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ArticlesAdrian F. Park
Preliminary investigation of a major high-strain zone in the Caledonian Highlands, southern New Brunswick
Department of Geology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
Sandra M. Barr
Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
Chris E. White
Department of Natural Resources, PO Box 698, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 2T9, Canada
Date received: 30 July 2008 ¶ Date accepted: 24 October 2008 ¶ Date digitally published: 12 December 2008
ABSTRACTA major ductile high-strain zone up to 5 km in width can be traced for at least 70 km diagonally across the Avalonian Caledonia terrane of southern New Brunswick. A study of the northeastern part of this zone from the Prosser Mountain area in the northwest to the Point Wolfe River area west of Fundy National Park shows that both the ca. 630—620 Ma Broad River Group and associated plutons and the 560—550 Ma Coldbrook Group contain similar structural elements, related to a largely shared deformational history. Some of this history is apparent also in the 560—550 Ma plutonic rocks. A pervasive foliation (S1) lies parallel to bedding (S0), and although evidently composite (S0-1) in the Broad River Group, this fabric is very heterogeneous in the younger Coldbrook Group, where low strain enclaves are widespread. No folds have been seen of an F1 generation, and no reversals of facing or vergence are apparent. A mineral lineation (L1m) is locally prominent, defined by biotite aggregates. The plutonic rocks have fabrics that developed during and soon after crystallization, including a foliation (S1) producing augen-gneiss with a prominent L-tectonite (L1m). S1 in the plutonic rocks also includes a schistosity associated with the growth of white mica and breakdown of feldspar. Geometry suggests that S1 in the granites is related to S0-1 in the supracrustal rocks, and the mineral lineation (L1m) in both units shares a common orientation. S1 and S0-1 are crenulated by a strong second cleavage (S2) axial planar to folds (F2), the large-scale expression of which is an asymmetric synform containing a belt of Coldbrook Group rocks. Kinematic indicators for F2 structures suggest an overall top-to-the-southeast motion along thrusts that stack units of Broad River Group, Coldbrook Group, and plutonic rocks. Fabric development in the older plutonic rocks implies a history of exhumation beginning under hot, anhydrous conditions during and soon after crystallization at ca. 620 Ma, followed by hydration during retrogression as plutonic rocks were tectonically emplaced into this crustal stack. The age of the later tectonic events is not yet well constrained, but could be as late as Carboniferous.
RÉSUMÉIl est possible de retracer une importante zone de forte contrainte ductile ayant jusqu'à cinq kilomètres de largeur sur une distance de 70 kilomètres en diagonale à travers le terrane avalonien de Caledonia, dans le Sud du Nouveau-Brunswick. Une étude de la partie nord-est de cette zone à partir du secteur du mont Prosser, dans le nord-ouest, jusqu'au secteur de la rivière Pointe Wolfe, à l'ouest du parc national du Canada Fundy, révèle que le groupe d'environ 630 à 620 Ma de la rivière Broad, les plutons connexes et le groupe de 560 à 550 Ma de Coldbrook abritent des éléments structuraux similaires, apparentés à des déformations passées largement partagées. Une certaine partie de ce passé est également apparente dans les roches plutoniques de 560 à 550 Ma. Une foliation intense (S1) se manifeste parallèlement à la stratification (S0) et, même si cette fabrique est nettement composite (S0-1) dans le groupe de la rivière Broad, elle est très hétérogène dans le groupe plus récent de Coldbrook, où les enclaves de faible contrainte sont répandues. On n'a observé aucun pli d'une production F1 et aucune inversion du regard ni de la vergence n'est apparente. Une linéation minérale (L1m), définie par des agrégats de biotite, est localement bien visible. Les roches plutoniques possèdent des fabriques qui se sont constituées pendant et peu après la cristallisation, notamment une foliation (S1) produisant du gneiss oeillé avec L-tectonite (L1m) en évidence. S1 à l'intérieur des roches plutoniques comporte en outre une schistosité associée à la croissance de mica blanc et à la décomposition de feldspath. La géométrie permet de supposer que S1 dans les granites est apparentée à S0-1 dans les roches supracrustales et que la linéation minérale (L1m) dans les deux unités partage une orientation commune. S1 et S0-1 sont crénelés par une seconde schistosité (S2) prononcée, de plan axial par rapport aux plis (F2), dont l'expression à grande échelle est une synforme asymétrique renfermant une ceinture de roches du groupe de Coldbrook. Les indicateurs cinématiques des structures F2 permettent de supposer un mouvement général du sommet vers le sud-est le long des chevauchements qui empilent les unités du groupe de la rivière Broad, du groupe de Coldbrook et des roches plutoniques. Le développement de la fabrique dans les roches plutoniques plus âgées suppose une exhumation passée ayant commencé dans des conditions très chaudes et anhydres pendant et peu après la cristallisation, vers 620 Ma, suivie par une hydratation pendant la rétrogression au moment où les roches plutoniques se sont tectoniquement mises en place à l'intérieur de cet éperon crustal. L'âge des événements tectoniques tardifs n'est pas encore bien circonscrit, mais ils pourraient remonter au Carbonifère. [Traduit par la redaction]
1 The Caledonian Highlands of southern New Brunswick consist mainly of Late Neoproterozoic volcanic, sedimentary, and plutonic rocks and overlying Cambrian to early Ordovician sedimentary rocks, known collectively as the Caledonia terrane (Barr and White 1996, 1999). The Caledonia terrane is part of Avalonia, a composite peri-Gondwanan terrane containing segments generally recording Neoproterozoic to Cambrian histories of deposition, igneous activity, and deformation (e.g., Hibbard et al. 2006). Following on earlier mapping by Ruitenberg et al. (1975, 1979), the Caledonia terrane was mapped at 1:10 000 scale during the 1980s and early 1990s, and published in 1:50 000 scale compilations (e.g., Barr and White 1988, 1993, 1999; McLeod 1987). Revised maps based on the same field work combined with additional information from adjacent areas of younger rocks were published at 1:20 000 scale in 2004 (Barr and White 2004a and references thereon). These maps also established lithostratigraphic units at the formational level in the Neoproterozoic stratified sequences. Although structural features were noted on these maps and interpreted at a reconnaissance level in Barr and White (1999), the work was not concerned primarily with the deformational history of the area. Structural studies had also been done earlier as part of a regional reconnaissance (Ruitenberg et al. 1973, 1975, 1979), but no more recent attempt has been made to elucidate deformation history and integrate it into stratigraphic and intrusive histories, the focus of the present project. Such studies have implications throughout Avalonia, which is known to be characterized by a complex structural history linked in large part to strike-slip tectonics (e.g., Murphy et al. 2001; Murphy 2006).
2 This paper presents the results of a preliminary study of the northeastern part of a major ductile high-strain zone up to 5 km wide that cuts obliquely across the Caledonia terrane from the Prosser Brook area in the northeast to the coast near Big Salmon River in the southwest (Fig. 1, inset; Barr and White 2004b, 2004c, 2004d, 2004e, St. Peter et al. 2004). The zone contains enclaves of ca. 560—550 Ma Coldbrook Group bounded by ca. 620 Ma Broad River Group and intrusions of the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite with modified unconformable and intrusive relationships (Fig. 1). This high-strain zone is one of a series of regional features that can be traced west at least as far as the Saint John area (Ruitenberg et al. 1973), and around Big Salmon River also incorporates tectonic enclaves of the Cambrian—Ordovician Saint John Group (McLeod and McCutcheon 1981; McLeod 1987).Fig 1. Outline geological map of the study area in the eastern part of the Caledonian Highlands, southeastern New Brunswick (after Barr and White 2004). Inset shows location of the study area (box) in the Avalonian Caledonia terrane of southern New Brunswick (after Barr and White 1994). Abbreviations: BB, Bonnell Brook Pluton; SM, Stuart Mountain; HP, Hayward Pinnacle; WL, Wolfe Lake. et al. 2004a, 2004b, 2004c, 2004d, 2004e; St. Peter
3 Barr and White (1988, 1993, 1999, 2004a) developed a stratigraphic subdivision of the supracrustal rocks of the Caledonia terrane, recognizing an older Broad River Group and younger Coldbrook Group. Contacts between the two units are now tectonic, but the original relationship is assumed to have been unconformable. Both groups were intruded by comagmatic plutonic rocks, including the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite and related intrusions emplaced into the Broad River Group below the unconformity, and a younger suite intruding both groups. U-Pb (zircon) dating has constrained the intrusive events at 630—615 Ma for the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite, and 560—550 Ma for the younger Bonnell Brook, Mechanic Settlement, and related intrusions (Bevier and Barr 1990; Barr et al. 1994; Barr and White 1999). U-Pb (zircon) dating of volcanic components of the Broad River and Coldbrook groups, as well as their petrochemical similarities to the plutonic units of corresponding ages, indicate that the Broad River and Coldbrook groups have ages of ca. 630—620 Ma and 560—550 Ma, although the maximum age of the Broad River Group is not constrained (Barr and White 1999). Both the Broad River and Coldbrook groups have been subdivided into lithostratigraphic formations, and younging and facing information from the Coldbrook Group is reliable to the point where relative age relationships of these formations can be tentatively identified. Such relationships in the Broad River Group remain ambiguous as few reliable way-up and younging indicators have been found, mainly due to pervasive transposition into the first foliation (S0-1). The Broad River Group and associated plutons formed in a continental margin magmatic arc setting, whereas the Coldbrook Group and associated plutons formed in a post-arc rifting environment (Barr and White 1999). The Hammondvale Metamorphic Suite, a fault-bounded sliver on the northwestern edge of the Caledonia terrane (Fig. 1, inset), has been interpreted to be a accretionary complex on the trench side of the Broad River Group magmatic arc (White et al. 2001), indicating that subduction was to the southeast (present-day coordinates).
