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Stephanie C. Toelle and David C. Diehl2 1. This document is FCS2293, one of a series of the Family Youth and Community Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date January 2009. Visit the EDIS Web site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. Stephanie C. Toelle, extension agent IV, Duval County Extension, Jacksonville, FL. David C. Diehl, assistant professor, Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611. The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval/disapproval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. Many parents are concerned that exposure to television and computers is affecting their children's health, particularly weight gain. This is especially true given the dramatic rise in overweight children over the last few decades. The percentage of overweight preschoolers has more than doubled since the 1970s.3 In a 2003 study, 26% of children this age were overweight or at risk of becoming overweight. 4 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifies children as overweight if their body mass index (BMI) is above the 95th percentile, and at risk of being overweight if they are between the 85th and 95th percentiles.5 An overweight child is four times more likely than a normal weight child to become an overweight adult.6 The trend of children becoming overweight is a serious health concern, as children who are overweight are at greater risk for health problems such as asthma, respiratory ailments, sleep apnea, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, orthopedic problems, and depression.7 Given the central role of media in American life and its possible role in childhood weight problems, parents should be aware of how television and computers can impact the health and weight status of young children. Support an active lifestyle for your children. Credits: Public domain photo retrieved from http://squidoo.com To foster the healthy physical development of their children, some key questions for parents to consider include the following, which are addressed in this paper: Does the amount of time that children spend watching television and using computers contribute
Making Good Decisions: Media and the Physical Health of Young Children 2 to children being overweight? Given the central role of media in American life and its possible role in childhood weight problems, parents should be aware of how television and computers can impact the health and weight status of young children. To foster the healthy physical development of their children, some key questions for parents to consider include the following, which are addressed in this paper: Does the amount of time that children spend watching television and using computers contribute to children being overweight? Does watching television displace other physical activities in which children might engage? How does the television content that children watch, particularly advertising, affect their eating behaviors and weight status? Do children tend to eat unhealthy foods while they are watching television or using the computer? How can parents help maintain healthy weight in young children? Does the amount of time that children spend watching television and using computers contribute to children being overweight? Research points to media exposure as a key factor among the unhealthy habits that contribute to overweight.8 Young children under six years of age average 2 hours and 24 minutes of daily exposure to media content.9 In the case of young children, media typically involves the television, though it could include videos/DVDs, audio, games, and computers. Watching more than two hours a day of television and/or videos/DVDs is associated with being overweight or at risk of becoming overweight,10 which supports the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guideline of no more than two hours per day of screen time for children over two years of age (and no screen time for younger children). Reducing television use can have a positive impact on children's weight.11 Unfortunately, almost 36% of preschool children exceed the AAP guideline.12 Further, high video game usage, which is more common in higher economic status households, is related to overweight.13 Computer use is also related to higher levels of body fat in children.14 In sum, the answer is yeschildren who watch more television, play more video games, and spend more time on the computer are more likely to be overweight. This leads to the key question: what is it about higher screen time that contributes to children being overweight? "If it weren't for the fact that the TV set and the refrigerator are so far apart, some of us wouldn't get any exercise at all." ~Joey Adams Does watching television and using computers displace other physical activities in which children might engage that would contribute to good health? It is logical to think that children who watch more television and spend more time on the computer are getting less physical exercise, contributing to them being overweight. However, research is finding evidence that TV time does not cause less physical activity. That is, children who watch more television do not necessarily get less exercise than children who watch less television. Reducing TV time does not mean that the kids will go outside and play. While less physical activity definitely contributes to children being more overweight, children who watch more TV are not necessarily less physically active than other children.15 However, the combined effect of not getting adequate active play and spending over two hours a day watching a screen does increase the risk for being overweight.16 But what if children spend the same amount of time doing other sedentary activities, such as reading or craftswould it have the same impact as watching TV? The answer here is no. Research finds that the
Making Good Decisions: Media and the Physical Health of Young Children 3 amount of energy used for watching TV is as low as, or lower than other sedentary activities.17 Also, TV has the strong influence of advertisements for unhealthy foods that other sedentary activities do not have. In addition, children are more likely to consume extra calories while watching TV, which is not true of most other hobbies such as reading or crafts.18 In fact, children who read more tend to eat a healthier diet and get more physical activity than children who read less.19 How does the television content that children watch, particularly advertising, affect their eating behaviors and health? We just discovered that time in front of the TV does not necessarily displace physical activity, suggesting that the advertising and marketing of unhealthy foods to children may be a larger contributor to the weight-gain crisis.20 A typical child sees about 40,000 advertisements per year on television, consisting mostly of ads for candy, cereal, soft drinks, and fast foods. During 27.5 hours of Saturday morning programming in May 2005, just over 4 hours were devoted to advertisements, of which 49% of the advertisements were for food, and 91% of these were for foods or beverages high in fat, sodium, or added sugars, or low in nutrients. Despite this nutritional breakdown, 42% of the food advertisements contained a health or nutrition message and 100% had an implicit physical activity message, either or both of which can be misleading at any age!21 Also, note that food manufacturers devote approximately 75% of their advertising budgets to television.22 Children often develop a preference for these advertised products and make purchase requests,23creating conflicts when their parents deny these purchases.24 Advertisements are not restricted to TV, as they also appear on Web sites. The barrage of advertising of unhealthy snack foods to children makes it challenging for them to request healthy foods or even choose not to snack during a commercial break. It appears that advertising to children is a major reason for their weight gain. Do children tend to eat foods of minimal nutritional value while they are watching television or using the computer? Research does support the idea that children eat less healthy food while watching television or using the computer. One of the ways families contribute to excessive viewing time is by allowing children to eat in front of the TV. Parents play a critical role in establishing young children's behaviors, habits, and attitudes about eating and use of media through modeling and determining their physical and social environments. Approximately one-third of families with children under six years of age eat dinner with the TV on. Families who eat while watching TV tend to eat fewer healthy foods, particularly fruits and vegetables, and more foods of minimal nutritional value, such as chips, candy, and soft drinks. Further, this study concludes that "having dinner as a family does not overcome the adverse effects of having the television on during mealtime."25 On the other hand, eating as a family with the TV off is associated with more fruits and vegetables, fewer fried foods and soft drinks, less fat, and more micronutrients.26 In general, high TV/video and computer use is associated with consuming an unhealthy diet. In particular, high TV/video use is associated with consuming more soft drinks, fried foods, and snacks per day, and consuming fewer fruits and vegetables. There are gender differences with the computer. Girls who use the computer more eat more fruits and vegetables; boys do not. However, computer use is also associated with more daily servings of soft drinks and snacks for boys, and soft drinks, fried food, and snacks for girls.27 Another study found that when presented with the opportunity to eat in front of a television, children who watch a lot of television are more likely to eat more food compared to children who do not watch as much television.28 Children who eat while watching television are more likely to eat unhealthy foods and eat higher quantities of food, with mixed results regarding the computer. [See EDIS publications FCS2286/FY1054: The Importance of Family Dinners and FCS8871/FY1061: Family Nutrition:
