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This mint-green bath bomb, made by Los Angeles-based De La Beuh, combines the invigorating aromatherapy of peppermint oil with the pain relief benefits of CBD. I sat in the bath with this bath bomb soak for an hour—until the water ran cold—when I had both cramps and lower back aches, and while it doesn't beat ingesting a painkiller, it did help soothe my pains so that I fell asleep as soon as I hit the pillow. De La Beuh sells bath bombs in many varieties—including a glittery Kaleidoscope version that will turn your bath into "unicorn" colors—so your preference just depends on your preferred aroma.
This is a whole new idea to me and I can use any help you can offer. I suffer from post stroke pain in my thigh which sounds similar to the pain diabetics feel in their feet (sort of electric shocks shooting through my skin). I've had this 24/7 for about 5 years now. The 600 mg Gabapentin 3 times a day is no longer helping. A friend just suggested marijuana topicals which I had never heard of! Any recommendations?
My mother has dementia/Alzheimers along with a broken knee that they will not repair do to her mental status. She is currently in a nursing home. I firmly believe her mental situation began with the over use of hydrocodone for over 30 years and was acerbated by the trauma of breaking and disconnecting her knee cap. Since weaning her off of her meds (still in progress) we have regained much of her consciousness. I want to try CBD to help in her recovery or to help slow down the disease. I cannot find a dosage recommendation plus the nursing home/doctor does not recommend it. I would need to give it to her when I am there visiting (about 3 - 4 times per week). Is there a recommended dosage for dementia/Alzheimers?
CBD produced in the United States is by far superior to the lower quality extracts imported from overseas. With lenient regulations in countries throughout Europe and China, we urge you to take the time to properly educate yourself before buying CBD imported from overseas. With our proprietary strain and the industry's most innovative extraction techniques, we guarantee the highest quality CBD available.
Yes, CBD oils made from marijuana (sativa or indica) can have higher concentrations of both CBD–as well as CBN and THC (the latter is the "main attraction" because it's psychoactive). But because not everyone can lawfully buy them (and those who can must purchase in person from a state-licensed dispensary) and they're not available online except to customers living in certain recreational-weed-legal states, they aren't being reviewed here. Also, MJ-derived CBD oils are not as widely produced and sold.
In the United States, the CBD drug Epidiolex has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of two epilepsy disorders.[13] The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration has assigned Epidiolex a Schedule V classification while non-Epidiolex CBD remains a Schedule I drug prohibited for any use.[14] CBD is not scheduled under any United Nations drug control treaties, and in 2018 the World Health Organization recommended that it remain unscheduled.[15]
It's the Wild West out there. Without any federal regulatory body checking labels, consumers have very little way of knowing what they're buying when they purchase CBD oil. Bonn-Miller co-authored a study that found that 26 percent of CBD products on the market contained less CBD than their label claimed. So the amount you need for an effective dose could vary drastically, not just from product to product, but from bottle to bottle of the same product.
This pocket-sized salve is perfect for travel or for sports, when you need a quick fix for your sore joints and muscles. It is also infused with arnica, meadowsweet, elderflower, calendula, ginger, vitamin E, turmeric, and other nourishing skincare ingredients that provide anti-inflammatory benefits. It's good to know ahead of time that this salve is extremely hard to apply—there's a lot of beeswax in there, which makes it difficult to melt enough to rub into your skin. (There is also a handy Topical Roll-On version so that you don't have to even use your fingers—the problem is, the roll-on formula is also made with beeswax. It's been 65 degrees in New York City all week and I still can't get the formula to melt in the roll-on. Nothing that placing the container in a bowl of hot water won't solve, but it's not up to general skincare standards.)
The manufacturer will probably give you a recommended dosage, but bear in mind that this isn't set in stone. What you need to find is your own minimum effective dose. "Minimum effective dose" is a medical term which refers to the amount of a substance you need for the results you want, and above which, the substance doesn't increase in effectiveness.
If your state has legalized both compounds, look for a cream with 1:1 CBD to THC as well as another cannabinoid BCP (beta-caryophyllene) if possible, which manufacturers have seen better results with, Gerdeman suggests. Try Apothecanna's Extra Strength Relieving Creme ($20; apothecanna.com) or Whoopi & Maya's Medical Cannabis Rub (yes, that's Whoopi Goldberg's line), which was designed specifically for menstrual aches and pains (whoopiandmaya.com).
Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive segment of the marijuana plant, has created huge enthusiasm among researchers and physicians. CBD Oil applies its remedial effect on an atomic level is as yet being sorted out. Cannabidiol is a pleiotropic sedate in that it produces numerous impacts through various atomic pathways. CBD Oil acts through different receptor-free channels and by official with various non-cannabinoid receptors and particle channels.


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The ultimate aim of this phase is to apply for or acquire any necessary permits and consents, register our clients with the appropriate governing bodies for the Renewable Heat Incentives (RHI) or The Feed in Tariffs (FITs), successfully install, commission and hand over a fully operational system. This involves specifying, tendering for and implementing a renewable system and any associated contracting issues.
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A three-way production collaboration brings us the excellent "Broken Hearted" this week. Out now through Universal Sweden, artists LIAMOO, Steerner and Hechmann put some of their best sounds forward with this release.
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Dropping today is a fresh edit of Lucky Luke's single "Cooler Than Me," that has already topped over 8 million streams since it's original release and we're sure this will keep momentum going even more!
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Circo Loco, DC10, Ibiza 2011 marked a strong comeback for New York's Filsonik after a few quiet years spent in the environs of his home town. As ...
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How to Prime Your Mind for Innovative Thinking
Your brain is pretty smart. It's amazing. If your brain were a person, it would be in both the super-hip and the super-smart crowd. Your brain is designed to make creativity happen, to think innovatively, and to come up with killer ideas. But before you can get to the killer idea part, you need to take a step back and prime your brain for innovative thinking. Think of it like being the pre-work you before you paint a wall (but much easier). You know that if you create the right conditions, the painted wall will look kick arse. Establishing a high-performance environment for your brain will keep the innovation stream clear and the ideas sparking happily. The good news is there are two easy things you can do right now to create the right environment to fuel ideas: 1. Open your eyes to really notice the things around you; and 2. Freshen up your space. 1. Open Your Eyes and Look Up (and Down, Around and Under) The No.1 thing you need to remember with developing great ideas and market leading thinking is: Great things in = great things out. Brilliant chefs, artists, designers, architects, and authors have all known this for years. Every time you open a book, read a report, or connect with new people and have a conversation, you take in new things. The same is true when you go somewhere different or experience something new. You allow in much more information. That helps you to create … Continue reading →


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PREVIOUS TEAMS16/17 - TSV Stelingen
What do you think of Fardin Löhr?
