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Etruscan religion comprises a set of stories, beliefs, and religious practices of the Etruscan civilization, originating in the 7th century BC from the preceding Iron Age Villanovan culture, heavily influenced by the mythology of ancient Greece and Phoenicia, and sharing similarities with concurrent Roman mythology and religion. As the Etruscan civilization was assimilated into the Roman Republic in the 4th century BC, the Etruscan religion and mythology were partially incorporated into classical Roman culture, following the Roman tendency to absorb some of the local gods and customs of conquered lands.
The Etruscan system of belief was an immanent polytheism; that is, all visible phenomena were considered to be manifestations of divine power, and that power was embodied in deities who acted continually on the world but could be dissuaded or persuaded by mortal men.
Long after the assimilation of the Etruscans, Seneca the Younger said[1] that the difference between the Romans and the Etruscans was that
Whereas we believe lightning to be released as a result of the collision of clouds, they believe that the clouds collide so as to release lightning: for as they attribute all to deity, they are led to believe not that things have a meaning insofar as they occur, but rather that they occur because they must have a meaning.
Around the mun or muni, or tombs, were the man or mani (Latin Manes), the souls of the ancestors. In iconography after the 5th century BC, the deceased are shown traveling to the underworld.[2] In several instances of Etruscan art, such as in the François Tomb in Vulci, a spirit of the dead is identified by the term hinthial, literally "(one who is) underneath".
A god was called an ais (later eis), which in the plural is aisar. The abode of a god was a fanu or luth, a sacred place, such as a favi, a grave or temple. There, one would need to make a fler (plural flerchva), or "offering".
Three layers of deities are portrayed in Etruscan art. One appears to be lesser divinities of an indigenous origin: Catha and Usil, the sun; Tivr, the moon; Selvans, a civil god; Turan, the goddess of love; Laran, the god of war; Leinth, the goddess of death; Maris, Thalna, Turms and the god Fufluns, whose name is related in some unknown way to the city of Populonia and the populus Romanus.
Ruling over them were higher deities that seem to reflect the Indo-European system: Tin or Tinia, the sky, Uni his wife (Juno), and Cel, the earth goddess.
As a third layer, the Greek gods were adopted by the Etruscan system during the Etruscan Orientalizing Period of 750/700-600 BC.[3] Examples are Aritimi (Artemis), Menrva (Minerva; Latin equivalent of Athena), and Pacha (Bacchus; Latin equivalent of Dionysus), and over time the primary trinity became Tinia, Uni and Menrva.
The Etruscans believed their religion had been revealed to them by seers,[4] the two main ones being Tages, a childlike figure born from tilled land who was immediately gifted with prescience, and Vegoia, a female figure.
The Etruscans believed in intimate contact with divinity.[5] They did nothing without proper consultation with the gods and signs from them.[6] These practices were taken over in total by the Romans.
The Etruscan scriptures were a corpus of texts termed the Etrusca Disciplina. This name appears in Valerius Maximus,[7] and Marcus Tullius Cicero refers to a disciplina in his writings on the subject.
Massimo Pallottino summarizes the known (but non-extant) scriptures as the Libri Haruspicini, containing the theory and rules of divination from animal entrails; the Libri Fulgurales, describing divination from lightning strikes; and the Libri Rituales. The last was composed of the Libri Fatales, detailing the religiously correct methods of founding cities and shrines, draining fields, formulating laws and ordinances, measuring space and dividing time; the Libri Acherontici, dealing with the hereafter; and the Libri Ostentaria, containing rules for interpreting prodigies. The revelations of the prophet Tages were given in the Libri Tagetici, which included the Libri Haruspicini and the Acherontici, and those of the prophetess Vegoia in the Libri Vegoici, which included the Libri Fulgurales and part of the Libri Rituales.[8]
These works did not present prophecies or scriptures in the ordinary sense: the Etrusca Disciplina foretold nothing itself. The Etruscans appear to have had no systematic ethics or religion and no great visions. Instead they concentrated on the problem of the will of the gods: questioning why, if the gods created the universe and humanity and have a will and a plan for everyone and everything in it, they did not devise a system for communicating that will in a clear manner.
The Etruscans accepted the inscrutability of their gods' wills. They did not attempt to rationalize or explain divine actions or formulate any doctrines of the gods' intentions. As answer to the problem of ascertaining the divine will, they developed an elaborate system of divination; that is, they believed the gods offer a perpetual stream of signs in the phenomena of daily life, which if read rightly can direct humanity's affairs. These revelations may not be otherwise understandable and may not be pleasant or easy, but are perilous to doubt.
The Etrusca Disciplina therefore was mainly a set of rules for the conduct of all sorts of divination; Pallottino calls it a religious and political "constitution": it does not dictate what laws shall be made or how humans are to behave, but rather elaborates rules for asking the gods these questions and receiving answers.
Cicero said[9]
For a hasty acceptance of an erroneous opinion is discreditable in any case, and especially so in an inquiry as to how much weight should be given to auspices, to sacred rites, and to religious observances; for we run the risk of committing a crime against the gods if we disregard them, or of becoming involved in old women's superstition if we approve them.
He then quipped, regarding divination from the singing of frogs:
Who could suppose that frogs had this foresight? And yet they do have by nature some faculty of premonition, clear enough of itself, but too dark for human comprehension.
Divinatory inquiries according to discipline were conducted by priests whom the Romans called haruspices or sacerdotes; Tarquinii had a college of 60 of them.[8] The Etruscans, as evidenced by the inscriptions, used several words: capen (Sabine cupencus), maru (Umbrian maron-), eisnev, hatrencu (priestess). They called the art of haruspicy ziχ neθsrac.
A special magistrate, the cechase, looked after the cecha or rath, sacred things. Every man, however, had his religious responsibilities, which were expressed in an alumnathe or slecaches, a sacred society. No public event was conducted without the netsvis, the haruspex, or his female equivalent, the nethsra, who would read the bumps on the liver of a properly sacrificed sheep. We have a model of a liver made of bronze, whose religious significance is still a matter of heated debate, marked into sections which perhaps are meant to explain what a bump in that region would mean.
Etruscan beliefs concerning the hereafter appear to be an amalgam of influences. The Etruscans shared general early Mediterranean beliefs, such as the Egyptian belief that survival and prosperity in the hereafter depend on the treatment of the deceased's remains.[10] Etruscan tombs imitated domestic structures and were characterized by spacious chambers, wall paintings and grave furniture. In the tomb, especially on the sarcophagus (examples shown below), was a representation of the deceased in his or her prime, often with a spouse. Not everyone had a sarcophagus; sometimes the deceased was laid out on a stone bench. As the Etruscans practiced mixed inhumation and cremation rites (the proportion depending on the period), cremated ashes and bones might be put into an urn in the shapes of a house or a representation of the deceased.
