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Related subjects Asia; Asian Countries
| Anthem: Kimi ga Yo (君が代 ?)
(and largest city)
|Tokyo (de facto) 1
|Official languages
|Japanese (de facto)
|Parliamentary democracy and Constitutional monarchy
|Prime Minister
|Yasuo Fukuda
|National Foundation Day
|February 11, 660 BC3
|Meiji Constitution
|November 29, 1890
|Current constitution
|May 3, 1947
| Treaty of
San Francisco
April 28, 1952
| 377,873 km² ( 62nd)
145,883 sq mi
|Water (%)
|2007 estimate
|127,433,494 ( 10th)
|2004 census
|337/km² ( 30th)
872.8/sq mi
|2007 estimate
|$4.346 trillion ( 3rd)
|Per capita
|$33,800 ( 24th)
|GDP (nominal)
|2007 estimate
|$4.886 trillion ( 2nd)
|Per capita
|$38,341 ( 14th)
|38.1 (2002)
|▲ 0.953 (high) ( 8th)
|International Symbol ¥ Pronounced (Yen)
Japanese Symbol 円 Pronounced (En)
|Time zone
|Internet TLD
|Calling code
|Yokohama is the largest incorporated city.
|" World Factbook; Japan—Economy". CIA ( 2006- 12-19). Retrieved on 2006- 12-28.
|According to legend, Japan was founded on this date by the Emperor Jimmu, first emperor of Japan; it is seen as largely symbolic.
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon ?, officially 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku) is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes identified as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan comprises over 3,000 islands making it an archipelago. The largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for 97% of Japan's land area. Most of the islands are mountainous, many volcanic; for example, Japan's highest peak, Mount Fuji, is a volcano. Japan has the world's tenth largest population, with about 128 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people were living on the islands of Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan begins with brief appearances in Chinese history texts from the first century AD.
Influence from the outside world followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. Since adopting its constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament, the Diet.
A major economic power, Japan has the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP. It is a member of the United Nations, G8, G4, OECD and APEC, with the world's fifth largest defense budget. It is also the world's fourth largest exporter and sixth largest importer and a world leader in technology and machinery.
The English word Japan is an exonym not used in the Japanese language. The Japanese names for Japan are Nippon (にっぽん) and Nihon (にほん). They are both written in Japanese using the kanji 日本. The Japanese name Nippon is used for most official purposes, including on Japanese money, postage stamps, and for many international sporting events. Nihon is a more casual term and the most frequently used in contemporary speech.
Both Nippon and Nihon literally mean "the sun's origin" and are often translated as the Land of the Rising Sun. This nomenclature comes from Imperial correspondence with Chinese Sui Dynasty and refers to Japan's eastward position relative to China. Before Japan had relations with China, it was known as Yamato and Hi no moto, which means "source of the sun".
The English word for Japan came to the West from early trade routes. The early Mandarin Chinese or possibly Wu Chinese word for Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. The modern Shanghainese (a Wu Chinese dialect 呉語) pronunciation of characters 日本 (Japan) is still Zeppen [zəʔpən] (in Wu language, 日 has two pronounciations 白读:niʔ or 文读:zəʔ, in some regions in South Wu, it is pronounced as niʔpən, similar to that of Japanese). The old Malay word for Japan, Jepang (modern spelling Jepun, although Indonesian has retained the older spelling), was borrowed from a Chinese language, and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Malacca in the 16th century. It is thought the Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to Europe. It was first recorded in English in 1577 spelled Giapan.
The first signs of occupation on the Japanese Archipelago appeared with a Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC, followed from around 14,000 BC by the Jōmon period, a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture of pit dwelling and a rudimentary form of agriculture. Decorated clay vessels from this period, often with plaited patterns, are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world.
The Yayoi period, starting around the third century BC, introduced new practices, such as wet-rice farming, iron and bronze-making and a new style of pottery, brought by migrants from China or Korea. With the development of Yayoi culture, a predominantly agricultural society emerged in Japan.
The Japanese first appear in written history in China's Book of Han. According to the Chinese Records of Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called Yamataikoku.
Buddhism was first introduced to Japan from Baekje of the Korean Peninsula, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism and Buddhist sculptures were primarily influenced by China. Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and eventually gained growing acceptance since the Asuka period.
The Nara period of the eighth century marked the first emergence of a strong central Japanese state, centered around an imperial court in the city of Heijō-kyō, or modern day Nara. In addition to the continuing adoption of Chinese administrative practices, the Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent written literature with the completion of the massive chronicles Kojiki (712) and Nihon Shoki (720). (Nara was not the first capital city in Japan, though. Before Nara, Fujiwara-kyō and Asuka served as capitals of the Yamato state.)
In 784, Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō for a brief ten-year period, before relocating it to Heian-kyō (modern day Kyoto) in 794, where it remained for more than a millennium. This marked the beginning of the Heian period, during which time a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged, noted for its art, poetry and literature. Lady Murasaki's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of modern Japan's national anthem, Kimi ga Yo were written during this time.
Japan's feudal era was characterized by the emergence of a ruling class of warriors, the samurai. In 1185, following the defeat of the rival Taira clan, Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed Shogun and established a base of power in Kamakura. After Yoritomo's death, the Hōjō clan came to rule as regents for the shoguns. Zen Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class. The Kamakura shogunate managed to repel Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281, aided by a storm that the Japanese interpreted as a kamikaze, or Divine Wind. The Kamakura shogunate was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo, who was soon himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336. The succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords ( daimyo), and a civil war erupted (the Ōnin War) in 1467 which opened a century-long Sengoku period.
During the sixteenth century, traders and Jesuit missionaries from Portugal reached Japan for the first time, initiating active commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West ( Nanban trade).
Oda Nobunaga conquered numerous other daimyo by using European technology and firearms and had almost unified the nation when he was assassinated in 1582. Toyotomi Hideyoshi succeeded Nobunaga and united the nation in 1590. Hideyoshi invaded Korea twice, but following several defeats by Korean and Ming China forces and Hideyoshi's death, Japanese troops were withdrawn in 1598.
