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1 METHODENSTREIT WHY CARL MENGER WAS, AND IS, RIGHT BY THORSTEN POLLEIT* PRESENTED AT THE SPRING CONFERENCE RESEARCH ON MONEY IN THE ECONOMY (ROME) FRANKFURT, 20 MAY 2011 *FRANKFURT SCHOOL OF FINANCE & MANAGEMENT SONNEMANNSTRAßE FRANKFURT AM MAIN TEL.: +49 (0)
2 The (Older and Younger) Historical School Older Historical School Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher ( ), Grundriss zu Vorlesungen über die Staatswirtschaft nach geschichtlicher Methode (1843) Bruno Hildebrand ( ) Karl Knies ( ) Younger Historical School Gustav von Schmoller ( ) Georg Friedrich Knapp ( ) Karl Wilhelm Bücher ( ) The methodological position of the Younger Historical School: The representatives of the Younger Historical School rejected economic theory for its advocacy of universally valid economic laws. It was argued that economic laws could only be as universal as the conditions to which they referred. Since history was a process of constant transformation of 2
3 the conditions of human existence, there could be no such thing as an economic law. At best, there could be "laws" describing the economy of a more or less unique period and, all insights about this economy had to be derived from studies of concrete historical episodes. In fact, the Younger Historical School advocated (radical) positivismempiricism, inductivism and relativism ( anything goes ): One can never definitely establish whether a hypothesized relationship between two or more economic variables exists or not. 3
4 Carl Menger and the Methodenstreit Carl Menger ( ), in his Untersuchungen über die Methode der Sozialwissenschaften und der politischen Ökonomie insbesondere (1883) refuted the methodology of the Younger Historical School. His Investigations led to the Methodenstreit, the battle of method: It pitted the emerging Austrian School against the Historical School over a critically important question: what is the proper way to do social science? Menger explained that there are economic laws in the sense of exact laws of reality, and that the method of historical research was unable to discover these laws. Example of an exact laws of reality : A rise (decline) in the amount of money (in the economy) necessarily leads to a fall (rise) in the purchasing 4
5 power of a money unit (compared to a situation in which the money supply had remained unchanged). Mises (1984 [1969], p. 12) saw the Methodenstreit being about epistemology: The term Methodenstreit is, of course, misleading. For the issue was not to discover the most appropriate procedure for the treatment of the problems commonly considered as economic problems. The matter in dispute was essentially whether there could be such a thing as a science, other than history, dealing with aspects of human action. 5
6 The realistic-empirical orientation of theoretical research, as we saw, offers us in all realms of the world of phenomena results which are formally imperfect, however important and valuable they may be for human knowledge and practical life. They are theories which give us only a deficient understanding of the phenomena, only an uncertain prediction of them, and by no means an assured control of them. From the very beginning, too, the human mind has followed another orientation of theoretical research beside the one discussed above. It is different from the latter both in its aims and in its approaches to cognition. The aim of this orientation, which in the future we will call the exact one, an aim which research pursues in the same way in all realms of the world of phenomena, is the determination of strict laws of phenomena, of regularities in the succession of phenomena which do not present themselves to us as absolute, but which in respect to the approaches to cognition by which we attain to them simply bear within themselves the guarantee of absoluteness. It is the determination of laws of phenomena which commonly are called "laws of nature," but more correctly should be designated by the expression "exact laws." Carl Menger, (1985 [1883]), Investigations, p
7 Refuting positivism-empiricism Positivism is a philosophy of science, based on the ideas of Henri de Saint Simon ( ) and Auguste Comte ( ). It rests on the assertion that theology and metaphysics are earlier imperfect sources of knowledge, and that positive knowledge is based on natural phenomena, with its properties and relations verified by the empirical sciences. Positivism holds that: (1) sense experience is the only (and measurable) source of human knowledge; (2) that knowledge can come only from affirmation of theories through strict scientific method; and (3) the validity of metaphysical speculation must be rejected. Empiricism (as applied in the field of social sciences) considers natural sciences to be its model and can be characterised as follows: Empiricism maintains that economic propositions have the same logical status as laws of nature, and it states hypothetical relationships between two or more events, essentially in the form of if-then statements. 7
8 It maintains that economic propositions require continual testing vis-à-vis experience. They can never be validated once and for all with certainty, as the economic hypothesis is forever subject to the outcome of contingent, future experience. If data testing confirms the hypothesis, empiricism would say that it is not validated (once and for all), as there remains the possibility that the relationship(s) under review might be falsified by future experience (using new data and/or including explanatory variables which were hitherto uncontrolled ). If, however, data testing suggests a rejection of the hypothesis, it would not prove that the hypothesised relationship could never be observed through future testing, so it is not falsified either. Empiricism is actually expressive of scepticism, which can be formulated as: nothing can be known with certainty, and anything might be possible in the realm of economics; it leads to a philosophy of social and economic relativism (Hoppe (2007a, b [1995]). 8