In addition to the world still influenced by terrestrial affairs was a transmigrational world beyond the grave, patterned after the Greek Hades. It was ruled by Aita, and the deceased was guided there by Charun, the equivalent of Death, who was blue and wielded a hammer. The Etruscan Hades was populated by Greek mythological figures and a few such as Tuchulcha, of composite appearance.
After the Etruscan defeat in the Roman–Etruscan Wars, the remaining Etruscan culture began to be assimilated into the Roman. The Roman Senate adopted key elements of the Etruscan religion, which were perpetuated by haruspices and noble Roman families who claimed Etruscan descent, long after the general population had forgotten the language. However, in the last years of the Roman Republic the religion began to fall out of favor and was satirized by such notable public figures as Marcus Tullius Cicero. The Julio-Claudians, especially Claudius, who claimed a remote Etruscan descent, maintained a knowledge of the language and religion for a short time longer[11], but this practice soon ceased. A number of canonical works in the Etruscan language survived until the middle of the first millennium AD, but were destroyed by the ravages of time, decree of the Roman Senate, and by fire.
The mythology is evidenced by a number of sources in different media; for example, representations on large numbers of pottery, inscriptions and engraved scenes on the Praenestine cistae (ornate boxes; see under Etruscan language) and on specula (ornate hand mirrors). Currently some two dozen fascicles of the Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum have been published. Specifically Etruscan mythological and cult figures appear in the Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae.[12] Etruscan inscriptions have recently been given a more authoritative presentation by Helmut Rix, Etruskische Texte.[13]
...a people more than any others dedicated to religion, the more as they excelled in practicing it.
Artume (also called Aritimi, Artames, or Artumes) was an Etruscan goddess who was the mistress of animals, goddess of human assemblies and hunting deity of Neolithic Origin. She was associated with the Greek goddess Artemis in later history. Aritimi was also considered the founder of the Etruscan town Aritie, which is today the Italian town Arezzo.Calu
Calu is an Etruscan chthonic deity, often equated with the Etruscan equivalent to the Greek Hades, Aita. He is identified by his wolf attributes, such as a wolf-like appearance or a human with a wolf-skin cap. The visual representations of the cult of Calu seem to contain common elements with the Roman cult of Lupercalia and the Faliscan cult of the Hirpi Sorani ("wolves of Soranus", from Sabine hirpus "wolf").Fufluns
In Etruscan religion, Fufluns or Puphluns was a god of plant life, happiness, wine, health, and growth in all things. He is mentioned twice among the gods listed in the inscriptions of the Liver of Piacenza, being listed among the 16 gods that rule the Etruscan astrological houses. He is the 9th of those 16 gods. He is the son of Semla and the god Tinia. He was worshipped at Populonia (Etruscan Fufluna or Pupluna) and is the namesake of that town.His Greek equivalent is Dionysus (Latin Bacchus), whereas his Roman equivalent is Liber. For this reason he was also called Fufluns Pachies or Pacha. He was adopted by the Romans but was quickly meshed with Bacchus and his rituals were changed heavily by the influence of Dionysian frenzies.Haruspex
In the religion of Ancient Rome, a haruspex (plural haruspices; also called aruspex) was a person trained to practice a form of divination called haruspicy (haruspicina), the inspection of the entrails (exta—hence also extispicy (extispicium)) of sacrificed animals, especially the livers of sacrificed sheep and poultry.
The reading of omens specifically from the liver is also known by the Greek term hepatoscopy (also hepatomancy).
The Roman concept is directly derived from Etruscan religion, as one of the three branches of the disciplina Etrusca. Such methods continued to be used well into the Middle Ages, especially among Christian apostates and pagans, with Thomas Becket apparently consulting both an aruspex and a chiromancer prior to a royal expedition against Brittany.The Latin terms haruspex, haruspicina are from an archaic word haru "entrails, intestines" (cognate with hernia "protruding viscera", and hira "empty gut"; PIE *ǵʰer-) and from the root spec- "to watch, observe". The Greek ἡπατοσκοπία hēpatoskōpia is from hēpar "liver" and skop- "to examine".Hercle
In Etruscan religion, Hercle (also Heracle or Hercl), the son of Tinia and Uni, was a version of the Greek Heracles, depicted as a muscular figure often carrying a club and wearing a lionskin. He is a popular subject in Etruscan art, particularly bronze mirrors, which show him engaged in adventures not known from the Greek myths of Heracles or the Roman and later classical myths of Hercules.In the Etruscan tradition, Uni (Roman Juno) grants Hercle access to a life among the immortals by offering her breast milk to him. Hercle was the first man elevated to a godhood through his deeds and Etruscan aristocrats tried to identify with this ascension, as reflected in artwork and literature.Laran
In Etruscan mythology, Laran was the god of war. In art, he was portrayed as a naked youth wearing a helmet and carrying a spear. As with numerous gods of war, Laran is associated with fire and the sun. However, among his attributes is his responsibility to maintain peace. Laran's consort was Turan, goddess of love and fertility, who was equated with the Latin Venus. Laran was the Etruscan equivalent of the Greek Ares and the Roman Mars.Lucus Feroniae
Lucus Feroniae was an ancient sacred grove ("lucus") dedicated to the Sabine goddess Feronia. It was located in Etruria, across the ancient Via Tiberina, in what is now the territory of the modern commune of Capena, Lazio, next to the border with the neighbouring comune of Fiano Romano.It was visited both by Latins and Sabines even in the time of Tullus Hostilius and was plundered by Hannibal in 211 BCE. In Imperial times it became an independent community receiving a colony of Octavian's veterans (Colonia Iulia felix Lucoferensis) and possessing an amphitheatre, capable of housing up to 5,000 spectators, a basilica, a forum, baths and numerous other edifices. See Feronia (Etruria).
A museum houses parts of statues, some of them with interchangeable hands and heads, depending from the current emperor ruling.