After Hideyoshi's death, Tokugawa Ieyasu utilized his position as regent for Hideyoshi's son Toyotomi Hideyori to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, he defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu was appointed shōgun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo). The Tokugawa shogunate enacted a variety of measures such as Buke shohatto to control the autonomous daimyo. In 1639, the shogunate began the isolationist sakoku ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period. The study of Western sciences, known as rangaku, continued during this period through contacts with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki. The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku, or literally "national studies", the study of Japan by the Japanese themselves.
On March 31, 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry and the " Black Ships" of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa. Subsequent similar treaties with the Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought Japan into economic and political crises. The abundance of the prerogative and the resignation of the shogunate led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state unified under the name of the Emperor ( Meiji Restoration). Adopting Western political, judicial and military institutions, the Cabinet organized the Privy Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution, and assembled the Imperial Diet. The Meiji Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that embarked on a number of military conflicts to expand the nation's sphere of influence. After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea, and the southern half of Sakhalin.
The early twentieth century saw a brief period of " Taisho democracy" overshadowed by the rise of expansionism and militarization. World War I enabled Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies, to expand its influence and territorial holdings. Japan continued its expansionist policy by occupying Manchuria in 1931. As a result of international condemnation for this occupation, Japan resigned from the League of Nations two years later. In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany, joining the Axis powers in 1941.
In 1937, Japan invaded other parts of China, precipitating the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States naval base in Pearl Harbour and declared war on the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. This act brought the United States into World War II. After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, along with the Soviet Union joining the war against it, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender on August 15 ( Victory over Japan Day). The war cost Japan millions of lives and left much of the country's industry and infrastructure destroyed. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, was convened by the Allies (on May 3, 1946) to prosecute Japanese leaders for war crimes such as the Nanking Massacre.
In 1947, Japan adopted a new pacifist constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices. The Allied occupation ended by the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952 and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956. Japan later achieved spectacular growth to become the second largest economy in the world, with an annual growth rate averaging 10% for four decades. This ended in the mid-1990s when Japan suffered a major recession. Positive growth in the early twenty-first century has signaled a gradual recovery.
Government and politics
Japan is a constitutional monarchy where the power of the Emperor is very limited. As a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the constitution as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people". Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister of Japan and other elected members of the Diet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people. The Emperor effectively acts as the head of state on diplomatic occasions. Akihito is the current Emperor of Japan. Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, stands as next in line to the throne.
Japan's legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament. The Diet consists of a House of Representatives, containing 480 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved and a House of Councillors of 242 seats, whose popularly-elected members serve six-year terms. There is universal suffrage for adults over 20 years of age, with a secret ballot for all elective offices. The liberal conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has been in power since 1955, except for a short-lived coalition government formed from opposition parties in 1993. The largest opposition party is the social liberal Democratic Party of Japan.
The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government. The position is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the Diet from among its members and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet (the literal translation of his Japanese title is "Prime Minister of the Cabinet") and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State, a majority of whom must be Diet members. Yasuo Fukuda currently serves as the Prime Minister of Japan.
Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki. However, since the late nineteenth century, the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably France and Germany. For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a civil code based on the German model. With post-World War II modifications, the code remains in effect in present-day Japan. Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature, the National Diet of Japan, with the rubber stamp approval of the Emperor. The current constitution requires that the Emperor promulgates legislation passed by the Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose the passing of the legislation. Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts. The main body of Japanese statutory law is a collection called the Six Codes.
Foreign relations and military
Japan maintains close economic and military relations with its key ally the United States, with the U.S.-Japan security alliance serving as the cornerstone of its foreign policy. A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan has served as a non-permanent Security Council member for a total of 18 years, most recently in 2005–2006. It is also one of the G4 nations seeking permanent membership in the Security Council. As a member of the G8, the APEC, the " ASEAN Plus Three" and a participant in the East Asia Summit, Japan actively participates in international affairs. It is also the world's second-largest donor of official development assistance, donating US$8.86 bn in 2004. Japan contributed non-combatant troops to the Iraq War but subsequently withdrew its forces from Iraq.
Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors: with Russia over the South Kuril Islands, with South Korea over the Liancourt Rocks, with the People's Republic of China and Taiwan over the Senkaku Islands, and with the PRC over the EEZ around Okinotorishima.
Japan also faces an ongoing dispute with North Korea over its abduction of Japanese citizens and its nuclear weapons and missile program (see also Six-party talks). As a result of the Kuril Islands dispute, Japan is technically still at war with Russia since no treaty resolving the issue was ever signed.
Japan's military is restricted by the Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use military force as a means of settling international disputes. Japan's military is governed by the Ministry of Defense, and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping operations and the deployment of Japanese troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of its military since World War II.
Administrative divisions
While there exist eight commonly defined regions of Japan, administratively Japan consists of forty-seven prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor, legislature and administrative bureaucracy. The former city of Tokyo is further divided into twenty-three special wards, each with the same powers as cities.
The nation is currently undergoing administrative reorganization by merging many of the cities, towns and villages with each other. This process will reduce the number of sub-prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs.
Japan has dozens of major cities, which play an important role in Japan's culture, heritage and economy. Those in the list below of the ten most populous are all prefectural capitals and government ordinance cities, except where indicated:
Japan is a country of over three thousand islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia. The main islands, running from north to south, are Hokkaidō, Honshū (the main island), Shikoku and Kyūshū. The Ryukyu Islands, including Okinawa, are a chain of islands south of Kyushū. Together they are often known as the Japanese Archipelago.
About 70% to 80% of the country is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial, or residential use. This is because of the generally steep elevations, climate and risk of landslides caused by earthquakes, soft ground and heavy rain. This has resulted in an extremely high population density in the habitable zones that are mainly located in coastal areas. Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.
Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire, at the juncture of three tectonic plates, gives Japan frequent low-intensity tremors and occasional volcanic activity. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunamis, occur several times each century. The most recent major quakes are the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake and the Great Hanshin Earthquake of 1995. Hot springs are numerous and have been developed as resorts.
The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate, but varies greatly from north to south. Japan's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones:
- Hokkaidō: The northernmost zone has a temperate climate with long, cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snow banks in the winter.
