text:
-The method of going to the meetings varied according to the distance to be traversed. In an immense majority of cases the means of locomotion are not even mentioned, presumably therefore the witches went on foot, as would naturally be the case in going to the local meeting or Esbat, which was attended only by those who lived near. There are, however, a few instances where it was thought worth while to mention that the worshippers walked to the meeting. Boguet (1598), who yields to none in his accounts of magical means of going to the Sabbath, says, 'les Sorciers nea{n}tmoins vont quelquefois de pied au Sabbat, ce qui leur aduient principalement, lors que le lieu, où ils font leur assemblée, n'est pas guieres eslongné de leur habitation', and rites in confirmation the evidence of George and Antoinette Gandillon and their father Pierre, Clauda Ianprost, Clauda Ian-guillaume, Iaquema Paget, Gros Iaques, the two brothers Claude and Claude Charloz, Pierre Willermoz, l'Aranthon, Pernette Molard, Ianne Platet, and Clauda Paget.[1] Iaquema Paget's account of how she and Antoine Tornier went to a
meeting on their way home. from the harvest field (see p. 121), proves that they were on foot. The Lang-Niddry witches (1608) clearly walked, they 'convenit thame selffis at Deanefute of Lang-Niddry . . . thaireffir thay past altogidder to the said Beigis hous in Lang-Nydry [where they drank]; and thaireftir come with all thair speid to Seaton-thorne be-north the zet; quhair the Devill. callit for the said Christiane Tod, and past to Robert Smartis house, and brocht hir out And thay thaireftir past altogidder, with the Devill, to the irne zet of Seatoun . . . And thaireftir come all bak agane to the Deane-fute, quhair first thai convenit.'[1] The distance from Lang Niddry to Seaton Castle is under a mile. Isaac de Queyran (1609), a young fellow of twenty-five, told de Lancre that those living at a distance flew home through the air, the near ones returned on foot.[2] Berthélemy Minguet of Brécy was tried in 1616: 'Enquis, de quelle façon sa femme fut au Sabbat la premiere fois. Respond, qu'elle y fut transportée par le Diable, lequel la rapporta apres le Sabbat, & que la seconde fois qu'elle y a esté, elle y fut de son pied avec luy, & s'en retourna de son pied, & qu'elle n'y a iamais esté que ces deux fois.'[3] Helen Guthrie of Forfar (1661) said that 'herselfe, Isobell Shyrie, and Elspet Alexander, did meit togither at ane aile house near to Barrie, a litle befor sunsett, efter they bade stayed in the said house about the spaice of ane houre drinking of thrie pintis of ale togidder, they went foorth to the sandis, and ther thrie other women met them, and the divell wes there present with them all . . . and they parted so late that night that she could get no lodging, but wes forced to lye at ane dyk syde all night'.[4] Christian Grieve, of Crook of Devon (1662), acknowledged I that ye came to the foresaid meeting immediately after your goodman and the rest went to bed, and that ye locked the door and put the key under the same, and that ye and the said Margaret Young your neighbor came foot for foot to the foresaid meeting and that ye stayed at the foresaid meeting about the space of two hours and came back again on your foot, and the foresaid Margaret Young
with you, and found the key of the door in that same place where you left it, and declared that neither your husband nor any other in the house was waking at your return'.[1] At Lille (1661) the girl Bellot, then aged fifteen, said that 'her Mother had taken her with her when she was very Young, and had even carried her in her Arms to the Witches Sabbaths or Assemblies'.[2] At Strathdown (eighteenth century) the witches went along the side of the river Avon to Craic-pol-nain, fording the river on foot.[3]
In the cases cited above there is nothing in the least bizarre or extraordinary, but there are other methods recorded of reaching the distant meetings. Sometimes the obvious means was by riding on a horse; sometimes the witches were accused, or claimed the power, of flying through the air, of riding in the air on a stick, of riding on animals or human beings, which latter were sometimes in their own natural form and sometimes enchanted into the form of animals.
The following instances are of those who rode to or from the meetings on horseback. Agnes Sampson of North Berwick (1590) said that the Devil in mans likeness met her going out in the fields from her own house at Keith, betwixt five and six at even, being her alone and commanded her to be at North-berwick Kirk the next night: And she passed there on horse-back, conveyed by her Good-son, called Iohn Couper'.[4] Boguet (1608) mentions, in passing, the fact that the witches sometimes rode on horses.[5] The Lancashire witches (1613), after the meeting at Malking Tower, 'went out of the said House in their owne shapes and likenesses. And they all, by that they were forth of the dores, gotten on Horseback, like vnto foals, some of one colour, some of another.[6] This was the usual mode of locomotion among the Lancashire witches, for Margaret Johnson (1633) said that at the meeting at Hoarstones 'there was, at yl tyme, between 30 and 40 witches, who did all ride to the said meetinge'.[7] Isobell Gowdie (1662) said, 'I haid a little horse, and wold say, " Horse
4. Pitcairn, i, pt. ii, p. 239. Spelling modernized.
and Hattock, in the Divellis name!"[1] The most detailed account is from Sweden (1669):
'Another Boy confessed too, that one day he was carried away by his Mistriss, and to perform the journey he took his own Father's Horse out of the Meadow where it was, and upon his return she let the Horse go in her own ground. The next morning the Boys Father sought for his Horse, and not finding it, gave it over for lost; but the Boy told him the whole story, and so his Father fetcht the Horse back again.'[2]
We now come to the marvellous and magical means of locomotion. The belief in the power of witches to ride in the air is very ancient and universal in Europe. They flew either unsupported, being carried by the Devil, or were supported on a stick; sometimes, however, an animal which they rode passed through the air. The flying was usually preceded by an anointing of the whole or part of the body with a magical ointment.
The earliest example of unsupported flying is from Paul Grilland (1537), who gives an account of an Italian witch in 1526, who flew in the air with the help of a magic ointment.[2]
Reginald Scot (1584) says that the ointment 'whereby they ride in the aire' was made of the flesh of unbaptized children, and gives two recipes:
[1] 'The fat of yoong children, and seeth it with water in a brasen vessell, reseruing the thickest of that which remaineth boiled in the bottome, which they laie up and keepe, untill occasion serueth to use it. They put hereunto Eleoselinum, Aconitum, Frondes populeas, and Soote.' [2] 'Sium, acarum vulgare, pentaphyllon, the blood of a flitter mouse, solanum somniferum, and oleum. They stampe all these togither, and then they rubbe all parts of their bodys exceedinglie, till they looke red, and be verie hot, so as the pores may be opened, and their flesh soluble and loose. They ioine herewithall either fat, or oil in steed thereof, that the force of the ointment maie the rather pearse inwardly, and so be more effectuall. By this means in a moonlight night they seeme to be carried in the aire.'[4]
4. Scot, pp. 41, 184. Scot is as usual, extraordinarily in accurate in his statements. The correct formulae, as given by Wierus, will be found in Appendix V, with notes on the ingredients by Prof. A. J. Clark.]
So far this is only hearsay evidence, but there is also a certain amount of first-hand testimony, the witches declaring that they actually passed through the air above ground, or had seen others do so.
In 1598 'Thieuenne Paget racontoit, que le Diable s'apparut à elle la premiere fois en plein midy, en forme d'vn grand homme noir, & que comme elle se fut baillée à luy, il l'embrassa & l'esleva en I'air, & la transporta en la maison du prel de Longchamois . . . & puis ]a rapporta au lieu mesme, où il l'auoit prise. Antide Colas disoit, que le soir, que Satan s'apparut; à elle en forme d'vn homme de grande stature, ayant sa barbe & ses habillemens noirs, il la transporta au Sabbat, & qu'aux autres fois, il la venoit prendre dans son lict, & l'emportoit comme si c'eust esté vn vent froid, l'empoignant par la teste.'[1]
Isaac de Queyran (1609), whose evidence has already been quoted, said that the witches living at a distance flew home through the air.[2] In France (1652) 'lors qu'elle vouloit aller aux danses, elle se oindoit d'ung onguen qui lui estoit donné par vn sorcier envoyé par le diable. Que lors elle s'en alloit comme ung vent aux dictes danses avecque les aultres.'[3] At Crook of Devon (1661) Bessie Henderson confessed 'that ye was taken out of your bed to that meeting in an flight'.[4] The most detail comes from an English source: the Somerset witches (1664) claimed that they habitually flew through the air by means of a magical oil and magical words. Elizabeth Style said:
'Before they are carried to their meetings, they anoint their Foreheads, and Hand-wrists with an Oyl the Spirit brings them (which smells raw) and then they are carried in a very short time, using these words as they pass, Thout, tout a tout, tout, throughout and about. And when they go off from their Meetings, they say, Rentum, Tormentum . . . all are carried to their several homes in a short space.' Alice Duke gave the same testimony, noting besides that the oil was greenish in colour. Anne Bishop, the Officer of the Somerset covens, confessed that 'her Forehead being first anointed with
3. H. G. van Elven, La Tradition, 1891, p. 215. Unfortunately neither name nor place are given in the transcription.
a Feather dipt in Oyl, she hath been suddenly carried to the place of their meeting. . . . After all was ended, the Man in black vanished. The rest were oil a sudden conveighed to their homes.'[1]
The belief that the witches actually rode in the air seated on some concrete object, such as an animal, a human being, or a stick, is both ancient and universal, and is reflected in the ecclesiastical and civil laws, of which the earliest is the decree of the ninth century, attributed to the Council of Ancyra. 'Certeine wicked women following sathans prouocations, being seduced by the illusion of diuels, beleeve and professe, that in the night times they ride abroad, with Diana , the goddesse of the Pagans, or else with Herodias, with an innumerable multitude, vpon certeine beasts . . . and doo whatsoeuer those fairies or ladies command.'[2] The laws of Lorraine (1329-46) decree that 'celui qui fera magie, sortilège, billets de sort, pronostic d'oiseau ou se vanteroit d'avoir chevauché la nurt avec Diane ou telle autre vielle qui se dit magicienne, sera banni et payera dix livres tournois'.[3]