4 Those aspects of Caledonia terrane stratigraphy that are relevant to the high-strain zone which is the subject of this study are presented here; more regional details are provided by Barr and White (1999, 2004b, 2004c, 2004d, 2004e) and St. Peter et al. (2004). Three formations of the Broad River Group occur in the area (Fig. 1): Hayward Brook Formation (mafic and felsic tuff, amygdaloidal basalt, minor rhyolite, abundant pyrite-rich felsic layers, sheets of quartz-rich granitic rocks, and phyllitic metasedimentary and metatuffaceous rocks); Pine Brook Formation (metasiltstone, metasandstone, and metamorphosed pebble conglomerate, the last two units being notably arkosic); and Goose River Formation (red, maroon, and grey slate, phyllite, arkosic metasandstone, metaconglomerate, and minor micaceous metaquartzite). Stratigraphic relations among these units are uncertain, although Barr and White (1999) suggested that the Goose River Formation is youngest and Pine Brook oldest based on limited evidence of younging directions.
5 Two formations of the Coldbrook Group are represented in the study area: Silver Hill Formation (red to grey, commonly flow-banded rhyolite and rhyolitic tuff, locally with laminated siltstone and chert) and Hosford Brook Formation (amygdaloidal to massive basalt, with minor mafic tuff). The Silver Hill Formation consistently overlies the Hosford Brook Formation, and limited younging indicators suggest that this relationship is a primary depositional feature.
6 The distribution of these lithologies as shown by Barr and White (2004b, 2004c, 2004d, 2004e) and St. Peter et al. (2004) has been modified only slightly as a result of work during this study. A new area of Coldbrook Group has been defined around Hayward Pinnacle, consisting of metabasalt with an intrusion of porphyritic dacite or rhyolite forming the Pinnacle itself, south of Prosser Brook (Fig. 1). The basalt is considered to be part of the Hosford Brook Formation, whereas the dacite/ rhyolite dome may be linked to the Silver Hill Formation.
7 For the purposes of structural analysis the area covered by this project has been divided into four domains: west of Fundy National Park, north of Fundy National Park, Ferndale area, and south of Prosser Brook (an area including Hayward Pinnacle and Stuart Mountain; Fig. 2). These domains were selected on the basis of relatively good exposure, the presence of critical lithologies, and access sufficient to allow traverses through potential macro-scale fold structures based on the work of Barr and White (1999).Fig. 2. Outline geology of the high-strain zone between the Prosser Brook area and west of Fundy National Park showing the locations of the four structural domains of this study (see text). Structural data collected for this project has been supplemented with data from the maps of Barr and White (2004b, 2004c, 2004d, 2004e) and St. Peter et al. (2004).
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Structures in the Broad River Group
8 Rocks of the Broad River Group are dominated by a pervasive, penetrative foliation that is generally parallel to bedding (S0-1). Locally, in meta-arkose of the Pine Brook and Goose River formations or the more massive felsic and mafic metavolcanic rocks of the Hayward Brook Formation, bedding and foliation are distinct (Figs. 3a—e), but no consistent vergence changes have been recorded. Two traverses, one west of Fundy National Park and another north of Fundy National Park, were chosen because they cross relatively well-exposed examples of outcrop patterns that are potential examples of folds associated with the S0-1 foliation (Fig. 2). In both cases enclaves of Pine River Formation are surrounded with apparent closure by Hayward Brook Formation. No folds (F1) associated with this foliation have been recorded at any scale in the area covered by this project, nor have any consistent changes in way-up been observed. Where way-up criteria are preserved they suggest younging to the northwest or north-northwest, consistent with the observations and conclusions of earlier studies (e.g., Ruitenburg et al. 1979; Barr and White 1999).Fig. 3. Examples of S0-1 in the Broad River Group. (a) Meta-arkose with very weak development of S0-1. The pale, fine-grained enclaves are shale clasts. From the Pine Brook Formation south of Prosser Brook (GPS N 45° 48' 50.1", W 064° 53' 44.8"). Scale = coin = 1.8 cm diameter. (b) Metamorphosed crystal tuff (andesitic?) with very weak development of the composite foliation S1. From the Hayward Brook Formation south of Prosser Brook (GPS N 45° 49' 19.4", W 064° 53' 44.3"). Scale = coin = 1.8 cm diameter. (c) Metamorphosed mafic volcanic rock (basalt-andesite?) with relict amygdales (chlorite fill) and very weak expression of S1 foliation. From the Hayward Brook Formation south of Prosser Brook. Same location as Fig. 3b. Scale = coin = 1.8 cm diameter. (d) Metamorphosed mafic volcanic rock – amygdaloidal and porphyritic basalt or andesite, with weak development of S1 and S2. Same location as Fig. 3b, c. Scale = coin = 1.8 cm diameter. (e) Spaced S1 foliation in amydaloidal, porphyritic basalt-andesite of the Hayward Brook Formation. Same location as Fig. 3b, c, d. Scale = coin = 1.8 cm. (f) Metaconglomerate of the Pine Brook Formation with clasts of vein quartz(q), limestone(L), calc-silicate rock(cs) and red mudstone. S0-1 is prominent. Logging road north of Old Shepody Road (GPS N 45° 40' 47.2", W 065° 03' 53.3"). Face is perpendicular to foliation and parallel to lineation (L1m). Scale = coin = 1.8 cm diameter. (g) Metaconglomerate of the Pine Brook Formation with S0-1 parallel to bedding, showing development of L1m on the main foliation. Same location as Fig. 3c. Scale = coin = 1.8 cm diameter.
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9 The S0-1 foliation is expressed by white mica or chlorite growth in felsic metavolcanic rocks, white mica beards on detrital feldspar and quartz grains in meta-arenite, and chlorite with rare green amphibole growth in metabasaltic lithologies. Mica beards in metasedimentary rocks and deformed pumice shards, lapilli, and less well-characterized fragments in metavolcanic rocks all define a pervasive stretching lineation (L1m) within S0-1. The lineation typically lies close to the down-dip direction on the foliation (S0-1) and therefore has consistent plunge to the northwest or north-northwest. Locally, later folding (F2) has changed this orientation to a plunge to the southeast or south-southeast (Fig. 4).Fig. 4. Stereographic projections of structural elements in the four domains along the high- strain zone between the Prosser Brook area and west of Fundy National Park (see Fig. 2 for locations). All stereonets are equal-area lower hemisphere projections.
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10 Kinematic indicators within this early S0-1 foliation consist of S-C fabrics, porphyroclast wings (σ type), and deformed vein-lets. The sense of these indicators is consistent with top-to-the-southeast. At most locations the S0-1 fabric does not show any asymmetry. Where markers exist, such as in the metavolcanic rocks of the Hayward Brook Formation (lithic clasts, pumice shards, etc.), they define a prolate ellipsoid close to the plane of S0-1, but local exceptions occur. The most striking of these exceptions is seen in metaconglomerate of the Pine River Formation in the domain north of Fundy National Park (Fig. 2, Figs. 3f, g). The meta-arkosic matrix in this lithology displays a conspicuous L1m lineation implying the typical prolate strain, but the cobble- and pebble-sized clasts of vein quartz, with aspect ratios around 1:2:2, are consistently oblate in the plane of the S0-1 foliation (Fig. 3f, g). Other clast types, such as fine-grained carbonate, calc-silicate, red chert, and shale have higher aspect ratios, but still display oblate ellipsoids.