- Sea of Japan: On Honshū's west coast, the northwest wind in the wintertime brings heavy snowfall. In the summer, the region is cooler than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures, because of the foehn wind phenomenon.
- Central Highland: A typical inland climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter, and between day and night. Precipitation is light.
- Seto Inland Sea: The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the region from the seasonal winds, bringing mild weather throughout the year.
- Pacific Ocean: The east coast experiences cold winters with little snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind.
- Ryukyu Islands: The Ryukyu Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season. Typhoons are common.
The hottest temperature ever measured in Japan — 40.9 degrees Celsius — was recorded on August 16, 2007.
The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa, and the stationary rain front responsible for this gradually works its way north until it dissipates in northern Japan before reaching Hokkaidō in late July. In most of Honshū, the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks. In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain.
Japan is home to nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.
Japan's environmental history and current policies reflect a tenuous balance between economic development and environmental protection. In the rapid economic growth after the World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations. As an inevitable consequence, some crucial environmental pollution (see Pollution in Japan) occurred in 1950s and 1960s. In the rising concern over the problem, the government introduced many environmental protection laws in 1970 and established the Ministry of the Environment in 1971. The Oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy due to Japan's lack of natural resources. Current priority environmental issues include urban air pollution ( NOx, suspended particulate matter, toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for environmental conservation.
Today Japan is one of the world's leaders in the development of new environment-friendly technologies. Honda and Toyota hybrid electric vehicles were named to have the highest fuel economy and lowest emissions. This is due to the advanced technology in hybrid systems, biofuels, use of lighter weight material and better engineering.
Japan also takes issues surrounding climate change and global warming seriously. As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference which created it, Japan is under treaty obligations to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps related to curbing climate change. The Cool Biz campaign introduced under former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi was targeted at reducing energy use through the reduction of air conditioning use in government offices. Japan is preparing to force industry to make big cuts in greenhouse gases, taking the lead in a country struggling to meet its Kyoto Protocol obligations.
Japan is ranked 30th best in the world in the Environmental Sustainability Index.
Japan is the second largest economy in the world, after the United States, at around US$4.5 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and third after the United States and China in terms of purchasing power parity. GDP per hour worked is the world's 18th highest as of 2006.
Banking, insurance, real estate, retailing, transportation and telecommunications are all major industries. Japan has a large industrial capacity and is home to some of the largest, leading and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles and processed foods. Construction has long been one of Japan's largest industries, with the help of multi-billion dollar government contracts in the civil sector. Japan has high economic freedom, close government-industry cooperation for economic growth, emphasis on science and technology, and strong work ethic. Distinguishing characteristics of the Japanese economy have included the cooperation of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and banks in closely-knit groups called keiretsu and relatively shallow international competition in domestic markets. There are many relationship-based - rather than productive - arrangements such as the guarantee of lifetime employment in big corporations. Recently, Japanese policy makers have encouraged reform and Japanese companies have begun to abandon some of these norms in an attempt to increase profitability. Japan is a low-tax overwhelmingly private enterprise economy. Overall tax burden is smaller than in any major Western country; it was 26.4% of GDP as of 2007. Only a minority of Japanese employees pay any income tax, value-added tax is very low at 5%, while corporate tax rates are high.
Some of the largest companies in Japan include Toyota Motor, NTT DoCoMo, Canon, Honda, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sony, Nippon Steel, Tepco, Mitsubishi Estate, and Seven & I Holding. It is home to the world's largest bank by assets, Japan Post Bank (US$3.2 trillion) and others such as Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (US$1.2 trillion), Mizuho Financial Group (US$1.4 trillion) and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (US$1.3 trillion). The Tokyo Stock Exchange with a market capitalization of over 549.7 trillion Yen as of December 2006 stands as the second largest in the world.
From the 1960s to the 1980s, overall real economic growth has been called a "Japanese miracle": a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and a 4% average in the 1980s. Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, largely because of the after-effects of over-investment during the late 1980s and domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Government efforts to revive economic growth met with little success and were further hampered in 2000 to 2001 by the deceleration of the global economy. However, the economy showed strong signs of recovery after 2005. GDP growth for that year was 2.8%, with an annualized fourth quarter expansion of 5.5%, surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period.
Because only about 15% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation, a system of terrace farming is used to build in small areas. This results in one of the world's highest levels of crop yields per unit area, while the agricultural subsidies and protection are expensive. Japan imports about 50% of its requirements of grain and fodder crops other than rice, and it relies on imports for most of its supply of meat. In fishing, Japan is ranked second in the world behind China in tonnage of fish caught. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. Japan relies on foreign countries for almost all oil and food.
Transportation in Japan is highly developed. As of 2004, there are 1,177,278 km of paved roadways, 173 airports, and 23,577 km of railways. Private toll-collecting companies compete in highway market. Dozens of railway companies are competing in regional and local transport markets; some of the largest include the 7 companies under JR, Kintetsu Corporation, Seibu Railway, and Keio Corporation. The largest aviation companies are All Nippon Airways (ANA) and Japan Airlines (JAL). The largest ports include Port of Yokohama and Nagoya Port. Most energy in Japan is produced from oil, natural gas and coal. Nuclear power in Japan makes a third of electricity production and Japan would like to double it in coming decades.
Japan's main export partners are the United States 22.8%, the European Union 14.5%, China 14.3%, South Korea 7.8%, Taiwan 6.8% and Hong Kong 5.6% (for 2006). Japan's main exports are transport equipment, motor vehicles, electronics, electrical machinery and chemicals. With very limited natural resources to sustain economic development, Japan depends on other nations for most of its raw materials; thus it imports a wide variety of goods. Its main import partners are China 20.5%, U.S. 12.0%, the European Union 10.3%, Saudi Arabia 6.4%, UAE 5.5%, Australia 4.8%, South Korea 4.7% and Indonesia 4.2% (for 2006). Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries. Overall, Japan's largest trading partners are China and the United States.