9 Perhaps most prominently, David Hume ( ) rejected the notion of causality (which is, in terms of praxeology, a category of human action). Hume stated that even if we observe one event continually following another, we cannot conclude a necessary connection between the two (post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy). However, upon closer examination it can be shown that empiricism (as well as historicism (as will be shown below)) is in fact a self-contradictory doctrine (Hoppe (2007a, b [1995]): The empiricist statement that all economic events are only hypothetically related is contradicted by the message of the basic empiricist proposition itself. If this proposition is regarded as itself being merely hypothetically true, it would not qualify as an epistemological pronouncement. Empiricism would not provide any justification whatsoever for its claim that economic propositions are not, and cannot, be categorically, or a priori, true. 9
10 If, however, we assume that the empiricist claim is categorically true, it would belie its own thesis, namely that empirical knowledge must invariably be hypothetical knowledge thereby making room for a discipline as economics claiming to produce a priori valid (empirical) knowledge. There is another important reason why empiricism is a self-contradictory, self-defeating, doctrine, because it tacitly assumes the existence of nonempirical knowledge as real knowledge. This becomes obvious as the prerequisite of being able to falsify or confirm a theory on the basis of experience necessarily assumes the constancy principle. Experience only reveals that two or more observations regarding the temporal sequence of events can be classified as repetition or as nonrepetition. Such reasoning, however, implicitly assumes that there are constant causes which operate in time-invariant ways. Without assuming the constancy principle, the observations are and remain non-repetitive registered experiences, not in any way related events; contingency does not play any part in the way causes operate. 10
11 However, the constancy principle is not based on, or derived from, experience. There is no observable link connecting events. Even if such a link were observable, one could not say whether or not it was timeinvariant. The constancy principle cannot be disproved by experience. Any event which might appear to disprove it (such as a failure to duplicate some experience) could be interpreted as if experience had shown here that merely one particular type of event was not the cause of another (otherwise the experience would have been successfully repeated). However, to the extent that experience cannot exclude the possibility that another set of events might be found which would turn out to be time-invariant in its way of operating, the validity of the constancy principle cannot be disproved. Historicism suggests that economic phenomena are not objective magnitudes that can be measured, but are subjective expressions and interpretations unfolding in history to be understood and interpreted by the economist just as a literary text unfolds before and is interpreted by its reader. 11
12 Note that historicism states that nothing in the literary text (historical account), and nothing in the historical sequence of historical events, is governed by constant relations; anything that happened had to happen in the way it did. The formation of human expressions (actions) and their interpretation are also not constrained by any kind of objective law. Economic events are whatever economists or historians (taking a subjective view) express or interpret them to be. If historicism claims that economic and historical events which are sequences of subjectively perceived events are not governed by any constant, time-invariable relations, then this proposition cannot claim to say anything constantly true about economics and history. In fact, historicism would lead to propositions with fleeting value. A certain historically observed economic relation may be true now, if we wish, on one occasion, yet it may possibly be false one another occasion. However, if this is the case, then historicism must be assumed to be constrained by something outside the realm of arbitrary subjective creations: 12
13 If the historicist proposition is assumed to be invariably true, then such a proposition about the constant nature of historical and economic phenomena would contradict its own doctrine which actually denies any such constant relationships. If, however, historicism holds that economic sequences are not governed by constant, time-invariable relations, then this very proposition also cannot claim to say anything constantly true about history and economics. As a result, historicism cannot claim anything if it were not for the fact that its expressions and interpretations are constrained by laws of logic as the very presuppositions of meaningful statements as such. 13
14 Economics as an a priori theoretical science Ludwig von Mises ( ) re-constructed economics as an a priori theory. He identified economics as a sub-field of praxeology the logic of human action, resting on the axiom of human action. The axiom of human action represents a synthetic a priori judgement (in the Kantian sense) and as such it is irrefutably true. Identifying economics as a form of applied logic derives from the status of the axiom of human action, with the latter being an a priori-true synthetic proposition. 14
15 References Hoppe, H.-H. (2007 (1995]), Economic Science and the Austrian Method, Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn, US Alabama. Mises, L. v. (2003 [1960]), Epistemological Problems of Economics, 3 rd ed., Ludwig von Mises Institute, US Alabama. Mises, L. v. (1984 [1969]), The Historical Setting of the Austrian School of Economics, Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn, US Alabama. Mises, L. v. (1996), Human Action, 4 th ed., Fox & Wilkes, San Francisco. *** 15
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Walsall defender James O'Connor has spoken to club journalists ahead of Saturday's Sky Bet League 1 clash with Blackpool, and has discussed how much he is enjoying his football, having put his previous injury issues behind him.
Speaking via Saddlers.co.uk, James said; "Before I came to the club, I missed pretty much a whole season with a thigh injury. So I came here with doubts over my own fitness, and when that's the case, your confidence takes a bit of a knock. You don't like to admit it but it does.
"But I'm enjoying my football again. I think when you're enjoying it and you're fit, it shows in your performances. I'm enjoying my football and I'm pleased to help the side do well."
 James O'Connor Walsall FC

