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Neurophysiological motor actions are important for Athletes. "That goes without saying, but now goes with saying, because of potentailly inhibitory newborn baby and infant practices. "Swaddling is an age-old practice of wrapping infants in blankets or similar cloths so that movement of the limbs is tightly restricted."
Scientists conclude that restricting Neonatal and Infant Neuro-Network Reflexes retards and/or damages the normal growth and development of mature Human neurophysiological motor actions and movements. Swaddling is a form of restriction.
"Swaddling bands were often used to further restrict the infant. Swaddling fell out of favor in the 17th century." [Gerard, Claudia M.; Kathleen A. Harris; Bradley T. Thach (6 December 2002). "Spontaneous Arousals in Supine Infants While Swaddled and Unswaddled During Rapid Eye Movement and Quiet Sleep". Pediatrics. 110 (6): e70. doi:10.1542/peds.110.6.e70. PMID 12456937]
"Some modern medical studies indicate that swaddling helps babies fall asleep and to remain asleep and helps to keep the baby in a supine position, which lowers the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).[1] However, one recent study indicated that swaddling increased the risk of SIDS.[2] Additionally emerging evidence is showing that certain swaddling techniques may increase the risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip.[3] [2. Blair et al. (2009)]] [hipdysplasia.org]
The purpose of Swaddling is to "soothe fussy newborns and to promote better baby-naps and longer-nighttime sleep, promote more daycare order and more sleep for parents.
Swaddling aims to restrict the Moro and Startle Reflex, because neonates and infants often awaken and cry following the Moro and Startle Reflex/Reflexes, if considered seperate as some do, and disturb the day care, nursery, parents or guardians.
Some report that "Swaddling is becoming popular again. However, many medical and psychological opinions disapprove Swaddling.
"At this point, many daycares are banning swaddling and the American Academy of Pediatrics has labeled swaddling an "unsafe" practice in childcare settings. In fact, since December 2012 it is now illegal for child care centers in Minnesota to swaddle." [Is Swaddling Your Baby Now Dangerous (and Illegal)? by Emily DeJeu in Newborns]
2018 Minnesota Statutes, PUBLIC WELFARE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES, Chapter 245A, Section 245A.1435, REDUCTION OF RISK OF SUDDEN UNEXPECTED INFANT DEATH IN LICENSED PROGRAMS.
"(d) Placing a swaddled infant down to sleep in a licensed setting is not recommended for an infant of any age and is prohibited for any infant who has begun to roll over independently. However, with the written consent of a parent or guardian according to this paragraph, a license holder may place the infant who has not yet begun to roll over on its own down to sleep in a one-piece sleeper equipped with an attached system that fastens securely only across the upper torso, with no constriction of the hips or legs, to create a swaddle. Prior to any use of swaddling for sleep by a provider licensed under this chapter, the license holder must obtain informed written consent for the use of swaddling from the parent or guardian of the infant on a form provided by the commissioner and prepared in partnership with the Minnesota Sudden Infant Death Center." [2018 by the Revisor of Statutes, State of Minnesota]
Another report: The basis for the ban stems from "Caring for our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards Guidelines for Early Care and Education Programs," a guidebook produced by the HHS-funded National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education (NRC) in conjunction with the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Public Health Association. "In child care settings," the manual states, "swaddling is not necessary or recommended."
According to Pennsylvania state rules, a baby may not be swaddled in the day care without written authorization from a physician. The regulation states that "Infants shall be placed in the sleeping position recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (i.e., on their backs) unless there is a medical reason an infant should not sleep in this position. The medical reason shall be documented in a statement signed by a physician, physician's assistant or CRNP and placed in the child's record at the facility." [Pennsylvania Nannies Ban Swaddling in Day Care, Pennsylvania has effectively banned swaddling babies in day care because it could possibly be dangerous, Abby Wisse Schachter, November 2, 2013]
The following is the Neurophysiological explanation for not Swaddling newborns.
What reflexes should be present in a newborn?
Reflexes are involuntary movements or actions. Some movements are spontaneous, occurring as part of the baby's usual activity. Others are responses to certain actions. Reflexes help identify normal brain and nerve activity. Some reflexes occur only in specific periods of development. The following are some of the normal reflexes seen in newborn babies:
- Root reflex. This reflex begins when the corner of the baby's mouth is stroked or touched. The baby will turn his or her head and open his or her mouth to follow and "root" in the direction of the stroking. This helps the baby find the breast or bottle to begin feeding.
- Suck reflex. Rooting helps the baby become ready to suck. When the roof of the baby's mouth is touched, the baby will begin to suck. This reflex does not begin until about the 32nd week of pregnancy and is not fully developed until about 36 weeks. Premature babies may have a weak or immature sucking ability because of this. Babies also have a hand-to-mouth reflex that goes with rooting and sucking and may suck on fingers or hands.
- Moro reflex. The Moro reflex is often called a startle reflex because it usually occurs when a baby is startled by a loud sound or movement. In response to the sound, the baby throws back his or her head, extends out the arms and legs, cries, then pulls the arms and legs back in. A baby's own cry can startle him or her and trigger this reflex. This reflex lasts about 5 to 6 months.