Making Good Decisions: Media and the Physical Health of Young Children 4 The Truth About Family Meals for more on the importance of family meal time.] Overall, watching television, playing video games, and using the computer beyond AAP guidelines is associated with excessive weight gain and poor nutrition, so parents need to be conscious of the media habits and eating habits they are encouraging. The following are reliable resources for parents and professionals interested in how they can take control of the issue of media and its impact on young children's health. American Academy of Pediatrics Media Matters www.aap.org/advocacy/mediamatters.htm Provides an overview of AAP's campaign about media and its effects on children as well as advocacy and policy statements, public education brochures, and PowerPoint presentations on media issues. American Academy of Pediatrics Overweight and Obesity Site Also check the AAP's overweight and obesity site at www.aap.org/obesity for recommended books and brochures for parents on growing up healthy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/childhood/ index.htm The CDC offers facts and tips for parents and professionals on childhood overweight and obesity concerns. Center on Media and Child Health www.cmch.tv Created by Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health, provides fact sheets for parents, teachers, and researchers. Center for Screen-Time Awareness www.screentime.org Sponsors campaigns, such as the Turn Off TV Week, to bring awareness to families regarding their media use. Children Now www.childrennow.org/issues/media A national organization that evaluates and advocates for public policy concerning children's issues, including the impact of media on children's health. CommonSense Media www.commonsensemedia.org Provides resources and reviews of movies, TV shows, games, music, books, and Web sites (includes ages 2 and 5, as well as older). Healthy Habits for Healthy Kids www.wellpoint.com/healthy_parenting/index.html A nutrition and activity guide for parents. National Institute on Media and the Family www.mediafamily.org/facts/facts_tvandobchild.shtml NIMF sponsors the MediaWise movement. This site provides fact sheets and tips, video game report cards, Internet safety, and activities and quizzes related to media. Nutrition Explorations www.nutritionexplorations.org Information for parents and educators, plus fun online nutrition games for kids. The Center for Weight and Health www.cnr.berkeley.edu/cwh/index.html Offers programs, projects, and materials focused on childhood obesity. We Can! www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/wecan The National Institutes of Health and the Department of Health and Human Services, sponsor the We Can! Program (Ways to Enhance Children's Activity and Nutrition). The focus of the program is on three main objectives: improve food choices, increase physical activity, and reduce screen time. Although it targets families with children ages 8, its never too early to start adapting some of the healthy behaviors promoted through this program. Great resource for parents and professionals. Additional Notes: 3. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2004). Overview of the IOMs childhood obesity prevention study. (Fact Sheet). Washington, DC: Author. 4. Mendoza, J.A., Zimmerman, F.J., Christakis, D.A. (2007). Television viewing, computer use, obesity, and adiposity in US preschool children. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 4(44). Retrieved September 3, 2008, from http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/4/1/44. 5. Dehghan, M., Akhtar-Danesh, N., Merchant, A.T. (2005). Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention. Nutrition Journal 4(24). Retrieved September 3, 2008, from http://www.nutritionj.com/content/4/1/24.
Making Good Decisions: Media and the Physical Health of Young Children 5 6. Jordan, A. (2007). Heavy television viewing and childhood obesity. Journal of Children and Media 1(1), 46-54. 7. Lempert, T. (2005, April 27). Childhood obesity fueled by marketing tactics [Letter to the editor of San Francisco Chronicle]. Retrieved from http://www.childrennow.org/newsroom/press_coverage/ childhood_obesity_op_ed.html. 8. Kaiser Family Foundation (2004). Kaiser Family Foundation releases new report on role of media in childhood obesity: Washington panel discussion to explore role of media/policy options. Retrieved October 30, 2008, from http://www.kff.org/entmedia/entmedia022404nr.cfm?RenderforPrint=1. 9. Roberts, D.F. & Foehr, U.G. (2008). Trends in media use. The Future of Children 18(1),11-37. Retrieved September 3, 2008, from http://www.futureofchildren.org/ 10. See note 4 above. 11. Hersey, J.C., & Jordan, A. (2007, March). Reducing children's TV time to reduce the risk of childhood overweight: The children's media use study. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved October 30, 2008, from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/publications/index.htm. 12. See note 4 above. 13. Laurson, K.R., Eisenmann, J.C., Welk, G.J., Wickel, E.E., Gentile, D.A., & Walsh, D.A. (2008). Combined influence of physical activity and screen time recommendations on childhood overweight. The Journal of Pediatrics, 153, 209-214. 14. See note 4 above. 15. Ekelund, U., Brage, S., Froberg, K., Harro, M., Anderssen, S.A. et al. (2006). TV viewing and physical activity are independently associated with metabolic risk in children: The European youth heart study. PLoS Med 3(12); and, Utter, J., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Jeffery, R., & Story, M. (2003). Couch potatoes or French fries: Are sedentary behaviors associated with body mass index, physical activity, and dietary behaviors among adolescents? Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103(10), 1298-1305. 16. Ritchie, L.D., Welk, G., Styne, D., Gerstein, D.E. & Crawford, P.B. (2005). Family environment and pediatric overweight: What is a parent to do? Supplement to the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(5), S70-S79. See also note 13 above. 17. Ibid. 18. Vandewater, E.A., Bickham, D.S., Lee, J.H. (2006). Time well spent? Relating television use to childrens free-time activities. Pediatrics 117(2), e181-e191. Retrieved October 31, 2008, from http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2005-0812. 19. See note 15 above. 20. Vandewater, E.A., Bickham, D.S., Lee, J.H. (2006). Time well spent? Relating television use to childrens free-time activities. Pediatrics 117(2), e181-e191. Retrieved October 31, 2008, from http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2005-0812. 21. Batada, A., Seitz, M.D., Wootan, M.G., & Story, M. (2008). Nine out of 10 food advertisements shown during Saturday morning childrens television programming are for foods high in fat, sodium, or added sugars, or low in nutrients. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108(4), 673-678. 22. See note 15 above. 23. See notes 11 and 16 above. 24. Kunkel, D., Wilcox, B.L., Cantor, J., Palmer, E., Linn, S. (2004). Report of the APA task force on advertising and children. Section: Psychological issues in the increasing commercialization of childhood. Retrieved October 30, 2008, from http://www.apa.org/releases/childrenads.html. 25. Fitzpatrick, E., Edmunds, L.S., & Dennison, B.A. (2007). Positive effects of family dinner are undone by television viewing. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(7), 666-671. Quote is on p. 670. 26. See note 16 above. 27. See note 15 above. 28. Francis, L.A., & Birch, L.L. (2006). Does eating during television viewing affect preschool children's intake? Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(4), 598-600.


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Paragraph 1 refers to the documents which must be produced in any event by a party seeking or contesting recognition or applying for enforcement of a judgment. All enforcement treaties require a copy of the judgment which satisfies the conditions necessary to establish its authenticity in accordance with the locus regit actum rule, that is to say the law of the place in which the judgment was given. Where appropriate, a document must also be produced showing that the applicant is in receipt of legal aid in the State of origin.
Paragraph 2 refers to the documents which must be produced in the case of a judgment given in default. In cases of non-recognition, proof must be provided in the required form that the written application or a similar document was notified or, in the case of a judgment in divorce, legal separation or marriage annulment proceedings, that the respondent has unequivocally accepted the content of the judgment.
Paragraph 2(b) is worded in such a way as to be consistent with Article 22(b) and Article 23(c) (COM/99/0220 final - CNS 99/0110 / Official Journal C 247 E , 31/08/1999).