11 A second foliation (S2) forms a widespread crenulation cleavage throughout outcrops of the Broad River Group (Fig. 5a, b). Its scale varies considerably, from a septal spacing around 1 mm and a comparable wavelength, to septal spacings as wide as 15 mm, and a crenulation wavelength around 10 mm. It is axial planar to open folds (F2, Fig. 5a, b), asymmetry of which defines a broad synformal keel trending southwest through the main outcrop of Coldbrook Group from Ferndale to the southern part of the domain west of Fundy National Park (Fig. 2). The crenulation lineation (L2), and S2 – S0-1 intersection lineation (L12) are proxies for the F2 fold axes and generally plunge to the southwest or west with very local reversals to the northeast or east (Fig. 4, 5).Fig. 5. Examples of F2/S2 in the Broad River Group. (a) Grey chloritic meta-arkose in the Pine Brook Formation with composite foliation S0-1 affected by F2 folds with S2 axial planar crenulations cleavage. Logging road north of Old Shepody Road (GPS N 45° 40' 49.2", W 065° 03' 54.3"). Scale = pen = 15 cm. (b) Grey chloritic meta-arkose (same location as Fig. 5a) with F2 folds affecting composite foliation S0-1, with axial planar S2 crenulation cleavage. Scale = coin = 1.8 cm diameter.
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12 The S2 crenulation cleavage is defined by bending of mica and chlorite in the S0-1 foliation, and this fabric is reinforced locally by new growth of chlorite and white mica in the S2 septae.
Structures in the Coldbrook Group
13 Both generations of structural fabrics noted in the Broad River Group are also present in rocks of the Coldbrook Group; however, their development is far more heterogeneous (Fig. 6a–c). The early S0-1 foliation is generally bedding-parallel, as in the rocks of the Broad River Group, but in the more massive rhyolitic and basaltic lithologies it may be weak or absent (Fig. 6a, b). Shards and clasts show the same development of mica beards, or prolate extension as L1m close to the plane of S0-1, but this phenomenon is also restricted to those rocks where the foliation is strong, such as the banded rhyolite/welded tuff (Fig. 6a) exposed north of Fundy National Park (around GPS location N 45° 41' 15.7" W 065° 05' 03.2") and in the road-cuts along Highway 114 near the Park entrance at Wolfe Lake (GPS location N 45° 39' 37.7" W 065° 08' 03.7"). In both cases unfoliated porphyritic metarhyolite is interfingered with S-L tectonite, illustrating the extremely heterogeneous nature of the Coldbrook Group. Likewise, some of the basalt in the domains north and west of Fundy National Park is massive, non-foliated, and amygdaloidal, interfingered with strongly foliated metabasalt, where the epidote-filled amygdales are distinctly prolate or oblate (Fig. 6b)Fig. 6. Examples of S0-1 in the Coldbrook Group. (a) Banded and foliated metarhyolite from the Silver Hill Formation north of Old Shepody Road (GPS N 45° 41' 15.7", W 065° 05' 03.2"). Foliation parallel to primary banding (S0-1) with L1m lineation formed from flattened and elongate shards (possibly fiamme). Scale = coin = 2.4 cm diameter. (b) Foliated greenstone (metabasalt with epidote-calcite-quartz amygdales) with S1 foliation, from the Hosford Brook Formation south of Old Shepody Road (GPS N 45° 37' 24.7", W 065° 09' 42.2"), Scale = coin = 1.8 cm. (c) Deformed and schistose metarhyolite with deformed quartz veins, Hosford Brook Formation, displaying a C-S fabric. Movement sense is top-to-the-left (in this view, south). Vertical face on road cut west side of Highway 114 (GPS N 45° 39' 37.7", W 065° 08' 03.7"). Scale = coin = 2.4 cm diameter.
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14 Occurrence of F2 minor folds and the S2 crenulation cleavage in the Coldbrook Group rocks is strongly dependent on the degree of anisotropy induced by the heterogeneous S0-1 foliation. In the least foliated lithologies, S2 is represented by consistently orientated near-vertical fractures spaced greater than 2 cm apart (Fig. 7a). In the well-foliated lithologies a finer crenulation cleavage (spacing of septae < 1 mm) is seen.Fig. 7. Examples of F2/S2 in the Coldbrook Group. (a) Schistose felsic metavolcanic rock with F2 folds affecting the composite foliation S0-1. S2 crenulation cleavage is axial planar to F2 folds, in the Silver Hill Formation exposed on logging road north of Old Shepody Road (GPS N 45° 40' 16.6", W 065° 04' 52.6"). Scale = coin = 2.4 cm diameter. (b) Foliated metarhyolite from the Silver Hill Formation with S0-1 foliation surface displaying a weak L2 crenulation lineation. Logging road south of Old Shepody Road (GPS N 45° 38' 14.0", W 065° 08' 55.7"). Scale = coin = 1.8 cm diameter.
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15 Asymmetry of F2 minor folds, the L12 intersection lineation, and the plunge and trend of the L2 crenulation lineation (Fig. 7b) along the length of the main outcrop of the Coldbrook Group define the closure of a broad F2 synform between Ferndale in the northeast and the southern end of the domain west of Fundy National Park; however, based on the map pattern, this structure has an overall asymmetry (Fig. 2, 4). Only in the domain north of Fundy National Park can both limbs be clearly seen: elsewhere the northern limb is cut out against the outcrop of the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite. Kinematic indicators in the S0-1 foliation (veins, porphyroclasts, and S-C fabrics; Fig. 6c) consistently indicate top-to-the-southeast, although the data are from mainly the southern limb of the synform. Way-up indicators demonstrate that the F2 synform is a syncline in the Coldbrook Group.
16 Exposure is very limited along the northern limb of this F2 structure; however, in an area north of Fundy National Park, it is adequate to reveal structural complications. Firstly, mafic rocks of the underlying Hosford Brook Formation dip away from felsic rocks of the Silver Hill Formation, implying that the succession is reversed (e.g. around GPS location N 45˚41' 15.7", W 065˚ 05' 03.2"). Secondly, enclaves of foliated quartz diorite of the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite (pre-Coldbrook Group plutons intruded into the underlying Broad River Group) occur along the boundary between the Hosford Brook and Silver Hill formations; the best example is along a logging road at GPS location N 45˚ 40' 55.3", W 065˚ 05' 29.7". Thirdly, the mapped northern margin of the Coldbrook Group north of Fundy National Park (Barr and White 2004a) is evidently not a simple contact. In outcrops along new logging roads across the contact, especially around GPS location N 45˚ 41' 12.7", W 065˚ 05' 52.5", interleaving of mafic rocks of the Hosford Brook Formation and granitoids of the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite is apparent. Shearing in both mafic and granitoid rocks suggests that the interleaving is tectonic.
Structures in the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite
17 Exposure of rocks of the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite in the study area is sporadic, so as a result, conclusions are based on the best outcrops in the domain west of Fundy National Park, Ferndale domain, and the domain south of Prosser Brook between Hayward Pinnacle and Stuart Mountain. Granitoid rocks ranging from quartz diorite, through monzonite, granodiorite, and syenogranite dominate the outcrops, with the last two lithologies most common. Their textures range from medium-grained to coarse-grained (up to 5 mm), and both non-porphryritic and porphyritic types occur. In all lithologies, fabrics range from absent to pervasive. The latter rocks include augen gneiss without mica growth and vary through a spectrum to phyllonite and thoroughly schistose or phyllitic (depending on mica grain-size in the foliation).
18 Earliest fabrics are generally free of white mica, or contain only minor amounts of white mica seen as beards on alkali feldspar porphyroclasts. The rock is an augen gneiss (Fig. 8a) which carries a pervasive foliation (S1) and typically a strong lineation defined by mica-beards or aggregates of chloritized mafic minerals (biotite and hornblende), termed Lm (Fig. 8b). Superimposed on this 'anhydrous' tectonite is the growth of white mica defining a planar foliation (Fig. 8c) in which alkali feldspar is progressively reduced to smaller relict enclaves. Grain-size reduction is typically pronounced in these rocks, ultimately producing a greenish phyllitic phyllonite dominated by white mica and quartz with only isolated relics of alkali feldspar. These phyllonitic zones commonly have thicknesses measured perpendicular to foliation in the order of a few metres or less, but can be traced along strike for distances up to 2 km, outcrop permitting. One such well-defined zone can be traced along the valley east of Ferndale village (around GPS location N 45° 46' 04.4" W 065° 00' 54.4").
19 Locally, these phyllonitic rocks carry a distinct crenulation cleavage with minor folds of the primary foliation (Fig. 8d). This situation causes a crenulation lineation (Lc) at a high angle to Lm which tends to be close to down-dip on S1 (Figs. 2, 4). Lc ranges from horizontal, to having a plunge of 20—30° to the southwest (Figs 2, 4).