- Tonic neck reflex. When a baby's head is turned to one side, the arm on that side stretches out and the opposite arm bends up at the elbow. This is often called the "fencing" position. The tonic neck reflex lasts about 6 to 7 months.
- Grasp reflex. Stroking the palm of a baby's hand causes the baby to close his or her fingers in a grasp. The grasp reflex lasts until about 5 to 6 months of age.
- Babinski reflex. When the sole of the foot is firmly stroked, the big toe bends back toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out. This is a normal reflex up to about 2 years of age.
- Step reflex. This reflex is also called the walking or dance reflex because a baby appears to take steps or dance when held upright with his or her feet touching a solid surface. [Newborn-Reflexes Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford Health Care, Lucile Packard Foundation, 2019 STANFORD CHILDREN'S HEALTH]
Moro and Startle Reflex Sensory Stimuli Triggers:
- Auditory: sudden, loud, noises
- Visual: changes in light intensity
- Touch: rapid touch of baby or a quick movement of attendant
- Baby Position change or movement: when baby feel unsupported, placing baby into a bassinet while sleeping
Understanding the scientific principles supporting the learning and execution of fundamental and skilled motor movements is central important during human lifetimes in general and sport and exercise more specifically.
Sporns and Edelman (1993) proposed the 'Neuronal Network Selection Theory'.
Human Development evolves, beginning with neonates, through periods of instability with trial experiences of many motor options in the Human Brain (Neuro-Networks) to solve mental and motor problems.
Trials strengthen the single or multiple Neuro-Network (Neuronetwork) connections by trial and error and subsequently preferred use.
Beginning with basic 'Human Brain Movement Inventory of Neuron-Networks' Humans Homo sapien-sapiens, have and amazing ability to sense the effect and efficiency of the movements turning-on with-in different environments and then satisfying various environmental and internal mental restraints.
Most recently, Hameroff and Penrose ORCH OR Theory, also described the phenomenal Human Brain ability to examine and evaluate itself with microtubule Memristors (dendritic resistors) which filter appropriate Neuron signals and other mechanisms and finds the suitable signals necessary for the resultant neurophysiologic motor action.
Dr. Andrea Utley also described Movement Synergies, synorgenic effects, from natural organism selection, which solved the existing neonatal, infant and childhood environmental and biomechanical problems, which were necessary to be overcome with the selected neurophysiologic motor action.
Hadders and Algra (2000) described the 2 phases of variability:
- Primary Phase – early fetal into infancy phase, which explores the Human Brain Subcortical Neuro-Networks for solutions, when the spontaneous motor movements, reflexes, gradually disappear.
- Some neonatal primordial reflexes become mature neurophysiologic motor actions and movements.
- Secondary Phase – the Primary Phase then surrenders to more goal-directed motor neurophysiologic actions and movements i.e. secondary or adaptive more specific movement patterns milestones, reaching, crawling, and walking
- Swaddling aims to restrict the Moro and Startle Reflex, because neonates and infants often awaken and cry following the Moro and Startle Reflex/Reflexes, if considered seperate and disturb the day care, nursery, parents or guardians.
The Human Brain ability to examine and evaluate itself within the Neuron microtubules and achieve its objective i.e. the selection of most efficient productive motor neurophysiologic action and movement patterns, is again, astonishing.
Task-Specific Conditions call-for the adaption of each movement exactly and efficiently in the absence of tight constraints by developing multiple solution strategies, a catalog for each single motor task.
The mature healthy, full-grown and developed adult then manifests The Neuro-Network Catalog necessary to compete and succeed in the world.
Practice and experience are essential for the development of motor skills in the absence of tight constraints.
Beginning with the neonate and continued through the mature healthy, full-grown and developed adult, the variable diverse repertoire of Human Brain neurophysiologic action and movement patterns additionally adjusts with fluctuating Human body weight. Another phenomenal adaptation process.
The result of the 2 phases of variability and adaptation are the freedom of movement during the mature adult phase, the control of motion, rotations, coordination such as throwing a baseball or a football. (Langendorfer and Roberton (2013). Even throwing control has a beginning maturation period, between 7 to 9 years of age.
From birth, neonate, to 9 years of age, Humans have a massive amount with neurophysiologic motor action adaptation and transformation.
Alterations, adjustments and restrictions to muscle, skeletal, cardiovascular and central nervous systems influence neurophysiologic motor actions and control and can cause chronic pain, loss of mobility and other normal physiological actions for a Human lifetime.
Dr. Andrea Utley's 'Motor Control, Learning and Development' offers an accessible, clear and concise introduction to the core concepts of motor behavior, from learning through to developing expertise. Chapters include:
- definitions, theories and measurements of motor control;
- information processing, neurological issues and sensory factors in control;
- theories and stages of motor learning;
- memory and feedback;
- the development of fundamental movement skills;
- and the application of theory to coaching and rehabilitation practice
- [Motor Control, Learning and Development: Instant Notes, 2nd Edition, Andrea Utley, Routledge, Dec 20, 2018 – Sports & Recreation – 336 pages]
The infant arousal response involves subcortical and cortical responses occurring as a sequence of stereotyped behavior regardless of the eliciting stimulus. Scientists found that spontaneous arousal activity occurred frequently, and the majority of responses occurred as a sequence involving an augmented breath followed by a startle and then cortical arousal.