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WILLIAMSTOWN, Ky. - I'd been on Noah's Ark all of 20 minutes when the question that hung over every step was finally put to me: "Do you believe?"It came from a man with a thin beard named Travis, who wore a Captain America T-shirt and had an excitable look. He was touring the new, five-story Ark Encounter with his wife and daughters after driving three hours from central Indiana.
WILLIAMSTOWN, Ky. � I�d been on Noah�s Ark all of 20 minutes when the question that hung over every step was finally put to me: �Do you believe?�
It came from a man with a thin beard named Travis, who wore a Captain America T-shirt and had an excitable look. He was touring the new, five-story Ark Encounter with his wife and daughters after driving three hours from central Indiana.
We stood on the ark�s second floor, in front of a display about the Garden of Eden, and Travis had just explained to one of his girls that some people believe the fabled garden still exists somewhere on the planet. Maybe it�s in the Bermuda Triangle, he said. Or near the Euphrates River. Otherwise, it might be suspended somewhere between heaven and Earth.
He spoke with such certainty that I interrupted, asking if I�d heard right. Travis said yes and repeated the story. Then he asked, right there, in front of his girls and Adam and Eve: Do I believe?
Travis meant the question in the big way and the little. Did I believe the story of Noah�s Ark? That Adam and Eve had been banished from the Garden of Eden? That it could be in the Bermuda Triangle? That we are descended from an all-powerful, all-knowing and mighty God?
I offered the most honest, least alienating answer I could: I don�t quite believe. But I don�t exactly not believe.
I was glad he�d asked, because I�d wondered the exact same thing about nearly everyone at the 510-foot-long, 51-foot-high, $100 million replica of Noah�s Ark that opened in a rolling Kentucky field in early July. Travis seemed satisfied with my answer and told me that he hadn�t heard the voice of God, but he�d felt it.
I spent the next several hours wandering Ark Encounter, and the takeaway was simple: You don�t need to believe to enjoy it. A (supposed) life-size replica of Noah�s Ark in an undulating Kentucky field is an undeniable spectacle, and it must be seen to be believed.
Ark Encounter opened to great fanfare, curiosity and protests. (Memo to atheists: Why so angry?) It was built by Answers in Genesis, which describes itself as an �apologetics ministry, dedicated to enabling Christians to defend their faith and to proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ effectively.� It also believes that Earth is 6,000 years old and that Adam and Eve co-existed with dinosaurs.
Even if you raise an eyebrow at the thought of humans and dinosaurs sharing real estate � plus that thing about a 6,000-year-old Earth � the ark is a clean and welcoming space that�s a marvel of design. It�s clearly profoundly meaningful to those who �believe,� as Travis put it, but to those of us a little less certain, it can be a fun way to pass a few hours.
The ark does a fine job of maintaining its motif across its three floors of displays. Yes, it really does (sort of) look like an ark in there. It�s a vast, open space of blond wood, with long ramps connecting the floors and a clear view to a skylight in the roof.
When Ark Encounter is just a life-size replica of that fable for 5-year-olds, it�s fun. The first steps inside immerse a visitor in the entire premise: Rows of bamboo cages emit chirps, squawks and murmurs from across the animal kingdom, mixed with a recording of the low crash of waves. The rumble is so deep, you feel it in your feet.
But at other turns, Ark Encounter takes itself too seriously. Soon after that sense of being on an ark full of animals in a flooded world, we reach cages of life-size beasts. The first is a black bear beside the words, �How did Noah keep the polar bears cool?�
The answer: �Skeptics often mock the concept of the Ark and its animals, so they develop questions designed to make the Ark look foolish. However, when one thinks about the Ark from a biblical perspective, the skeptics� questions end up looking foolish. � We know that polar bears can produce offspring with grizzlies and other brown bears, and brown bears can interbreed with black bears. Thus, the various bears of the world belong to the same kind. The two bears on the Ark were the ancestors of the many bears in the world today, including polar bears.�
Of course!
Everyone gets to believe and support what they want here in America. But, as a visitor, I have a difficult time bankrolling such nonscience, especially considering the price: $40 per adult ($75 for two days), plus a surprise $10 parking fee that didn�t seem all that Christian in the middle of a Kentucky field with endless parking.
The opportunities to spend money on the ark are plentiful: There is a restaurant, plus another on the way, a gift shop, a not-so-subtle push toward a visit to the ark�s sister attraction � the Creation Museum, roughly 40 miles north � and a zip line that costs $59.
The ark amounts to a hit-and-miss array of exhibits and experiences, sometimes with a surprising undercurrent of anger and darkness. The world�s first 1,650 years are told mostly in poster-board displays: the Garden of Eden, humanity�s fall from grace and then some stuff about how humans are "corrupt� and �wicked� and �vile.�
To these agnostic eyes, most stirring were the explanations of how the ark would have functioned. How did Noah and crew feed all those animals? Dump all that animal waste? Ventilate the ship? Gather fresh water? Let in light? Ark Encounter gives us answers in poster and video form, and they involve intricate systems that seem plausible enough. The ark is otherwise a fairly exhaustive look at what life would have been like on it: woodworking, blacksmithing and feeding the animals (plus at least one dinosaur because, presumably, Answers in Genesis couldn�t resist).