The witches themselves confirmed the statements about riding on animals to the Sabbath. Rolande du Vernier (1598) confessed 'que lors qu'elle y fiat, elle y alla sur vn gros mouton noir, qui la portoit si viste en I'air, qu'elle ne se pouuoit recognoistre'.[4] De Lancre says that the witches 'se font porter iusqu'audit lieu, sur vne beste, qui semble parfois vn cheual, & parfoys vn homme'.[5] Margaret Johnson (1633) 'saith, if they desyre to be in any place upon a sodaine, theire devill or spirit will, upon a rodde, dogge, or any thinge els, presently convey them thither'.[6] One of Madame Bourignon's girls, then aged twelve (1661), declared that 'her said Lover came upon a little Horse, and took her by the Hand, asking her if she would be his Mistress, and she saying Ay, she was catched up into the Air with him and the other Girls, and they [1. Glanvil, pt. ii, pp. 139, 141, 148-9. 151.
2. Scot, Bk. iii, p. 66; Lea, iii, p. 493. I give Scot's translation as being more racily expressed.
flew all together to a great Castle'.[1] The Swedish witches (1669) said:
'He set us on a Beast which he had there ready, and carried us over Churches and high walls . . . he gives us a horn with a Salve in it, wherewith we do anoint our selves; and then he gives us a Saddle, with a Hammer and a wooden nail, thereby to fix the Saddle; whereupon we call upon the Devil, and away we go . . . For their journey they said they made use of all sorts of Instruments, of Beasts, of Men, of Spits and Posts. What the manner of their journey is, God alone knows . . . Blockula is scituated in a delicate large Meadow whereof you can see no end. They went into a little Meadow distinct from the other, where the Beasts went that they used to ride on: But the Men whom they made use of in their journey, stood in the House by the Gate in a slumbering posture, sleeping against the wall.'[2]
Human beings were also said to be ridden upon in other places besides Sweden. Agnes Spark of Forfar (1661) said she 'hard people ther present did speake of Isabell Shirie, and say that shoe was the devill's horse, and that the divill did allwayes ryde upon hir, and that shoe was shoad lyke ane mare, or ane horse'.[3] Ann Armstrong, of a Northumbrian Coven (1673).
'saith, that since she gave information against severall persons who ridd her to severall places where they had conversation with the divell, she hath beene severall times lately ridden by Anne Driden and Anne Forster, and was last night ridden by them to the rideing house in the close on the common . . . Whilst she was lying in that condition [i.e. "a fitt"], which happened one night a little before Christmas, about the change of the moone, the informant see the said Anne Forster come with a bridle, and bridled her and ridd upon her crosse-leggd, till they come to (the) rest of her companions at Rideing millne bridg-end, where they usually mett. And when she light of her back, pulld the bridle of this informer's head, now in the likenesse of a horse; but, when the bridle was taken of, she stood up in her own shape . . . And when they had done, bridled this informer, and the rest of the horses, and rid home . . . Upon Collupp Munday last, being the tenth of February, the said persons met at Allensford, where this
informant was ridden upon by an inchanted bridle by Michael Aynsley and Margaret his wife. Which inchanted. bridle, when they tooke it from her head, she stood upp in her owne proper person . . . On Monday last at night, she, being in her father's house, see one Jane Baites, of Corbridge, come In the forme of a gray catt with a bridle hanging on her foote, and breath'd upon her and struck her dead, and bridled her, and rid upon her in the name of the devill southward, but the name of the place she does not now remember. And the said Jane allighted and pulld the bridle of her head.'[1]
The method of locomotion which has most impressed the popular imagination and has become proverbial was riding on a stick, generally said to be a broomstick. It must, however, be remembered that one of the earliest cases on record of stick-riding does not definitely state that the witch flew through the air. This was the case of the Lady Alice Kyteler in 1324, when 'in rifleing the closet of the ladie, they found a Pipe of oyntment, wherewith she greased a stafte, upon the which she ambled and galloped through thick and thin, when and in what maner she listed'.[2] Though Holinshed is not always a reliable authority, it is worth while to compare this account with the stick-riding of the Arab witches and the tree-riding of the Aberdeen Covens (see pp. 110, 134).
The number of cases vouched for by the persons who actually performed or saw the feat of riding on a stick through the air are disappointingly few. Guillaume Edeline, prior of St. Germain-en-Laye (1453), 'se mit en telle servitude de l'ennemy, qu'il luy convenoit estre en certain lieu toutes fois qu'il estoit par ledit ennemy évocqué: ouquel lieu ilz avoient accoustumé faire leur consistoire, et ne luy falloit que monter sur ung balay, qu'aussi-tost il estoit prestement transporté là où ledit consistoire se faisoit'.[3] The Guernsey witch, Martin Tulouff (1563), confessed 'q il soy est trouvé avecq la dite viellesse ou elle chevaucha ung genest et luy ung aultre, et q ladte viellesse monta a mont la chemynee et q il en perdyt la veue et -q elle disoet deva{n}t q monter "Va au nom du diable et luciffer dessq{n} roches et espynes" q por luy il ne pouvoet
[1. Surtees Society, xl, pp. 191-2, 194, 197 Denham Tracts, ii, pp. 299-301, 304, 307.
ainsy faire, et dl-q sa mere a chevauche le genest -p IV ou V foys et q il l'a veue monter a mont la cheminee'.[1] Danaeus (IS 75) sums up the evidence of the witches themselves: 'He promiseth that himself will conuay them thither, that are so weak that they cannot trauaile of themselues: which many tymes he doth by meanes of a staffe or rod, which he deliuereth vnto the{m}, or promiseth to doo it by force of a certen oyntment, which he will geue them: and sometimes he offreth them an horse to ride vpon.'[2] Boguet's experience (1598) is more dramatic than that of Danaeus: 'Les autres y vont, tantost sur vn Bouc, tantost sur vn cheual, & tantost sur vn ballet, ou ramasse, sortans ces derniers de leurs maisons le plus souuent par la cheminee . . . Les vns encor se frottent auparauant de certaine graisse, & oignement: les autres ne se frottent en aucune façon." He also records the actual evidence of individual witches: Françoise Secretain said 'qu'elle avoit esté vne infinité de fois au Sabbat & assemblee des Sorciers . . . & qu'elle y alloit sur vn baston blanc, qu'elle mettoit entre ses iambes.[4] Claudine Boban, ieune fille confessa, qu'elle, & sa mere montoient sur vne ramasse,[5] & que sortans le contremont de la cheminée elles alloient par l'air en ceste façon au Sabbat.'[6] In Belgium Claire Goessen (1603) confessed 'qu'elle s'est trouvée à diverses assemblées nocturnes tenues par lui, dans lesquelles elle s'est laissée transporter au moyen d'un bâton enduit d'onguent'.[7] Isobel] Gowdie (1662) was fully reported, as regards the methods of locomotion used by the witches, though in other places her evidence is unfortunately cut short:
'I haid a little horse, and wold say, "Horse and Hattock, in the Divellis name!" And than ve vold flie away, quhair ve vold, be ewin as strawes wold flie wpon an hie-way. We will flie lyk strawes quhan we pleas; wild-strawes and corne-strawes wilbe horses to ws, an ve put thaim betwixt our foot, and say, "Horse and Hattok, in the Divellis name! " . . . Quhan
[1. From a trial in the Greffe, Guernsey.
5. A marginal note against the word ramasse gives 'autrement balait, & en Lyonnois coiue'.
we wold ryd, we tak windle-strawes, or been-stakes [beanstalks] and put them betwixt owr foot, and say thryse,
Horse and Hattok, horse and goe, Horse and pellattis, ho! ho!
and immediatlie we flie away whair euir we wold . . . All the Coeven did fflie lyk cattis, bot Barbara Ronald, in Brightmanney, and I, still [always] read on an horse, quhich ve vold mak of a straw or beein-stalk.'[1]
Julian Cox (1664) said that 'one evening she walkt out about a Mile from her own House, and there came riding towards her three persons upon three Broom-staves, born up about a yard and an half from the ground. Two of them she formerly knew, which was a Witch and a Wizzard . . . The third person she knew not. He came in the shape of a black Man.'[2] Two of the New England witches (1692) confessed to riding on a pole; Mary Osgood, wife of Capt. Osgood of Andover,' was carried through the air to five-mile pond . . . she was transported back again through the air, in company with the forenamed persons, in the same manner as she went, and believes they were carried upon a pole'.[3] Goody Foster's evidence was reported by two authors: 'One Foster confessed that the Devil carry'd them on a pole, to a Witch-meeting; but the pole broke, and she hanging about [Martha] Carrier's neck, they both fell down, and she then received an hurt by the Fall, whereof she was not at this very time recovered." The second account is substantially the same: 'In particular Goody F. said (Inter alia ) that she with two others (one of whom acknowledged the same) Rode from Andover to the same Village Witch meeting upon a stick above ground, and that in the way the stick brake, and gave the said F. a fall: whereupon, said she, I got a fall and hurt of which I am still sore.'[5]
Site. The Sabbath seems to have been originally held on a fixed site. So much so was this the case that de Lancre is
3. Howell, vi, 660; J. Hutchinson, Hist. of Massachusetts Bay, p. 31.
4. Cotton Mather, p. 158; Burr, p. 244. See also J. Hutchinson, ii, pp. 35-6.
able to say, 'communement ils l'appellent Aquelarre, qui signifie Lane de Bouc, comme qui diroit la lane ou lâde, où le Bouc conuoque ses assemblees. Et de faict les Sorciers qui confessent, nomme{n}t le lieu pour la chose, & la chose ou Assemblee pour le lieu: tellement qu'encore que proprement Lane de Bouc, soit le
Sabbat qui se tient és landes, si est-ce qu'ils appellent aussi bien Lane de Bouc, le Sabbat qui se tient és Eglises, & és places des villages, paroisses, maisons, & autres lieux.'[1] The confusion of the original Lane de Bouc, i.e. the Sabbath or Great Assembly, with local meetings is thus shown to be due to the inaccuracy of the witches themselves; and therefore it is not surprising that de Lancre and other authors should also fail to distinguish between the two. Still, in many of the records there are certain indications by which it is possible to recognize the localities where the real Sabbath, the true Lane de Bouc, was held.
De Lancre himself notes that the Sabbath must be held near a lake, stream, or water of some kind.[2] Bodin, however, gives a better clue, 'Les lieux des assemblees des Sorciers sont notables, & signalez de quelques arbres, ou croix.'[3] The croix is clearly the Christian form of the standing stone which is a marked feature in many descriptions of the Sabbath; and Bodin's statement recalls one of the laws of Cnut in the eleventh century, 'We earnestly forbid every heathenism: heathenism is, that men worship idols; that is that they worship heathen gods, or stones, or forest trees of any kind.'