Subcortical arousals as reflected by augmented breaths and startles were more common than cortical arousals.
Each of the responses occurred more frequently during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.
We conclude that there is an endogenous rhythm of spontaneous activity in infants involving excitatory processes from the brainstem, which may or may not be closely followed by cortical excitation.
The spontaneous arousal responses occur periodically but with a high level of irregularity and the level of activity is affected by sleep state.
Scientists concluded that spontaneous arousal during NREM and REM sleep in infants involves excitatory processes in both the brainstem and cortex. The similarity to evoked arousal responses suggests that there is a common neural pathway to arousal. The spontaneous arousal responses occur periodically, and the level of activity is markedly affected by sleep state, with possibly increased excitability during REM sleep.
There appears to be an inhibitory interaction between the apnoea associated with early arousal and the spread of arousal to higher brain centres such that one rarely occurs in the presence of the other. The spontaneous arousal pattern in infants suggests that there is a possible endogenous rhythm of spontaneous activity given these several considerations.
[McNamara F, Lijowska AS, Thach BT. Spontaneous arousal activity in infants during NREM and REM sleep. J Physiol. 2002;538(Pt 1):263-9.]
The Human Brain's Claustrum is the trigger mechanism for Consciousness. Conscious Awareness awakens when the Claustrum is stimulated and up-regulated.
A striking feature of the claustrum is the few neuronal types it has compared with those of the cerebral cortex (figure 4). Moreover, while the latter is clearly laminated, the former is not.
Research concluded that the claustrum appears to possess a relative uniform cellular architecture. What then is the nature of the computations performed by claustral neurons? If waves of information can travel within the claustrum (as we suggest further below), neurons could be especially sensitive to the timing of the inputs, cementing the role of the claustrum in binding disparate events into a single percept, experienced at one point in time.
Claustral neuron cells project to the cortex on the same side, usually to many parts of it. Some claustral neurons also project to the contralateral cortex. Most regions of the cortex send a projection to the claustrum, usually to many parts of it.
Thus, their mappings are far from being a precise local mapping and tend more to be somewhat global (that is, all to all), though not completely so.
It is not known whether there is any one brain cortex region that does not receive an input from the claustrum.
While most of the claustrum-to-cortex projections are reciprocated, there appear to be a few exceptions. (Sherk 1986), (e.g. Mizuno et al. 1981; Perkel et al. 1986; Lysakowski et al. 1988).
The great discrepancy between the sizes of cortex and the claustrum raises the question of the extent of overlap of these diverse connections in the claustrum. Sherk's (1986) summary illustrates the complexity of this widespread claustrum-centred net.
There are many projections, and most are bi-directional, which often overlap. No region projects everywhere, yet there are a number of more local maps which overlap somewhat. (V1, V2, V4, MT/V5, FST, MST, TEO and TE; Webster et al. 1993; Baizer et al. 1997).
The picture emerging then from tracer studies is that cortical areas having widespread cortical connections, such as area 46 or the cingulate gyrus, are linked to extensive zones within the claustrum and that these large zones are likely to overlap with other claustrum territories. 3
Insights into the physiological role of the claustrum, just like that of any other brain structure, has been obtained from lesion experiments, single cell recordings and stimulation studies in animals as well as from clinical observations and functional imaging in people.
It has been suggested (Ettlinger & Wilson 1990; Calvert 2001) that the claustrum is involved in cross-model processing. The main exhibit for this hypothesis is the previously mentioned imaging study (Hadjikhani & Roland 1998).
Within the context of the neurobiological theories of consciousness, the highly networked nature of the claustrum raises the question of whether it acts as a sort of 'Cartesian theatre'. This is a metaphor, introduced and ridiculed by the philosopher Dennett (1991), for the fictitious centre where the mind and brain meet, where 'it all comes together' and consciousness occurs.
We think that a more appropriate analogy for the claustrum is that of a conductor coordinating a group of players in the orchestra, the various cortical regions. Without the conductor, the players can still play but they fall increasingly out of synchrony with each other. The result is a cacophony of sounds.
This metaphor would suggest that different attributes of objects, both within (e.g. colour and motion) and across modalities (e.g. visual form and sound location), are rapidly combined and bound in the claustrum. Without this structure—and that of its twin in the other hemisphere—the subject may still be able to respond to simple, isolated or to highly familiar stimuli, but not to complex or unfamiliar ones. Objects or events in the real world have many simultaneous attributes: colour, shape, distance, velocity, smell, sound, feel and so on. In the absence of both claustra, these attributes may not be experienced in an integrated manner and the subject may fail to altogether perceive these objects or events or only be consciously aware of some isolated attribute.
It is clear that the claustrum lies at the confluence of a large number of simple loops with cortex. This widespread and reciprocal connectivity with many, if not most, cortical regions raises the obvious question: why is all this information brought together, since this involves most of the loops being much longer than if the claustrum lay more uniformly under the cortex? Even more unusually, there appears to be no long-range connections within the claustrum.