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Fardin Löhr was born on 06.01.1993 in . He is 26 years old and his citizenship is Deutschland. His current club is TuS Davenstedt, where he plays in the left midfield.
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Rustic And Modern Bedroom – It is possible to also paint a mural of trees on a focal wall to produce the look of a woods. If you aren't artistic, or in the event you desire a professional look, seek the services of a local artist to make the mural for you. With the wide selection of candles readily available, you can take advantage of several various shapes and sizes to obtain the feel you would like. The kind of furniture you choose for your bedroom not only reflects your taste, but it is going to also cause a mood or atmosphere that could set the tone for your complete moment. There are infinite possibilities in developing a safari theme room for kids.
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Foreign Projects
KAWASAKI Steel settles in Chongqing
2013-06-09 17:27:51
CHONGQING (CQNEWS) -- JFE Container Co., Ltd. under the Fortune 500 KAWASAKI Steel, united with ITOCHU Corporation and HighChem Company Limited, signed an investment agreement with Changshou Economic and Technological Development Zone of Chongqing to jointly invest 56 million US dollars to construct a steel container project, according to the Administrative Committee of Changshou Economic and Technological Development Area, Chongqing on March 20, 2013.
JFE Container Co., Ltd., jointly established by Nippon Kokan Co., Ltd. and KAWASAKI Steel, is the world's 2nd largest steel group, and one of the few companies producing sedan planking, with the annual steel output of 27 million tons.
What is more, JFE Container is also one of the strategic partners of BASF, providing BASF with steel drums from all over the world. It has built supporting plants in Shanghai, Nanjing and Yangzhou. The settlement in Changshou Economic and Technological Development Zone is also to support the MDI project of BASF in the area.
The project of KAWASAKI Steel, with an area of 50 mu and an annual output of 3 million steel drums, will be put into production in the second half of 2014.
Editor:Liu Kan


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Shop online for easy-to-wear fashion from Zoe Karssen
Shirts with a clear message
These trendy pieces from Zoe Karssen are absolute must-haves with a firm place in the wardrobes of celebrities like Beyoncé, Rihanna and Kate Moss. The Amsterdam-based label was launched in 2010 by designer duo Zoe and Quince Karssen, quickly gaining international attention. The casual hoodies, cool T-shirts with eye-catching appliqués or slogans, and knitted pullovers in graphical patterns are favourites that will make you everyone's envy.
Lost for words? Never mind – just grab yourself a cool sweatshirt with attitude. The slogans help out when words fail us. From "R.A.P. – Rap in Peace" and "Troublemaker" to "Toy Boy" – the pullovers and shirts put it in a nutshell! Whether in terry cloth or embroidered, your message will be clear. In one of these statement tops, you'll catch everyone's gaze wherever you are – on holiday, at home, at the park or on the dance floor of the most popular clubs in town. There are also casual tops in super-soft jersey, linen and other fabrics.
Casual, fancy, Zoe Karssen
Playful prints ranging from snappy slogans to cheeky fruit adorn the tops and bottoms of the streetstyle label. Yet all the trendy pieces from Zoe Karssen share one thing – they are ultra laid back and super comfortable. A relaxed outing in town, a day in the park, or quality time at home? With Zoe Karssen you add urban flair with witty charm to your wardrobe. When fashionistas and fashion bloggers all over the world choose their signature look, they trust in these trendy garments from the Dutch designers. The super-soft jersey and the relaxed fit create the ultimate casual look. The collection includes pullovers in the latest oversize design as well as figure-hugging tops. The colours are simple – black, white and grey dominate, as well as pastels, like pink. Used-look sweatshirts and pullovers underline the label's trendy appeal. Yet Zoe Karssen creates more than just sweatshirts and tops – the label from trendsetting Amsterdam also includes stylish dresses, jeans, and pants in fleece fabric or a comfortable wool blend.
Simple patterns, eye-catching design
Characteristic of Zoe Karssen basics are their simple patterns and relaxed fit. All the garments are perfectly crafted in quality fabrics. The Dutch label is the ultimate marriage of style and nonchalance. Model Alessandra Ambrosio sports the perfect streetstyle with a Zoe Karssen sweatshirt, cute blouse and chunky boots. The tops and tees in the collection are ideal for the perfect rocker look. But Zoe Karssen designs can also create a ladylike style. Invest in an "it" piece and pair it with a simple garment from your wardrobe. All eyes will be on you in a Zoe Karssen outfit – no wonder, given the prints and statements on the shirts, tops and pullovers are mostly ironic sideswipes at fashion icons, celebrities and pop stars.
Fashion from Zoe Karssen is one thing above all – fun! If you are looking for that individual look, you'll love these trendy garments! Shop online at Marin & Milou for these popular pieces.


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It's cold outside, and that means it won't be long until Christmas. Have you begun holiday shopping yet? Check out this video story about Oxford by Addison Markham of Oxford Stories. It may give you a few gift ideas. You can reach her at email@example.com.
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Other Resources
Helpful Voting Links — New York
Do not miss your next election! Many states will hold local and state elections in 2019. Visit your state website for local election dates and deadlines.
- Register to Vote
- Check your registration status
- State Election Website
- State Election Dates
- Find your Polling Place
- See Your Ballot
- Absentee Ballot Instructions
- Request an Absentee Ballot
- Felon Voting Laws
- Call the Election Office: (518) 474-6220
- County Election Offices
- County Government Information
Primary/Caucus Info — New York
Only registered voters affiliated with a particular party may vote in its primary.
What's on the ballot?
Some congressional seats, state offices, and constitutional amendments may be included on the ballot. You must be affiliated with a political party at least 25 days prior to the election to participate.
Congressional primary will be held on June 26, 2018. The state primary will be held on September 11, 2018.
See Where Your Elected Officials Stand — New York
Voter ID Requirements — New York
What forms of ID are acceptable?
- Current and valid photo identification
- Current utility bill, bank statement, government check, paycheck, or other government document that shows the voter's name and address.
Early & Absentee Voting — New YorkRequest an Absentee Ballot
Early Voting Dates: Once the ballots are available until November 5th
You can vote in person at your county election board's office, or in the case of New York City, Borough Board of Election's office, once the ballots are available until November 5th at 5:00 p.m. before the election, using an absentee ballot.
To vote absentee by mail, first you'll need to apply for an absentee ballot (click here) no later than October 30th. Then, when you complete your absentee ballot, it must be postmarked by November 5th.
Whether it's in person or by mail, you'll need to give an excuse to vote by absentee ballot. Info here on what qualifies.


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In the spirit of college basketball's "March Madness," we pit title against title in a literary competition! Our librarians carefully select the 16 best titles in adult fiction – YOU help us choose the winner!