20 In the domain south of Prosser Brook a later semi-brittle deformation(s) is superimposed on S1-foliated granitoid rocks. It is restricted to outcrops along the northern margin of the Caledonia block close to the sub-Carboniferous unconformity. The foliation (SL) is quite irregular and spaced, either representing a reorientation of alkali feldspar porphyroclasts with more white mica growth, or drastic grain-size reduction producing discrete bands of protomylonite or blastomylonite anastomosing around enclaves of foliated or non-foliated granitoid rocks (S1 or pre-S1 relics). A new lineation (LL) picked out by elongate feldspar or chloritized mafic mineral aggregates is also seen (Fig. 8e). The foliation SL dips steeply to the north, and the lineation plunges toward the west around 10—30° (Fig. 2, 4).
21 Successive development of steady-state foliation in granite without hydration, followed by discrete but pervasive ductile-shear bands at the grain scale, with more or less hydration evident, is expected in syntectonic granites, where deformation begins during sub-solidus cooling and extends through subsequent retrogression (Gapais 1989). On the other hand, the occurrence of discrete shear bands anastomosing around enclaves of lower strain, with or without hydration, is more typical of the reworking of pre-tectonic crystalline basement (Gapais 1989). In this context the transition from S1 to F2 folding, coeval with early high-temperature relatively dry conditions, to later widespread mica development, suggests retrogression of a syntectonic pluton, and hence is similar in age to the plutons (Neoproterozoic). The later foliation (SL) and lineations (with discrete mylonite, protomylonite and blastomylonite zones, and pseudotachylite-associated brecciation, Figs. 8f-h) in the domain south of Prosser Brook is more typical of reworking of considerably older and reheated crystalline rocks (Gapais 1989; Berthe et al. 1979), age of which is not yet well-constrained in the study area but could be as young as Carboniferous.Fig. 8. Examples of fabrics in granitoid units. (a) Augen gneiss from the deformed part of the Blueberry Hill Granite, part of the Point Wolf River Plutonic Suite, displaying pervasive shear bands defining the S1 foliation. Cut surface of sample from Ferndale Road, near Ferndale (GPS N 45° 46' 02.8", W 065° 00' 41.1"). Scale bar = 2 cm. (b) Foliated Blueberry Hill Granite in ditch west of Collier Road, Ferndale (GPS N 45° 45' 19.5", W 065° 01' 25.0") with down dip lineation Lm on S1 foliation. Scale bar = 5 cm. (c) Phyllonitic Blueberry Hill Granite where S1 is a white mica foliation with feldspar relics. Ditch west of Collier Road, Ferndale (GPS N 45° 45' 18.3", W 065° 01' 24.3"). Scale = pen = 15 cm. (d) Phyllonitic Blueberry Hill Granite (cut slab) with S1 white mica foliation with feldspar relics, folded by F2 minor fold. From same location as Fig. 8c. Scale bar = 1 cm. (e) Foliation surface (SL) in deformed granitoid (possibly part of the Kent Hills Granodiorite, one of the younger Neoproterozoic plutons), with lineation (LL), and later fractures containing pseudotachylite (unlabeled arrows indicate location and orientation of the two sets). Logging road north of Hayward Pinnacle, Prosser Brook (GPS N 45° 49" 25.5", W 064° 55' 34.0"). Scale = coin = 1.8 cm diameter. (f) Foliation (S1) surface in the Old Shepody Road Granite, part of the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite, with fractures containing pseudotachylite (unlabeled arrows indicate location and orientation of the most conspicuous examples). S1 is horizontal, the fractures are vertical, north is to the right. Ditch west of logging road south of the Old Shepody Road (GPS N 45° 38' 38.6", W 065° 10' 13.5"). Scale = coin = 1.8 cm diameter. (g) Blueberry Hill Granite in ditch east of Collier Road, Ferndale, with S1 foliation including transposed quartz veins (q). This is cut by later brittle fractures filled with epidote ± quartz (unlabeled arrows indicate location and orientation). GPS N 45° 45' 37.5", W 065° 01' 38.6". Scale = coin = 1.8 cm diameter. (h) Sample of bleached (weathered?) granite from close to the sub-Carboniferous unconformity with fractures and brecciation containing pseudotachylite (dark coloured). Logging road south of Stuart Mountain, Prosser Brook (GPS N 45° 50' 16.2", W 064° 52' 13.5"). Sample is 10 cm wide; the vertical black line is a pen mark.
Display large image of Figure 8
22 Late brittle structures have been noted west of Fundy National Park, in the Ferndale domain, and south of Prosser Brook (Fig. 8f, g, h). They are arrays of veins filled with epi-dote, quartz-epidote, and in places pseudotachylite. Only in the domain south of Prosser Brook have enough examples been located to make any general analysis of these features, and here some of the pseudotachylite veins form conjugate sets symmetrically disposed about the SL foliation. Locally the pseudotachylite veins are so abundant that they form a matrix for a breccia of SL-bearing granitoid or blastomylonite.
23 S0-1 in the supracrustal rocks of the Broad River and Coldbrook groups and S1 in the granitoids appear to define a single enveloping surface, a correlation reinforced by the geometric similarities between the enclosed lineations L1m and Lm. At the contact along the southeastern margin of the granitoid plutons, orientations seem to be continuous from granitoids into host rocks. Although the boundary is poorly exposed, north of Fundy National Park the contact zone appears to consist of alternating, interlayered enclaves of strongly foliated granitoid and supracrustal rocks with S0-1/S1 and L1m/Lm constituting common fabric elements. Crenulation and folding of the phyllonitic foliated granitoids and the development of F2 folds and the S2 crenulation cleavage in the supracrustal rocks also share a common geometry, implying a correlation here too. The SL fabric and lineation seems to be unique to the granitoids along the northern margin in the domain south of Prosser Brook. These later brittle features with pseudotachylite are localized along the east-northeast-trending sub-Carboniferous unconformity south of Prosser Brook, and along the approximately granitoid-supracrustal contact trending north-south in the central part of the domain west of Fundy National Park; they may possibly represent faulting along these contacts.
24 With a tentative correlation between fabrics in the Broad River Group, Coldbrook Group, and the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite, it is possible to outline a structural history for this major high-strain zone in the Caledonian Highlands. Little of this history is calibrated as yet against a radiometric time scale; however, some conclusions can be drawn.
25 The earliest deformation, expressed by the ubiquitous S0-1/S1 foliation with its related L1m or Lm mineral and stretching lineation, is found in all three units and defines an enveloping surface. Kinematic indicators are consistent in suggesting a top-to-the-southeast sense of movement along planes parallel to layering without major changes in facing or way-up. This deformation also caused local tectonic interlayering of foliated plutonic rocks and supracrustal units of the Broad River Group (and to a lesser extent, the Coldbrook Group). No major folds have been identified, and the facing and way-up data imply that these features are not present in reality, rather than not being identified as a result of poor exposure. This earliest deformation did not result in interlayering of the Broad River and Coldbrook groups to any extent. Instead, it seems to have been the result of low-angle thrusting involving mainly the Broad River Group and the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite, whose primary relationship has already been demonstrated to be one of host and intrusion (Barr and White 1999). The 625—615 Ma U-Pb (zircon) age of the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite provides a maximum age for this event. This essentially sub-horizontal tectonic regime also involved the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite, starting the process of uplift from hot, anhydrous conditions typified by strongly foliated S-L-tectonite augen gneiss, to higher level deformation with hydrous alteration creating mica phyllonite. Originating from a sub-solidus deformation of the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite, this composite fabric apparently was initiated shortly after the c. 620—615 Ma emplacement of these rocks, predating deposition of the Coldbrook Group at 560—550 Ma.
26 However, the early deformation continued after deposition of the Coldbrook Group because it affected those rocks, but the expression of the foliation differs considerably – primarily by degree and heterogeneity. The tectonic regime was still predominantly sub-horizontal, nevertheless, and involved some limited interfingering of Point Wolfe River plutonic tectonites with deformed units of the Coldbrook Group. Plutons intruding the Coldbrook Group have primary ages in the range 560—550 Ma, constraining deposition of the Coldbrook Group to roughly the same time interval and consistent with U-Pb ages obtained from units in the Coldbrook Group (Barr and White 1999). This relationship suggests that the early deformation (D1) was a prolonged and progressive event or events, beginning prior to deposition of the Coldbrook Group (accounting for the stronger and more pervasive foliation of the Broad River Group), but continuing to affect the younger supracrustal rocks.