Science and technology
Japan is one of the leading nations in the fields of scientific research, particularly technology, machinery and biomedical research. Nearly 700,000 researchers share a US$130 billion research and development budget, the third largest in the world. For instance some of Japan's more prominent technological contributions are found in the fields of electronics, automobiles, machinery, industrial robotics, optics, chemicals, semiconductors and metals. Japan leads the world in robotics production and use, possessing more than half (402,200 of 742,500) of the world's industrial robots used for manufacturing. It also produced QRIO, ASIMO and AIBO. Japan is the world's largest producer of automobiles and home to six of the world's fifteen largest automobile manufacturers and seven of the world's twenty largest semiconductor sales leaders as of today.
Japan has plans in space exploration, including building a moonbase by 2030. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) conducts space and planetary research, aviation research, and development of rockets and satellites. It is a participant in the International Space Station and the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo) is slated to be added to the International Space Station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008.
Japan's population is estimated at around 127.3 million. For the most part, Japanese society is linguistically and culturally homogeneous with small populations of foreign workers, Zainichi Koreans, Zainichi Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese Brazilians and others. The most dominant native ethnic group is the Yamato people; the primary minority groups include the indigenous Ainu and Ryukyuan, as well as social minority groups like the burakumin.
Japan has one of the highest life expectancy rates in the world, at 81.25 years of age as of 2006. The Japanese population is rapidly aging, the effect of a post-war baby boom followed by a decrease in births in the latter part of the twentieth century. In 2004, about 19.5% of the population was over the age of 65.
The changes in the demographic structure have created a number of social issues, particularly a potential decline in the workforce population and increases in the cost of social security benefits such as the public pension plan. Many Japanese youth are increasingly preferring not to marry or have families as adults. Japan's population is expected to drop to 100 million by 2050 and to 64 million by 2100. Demographers and government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem. Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation's aging population.
|Japanese religiosity
|Shinto and Buddhism
The highest estimates for the amount of Buddhists and Shintoists in Japan is 84-96%, representing a large number of believers in a syncretism of both religions. However, these estimates are based on people with an association with a temple, rather than the number of people truly following the religion. Professor Robert Kisala ( Nanzan University) suggests that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as belonging to a religion.
Taoism and Confucianism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs. Religion in Japan tends to be syncretic in nature, and this results in a variety of practices, such as parents and children celebrating Shinto rituals, students praying before exams, couples holding a wedding at a Christian church and funerals being held at Buddhist temples. A minority (0.7%) profess to Christianity. In addition, since the mid-19th century, numerous religious sects ( Shinshūkyō) have emerged in Japan, such as Tenrikyo and Aum Shinrikyo (or Aleph).
About 99% of the population speaks Japanese as their first language. It is an agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary which indicate the relative status of speaker and listener. According to a Japanese dictionary Shinsen-kokugojiten, Chinese-based words comprise 49.1% of the total vocabulary, indigenous words are 33.8% and other loanwords are 8.8%. The writing system uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana ( syllabaries based on simplified Chinese characters), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals. The Ryukyuan languages, also part of the Japonic language family to which Japanese belongs, are spoken in Okinawa, but few children learn these languages. The Ainu language is moribund, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaidō. Most public and private schools require students to take courses in both Japanese and English.
|Largest cities of Japan
|Core City
|Core City
|Source: 2005 Census
Education and health
Primary, secondary schools and universities were introduced into Japan in 1872 as a result of the Meiji Restoration. Since 1947, compulsory education in Japan consists of elementary school and middle school, which lasts for nine years (from age 6 to age 15). Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior high school, and, according to the MEXT, about 75.9% of high school graduates attend a university, junior college, trade school, or other post-secondary institution in 2005. Japan's education is very competitive, especially for entrance to institutions of higher education. The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University. The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Japanese knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds as the 6th best in the world.
In Japan, healthcare services are provided by national and local governments. Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health care insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments. Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance. Patients are free to select physicians or facilities of their choice.
Culture and recreation
Japanese culture has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original Jōmon culture to its contemporary culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts ( ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e, dolls, lacquerware, pottery), performances ( bunraku, dance, kabuki, noh, rakugo), traditions ( games, tea ceremony, Budō, architecture, gardens, swords) and cuisine. The fusion of traditional woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation of manga, a typically Japanese comic book format that is now popular within and outside Japan. Manga-influenced animation for television and film is called anime. Japanese-made video game consoles have prospered since the 1980s.
Japanese music is eclectic, having borrowed instruments, scales and styles from neighboring cultures. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the ninth and tenth centuries. The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the fourteenth century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth. Western music, introduced in the late nineteenth century, now forms an integral part of the culture. Post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European modern music, which has led to the evolution of popular band music called J-pop.
Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity. A November 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional cultural pursuits such as flower arranging or tea ceremony.
The earliest works of Japanese literature include two history books the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki and the eighth century poetry book Man'yōshū, all written in Chinese characters. In the early days of the Heian period, the system of transcription known as kana ( Hiragana and Katakana) was created as phonograms. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative. An account of Heian court life is given by The Pillow Book written by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki is often described as the world's first novel. During the Edo period, literature became not so much the field of the samurai aristocracy as that of the chōnin, the ordinary people. Yomihon, for example, became popular and reveals this profound change in the readership and authorship. The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms, during which Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, Tanizaki Jun'ichirō, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki Murakami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors — Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburo Oe (1994).
Traditionally, sumo is considered Japan's national sport and it is one of the most popular spectator sports in Japan. Martial arts such as judo, karate and kendō are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country. After the Meiji Restoration, many Western sports were introduced in Japan and began to spread through the education system.
The professional baseball league in Japan was established in 1936. Today baseball is the most popular spectator sport in the country. One of the most famous Japanese baseball players is Ichiro Suzuki, who, having won Japan's Most Valuable Player award in 1994, 1995 and 1996, now plays in North American Major League Baseball. Prior to that, Sadaharu Oh was well-known outside Japan, having hit more home runs during his career in Japan than his contemporary, Hank Aaron, did in America.
Since the establishment of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992, association football (soccer) has also gained a wide following. Japan was a venue of the Intercontinental Cup from 1981 to 2004 and co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea. Japan is one of the most successful soccer teams in Asia, winning the Asian Cup three times.