In order to facilitate attainment of its objective, this Article allows the court to specify a time for the production of documents, accept equivalent documents or, if it considers that it has sufficient information before it, dispense with their production (e.g. where documents have been destroyed). This possibility is allowed only for documents specified in Article 37 (1)(b) (2) .
This provision must be seen in conjunction with the provision in Article 30 regarding the consequences if the application for exequatur is not supported by the documents required in earlier Articles. If, despite the mechanisms put in place, the documents presented were insufficient and the court did not succeed in obtaining the information desired, it could declare the application inadmissible.
In line with the simplification aimed at in the Regulation, a translation will be necessary only if the court so requires. In addition, the translation can be certified by a person qualified to do so in any of the Member States and not necessarily in the State of origin or the State in which enforcement is sought. (COM/99/0220 final - CNS 99/0110 / Official Journal C 247 E , 31/08/1999)
In addition to the documents required under Article 37, the party applying
for enforcement must also produce documents which establish that, according
to the law of the Member State of origin, the judgment is enforceable
and has been served. (COM/99/0220 final - CNS 99/0110 / Official Journal
This Section does away with the exequatur in the Member State of enforcement for judgments that have been certified in the Member State of origin. As a result, the judgment shall be treated for enforcement purposes as if it were given in the Member State of enforcement.
The procedural requirements that must be met for certification concern the hearing of the child and default judgments, thus corresponding to the grounds of non-recognition in Article 23(b)(c).
As regards default judgments, a distinction is drawn between rights of access and the return of the child. On the one hand, abolishing exequatur for rights of access does not apply to default judgments (the alternative would have been to set out minimum standards on the service of documents). On the other hand, this is not a concern in cases of child abduction given their nature as well as the elaborate cooperation mechanism foreseen in Chapter III.
As regards Article 23 (e)(f), it should always be possible to invoke the existence of an irreconcilable later judgment at the enforcement stage under the law of the Member State of enforcement. This is the case today, for instance, where the second judgment is issued after the first judgment has obtained the exequatur but before any action for enforcement has been undertaken.
As regards Article 23 (a), the ground of public policy is not expected to be invoked often for the non-recognition of judgments under the Brussels II Regulation 2003. Should Member States have specific concerns about situations where this may still be relevant, they can make specific proposals in this respect.
As regards the right to be heard of other holders of parental responsibility (Article 23(d)), their views would normally be taken into account in both rights of access and return cases. Should this not have been the case, the original judgment can be appealed and may be modified accordingly.
This Section goes beyond the scope of the French initiative on rights of access to also apply to the return of the child. This is an essential element of the solution to child abduction cases put forth in Chapter III.
With respect to rights of access, the scope has been limited to parents, as national laws differ considerably on the issue of rights of access of holders of parental responsibility other than parents.
Should a judgment not benefit from certification pursuant to this Section, it may still be recognized and enforced by applying the provisions of Sections 1 and 2. This could, for instance, concern a default judgment on rights of access.
Paragraph 1 states the basic principle whereby a special procedure in the Member State of enforcement shall not be required for the recognition and enforcement of judgments that have been certified in accordance with the provisions of this Section.
Paragraph 2 sets out the relevant procedural requirements, namely that the judgment was not given in default of appearance and that the child was given an opportunity to be heard having regard to his or her age and maturity. The standard form in Annex VI must be used for the certificate.
Paragraph 1 states the basic principle whereby a special procedure in the Member State of enforcement shall not be required for the recognition and enforcement of judgments that have been certified in accordance with the provisions of this Section.
Paragraph 2 sets out the relevant procedural requirement, namely that
the child was given an opportunity to be heard having regard to his or
her age and maturity [see hearing the
child]. The standard form in Annex VII must be used for the certificate
[see new removal of the child to another
Member State].
For enforcement purposes, the judgment must be accompanied by the certificate and, where necessary in the case of rights of access, by a translation of the certificate.
Only point 10 of the certificate concerning rights of access, which describes
the arrangements for the exercise of rights and access, may have to be
translated. No translation is required for the certificate concerning
This Regulation does not touch on the enforcement procedure, which is to be carried out under the law of the Member State of enforcement. So when the Summary Judge of a Dutch District Court has issued a court order in which an enforceable foreign judgment is pronounced enforceable too in the Netherlands, the execution itself will take place according to Dutch national statutory provisions and rules for seizures, foreclosures and sales under execution and, if necessary, with regard to bankruptcies.
A distinction must be drawn between decisions on attributing rights of access and decisions on organizing their exercise. In the latter case the courts of the Member State of enforcement should have some leeway to make the necessary practical arrangements, to the extent that these are not foreseen in the original decision and that its essential elements are respected.
If the applicant has benefited in the State of origin from complete or partial legal aid or exemption from costs or expenses he will also be entitled, in the State in which enforcement is sought, to benefit from the most favourable legal aid or the most extensive exemption from costs and expenses provided for by the law of the State addressed (COM/99/0220 final - CNS 99/0110 / Official Journal C 247 E , 31/08/1999).
This Article repeats the now well-established principle that no security, bond or deposit, however described, shall be required of a party who in one Member State applies for recognition or enforcement of a judgment given in another Member State (cautio judicatum solvi) (COM/99/0220 final - CNS 99/0110 / Official Journal C 247 E , 31/08/1999).
No legalisation or other similar formality is required for the documents referred to in Articles 32, 33, 34(2) [were 33, 34 and 35(2)] or for a document appointing a representative ad litem in the proceedings for obtaining exequatur. (COM/99/0220 final - CNS 99/0110 / Official Journal C 247 E , 31/08/1999)
Each Member State shall designate one central authority. These may be existing authorities entrusted with the application of international conventions in this area.
In the first place, as members of the European Judicial Network [14], the central authorities work on an information system and discuss issues of common interest and their methods of cooperation. In this context they may also develop best practices on family mediation or facilitate the networking of organizations working in this area.
Most importantly, central authorities assume an active role for the purpose of ensuring the effective exercise of rights of parental responsibility in specific cases, within the limits placed on their action by national law. Hence, they share information, give advice, promote mediation, and facilitate court-to-court communications. They play a particularly important role in cases of child abduction, where they have an obligation to locate and return the child, including where necessary to institute proceedings for this purpose.
The ability to work in other languages and the provision of services free of charge are very important considerations for facilitating access to the central authorities.
It is also foreseen to use the network to hold meetings of the central authorities.
Paragraph 1 contains the general rule that this Regulation shall, for the Member States which are parties to it, supersede bilateral or multilateral conventions existing between the Member States. It does not list the Conventions which exist. The reason is that in relation to other conventions this Regulation is the basic instrument on the matters covered by it (Article 1). Conventions which apply in part to these matters are dealt with in Articles 60 and 61 and 63.
Finland and Sweden are party to the Agreement of 6 February 1931 between Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden which contains rules of international private law concerning marriage, adoption and custody. That Agreement was amended most recently by an Agreement adopted in Stockholm in 1973. As a result of the political agreement reached in December 1997 within the European Union, Article 59(2) refers to this particular situation, enabling the Nordic Member States to continue applying the Nordic Agreement in their mutual relations. However, the conditions laid down in that Article must be fulfilled.
Under Article 59(2) of the Regulation, each one of the Nordic Member States will have the right to declare that the 1931 Nordic Agreement will apply in whole or in part in their mutual relations in place of the rules contained in this Regulation.