The villa of the Volusii Saturnini is located nearby.Maris (mythology)
Maris (or Mariś) was an Etruscan god often depicted as an infant or child and given many epithets, including Mariś Halna, Mariś Husrnana ("Maris the Child"), and Mariś Isminthians. He was the son of Hercle, the Etruscan equivalent of Heracles. On two bronze mirrors, Maris appears in scenes depicting an immersion rite to ensure his immortality, possibly connected to stories about the centaur Mares, the ancestor of the Ausones, who underwent a triple death and resurrection.Some scholars think he influenced Roman conceptions of the god Mars, but this is not universally held.Nethuns
In Etruscan mythology, Nethuns was the god of wells, later expanded to all water, including the sea. The name "Nethuns" is likely cognate with that of the Celtic god Nechtan and the Persian and Vedic gods sharing the name Apam Napat, perhaps all based on the Proto-Indo-European word *népōts "nephew, grandson." In this case, Etruscan may have borrowed the Umbrian name *Nehtuns, (Roman Neptune, who was originally a god of water).
Nethuns is mentioned on the Piacenza liver, a third-century BCE bronze model of a sheep's liver used for the divinatory rites called haruspicy, as Neθ, an abbreviation for his full name. As a patron god his profile, wearing a ketos (sea monster) headdress, appears on a coin of Vetulonia, circa 215 – 211 BCE; he is accompanied by his trident between two dolphins.NETHUNS is engraved on a bronze Etruscan mirror in the Museo Gregoriano in the Vatican.Persipnei
In Etruscan mythology, Persipnei or Phersipnai (later Ferspnai) was the queen of the underworld and equivalent to the Greek goddess Persephone and Roman Proserpina. Persipnei was the consort of the divine ruler of the underworld, Aita. Together, both of these deities ruled the Etruscan underworld, which was guarded by Mantus and Mania. Indeed, her name was borrowed by the Etruscans from the Greeks.Selvans
In Etruscan mythology, Selvans was god of the woodlands, cognate with Roman Silvanus. His name is 10th on the list of 16 gods on the outer rim of the Piacenza Liver (a bronze model of a sheep's liver used as a reference or teaching tool for divination).Sethlans (mythology)
In Etruscan mythology, Sethlans was the god of fire, the forge, metalworking, and by extension craftsmanship in general, the equivalent, though their names share no etymology, to Greek Hephaestus, Egyptian Ptah and the Roman Vulcan. Sethlans is one of the indigenous Etruscan gods. In Etruscan arts Sethlans may be identified by his tools, the hammer and tongs of the blacksmith, and by the pileus or conical cap he wears.
By what appears to be a curious omission, his name does not appear on the bronze liver of Piacenza.Tages
Tages was a founding prophet of Etruscan religion who is known from reports by Latin authors of the late Roman Republic and Roman Empire. He revealed a cosmic view of divinity and correct methods of ascertaining divine will concerning events of public interest. Divination was undertaken in Roman society by priestly officials called haruspices. Political officials also, such as the augures, were constituted with some responsibilities for divination. While the religion flourished, these priests accompanied public officials, including generals in the field, and were consulted on everything of interest to the senate and people of Rome.
The religious texts recording the revelations of Tages (and a few other prophets, mainly a female figure known as Vegoia) were called by the Romans the Etrusca Disciplina at least as early as the late republic. They were written in the Etruscan language, despite their Latin titles. None presently survive. The last author claiming to have read elements of the disciplina is the sixth-century John the Lydian, writing at Constantinople. Thus, knowledge of Tages comes mainly from what is said about him by the classical authors, which is a legendary and quasimythical view; John the Lydian suggested Tages is only a parable.Thalna
In Etruscan religion and myth, Thalna was a divine figure usually regarded as a goddess of childbirth. Determinate gender, however, is not necessarily a characteristic of Etruscan deities, and Thalna is also either depicted as male, or seems to be identified as a male figure because of the placement of names around a scene. Her other functions include friendship and prophecy. Her name may mean "growth, bloom." She appears in Etruscan art in the company of Turan, Tinia, and Menrva.On Etruscan bronze mirrors Thalna is present and looking on in scenes pertaining to birth and infancy.Thesan
In Etruscan mythology, Thesan was the Etruscan Goddess of the dawn, divination and childbirth (as well as a love-goddess) and was associated with the generation of life. She was identified with the Roman Aurora and Greek Eos.Tinia
Tinia (also Tin, Tinh, Tins or Tina) was the god of the sky and the highest god in Etruscan mythology, equivalent to the Roman Jupiter and the Greek Zeus. He was the husband of Thalna or Uni and the father of Hercle.
The Etruscans believed in Nine Great Gods, who had the power of hurling thunderbolts; they were called Novensiles by the Romans. Of thunderbolts there were eleven sorts, of which Tinia, as the supreme thunder-god, wielded three. Tinia was also part of the powerful "trinity" that included Menrva and Uni, and had temples in every city of Etruria. Tinia was sometimes represented as seated and with a beard or sometimes standing and beardless. In terms of symbolism, Tinia has the thunderbolt and the rod of power, and is generally accompanied by the eagle and sometimes has a wreath of ivy round his head, in addition to the other insignia of Jove.
Some of Tinia's possible epithets are detailed on the Piacenza Liver, a bronze model of a liver used for haruspicy. These inscriptions have been transcribed as Tin Cilens, Tin Θuf and Tinś Θne. There have been a number of suggestions as to their meaning, but the Etruscan language is poorly understood and there is no scholarly consensus for the translation.Uni (mythology)
Uni was the supreme goddess of the Etruscan pantheon and the patron goddess of Perugia. Uni was identified by the Etruscans as their equivalent of Juno in Roman mythology and Hera in Greek mythology. She formed a triad with her husband Tinia and daughter Menrva.
Uni appears in the Etruscan text on the Pyrgi Tablets as the translation of the Phoenician goddess Astarte.
Livy states (Book V, Ab Urbe Condita) that Juno was an Etruscan goddess of the Veientes, who was adopted ceremonially into the Roman pantheon when Veii was sacked in 396 BC. This seems to refer to Uni. She also appears on the Liver of Piacenza.