We have announced the following match-ups for the 2019 season:
- An American Marriage VS The Immortalists
- Carnegie's Maid VS The Great Alone
- The President is Missing VS Let Me Lie
- Children of Blood and Bone VS Circe
- Baby Teeth VS The Outsider
- The Woman in the Window VS The Wife Between Us
- The Kiss Quotient VS Every Note Played
- There There VS An Absolutely Remarkable Thing
Take a swing at predicting the winning titles for a chance to win a grand prize! To enter the competition, use our bracket to write down which book you think will win each match-up. Return your bracket to Whitehall Public Library by March 10, 2019, for the chance to win a prize! (winner announced April 1st). To fill out a bracket electronically, click here.
Don't forget to vote for the winners in March! Your vote may determine who wins. Voting will occur each week, according to the following schedule:
- Round 1 match-ups: March 4 – March 10
- Round 2 match-ups: March 11 – March 17
- Round 3 match-ups: March 18 – March 24
- Final Round: March 25 – March 31
Check back with us on how to vote!


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When the Irish poet William Butler Yeats penned the eternal verses of his classic poem 'The Second Coming' which enjoyed a more popular title of 'Things Fall Apart', he apparently did not have Nigeria nor the country's ruling party, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in mind. The main message of Yeats' work, written in 1919 soon after the First World War ended in 1917, is a narrative on how the very factors that led the world to war in the first place were regrouping and likely to lead to another one. Hence the first title of the work was 'The Second Coming'.
Incidentally, either by providence or otherwise the country has come to enjoy an ominous connection with that work through which Yeats – even in his grave, would enjoy a further stretch of his endowment with poetic prescience: case study – Nigeria. To put it succinctly, his work has successfully framed Nigeria's contemporary politics – especially with respect to some inanities of the APC, in bold relief. Without prejudice to the fact that the late Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe adopted the title of Yeat's work -'Things Fall Apart' to brand one of the former's greatest works, recent turn of events, especially within the leadership class of the ruling APC seem to be playing out significant aspects of Yeat's plot. In a comparable context, the cumulative effect of the APC string of crises point to an implosion at its command centre, leaving it with a series of cracks. The situation may have also cast a long shadow over the future of democracy in the country given the role of the APC as the ruling party whose internal circumstances would invariably rub off most aspects of life in the country.
Against the backdrop of a deluge of misgivings trailing the just concluded political party primaries across the 36 states, looms at the national level a turbulence generated by a coalescence of fallouts from the same state primary polls. The political windstorm so generated is presently tearing at the very heart of the APC, much as its leaders opt to deny same. Yet the dispensation has left the party technically reeling from what pugilists refer to as punch-drunk syndrome. This is the state of disorientation with respect to mental and motor function, in a victim of a killer-punch on the ear, with loss of capacity to maintain balance.
The turbulence in the APC is driven by the interplay of at least four independent storms. In one vein is the clash between the APC National Chairman Adams Oshiomhole and at least three state governors namely Rochas Okorocha of Imo State, Ibikunle Amosun of Ogun State and Abdulazeez Yari of Zamfara State. The bone of contention here is the failure of the mentioned governors to have their preferred candidates flying the APC flag as governorship candidates in their respective states, during the forthcoming 2019 general polls. This, they blame Oshiomhole for.
In another vein is Oshiomhole's unfinished business of contriving a sack from office of Bukola Saraki as President of the Senate. This 'Saraki must go' agenda was initially launched at the inception of the Eighth National Assembly in June 2015, by Ahmed Bola Tinubu, in his quest to control the two chambers of the National Assembly. Oshiomhole, in the search for a theme to latch on to, came to serve as its later day apostle.
Meanwhile in a poetic twist arose a clamour for Oshiomhole's own resignation from office as APC National Chairman, over yet to be proven, grave allegations of bribery and manipulations. This new dimension is believed to be driven by a grouping of dissatisfied losers during the primaries exercise. Just as well is an ongoing court trial in which Oshiomhole is expected to defend himself against allegations of corrupt enrichment while he was in office as governor of Edo State for eight years. His accuser – a Benin based cleric, had obtained a court ruling that Oshiomhole has a case to answer in the matter.
Beyond the Oshiomhole axis is a complement of festering post primaries issues in the states which when taken along with the warts around the National Chairman, confront the party with further weakening of its chances in the coming polls. The side shows unfortunately remain potent factors that may prove helpful or deleterious to cohesion of the party's structures in the respective states depending on how they are handled.
As for Oshiomhole, embattled as he may be from the consolidated barrage of attacks from different directions, his plight cannot be separated from a bigger danger facing the APC super structure which draws its root from sheer policy inconsistency of the party. Not a few Nigerians are forgetting that the APC crisis is not new to the party when even as an organization it had pretended all along that the issues associated with its internal disharmonies, would naturally fizzle out on their own. Unfortunately, corporate maladies do not fizzle out on their own, but are only eliminated by deliberate action targeted at eliminating them.
It is interesting that Tinubu, with all his contributions to the party's present state of arrested development, was reported to have likened the serially crises-ridden primaries to football matches where players come out of the pitches at the end of games with various conditions. Some would come out with victory, others with loss, and yet others with injuries that neither victory nor loss in the game can assuage. What a utopian situation Nigerian politics would have been if only Tinubu's simplistic analogy were realistic.
Seen in context therefore, the various storms in the APC are simply outcomes of intra- party politicking without rules of engagement. Hence the party is paying the price of promoting lawlessness and deficit of internal democracy in its innards, whereby the better disposed members are allowed free rein to play out the two dangerous conditions of 'might is right' and 'winner takes all'.
This situation which is not new actually engendered the advent of Oshiomhole as National Chairman of the party which he marked with the agenda of restoring party supremacy in APC. Desirable as the agenda was he was left unchecked as he executed a yeoman's job at panel-beating the APC according to his perception of party supremacy. It is in this context that the genesis of the APC's present troubles are situated.
It should not be forgotten that in the wake of the mass defections last July by legislators in the National Assembly from the APC to the PDP, the APC leadership promised the sit-tight ones automatic return tickets to their present positions in government, in the forthcoming polls, for their loyalty. However, during the party primaries, potentates in many states broke ranks with the party hierarchy to favour their anointed candidates. It was the lot of Oshiomhole to act out his party supremacy agenda in order to tame any untoward development and over-zealous party forces. Hence excoriating Oshiomole now without recourse to the party's history of unique twists and turns in running its affairs, may not serve the cause of fair play, even as defined by the APC.
In the same vein, if the APC now tries to put Oshiomhole down, in order to appease some of its powerful elements, the party may be hurting itself rather irredeemably.
This is where the build-up of crises around Oshiomhole and beyond offers the APC a similitude to the plot of Yeats' poem 'Things Fall Apart'. The party cannot in all honesty pretend that all is well with its inner workings and outer image before Nigerians.