Golf is also popular in Japan, as is auto racing, the Super GT sports car series and Formula Nippon formula racing. Twin Ring Motegi was completed in 1997 by Honda in order to bring IndyCar racing to Japan.


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subset: commoncrawl


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In lieu of flowers, the Bush family has requested that donations be made to the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University.
The golden labrador who worked as a service dog for President George HW Bush has been pictured resting beside his coffin, in a moving tribute.
The other eulogists include former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, former Sen. "President Bush was such an fantastic man yet there is a sense of peace knowing that he and Barbara are together again and with Robin and just that it was time for him".
President Trump plans to attend.
The service dog was assigned to former Prez Bush back in June, and Bush family spokesman Jim McGrath says Sully - trained by the nonprofit group America's VetDogs - will be reassigned now.
David J. Phillip Pool AP
- Specific tasks necessary for his match with the late president were fine-tuned and refined at the VetDog's Smithtown, New York campus.
George W. Bush posted on Instagram that Sully will be reassigned. Before that, Bill Clinton gave a eulogy for Richard Nixon after he died in April 1994.
Truman opted not to have a state funeral. Nixon was the first person in line to pay his respects.
On Monday, the former president's body will be transported from a funeral home in Texas to the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., for a short arrival ceremony.


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Learn The HVAC Recommendation That Should Not Be Missed
Every time possible, try to shade the compressor unit outside. The air that's in a spot that is shaded is usually 5 to six degrees cooler than the surrounding air. Your air conditioning unit will probably be up to ten percent more efficient whether it is properly shaded in the course of the summer time months. When you can, use double-paned home windows as a substitute of single-paned ones. Good double pane windows keep cool air in during the summer and reduce your utility expenses. This can even show you how to preserve in heat when it gets chilly.
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Ensure that the brand new blades can freely rotate without wobbling. This protects power. Be sure you purpose your grass clippings away from the unit when mowing.


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Our Experts Can Remove Foul Odors From Your Louisville Home After A Fire
5/14/2019 (Permalink)
Get Effective Odor Removal After Fire Damage To Your Louisville Home
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When deodorizing a structure, we consider if the odors are light, moderate or heavy. If the odor is light, our technicians begin by removing sources of the scent followed by ventilating the area. We can then use deodorant or detergent solutions to clean the surfaces that have smoke residues. Our technicians then re-ventilate the area and determine if the scents are still present. If so, we distribute the deodorizers in several phases of odor control. We thermal fog the affected areas and check for pockets of odor in wall cavities, crawl spaces and places above ceilings.
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Click here for more about Louisville.


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Amy Dupain Vashaw, audience and program development director at the Center for the Performing Arts at Penn State, will join Anne Hamburger, president and executive producer of En Garde Arts, and several other university presenters in a panel discussion at the Association of Performing Arts Presenters national conference Jan. 9–13 in New York City.
Vashaw and Hamburger are scheduled to team with Meryl Friedman of the University of California at Los Angeles and Deb Sommers of the University of Richmond on Sunday, Jan. 11, to share their experiences presenting "Basetrack Live" and the outreach projects related to it. The projects are designed to engage military families, veterans, universities and communities leading up to and surrounding each performance of the show.
Produced by En Garde Arts, "Basetrack Live" is a multimedia contemporary theater production inspired by words and images of the 1st Battalion, 8th U.S. Marines deployed in Afghanistan. Created by Edward Bilous, the production is based on the life of a Marine in Afghanistan, his wife's experiences at home and his challenges with returning from war. Two actors, live music from four musicians, projected film and a cascade of images from embedded photojournalists and veteran filmmakers punctuate a performance drawn from text taken from social media exchanges and interviews.
Vashaw worked with veteran and military organizations, the Dear Hero Program and community leaders to create engagement and talkback opportunities in anticipation of the Oct. 29 performance at Eisenhower Auditorium.
To read the rest of the article, visit: http://cpa.psu.edu/news/vashaw-speak-national-conference


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We live in deeds, not years; in thoughts, not figures on a dial. We should count time by heart-throbs. He most lives who thinks most, feels the noblest, acts the best.
- Phillip James Bailey
Success doesn't come to you… you go to it.
- Marva Collins, via The Way of the Seal
Though we'd like to believe our thoughts are under our control, guess again. Thoughts arise constantly, and many have no business being in our minds, nor do they have a positive purpose in our lives. Road rage, what goes through your mind when someone cuts you off in traffic, is a good example of an emotion-driven thought.
- Mark Divine, The Way of the Seal
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- Mark Divine, The Way of the Seal
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- Robert Greene, Mastery
Let things be. You just go on moving, enjoying whatsoever becomes available. If success is there, enjoy it. If failure is there, enjoy it—because failure also brings a few enjoyments that no success can ever bring. Success brings a few joys that no failure can ever bring. And a person who has no idea of his own is capable of enjoying everything, whatever happens. If he is healthy, he enjoys health; if he is ill, he rests on the bed and enjoys illness.
- Osho, Fame, Fortune, and Ambition
Age is whatever you think it is. You are as old as you think you are.
- Muhammad Ali


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After a long preliminary held under uplifted security at the government court in Brooklyn, N.Y., a jury has found Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, one of the world's most famous medication bosses who drove Mexico's Sinaloa cartel, liable on each of the 10 checks identified with medication dealing.
The 61-year-old faces the possibility of life in prison.
Tuesday's decision finished a sensational preliminary that began in November and was loaded up with unstable declaration from Guzmán's previous cartel partners.
It included declaration from in excess of 50 witnesses, a large number of whom portrayed Guzmán's utilization of savagery against his adversaries.
In a long explanation, the Department of Justice said Guzmán was indicted for being "an essential administrator of a proceeding with criminal endeavor – the Mexican composed wrongdoing syndicate known as the Sinaloa Cartel – a charge that incorporates 26 sedate related infringement and one homicide scheme."
Jury Hears Closing Arguments As Dramatic 'El Chapo' Trial Nears Its End WORLD
Jury Hears Closing Arguments As Dramatic 'El Chapo' Trial Nears Its End
Different charges included utilizing guns and fabricating and conveying cocaine, heroin and different medications.