In biology, if seeking to understand function, it is usually a good idea to study structure. Thus, if the claustrum is critical to binding information within and across sensory and motor modalities, certain anatomical constraints would have to be met. In particular, the information from say, a visual cortical region would need to be combined with information from somatosensory, auditory or motor cortices. This demands some sort of intermixing of the associated signals within the claustrum. Several, non-exclusive, anatomical and biophysical substrates for such widespread intra-claustral interactions are possible.
"In a study published by Mohamad Koubeissi at the George Washington University in Washington DC, he and his colleagues describe how they managed to switch a woman's consciousness off and on by stimulating her claustrum. The claustrum appears to be the orchestra conductor. (Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B, doi.org/djjw5m) [ Consciousness on-off switch discovered deep in brain by Helen Thomson 2 July 2014 New Scientist]
The Claustrum "A patient had epilepsy. The Koubeissi team used deep brain electrodes to record signals from different brain regions to work out where her seizures originated. One electrode was positioned next to the claustrum, an area that had never been stimulated before. Stimulation of the claustrum switched Consciousness on and off, confirming the Crick and Koch Hypothesis. "We may have found the key……Consciousness is created via many structures and networks but we may have found the ignition key," the claustrum. [A pilot study of the role of the claustrum in attention and seizures in rats. Bayat, A.,Joshi, S.,Jahan, S.,Connell, P.,Tsuchiya, K.,Chau, D.,Syed, T.,Forcelli, P.,Koubeissi, M. Z.; Epilepsy Res.. 2018 Jan 13] [Electrical stimulation of a small brain area reversibly disrupts consciousness.Koubeissi MZ, Bartolomei F, Beltagy A, Picard F; Epilepsy Behav. 2014-08-01] 126
"Other research explained Anesthesia suppression of consciousness by synthesis of 2 Paradigms depending on the type anesthetic;" both probably contribute to on and off switch of consciousness: "In the "bottom up" paradigm, anesthetics suppress consciousness by modulating sleep-wake nuclei and neural circuits in the brainstem and diencephalon, lower level brain anatomy, that have evolved to control arousal states. "In the "top-down" paradigm: anesthetics suppress consciousness by modulating the cortical and thalamocortical circuits, upper level brain anatomy, involved in the integration of neural information. [Bottom-Up and Top-Down Mechanisms of General Anesthetics Modulate Different Dimensions of Consciousness, Mashour GA, Hudetz AG. Front Neural Circuits. 2017; 11:44. Epub 2017 Jun 20]
Imagine, the potential consequences if neonate or infant Conscious Arousal, Moro and Startle Pattered Reflex Responses were permanently slowed and even irreversibly damaged:
- Trigger stimuli elicit a fixed sequence:
- Stimuli perceptions trigger the Brain Claustrum to awaken the baby
- Spontaneous awakening results followed by sequential augmented breath and a startle
- followed by Brain Subcortical, Cortical Consciousness, other responses
- If the baby Reflexes were restricted, possibly by swaddling
- Inturrpting cybernetic feed-to and -back
- neonate and infant awakening aka Brain Cortex Consciousness
- might be permanently slowed and even irreversibly damaged.
- Considering the widespread innervation or connections within the baby and adult Human Brain by the Claustrum, the widespread Consequences might be disastrous.
- The Claustrum reciprocally touches every part of the Human Brain
- To date, 'Supression of the Moro and Startle Reflex, following Excitation Stimuli to Trigger to Claustrum to Conscinousness Sequence' thought experiments have not be conducted in the laboratory
- Dr. Andrea Utley and collegues would be superlative investigators.
Dr. Andrea Utley Profile: "Dr. Utley and collegues address the mechanisms of control and disorders of co-ordination in conditions such as hemiplegic cerebral palsy and Developmental Coordination Disorder.
"Particular research interests are how children and adults with a range of movement difficulties are able to control their movements in a variety of contexts. Detailed analysis of reaching/ grasping and catching in children has revealed how these children attempt to control multiple degrees of freedom.
Utrley et al investigate the assessment of movement and how manipulating the movement context can be used as a rehabilitative strategy. Explanations of motor development have taken a step forward through the application of ideas from proponents of dynamic systems, here movement involves the final product or whole being the active cooperation of many parts, and contains multiple subsystems all contributing in a unique manner (Thelen and Spencer 1998).
"The potential for some of these ideas have been initially explored in the context of reaching and grasping in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (Utley and Sugden 1998) and catching in children with DCD (Utley and Astill 2006). Such children have to overcome intrinsic constraints where the neural properties provide a direct link to the type of movement observed.
"External constraints such as task demands and context also influence the nature and extent of interlimb coupling and are especially interested in the nature and extent of interlimb coupling and have provided evidence on the nature of bimanual co-ordination in children with cerebral palsy. This work has indicated that one solution to the degrees of freedom problem during upper limb movements is to couple the limbs therefore reducing the number of degrees of freedom to be controlled.
Collaboration with Leeds University Motor Impairment Group (LUMIG) and external collaborators at the University of Nijmegen (The Netherlands) and University of Minnesota (USA). Techniques employed include kinematic analysis, electromyography, eye-tracking and modelling.