The question on everybody's lip now is whether the APC – with its centre tearing apart, can still get its act together, ahead of the general polls which are only a few weeks away.
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On the whole, ideological and political education can be divided into explicit and implicit ideological and political education. Recessive ideological and political education means that educators take indirect and implicit ways to infiltrate the contents of ideological and political education into the living environment and specific forms of activities of the educational objects, so as to educate and influence the world outlook, outlook on life and values of the educational objects. The ideological and political education is given priority to with the recessive education, using the subject infiltration and the fun, the combination of in-class practice and extracurricular practice, combining the material environment and spiritual environment, multiple perspectives, multiple forms, all-round to carry out the ideological and political education and has achieved remarkable achievement, ideological and political education in China has great significance and enlightenment function.
Britain has the latent recessive ideological and political education purpose, namely the compulsory education objective latent in all sorts of activities, "the education" advocated by the educatees will subtly educators content of ideological and political education into their own morality, and outside it into their own behavior, so as to attain the goal of education. It can be seen that the purpose and essence of British ideological and political education is to maintain the rule of the bourgeoisie and cultivate talents needed by the bourgeoisie.
British ideological and political education widely integrates and makes use of various social resources. Mass media, religion and social environment are all important means of carrying out ideological and political education. British mass media has a long history and various forms. It owns many famous media brands such as BBC and times. All these mass media brands provide important media for the UK to promote mainstream values and moral values to its citizens, and facilitate the value export of the UK. In terms of religion, Britain attaches great importance to the role of religious education in ideological and political education. Using religion to improve the ideological and moral level of young people and to educate them on world outlook, outlook on life and values is an important means of ideological and political education in Britain. In terms of social environment, the British government has built a large number of public cultural places such as former homes of celebrities, museums, memorials and national parks, creating a good social material and spiritual environment, and enabling the public to accept and identify with the mainstream values of the UK through olimation.
The content and target of British ideological and political education are set according to the needs of students at different levels. The content and target of each stage are interlinked and step by step. The physical and mental development status and acceptance limit of students at different ages are fully considered to achieve the best educational effect.
British implicit ideological and political education advocates the educational concept of humanism. Humanism is to take the real needs of people as the starting point, pay attention to the value and dignity of students themselves, pay attention to the cultivation and education of students' personality, follow the law of physical and mental development of people to achieve the free and comprehensive development of people, is the starting point of ideological and political education is the end. One of the UK's proposed personal development goal for "dig up the potential of every child," let each student's individual character and the development potential, and in the process of teaching teachers can't dominate the student's thought, must start with a neutral attitude continuously guide and inspire the enthusiasm of students' autonomous learning, to make the students really become the subject of ideological and political education itself, greatly improve the effect of the ideological and political education.
The present ideological and political education according to the theory of classroom lectures and infusion is given priority to, although to a certain extent, guarantee the education content of systemic, but as a result of practice teaching, do not give full play to the student participation enthusiasm, has affected the students their own experience of education content, causes students to accept the passive, the content of ideological and political education internalization, is not conducive to achieve the ideal goal of ideological and political education. Therefore, we can learn from the British implicit ideological and political education model of combining theory teaching with classroom practice. British implicit ideological and political education rarely imparts theories in the form of indoctrination, but in the form of students' independent thinking, discussion and appropriate guidance, which fully mobilize the enthusiasm of students. So we need to strengthen students' subject position in teaching, create environment and opportunity for students to self education and helping each other between members of the collective education, from the cognition, emotion, will, belief, behavior, five elements, cultivate students' ability of moral judgment and value choice, in the heart of the practice experience of socialist core values externalization.
Comprehensive ideological and political education network refers to the trinity of family, school and social ideological and political education, forming a system of joint efforts to educate people. In the recessive ideological and political education in Britain, no matter families, schools or social and religious organizations, they will use every opportunity and occasion to publicize British culture and values, and have achieved good results.
Compared with the British ideological and political education, school is still the main front of China's ideological and political education. Schools cultivate students' good moral qualities through theoretical courses and practical activities of ideological and political education. However, the effective realization of ideological and political education is inseparable from the positive creation of a good environment by schools and society, as well as the words and deeds of teachers and parents. Schools should not only pay attention to the role of teaching, but also actively create a good campus cultural environment. In the social aspect, it is necessary to create a positive political, economic and cultural environment, and strengthen the importance of ideological and political education from the aspects of administration, legislation and management. With the emergence of the Internet, the network media has more and more influence on people's moral cognition. We can take advantage of the development of the Internet to carry out ideological and political education.
The recessive thought political education to a certain extent, has provided a reference for the ideological and political education in our country, and in the process of ideological and political education in our country's actual conduct, although can draw lessons from the successful experience of other countries, but should be more combinative oneself is actual, under the joint efforts of the whole society truly achieve the ideal goal of ideological and political education.


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Bruce Lee Lost Interview
Bruce Lee sat down in 1971 with Canadian journalist Pierre Berton in Hong Kong for his first and last television interview. In this 25 minute interview, Lee talks about various topics such as racism, martial arts, languages, his philosophy and his expectations about the future. The episode was filmed in 1971 and got lost,... more »


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Engineering Escherichia coli for efficient conversion of glucose to pyruvate
Contributed by L. O. Ingram, December 10, 2003
Escherichia coli TC44, a derivative of W3110, was engineered for the production of pyruvate from glucose by combining mutations to minimize ATP yield, cell growth, and CO2 production (ΔatpFH ΔadhE ΔsucA) with mutations that eliminate acetate production [poxB::FRT (FLP recognition target) ΔackA] and fermentation products (ΔfocA-pflB ΔfrdBC ΔldhA ΔadhE). In mineral salts medium containing glucose as the sole carbon source, strain TC44(ΔfocA-pflB ΔfrdBC ΔldhA ΔatpFH ΔadhE ΔsucA poxB::FRT ΔackA) converted glucose to pyruvate with a yield of 0.75 g of pyruvate per g of glucose (77.9% of theoretical yield; 1.2 g of pyruvate liters–1·h–1). A maximum of 749 mM pyruvate was produced with excess glucose. Glycolytic flux was >50% faster for TC44 producing pyruvate than for the wild-type W3110 during fully aerobic metabolism. The tolerance of E. coli to such drastic changes in metabolic flow and energy production implies considerable elasticity in permitted pool sizes for key metabolic intermediates such as pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. In strain TC44, pyruvate yield, pyruvate titer, and the rate of pyruvate production in mineral salts medium were equivalent or better than previously reported for other biocatalyts (yeast and bacteria) requiring complex vitamin feeding strategies and complex nutrients. TC44 offers the potential to improve the economics of pyruvate production by reducing the costs of materials, product purification, and waste disposal.