A week ago, Judge Brian Cogan gave members of the jury around three hours of guidelines for their considerations. He said he was certain that they had adhered to his guidelines not to peruse or watch news about the case.
The whole jury has been mysterious for their insurance. At a certain point, the judge advised the foreperson to sign notes utilizing her name however then redressed that guidance and advised her to utilize her member of the jury number rather to keep her personality mystery.
The members of the jury — four men and eight ladies — pondered for quite a long time, requesting extensive declarations and whether ephedrine was viewed as methamphetamine.


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Underground heating oil tanks can pose many potential problems to both home buyers and sellers. They have been the source of many environmental problems such as contamination of surrounding soil and ground water.
Leaks are generally caused by the rust inside underground tanks or by an electrical condition sparked by electric utility lines.
Buyers should always have the tank inspected to make sure that it is structurally sound. Buyers who do not want an underground fuel tank can arrange for an above ground tank to be installed in the basement and the underground tank to be shut off. Cleanup of any leaks will also have to be taken care of.
For buyers, the underground heating oil tank should be written in the sales contract. For sellers, your lawyer should make sure that the description and condition of the underground heating oil tank is accurate and up-to-date.
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The way your office needs fresh air, beautification and daily cleaning your website too needs a fresh new content frequently to keep it noticeable and useful to search engines. Your website provides you visitors, acceptance and organization and search engines like yahoo value and reward websites that provide unique, unique and high quality content material. This is the reason, web sites that obtain regularly updated with informative contents credit high rating on search engines like yahoo. Updating your web site can ingest some of the productive period. But considering the results in the proper execution of search engine ranking positions and accomplishment of your marketing endeavors, every single ounce of the usb ports is worthwhile.
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Bucket Labs that has created a new trend by creating Phosters and Grid Lens has now launched a native ios application that is supportive to all the iPhone users.
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NOWHERE epitomises liberty, patriotism and the right to self-determination like the Rock of Gibraltar.
Red and white pride runs through the British Territory like the letters in a stick of rock candy – always there, whichever way you suck it.
But on one day of the year in particular, everyone's invited to savour the flavour of this little nation's fervour as it honours its great history with the mother of all parties.
Gibraltar National Day on September 10 is the climax to a National Week of celebrations, topped by the epic Gibraltar Music Festival, this year headlining The Script.
The Big Day itself is a colourful cocktail of feasting, fireworks and festivities that mixes one part politics to two parts pleasure.
Organised by the Self Determination for Gibraltar Group in conjunction with the Ministry of Culture, the annual celebration commemorates one of the most important moments in Gibraltar's history: the referendum of 1967, when citizens had a say on their sovereignty for the very first time.
An overwhelming 99% of Gibraltarians voted to remain British, and 47 years later, they are just as impassioned. Against increasing hostilities from Spain over their rights to airspace, land and sea – ramped up by inhumane border controls and incursions into their territorial waters – the defiant citizens wear their hearts on their sleeves for all to see on National Day.
The mass release of 30,000 balloons – one to represent every citizen of the Rock – along with the open air evening concert and grand finale of fireworks are highlights but there is much more going on throughout the day.
As Gibraltarian Sid Olivera explained: "The day is fantastic fun, everybody is in a party mood to celebrate the fact they are politically, commercially and truly Gibraltarian."
Casemates Square takes centre stage for the celebrations which kick off at 9.30am with live music and performances.
The release of the traditional red and white biodegradable balloons at 1pm – a sight synonymous with Gibraltar and self-determination – is the climax to the political rally, announcing to the world that Gibraltarians continue to live in freedom, the way they choose to, under the protection of the British crown.
Everyone turns out, even the elderly and disabled who can book advance seating for the Casemates Square event.
"It's definitely the most important day of the year, everyone is on the streets, in the cafes and bars, or on the beaches," said Serbian Dusan Karaica, who moved to Gibraltar from the Costa del Sol.
"They are all proudly wearing red and white and it's such a great atmosphere."
Kid's activities, live music and DJ'S will also keep the crowds entertained at other locations, including King's Bastion Leisure Centre. Victoria Stadium will host the Monkey Rocks festival (1-10pm) with Route 94, Chrisonlin and Jestin and Mif among the live acts.
Later, top local artists including The Soul Mates and Guy Valarino will take to the stage for
the Rock concert in Casemates Square (9.30pm-12.30am) and, at the height of the festivities (10.30pm) the legendary fireworks display will light up the sky, making Gibraltar's presence firmly seen and heard in Spain.
"Living in Gibraltar is paradise compared to many places, and National Day is the perfect celebration for it," enthused resident Anne Burn. While another, artist Shane Dalmedo, added: "For me Gibraltar is an inspiring place to live in, it's a great feeling to be Gibraltarian."
Last year, with the Gibraltar flag flying over the Foreign Office in London, Prime Minister David Cameron joined the celebrations in spirit, rallying his loyal troops from a giant screen in Casemates. "For 300 years we have stood together, as one with our shared sovereign. Let's keep it that way," he proclaimed to roars of approval.
"Let me assure you that the British people and my Government stand with you now. Our relationship is solid, sure and enduring."
These sentiments are increasingly important to Gibraltar in the light of damaging press, such as the Spanish media's coverage of an EU report into contraband tobacco this August.
According to anti-fraud office OLAF's report, tobacco smuggling on the Rock cost the EU €700 million in tax revenue between 2010 and 2013.
Gibraltar's government has hit out at 'sensationalist' reporting by the Spanish media.
It has also criticised Spanish TV channel, Antenna 3, for apparently 'staging' tobacco smuggling scenes and then portraying them as real, also slamming the 'rabid and un-objective coverage being afforded to Gibraltar and the issue of tobacco smuggling in the Spanish media'.
Meanwhile, border controls are creating massive queues at peak times, forcing tourists and commuters to endure hours in sweltering heat in order to enter or exit Gibraltar. Annual tourism income plummeted by £73 million as a result, according to this year's budget.
It was no surprise when statistics released in July revealed that the hold-ups were a deliberate ploy on the part of Spain.