In 2016 Dr Utley was awarded The Cutlers' Surgical Prize by the Royal College of Surgeons for the design of the Yorkshire Micro Forcep.
Funding: British Council, ESRC, Nuffield Institute
- Manual skills in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.
- Learning to control multiple degrees of freedom during dynamic balance.
BA (Hons) Human Movement Studies 1984, PGCE Physical Education 1985. PhD University of Leeds 1998. Lecturer, School of Education, University of Leeds, 1993 – 1997. Senior Lecturer. Motor Control and Learning, Leeds Metropolitan University, 1997-1999. Senior Lecturer, Director Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Systems and Membranes Biology, University of Leeds, 1999 – current
Research interests
Motor and Behavioural Science Research Group
Research projects
Any research projects I'm currently working on will be listed below. Our list of all research projects allows you to view and search the full list of projects in the faculty.
- BA (Hons), PGCE, Leeds Metropolitan, PhD 1998, Leeds
Modules managed
SPSC2240 – Human Motor Development
SPSC3061 – Research Project in Sport and Exercise Science II
SPSC3329 – Motor and Psychological Aspects of Rehabilitation
Modules taught
SPSC1031 – Motor Control: Foundations of Control and Learning
SPSC2240 – Human Motor Development
SPSC2309/2131 – Skill Acq and Motor Learning
SPSC3061 – Research Project in Sport and Exercise Science II
SPSC3061/5382M – SPSC projects
SPSC3301 – Inter-disciplinary Issues in Sport and Exercise Science
SPSC3329 – Motor and Psychological Aspects of Rehabilitation
SPSC3389 – Research Project
SPSC5314M – Personal Development and Employability for Sport and Exercise Scientists
Academic roles
UG Chair of Special Cases Committee – Sports Science programmes


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Leaving behind the bright lights of Kuta, I cycled through fragrant plantations and tropical forest, and stopping only to eat unique local food. My first day on Batur Cycle Route ended that day in Ubud. It was all a far cry from most people's vision of Bali as a bustling tourism industrial island.
The island is certainly not short of wondrous landscapes. Bali is rugged beyond belief with thousands temples, one active volcano now-days, mount agung and a sleeping beauty of mount Batur. Most pleasingly, the country retains an almost museum-like reverence for heritage and the cultural attitudes. From ancient superstitions (God forbid if you ever write a person's name in red ink) and syncretic religious beliefs to traditional medicines featuring borderline curealls for everything, all thrive here. The Balinese are among the one of friendliest people you're likely to meet in Asia.
Well, within a few generations, Bali's economic growth bestowed great wealth and leisure time upon its people; this coincided with the global success of local tourism industry. The government has since developed network of cycleways. The popularity of this particular ride became enshrined in the local consciousness who cycles the country in an act of self-discovery. For me, Batur Cycle Route promised to be the road trip of a lifetime. Besides the romance of circum navigating an island relying on human power, I saw cycling as a way to get deep into the countryside and seek out the real Bali. I would not be disappointed.
Steep-looking mountain road
By my first morning, it was actually extra gas I desired, not oil, when facing a fearsomely steep-looking mountain road. Fortunately, the merciful Goddess answered my prayers. Very few people speak English in rural Bali yet our simultaneous gestures, pointing uphill, weremutually understood and they will help you to find hot springs arround batur. I tried google maps but in some location it failed to work, limited by network connection.
Batur is something of a geothermal colander, leaching hot mineral-rich waters. To avoid guests simmering like lobsters, the water is tempered by a cool mountain stream. This mixture not only boiledmy trout supper but enabled me to luxuriate outdoors long after nightfall in a hot spring, serenaded by hidden tree frogs.
The kindness of strangers
I met other cyclists attempting route. When crossing a plateau of rice on ubud path, you see more on a bike and have time to think about your future before an inevitable exchange of selfies. I swapped selfies again minutes later in Tegalalang rice field. I asked local police officer for directions. It is hard to find a bike shop when requiring to tweak my misfiring gears. So I went to a motorcycle garage and the repairman – random acts of kindness having now coalesced into the norm – refused to charge me. Thereafter, the mountains lost a bit altitude as they headed towards east at Batur. From Tegalalang I rejoined the village route via a deserted back road, heading towards Batur through montane forest. The finest expression of the latter was Mount Batur view and temple, where the bright murals of the indigenous culture fused with standard Hinduism icons. But I would soon leave it all behind.