In the Etruscan tradition, it is Uni who grants access to immortality to the demigod Hercle (Greek: Heracles, Latin: Hercules) by offering her breast milk to him.Uni was likely worshipped as a fertility deity and mother figure by the people of northern Etruria, Italy.In 2016 an ancient Etruscan stone slab dated to the 6th century BC, was found at the Etruscan archaeological site Poggio Colla, located near the town of Vicchio in the Mugello region of northern Tuscany. This inscription contains the name of the goddess:
"The mention of the goddess Uni is included as part of a sacred text that could be the longest Etruscan inscription of its kind ever discovered on stone, and one of the three longest sacred texts to date, according to lead researcher, P. Gregory Warden, from the Mugello Valley Archaeological Project and the Southern Methodist University in Texas".The archaeologists have tentatively linked Uni's mention to the existence of an underground cult at the sanctuary, based on the way the stele was placed in the foundations of the temple:
"The centre of worship was an underground fissure that was ritually treated after the destruction of the temple," he said. "Underground cults of this type were often associated with female divinities."Voltumna
In Etruscan mythology, Voltumna or Veltha was the chthonic (relating to or inhabiting the underworld) deity, who became the supreme god of the Etruscan pantheon, the deus Etruriae princeps, according to Varro. Voltumna's cult was centered in Volsini (modern-day Orvieto) a polis of the Etruscan Civilization of central Italy.
The bond of the twelve Etruscan populi was renewed annually at the sacred grove of Fanum Voltumnae, the sanctuary of Voltumnus sited near Volsinii (present day Bolsena), which was mentioned by Livy. At the Fanum Voltumnae ludi were held, the precise nature of which, whether athletic or artistic, is unknown.
In the Roman Forum, near the Temple of Castor and Pollux stood a shrine dedicated to Voltumna in the Vicus Tuscus.He was the equivalent of the Roman Vertumnus.Wreath
For the wreath used in heraldry, see torse.
A wreath () is an assortment of flowers, leaves, fruits, twigs, or various materials that is constructed to form a ring.In English-speaking countries, wreaths are used typically as household ornaments, most commonly as an Advent and Christmas decoration. They are also used in ceremonial events in many cultures around the globe. They can be worn as a chaplet around the head, or as a garland around the neck. Wreaths have much history and symbolism associated with them.
They are usually made from evergreens and symbolize strength, as evergreens last even throughout the harshest winters. Bay laurel may also be used; bay laurel wreaths are known as laurel wreaths.
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Bee Chin volunteered her time to help tend to the amazing race. She contributed the article on the event. The race is part of the Know-Do-Be activities planned for the students to appreciate the diversity of Singapore.
Amazing Race – Racial Harmony Day, 21 Jul 2010, Wednesday
One of the activities of this year's Racial Harmony Day at TKSS is the Amazing Race. Similar to its TV namesake the Amazing Race, participants have to get to various points, in this instance within the neighbourhood of TKSS. Unlike the TV show however, no teams will be eliminated.
Students who have signed up for this activity were formed into groups. At each designated location, they have to perform a task before they can move on to the next location. These criteria are again not new to many of us who are fans of the TV reality show Amazing Race.
What I find really amazing (no pun intended) is how the planning committee has so carefully and succinctly planned the locations around the race(ial) theme to give full effect to the intent of a race as well as addressing the intent of the racial harmony day.
The locations that the participants have to criss-cross are an Indian temple close to Katong,
a Chinese temple in Joo Chiat, a mosque near Paya Lebar MRT,
the Eurasian Community Club not far from TKSS and
the Katong Antique House.
I am sure the participants are now more aware of the rich cultural heritage that surrounds TKSS. Credit to the planning committe for such a well thought out activity.
This is a platform for parents of Tanjong Katong Secondary School to connect and support the school and the students through participating and volunteering in school and PSG events, functions and projects.
Tuesday, August 17, 2010
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text: On 22/11/2016, Paul Boddie <paul at boddie.org.uk> wrote: > On Tuesday 22. November 2016 11.33.27 Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton wrote: > Well, it wasn't that! The Crowd Supply campaign for the microcontroller in > question (not a system-on-a-chip) has just launched: > > https://www.crowdsupply.com/onchip/open-v Does anyone know if this new project is 100% free as in freedom? I know RISC-V is supposed to be free as in freedom, but what about the whole thing that they are crowdsourcing?


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Embryogenesis in Sedum acre L.: structural and immunocytochemical aspects of suspensor development
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The changes in the formation of both the actin and the microtubular cytoskeleton during the differentiation of the embryo-suspensor in Sedum acre were studied in comparison with the development of the embryo-proper. The presence and distribution of the cytoskeletal elements were examined ultrastructurally and with the light microscope using immunolabelling and rhodamine-phalloidin staining. At the globular stage of embryo development extensive array of actin filaments is present in the cytoplasm of basal cell, the microfilament bundles generally run parallel to the long axis of basal cell and pass in close to the nucleus. Microtubules form irregular bundles in the cytoplasm of the basal cell. A strongly fluorescent densely packed microtubules are present in the cytoplasmic layer adjacent to the wall separating the basal cell from the first layer of the chalazal suspensor cells. At the heart-stage of embryo development, in the basal cell, extremely dense arrays of actin materials are located near the micropylar and chalazal end of the cell. At this stage of basal cell formation, numerous actin filaments congregate around the nucleus. In the fully differentiated basal cell and micropylar haustorium, the tubulin cytoskeleton forms a dense prominent network composed of numerous cross-linked filaments. In the distal region of the basal cell, a distinct microtubular cytoskeleton with numerous microtubules is observed in the cytoplasmic layer adjacent to the wall, separating the basal cell from the first layer of the chalazal suspensor cells. The role of cytoskeleton during the development of the suspensor in S. acre is discussed.