27 The high-strain zone vanishes under the Carboniferous cover in the northeast, but appears to continue to the southwest, relating to the thrusts identified around Big Salmon River on the Bay of Fundy coast to the southwest (McLeod 1987; McLeod and McCutcheon 1981; McLeod et al. 1994), and possibly continues farther west to the Saint John and Pocologan areas (Ruitenberg et al. 1973; Nance 1987; Park et al. 1994; White et al. 2006). If this correlation is valid, then a further timing constraint is evident, as the Big Salmon River structures apparently produced interlayering of the Cambrian-Early Ordovician Saint John Group with the older units.
28 This early progressive phase of deformation appears to encompass early (pre-Coldbrook Group) stacking of Point Wolfe River plutonic rocks with rocks of the Broad River Group by thrusting, and involving excavation of plutonic rocks and their progressive hydrous alteration. This early phase ended with minor intercalation of the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite with rocks of the Coldbrook Group along thrusts of the same sense-of-shear and direction of motion, also parallel to foliation and bedding. Implicit in this interpretation is that the same structural framework incorporated the 'rifting' implied for the setting of the Coldbrook Group – possibly reactivation of older thrusts as accommodating normal faults. These same structures then reactivated as thrusts after Coldbrook Group deposition.
29 F2 folds and the associated S2 crenulation cleavage affected all three units: the Coldbrook Group, Broad River Group, and Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite. Although they are upright folds, or folds very slightly overturned to the southeast, an overall asymmetry to the synformal pattern of the Coldbrook Group within the high-strain zone in the study area implies a geometric relationship and possible reactivation of the earlier structures. In the Point Wolfe River plutonic rocks, F2 folds and S2 crenulation were imprinted on rocks that were already substantially hydrated and pervasively altered.
30 The first and second deformational events affected the part of the Caledonian Highlands covered by this project. Later deformational events had more restricted occurrence. For example, a zone of later high strain, superimposed on the S1 foliation, lies along the northern contact beneath the Lower Carboniferous unconformity south of Prosser Brook. Reduction of granitoid and augen gneiss to blastomylonite or protomylonite, and breccias with or without pseudotachylite, is widespread. Likewise, pseudotachylite and brecciation are seen sporadically in the domain west of Fundy National Park, apparently related to north-south trending structures (late faults?) that cross-cut the S1/S0-1 and S2 foliations. In the Prosser Brook – Stuart Mountain domain the spatial relationship with the fault-modified Carboniferous unconformity suggests that these features may be related to early Carboniferous deformation – thrusting related to basin inversion (Park and St. Peter 2005; Park et al. in press). At least two half-graben-related extensional episodes and two convergent basin-inversion events have been identified during Tournaisian time along this margin of the Lower Carboniferous Moncton sub-basin (Wilson 2005; Wilson and White 2006).
31 This study has demonstrated that the high-strain zone between Prosser Brook and the area west of Fundy National Park is evidently part of a larger set of related structures affecting all of the Caledonian Highlands. The ca. 630—620 Ma Broad River Group and associated plutons and the 560—550 Ma Coldbrook Group contain similar structural elements, as a result of a largely shared deformational history, and some of this history is apparent also in the 560—550 Ma plutonic rocks. Further studies are underway to investigate whether the history deduced in the northeastern part of the high-strain zone applies along its length, and also along apparent splays of the zone northeast of the Point Wolfe River Plutonic Suite.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFunding for the field aspects of this project was provided by a contract to Adrian Park from the Geological Surveys Branch of the New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant to Sandra Barr. Thorough reviews by Les Fyffe and Brendan Murphy assisted in revision of this article, as did discussions with Malcolm McLeod. Adrian Park also thanks Alex Smith for field assistance.
Barr, S.M., and White, C.E. 1988. Geological maps of the central Caledonian Highlands, southern New Brunswick (Parts of 21H/6, 10, 11, 14, and 15). Geological Survey of Canada Open File 1774, scale 1:50 000.
Barr, S.M., and White, C.E. 1993. Geological mapping of the eastern Caledonia Highlands, southern New Brunswick. Geological Survey Canada Open File 2600, scale 1:50 000.
Barr, S. M., and White, C.E. 1996. Contrasts in Late Precambrian-Early Paleozoic tectonothermal history between Avalon composite terrane sensu stricto and other possible peri-Gondwanan terranes in southern New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island, Canada. In Avalonian and Related Peri-Gondwanan Terranes of Circum-North Atlantic. Edited by R.D. Nance and M.D. Thompson. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 304, pp. 95—108.
Barr, S. M., and White, C. E. 1999. Field relations, petrology and structure of Neoproterozoic rocks in the Caledonian Highlands, southern New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 530, 101 p.
Barr, S.M., and White, C.E. (compilers) 2004a. Bedrock geology of the Caledonian Highlands of southern New Brunswick. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources, Minerals, Policy and Planning Division, Plate 2004-138, scale 1:100 000.
Barr, S. M. and White, C. E. 2004b. Geology of the Quiddy River area (NTS 21 H/11b), Saint John and Kings counties, New Brunswick. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources. Minerals, Policy and Planning Division, Plate 2004-125, scale 1:20 000.
Barr, S. M., and White, C. E. 2004c. Geology of the Mechanic Lake area (NTS 21 H/11g), Kings and Albert counties, New Brunswick. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources. Minerals, Policy and Planning Division, Plate 2004-130, scale 1:20 000.
Barr, S. M., and White, C. E. 2004d. Geology of the Pollett River area, Albert County, New Brunswick. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources. Minerals, Policy and Planning Division, Plate 2004-131, scale 1:20 000.
Barr, S. M., and White, C. E. 2004e. Geology of the Kent Hills area (NTS 21 H/15d), Albert County, New Brunswick. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources. Minerals, Policy and Planning Division, Plate 2004-137, scale 1: 20 000.
Barr, S. M., Bevier, M. L., White, C. E., and Doig, R. 1994. Magmatic history of the Avalon terrane of southern New Brunswick, Canada, based on U-Pb (zircon) geochronology. Journal of Geology, 102, pp. 399—409.
Berthé, D., Choukroune, P., and Jegouzo, P. 1979. Orthogneiss, mylonite and non-coaxial deformation of granites: the example of the South Armorican Shear Zone. Journal of Structural Geology, 1, pp. 31—42.
Bevier, M. L., and Barr, S. M. 1990. U-Pb age constraints on the stratigraphy and tectonic history of the Avalon terrane, New Brunswick, Canada. Jounral of Geology, 98, pp. 53—63.
Gapais, D. 1989. Shear structures within deformed granites: mechanical and thermal indicators. Geology, 17, pp. 1144—1147.
Hibbard, J.P., van Staal, C.R., Rankin, D., and Williams, H. 2006. Lithotectonic map of the Appalachian orogen (north), Canada-United States of America: Geological Survey of Canada Map 2041A, scale 1:1 500 000, 1 sheet.
McLeod, M. J. 1987. Geology, geochemistry and mineral deposits of the Big Salmon River – Goose River area, New Brunswick, Canada: Department of Natural Resources, Minerals and Energy Division, Report of Investigation 21, 47 p.
McLeod, M. J., and McCutcheon, S. R. 1981. A newly recognized sequence of possible Lower Cambrian age in southern New Brunswick: evidence for major southward directed thrusting. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 18, pp. 1012—1017.
McLeod, M. J., Johnson, S. C., and Ruitenberg, A. A. 1994. Geological map of southern New Brunswick, Canada. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Mineral Resources, Maps NR-5 and NR-6, scale 1:250 000.
Murphy, J.B. 2006. Fault-controlled emplacement of arc-related magmas along the Neoproterozoic northern Gondwanan margin: an example from the Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia. Precambrian Research 147, pp. 306—319.
Murphy, J.B., Keppie, J.D., Stacey, J., and Trainor, R. 2001. Deciphering the Neoproterozoic history of the Hollow Fault, Avalon terrane, mainland Nova Scotia. Journal of Structural Geology, 23, pp. 1067—1077.
Nance, R.D. 1987. Dextral transpression and late Carboniferous sedimentation in the Fundy Coastal Zone of southern New Brunswick. In Sedimentary Basins and Basin-forming Mechanisms. Edited by C. Beaumont and A.J. Tankard. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 12, pp. 363—377.
Park, A. F., and St. Peter, C. J. 2005. Deformation of Lower Carboniferous rocks in the Rosevale to Saint-Joseph area (NTS 21 H/15), Albert and Westmorland counties, southeastern New Brunswick. In Geological Investigations in New Brunswick for 2004. Edited by G. L. Martin. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources; Minerals, Policy and Planning Division, Mineral Resources Report 2005-1, pp. 25—98.