The end of the road
Batur view narrowed towards its tip and I eventually hit the buffers of a wide view horizon, its windblown dunes curling around the mountain. It had taken me exactly few hours to reach here and I was ready for the flatter south. In all honesty, the final ride of cycling back to Kuta was, scenically, a bit 'after the Lord Mayor's show'. Bali has a bipolar geography and its soutern flank is prodigiously flat and crowded with industry and urban developments that concertina into a continuous conurbation. Care is required here because the cycle lanes are often delineated from heavy traffic by little more than painted lines. Yet, at the end of long, flat days, something delicious or stimulating usually awaited my arrival. That all seemed unlikely when pedalling into the outskirts of Bali's second-largest town, Kuta. Here, I was greeted by a dystopian view of industrialised refi neries. Yet beyond this harsh exterior, the centre of Kuta has transformed in recent years from an industrial behemoth to a city for the people, all by way of modern architectural projects and night club. Kuta's centrepiece, Kuta Beach, was known as one of the best beach in the world, but it is now a funky strip of hotel, bars, cafés and – just as importantly – becareful when cycling here. It was here, after all that pedalling, that I sought two of Bali's signature 'pleasures'. The town is crazy about reflexology and spa. In a warehouse-sized salon, I flopped onto a couch to join dozens of locals enjoying, or possibly enduring, foot massages. I told my masseuse I was cycling route. "You crazy," she barked, "where have pain?" "Just about everywhere," I confirmed. "This help legs and back," she said, burying her knuckles into my soft soles as if kneading dough. My feet throbbed so much that when I left, I forgot how weary I felt. I guess it worked. Pleasure number two was mixing with a hungry foodie crowd, where among the dizzying aromas of blended fruit smoothies, and grilling meat. Best of all, my favourite bali art festival, to mark the annual event on Denpasar, was taking place. Waves of devotional chanting drifted among sweet burning incense while a flotilla of light tourch warmed the night. Fatigued and sun-baked, I felt satisfaction at not only completing a challenge of a lifetime but also getting under the skin of Bali. I finally understood through Balinese eyes why route is a cherished quest of a lifetime.

subset: commoncrawl


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Trump's ex-lawyer to talk to Senate intel panel on Tuesday
- Author: Sonia Alvarado Feb 22, 2019,
Feb 22, 2019, 1:24
Cohen's testimony in front of the House intelligence committee is set for February 28. "Congress has an obligation under the Constitution to conduct independent and robust oversight of the Executive Branch, and this hearing is one step in that process".
In August, Cohen admitted he made illegal campaign contributions at the behest of Trump and pleaded guilty to campaign finance violations in connection with the hush-money payments.
Fry, was charged by prosecutors in the US Attorney's Office for the Northern District of California with the unauthorized disclosure of a document called a suspicious activity report, or SAR, which banks file when they review transactions that raise red flags.
After testifying publicly on Capitol Hill next Wednesday, Feb. 27, Cohen is then scheduled appear in a closed session before the House intelligence committee the next day.
Cohen will not be questioned about the ongoing investigations by Special Counsel Robert Mueller or the House and Senate Intelligence Committees into alleged collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials. He will now report to prison on May 6.
LeBron James unloads on hypocrisy of National Basketball Association trades via Instagram
Throughout the 2018-19 season he has averaged 17.8 points, 4.3 rebounds and 1.3 assists through 48 games. On Barnes' trade to the Kings, Mavericks head coach Rick Carlise addressed the deal post-game.
Cohen was sentenced in December to three years in prison for crimes including orchestrating hush payments to women who claimed to have had affairs with Trump in violation of campaign laws before the 2016 election. Cohen has agreed to cooperate with the Mueller probe.
"Mr Cohen will only talk about personal experiences and anecdotes over his 10 years working for Mr Trump", Davis said, adding that his client would speak to why he can "no longer defend" Trump and sees him as a threat to the country.
According to a memo sent out by committee staff, Cohen's appearance before the oversight panel will concern various financial issues related to the 2016 presidential campaign, including payments to adult film star Stormy Daniels and former Playboy model Karen McDougal that federal prosecutors in NY say were directed by Trump. Among the crimes was a hush-money scheme meant to silence women who said they had affairs with Trump.
In a letter requesting the delay dated Wednesday, Cohen attorney Michael D. Monico cited a "more fulsome letter" sent to Pauley eight days ago by Cohen that was sealed.
"The schedule has now been set", Cohen tweeted Wednesday evening. "In addition, he will be able to prepare for the expected testimony next week before congressional committees, which he welcomes".


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Like other body tissues and organs, the bones can also get sick. The cause can be fractures or signs of wear, inflammation or cancer. Injuries and fractures are shared at a young age. With age, susceptibility to diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis increases. To find out what causes pain or restricted mobility, various bone examinations are available.
Understanding bone examinations: Test types
Before any imaging examinations or tests are made, the patient is usually interviewed (anamnesis) and physically examined. For a medical history, the doctor asks to describe complaints and requests, for example, the nature and location of pain and movement restrictions. Diseases in the past or the family, as well as information about workloads and personal lifestyles, can provide useful information. During the physical examination, the doctor examines the body without technical aids, for example, on deformity and mobility. If there is a suspicion of a specific problem, then various imaging tests and other tests may be considered.
X-rays illuminate different parts of the body. Since different types of tissue transmit different amounts of radiation, specific structures can be imaged in this way. Due to their density, bones absorb almost all of the X-rays – they can, therefore, be recognized as white or gray contours on the X-ray image. Soft tissues like fat and muscle let almost all the radiation through – they look black in the X-ray.
Therefore, X-rays are particularly useful for imaging bones, but less well for soft tissue examination. Since X-ray examinations are always accompanied by radiation exposure, they should only be performed if they are medically necessary. Pregnant women should just be X-rayed in extreme emergency.
When is it used?
X-raying, for example, is used to detect or eliminate fractures, signs of wear, malpositions and the consequences of bone inflammation.
How does it go?