Recent trends toward the production of "green" chemicals require the development of innovative synthesis techniques that are both efficient and cost-effective. Traditional chemical companies have begun to develop infrastructures for the production of compounds by using biocatalytic processes (1–3). Considerable progress has been reported toward new processes for commodity chemicals such as ethanol (4, 5), lactic acid (6–8), 1,3-propanediol (9, 10), and adipic acid (11). In addition, advances have been made in the genetic engineering of microbes for higher value specialty compounds, such as polyketides (12, 13) and carotenoids (14, 15). Each of these chemicals can be made directly or indirectly from the same central metabolite: pyruvic acid.
The metabolic fate of pyruvate, a key branch point in central carbon metabolism, is regulated in large part by the redox state of the cell. During the fermentative metabolism of glucose, NADH levels are high, and >95% of pyruvate is used as terminal electron acceptors for NADH oxidation; <5% is partitioned into biosynthesis. During oxidative metabolism, pyruvate is oxidatively decarboxylated by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to produce CO2 and acetyl-CoA. Oxygen or other external compounds serve as the terminal electron acceptor, and NADH levels remain relatively low. Up to half of the glucose carbon is used for biosynthesis, the remainder being fully oxidized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle to CO2.
Pyruvic acid is currently manufactured for use as a food additive, nutriceutical, and weight-control supplement (16, 17). Pyruvic acid can also be used as a starting material for the synthesis of amino acids, such as alanine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, (16) and for acetaldehyde production (18). Pyruvate is produced commercially by both chemical and microbial processes (16). Chemical synthesis from tartrate involves toxic solvents and is energy-intensive (19, 20), with an estimated production cost of $8,650 per ton of pyruvate (16). Microbial pyruvate production is based primarily on two microorganisms, a multivitamin auxotroph of the yeast Torulopsis glabrata (21) and a lipoic acid auxotroph of Escherichia coli containing a mutation in the F1 ATPase component of (F1F0)H+-ATP synthase (22). Both strains require precise regulation of media composition during fermentation and complex supplements. Estimated production costs for pyruvate production with these strains is 14.5% ($1,255 per ton of pyruvate) that for chemical synthesis (16). Recently, Tomar et al. (23) have described a new E. coli mutant for pyruvate production from glucose and acetate in complex medium. This strain contains mutations in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (ppc), pyruvate dehydrogenase (aceF), and alcohol dehydrogenase (adhE).
Nutrients in culture medium often represent a major cost associated with commercial fermentations. The use of a mineral salts medium and an inexpensive carbon source offers the potential to improve the economics of many biological processes by reducing the costs of materials, product purification, and waste disposal (24). In this article, we describe the development of a biocatalyst for the efficient production of pyruvate from glucose that requires only simple mineral salts as nutrients.
Materials and Methods
Microorganisms and Media. E. coli W3110 (ATCC 27325) derivatives and LY01 (25) (Table 1) were grown on mineral salts medium (26) containing glucose (2% in plates, 3% in broth). When needed for pH control, 3-[N-morpholino]propanesulfonic acid (0.1 M, pH 7.4) was added but was not included in pH-controlled fermentations. During plasmid and strain construction, cultures were grown in LB broth or on LB plates (1.5% agar) (27). Glucose (2%) was added to LB medium for all strains containing mutations in (F1F0)H+-ATP synthase. Antibiotics were included as appropriate (50 mg/liter kanamycin, 50 mg/liter ampicillin, 50 mg/liter apramycin, and 12.5 or 6.25 mg/liter tetracycline).
Genetic Methods. Standard methods were used for plasmid construction, phage P1 transduction, electroporation, and PCR (27, 28). Coding regions for ackA and poxB were amplified by using ORFmer primers (Sigma-Genosys, The Woodlands, TX) and initially cloned into pCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen). Chromosomal integration of mutated genes was facilitated by pKD46 containing an arabinose-inducible Red recombinase (29). Integrants were selected by using antibiotic resistance, screened for appropriate antibiotic resistance markers and phenotypic traits, and verified by analyses of PCR products and fermentation profiles. FRT (FLP recognition target)-flanked antibiotic resistance genes were deleted by using FLP recombinase (30, 31).
Disruption of Pyruvate Oxidase (poxB). A single derivative of pCR2.1-TOPO was selected in which the amplified poxB gene was oriented in the same direction as the lac promoter (pLOI2075). To eliminate extraneous BsaBI sites in the vector, the small EcoRI fragment containing poxB was ligated into the corresponding site of pLOI2403 to produce pLOI2078. The SmaI fragment from pLOI2065 containing a tet gene flanked by FRT sites was ligated into the unique BsaBI site in poxB to produce pLOI2080. Plasmid pLOI2080 served as a template for the amplification of poxB::FRT-tet-FRT (3.4 kbp) with poxB primers. Amplified DNA was integrated into E. coli W3110(pKD46) as described (26) to produce LY74. The poxB::FRT-tet-FRT mutation in LY74 was transduced into TC36 to produce TC41. The tet gene was removed by using FLP recombinase, and the resulting strain was designated TC42 (ΔfocA-pflB::FRT ΔfrdBC::FRT Δ ldhA ΔatpFH::FRT ΔadhE::FRT ΔsucA::FRT poxB::FRT).
Deletion of ackA (Acetate Kinase). The ΔackA::FRT-tet-FRT mutation was transduced from SZ61 (8) into TC36 and TC42 to produce strains TC37 (ΔfocA-pflB::FRT ΔfrdBC::FRT Δ ldhA ΔatpFH::FRT ΔadhE::FRT ΔsucA::FRT ΔackA::FRT-tet-FRT) and TC43 (ΔfocA-pflB::FRT ΔfrdBC::FRT Δ ldhA ΔatpFH::FRT ΔadhE::FRT ΔsucA::FRT poxB::FRT ΔackA::FRT-tet-FRT), respectively. After removal of the tet gene by using FLP recombinase, resulting strains were designated TC38 (ΔfocA-pflB::FRT ΔfrdBC::FRT ΔldhA ΔatpFH::FRT ΔadhE::FRT ΔsucA::FRT ΔackA::FRT) and TC44 (ΔfocA-pflB::FRT ΔfrdBC::FRT ΔldhA ΔatpFH::FRT ΔadhE::FRT ΔsucA::FRT poxB::FRT ΔackA::FRT), respectively.