Estebène de Cambrue (1567) said, 'Le lieu de ceste grande conuocation s'appelle generalement par tout le pays la Lanne de Bouc. Où ils se mettent à dancer à l'entour d'vne pierre, qui est plantée audit lieu, sur laquelle est assis vn grand homme noir.[4] At Poictiers in 1574 four witches, one woman and three men, said that they went 'trois fois l'an, à l'assemblee generale, où plusieurs Sorciers se trouuoye{n}t prés d'vne croix d'vn carrefour, qui seruoit d'enseigne'.[5] At Aberdeen in 1596 the witches acknowledged that they danced round the market cross and the 'fische croce' on All-Hallow-eve; and also round
'ane gray stane' at the foot of the hill at Craigleauch.[1] Margaret Johnson (1633) said 'shee was not at the greate meetinge at Hoarestones at the Forest of Pendle upon All Saints day'.[2] Though no stone is actually mentioned the name suggests that there had been, or still were, one or more stones standing in that place. The Swedish witches (1669) seem to have used the same site for both kinds of meetings; Blockula seems to have been a building of some kind, set in a meadow which was entered by a painted gate; within the building were rooms and some kind of chapel for the religious service.[3] The New England recorders (1692) did not enter into much detail, but even among them the fact is mentioned that there was I a General Meeting of the Witches, in a Field at Salem-Village'.[4]
In modern times the identification of stones or of certain places with the Devil or with witch meetings is very noticeable. Out of innumerable instances I will mention only a few. In Guernsey the Catioroc is always identified as the site of the Sabbath. In Belgium 'à Godarville (Hainaut) se trouve un tunnel hanté par les sorcières; elles y tiennent leur sabbat'.[5]
'Un bloc de pierre isolé et d'aspect extraordinaire est généralement appelé pierre du diable. Exemples: A) le dolmen détruit près de Namur; B) la grande pierre en forme de table à demi encastrée dans la route qui conduit du village de Sény à celui d'Ellemelle (Candroz); C) le fais du diable, bloc de grès d'environ 800 mètres cubes, isolé dans la bruyère entre Wanne et Grand-Halleux près de Stavelot; D) les murs du diable à Pepinster, &c. Dans plusieurs cantons, il y a un terrain que l'on appèle tchan dè makral "champ des sorciers". C'est le cas près de Remouchamps, près de Tongres, près de la Gileppe et près de
[1. Spalding Club Misc., i, pp. 97-8, 114, 149, 153, 165, 167.
2. Whitaker, p. 216; Baines, i, p. 607 note, where the name is given as Hartford. The importance of the stone in the Sabbath ceremonies is very marked in the account of a meeting in Northumberland (1673). Ann Armstrong declared that 'she and the rest had drawne their compasse nigh to a bridg end, and the devil placed a stone in the middle of the compasse, they sett themselves downe, and bending towards the stone, repeated the Lord's prayer backwards'. Denham Tracts, ii, p. 307; Surtees Soc., xl, p. 197.
It is also noticeable how many of our own stone circles, such as the Nine Maidens, the Dancing Maidens, and so on, are connected by tradition with women who danced there on the Sabbath.
Date. It appears from the evidence that certain changes took place in course of time in the religion; and, as might be expected, this is shown very markedly in the festivals. The ancient festivals remained all through, and to them were added the festivals of the succeeding religions. The original celebrations belonged to the May-November year, a division of time which follows neither the solstices nor the agricultural seasons; I have shown below (pp. 130, 178) that there is reason to believe these festivals were connected with the breeding seasons of the flocks and herds.. The chief festivals were: in the spring, May Eve (April 30), called Roodmas or Rood Day in Britain and Walpurgis-Nacht in Germany; in the autumn, November Eve (October 31), called in Britain All hallow Eve. Between these two came: in the winter, Candlemas (February 2); and in the summer, the Gule of August (August 1), called Lammas in Britain. To these were added the festivals of the solstitial invaders, Beltane at midsummer and Yule at midwinter; the movable festival of Easter was also added, but the equinoxes were never observed in Britain. On the advent of Christianity the names of the festivals were changed, and the date of one Roodmas was slightly altered so as to fall on May 3; otherwise the dates were observed as before, but with ceremonies of the new religion. Therefore Boguet is justified in saying that the witches kept all the Christian festivals. But the Great Assemblies were always held on the four original days, and it is this fact which makes it possible to distinguish with certainty between the Sabbath and the Esbat whenever dates are mentioned.
De Lancre, generalizing from the evidence before him, says, 'Quelquefois il y a des Sabbats & assemblees generales qui se font ordinairement les quatre festes annuelles';[1] and he also gives the words of a witch, tried in 1567: 'Estebene de Cambrue dit que les Sorcieres n'alloient en la grande assemblee & au grand Sabbat que quatre fois l'année.'[2] The four actual
days are given in only one trial, that of Issobell Smyth at Forfar in 1661, 'By these meitings shee mett with him every quarter at Candlemas, Rud-day, Lambemas, and Hallomas',[1] but it is very clear that these were the regular days, from the mention of them individually in both England and Scotland. At North Berwick 'Barbara Napier was accused of being present at the convention on Lammas Eve at the New haven' [three
Covens, i. e., thirty-nine persons, were assembled]. 'And the said Barbara was accused that she gave her bodily presence upon All Hallow even last was, 1590 years, to the frequent convention holden at the Kirk of North-Berwick, where she danced endlong the Kirk-yard, and Gelie Duncan played on a trump, John Fian, missellit, led the ring; Agnes Sampson and her daughters and all the rest following the said Barbara, to the number of seven score persons.'[2] The dittays against the witches of Aberdeen in 1596 show that 'wpoun Hallowewin last bypast, att tuelff houris at ewin or thairby, thow the said Thomas Leyis . . . withe ane gryit number of vtheris witchis, come to the mercatt and fische croce of Aberdene, wnder the conduct and gyding of the Dewill present withe you, all in company, playing befoir yow on his kynd of instrumentis. Ye all dansit about baythe the saidis croces, and the meill mercatt, ane lang space of tyme.'[3] Christen Michell and Bessie Thom had been not only at the Allhallow Eve meeting with Thomas Leyis but also at another before that. 'Thow confessis that, thrie yeris sensyn, vpon the Ruidday, airlie in the morning,' [Bessie Thom: 'befoir sone rysing'] 'thow, accumpaniet with . . . certan vtheris witchis, thy devilische adherentis, convenit vpon Sainct Katherines Hill . . . and thair, vnder the conduct of Sathan, present with yow, playing befoir yow, efter his forme, ye all dansit a devilische danse, rydand on treis, be a lang space.'[4] In 1597 Issobell Richie, Margrat Og, Helene Rogie, Jonet Lucas, Jonet Dauidsone, Issobell Oige, and Beatrice Robbie were accused of a meeting at Craigleauche, near Aberdeen: 'Thow
2 Pitcairn, i, pt. ii, p. 245. Spelling modernized.
4. lb., i, Christen Michell, p. 165; Bessie Thom, p. 167.]
art indyttit for the being at the twa devylische dances betuixt Lumfannand and Cragleauche, with vmquhile Margerat Bane, vpon Alhalowewin last, quhair thow conferrit with the Dewill.[1] In Ayrshire in 1604 Patrik Lowrie and his companion-witches were accused that they 'att Hallowevin in the yeir of God foirsaid, assemblit thame selffis vpon Lowdon-hill, quhair thair appeirit to thame ane devillische Spreit'.[2] Margaret Johnson, of the second generation of Lancashire witches, in 1633 said 'shee was not at the greate meetinge at Hartford in the Forrest of Pendle on All Saintes day'.[3] Isobel Gowdie (Auldearne, 1662) does not enter into her usual detail, but merely states that 'a Grand Meitting vold be about the end of ilk Quarter'.[4]
Of the festivals belonging to later religions several mentions are made. De Lancre, when giving a general account of the ceremonies, says that the witches of the Basses-Pyrénées went to their assemblies at Easter and other solemn festivals, and that their chief night was that of St. John the Baptist.[5] Jane Bosdeau, from the Puy-de-Dôme district (1594), bears this out, for she went to a meeting with the Devil 'at Midnight on the Eve of St. John'.[6] Antide Colas (1598) 'auoit esté au Sabbat à vn chacun bon iour de I'an, comme à Noel, à Pasques, à la feste de Dieu '.[7] Both generations of Lancashire witches (1613 and 1633) kept Good Friday.[8] Jonet Watson of Dalkeith (1661) was at a meeting 'about the tyme of the last Baille-ffyre night'.[9] The Crook of Devon witches (1662) met on St. Andrew's Day, at Yule.[10] In Connecticut (1662) the high frolic' was to be held at Christmas.[11]
Hour. The actual hour at which the Sabbath was held is specified in very few cases; it appears to have been a
[1. Ib., i, Issobell Richie, p. 142; Margrat Og, p. 144; Helene Rogie, p. 147; Jonet Lucas, p. 149; Jonet Dauidsone, p. 150; Issobell Oige, p. 152; Beatrice Robbie, p. 153.
6. F. Hutchinson, Historical Essay, p. 42.
8. Chetham Society, vi, p. lxxiii; Whitaker, p. 216.
11. J. Hutchinson, History of Massachusetts Bay. ii, p. 17; Taylor, p.98.]
nocturnal assembly, beginning about midnight and lasting till early dawn or cockcrow. 'Le coq s'oyt par fois és sabbats sonnât la retraicte aux Sorciers."
In the Vosges in 1408 the meeting was held 'en la minuit et la deuxieme heure'.[1] In Lorraine in 1589 'Johannes a Villa und Agathina des Schneiders Francisci Weib, sagt, eine oder zwey Stunde vor Mitternacht were die bequemste Zeit darzu'.[3] At North Berwick, in 1590, Agnes Sampson arrived at the appointed place 'about eleven hours at even'.[4] The Aberdeen witches in 1,597 held their dance 'wpon Hallowewin last bypast, at tuelff houris at ewin or thairby' (or more particularly) 'betuixt tuelff & ane houris at nycht'.[5] In 1598 the Lyons witch Françoise Secretain 'adioustoit qu'elle alloit tousiours au Sabbat enuiron la minuit, & beaucoup d'autres sorciers, que i'ay eu en main, ont dit le mesme'. Antide Colas, another Lyonnaise, went to the meeting on Christmas Eve between the midnight mass and the mass at dawn.'
The only daylight meeting which can be identified as a Sabbath occurred at Aberdeen, and may have been peculiar either to the locality or to the May-Day festival; or it may have been simply the continuation of the festival till the sun rose. Christen Mitchell and Bessie Thom were each accused that 'vpon the Ruidday, thrie yeris sensyn bygane, airlie in the morning, befoir sone rysing, thow convenit vpon Sanct Katherines Hill, accumpaniet with a numer of thy devilische factioun and band, the Devill your maister in cumpanie with yow'.[7]