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Richard J. Rush, the man accused of repeatedly punching a fellow employee during a dispute at his Decatur workplace, was sentenced to 24 months' probation Monday. Rush, 57, appeared in Macon County Circuit Court and pleaded guilty to a single charge of aggravated battery, a Class 3 felony. Read more here.
... read more at: https://herald-review.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/macon-county-sheriff-s-office-searching-for-wanted-suspects/article_73edd28c-3d13-535b-89c3-3962709835d4.html


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2018 Wrap Up: Here's the list of Bollywood link-ups and break-ups of this year
Alia Bhatt Ranbir Kapoor
Its been a while now that Alia Bhatt and Ranbir Kapoor are dating. They made their first public appearance at Sonam's Reception. Although none of them confessed but Mahesh Bhatt, Alia's father confirmed it for us.
Malaika Arora and Arjun Kapoor
Maliaka Arora and Arjun Kapoor is one of the most talked couple. They are news all the time and are oftenly spotted with each other for dinner dates or other events. It started from Lakme Fashion Week 2018 when media started to know about it.
Rohman Shawl and Sushmita Sen
Sushmita Sen started dating a model, Rohman Shawl and they even accepted their relationship. They keep on posting pictures with each other on Instagram with love captions.
Farhan Akhtar and Shibani Dandekar
Farhan Akhtar and Shibani Dandekar met each other for the first time on the sets of a TV show. Their link-up news started this year as both were seen posting pictures of them together on their social media handles. No one has confirmed about their relationship yet.
Arbaaz Khan and Georgia Andriani
After the divorce with Malaika Arora in 2017, Arbaaz was often spotted with his alleged girlfriend Georgia Andriani this year. Even Arbaaz has confessed to being in a relationship.
Himansh Kohli and Neha Kakkar
Superhit singer Neha Kakkar recently made her relationship official at the sets of Indian Idol-10. But soon they separated. Neha deleted all the pictures of Himanshu on her Instagram and both of them unfollowed each other from Insta.
Pulkit Sharma and Yami Gautam
Pulkit and Yami dated for a while. Even Pulkit got separate from his wife. And his wife spoke that Yami was the reason for the divorce and she is a home breaker. But they soon parted their ways. It was heard that Yami's family was against this relation.