Park, A.F., Williams, P.F., Ralser, S., and Leger, A. 1994. Geometry and kinematics of a major crustal shear zone segment in the Appalachians of southern New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 31, pp. 1523—1535.
Park, A. F., St. Peter, C. J., and Keighley, D. G. in press Tournaisian thrust-belt and related transpressional strike-slip zone along the southern margin of the Moncton Sub-basin, southeastern New Brunswick. Bulletin, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists.
Ruitenberg, A. A., Venugopal, D. V., and Giles, P. S. 1973. Fundy Catalcastic Zone, New Brunswick: evidence for post-Acadian penetrative deformation. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 84, pp. 3029—3044.
Ruitenberg, A. A., Giles, P. S., Venugopal, D. V., Butt-imer, S. M., McCutcheon, S. R., and Chandra, J. 1975. Geological maps (to accompany Memoir 1) NTS 21 H/4, 5E & W, 6E & W, 10W, 11W & W, 12E, 14E, 15E & W; 21 G/1E & W, 2E, 8E & W. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources, Mineral Resources Branch, scale 1:50,000.
Ruitenberg, A. A., Giles, P. S., Venugopal, D. V., Buttimer, S. M., McCutcheon, S. R., and Chandra, J. 1979. Geology and Mineral Deposits, Caledonia area. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources, Mineral Resources Branch, Memoir 1, 213 p.
St. Peter, C. J., Barr, S. M., and White, C. E. 2004. Geology of the Gowland Mountain area (NTS 21 H/14a), Albert County, New Brunswick. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources. Minerals, Policy and Planning Division, Plate 2004-133, scale 1:20 000.
White, C.E., Barr, S.M., Jamieson, R.A., and Reynolds, P.H. 2001. Neoproterozoic high-pressure/low- temperature metamorphic rocks in the Avalon terrane, southern New Brunswick, Canada. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 19, pp. 517—528.
White, C.E., Barr, S.M., Reynolds, P.H., Grace, E., and McMullin, D. 2006. The Pocologan Metamorphic Suite: High pressure metamorphism in a Silurian accretionary complex in the "Avalon Zone" of southern New Brunswick. The Canadian Mineralogist, 44, pp. 905—927.
Wilson, P. 2005. Stratigraphy, structural geology, and tectonic history of the McCully area, Moncton subbasin, southeastern New Brunswick. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources. Minerals, Policy and Planning Division. Mineral Resources Report 2005-5, 104 p.
Wilson, P., and White, J. C. 2006. Tectonic evolution of the Moncton Basin, New Brunswick, eastern Canada: new evidence from field and sub-surface data. Bulletin, Canadian Petroleum Geology, 54, pp. 319—336.
Editorial responsibility: Simon K. Haslett


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3 Things To Consider When Picking A Storage Shed
Wednesday, December 26, 2018
Making the wise decision to add a storage shed to your property is something that you can greatly benefit from. Be it a traditional shed or something more specific like a pool cabana, this building offers you storage.
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When it comes to finding the right Ontario custom shed builder, give Lee Sheds a call.

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LG Infinia 65LW6500
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10 Comments »
Decent, 2011-06-19
This review is from: LG Infinia 65LW6500
– Stereo interleaved lines are not noticeable for most 3D content and especially when seated at the recommended distance.
– Gyroscopic controller does make it easier to deal with menu selections.
– As with all micropolarized stereoscopic screens, side-ways off-axis viewing is excellent. Vertical offset will yield ghosting. But for normal viewing use this is unlikely to impact anyone.
– For the price it is an excellent display- especially since you are using the same polarized glasses as in the movie theaters.
– 2D image quality appears to be on par with other 65″ LCDs I have from Sharp. The only difference is that the screen is glossy because of the micropolarization overlay.
– When you plug a laptop into it, there is noticeable lag. For example, when you move the mouse on the laptop there is a small lag to when the screen is refreshed. This is perhaps to be expected with most modern TVs that do so much internal processing. I am using it as my wall mounted monitor in my office so the lag is a bit annoying- especially for someone who's primary business is computer graphics. To reduce the lag you can either plug in via the VGA connector or by turning down as much image processing as possible. If you do a search on AVS forum you'll find suggestions on how to do that.
Update: it turns out, even if you use the HDMI input, you will dramatically reduce the lag if you go into the input labeling option and relabel it as PC. I guess the TV is trying to be intelligent.
– There is some inconsistencies in the backlight, but this is pretty good for a 65″ screen, especially when compared to screens with florescent back lights. Of course it is not as crisp as a plasma display. But then again it is also much lighter than a plasma screen, and you don't have to buy the heavy 3D glasses.
– The support stand it comes with is incredibly wobbly- it is essentially a cheap piece of plastic that is about 3 inches across on each side. This tiny hollow neck is supposed to support and balance the weight of the entire LCD screen. A Bobble Head comes to mind. Except the head is the big LCD screen- scary! Get a wall mount.
Normally for large ticket displays I order them from local vendors so it's easy to return. I had to order this from Amazon since the local vendors only had them on pre-order. The shipping company banged up the unit pretty badly. The top portion of the box was compromised when I received it. And the plastic frame around the display was dented. I took a picture just in case the unit didn't work. Surprisingly the screen was not cracked and the display functioned fine. Normally this degree of impact will crack a display. Just an FYI….
Not perfect, but overall very good., 2011-07-24
This review is from: LG Infinia 65LW6500
So, I have the 65lw6500 I got from here. Delivered no problem in one week. It replaced an LG 55LH90.
Here are my thoughts after a few days with it in no particular order. By the way, a little background on me….used to be REALLY into home theater, then I got married, so now I just enjoy it. I'm happy with the 80% solution. I have excellent vision and don't get motion sick or anything else like that. I do not like active shutter at all. It just irritates me, and the dimming and flickering I see when I move my head is a total deal breaker. YMMV
-it's freaking heavy. Also, it just seems huge compared to my 55″. FYI, I sit about 10 feet.
-2d is very good. Surprisingly even good on SD content from Dish Network and older stuff on Netflix. Completely watchable.
– 3d is fantastic. Tangled is WOW! Of course, good source material makes a world of difference. Green Hornet added nothing in 3d, whereas Tangled was actually a more enjoyable movie in 3d. It was like a different film. I haven't seen any 3d issues.
-there is some flash lighting from the corners. I can tell a difference in blacks from my LH90 that had full local dimming backlight. (this does NOT have local dimming, unlike the 55 and 47 model 6500 listed in the table above. It's slightly annoying to me, but my wife doesn't even notice…also, I didn't point it out to her. Some things you just can't unsee. It improved as I adjusted the settings. The picture wizard is quite good.
-the edge lighting is more viewable as you move to the opposite side. For example, if I sit left of center, the right side of the screen becomes "less black" because of that side's edge light. Vice versa
– the magic remote is pretty nice, but not totally necessary..I wouldn't spend extra if it wasn't already included. There's not really any better way to explain it than comparing it to a Wii Remote. it also comes with another remote that has more buttons. Neither is what I would call a universal remote.
-the built in apps are cool. If you have a receiver with ARC, it's great to just click on Netflix, vudu, whatever and have the receiver switch over. The apps also work well. There are maybe 20apps or so? Netflix, Hulu, Amazon on demand (yes, watch the free stuff if you have Prime shipping), Pandora, Facebook, and some other ones that I don't recall.
-PS3 and Xbox 360 with kinect work just fine through my Onkyo r360 receiver. PS3 played Tangled blu ray with zero issues. I even put Ratchet and Clank in 3d conversion mode and it was pretty cool.
-speaking of, the 2d to 3d conversion is fun. It doesn't always work, but I'd say it's probably 85% right. I played Spongebob from Netflix and it got it mostly right, but there were times where his body, pants and legs were in the foreground, but his belt would be put in the background. Stuff like that. Generally, though, really cool.
In all, I like it. If you are the kind of person who NEEDS the blackest blacks, don't get it. But, passive 3d, large screen and 3d conversion sold me vs some other sets.
Nice, but not perfect, 2011-08-14
This review is from: LG Infinia 65LW6500
This is a nice TV but it has some flaws. Unfortunately all 3D televisions sold at this time have flaws so you have to pick your battles. I was torn between the 65 inch Panasonic Plasma or this set as both are about the same price. A friend bought a Panasonic GT30 series and has constant issues with burn in (real burn-in, not just IR) as the newest plasmas seem to have worse issues with that than the older 2009-2010 models. Not sure why the newer (3D) plasmas have issues with IR and burn-in like early plasmas, but I'm a gamer and I didn't want to have to worry about burn-in. I already knew that the picture wouldn't be quite as uniform and not to expect jet blacks so I wasn't surprised when I saw some light bleed at the edges of this set on a totally black scene or some very faint clouding on perfectly uniform scenes like a white background in a commercial. Fortunately the mura and cloudiness are quite faint and are confined to the edges so they are not nearly as bad as the Sharp Aquos 65D64U 65 inch LCD it replaced. Here's a rundown of the pros and cons that I've found in just a few days of ownership.