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Kitchen Decoration
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International Money Transfer.
RMB to USD and USD to RMB Forecast for , , and , current USD to RMB and RMB to USD exchange rates and currency converter. Chinese Yuan Forecast for every month for 5 years. Chinese Renminbi predictions with open, maximum, minimum, close, average and change forecast rates. Yuan outlook. USD/CNY's range from most significant break points is located from to , a pip range as USD/CNY is an extremely wide ranging currency pair both on a short and long term basis. USD.
Recent rates experienced in August of are similar to the historical 6. This page provides a five year chart and a forecast for the Chinese Yuan. For links to longer term charts, look at the links under the five year chart above. One link opens a ten year chart. Another opens our longest term graph on the Chinese Yuan. Just one glance at our long term charts can provide tremendous insight into the historical trends of the financial markets. The table above presents additional historical information on the Chinese Yuan.
Rate data is presented on an annual basis. Chinese Yuan per 1 US Dollar are shown in gray average daily rate per calendar month. The forecast for the target month is shown in green. If the line in the chart is falling left to right , the US Dollar has weakened, causing Dollar is shown in this table: Average annual currency exchange rate for the Chinese Yuan Yuan per U.
Last week, the U. In the US futures trading indicated a flat open for the major indices. Indices in the EU were up an average 1.
The trade news from China helped lift US indices in early Tuesday trading. Asian markets were down across the board as trade fears flare-up once again. In the US traders have an eye turned to the economic data as they look for signs of an economic slowdown. The EU indices were down in Wednesday trading as trade fears outshine strong data. The markets clearly liked the news as global stock markets in Asia, Europe and the US gapped higher at the open. Even commodity currencies like the Australian dollar surged higher on the news.
The US futures market indicated a strongly positive open for the major indices on Monday morning. Stocks soared across the globe on Monday as Trump and Xi managed to calm the markets at their weekend meeting with a 90 days truce in their trade conflict. It seems that investors preferred to focus on the positive signals and in particular, on the fact that there will be no new tariffs in the next three months.
Globals stocks soar and the U. The weakening of the US Dollar is favorable for the stock market. US equity futures indicated a mildly higher open on Wednesday morning as markets gear up for a slate of potentially market-moving events.
After breaking above the neckline resistance, the pair extended its bullish movement to as high as 0.
One link opens a ten year chart. Please try again later.