KeywordsCytoskeleton Embryogenesis Immunolocalization Ultrastructure Sedum acre Suspensor
Basal cell
Bovine serum albumin
Chalazal suspensor cells
4′ 6′-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Ethylene glycol-bis (2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid
Micropylar haustorium
m-Maleimidobenzoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester
Phosphate-buffered saline
Piperazine-N,N′-bis (2-ethanesulfonic acid)
The suspensor is a terminally differentiated embryonic region that anchors the embryo-proper (EP) to the surrounding maternal tissue and serves as a conduit for nutrients and growth regulators supporting embryo-proper development (for reviews, see Yeung and Meinke 1993; Schwartz et al. 1997). The suspensor degenerates by the end of embryogenesis, undergoes programmed cell death, and is not present in mature seeds (Raghavan 1986; Wredle et al. 2001). Previous investigations revealed that in many angiosperms, differentiation of the suspensor cells is frequently accompanied by polyploidization and polytenization of their nuclei (D'Amato 1984). In many plant species a high degree of ploidy during suspensor differentiation has been investigated: Phaseolus coccineus 8192 C (Brady 1973), Phaseolus hysterinus 4096n (Nagl 1976), Tropaeolum majus 2048C (Nagl 1976), Alisma plantago-aquatica 1024n (Bohdanowicz 1973), and Sedum acre 1024C (Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno and Bohdanowicz 2003). Thus polyploid and polytene cells have a particular significance for the function of the tissues and organs of which they are an integral part. The ultrastructural aspects of the suspensor development have been studied in many plants, e.g., Capsella bursa-pastoris (Schulz and Jensen 1969), P. coccineus (Yeung and Clutter 1979), A. plantago-aquatica, and Alisma lanceolatum (Bohdanowicz 1987), Paphiopedilium delenatii (Lee et al. 2006). In families such as Crassulaceae, Fumariaceae, Orchidaceae, Podostemaceae, Rubiaceae, Trapaceae, and Tropaeolaceae some suspensors develop haustoria that penetrate the endosperm and integuments (Mikesell 1990; Yeung and Meinke 1993; Raghavan 2006). So far, ultrastructural investigations on haustorial suspensors have been done only in T. majus (Nagl 1976), S. acre (Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno 2003). By contrast, there is a little information concerning the cytoskeleton of the suspensor in flowering plants available (Webb and Gunning 1991; Ye et al. 1997; Huang et al. 1998). In our preliminary investigation of Sedum, we observed that cytoskeleton is extremely abundant during the development of the suspensor. The embryo-suspensor in S. acre is a convenient model to study the cytoskeletal elements of highly polyploid plant cells in Crassulaceae. Therefore, the elucidation of presence of cytoskeletal elements in embryo-suspensor of S. acre can be helpful in understanding the role of cytoskeleton during the development of the suspensor in Crassulaceae. The purpose of this report is to investigate the development of embryo-suspensor of S. acre L. using the light and electron microscopy. The presence and distribution of the cytoskeletal elements were examined ultrastructurally and with the light microscope using immunolabelling and rhodamine-phalloidin staining.
Materials and methods
Plant material
Developing seeds of S. acre L. were collected from plants growing in natural habitats of Gdańsk in northern Poland. The study materials in various developmental stages were collected in summer months (June and July).
Transmission electron microscopy
The ovules in various developmental stages were fixed in 2.5% formaldehyde (prepared from paraformaldehyde) and 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.05 M cacodylate buffer (pH = 7.0) for 4 h at room temperature. The samples were rinsed in the same buffer and post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide in cacodylate buffer at 4°C overnight. Specimens were treated with 1% uranyl acetate in distilled water for 1 h, dehydrated in a graded acetone series, and embedded in Spurr's resin (Spurr 1969). Ultrathin (60–100 nm) sections were cut on with a diamond knife on a SORVALL MT 2B ultramicrotome. After contrasting with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, the sections were examined in a Philips CM 100 transmission electron microscope operating at 80 kV. Semithin (0.5–2 μm) sections for light microscopy were cut with glass knives and stained with 0.05% toluidine blue 0 in 1% sodium tetraborate.
Fluorescence assay of F-actin
The ovules were pretreated for 15–60 min in 400 μM MSB in PME buffer (50 mM PIPES, 1 mM MgCl2, 10 mM EGTA (pH = 6.8)). After pre-incubation, the ovules were washed in the PME buffer and fixed in 4% formaldehyde freshly prepared from paraformaldehyde in PME buffer with 5% DMSO for 4 h at room temperature. Next, ovules were washed in PME buffer and incubated in 0.33 μM rhodamine-phalloidin in PME buffer with 5% DMSO for 1.5 h. Following several rinses in PME buffer, nuclei were stained with DAPI. The embryo propers and suspensors were isolated from ovules under a stereomicroscope and placed immediately on a microscope slide.
Sample preparation for immunolocalization studies
For staining of microfilaments, ovules were fixed as described above and then used according to the procedure of Świerczyńska and Bohdanowicz (2003). To assay microtubules, ovules were fixed in 4% formaldehyde (freshly prepared from paraformaldehyde) and 0.25% glutaraldehyde in PME buffer for 4 h at room temperature. The fixed ovules were carried out using the procedure described by Bohdanowicz et al. (2005). After fixation, the plant material was rinsed three times in PME buffer, dehydrated in a graded ethanol series containing 10 mM DTT, infiltrated in Steedman's wax and sectioned into semithin sections. After that the sections were mounted on microscope slides coated with Mayer's egg albumen and dewaxed in absolute ethanol, dehydrated in ethanol—PBS series and washed in PBS.
Immunolabelling of tissue sections
Tissue sections were pre-incubated in PBS containing 0.1% BSA for 45 min at room temperature. For single staining of microtubules and microfilaments, preparations were incubated with primary antibodies, i.e., monoclonal antibody against mouse anti-β tubulin (Abcam; diluted 1:200) and monoclonal antibody against mouse actin (clone C4, ICN; diluted 1:1000) with PBS containing 0.1% BSA, each overnight at 4°C. After washing in PBS, the sections were incubated in secondary Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody (Molecular Probes) diluted 1:800 in the same buffer for 4 h at room temperature. After labeling, the slides were rinsed in PBS and the nuclei stained by DAPI at solution of concentration 1 μg/ml for 10 min. Then the sections were treated with 0.01% toluidine blue in PBS for 10 min to diminish autofluorescence of the tissues. Finally sections were rinsed in PBS and mounted in anti-fade medium Citifluor AF1 (Agar). Control reactions were run without the primary antibody. Fluorescence observations were performed with a Nikon Eclipse E 800 epifluorescence microscope equipped with a Nikon cooled CCD camera.
S. acre undergoes the Caryophyllad type of embryonic development. After the first division of the zygote, two cells are formed: a large basal cell (BC) and a smaller apical cell. The apical cell divides several times and develops into an EP and a chalazal suspensor, whereas the basal cell undergoes no division, becomes much enlarged, and forms a basal suspensor cell. The BC produces haustorial branches invading the micropyle and adjacent tissues, and protruding out of the ovule. Differentiation of the BC begins shortly after the division. The changes in the formation of both the actin and the microtubular cytoskeleton during the differentiation of the embryo-suspensor in S. acre were studied in comparison with the development of the embryo proper.