Paragraph 2(b) affirms the principle of non-discrimination on grounds of nationality on a declaratory basis, as Article 6 of the EC Treaty applies in all matters governed by the Treaty and therefore by the Regulation. It will be monitored by the Court of Justice.
The Commission considers that Member States wishing to exercise this right should reiterate the Declaration annexed to the Regulation, which is reproduced in a footnote (29).
Paragraph (c) is included to guarantee that the rules governing jurisdiction included in any future agreement between the Nordic Member States concerning the matters included in the Regulation comply with this Regulation.
A judgment handed down in a Nordic Member State pursuant to the Nordic Agreement shall also be recognised and enforced in the other Member States in accordance with the rules contained in Chapter III of this Regulation, provided that the grounds of jurisdiction used by the Nordic court correspond to those laid down in Chapter II.
Member States are to notify the Commission of such agreements and of any changes and denunciations.
The utility of preserving this exception will be considered in the report to be presented by the Commission (Article 45) (COM/99/0220 final - CNS 99/0110 / Official Journal C 247 E , 31/08/1999).
This provision contains the general rule that this Regulation takes precedence over other international conventions to which the Member States are party in so far as they concern matters governed by this Regulation.
The text adopted means that this Regulation takes precedence and that it must therefore be compulsory to apply it in place of such other agreements.
It should be pointed out that not all the Member States are party to all the conventions mentioned in this Article and that their inclusion in the list does not mean that the Member States are recommended to accede to them. The provision is simply a practical statement of the relationship between this Regulation and other Treaty texts (COM/99/0220 final - CNS 99/0110 / Official Journal C 247 E , 31/08/1999).
The list now also includes the 1980 Hague Convention. In addition, the precedence of the Proposal to the 1996 Hague Convention is no longer limited to children habitually resident in a Member State. Should the Community decide for the ratification of the Convention by the Member States, the limitations that would be placed on Community law would thus follow from Article 52 of the Convention and would relate to children who are not resident in a Member State and who are resident in another Contracting Party.
This Article deals with agreements with non-member countries, in practice the exclusive jurisdiction of ecclesiastical courts to annul canonical marriages. Portugal would in fact violate the international obligations it assumed under the Concordat if it applied the rules in Articles 2 et seq. recognising the jurisdiction of civil courts to annul Portuguese canonical marriages.
The safeguarding of the Concordat, in accordance with Article 40(1) [was 42(1) and is now Art. 63 BR 2003]], thus confers on Portugal the option of not recognising such jurisdiction nor any judgments to annul the marriages referred to which these courts might hand down.
Secondly, in accordance with paragraph 2, annulment judgments pronounced pursuant to the rules of the Concordat or the Portuguese Civil Code are recognised in the Member States once they have been incorporated into the Portuguese legal system.
The situation in Portugal is different from that in Spain and Italy where the ecclesiastical courts' jurisdiction to declare annulment is not exclusive but concurrent and there is a particular procedure for recognition in the civil system. For that reason, a separate paragraph refers to those Concordats and stipulates that judgments given under them will enjoy the same system of recognition, although there is no exclusive jurisdiction.
In Spain there is an Agreement with the Holy See on legal affairs of 3 January 1979. Separation and divorce are matters for the civil courts. The ecclesiastical courts' exclusive jurisdiction in relation to annulment disappeared after the entry into force of the 1978 Constitution; the civil courts and the ecclesiastical courts now have alternative jurisdiction and there is provision for recognition of civil effects. In such cases, in addition to the 1979 Agreement mentioned above, account needs to be taken of Article 80 of the Civil Code and the second additional Provision to Law 30/1981 of 7 July 1981, which amends the rules on matrimony in the Civil Code and determines the procedure to be followed in annulment, separation and divorce cases. The consequences of these provisions are as follows:
(1) canonical decisions and judgments only produce civil effects if both parties consent and neither contests;
(2) there having been no contest, the ordinary court determines whether the canonical judgment has civil effects or not and, if it does, proceeds to enforce it in accordance with the Civil Code provisions on annulment and dissolution cases;
(3) annulment cases in canon law and in civil law do not coincide. For that reason, there is discussion as to whether canonical judgments 'which accord with State law' can be considered effective in the civil order;
(4) Article 80 of the Civil Code refers to Article 954 of the Code of Civil Procedure, regarding the conditions for enforcing foreign judgments. Such reference is relevant to default of appearance by the respondent. The essential issue is whether or not one of the parties has opposed the application to give the canonical judgments and decisions on marriage annulment civil effect.
The Agreement of 18 February 1984 between the Italian Republic and the Holy See amended the 'Concordato Lateranense' of 11 February 1929. Article 8(2) provides that marriage annulment judgments by the ecclesiastical courts which are enforceable will produce effects in Italy by decision of the 'Corte d'appello' having jurisdiction, provided that:
(a) the ecclesiastical court had jurisdiction over the case in that it was a marriage celebrated in accordance with the requirements laid down by that Article;
(b) the procedure before the ecclesiastical courts afforded the parties the right to appear and to be defended, in accordance with the fundamental principles of the Italian legal system;
(c) the conditions required by Italian legislation for declaring foreign judgments effective have been met. Although Law 218 of 31 May 1995 on the reform of the Italian system of private international law (Article 73) derogated from Articles 796 et seq. of the 'Codice di Procedura Civile' (Code of Civil Procedure), in practice it is understood that, pursuant to Article 2 thereof (international agreements), those Articles remain in force for recognition of ecclesiastical judgments on annulment of marriages. (COM/99/0220 final - CNS 99/0110 / Official Journal C 247 E , 31/08/1999)
The ability of the Member States to conclude agreements follows from the case law of the Court of Justice, while the extent of effects of such agreements follows from international law as well as the provisions of Article 61.
Paragraphs 1 and 2 adopt the same approach as Article 42 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1347/2000 for the application of this Regulation where proceedings are instituted before its date of application, but the judgment is handed out after that date. The general rule is that the Regulation applies only to legal proceedings instituted, to documents formally drawn up or registered as authentic instruments and to settlements which have been approved by a court in the course of proceedings after its entry into force.
Paragraphs 3 and 4 allow for the recognition and enforcement, using the provisions of this Proposal, of judgments that could have been recognized and enforced in accordance with Council Regulation (EC) No 1347/2000.
This provision takes direct account of cases in which there are two or more systems of law or sets of rules from the point of view of court procedure. However, the only grounds included are the ones relating to matters included in this Regulation. (COM/99/0220 final - CNS 99/0110 / Official Journal C 247 E , 31/08/1999)
On the basis of the information communicated by Member States, the Commission will keep the information on central authorities and languages up to date and make this information publicly available.
However, judgments that would have been recognized and enforced under the provisions of Council Regulation (EC) No 1347/2000 would now still be recognized and enforced under the provisions of the Brussels II Regulation 2003 in accordance with the transitional provisions in Article 63(3) and (4).


text:
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text:
Several months after Weezer premiered their version of the Toto classic ""Africa" aka "the internet's favorite song" at the behest of a teenage fan with a clever Twitter campaign, the group played a live version to an excited audience. In the middle of the song, special guest 'Weird Al' Yankovic jumped in on accordion. Since then, Weird Al's continued his ride on the Weezer "Africa" train, this time fronting the band in the music video of the song, looking just like "Buddy Holly". At first it was hard to tell, but then Weird Al broke out some of his signature moves and the illusion hilariously all but disappeared.