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She's kidding, right? Pamela Anderson and Tommy Lee's infamous sex tape has been viewed by millions — but not by the actress herself. The Baywatch alum opened up about the past during an appearance on Watch What Happens Live on Thursday, Sept. 24.
"I've never seen it. I made not one dollar. It was stolen property," Anderson, 48, told host Andy Cohen. "We made a deal to stop all the shenanigans."
Anderson and the Motley Crue drummer, 52, made a honeymoon sex tape, which was stolen from their home in 1995. On WWHL, Anderson revealed that she finally left the sex tape scandal in the past when she was pregnant with their second child. (The pair share sons Brandon, 19, and Dylan, 17.)
"I was seven months pregnant with Dylan and thinking it was affecting the pregnancy with the stress and said, 'I'm not going to court anymore. I'm not being deposed anymore by these horny, weird lawyer men,'" she said. "I don't want to talk about my vagina anymore or my public sex — anything."
Still, she doesn't mind talking about Lee's, ahem, large privates. When asked if he's the biggest she's ever seen, she quipped: "No! I think I have good karma or something."
Anderson and Lee ended their tumultuous marriage in 1998, but remain amicable. That wasn't always the case during their relationship though. On Thursday night, Anderson also joked about how jealous Lee was of her Baywatch costar David Chokachi. Their characters C.J. Parker and Cody Madison had a fling on the show.
"He was a little bit flirtatious… and got in trouble from Tommy," she said. "They had to change the script. [When] Tommy came to set — he smashed my trailer with his [Ferrari] Testarossa because I kissed David Chokachi. So we had to pretend that David was gay," she said. "He still didn't like it." (Back in May, Chokachi, 47, exclusively told Us Weekly that kissing Anderson was definitely a perk. He joked: "I'm always like, 'Damn, that was a good job!'")
Anderson also gave an update on her health. Anderson, who was diagnosed with Hepatitis C in 2002, says she may be free of the illness by November. "I am taking medicine right now, they have come up with a cure," she explained. "I should be cured — a 98 percent chance."
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How To Properly Store Cannabis Concentrates
It is easier to preserve the quality of cannabis extracts than flowers. Especially when you learn how to properly store cannabis concentrates. To store weed for extended periods of time you need to keep light, air, moisture and heat away. You can assume the same about extracts. However, the way you store them still differs. We'll go over all the information you need to learn how to properly store cannabis concentrates.
Cannabis concentrates can't be stored just anywhere. Some consistencies of concentrate are not meant to be stored in glass jars. For example, most shatter will get stuck to the glass. Then, it will be extremely difficult to get it all out. You'll need a nectar collector to use up all the shatter that ends up stuck in the jar. On the other hand, consistencies like live resin sauce or budder are easier to scoop out of small glass jars.
The ideal environmental conditions to properly store cannabis concentrates is about the same for all consistencies. However, the best storage containers will vary based on the consistency of the extract. These are the various containers that are commonly used to store cannabis concentrates:Related Topics:
- Why use concentrate containers to store cannabis concentrates?www.mmcdepot.comJanuary 25, 2017
- Are You Storing Your Cannabis Concentrates Properly? - MassRootswww.massroots.com
- Five Reasons to Properly Store Cannabiswww.gocaliva.com
- The Right Way To Store Your Cannabis Concentrates, Edibles, Oil, and Other Productscannabis.net