Fermentation. Fermentations (5 and 10 liters) were conducted at 37°C (dual Rushton impellers, 350–450 rpm; pH 7.0) in BioFlo 3000 fermentors (New Brunswick Scientific). Unless stated otherwise, dissolved oxygen levels were 100% of air saturation at the time of inoculation and allowed to fall to 5% of air saturation during cell growth with continuous air sparging [0.2 vvm (vessel volume per minute)]. This level of oxygen was maintained by mixing O2 with air at a constant flow rate of 1.0 liter/min. Broth pH was controlled with 11.4 M KOH. For fed-batch studies, glucose was added from a sterile 4-M stock. Two fed batch regimes were investigated: (i) 3% initial glucose followed by the addition of 3% glucose after 15 h (6% total glucose) and (ii) 3% initial glucose with the addition of 590 ml of 4 M glucose at a constant rate over a 20-h period (9.8% total glucose).
Seed cultures prepared as described (26) were used to provide an inoculum of 16.5 mg of dry cell weight per liter. Broth samples were removed to measure organic acids, residual glucose, and cell mass. Volumetric and specific rates were estimated from measured values for glucose and acetate by using prism (Graph-Pad, San Diego). A smooth curve was generated with 10 points per min (Lowess method) to fit measured results. The first derivative (acetate or glucose versus time) of each curve served as an estimate of volumetric rate. Specific rates (mM·liter–1·h–1·mg–1 dry cell weight) were calculated by dividing volumetric rates by respective values for cell mass.
Analyses. Organic acids and glucose were measured with a Hewlett–Packard HPLC (HP 1090 series II) equipped with a UV monitor (210 nm) and refractive index detector (26). Cell mass was estimated with a Bausch & Lomb Spectronic 70 spectrophotometer (1.0 OD550 nm is equivalent to 0.33 g/liter dry cell weight).
Pyruvate As a Coproduct During Acetate Fermentations. E. coli TC36 (ΔfocA-pflB ΔfrdBC ΔldhA ΔatpFH ΔadhE ΔsucA) was previously engineered from W3110 (wild type) for the production of acetate (Fig. 1A ) by combining chromosomal deletions that minimize cell yield, oxygen consumption, CO2 evolution, and reduced fermentation products (26). In this strain, glycolytic flux was higher than the parent because of a deletion of genes (ΔatpFH) encoding two membrane proteins that couple the F1 and F0 components of the (F1F0)H+-ATP synthase complex. This mutation eliminated ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation and created an active, cytoplasmic F1-ATPase (Fig. 1 B and C ). Glycolytic flux in TC36 exceeded the capacity for acetate production under our initial test conditions (5% air saturation at inoculation and during fermentation), resulting in the transient accumulation of ≈16 mM pyruvate near the end of exponential growth (Fig. 2). The peak level of pyruvate was increased to 81 mM (Fig. 2) by inoculating the fermentor at an initial dissolved oxygen level of 100% air saturation (rather than 5% of saturation) with continuous air sparging until the oxygen level declined to 5% air saturation, then adding oxygen to maintain 5% of air saturation. Under this condition, pyruvate yield at the peak was 25% of the maximum theoretical yield (Fig. 2).
We have explored additional genetic modifications of TC36 to further increase the efficiency of pyruvate production from glucose. Although many metabolic routes lead to acetate, two primary routes are present in E. coli (Fig. 1A ): (i) conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetate by phosphotransacetylase (pta) and acetate kinase (ackA) and (ii) direct oxidation of pyruvate to acetate by pyruvate oxidase (poxB) (Fig. 1A ). Derivatives of TC36 were constructed with mutations in both pathways.
Acetate Kinase (ΔackA) Enhances Pyruvate Production but Inhibits Glycolysis. To block acetate production by the acetate kinase pathway, the central region of the ackA gene was deleted in TC36 to produce TC38. Acetate production was reduced by 85% (Fig. 3C and Table 2), consistent with the acetate kinase pathway being the dominant route for acetate production in TC36. However, this deletion also reduced net ATP production (estimated) by 30% (Fig. 1A ), reduced cell yield by 36% (Fig. 3A and Table 2), and reduced the maximum specific growth rate by 45% (Table 3). Glycolytic flux was reduced by 45% (Table 3), increasing the time required to complete fermentations from 18 h for TC36 to 24 h for TC38 (Fig. 3B ). Although both volumetric and specific rates of glucose metabolism were lower for TC38 (Table 3), pyruvate yield was 5.5-fold higher (Table 2 and Fig. 3D ), and the specific rate of pyruvate production was 4-fold higher (Table 3) than for TC36. Small amounts of 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, and fumarate were produced by both strains. Ten percent to 15% of the carbon was not recovered as cell mass or acidic fermentation products and is presumed to be lost as CO2 because of metabolite cycling. With strain TC38, the pyruvate yield (195 mM) was 58% of the theoretical maximum. Acetate (28.9 mM) remained the second most abundant product.
Pyruvate Oxidase (poxB) Mutation Causes a Small Reduction in Acetate Production. Pyruvate can be metabolized to acetate by the membrane-bound protein pyruvate oxidase by using the electron transport system to couple oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The poxB gene is typically repressed during exponential growth but is induced by stress or entry into stationary phase (32, 33). The poxB gene in TC36 was disrupted by constructing stop codons in the central region to produce TC42. In contrast to the ackA deletion (TC38), the poxB mutation (TC42) caused a relatively small decease in acetate and an increase in pyruvate (Table 2 and Fig. 3 C and D ), consistent with a minor role for the PoxB pathway. Pyruvate yield with TC42 was <30% of the theoretical maximum. Unlike the mutation in ackA (TC38), inactivation of poxB (TC42) did not reduce the rate of growth or glucose metabolism (Table 3).
Combining Mutations in Pyruvate Oxidase (poxB) and Acetate Kinase (ackA) Increased Pyruvate Production. Strain TC44 (ΔfocA-pflB ΔfrdBC ΔldhA ΔatpFH ΔadhE ΔsucA poxB::FRT ΔackA) was constructed in which both the acetate kinase and pyruvate oxidase mutations were combined in a TC36 background. Inactivation of poxB was beneficial for growth and pyruvate production (Fig. 3A and Tables 2 and 3) in comparison to TC38 (an isogenic strain containing functional poxB). Both volumetric and specific rates of glucose metabolism were higher for TC44 than for TC36 or TC38 (Table 3). Acetate production by TC44 was half that of TC38, and the pyruvate yield was 17% higher. The specific rate of pyruvate production by TC44 was 8-fold that of TC36 and twice that of TC38 (Table 3). The time required to complete fermentation with TC44 was 30% shorter than with TC38 (Fig. 3B ). Broth containing 3% glucose (167 mM) was metabolized to 2.2% pyruvate (252 mM) after 18 h in mineral salts medium (Fig. 3D ). Although acetate levels were substantially reduced by combining the poxB and ackA mutations (Fig. 3C ), acetate (12 mM) and dicarboxylic acids (20 mM) remained as minor products.