The blessings don't stop ?? ? New Africa video starring @alyankovic out now https://t.co/nkBGZgbox9 pic.twitter.com/eQyQiWpcIU
— weezer (@Weezer) September 24, 2018
I make a small cameo appearance in the new @weezer video – see if you can spot it! https://t.co/M84tEBWebh
— Al Yankovic (@alyankovic) September 24, 2018
Related Laughing Squid Posts
The post 'Weird Al' Yankovic Looks Just Like 'Buddy Holly' as He Fronts Weezer's Music Video of the Toto Song 'Africa' appeared first on Laughing Squid.


text:
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Australian Capital Territory: Chapman ACT, Greenleigh ACT, Chisholm ACT, Weetangera ACT, Deakin ACT, ACT Australia 2636
New South Wales: Modanville NSW, Lake Haven NSW, Leichhardt NSW, Tallawang NSW, Kiandra NSW, NSW Australia 2067
Northern Territory: Barunga NT, Kulgera NT, Yulara NT, Eaton NT, Kenmore Park NT, Calvert NT, NT Australia 0842
Queensland: Willow Vale QLD, Kidston QLD, Homebush QLD, Ormeau QLD, QLD Australia 4021
South Australia: Conmurra SA, Moonta SA, Woodville Gardens SA, Pike River SA, Callington SA, Calperum Station SA, SA Australia 5088
Tasmania: Hobart TAS, Staverton TAS, Shannon TAS, TAS Australia 7029
Victoria: Lower Norton VIC, Thalia VIC, Meeniyan VIC, Doreen VIC, Boigbeat VIC, VIC Australia 3008
Western Australia: Nedlands WA, Pindar WA, Bardi WA, WA Australia 6025
British Columbia: Silverton BC, Montrose BC, Prince George BC, Telkwa BC, Burns Lake BC, BC Canada, V8W 2W3
Yukon: Coffee Creek YT, Ogilvie YT, Takhini YT, Faro YT, Tagish YT, YT Canada, Y1A 7C3
Alberta: Vegreville AB, Rosemary AB, Slave Lake AB, Irma AB, Beaumont AB, Myrnam AB, AB Canada, T5K 2J5
Northwest Territories: Ulukhaktok NT, Ulukhaktok NT, Norman Wells NT, Hay River NT, NT Canada, X1A 1L5
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Prince Edward Island: Georgetown PE, Tignish PE, Summerside PE, PE Canada, C1A 6N1
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Ontario: Wrightmans Corners ON, Rolphton ON, Thorpe ON, Harlowe, Doe Lake ON, Ashworth ON, Emo ON, ON Canada, M7A 4L2
Nunavut: Kugluktuk NU, Amadjuak NU, NU Canada, X0A 6H2
England: Grays ENG, Kingston upon Hull (Hull) ENG, Cheltenham ENG, Exeter ENG, Wakefield ENG, ENG United Kingdom W1U 8A1
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text:
Encyclopaedic Compendia
Hullquist Central
|Ecclectic Interchange
Language Compression
Newspapers could be briefer, E-mails shorter, paperback novels thinner, and billboards smaller. The cost savings in paper alone could easily offset the national debt to the tune of $20 billion a year and improve the global economy by at least twice that. Hey, we're in the information age. It's time for our language to come up to speed, to complement technology, not hobble it. Any effort to improve thru-put by data compression should be agressively pursued. The Holy Grail of Gl5 (pronounced Glish) orthography is not simply a consistent, nor predictable, nor phonetic (shouldn't that be fonetic?) rendering of printed language, but achieving true readable text compression.
Many reforms have littered the political and educational landscape with well-intended schemes for the reform of English spelling. No one denies the shameful state of affairs, nor doubts the benefits that would blossom in the wake of a predictable, consistent and truly phonetic orthography (which the nobel English tongue so sadly lacks). But the motives bouyed with altruistic aims to facilitate our children's education or assist the foreign language student will never be sufficient to offset the immense inertia of tradition and an intrenched status quo that balk at such efforts simply because 'it just doesn't look right.'
Mark Twain recognized this long ago when beseeching the Associated Press to promote the 1906 attempt at Simplified Spelling. "And we shall be rid of phthisis and phthisic and pneumonia and pneumatics, and diphtheria and pterodactyl, and all those other insane words which no man addicted to the simple Christian life can try to spell and not lose some of the bloom of his piety in the demoralizing attempt."
Spelling conventions for current English words are sorely weakened by the sheer multiplicity of orthographic alternatives. And entymology plays a role as well. English has adopted so many words from other languages (often retaining much of their original spelling) that rules are strewn with exceptions. Remnants of foreign influence linger on as silent or redundant letters and superfluous syllables—useless vestiges that serve no other purpose than to bloat our tongue and render it a hopeless mass of variation out of control. Or, as Mark Twain said, "grotesque to the eye and revolting to the soul."
The need to provide English with some semblence of orgnization and consistency should be considered for more than merely data compression benefits. Truely phonetic spelling would reduce the length of time required and cost imposed on educational programs worldwide. And consistency should involve more than merely spelling. Eliminating grammatical irregularities would not only facilitate the learning process but also aid in moving English toward an even more non-inflected language as well as reduce regional discrimination.
Start with consonantal variation. English sports two ways to denote the soft 'S' (S,C) and 'F' (F,PH) sounds, three alternative renderings for 'J' (J,G,DG) and at least five methods of creating a hard 'C' (C,K,CK,CH,Q). Many consonants are at one time or another rendered silent (and thus redundant). Take, for instance, the GH in through, the S in island, the B in lamb, the P and S in corps. And the state of vowel usage is really quite dismal. We still tolerate bus, busy, womb , and women .
There is much to applaud the vast and colorful English vocabulary. English has accommodated with amazing verbal adroitness thousands of additional words—borrowed, adopted and outright stolen from the rest of the world's linguistic community. The ever evolving resourcefulness of the language has invested it with a wealth of terminology and beauty of expression that serves equally well the demands of technology and the passions of poetry. But there is, at least in some quarters, a need for a much slimmer version of the language. With the arrival of the Information Age a new, more pressing rationale has emerged for entertaining, once again, that ancient dream of spelling reform.
Spelling Pioneers
There have been numerous attempts to reform the English tongue. The language's archaic orthography, which has remained virtually unchanged since the 17th century, has drawn the most fire. The following information comes courtesy of Cornell Kimball and his fine web page, drawing mostly from Ken Ives' "Written Dialects and Spelling Reform" (1979) and Abraham Tauber's "Spelling Reform in the United States."
Benjamin Franklin, Noah Webster, Theodore Roosevelt, and Andrew Carnege have all championed the cause.
Noah Webster's 1806 American Dictionary made the most profound effect of establishing the significant spelling differences that exist to this day between British and American orthography. Webster is responsible for rendering 'joal' as our current 'jail', removing the 'u' from colour and honour, and reversing the 're' in centre and theatre. He wanted to remove the silent 'e' from such words as 'give', and use the double 'ee' digliph for all long 'e' sounding words such as 'read' and 'leave'. Sadly, purists of the time objected too strongly to allow his efforts to prevail.