Before the examination, one is asked to undress the body section, which is x-rayed and to discard jewelry. Depending on which part of the body is x-rayed, the examination takes place while sitting, lying or standing. The body is located between the radiation source and the recorder during X-ray. Because of the radiation exposure, the sex organs, if possible, shielded with a lead apron. The medical staff usually protects themselves with a lead apron. The recording itself only takes a few seconds.
Computed tomography
Computed Tomography (CT) allows more accurate X-rays of the body. The X-rays are sent from different directions through the body. Also, not the entire examination region is irradiated at once, but only thin slices ("layers").
From the many pieces of information in the individual images, the computer calculates a multi-dimensional cross-sectional illustration of the respective body region. A CT scan is associated with a significantly higher radiation exposure than a simple X-ray examination.
When is it used?
Computed tomography is used, for example, to see changes in the bones that are not or not recognizable on a classic X-ray image.
How does it go?
In this examination, one is pushed lying through an annular CT device. An x-ray source in the CT scanner rotates around the selected body region. Depending on the size of the area to be examined, the examination takes about 5 to 30 minutes.
Magnetic resonance imaging (magnetic resonance tomography)
Also in a magnetic resonance tomography, detailed sectional images of the body are created. However, no X-rays are used, but magnetic fields and radio waves. The procedure is therefore also called magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
The magnetic resonance tomograph measures – somewhat merely said – the activity in the hydrogen atoms of the body. The signals thus measured are converted into image information and displayed on a computer as two- or three-dimensional images of bones, joints, and soft tissues.
Due to their high water content, soft tissues such as muscles, ligaments or articular cartilage can be evaluated particularly well in magnetic resonance imaging.
When is it used?
Magnetic resonance imaging is used, among other things, for diseases of the knee, shoulder or spine. For example, abrasions, ligament, and meniscal injuries, as well as inflammatory processes on the bones, should become visible.
How does it go?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a large, tube-like device containing individual coils that generate the magnetic fields and radio waves. For the examination, one must take place on a couch, which is then wholly or partially driven into a tube – depending on which body part is to be examined. There are loud knocking sounds during the measurements. For some people, the examination can be stressful because of the confined space and unusual noises. In total, magnetic resonance imaging can take about 15 to 30 minutes.
Patients with implants (such as a pacemaker) who do not tolerate magnetic fields should not be examined with an MRI scanner. In the meantime, some practices and hospitals also have open MRI scanners, which can be an alternative for people with claustrophobia or severe obesity.
Bone density measurement (osteodensitometry)
In a bone density measurement, the mineral salt content of the bones is determined. From these results, conclusions can be drawn on the fracture strength of the bone. Most bone density is examined with a particular X-ray method, the DEXA or DXA (abbreviated to the English term "Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry"). As a rule, weak X-rays are directed from below through the bones of the spinal column and the femoral neck.
For people with severe signs of wear on the spine, only thigh measurements are made; for people with artificial hip joints, only measures of the needle. The radiation exposure of the DEXA is lower than with a normal radiograph and much lower than with computerized tomography.
Osteodensitometry does not produce an X-ray but measures how much the bones attenuate X-rays. The more porous and fragile the bones are, the more x-rays they penetrate. The number of X-rays that penetrate the bone is converted to a measure that compares the current bone density value with that of young, healthy adults. This measure is called a T-score.
A T-score of -1 is considered normal, a T-score of -1 to -2.5 is deemed to be low. According to the relevant recommendations, osteoporosis is referred to when the T-score is equal to or less than -2.5.
Sometimes bone density measurements on the heel are made by ultrasound or computed tomography (CT). However, there are not enough essential studies to assess whether these methods are better or worse than DEXA. Also, computed tomography, as already mentioned, is associated with significantly higher radiation exposure.
When is it used?
A bone density measurement can be used to determine if someone has osteoporosis and how high the risk of bone fracture is. It is also used to monitor the course of treatment.
How is the examination performed?
For a DEXA, lie flat on your back. To measure the spine, the legs are bent at a 90-degree angle and stored high. To measure the upper neck, the legs are stretched flat.
Under the couch is the radiation source from which the X-rays emanate. A measuring arm then moves over the body and measures how the body absorbs many X-rays. The examination takes about 5 to 10 minutes.
Bone scintigraphy
Bone scintigraphy (skeletal scintigraphy) provides a pictorial representation of the metabolism in the bones. To get an accurate picture, the subjects are previously injected with a weakly radioactive substance. The dangerous material accumulates in the bone and improves the appearance of the different structures on the examination image. For example, cancer metastases or inflammatory sites often store the material more strongly than healthy tissue, which makes them recognizable on the image. The investigation also brings a radiation burden with it.
When is it used?
The metabolism in the bones changes, for example, with a growing tumor and inflammation in the bones. Therefore, bone scintigraphy is used in cases of a suspected disease, sometimes with poorly healing bone fractures.
How does it go?
As preparation, the radioactive substance is injected into a vein. Then you wait a few hours until the element has spread throughout the body. After this waiting period, a picture of the body is taken with a particular camera. For that, one lies down, and the camera moves over the body.