Globular-stage embryos
Heart-stage embryos
In the majority of angiosperm taxa, the embryo-suspensor is a fast-growing and short-living organ with important functions during plant embryogenesis (for review, see Yeung and Meinke 1993). Ultrastructural and experimental investigations clearly indicate that it can serve as a channel for nutrient flow and may provide unique metabolites for the growth of the embryo-proper (for review, see Yeung and Meinke 1993; Schwartz et al. 1997; Lee et al. 2006). In some plants, prominent haustoria arise as lateral projections of suspensor cells and invade the endosperm and surrounding maternal tissues (Raghavan 2006). The formation of a huge haustorial suspensor also accompanies embryogenesis in S. acre and some other genera of Crassulaceae (Mauritzon 1933). An interesting feature of many plant species is that suspensor basal cell differentiation is accompanied by polyploidization and polytenization. Polyploid cells are characteristic for secretory and/or nutritional organs limited to ovary tissues (synergids, antipodals, endosperm, embryo-suspensor). The nuclear DNA content of polyploid cells is sometimes a hundred or a thousand times higher than the DNA content of diploid cells of the same tissues (Brodsky and Uryvayeva 1985). It has been established that the plant cytoskeleton plays important roles in plant growth and development. The organization of the cytoskeleton has been reported during megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis (Willemse and van Lammeren 1988; Bednara et al. 1990; Webb and Gunning 1991; Zee and Ye 1995; Ye et al. 1997; Huang et al. 1998; Tung et al. 1999, 2000; Świerczyńska and Bohdanowicz 2003; Płachno et al. 2010). Thus far, information about ultrastructure and cytoskeleton in highly polyploid haustorial suspensors is scarce. In the present study, we show the visualization of F-actin and tubulin within the embryo-suspensor of S. acre. During the development of suspensor of S. acre, the actin filaments tend to orient in the same direction as the long axis of the basal cell. Similar microfilament arrays have been reported in the embryo-suspensor of the Nun orchid Phaius tankervilliae (Ye et al. 1997). The functional significance of the high concentration of microfilaments near the micropylar apex of the basal cell in P. tankervilliae is not known. However, Ye et al. (1997) suggest this pattern of distribution is similar to that of the pollen at the onset of pollen germination and connected with creation of predetermined site for the elongation of the suspensor later on. In our opinion, this network of actin filaments that occurs at the micropylar tip of the basal cell in S. acre may be associated primarily with the cytoplasmic streaming movement of the cytoplasm between this cell and its haustorium. However, the role of actin filaments in the formation and expansion of the haustorium cannot be excluded, especially in the early stage of development of basal cell. On the other hand, we note that the actin network and numerous mitochondria observed at the micropylar end of the basal cell are supposedly connected with wall ingrowths, formed and functioning there. Similar observations of microfilaments have been made in the endosperm chalazal haustorium of Rhinanthus serotinus (Świerczyńska and Bohdanowicz 2003) and in the syncytia of Utricularia (Płachno et al. 2010). The occurrence of such ingrowths, greatly increasing the absorptive surface of the plasma membrane, seems to be a common feature of these cells and has been reported previously for several other species (Gunning and Pate 1969; Yeung and Meinke 1993). In S. acre the presence of the wall ingrowths, and the abundance of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and plastids clearly indicate that the suspensor of S. acre indeed has structural specialization similar to those of other flowering plants. In S. acre, cytochemical results on the composition and distribution of macromolecules (proteins, insoluble polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and lipids) at various stages of the development of the embryo-proper and suspensor (Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno and Bohdanowicz 2006), and analysis of the suspensor ultrastructure in S. acre (Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno 2003) show that the basal cell is a site of intense metabolic activity. We observed a large amount of actin filaments and numerous profiles of endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, plastids occurring at the chalazal pole of the basal cell near the wall, separating the basal cell from the chalazal suspensor cells. Our ultrastructural study indicates the presence of microfilaments and microtubules near the chalazal pole of the basal cell. It is presumably connected with the fact, that in the wall, separating the cell from the first layer of the chalazal suspensor cells there are unusual, compound plasmodesmata. An electron-dense material, which appears from the basal cell side, might be a kind of a filter, which controls the transfer of the nutrients (Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno and Bohdanowicz 2010). Moreover, in S. acre, the frequency of numerous polysomes suggests active protein synthesis which would be necessary for rapid cell growth. Microfilaments are the major cytoskeletal component of plant cells (Parthasarathy et al. 1985), and their importance in plant growth and development is well recognized (Staiger and Schliwa 1987; Hussey et al. 2006). The best understood function of microfilaments in plants is the generation of motive force for cytoplasmic streaming (Williamson 1986). In the few reports about microfilament organization (Derksen et al. 1986; Staiger and Schliwa 1987; Staiger et al. 2000), a distinct actin network connected to a meshwork of microfilaments enveloping the cell nucleus has been described. In the S. acre, enlargement of the basal cell nucleus is one of the first indications of its specialization. Multiplication of nuclear DNA content is one of the most common processes connected with cell differentiation in plants. The perinuclear distribution actin organization in the suspensor basal cell indicates that, besides other functions, microfilaments may play a role in nuclear positioning. The participation of the cytoskeleton and in particular actin filaments in mRNA transport has been reported (Nasmyth and Jansen 1997; Muench et al. 1998; Muench and Park 2006). The role of actin in the movement and localization of organelles has been confirmed by numerous fluorescence observations (Boevink et al. 1998; Kandasamy and Meagher 1999). Besides microfilaments, the other major components of the cytoskeleton, microtubules, also play an important role. In S. acre, the microtubules form irregular bundles in suspensor basal cell cytoplasm, while in Cymbidium sinense the microtubule of the suspensor cells tend to orient in the same direction as the long axis of the cell during initial expansion. When the suspensor cells begin to elongate, their cortical microtubules reorient from a longitudinal to a transverse direction (Huang et al. 1998). Changes in the microtubule orientation have been correlated with changes in the cell shape (Cyr 1994) such as in the suspensor cell of Phaius tankervilleae (Ye et al. 1997).
These studies clearly indicate that cytoskeletal elements play an important role during cell expansion and elongation. In S. acre the microtubules congregate near the nucleus. Microtubules play an important role in the regulation of cell growth (Derksen et al. 1990). The cytoskeleton performs an important function in many cellular processes, like cellular signaling, organelle motility, and also subcellular compartmentation during plant growth and development (Nasmyth and Jansen 1997; Grolig 1998; Nick 1999; Ramachandran et al. 2000; Baluška et al. 2001; Kost et al. 2002; Mathur and Hülskamp 2002; Wasteneys and Yang 2004). Therefore, analyses of suspensors in S. acre are potentially interesting for plant development and evolution.