Acting Chief Minister Dr Joseph Garcia commented: "The drop in cars crossing the border from 12.7 per minute to 1.5 is undeniable proof of the way in which delays are being generated.
"The flow rate is clearly deliberately reduced by the authorities, and waiting times of three hours are simply intolerable in an internal border of the European Union.
"The brunt of this hardship is borne by EU nationals, thousands of whom live in Spain but work in Gibraltar. Needless to say, residents of Gibraltar and tourists are also being affected."
This will not be forgotten but, rather, put out of mind on September 10, as Gibraltarians display their bulldog determination to enjoy a day of festivities in defence of their sovereignty, and spread their inspiring message to the world (and to Spain, too, with fireworks). Come what may, it will be all red and white on the night.
- Guadix in all its glory - 3 Oct, 2016 @ 14:00
- The Spanish Shakespeare: Miguel de Cervantes - 18 Apr, 2016 @ 13:52
- Gibraltar is flying high - 4 Apr, 2016 @ 10:50
- Pair of expats fund raise to feed 40 hungry schoolchildren in Spain - 2 Apr, 2016 @ 14:33
- Gunfight in Granada arranged over WhatsApp - 1 Apr, 2016 @ 08:45
- Adios: What I learnt from living in Spain - 31 Mar, 2016 @ 16:28
- First-ever United Nations of Marbella seminar to be held on April 5 - 30 Mar, 2016 @ 14:12
- Algeciras records healthy increase in business - 30 Mar, 2016 @ 14:05
- Rock around the shops in Gibraltar - 20 Mar, 2016 @ 12:49
- 'Long live free Andalucia!' - 20 Mar, 2016 @ 07:44


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I try to show On Dashboard an increase in revenue by comparing two different periods.
In other words, the comparison can be between random dates rather than specific months or weeks between different years.
for example:
first period: 18/01/2017 - 3/02/2017
second period: 16/04/2018 - 30/4/2018
The comparison can also be between two periods in the same year.
first period: 18/01/2017 - 3/02/2017
second period: 16/04/2017- 30/4/2017
When I tried to calculate the revenue growth,
the filter was unable to separate the revenues of the first and second periods.
I attach a file in which I prepared the Dashboard but I was unable to calculate the revenue growth.Also includes an Excel DB file.
Thank you very much for your help!
Note - To separate the two periods, I used to join the table with itself so that each year would have its own variables.I guess it is redundant but it was out of an attempt to separate the summary of the revenue each year.
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text:
UNDP requires Individual Consultant, Technical
Individual Consultant, Technical – (Open for Indian Nationals Only)
Location: Home-based with Travel as per Assignment, INDIA
Application Deadline : 02-Dec-15
Type of Contract : Individual Contract
Post Level : National Consultant
Languages Required : English
Starting Date : (Date when the selected candidate is expected to start)03-Dec-2015
Duration of Initial Contract :Thirty working days spread over spread over 1.5 months.
UNDP is implementing a project titled "Upscaling energy efficient production in small scale steel industry in India". The objective of this project is to scale-up adoption of energy efficient technologies in small scale steel industry in India. The details of the project are available at http://www.steelindia.org
The steel upscaling project aimed at upscaling energy efficiency in small scale steel industries from March 2013 to Dec 2015. It builds up on an earlier project where UNDP and Ministry of Steel demonstrated energy efficiency in 34 steel rerolling mills [SRRM]. The project is funded by UNDP, MoS and Australian Aid. The steel upscaling project aimed at building up on these results with scale up target of making energy efficiency in 300 steel units. It also aimed at expanding energy efficiency to other subsector of Electric Induction Furnace. The project also aimed to bring new energy efficiency measures in SRRM. The project has progressed well and achieved significant results. As of now 260 steel units have adopted energy efficiency.
The National consultant is required to carry out the terminal evaluation of the project titled "Upscaling energy efficient production in small scale steel industry in India". The objective of the evaluation is to assess the achievement of project results, and to draw lessons that can both improve the sustainability of benefits from this project, and aid in the overall enhancement of UNDP programming.
Duties and Responsibilities
The National consultant is expected to become well versed to the project objectives, historical developments, institutional and management mechanisms, activities and status of accomplishments. Information has to be gathered through document review, individual interviews and site visits. He/She would work with International Consultant. International consultant is the team leader.
The evaluation must provide evidence-based information that is credible, reliable and useful. The evaluator is expected to follow a participatory and consultative approach ensuring close engagement with government counterparts, UNDP Country Office, Project Management Unit, and other key stakeholders. The scope of work for the consultant is as given below.
The evaluator will review all relevant sources of information, such as the project document, annual work plans (AWP), project progress reports, minutes of Project Steering Committee meetings, Back-to-Office Reports of UNDP/PMU staff, study reports/Conference proceedings, baseline reports, consultancy inputs for implementation, post commissioning measurement studies, knowledge products and any other materials that the evaluator considers useful for this evidence-based assessment.
Field Mission [10 days]
The evaluator is expected to conduct a field mission that includes visit to 3 clusters that have adopted energy efficiency in Mandi [Punjab], Raipur [Chattisgarh] and Ahmedabad [Gujarat]. It will also include discussions with 5 to 6 industry associations in these locations
For More Information-Click Here


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General morphology and terminology› Adult head, thoracic appendage, wing and venation, genitalia
› Immature egg, larvae, pupa
All rights reserved. Copyright 2005 Tineid of Korea [Reuse]
1. Head
Text-Figure 1. The head of Tineidae [lp 1, 1p 2, lp 3: labial palpus segments]
(a. Opogona thiadelpha, b. Morophaga bucephala, c. Monopis weaverella). * No script
Head vestiture of erect piliform scales on occiput, vertex and frons; scales grouped into turfs, forming more or less conspicuous whorls; head with semi-appressed plate-like scales in Hieroxestinae. Head without externally visible ocelli. Compound eye unmodified, with facets of regular size.