Bone biopsy and bone marrow biopsy
In a bone biopsy, the doctor uses a fine needle to remove some tissue from the bone with the aim of identifying specific pathological changes. In a bone marrow biopsy, the sample is taken from the bone marrow inside the bone.
When is it used?
A bone biopsy is used among other things in the study of tumors, inflammation, and disorders of bone structure such as osteoporosis. Bone marrow biopsy may be considered in cases of the suspected hemorrhagic disease, such as suspected anemia.
How does it go?
As preparation, the skin area above the bone is locally, and then a small incision is made, through which the biopsy needle is inserted. In a bone, biopsy tissue is often taken from the pelvic bone, but also the knee or thigh bone. In a bone marrow biopsy, the specimen is usually made from the iliac crest or sternum. The sample is then examined in the laboratory.
Blood tests
Blood levels are also used to identify certain bone diseases. For example, a blood test may be performed in cases of suspected osteoporosis to identify risk factors and prevent other diseases. The height of the calcium level, for example, should show if someone takes enough calcium. It does not say anything about how much calcium is in the bones. Significant is also the blood value "Alkaline Phosphatase." This is a protein that is elevated in certain bone diseases.
Other blood levels may indicate inflammation, tumors or metabolic diseases that may affect the condition of the bones.


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Published at Thursday, March 21st, 2019 - 08:54:49 AM. Bathrooms Design. By Macey Giraud.
Maybe your bathroom already looks rustic and old-fashioned, but maybe it's more on the modern side. Either way, a copper tub is a good choice! It will either perfectly match the rest of the rustic interior or be that one vintage element that feels like a soul of the room!
Taking the living room into the bathroom might sound a bit crazy at first, but this definitely is the way forward for those planning for a brand new bathroom. The idea of 'bathroom living' is gaining momentum across the world, with designers and homeowners gravitating towards this innovative and luxurious concept. It is a trend that has also been personified in the many bathroom designs that we recently witnessed at Salone del Mobile 2017. Allowing you to add everything from bookshelves and comfy couches to a fireplace and TV to the bathroom, this fabulous upgrade will turn your existing bathroom into a soothing private sanctuary.
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St. Andrews School at Old Bowenpally
Official Reviews - Hyderabad
St. Andrews School at Old Bowenpally
St. Andrews School at Old Bowenpally
St. Andrews School at Old Bowenpally
admin > 02-06-2017, 09:56 PM
St. Andrews School at Old Bowenpally
Facebook Page:
Classes offered:
Nursery to X
Age criteria:
2 plus on 31st May for Nursery
3 plus on 31st May for L.K.G
Syllabus offered:
CBSE Syllabus
At senior level, Science (MBPC / MPCC / MPCI / BPCI / BPCC) and Commerce (MEC / CEIP / Co- Scholastic)
First language: English
Second language: Hindi / Telugu (U.K.G to X) / French (V to d xFrench X)
Third language: Hindi / Telugu / French/ Sanskrit (Classes V -VIII)
Fee Structure(yearly):
Approx. 80,000 per annum
Books & Uniform separate charges
Admission Procedure:
Starts from the month of December.(Note: Currently, Admissions from UKG to IVth are not offered in bowenpally branch)
Written Exam:Yes, From U.K.G to XIIth
Parents Interview: Small interaction with parents
Child Interview: Yes
Documents Required:
Passport size photographs
Birth Certificate (photocopy & original)
Transfer Certificate from previous school.
One self-addressed stamped envelope
On receipt of the completed application an interview / entrance test will be scheduled.
Caste Certificate, if applicable
School Timings:
8:55AM to 12:00PM For Play School
8:25AM to 3:00PM LKG to Xth.
Available and Transporatation fee is around 17,000
Contact Transportation Manager at 9849914096 for Bowenpally & 9052022391 for Keesara
Review Parameters:
a.Fees Charged: Moderately High
b.Co-curricular activities: Excellent
Science and Maths Laboratories
Computer suites
Excellent libraries
State-of-the-art Auditorium
Dedicated Art and Music rooms
Language rooms
Integrated sports fields – Basketball Court, Cricket Field, Football Ground, Athletic Arena and Indoor Games Room
c. Academics: Good
d.Teachers to student's ratio: 1:40
e.Class Strength: Around 35- 40
Playground: Large
Classroom Quality: Average
Toy Library: N/A
Books Library: Yes, 4 Excellent Libraries
laboratory: Chemistry lab
Auditorum: Yes
Good Medical support in case of accidental injuries, The school has Ambulance and trained Healthcare professional.
g. Events: Annual Day, Doctors check up, Inter school Competition, Excursion, Field trip.
h. Communication: once in every two months parent-teachers meet
St. Andrews at Bowenpally is a great school in the sports and games section. They do have a large playground and it has a track-record of winning lot of inter-school competitions. It does provide a good academic environment but has an edge when it comes to Sports and Games over others. The fee is slightly higher than some of its peers in the area.
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Yes, he can learn. Past experience has an effect on future experience because of things going on inside his head. If that wasn't true, hot wires would serve no useful purpose.
The horse, like his rider, does not sit around helplessly as life passes by. Instead, he is a factor that determines, in part, what it shall present.
H/T Rick Gore for the video.