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U/16 Boys
All players are listed in alphabetical order
|Maximus Bakker
|Jeremy Benoit
|Jacob Borg
|Mehki Edwards
|Jack Fletcher
|Feloni Ngata
|Steven Ngata
|Stephen Olowoniyi
|Jarryd Remy
|Hakaraia Tahi
Coach: Andrew Summerville
Assistant Coaches: Corey Michailidis & Adrian Edwards
|Nikhil Cherukuri
|Samuel Gunesekera
|Jake Meyers
|Logan Morris
|Joshua Puli
|Braxton Simms
|Mitchell Smith
|Matthew Stephenson
|Tyson Tawha
|Tarik Zahirovic
Coach: Liam Paul
Assistant Coach: Georgia Tauschke
|Serar Ali
|Louis Cooper
|Samual Costa
|Emmanwiel Deng
|Lachlan Haddrell
|Alam Jongkuch
|Kyan McCurley
|Brodie Montgomery
|Max Van Berkel
|Dale Watts
Coach: Davin Paul
Assistant Coach: Jacinta Paul
|Thomas Bens
|Jur Bak
|Paul Joseph Dela Cruz
|Declan Flynn
|Luke Mitchell
|Harrison Pigott
|Mayar Riak
|Thomas Scorsis
|Tom Seeliger
|Jack Taylor
Coach: Mario Costa
|Daniel Barrow
|Reece Bird
|Brock Jones
|Lukan Matejin
|Brady Murnane
|Bhavesh Patil
|Dilan Rodriguez
|Declan Rzanovski
|Brendan Thomson
|Saihej Walia
Coach: Sam Morda
|Jansen Cuevas
|Dane Kosack
|Wasee Khan
|Wesley Lam
|Dalvin McFawn
|Jeru Mercado
|Max Morris
|Kobayne Nathan
|Solomon Pollard
|Taarush Sharma
Coach: Darren Hira
|Alexandrus Arias
|Paul Tran
|Dau Dau
|Drew Davidson
|Ricky Heywood
|Dylan Macuto
|Roan Mallon
|Jacob Morris
|Rahul Naidu
|Simon Tran
Coach: TBC
|Faris Alam
|Corban Barcelon
|Emanuel Belew
|Te Ramaroa Grant
|Vinuth Kandaudage
|Hocjee Liaw
|Ajak Makwoy
|Archer Nicholls
|Kir Phioc
|Jack Ross
|Branden Sieh
PLEASE NOTE: Extended squad named in 16.8B. Final squad of 10 will be named at a later date.
Coach: TBC