In 1876, the American
Philological Association promoted the use of ar catalog definit gard giv hav
infinit liv tho thru wisht. This same year the International Convention for the
Amendment of English Orthography was held in Philadelphia, during the
Centennial Exposition. Later this organization evolved into the Spelling
Reform Association. A burst of reform associations emerged over the next
few years, among them the British Spelling Reform Association, the
American Philological Association, the National Education
Association. Additional
nominations for improved spelling now included altho thruout thoro thoroly thorofare
program prolog pedagog
The Simplified Spelling Board was founded in the U.S. in 1906 and its sister, the Simplified Spelling Society, appeared two years later in the U.K. One of the American founding members was Andrew Carnegie, who pumped in more than $250,000 to promote the cause.
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt ordered the Government Printing Office on August 27, 1906 to use the Simplified Spelling Board's 300 or so proposed spellings. The date was strategically chosen by Teddy because the U.S. Congress happened to be in recess. But the order was later revoked when Congress readjourned that fallby a vote of 142 to 24.
January 1934 the Chicago Tribune inaugurated what it called a "practical test of spelling reform" by applying its own list of 80 respelled words which included advertisment, catalog, agast, ameba, burocrat, crum, missil, subpena, bazar, hemloc, herse, intern, rime, sherif, staf, glamor, harth, iland, jaz, tarif, trafic. The list was introduced over a series of editorials finally reporting that "short spelling wins votes of readers 3 to 1." The editors chided dictionary makers for not daring to pioneer the effort. But Within five years their list had shrivled in half. A few new recruits were added such as the previous favorites tho, altho, thru, thoro and a series of 'ph' alternatives such as autograf, telegraf, philosofy, photograf, sofomore. Over the decades more and more words were dropped until only "thru" and "tho" remained in 1975 when they, too, where abandoned.
Today the only remaining vestage of the Spelling Reform Association and the Simplified Spelling Board is anorganization called the American Literacy Council. Their modern concern is now directed toward the teaching of reading and writing as well as spelling reform.
In 1948 linguists Daniel Jones and Harold Orton proposed their New Spelling system. With the aim of making English spelling more phonetic, the resulting changes rendered the appearance of written English uncomfortably foreign. For example:
"Dhe langgwej wood be impruuvd bie dhe adopshon of nue speling for wurds"
This was an attempt to use a consistent phonetic application. Thus 'dh' for voiced 'th', 'sh' instead of 'ti', 'ie' to indicate the long i sound. But why is 'uu' used for long 'u' in impruuvd but rendered 'ue' in new? And no attempt was made to keep 'o' consistent. It appears as short 'o' and short 'u' in adopshon and long 'o' in for. Then the usage of 'e': long in be but short in langgwej and speling. But aside from the spelling implications, the result did nothing for shrinking the size of written communication.
More spelling systems
Spanglish uses letter doubling to change stress and vowel usage. It is summarized at http://www.unifon.org/alfa-saxon.html
Founded in 1978, the Better Education thru Simplified Spelling orgnization favors simply the use of tho, thru, and possibly hav as an initial effort to buck established convention. The second wave against orthographic inertia would focus on legitimatizing the popular lite and nite.
Australians proposed introducing a series of limited changes beginning in 1984. Their initial nominees were: hed, fotograf, caut, cof, and (once again) giv. These illustrated two basic principles: use of consistent symbols of phonemes, and elimination of silent letters. Except for caut (why not cot?) and fotograf (everyone already uses foto), the improvement in word length was nearly optimal.
This effort was followed by a more comprehensive scheme known as Cut Spelling appearing in 1992. It continues to be supported by the SSS (www.les.aston.ac.uk/sss) .
Cut Spelng:Esy readng for continuity
One first notices that one can imediatly read CS quite esily without even noing th rules of th systm. Since most words ar unchanjed and few letrs substituted, one has th impression of norml ritn english with a lot of od slips, rathr than of a totaly new riting systm. The esential cor of words, the leters that identify them, is rarely afectd, so that ther is a hy levl of compatibility between th old and new spelngs. This is esential for the gradul introduction of any spelng reform, as ther must be no risk of a brekdown of ritn comunication between th jenrations educated in th old and th new systms. CS represents not a radicl upheval, but rather a streamlining, a trimng away of many of those featurs of traditionl english spelng wich dislocate th smooth opration of th alfabetic principl of regulr sound-symbl corespondnce.
Several concepts are exciting: remove all double consonants (like letrs, esential, spelng). Well, almost all. Notice impression.
Cut Spelng does delete most unecessary vowels (as in th, norml, esily, systm, ritn, rathr, levl, cor), and apply consonants fairly consistently (jenrations, unchanjed, alfabetic). But this, too, is a disappointment. The applications are still applied inconsistently. In one occurance 'letters' appears as letrs, and in another as leters. Probably an oversight, but 'the' is rendered the in two places instead of the preperred th. And why isn't '-ing' (as in streamlining) always treated as efficiently as it is in trimng and spelng? We are treated to a very nice compact afectd, but are still left with unchanjed, substituted, educated, rather.
We still have to deal with the uncertainty of how to spell with the letter 'e'.
sometimes it is short
(impression, them, identify,
afectd, levl, spelng),
CS advocates promote its space saving 'advantajs' in that it is "som 10% shortr than traditionl spelng. This has sevrl importnt advantajs. To begin with, it saves time and trubl for evryone involvd in producing ritn text, from scoolchildren to publishrs, from novlists to advrtisers, from secretris to grafic desynrs."
Why is this CS example so timid in achieving even more impressive space reduction by applying its rules more consistently? If we can benefit by the concise versions of sevrl and importnt why not producng, scoolchildrn, and advrtisrs? And if we can use 'y' to replace 'ig' in desynrs why not capitalize on similar savings for words like tym ?
It is understandable why so much of English's inconsistency is retained by CS. The emphasis on keeping the appearance of English for the sake of bridging future generations was probably irresistable. But CS generally scores high on quick acceptance and introduces the concept that alternate spellings are not flaws of education because, as W.C. Fields once observed, "I have no respect for anyone who can spell a word only one way."
Cut Spelng proposes four basic rules:
Eliminate silent letters
For example: have, through, who, yacht, herb/honest, psychology, pneumonia, would, debt, scene, treasure, friend, people, build, etc.
Eliminate unstressed vowels before l,m,n,r,d
For example: exampl, chapl, centr, entr, randm, persistnt, curtn, fashn, litl, watrd, bedd, submitd, edbl.
Eliminate double consonants
For example: letr, betr, ritn, mitn, hapn, clapn, omitd, travld.
Eliminate redundant variations
gh, ph with f ruf, cof, laf, fon,
graf, fiziks,
Other than these, it's just a capricious as English in predicting just how a word will be spelled.
Gl5 would add to these concepts: vowel consistency and economy thru an even more radical limnation of superfulous or non-critical syllables. Something along the line of Dutton's Speedwords.
In the late 1940s Reginald J. G. Dutton created a constructed language called Speedwords as a candidate for an international auxiliary language derived primarilly from English. But it has over the years found greater utility as an effective stenographic system as it uses only normal Roman alphabetic letters with no unique symbols.
Speedwords was designed around Zipf's Law, an observation that frequently-used words tend to be short words.
