in future, please?
4. Toby Alderweireld is the best centre half in the Premier League
Whether in a back three, five at the back or just part of a flat back four, the Belgian centre half is the best around.
Alderweireld headed, blocked and anticipated everything Manchester United offered in attack. He was the best player on the pitch and would not look out of place in any team in the world.
5. Tottenham can survive without Harry Kane - but they are not as good
They showed they are more than just the "Harry Kane team," but Tottenham don't half miss him.
Heung-min Son played up front, Dele Alli pushed higher up to support him, but, while Spurs showed good energy and threat, they miss Kane's goal threat and him being the focal point of they attack.
Kane has been prolific this season but this showed that he is not just about goals. He adds to Tottenham's all round performance - and they missed him badly.