Conflicts of interest statement
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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Blue Champion - R33 GT-R LM Limited
The R33 GT-R is often seen as the middle child struggling for attention. It's older sibling, the R32 set the bar high by dominating group A racing in the early 90's and earning the fearsome nickname 'Godzilla'. The R34 on the other hand was catapulted into the limelight by the Fast & Furious franchise and has been worshipped ever since. All the while the less chiseled R33 sat in the shadows seemingly overlooked and under appreciated.
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When you open up that glorious RB26 on an open road theres nothing quite like it, it's one of those distinctive howls that cannot be mistaken for anything else. The linear surge of power through the revs gives the GTR a very different feel to other high performance JDM metal.
Everyone will have their own preference to what kind of power delivery they prefer but the RB26 feels unburstable and hugely addictive. The R33 GT-R LM Limited is a perfect example of a time where cars screamed personality. Something that is often seen as missing in modern cars.
Special models such as this reinforce the purity behind driving and why we choose to be petrolheads, it's all about feel and sound, not numbers on a piece of paper... Cars like the R33 GT-R LM should be forever celebrated!
Find your dream JDM car in 5 simple steps...


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trouble on the shop floor
Has Shoprite lost its way after Whitey Basson?
On top of major operational challenges that have made Africa's biggest grocer break all the wrong records came the company's announcement that it is to buy back the deferred shares of its chair, Christo Wiese, the celebrated dealmaker who almost dragged the business into a disastrous merger with Steinhoff. Has the empire that Whitey Basson built lost its magic, or is it a case of the new order facing new challenges?
07 March 2019 - 05:00
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By Dr Sandy Mark
The topic of Romanticism, reminiscence, and Mourning couldn't be timelier with Žižek's contemporary proclamation that we're 'living in spite of everything occasions' and in an period that's preoccupied with the method and effects of getting older. We mourn either for our pasts and futures as we now know that historical past is a continuation and list of loss. Mark Sandy explores the remedy of grief, loss, and loss of life throughout quite a few Romantic poetic varieties, together with the ballad, sonnet, epic, elegy, fragment, romance, and ode within the works of poets as assorted as Smith, Hemans, Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats, and Clare. Romantic meditations on grief, despite the fact that various in shape and content material, are self-consciously conscious of the complexity and energy of emotions surrounding the comfort or disconsolation that their constructions of poetic reminiscence manage to pay for those that live on the imaginary and genuine useless. Romantic mourning, Sandy exhibits, unearths expression in disparate poetic kinds, and the way it manifests itself either because the spirit of its age, rooted in exact ancient stipulations, and as a proleptic energy, of lasting transhistorical value. Romantic meditations on grief and loss communicate to our modern anxieties concerning the inevitable, yet unthinkable, occasion of demise itself.


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Happy Birthday, Éder!
Éder celebrates his 24th Birthday.
The game's only scorer Alexey Miranchuk has summarized the first match of the UAE training camp.
- It's nice that I have scored. Maicon started that combination and passed to me. I gave further on to Kasaev, then Logashov made a timely run and I just had to make it right. We had worked on something like that during practices.
- Are you satisfied with your form?
- I had just enough stamina for one half. We gave of ourselves to win and that's what was needed.
- You played a false nine. Did you like it?
- I did. You can combinate with your teammates a lot. We'll see where it goes.
- Did the victory bring you some good emotions?
- Victories always bring good emotions. But the main goal was to test our form.
17 January 2016 23:28
Éder celebrates his 24th Birthday.
Nikita Medvedev celebrates his 24th Birthday.


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Ralph Connor is proudly entering our third year as we move to become an Affirming Ministry within the United Church of Canada. We are excited to be offering some new events and programs over the course of 2019 celebrating our diversity and inclusion.
Past Events
Events Search and Views Navigation
March 2019
PIE Day Potluck Luncheon
Don't miss our first "PIE" Day potluck luncheon being held in Gordon Hall 12 noon - 2PM celebrating National Affirming Day "Public, Intentional and Explicit" We will be serving a wide array of homemade delicious pies and will use this opportunity for our congregation to talk to one another about their stories, reservations, an open dialog for discussion about our Affirming role within RCUMC and in our community as a whole. Guest speaker TBD. Please RSVP with the Office (email@example.com) ...
Read morePIE Day Potluck LuncheonFind out more »


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Auto Lock Repair Beverly Hills 90212
Call Auto Roadside Locksmith Professionals In Beverly Hills CA 855-668-8073
Automobile lockout Service can take place anywhere and at any hour.
Are you locked out of your vehicle and don't know the best ways to get in?
Automobile Locked Car Door Service For Residents In Beverly Hills 90212
So, you need a dependable locksmith professional in Beverly Hills, you can contact us to get your vehicle doors unlock.
A trusted car locksmith in Beverly Hills can help you get back in the cars and truck and reach your location in no time.
Due to the fact that you will need vehicle lockout service when your key breaks off in the lock.
So, when you've unintentionally left the keys in the automobile, or when your automobile keys are lost or taken, you ought to call us.
And if you're lockout of the vehicle, we can get your vehicle doors unlock in no time.
Due to the fact that our expert service technicians are equipping with tools that allow us to unlock cars and truck doors of every make and design effectively and on the spot.
So, we also use upfront prices for no concealed fees.
You can come to us for complete locksmith service in Beverly Hills for your house, automobile, or business property.
Because it is never practical to be the lockout of your automobile and car lockouts do not wait on a practical hour to occur.
Mobile Car Key Locksmith & Unlock Services Provides 24/7 Locksmith Professional Service In Beverly Hills
Need A Car Lockout Service? Call Us Now
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As well as, we are there for you.
When you need us within an action time of just Thirty Minutes or less.
So, we provide total automobile locksmith services to Beverly Hills CA.
And also, surrounding areas, no matter what the situations are.
Because our 24/7 locksmith service provided by mobile locksmiths positioned all over Cailfornia will assist you return in your cars and truck and back home.
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Unlocking the automobile doors during lockouts need to be done skillfully without resulting in any damage to the vehicle and to the lock.
If, nevertheless, our locksmiths cause any damage, our Locksmiths will take complete responsibility and pay for any damage triggered.
Because our team of locksmith service technicians offers quick, reputable, and specialized services at a cost effective price.
Finally, our specialist locksmith professional professionals are well-equipped.
Locked keys in car-First of all, among the most sickening sensations is available in the minutes just after you realize you have actually accidentally locked keys in the car.
The contemporary car is designed to safeguard its contents and the locks work effectively even when used inadvertently.
Still, there are things that can be done by the automobile owner to gain access to the car.
Start Simple
Inspect the simple things first.