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The real horror is in lines like these I've spent my life behind these steel bars/I've served my debt in time, but being brought to justice/that was my only crime "These prison walls secure me/and I'm numb to pain." Prison hasn't done anything to reform.
It starts off with what sounds like two guitars playing the same chords, but at different times.
Not the only example, either.The final gut punch comes when her very last act is to try and kiss him.I pass death with the dying and birth with the new-wash'd babe, and am not contain'd between my hat and boots, And peruse manifold objects, no two alike and every one good, The earth good and the stars geen seks na 6 maanden dating good, and their adjuncts all good.One of the tracks from the live album It's All In Your Head features jarring, repetitive industrial rhythms as a woman talks about killing children.Of course, some of their stuff could easily be considered Nightmare Retardant.
Then, maybe, he will be granted the mercy of fading from existence.The music gives the impression of an unfeeling, unstoppable juggernaut destroying everything in its path.But the last track, "Bete Noire is 17 minutes of the most paranoia- and anxiety-inducing ambient electronica you will ever hear.Till we find where the sly one hides and bring him forth, Ever love, ever the sobbing liquid of life, Ever the bandage under the chin, ever the trestles of death.Rihanna : "Disturbia." Just your typical catchy, dancey pop son, right?50 There is that in me-I do not know what it is-but I know it is.
Traditional Bulgarian Folk Music: "Delio Haidutin" was used on the Voyager but is scary.


text:
Feature Name (see definition): Penny Point
Feature Class (see definition): Summit
Country Code (see definition): AQ (Antarctica)
Feature ID (see definition): 11589
Primary Latitude in degrees, minutes, and seconds (see definition): 80° 48' 00" S
Primary Longitude in degrees, minutes, and seconds (see definition): 160° 41' 00" E
Primary Latitude in decimal degrees (see definition): -80.8
Primary Longitude in decimal degrees (see definition): 160.6833333
Elevation (see definition): No data
Decision Year (see definition): 01/01/1965
Description (see definition): An ice-covered point on the S side of Nicholson Peninsula, marking the N side of the entrance to Matterson Inlet along the Ross Ice Shelf. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Lieutenant Commander H.C. Penny, USN, commanding officer of USS Vance, ocean station ship in support of aircraft flights between New Zealand and Antarctica in U.S. Navy (USN) Operation Deep Freeze (OpDFrz) 1962.
Date Created (see definition): No data
Date Edited (see definition): No data
NOTE: The information regarding Penny Point in Antarctica on this page is published from the data supplied by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, a member of the Intelligence community of the Antarctica, and a Department of Defense (DoD) Combat Support Agency. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Penny Point should be addressed to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.


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4.Working principle


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Hooray!After a lot of talk about if the Renewable energy bill will be renewed next year. Yesterday Congress passed a boosted version of the previous legislation. No doubt the Paris Climate Consolation is a part of the reason.Solar and wind will be at the forefront of this bill but other renewable products have been extending for a year. This coincides with what we teach homeowners that energy efficacy products coupled with solar electricity is the best solution.We are excited to continue providing homeowner reducing their household utility bills and gain their energy independence.
Lawmakers in the House and Senate passed a spending package today that includes multi-year extensions of solar and wind tax credits, plus one-year extensions for a range of other renewable energy technologies.
The pair of bills, which included tax extenders and $1.1 trillion in funding to keep the government running for the next year, passed hours before lawmakers adjourned for the holidays.
"May the force be with you," said Senator Dianne Feinstein, urging her fellow Senators to vote in favor of the package shortly after the House approved the bills.
The force was certainly with renewables.
Under the legislation, the 30 percent Investment Tax Credit (ITC) for solar will be extended for another three years. It will then ramp down