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Your discount is part of your membership and will be automatically applied to any purchase, any time, as long as you subscribe to All Access. Plus, we live together and share our groceries. I'm trying Nutri System!! Training Find a Plan All Access: Where can I send my feedback or ask questions?
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What is Garcinia Cambogia. Garcinia Cambogia Fruit Garcinia cambogia is a plant, also known as Garcinia gummi-gutta. The fruit of the plant looks like a small, green pumpkin and is used in many traditional Asian dishes for its sour flavor.
In the skin of the fruit, there is a large amount of a natural substance called Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA). This is the active ingredient in Garcinia Cambogia extract… that is, the substance that produces the weight loss effects.


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LESS than three weeks after her diamond wedding day, Mrs. Janet Ada Neal, 217, Wellingborough Road, Rushden, died at her home on Saturday, aged 80.
She was married to Mr. Sherwood Neal at Irchester Parish Church on Boxing Day, 1895, and they celebrated their diamond wedding with a family party.
She leaves a widower, one son (Mr. R. Neal), two daughters (Mrs. M. Neville and Mrs. D. Gibbons) and four grandchildren.
The funeral service will be at Rushden Mission Church on Tuesday, followed by interment at Rushden Cemetery.


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Melbourne Stars vs Hobart Hurricanes Betting Preview and Tips
Will KP's sparkle in his final game for the Stars?
Head to Head
The Stars have had a season to forget winning just the one of their nine matches to date. The Hurricanes on the other hand have fought back from the ignominy of 'winning' the wooden spoon last season to be genuine title contenders with a win/loss record that reads 5-4. However, Melbourne shouldn't be written off completely here and the franchise will take solace from their overall record against Hobart (5-2) which includes a big seven-wicket win the last time the sides met. Melbourne also have the added incentive of sending Kevin Pietersen off on the right note given the former Test batsman retires from all forms of the game later this year. In any event, this match could be somewhat of an arm-wrestle given four of the last six matches between the pair have had a match-total of under 285 runs.
Key stat: In Melbourne's four matches at home this season, the side that batted first has only managed to post a total of 150+ on one occasion.
High Bat
Hard as it is to overlook D'Arcy Short after his awe-inspiring season to date, George Bailey is well worth considering at generous $7 odds. Against the Stars, the former Test batsman has racked up 191 runs in five matches at an imposing average of 63.67. Importantly he's also be able to accumulate those runs at a more-than-respectable strike-rate of 132.64. For the Stars, KP is an attractive proposition in his final game in green. Although Pietersen hasn't had a particularly memorable BBL|07, the 37-year old has scored 1000+ runs in his 32 games for the Stars at an average of 36.68.
Key stat: Kevin Pietersen scored 62* in his final T20I innings for England
Tip: Stars to upset the Hurricanes