(1) Bright, sharp, very detailed picture.
(2) No one in the family had issues with seeing lines in the passive 3D picture.
(3) 3D picture is fantastic. No headaches from wearing heavy active glasses.
(4) Vertical offset not really an issue at typical viewing distances, even with wall mounting.
(5) Good smart TV apps, but I don't use those much.
(6) Off angle (side) viewing is excellent: very little contrast/color shift.
(7) Massive array of settings/features: could be a "con" too as you can get lost in them!
(8) Nice sturdy base has left/right swivel.
(9) Tru Motion option is incredible: can smooth out any slow-frame-rate source.
(1) ~150ms lag w/default settings, see […]
(2) Can't use optical audio out on TV to sync sound because it only passes stereo sound.
(3) Blacks are not plasma black obviously, but not bad for an LCD.
(4) Some mura and light bleeding but improved by massaging screen stress points w/cloth.
(5) Incredibly annoying idiot warning w/3D content: can't be disabled.
(6) Glossy screen shows every reflection: reflections can ruin the 3D effect.
Summary: overall I'm quite happy with this set. The passive 3D is better than I expected and comparable to my friend's Panasonic GT30 plasma in quality. Half-res 3D due to the passive technology doesn't seem to be a factor beyond about 8 feet. And no one should buy an LCD expecting perfectly uniform picture and jet blacks like a plasma. So from what I was expecting, I'm quite impressed. This set lost one star in my review for two primary reasons: the set can't pass proper DD 5.1 sound from HDMI input to optical out, and because of the idiotic warning that pops up every time you go from 2D to 3D mode. LG needs to add a way to acknowledge that warning once and then not display it in the future.
Amazing TV Set, 2011-07-08
This review is from: LG Infinia 65LW6500
Just received the TV yesterday via freight shipping. Package was in great shape and the delivery men wanted me to open the box and test the TV before they left. This set is absolutely stunning even when it is off! The great news is that it's even more amazing on. It is fairly thin at less than 1″ and is a claimed 93lbs without the stand. It seemed alot heavier, but it may just be the sheer size of the TV that makes the weight awkward to handle. I mounted it with a super slim Sanus mount with the help of another person, of course, I'm no hulk! I did not have an inset electrical outlet, so I had to buy one of those flat three prong extension cords in order to be able to get the TV close enough to the wall to snap in the bottom. Since I mounted it above my fireplace mantle I got a tilting mount so that I could tilt the set downward since it sits about 5.5′ above the ground.
I was most excited about the Cinema 3D so I will start there:
-uses the same cheap glasses as in the theaters, which is great.
-they are light weight and no worries if a kid breaks them, plus we have a collection of smaller glasses the kids get when going to see a 3D flick.
-The 3D quality is bright, very dimensional, and does not give me a migraine like the active shutter sets do. There is no flickering and dimming.
-True 3D content from the HD satellite Receiver or blu-ray is just gorgeous. better than the theaters as the screen is brighter.
-2D to 3D actually works and adds dimension to almost any show you're watching. It's fun to play with.
-My overall opinion is that Cinema 3D is the new standard until we can all go sans glasses some day
2D HD quality:
I am no videophile, but the pure 2D HD quality is fantastic, and amazing considering this set is 65″.
Colors are vibrant, blacks are deep, overall i am very pleased.
Apps and Magic remote:
-the Magic remote is very much like a Wii remote and really makes using the apps, web browser and other features a breeze. you can also download the LG TV remote for your ios device and control the TV that way, worked really well.
-There are the standard set of apps including netflix as well as other freebies and ones you can buy. There is 256mb of built in storage, but with a limited amount of apps, and most coming in under 5mb, storage space won't be an issue, and you may be able to harness an extra USB stick, but I am not 100% sure.
Wireless adaptor:
I could not get the included wireless adapter to work with my d-Link wireless router, so I had to pull out my old trusty Linksys G router and the LG adapter recognized it right away. I tried many security options, and wireless speeds to no avail on the d-link, which works with every other device in my house, PC, Mac, iPhone, iPad, Vizio TV, etc…
For around $3000 I don't think you'll find a more desirable and feature rich set out there.
Worth the wait, 2011-08-13
This review is from: LG Infinia 65LW6500
I had been waiting for LG to release a 65 inch LED for months, and it was worth the wait. The picture is stunning. I read a couple reviews about the glossy screen after I ordered, so I was a little worried at first, but it's not an issue for my set up. In fact, the colors are so bright, you don't even notice when the TV is on. Two elements that I was disappointed with… The tv only has an optical audio output to connect to a surround sound system. I had intended to use my existing Bose system, but without the RCA outputs, that wasn't possible. Second, I love the Smart Remote, I just wish it worked with my cable box too! Unfortunately, I connect via a digital cable box, so the channel change and search functions are not operative. Bottom line… The TV is fantastic. Now I need another one for my office!
Good, but glossy…, 2011-07-07
This review is from: LG Infinia 65LW6500
Ok there has been a lot of confusion about this 65″ LG passive 3d because I believe it is a lw6500 in name only and does not have the same features of the smaller versions of this model. It is only 120 Hz instead of 240 Hz and has a very glossy screen instead of the matte finish like the smaller lw5600 and lw6500. I ordered this tv knowing about the120Hz, but assumed it had a matte finish like the other lg passives- I avoided the 65″ Vizio because of the glossy screen. I believe I can live with the glossy screen- I may need to do something about my skylights… anyway besides the glossy screen and the fact that it is 120 Hz I am happy with the picture quality of this tv- it is not perfect- I can see some clouding, but not a deal breaker for me. The 3d looks great from comcast, panasonic 3d blu ray player and games on the PS3 (I played wipeout and Stardust HD so far). I don't think I would be happy with active glasses for me and my family. The 3d looks awesome to me- looks very clear and I can't tell it is not technically full HD… the average person will prefer passive over active- I already collected 9 pairs of passive glasses- including two smaller sizes for my kids….
Overall not bad if you want a large 65″ passive TV- I would recommend buying directly from Amazon because of their 30 day return policy and price match…
I still have yet to see a major review of this TV (not sure the demand for such a large TV), but the lw5600s received good reviews- I believe the future for 3d will be with passive-
According to LG 4 out of 5 people prefer passive (cinema 3d) over active- I understand why…
Supreme value, 2011-07-31
This review is from: LG Infinia 65LW6500
Excellent picture, once you tame the showroom settings.
-turn off trumotion. I have never liked frame interpolation on any set I've ever viewed.
-turn sharpness down
This set is capable of great things once you get the picture settings tuned. The 3D is splendid. Yes, you can see scan lines if you stand very close. But believe me, the payoff for not having to worry about $150 glasses for everyone in the room is great. The detail, color, sharpness, and depth are jaw-dropping in quality titles like Tangled,HTTYDragon, etc. I can hand glasses out to my kids and their friends and not concern myself with flicker, broken and smudged glasses, charged batteries, etc. You can even lay down on the couch and still see the 3d well. If I had a dark room with only videophile viewers, plasma with active might be preferable. But in our family room with its many windows and many kids, this TV is a solid choice. No regrets.
Beware, has a Glossy Screen and no Local Dimming, 2011-07-02
This review is from: LG Infinia 65LW6500
I waited since January to purchase this screen since it was supposed to have a Matte finish screen. It was the #1 reason I did not buy the Vizio Passive 3D screen. All of the other models in the LW6500 line have a matte screen, local dimming, and 240hz refresh rate. I think his model should actually be in LW5600 series. I am highly disappointed with the glossy screen and the lack of local dimming.
Amazing TV – It's like being at the theater, 2011-07-29
This review is from: LG Infinia 65LW6500
The 65″ Cinema 3D TV with the passive 3d glasses really makes for a win / win. The TV is so large it's like being at the theater and the passive glasses have no batteries or charging so it's cheap and I can't tell any difference between those and active! I've played Crysis 2 on the TV and loved it. I also played 3d movies like "Resident Evil" and "How to train your dragon" on demand from Comcast – all incredibly smooth… Beautiful landscapes, stunning 3d, incredible functionality and I can't wait to combine it with Xbox Kinect! By the way, I am currently as I type this watching X Games on ESPN in 3D and OMG! Fantastic! Absolutely incredible – you have no idea what your missing.