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Slow Birding will be offered again this year as part of North Branch Nature Center's professional development week for teachers called the ECO Summer Institute, Level 2. This is a five-day nature immersion course for elementary teachers, assistants, aides, and administrators. During the week, a leadership team of professional nature immersion specialists guides teachers in the direct application of outdoor classroom routines as well as ways to incorporate NGSS and Common Core into those routines.
Slow Birding explores a fresh approach to observing birds focused on re-awakening your innate birding skills while at the same time creating a deeper connection to your self and the place you live. We'll be learning how to tweak this practice for children and how it builds a foundation for science inquiry.
For details, please click here to visit the North Branch Nature Center's web-page on all the ECO Institute courses available during the summer of 2019.


text: In a victory for environmentalists, the World Trade Organization is expected to decide that banning asbestos does not break free trade rules. France bans all asbestos as a health hazard. Canada, the world's largest asbestos exporter, insists it can be used safely, in which case France's ban would be an unjustified trade barrier (New Scientist, 3 April 1999, p 51). But in a confidential ruling leaked last week, scientists advising the WTO agreed that all asbestos is carcinogenic. The ruling will mean that the EU can ban asbestos in 2005,


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St. George Orthodox church at Mattanchery was the first church of Christians in Kerala, set in A.D.1615. Years of negligence and encroachment left this historic monument in shambles. The head of the Christian sect of Kerala (His Holiness Moran Mar Baselious Marthoma Paulose-II) took a brave step in rebuilding this monument, keeping the foundation intact.
The concept of domes, vaults and arches rose from early symbols of eastern Christianity.
The concept of the MarThoma cross finally ending in an altar blessed by a "cross of light" made with twisting earth blocks.
The construction required constant supervision and expertise.
The masons received training by the architect himself in building with Compressed Stabilised Earth Blocks using ancient Nubian technology of arch and vault building without extensive shuttering (revitalised in early 20th century by Ar.Hassan Fathy).
The oculus.


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Garth Brooks announced last night on Studio G that he'll be releasing The Legacy Collection this fall. The seven-disc vinyl collection will feature five albums: No Fences, The Chase, In Pieces, Fresh Horses and Triple Live. If you're a music collector you'll love this.
Get more below.
Photo Credit: PR Photos


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Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim spent $8.8 million to boost his stakes in Saks and New York Times Co., adding to his biggest US holdings as the stock market slumped last week.
Slim's Inmobiliaria Carso SA fund bought 621,000 Saks shares on Aug. 18 for prices ranging from $7.72 to $8.01, according to regulatory filings. Slim paid $6.83 to $7.09 for 553,000 Times Co. shares the same day.
Named the world's richest man for a second year in a row in March by Forbes magazine, Slim is following his long-held strategy of adding to his investments when markets slump.
Slim's publicly disclosed holdings are worth about $62 billion, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. Those holdings have declined by about $9.5 billion, or 13 percent, from July 29 through yesterday.


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Market. Malls. Clubs. Offices - Doesn't matter where you are. Fully-covered, wearing a dress, shorts, or a burkha - Doesn't matter what you are wearing. Illiterate men, desperate old uncles, educated youngsters - Doesn't matter who the perpetrator is. Eve teasing is something that we women live with day in and day out. Statistics show that the number of eve teasing cases reported in India have grown manifold in the past year. Delhi, the supposed crime capital of India, alone has reported a 5-fold increase in crimes against women (rape, molestation and eve-teasing) since 2013. Eve-teasing complaints in that period also saw a 5-fold increase from 154 cases to 793. "Maal" and "item" are just two of the words men use to degrade women as objects. While we often ignore eve teasers not wanting to create a scene, it's high time we speak up. Here are 10 things that we'd like to say/do to the eve teasers.
Just one word but it takes courage to say it. Speak up. Don't be a mute spectator. Because if you won't, no one will.


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