Check all the doors.
A lot of vehicles with electrical locks instantly lock all doors.
But the doors lock separately on older cars or those without electric locks.
Since it is a long shot, however the service may be as near as the backseat door to the vehicle.
Does somebody close by have a spare set of keys for the vehicle?
In many cases, calling a partner to bring the extra keys and unlock the car can be an option.
Car Locksmith Near Beverly Hills
A coat wall mount or other versatile wire can be fashioned into a loop or hook and utilized in an effort to open the lock.
Slide the wire through space where the automobile window glass meets the door frame.
And also, attempt to catch and open the lock system or press the switch on an electric lock system.
This method does carry some risks.
The wire can damage the weather stripping between the window and frame.
Many automobile lock mechanisms are developed to not offer simple surfaces to catch with the wire loop.
Another option is the Slim Jim.
Because this tool looks like a flat metal plate with a hook on one end.
Furthermore, the slim jim is moved into the cars and truck door alongside the base of the window where the tool can reach the door latch system.
The Slim Jim is in fact a robber tool.
And couple of individuals will carry one with them.
Call a Specialist
So ultimately, lots of lock automobile situations are going to require the help of an expert.
And also, vehicle owners might have some choices when looking for help.
So, oftentimes, you will have to provide proof of ownership before the locks are open.
For that reason, some wrecker services do provide locksmith services.
In many cases, these companies have a slim jim and the understanding to use them.
So, validate that the company provides lock automobile services prior to the wrecker is dispatch.
Unlock Car Beverly Hills & Repair Service
Being locked out of your own car is one of the most uneasy feelings.
So, you have lost the keys. Either even left them in the ignition.
But due to the fact that the doors locked, you can not get your keys.
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You simply experienced among those tens of countless automobile lockouts that happen every year.
There is no way to solve this problem unless you've got an extra set of keys to open the automobile.
But, even this becomes a problem if you are miles from home.
Either you do not have a set of extra cars and truck keys.
Since your next and only option is to call an automobile locksmith.
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So, it's easy, simply call us 855-668-8073
As well as, before our expert specialists finish their quick and friendly service.
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text: Edvard Grieg was a Norwegian composer and pianist. Grieg learned how to play the piano at the age of six. He is particularly interesting among the classical composers, given he is widely considered one of the leading Romantic era composers. Additionally, his Norwegian background adds a nationalistic dynamic to his music, putting the music of Norway in the international spectrum, as well as helping to develop a national identity. He is the most celebrated person from the city of Bergen,


text: Forge 6,453 Posted December 1, 2018 Just now, jarren said: The power of visual evidence. Tyreek beats his pregnant gf and he's still on the team. Total overreaction imo. It's about the cover up. Not about the crime to be honest. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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|⚠ Relay installation is done by a qualified electrician only! Regardless of the type of electrical circuit in which the device is placed.
Relay can be used to block access to the room by automatically locking the electric lock when the security system is armed. The latter can also be done in manual mode by controlling the power supply to the electric lock.
|👆🏻 The relays are used to open and close electrical circuits and can be used to control the power supply to electrical appliances. Ajax Relay is a low-current remote control relay with a potential-free "dry contact". It is controlled remotely via the Ajax application. It can react to the "night mode" as well as to arming and disarming of the security system.
How to choose electric lock
We will consider connecting the most popular types of electric locks in the article: electromechanical and electromagnetic.
Electromechanical locks include pulse and bistable ones, electromagnetic — only bistable.
Electromechanical locks
This type of lock is equipped with a small DC electric motor that controls the bolt when an electrical signal is applied.
With respect to fail-safety, the locks are divided into two types:
- Normally closed: unlocking occurs when an electrical signal is applied. Such locks are forbidden to use along escape routes!
- Normally open: the lock opens when there is no voltage. Such locks are used to build emergency exits and other passages where unimpeded opening of the door is necessary when the power is turned off.
Electromagnetic locks
They consist of a unit with an electromagnet and a strike plate made of metal. The principle of the lock's operation is based on magnetic attraction. The unit with an electromagnet is mounted on the door frame, and the strike plate is mounted on the door. When power is applied, the lock attracts and holds the strike plate locking the door. In the absence of the power supply, the electromagnetic lock opens.
Backup power
It is recommended to supply any electric lock with backup power:
- In the case of a normally closed lock, it will allow you to open the door when there is a loss of electricity in order to enter the room or leave it urgently.
- Electromagnetic and normally open electromechanical lock without backup power does not prevent access to the room.
|⚠ Take care in advance of the feasibility of opening the door in the case of emergency! For example, by connecting a button to enable emergency opening of the lock.
Schematic diagram of connecting the Relay to a 12/24-volt electric lock
|👆🏻 In order to connect according to the schematic diagram, you must have an external 12/24 V power source!
- Connect the power supply to the power terminals of the relay.
- Connect the power supply "+" to one of the relay contact terminals, and "+" of the electric lock to the other contact terminal of the relay.
- Connect "–" of the electric lock to the "–" of the power source.
This connection scheme enables the Relay to control the power supply to the electric lock.
Electromagnetic and bistable electromechanical lock control
Relay Setup
- Go to the Devices tab.
- Enter the Relay menu, go to Settings (⚙), and select Bistable operation mode, and also set Initial state of contact terminals: Normally closed.
Manual control of the electric lock
Click the switch in the Relay line — the state of the relay contact terminals will become the opposite.
When the relay contact terminals are closed, the electric lock is supplied with power remaining in the closed state. Upon opening, the lock is left without power supply and it is opened.
Automatic control of the electric lock (when the state of the security system changes)
In the relay settings, select react to disarming / arming as in the screenshot:
When the security system is armed, the relay closes and power is supplied to the lock. The door is locked until the system is disarmed or until the lock is manually opened.
In order to open/close the lock when the night mode is used, enable React to night mode option.
Pulse lock control
Relay setup
- Go to the Devices tab.
- Enter the Relay menu, go to Settings (⚙) and select Pulse mode, Conact State, and also set the Pulse duration in the range of 0.5~15 seconds (the value and normal state will be indicated in the electric lock documentation).
Manual control of the electric lock
Click on the pulse icon in the Relay line to trigger a pulse and change the lock status.
Automatic control of the electric lock (when the state of the security system changes)
In the Relay settings, set react to arming/disarming as in the screenshot:
Upon arming and disarming, an impulse is applied to the lock, which will close and open the lock.
In order to open/close the lock when the night mode is used, enable React to night mode option.


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