Proboscis present or reduced in various ways; maxillary palpus rudimentary, with 1-3 segments; labial palpus with 3 segments, smooth or with prominet scaling; compound eyes ocelli large; antenna filiform, setiform or clavate, and setaceous or bipectinate in males (less frequently also in females). Coloration of antenna, labial palpus, frons, vertex and pericephalic hairs variable between species, frequently of diagnostic character.
2. Thoracic appendagesLegs usually smooth-scaled except for hind tibia which caries elongate suberect scales on upper surface; foretibial epiphysis present in most genera; tibial spur pattern invariably 0-2-4. The hind tibia is never smooth-scales or, more usually, long piliform scales above and beneath.
3. Wing and venationsThe fore wing is elongate and moderately broad to broad, and the hind wing may be of similar width or lanceolate and narrower than the fore wing. In some genera the tip of the fore wing is turned abruptly upwards. The frenulum in the male is a strong bristle, and the retinaculum is a broadly based membranous hook arising between the costa and Sc, or on Sc near its base. The female has a frenulum of usually two, but sometimes three bristles. There is an elongate anal patch of wing-locking microtrichia beneath the fore wing. The venation is relatively primitive, often with a chorda and a simple or branched stem of M present in the distal cell of both wings. In the fore wing all the peripheral veins may be present and run separately to the wing margin, or some may be stalked or absent. R5 terminates on the costa or at the apex. CuP is usually present as a tubular vein, at least near the margin, and 1A + 2A has a strong basal fork. In the hind wing the venation may be reduced slightly in forms with narrower wings.
Text-Figure 2. Wing venations of Tineidae
(a. Nemapogon granella, b. Opogona nipponica, c. Chrypsithyris japonica) * No script
4. Genitalia
Male genitalia
Male genitalia of diverse form; vinculum and tegumen not differentiated, saccus usually present, rarely bilobed; uncus usually simple and bilobed, but articulated and hook-like in Tineinae; gnathos usually present, absent in Scardiinae; valval apodemes elongate, robust; aedeagus usually simple and cylindrical, ductus and bulbus ejaculatorius entering and connecting at base. thus without coecum aedeagus.
Female genitalia
The female genitalia are variable in shape. The posterior segments of the abdomen are usually extensible, forming a long ovipositor, when both anterior and posterior apophyses are very long and slender; occasionally an additional pair of posterior apophyses may be present. The sclerites surrounding the ostium bursae are often well sclerotized and sometimes lobed. The ductusbursae is usually slender and membranous, but is sometimes broader and ornamented internally with various sclerotized processes. The corpus bursae is generally fairly large, with or without a signum. The posterior end of the abdomen scales used for covering the eggs.
1. EggTineid eggs are of the `flat' type - the micropylar axis is parallel or subparallel to the substrate upon which the egg is laid. Few descriptions are available, but in all the chorion is described as minutely wrinkled. The wrinkles may be overlaid with a pattern of ridges. If present, these may form longitudinal ribbing, or a reticulate pattern of polygons. Different patterns occur in closely related species.
Text-Figure 5. Egg of Tineidae (Tinea translucens Meyrick, 1917), re-illustrated SEM of Arbogast et al. (1989) * No script
2. LarvaMature larva small to large, ranging from 6-50 mm. Body cylindrical. moderately slender, and naked except for primary setae. Cuticle appearing relatively smooth but normally with minute spinules. Body usually whitish, except for brownish to nearly black head and thoracic plates. Spiracles round, with those on T1 slightly larger and more oval.
Text-Figure 6. Larva of Tineidae (Morophagoides moriutii Robinson)
(a) lateral view; (b) ventral view. * No script
Head Hypognathous, Frontoclypeus usually longer than wide and expending nearly four-fifths to epicranial notch; less elongate in some species and extending no more than one-half. Ecdysial lines extending beyond apex of frontoclypeus to epicranial notch. Stemmata variable, usually 1 or 6 per side, sometimes 0, 2, or 5.
Thorax Pronotum usually distinct. Prespiracular plate usually separate from pronotum; partially fused in Acrolophinae. Procoxal plates usually separate or contiguous, rarely fused. D1 and D2 on all segments, D2 ventral to D1, XD1, XD2 and SD1 in nearly a straight vertical line. L group usually trisetose on T1, bisetose in Scardiinae. SV group bisetose on T1, usually unisetose on T2 and T3 but bisetose in Tineinae. Legs always well developed.
Abdomen D1 and D2 on all segments, with D2 more caudad. SD1 on all segments. SD2 usually small, on all segments except A9. L group typically trisetose. SV group trisetose on A1-6, usually bisetose on A7-9, but normally unisetose on A9 in Tineinae. Anal plate with four pairs of setae. Prolegs present on A3-6 and A10. Ventral crochets almost always in a uniserial ellipse or circle, but in a mesal penellipse in Oinophila. Cuticular spines around planta variable, either present or absent, and if present, then sometimes slightly enlarged (Acrolophinae). Anal crochets in a curved uniserial row.
3. PupaThe pupa is usually more or less cylindrical, with a well-sclerotized cuticle and appendages weakly fused to each other and to the body. Also the tineid pupa is adecticous and obtect. A frontoclypeal sutures present and maxillary and labial palpi are conspicuous. Abdominal segments 4 to 7 are movable in the male, and 4 to 6 in female. In both sexes the first and second abdminal segments are fused together; in females the seventh, eighth and ninth segments are fused and in males the eighth and ninth. One row, and sometimes two rows, of small posteriorly directed dorsal spines occur on abdominal segments 3 to 8 or 4 to 8, and a row of anteriorly directed dorsal spines or a strong dentate ridge on segment 9-10. Sometimes there is an additional dorsal pair of acute curved hooks or other protuberances on 9-10. The setae are usually long and easily seen. The pupa protrudes from the cocoon or pupal shelter before adult eclosion.
Text-Figure 7. Pupa of Tineidae (Morophagoides moriutii Robinson)
(a: dorsal view; b: lateral view; c: ventral view). * No script
Text-Figure 7. Pupa of Tineidae (Morophagoides moriutii Robinson)
(a: dorsal view; b: lateral view; c: ventral view). * No script
Copyright 2005 Tineid of Korea developed by seok Kim from Republic of Korea · No email collection · Sitemap


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