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Meyer Sign Company of Oregon is the premiere electrical sign company in the Pacific Northwest.Design ** Manufacturing** Installation** Service-Channel Letters-Cabinet Signs-Pylon Signs-Monument Signs-Electronic Message Units-Architectural Signs-Digital GraphicsSpecializing in the art of design, manufacturing, installation and service of illuminated signage.Meyer Sign Company employs only...
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After getting a few bids from different sign companies in Portland, OR - I was unfortunate enough to pick the worst one available. On the surface Meyers Sign Company appeared professional and eager to earn our business. We were purchasing 2 lit up channel letters signs and an electronic message center (total value of almost $15,000). This was supposed to be a pretty simple project. We had a brand new building. And Meyers Sign Company was contracted almost 6 months prior to installation. However, it turned into our worst nightmare. The Company missed their install schedule many times. ...
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Welcome home to 29019 Pinnacle Ridge Drive Katy TX 77494! This Beautiful 3 Bedrooms, 2 full Bath home sits on a quiet street in the highly sought after community of Firethorne. With a stunning open floor plan you will love to entertain your family and friends. Upon entering you find a spacious family room with gorgeous wood flooring, and large windows that provide plenty of natural lighting throughout the day! The stunning kitchen displays such a beautiful contrast with the dark stained cabinets, custom neutral paint, and light granite countertops! Unwind after a long day in this magnificent master suite! This spacious room features plush carpet, high ceilings, and large windows with privacy blinds! Easily work from home in this private study featuring french doors, custom neutral paint, and wood flooring. Zoned to highly acclaimed schools. You don't want to miss all this gorgeous home has to offer! Check out the 3D tour and schedule your showing today!
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Import of revolution counters, taximeters, mileometers and pedometers to Ecuador: Rise in 2017
United Nations Statistical Office reported that in 2017 the indicator greatly climbed by 76.9%. Measuring and precision equipment import went up strongly from 715 766 US Dollar to 1 266 194.25 US Dollar, compared to the previous year when it declined by 11.24 percent. The overall changes for the prior 27 years hit an increase of 429.86%. Besides, it has attained the compound average annual growth rate of 0.02 percent during the last 5 years with a negligible overall raise since the start of observations. It averaged 1 075 766.53 US Dollar from 1991 to 2017 and it reached its all-time high of 7 654 162 US Dollar in 2002 and record low of 118 169 US Dollar in 1997.
Related Statistics
Import of Gas or Smoke Analysis Apparatus to Ecuador
Import of Gain, Distortion and Crosstalk Meters to Ecuador
Export of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Automatic Controls from Ecuador
Import of Gas or Smoke Analysis Apparatus to Ecuador
Export of Test Benches for Measuring or Checking Equipment from Ecuador


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Blog by: Suryakant Tripathi.
Sandeep Tomar was born in 1992 is an Indian male wrestler who competes in the men's freestyle 57 kg category.
Sandeep Tomar on 24 April 2016, secured an Olympic quota place for India in the men's 57 kg freestyle category with a bronze medal finish on the final day of the 1st World Olympic Qualifying tournament, Mongolia, defeating Ukrainian wrestler Andriy Yatsenko with a dominating 11-0 show.
Career Highlight:
2012 National Wrestling Championships:
Tomar won the gold medal at the National Championships in the 55 kg category. The 21-year-old Navy grappler was a National junior champion in 2011. He then won the men's 55 kg freestyle gold on his second attempt. He had finished fifth in his debut year in 2011.
Tomar defeated Nitin, a silver medal winner in the Hari Ram Indian Grand Prix with a 1-1, 3-0 scoreline.
2012 Copa Brasil:
At the Rio de Janeiro tournament held from November 29 to December 2, Tomar was one of 9 gold medallists from the Indian contingent which included 4 bronze medals as well.
2013 Commonwealth Wrestling Championships:
In the men's freestyle 55 kg category at the tournament held in Johannesburg, South Africa, Tomar won the gold medal ahead of Narender from India and Bokan Masunyane from South Africa.
2015 Pro Wrestling League:
Sandeep was the third Indian male wrestler acquired by the Bangalore franchise (owned by JSW Sport) of the Pro Wrestling League. His final bid amount was Rs 10.3 lakh.
The 2015 Pro Wrestling League is scheduled to be held from the 10th of December to the 27th of December across 6 cities.
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Investor-Paid Credit Ratings and Conflicts of Interest
Credit ratings provide information regarding a company's default probability. Ratings are relied upon extensively in regulation and private contracting and play a crucial role in the functioning of the capital markets. However, since the major credit rating agencies (CRAs) operate under a business model whereby they are paid by their issuers, there is reason to believe that issuer-paid ratings are inflated. Many market observers view this conflict of interest as a contributing factor of the global recession of 2008-2009. This indictment has also allowed for the emergence of several CRAs that operate under an alternative "investor-pays" business model, which some … Read more


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December 7, 2018
BATON ROUGE, LA – State Treasurer John M. Schroder, Sr. announced today the appointments of Renee' Fontenot Free as Executive Counsel and Rachel A. Kincaid as Deputy State Treasurer.
"I'm excited that Renee' and Rachel have joined the Treasury team," said Treasurer Schroder. "They both have a wealth of knowledge and experience in state government operations and will serve the citizens of Louisiana well."
Rene e' Fontenot Free – Executive Counsel
Renee' Free has 28 years' of Louisiana state government service including work for five Attorneys General and three Secretaries of State. She most recently served as Assistant Attorney General and Director of Public Protection for Attorney General Jeff Landry. Free previously served as Assistant Attorney General and Director of Administrative Services for the Department of Justice as well as First Assistant Secretary of State and Deputy Secretary of State.
Free received her J.D. from the Southern University Law Center and a B.S. in Social Studies from McNeese State University. She is a Lake Charles native and has been a licensed attorney for 30 years. She will be replacing Thomas Enright, who is retiring.
Rachel A. Kincaid – Deputy State Treasurer
Rachel A. Kincaid has more than 22 years' of Louisiana state government experience most recently serving as the Vice President of External Affairs for the University of Louisiana System. Prior to her tenure with the University of Louisiana System, she served in multiple roles at the University of New Orleans including Vice President of External Affairs, Chief of Staff, and Director of Federal Affairs. During her tenure in higher education, she served five university presidents and three system presidents.
Kincaid received her M.B.A. from the University of New Orleans and a B.F.A. in Communications from the University of Memphis. She is a graduate of Loyola University's Institute of Politics, CABL's Leadership Louisiana and the New Orleans Regional Leadership Institute.
Kincaid was selected by City Business as a Women of the Year honoree; recognized as a Role Model by the Young Leadership Council; and was chosen as one of Gambit Weekly's 40 under 40.