Dutton claimed that his Speedwords were "logically and methodically built up from Professor Ernest Horn's remarkable analysis of the frequency of occurrence of all words. The Iowa University philologist and his staff examined and tabulated 15,000,000 running words of all classes of written and printed matter. The very-high-frequency words tabulated by Professor Horn are expressed in Dutton Speedwords by single alphabetic letters standing alone. The next highest in his order of frequency are alloted two-letter speedwords, and so on..."
Dutton further intended that a carefully chosen small vocabulary of basic concepts (or as he called them, "semantic primitives") could be compounded to express virtually any idea within semantic space. After a study of Roget's original 1000 thesaurus categories Dutton surmised that "Only 493 one-, two-, or three-letter word-roots have to be memorised." Thus, Speedwords attempted to achieve two goals: make the most common morphemes as brief as possible, and cover all of semantic space with the fewest possible morphemes.
An illustration of Speedwords' compact expression capabilities is shown here:
E 3 le ir f v = (There) are three letters here for you.
Be 3 letters hir for vous.
Dutton drew from other languages than English, as illustrated here by the French vous. His system also imposed its own (often arbitrary and highly idiomatic) grammar upon the user. One interesting aspect of this was his ambitious use of single-letter affixes. Nearly every letter was assigned some modifying quality.
-a unfavorable pro =
promise, proa = threaten (unfavorable promise)
Single Letter Words (both upper and lower case) were also employed:
a at, to, toward
Speedwords quickly begins to appear largely alien to standard English. It is, in many respects, a divergent language with new word forms and structural mechanisms. It does, however, demonstrate several significant compression techniques that can be adaptable to a more immediately readable format.
GL5, in its primary goal of attaining the highest possible text compression ratios, shares several aspects of the Speedwords model. Single letter words are also applied to full advantage producing similar looking sentences of extreme brevity:
izpm Bdtym = It is past my bedtime.
GL5 diverges from
Speedwords, however, in a few significant areas:
order to achieve maximum data compression, GL5 incorporates several
techniques to achieve innate reductions in word length and increases in
GL5 Breviations


text:
The county board announced in letter to all residents within the county of SouthStar the tax drop and with additional forms for those wishing to receive information on the 2016 budget which plays a large part in this reduction.
The first public demonstration of the newly remodeled outdoor venue in SouthStar Glen now named the "SouthStar Peace Gardens" was a replacement to the city's recurring New Years event and saw a dynamic in the venue which the area has never seen or thought to be possible. A free admission show which lasted over 5 hours with on and off music and a grand display of the new stage and lighting systems installed weeks prior to the event; local and regional vendors who arrived to sell and offer services with a 100% take home in the end. Most shows prior had been paid entry and most vendors would have to provide a percentage of sales to the city as well as have city, state, and county taxes deducted from their sales gains.
The new dynamic is the brain-child of a very eccentric new owner of the venue whom has taken both the city and the state by storm. The finalized purchase of the former Glen Garden's Venue and the Botanical Gardens, also located on the site, gave huge conditions that until now would be considered deal-breakers.
SouthStar Glen City Purchase Conditions:
- Sale of property ( venue and gardens including all open land, beaches, and unsold city land within the city's section 2 zone F lakefront) to new owner. Final Sale of $6 Million.
- Decisions on Band, Performance, and Land usage is 100% owned by purchaser ( Jag/iNdGreir LLC.)
- Security will be provided by local police department with a monthly payment for services to the city of $154,000 and additional $50,000 for events requiring additional security.
- City to enforce a new dry-zone which would ban alcoholic or hard beverages within the property that would be punishable with fine up to $2000.
- All event costs (including marketing, fees, and utilities) and maintenance costs paid in full by iNdGreir LLC. (owner)
- all sales gains to be given to the city of SouthStar Glen when admission fee's required ( larger bands and some private events).
- City and County amendments created to allow tax free operation for all vendors at events. Owner will charge a one time Vendor fee during events which will also be paid to the city of SouthStar Glen at end of each event.
The conditions of the sale on this venue have made many advisers question the new owner and some have look into the background of the new owner to find some past incidents from the former rock star's history including still current ban's from 5 US states and a few over-sea's locations.
However the system while unorthodox has gained the City of SouthStar Glen it's first record breaking winter event for the year with the demonstration event gaining a gain of $677,998.00 solely from vendor fees and money collected at some city owned vendor stands during the event including those offering city shirts and historical booklets. Vendors had reported many record sales as well and praised the new conditions that allowed them to leave with almost all the money made minus the fee to participate and operating costs ( product, fuel, and wages). Many vendors already had high hopes and those same had already mentioned returning in the spring for the full opening of the venue.
The opening of this venue and it's conditions had such a large effects for what was not a full operation, but a trial and preview that the county board had a meeting on the 3rd of January to decide if the county budget was in need of re-evaluation and later rejected it's November budget for a revision adding the 7% cut in resident taxes. "The additional gains from the most recent affiliation with the Peace Garden's has allowed us to take a radical look at the newest budget and see that we will be able to afford a lower tax for those living within our lines" stated the county secretary Hamm on Friday; adding " not since 2001 have we lowered our tax rate like this and it will boost our area economically as we offer a more affordable place to live and work."
Additional changes included a $75,000.00 allowance for County Education platforms looking to bring tablets into Junior and Senior High classes and adds extra spending for school lunch programs county wide with the intent to introduce more "made to eat" meals and reduce the amount of pre-processed food.
The budget also includes the late addition for a federally granted project to expand the Valley Pines Transit system into SouthStar Glen using form SouthStar Coast lines that have been left either abandoned for nearly 20 years or are currently used by regional railroads for alternate freight passages during in-climate weather. The lines now funded for renewal by a federal grant of $12,000,000.00 to the Valley Pines Transit Authority will change hands from the state into the VPTA in the next few weeks and will begin to receive upgrades. "We are excited to bring our trains and some history to the SouthStar Glen area and will be clearing the former SouthStar Coast right-of-ways very soon as we work in Valley Pines on the switch point into town" read a statement from the VPTA earlier Friday Morning.
The line will extend from the 76th Street (Razorraun Station) depot stop onto it's own line where it will travel via overhead powered lines to Southstar Glen's Transit district. The area currently housing lines for the SouthStar Coast LTD. Railway will soon include a cross track with the VPTA as it continues into the downtown area until reaching the end of the line at the Peace Garden's Venue. "We are excited that interest has sparked to help in returning our old city railroad to operation" stated Jim Vaer, President of SouthStar Coast LTD Railway. " The SouthStar Coast Lines went under 20 years ago on those line and ours and with the volunteers on site and donations around the world we are able to resume operations to preserve this line; the addition of Valley Pines lines out here will bring back the feeling of connectivity to the area, give people a feeling of being able to see the world again." he added.
The planning commission said the line will run from Valley Pines alone the same original roue of the old railroad and include sights that made the SouthStar Coast a real diamond to ride including a stark veiw of the lake and forst areas along it. The old line also includes a 2 mile high trestle made of wood from 1911 over Glen Falls. "The line was a goldmine to view; riders will get to see what those 100 years ago could see." stated Mr. Vaer who also said that the trestle would still hold trains to this day.
VPTA stated that the line would be updated and that some structures and crossings may be replaced entirely due to safety concerns and age. They were not asked about the trestle, but did acknowledge that some historic aspects of the route would be preserved in every way possible within the ground of their safety priorities.