Couple setup hints… Turn off Tru Motion when you watch movies. It introduces a video camera feel to films – you'll notice this in movies like "Inception". And… if the tv goes dark periodically by itself, it may be that you have the "Energy Saving mode" or the "Intelligent Sensor" enabled, in this case, go to your home menu go to picture settings then locate any Energy saving or Intelligent sensor and turn it off and that should take care of your issue.
Hope that helps everyone! I hope 3d takes off because man oh man, am I loving my home 3d theater 🙂
Super Performance, 2011-09-01
This review is from: LG Infinia 65LW6500
I'll try and be brief, but there are so many good things to say about this TV, it's had to pick just a few. Out of the box in the cinema picture mode, I had a very good picture. I have a "Spears & Munsil" Blu-ray DVD that I have used to get the best possible picture from my other TV's and it works great to optimize the sets. However for some reason I could not get good results on the LG, despite repeated try's. Then it occurred to me to reduce the back lighting to 0. Viola, when I finished the set-up I turned the back lighting up to where the picture looked the best and I was amazed at the clarity, color and overall detail the set is capable of. Dark blues stood out from black like I have never seen before. I would imagine that with professional calibration it would be exceptional.
The 3D is amazing and quite bright. I don't see any lines like the active shudder glass set makers would have you believe and we sit about 9 feet from the screen. I bought Final Destination 4 in 3D blu ray to try out on my LG BD670 player. AWESOME!!! What an incredible experience! The 3D from DirecTV is very good as well depending on the programming.
Setting up the wireless adapter was a breeze, as the setup screen walked you through the steps needed and when I pressed the connect button on my Linksys router it found it right away and asked if I wanted to update my software. This was completed and the apps loaded flawlessly.
In summary, if you are on the fence about this set, the 2D picture is amazing, 3D is incredible, just take the plunge, you WILL not regret this at all. I can't wait for football!!
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Raymond Davis' release in accordance with Shariah laws: Pak Punjab GovernorMarch 21st, 2011 - 4:31 pm ICT by ANI
Lahore, Mar 21(ANI): Double murder-accused CIA contractor Raymond Davis was released by a Pakistani court after the heirs of the two victims pardoned him in return for blood-money worth 200 million rupees, which was in accordance with the Shariah laws, Punjab Governor Sardar Latif Khosa has said.
On March 16- the same day when Davis was indicted for double murder- he was freed and quickly flown out of Pakistan after the heirs of the two victims told a local court that they had accepted compensation, bringing the one and a half month-long saga to an abrupt end.
Talking to media persons at a marriage ceremony in Lahore, Khosa said the court had quizzed all 19 members of the families before taking the decision and their affidavits were presented in the court, The News reports.
Khosa said that Islam appreciates forgiveness by taking blood money or without it, and that the law of Qisas and Diyat was included in the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) on the order of the Supreme Court.
The law of Qisas and Diyat is helpful in maintaining peace and brotherhood in society, he said, adding that courts were never as free as they are now, so those who did not like the decision of the court could go to higher courts.
Responding to a question, the governor said the blood money might have been paid by the family of Davis, if the US government did not pay it.Answering another question, Khosa said that no one could pressurise the 19 people without their willingness, adding that the court had mentioned in its detailed judgment that there was no single evidence that proved otherwise. (ANI)
- Raymond Davis himself paid blood money: Pak Attorney General - Mar 19, 2011
- Judge who acquitted Davis of double murder charges goes on leave - Mar 17, 2011
- Davis pardoned, released in accordance with Pakistani law: White House - Mar 17, 2011
- Blame game erupts between PML-N, PML-Q over Raymond Davis' acquittal - Mar 17, 2011
- Lahore HC gives both Pak, Punjab govts 10 days to recover heirs of Davis' victims - Apr 01, 2011
- Davis' release challenged in Lahore High Court - Mar 17, 2011
- Victims' heirs weren't under any pressure to accept blood money, pardon Davis: Lawyer - Mar 21, 2011
- Blow-by-blow account of how US pressure on Pakistan led to release of Raymond Davis - Mar 17, 2011
- Pak Home Ministry given a week's time to reply in Davis shootout victims' heirs case - Apr 12, 2011
- Lahore police chief ignorant about whereabouts of heirs of Davis shootout victims - Mar 22, 2011
- Pak Attorney General asked to submit reply on Davis' release, departure - Apr 15, 2011
- Lahore HC seeks explanation on 'disappearance' of heirs of Davis shootout victims - Mar 21, 2011
- US expects to get 'blood money' bill over Davis' acquittal: Official - Mar 19, 2011
- Pak NA motion calls to debate state institutions' role in Davis' acquittal - Mar 19, 2011
- Inappropriate to hold one institution responsible for Davis' acquittal: Gilani - Mar 19, 2011
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About Dr. Quinn Medicine Woman This family Western show centers on the adventures of Michaela Quinn, a doctor who lives in the post-Civil War frontier town of Colorado Springs. Moving there after her father, a Boston physician, dies, Dr. Mike, as she's called, must win over the trust of her new community, who are not exactly thrilled about having a woman doctor.... Harley Quinn Injustice Costume would be the perfect gear to carry for this Halloween, watch this makeup guide it will help you to get the perfect look: Harley Quinn Injustice 2 Costume If the look of Harley Quinn in Injustice 2 made you fall for it then follow the links below to get your Costume ready to go out there on Comic Con and Halloween to cosplay Harleen Quinzel.
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Is it possible to increse my carry weight with having max strength and t60b power armor? I was over my carry weight in the glowing sea and didnt have a place to fast travel back to.... not to carry someone's bags. You will attend depositions to examine witnesses. not to take notes. You will compete with your adversaries. not other lawyers at the firm. Some of the best trial lawyers in the country will show you how to become a master of the courtroom. If you believe you have the potential to do these things before your peers, Quinn Emanuel is the place for you. Every year, a
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Byron Sully : The Cheyanne say that the dead carry their scars with them to the afterlife. Dr. Michaela 'Mike' Quinn : Well, I disagree.... Delegate Israel O'Quinn listens as State Senator Bill Carrico briefs reporters on plans for the bills to authorize a referendum in Bristol on the casino.
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Experience. Elizabeth Quinn is a former writer for Verywell Fit covering sports medicine. She is an exercise physiologist and fitness consultant who has been writing about sports medicine, injuries, and training techniques and working with athletes for over a decade.
- Harley Quinn is a secondary antagonist in Batman: The Enemy Within. A masked criminal and a member of the Pact, her true identity was Dr. Harleen Quinzel, a former psychiatrist at Arkham Asylum and Blackgate Penitentiary. Whilst working with the group to retrieve a biological weapon, she became...
- July 2, 2018, 13:45 UTC League of Legends / quinn / Quinn is now performing as a top-3 bot lane and top lane carry—here's what happened We'll let you take a guess.
- Harley Quinn in Harley Quinn's revenge Harley's outfit was the same as in the base game, however, it was a different color. Her hair was black, with the tip of her left one dyed red.
- I love Quinn, she's one of my favorite champions to take into top lane because she's a great counter to a lot of champions I hate and I also enjoy using her kit, however, lately, I've noticed one huge issue when I play her: I can't carry throughout the entire game.
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USCCU Blog: Articles, News, & Events
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Talk the Talk When You Get an Auto Loan in Middle Tennessee
Getting an auto loan in Middle Tennessee can seem like a long, complicated process filled with jargon you don't understand. However, an auto loan can be a valuable financial tool that saves you in a crunch or gets you one step closer to your desired lifestyle.Read More


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Regular price
Sweets Homegrown Kendamas are made completely on American soil and are the highest quality Kendamas to ever bear the Sweets name!
The Splice gets its name from combining multiple species of woods into one beautiful kendama.
The sarado is made from Maple, Purpleheart, and Ash. Not only does this look great, but this wood combo means that almost every Splice is honed for lunars due to the weight distribution. Not only that, but you'll be slinging for days with the smooth Maple on the bottom, and with the rougher Ash on top, there is even extra grip for birds and stilts.
The tama is layered from bottom to top with Ash, Purpleheart, Maple, Walnut followed again by Maple and topped with Purpleheart. Not only will this design give you tracking for miles but by keeping Ash on the bottom, it means that you'll have extra grip right around your bevel for locking in those stalls.
Top all this off with that Sweets Cushion Clear, which gives you the perfect amount of tack, you're gonna be lacing some bangers!
Each Splice features:
Every complete Homegrown Kendama also comes boxed with HG Stickers, HG Pin and an extra string and bead.
What makes HG's even better is that Sweets Kendamas have partnered with The Arbor Day Foundation, so that every Homegrown kendama bought plants a tree!
So get ready to save the world and do some serious levelling up!