The Beneficial Role of a poxB Mutation for Pyruvate Production. Although eliminating the primary route for acetyl-CoA dissimilation (ΔackA) in TC38 increased pyruvate production, this was accompanied by detrimental effects on growth and fermentation rates (Fig. 2 and Tables 2 and 3) that were substantially reduced by inactivation of PoxB (TC44). Pyruvate oxidase competes with NADH oxidation for oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor and represents a potential mechanism for this action. Oxygen transfer rates are frequently limiting during aerobic fermentations at relatively high levels of saturation (34) and may be even more problematic under our fermentation conditions (5% of air saturation). Increased PoxB activity resulting from larger pyruvate pools in the acetate kinase mutant (TC38) would be expected to decrease the availability of NAD+ for glycolysis and to increase the levels of NADH, an allosteric inhibitor of key biosynthetic enzymes, such as citrate synthase (35) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (36). This hypothesis was tested in part by examining the effect of increasing the oxygen level during fermentation with TC38.
Increasing oxygen saturation from 5% to 50% during TC38 fermentations (Tables 2 and 3) was beneficial, consistent with our hypothesis. Cell yield, pyruvate yield, and the specific rate of glucose metabolism were 8–41% higher for TC38 at 50% air saturation than at 5% air saturation. These results were very similar to those observed for the isogenic poxB mutant TC44 during fermentation at 5% air saturation. Increasing the oxygen saturation during TC38 fermentations also decreased the final concentrations of acetate to a level equivalent to TC44 at 5% air saturation and decreased the production of dicarboxylic acids (Table 2).
Prior experience with the acetate-producing strain TC36 demonstrated that yields could be improved by simple changes in fermentation conditions (26). Unlike TC36, decreasing the ammonia level by half did not increase product yields for TC44 (Table 2). However, doubling of the initial concentration of glucose or providing a second addition of glucose (3% plus 3%) increased pyruvate yields by 11% and doubled the final pyruvate titer. With excess glucose, 749 mM pyruvate was produced. This may represent the limit for pyruvate tolerance. Addition of 600 mM pyruvate to mineral salts medium inhibited the growth of wild-type W3110 (data not shown).
Construction of E. coli TC44 for pyruvate excretion during the oxidative metabolism of glucose required mutations to reduce the utilization of pyruvate for cell growth (ΔatpFH ΔsucA) and the elimination of all major nonessential pathways (ΔfocA-pflB ΔfrdBC ΔldhA adhE poxB::FRT ΔackA) that can consume pyruvate. In this strain, glycolytic flux exceeded that of the unmodified parent, W3110, by >50%. This increased rate of glycolysis is attributed to the ATPase (ΔatpFH) mutation that provided a cytoplasmic F1-ATPase, increasing the availability of ADP for glycolysis and minimizing allosteric inhibition by ATP accumulation. A similarly high flux was previously reported for an analogous strain designed for the efficient production of acetate (26). Strain TC44 converted glucose to pyruvate with a yield of 0.75 g of pyruvate per g of glucose (77.9% of theoretical yield) under optimal conditions in minimal medium. With excess glucose, a maximum of 749 mM pyruvate was produced.
Addition of a pyruvate oxidase mutation was surprisingly beneficial for growth and pyruvate production. Introduction of the poxB deletion into the acetate-producing strain (TC36) resulted in a small improvement in growth rate, in contrast to the ackA deletion that reduced growth rate by half (Table 3). The decreased growth rate in the acetate kinase mutant of TC36 cannot be explained by the predicted 30% reduction in ATP yield, because the growth rate was substantially restored by adding a subsequent mutation in pyruvate oxidase, which should not affect ATP production. These results suggested that the reduction in growth rate by the acetate kinase mutation may result from an increase in PoxB activity associated with a larger pyruvate pool.
Pyruvate oxidase transfers electrons from pyruvate to ubiquinone on the decarboxylation of pyruvate. An increase in pyruvate metabolized by pyruvate oxidase would increase oxygen demand and reduce the oxygen available for NADH oxidation (37). Because the total nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide pool is relatively constant (38) and the NAD+/NADH ratio is responsive to changes in oxygen availability (38), increased pyruvate oxidase activity would also reduce the level of NAD+ available for glycolysis. High NADH levels also serve as an important allosteric regulator of key enzymes such as citrate synthase (35) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (36). Allosteric inhibition of these enzymes in minimal medium would limit both glycolytic flux and the partitioning of carbon into biosynthesis. Oxidation of NADH is also essential to provide the stoichiometric levels of NAD+ required for glycolysis. Thus, inactivating pyruvate oxidase may be expected to improve growth by eliminating the increase in oxygen demand, restoring the NAD+ pools for glycolysis, and decreasing the level of NADH. This hypothesis was supported by further tests in which the availability of oxygen was increased from 5% of air saturation to 50% of air saturation during fermentation with the acetate kinase mutant TC38. The increase in oxygen (50% air saturation) substantially reversed the negative impact of the acetate kinase mutation on growth rate and metabolism, analogous to the effect of adding a pyruvate oxidase mutation. A similar increase in oxygen was of no benefit for TC44 in which both acetate pathways had been mutated (data not shown).
Pyruvate can be produced by a variety of microorganisms, including mutants of yeasts and bacteria (Table 4). Typical production rates for these biocatalysts are ≈1 g·liter–1·h–1, with yields exceeding half the weight of substrate. T. glabrata, a yeast strain currently used for the commercial production of pyruvate, can achieve pyruvate titers of 69 g/liter, although yields are somewhat lower than for TC44 and more elaborate process controls are required. T. glabrata strains used in the commercial process are multivitamin auxotrophs requiring tight regulation of vitamin concentrations that result in complex vitamin feeding strategies during fermentation (16). Previous E. coli strains constructed for pyruvate production were cultured in complex media and achieved low titers (22, 23). In contrast, E. coli TC44 produced pyruvate at high yields and high titers when used with only mineral salts, glucose, and simple process controls.
The remarkable tolerance of E. coli to drastic changes in metabolic fluxes that allows the production of acetate or pyruvate as alternative products of metabolism implies considerable elasticity in permitted pool sizes for key metabolic intermediates, such as pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. It is interesting to note that pyruvate transiently accumulated in broth during fermentations with TC36 but was rapidly cometabolized with glucose during the latter stages of fermentation. Similar transient accumulation and reutilization was previously observed in minimal medium for other central metabolites (carboxylic acids and acetate) in other derivatives of W3110 (26). Exogenously added pyruvate has been shown to be rapidly mixed and metabolized with intracellular pyruvate (39). Carboxylic acids (40, 41) and acetate (5, 26) are also cometabolized with sugars. Active transport systems have been identified in E. coli for pyruvate (42), acetate (43), and dicarboxylic acids (44–46). Thus, for pyruvate and perhaps many other compounds, the extracellular milieu may be reasonably regarded as a reservoir for the temporary expansion of metabolic pools. A similar argument can be made for CO2 (47) and for acetaldehyde during ethanol production (48–50). The transient accumulation of metabolites in the aqueous milieu may be of evolutionary advantage. This accumulation could arguably be regarded as a form of metabolic conditioning of the environment, as a storage reservoir, and as an expanded metabolic pool to relieve a temporary imbalance in metabolic flux. Enzymes are relatively stable in E. coli. Substantial remodeling of metabolism is primarily regulated at the level of transcription with dilution during subsequent growth. Transient storage of products from imbalanced metabolism in the extracellular milieu could increase the metabolic flexibility of E. coli during adaptation to a changing environment.