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The Iran deal wasn't working. Now it's time to improve on it.
Of all the arguments for the Trump administration to honor the nuclear deal with Iran, none was more risible than the claim that we gave our word as a country to keep it.
The Obama administration refused to submit the deal to Congress as a treaty, knowing it would never get two-thirds of the Senate to go along. Just 21 percent of Americans approved of the deal at the time it went through, against 49 percent who did not, according to a Pew poll. The agreement "passed" on the strength of a 42-vote Democratic filibuster, against bipartisan, majority opposition.
"The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (J.C.P.O.A.) is not a treaty or an executive agreement, and it is not a signed document," Julia Frifield, then the assistant secretary of state for legislative affairs, wrote then-Representative Mike Pompeo in November 2015, referring to the deal by its formal name. It's questionable whether the deal has any legal force at all.
Build on political sand; get washed away by the next electoral wave. Such was the fate of the ill-judged and ill-founded J.C.P.O.A., which Donald Trump killed on Tuesday by refusing to again waive sanctions on the Islamic Republic. He was absolutely right to do so — assuming, that is, serious thought has been given to what comes next.
In the weeks leading to Tuesday's announcement, some of the same people who previously claimed the deal was the best we could possibly hope for suddenly became inventive in proposing means to fix it. This involved suggesting side deals between Washington and European capitals to impose stiffer penalties on Tehran for its continued testing of ballistic missiles and its increasingly aggressive regional behavior.
But the problem with this approach is that it only treats symptoms of a failure for which the J.C.P.O.A. is itself a major cause. The deal weakened U.N. prohibitions on Iran's testing of ballistic missiles, which cannot be reversed without Russian and Chinese consent. That won't happen.
The easing of sanctions also gave Tehran additional financial means with which to fund its depredations in Syria and its militant proxies in Yemen, Lebanon and elsewhere. Any effort to counter Iran on the ground in these places would mean fighting the very forces we are effectively feeding. Why not just stop the feeding?
Apologists claim that, with Trump's decision, Tehran will simply restart its enrichment activities on an industrial scale. Maybe it will, forcing a crisis that could end with U.S. or Israeli strikes on Iran's nuclear sites. But that would be stupid, something the regime emphatically isn't. More likely, it will take symbolic steps to restart enrichment, thereby implying a threat without making good on it. What the regime wants is a renegotiation, not a reckoning.
Why? Even with the sanctions relief, the Iranian economy hangs by a thread: The Wall Street Journal on Sunday reported "hundreds of recent outbreaks of labor unrest in Iran, an indication of deepening discord over the nation's economic troubles." This week, the rial hit a record low of 67,800 to the dollar; one member of the Iranian Parliament estimated $30 billion of capital outflows in recent months. That's real money for a country whose gross domestic product barely matches that of Boston.
The regime might calculate that a strategy of confrontation with the West could whip up useful nationalist fervors. But it would have to tread carefully: Ordinary Iranians are already furious that their government has squandered the proceeds of the nuclear deal on propping up the Assad regime.
All this means the administration is in a strong position to negotiate a viable deal. But it missed an opportunity last month when it failed to deliver a crippling blow to Bashar al-Assad, Iran's puppet in Syria, for his use of chemical weapons. Trump's appeals in his speech to the Iranian people also sounded hollow from a president who isn't exactly a tribune of liberalism and has disdained human rights as a tool of U.S. diplomacy. And the U.S. will need to mend fences with its European partners to pursue a coordinated diplomatic approach.
The goal is to put Iran's rulers to a fundamental choice. They can opt to have a functioning economy, free of sanctions and open to investment, at the price of permanently, verifiably and irreversibly forgoing a nuclear option and abandoning their support for terrorists. Or they can pursue their nuclear ambitions at the cost of economic ruin and possible war. But they are no longer entitled to Barack Obama's sweetheart deal of getting sanctions lifted first, retaining their nuclear options for later, and sponsoring terrorism throughout.
Trump's courageous decision to withdraw from the nuclear deal will clarify the stakes for Tehran. Now we'll see whether the administration is capable of following through.


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The Italian job
As Hong Kong's answer to the enduring James Bond franchise, the third Raiders movie sees Tony Leung Chiu-wai team up with Kris Wu for a new mission, Xu Fan reports.
For many fans of Hong Kong cinema, Tony Leung Chiu-wai was born to be an actor whose "eyes can speak".
But the top performer, who has earned five best actor prizes at the Hong Kong Film Awards and taken three top honors at the Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival, is recognized for more than just action.
That makes the upcoming action-packed comedy Europe Raiders something of a surprise.
In the new film-the third installment of the 18-year-old hit Raiders franchise-Leung reprises the lead role of Lam, a secret agent who has free reign to engage in any type of law enforcement he chooses.
Co-starring in the film with singer-actor Kris Wu, actress Tang Yan and model-turned-actress Du Juan, the latest flick directed by Hong Kong veteran Jingle Ma Chor-sing is set to open across mainland theaters on Friday.
"My character will take on the rival CIA in Italy," said Leung, with a smile at a promotional event in Beijing on Monday.


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Synonym: lack, scarcity, shortage. Similar words: earth, on earth, unearth, earthquake, heart, at heart, near to, by heart. Meaning: [dɜːθ] n. 1. an acute insufficiency 2. an insufficient quantity or number.
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The public prosecution office has decided not to carry out an investigation into the matter, which leaves senior Social Democrat analyst Mats Lindström as the only scapegoat after he admitted sending the emails.

"This is really a matter for the injured party to pursue," said Stockholm prosecutor Kerstin Skarp to TT.

"There must be certain criteria for the prosecutor to open an investigation and I haven't seen them here."

Only in exceptional cases, according to Skarp, does the prosecution service get involved in cases of suspected slander. It is usually left to the injured party to bring a private case against the accused - but the Moderates have no such plans.

"No, we're not going to do that," said party secretary Sven Otto Littorin.

"Now we've had the legal process we sought and if the prosecutor makes this judgement then we accept that. Now we'll get on with our election campaign."

One reason why Reinfeldt reported the matter to the police was to clarify whether other people were involved - which the Moderates made clear they believed was the case.

"Now we won't get that and that's how it is," said Littorin.

The Social Democrats' party secretary Marita Ulvskog has offered the Moderates all the accessible material, but the Moderates have declined.

"If we were to do that we'd end up being just the kind of private detectives that Marita Ulvskog clearly thinks is interesting. We can't judge this information," said Littorin.

Mats Lindström, who claimed responsibility for sending the series of smear emails to Fredrik Reinfeldt and others, was forced to resign from his job in the Social Democratic party over the affair. He was a key opinion analyst for the party.

Marita Ulvskog said she was pleased that the prosecutor had made a quick decision not to investigate the case.

"It is conclusive proof that it was wrong of the Moderates to try and make a police issue out of something which we gave them full access to. But the Moderates chose to go running to the police to try and drag them into the election," said Ulvskog to TT.

She said it was obvious that the Moderates were trying to score political points off the incident and called it 'sandbox politics'.

Nevertheless, the Social Democrats say they are continuing to investigate the circumstances surrounding the email.

"We want to get to the bottom of this - we're not putting it to one side," said Ulvskog.

Discuss this topic!


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Landmark Institute of Professional Studies
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LIPS (Landmark Institute of Professional Studies) is committed to educating professionals, creating and applying knowledge engaging our communities maintaining cultural diversity amongst its staff and students and providing equitable access to employment through education for greater numbers of people. Institute offers degree, Diploma, Certificate course in Hotel Management, Retail Management and Banking Management.
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