Construction is slated for early spring on the extension and may be finished in time for the start of festival season as the SouthStar Peace Garden's officially open with an already sizable show list started which includes BabyMetal V, an Anime Convention, MikuFest, and some private party's and events.


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The Full Monty in some ways is a typical sex comedy, which lots of jokes that could pop up in any raunchy movie. What makes it stand out is the context of the comedy and the situation in which the film is placed. The comedy lightens the movie, which centers around a group of desperate men. Being broke and jobless is a reality for more and more people in today's deteriorating economy, so many people can relate to this movie. The film works so well because it is so realistic and humorous while exploring some controversial ideas of morality and nudity.
The film takes place in Sheffield, England, a once prosperous town whose economy centered around the steel industry. The Full Monty examines the town after the steel industry has become non-existent, leaving the former steelworkers jobless. Gaz (Robert Carlyle), along with his best friend, Dave (Mark Addy), gets the bright idea to put on an all-male dance show after seeing the women of Sheffield go crazy over the Chippendale dancers that come to town. Gaz is looking to earn enough money to pay the child support he owns his son's mother. Dave is hoping to find work in order to avoid taking a security job that his wife has found for him. The two men hear that Chippendales make thousands of pounds dancing for one night, and they speculate that they could do that too. They enlist the help of their former steel yard foreman, Gerald (Tom Wilkinson), who knows a little about dance. The three men and Gaz's son, Nathan (William Snape), hold auditions to find more talent for their act. Their group ends up including an old, former break dancer named Horse (Paul Barber), a man name Guy (Hugo Speer) who can't dance but has certain "attributes" necessary to be a stripper, and a skinny but eager ginger named Lomper (Steve Huison). None of them are the type of men that women flock to see take of their clothes. They are to skinny or too fat or too old or too ugly. But they promise the women of Sheffield something other male strippers don't–the "full monty."
As the economy in the US continues to worsen and leave people desperate for work, more and more Americans would be able to relate to The Full Monty. It examines the issues that the downtrodden face in England, a country with a rich history of class divisions. In 1997, I think it would have been much more controversial due to some of its subject matter. Today, more people can relate and accept the content of the film. Although deals with some sad and serious issues, The Full Monty does so in a way that is heartfelt and sincere.
Making a movie about women in this same situation would surely have caused much more controversy. There are people who view stripping for money a major moral issue because strippers essentially sell their bodies. For some, it is one step away from prostitution. The film takes a look at the same situation through the eyes of a group a desperate men. And we end up feeling for them and wanting them to succeed. The babe-free male cast allows The Full Monty to humorously examine the lengths that people will go to to make money. The funniest scenes are perhaps the ones when we see them working so hard to perfect their dance, but failing so miserably. These moments include the scenes when they are researching by using Flashdance as a frame of reference, or when the men get arrested after being caught rehearsing in an abandoned steel building.
Of course, the soundtrack is hilariously perfect and full of typical "stripper" songs like "You Sexy Thing" and "You Can Leave Your Hat On." But what is surprising was how the dialogue, although heavily accented, is truthful. The six men express themselves in ways that make us relate to them. The actors take on their roles flawlessly. I particularly enjoyed Gerald, who goes about hiding his unemployment from his wife. He reluctantly joins the men but ends up becoming invested and loyal to them as they get glimpses into each others' lives. One of my favorite moments is when the men go over to Gerald's house to practice getting nude in front of each other. It is at that moment that collectors come to take Gerald's television, but the other men stand up for Gerald despite being naked. It shows an understanding and solidarity that people in every walk of life desire. Unemployment and poverty are terrible, but having people there with you who understand your situation can make a big difference.
The men are essentially searching for a way to get their self-worth back. It is ironic that they somehow achieve this by stripping in front of a bunch of women. Many people would find it demeaning and uncomfortable. Indeed, we see Dave struggle with the idea of stripping down in front of a room full of women because he is a little heavy-set. He imagines everyone judging him and laughing. He makes a decision to overcome his insecurities when he realizes that he would rather be "jiggin' about in the buff" than enduring the duties of a security guard.The Full Monty makes a statement that nakedness is not nearly as bad as joblessness. The men would rather be earning money dancing around naked then spending endless days at the job office.
The final scene is the one we all expect. The six men strip down and triumphantly expose their junk to the audience of ladies. It might be disappointing for some that we only get the view from behind, although I did not mind seeing it unfold that way. However, I do wish they would have included a moment after the dance when we see how the men feel after having exposed themselves so completely. Overall, The Full Monty was a charming film about the resilience of the human spirit in the face of adversity.


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The Joint Committee on Attorney Standards, established by Supreme Court rule, is comprised of members appointed by the Chief Justice and the Board of Governors of the State Bar Association. The Committee is responsible for the study and review of all rules and proposals concerning attorney supervision, including admission to the bar, attorney discipline, rules of professional conduct, and law student practice.
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View the discussion thread. Click here to cancel reply. Joining the mysterious girl named Door and her companions, the Marquis de Carabas and the bodyguard, Hunter, Richard embarks on an extraordinary quest to escape from the clutches of the fiendish assassins Croup and Vandemar and to discover who ordered them to murder her family. Season 3, Episode 3 Recap.
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Customer Reviews My favourite! Season 4, Episode 3 Recap. Season 3, Episode 3 Recap. An amazing cast, an amazing crew, and an amazing author behind it all! An act of kindness sees Richard Mayhew catapulted from his ordinary life into a subterranean world under the streets of London.
We are unable to find iTunes nevewrhere your computer. With just music, sound effects, and the voices of these formidable thespians, the BBC's experts will tell Gaiman's story of two Londons: Poetry Free Audio Books: It went on to become a comic book, then a stage production and now, adapted by Dirk Maggs, a radio play.
Beneath the streets of London there is another London.
View More by This Author. Get the best cultural and educational resources on the web curated for you in a daily email. At the moment, it offers a slew of preview clips to give you a flavor of just how Gaiman's material sounds as interpreted by cast including James McAvoy, Natalie Dormer, Benedict Cumberbatch, and Christopher Lee.
Contains over 25 minutes of additional unbroadcast material, including extended scenes, bloopers and outtakes. I loved the book and this dramatized version of it just brought it to life beautifully. Bcb the man's work transcended all limits of form? A somewhere that is Neverwhere.
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Unsubscribe at any time. If Men Were Held Accountable. Open Culture editor Dan Colman scours the web for the best educational media. We're hoping to rely on our loyal readers rather than erratic ads.
Neil Gaiman on Neverwhere's radio debut
Overview Music Video Charts. All episodes will stay available on demand until March Fiction Free Audio Books: Digital media type by day, Lacy has a fairly useless degree in British medieval literature, and watches entirely nveerwhere much television in her free time. Definitely recommend listening to it even if you are the slighted bit interested.
Beneath the streets of London there is another London. A subterranean labyrinth of sewers pay abandoned tube stations.
We're hoping to rely on loyal readers, rather than erratic ads. Comments 0 Be the first to comment. As the title indicates, this story follows the Marquis on a journey to find his lost coat, among other things. And if that's not enough, Gaiman himself is making an appearance! Season 3, Episode 4 Radoi. Archive All posts by date.


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