This work was supported by U.S. Department of Agriculture Grants 01-35504-10669 and 00-52104-9704 and U.S. Department of Energy Grant FG02–96ER20222 (FAES No. R09934).
↵ * To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Building 981, Museum Road, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 110700, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. E-mail: ingram{at}ufl.edu.
Abbreviation: FRT, FLP recognition target.
- Copyright © 2004, The National Academy of Sciences
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San Francisco, 18 October 2018 – The global automotive wiring harness market size is expected to reach USD 77.15 billion by 2025 at a 6.2% CAGR during the forecast period, according to a study conducted by Grand View Research, Inc. Rising integration of electronic devices in vehicles has positively affected demand for automotive wiring harnesses. Embedding wiring harness in a vehicle provides numerous benefits such as low probability of electrical shortage, improved fuel efficiency, and enhanced performance. Moreover, employing technologically advanced systems such as infotainment systems and advanced driver assistance systems in vehicles is expected to drive demand over the forecast period.
Increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in developing regions is also anticipated to drive the automotive wiring harness market as the number of electronic components used in EVs is significantly higher than that in conventional automobiles. Increasing tax benefits and incentives by governments across the globe is also propelling demand for EVs, consequently driving the sales of wiring harnesses.
Demand for automotive wiring harness is directly proportional to increase in vehicle production. Thus, increasing levels of disposable income across developed economies, particularly emerging economies such as India, Brazil, and China, are driving the automotive manufacturing industry, which, in turn, is expected to trigger the growth of the wiring harness industry.
Browse Research Report On Automotive Wiring Harness Market : www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/automotive-wiring-harness-market
Further key findings from the study suggest:
- Based on component, the terminals segment is projected to witness the fastest growth over the forecast period, primarily driven by development of advanced technologies in the automotive field, including driver assistance systems and safety features
- By application, the chassis segment accounted for approximately 30% of the overall revenue in 2017 as they are used in various vehicle components such as headlamps, fog lamps, and turn indicators
- Demand for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is driven by increase in fossil fuel prices, enforcement of emission laws, and anticipated expansion of charging infrastructure worldwide, all of which is slated to drive the segment by EV
- By vehicle type, the light vehicle segment is anticipated to witness the highest CAGR, which is ascribed to increasing production of passenger cars in emerging markets
- Asia Pacific leads the worldwide market in terms of automotive production and is anticipated to register significant growth over the forecast period. Rising demand for enhanced safety and convenience features in mid-segment vehicles, coupled with availability of low-cost labor, is spurring sales
- Major industry players include Aptiv PLC, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., Yazaki Corporation, and Leoni AG. Recycling components to attain raw materials and ability to optimize costs through low-cost labor country sourcing are expected to emerge as key success factors for manufacturers in this industry.
View more reports of this category by Grand View Research at
Grand View Research has segmented the global automotive wiring harness market based on component, application, electric vehicle, vehicle, and region:
Automotive Wiring Harness Component Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2014 – 2025)
- Electric Wires
- Connectors
- Terminals
- Others
Automotive Wiring Harness Application Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2014 – 2025)
- Body
- Chassis
- Engine
- Sensors
Automotive Wiring Harness Electric Vehicle Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2014 – 2025)
- Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
- Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
Automotive Wiring Harness Vehicle Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2014 – 2025)
- Light Vehicles
- Heavy Vehicles
Automotive Wiring Harness Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2014 – 2025)
- North America
- Canada
- Europe
- Germany
- Asia Pacific
- China
- India
- Japan
- North America
- Brazil
- Middle East & Africa
Browse Press Release of this Report:
About Grand View Research
Grand View Research, Inc. is a U.S. based market research and consulting company, registered in the State of California and headquartered in San Francisco. The company provides syndicated research reports, customized research reports, and consulting services. To help clients make informed business decisions, we offer market intelligence studies ensuring relevant and fact-based research across a range of industries, from technology to chemicals, materials and healthcare.
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Corporate Sales Specialist, USA
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A central California TV station caught up with Dennis Fisher, optics engineer & cinematographer for FlightLine Films, responsible for tracking Felix Baumgartner from 128,100 ft.
In an interview with KSBY Dennis said, "When he (Felix) exited the capsule everything looked perfect, his jump off the step….when we saw the canopy open on Felix's parachute we knew it was a success and that he was going to be okay".
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Tags: Red Bull Stratos
Tags: Red Bull Stratos, Warsaw's Barbarka Rally, Felix Baumgartner
Mike Todd explains the in's and out's of the pressure suit at Brighton Hall
The Great Paper Airplane Project
The Great Paper Airplane Project
Art Thompson and Mike Todd are bringing students one giant leap closer to aerospace. The campus visit to Brighton Hall in Burbank, CA gave these college hopefuls a hands-on experience with the Red Bull Stratos pressure suit.
Sharing these engineering marvels with the community has always been a passion for Art. Earlier this year he mentored students in The Great Paper Airplane Project, and put his engineering expertise skyward by way of a real paper airplane…45 feet long.
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Tags: Red Bull Stratos, Sage Cheshire Aerospace
Luke with Felix after the supersonic jump
Blue skies over Taft, CA
Luke testing equipment in Taft, CA
Skydiving consultant Luke Aikins has been pretty busy the last few years with his role on Red Bull Stratos, testing parachute equipment, developing stratospheric life-saving devices and such. Now back in his home state of Washington, Luke's getting some local attention. Read about Mason County's skydiving celeb here.
Mr. D-21189, who is probably the most humble person you could meet, did not land a position with Red Bull by chance. He's been working at it his entire life. It's possible his first words as a child were "pack my rig" or "fly over there". Who knows for sure. One thing we do know is that his list of accomplishments is so long, it's best to summarize it all on this link.
You can read more about Luke in Red Bulletin.
Tags: Luke Aikins, Red Bull Stratos, skydiving
This music video by Jamayl Maleek featuring Col. Joe Kittinger and Felix Baumgartner is truly out of this world. Be warned, you might get supersonic goose bumps watching it!
Tags: Red Bull Stratos, Felix Baumgartner, Jamayl Maleek, No Limit