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Interfacial biomechanical properties of a dual acid-etched versus a chemically modified hydrophilic dual acid-etched implant surface: an experimental study in Beagles
© The Author(s). 2018
- Received: 1 February 2018
- Accepted: 29 May 2018
- Published: 27 September 2018
The high survival clinical success rates of osseointegration are requisites for establishing a long-term biomechanical fixation and load-bearing potential of endosseous oral implants. The objective of this preclinical animal study was to evaluate the effect of surface microtopography and chemistry on the early stages of biomechanical rigidity with a sandblasted, dual acid-etched surface, with or without an additional chemical modification (SAE-HD and SAE, respectively), in the tibia of Beagle dogs.
Two pairs of implants, with the same macrogeometry but different surface technology ((a) dual acid-etched surface treatment with hydrochloric and sulfuric acid followed by microwave treatment and insertion in isotonic saline solution to increase hydrophilicity (SAE-HD) (test, n = 12) and (b) dual acid-etched surface (SAE) (control, n = 12)), were installed bilaterally in the proximal tibia of six Beagle dogs. In order to determine the effect of surface modification on biomechanical fixation, a test protocol was established to assess the torque and a complete set of intrinsic properties. Maximum removal torque (in N cm) was the primary outcome measure, while connection stiffness (N cm/rad) and removal energy (× 10−2J) were the secondary outcome measures and were assessed after 2 and 4 weeks in vivo. A general linear statistical model was used and performed for significant differences with the one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test (P < 0.05).
The removal torque values did not reveal significant statistical differences between SAE-HD and SAE implants at any observation times (P = 0.06). Although a slight increase over time could be observed in both test and control groups. SAE-HD showed higher removal energy at 4 weeks (999.35 ± 924.94 × 10− 2 J) compared to that at 2 weeks (421.94 ± 450.58 × 10− 2 J), while SAE displayed lower values at the respective healing periods (P = 0.16). Regarding connection stiffness, there were no significant statistical differences neither within the groups nor over time. There was a strong, positive monotonic correlation between removal torque and removal energy (=0.722, n = 19, P < 0.001).
In this study, no significant differences were observed between the specific hydrophilic (SAE-HD) and hydrophobic (SAE) surfaces evaluated, in terms of biomechanical properties during the early osseointegration period.
- Biomaterial
- Dental implant
- Removal torque
- Removal energy
- Connection stiffness
- Implant roughness
- Wettability
- Dogs
- New methodology assessment for implants
The progressive evolution of oral implant surface technology (i.e., micro to nanotopography and chemical composition) [1, 2], implant macrogeometry, surgical procedures [3–5], and loading protocols [6–8] has resulted in high survival and clinical success rates [9]. Accordingly, chemically active micro and nanostructured implant surfaces, presenting moderate surface roughness (Ra/Sa values between 1 and 2 μm), enhance host-to-implant interactions [10–12] and have been shown to shorten the period needed for time-critical functional implant loading (i.e., so-called immediate or early loading) [13–15].
Recent in vitro analyses support the concept that hydrophilic surfaces upregulate the expression of angiogenic factors, activate the production of anti-inflammatory factors, and downregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by osteoblasts [16] and macrophage-like cells [17, 18], and regulate osteogenic differentiation and maturation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) [10, 19, 20] and human osteoblast-like cells [21–23], increasing osteogenesis and decreasing osteoclastogenesis [11, 23, 24]. Furthermore, higher surface energy and hydrophilicity is demonstrated to induce faster bone-to-implant contact (%BIC) and bone density, both in preclinical in vivo experiments [25–27] and in patients [7, 28, 29]. Indeed, higher biomechanical stability as expression of primary and secondary bone anchorage is recorded following hydrophilic implant placement [26, 30].
Particularly, a superhydrophilic moderately rough titanium (Ti) implant surface (contact angle less than 5°) has been suggested to play a critical role during the early healing period [27] and establishment of a successful osseointegration [31] in preclinical in vivo studies. The microarchitecture and density of the trabecular bone formed around oral implants, characterized by a high ratio of metabolic activity and remodeling, is one of the main determinants of interfacial shear strength, mechanical resistance, and adaptation to overloading stress [32]. The potential of chemically modified superhydrophilic implant surfaces to enhance osteogenic differentiation and increase early bone apposition onto the implant may shorten the implant stability drop, occurring due to bone remodeling during the first few weeks of implantation [13]. Consequently, such microstructured surface technology may lessen the healing (non-loading) period and allow more readily immediate or early functional implant loading in patients with reduced bone density. Nevertheless, there is lack of knowledge regarding the intrinsic biomechanical aspects of osseointegration related to this specific implant surface technology (i.e., removal torque, removal energy, and connection stiffness) during the initial osseointegration process.
Evaluation of biological effects and biomechanical properties of innovative technologies in the field of implant dentistry in preclinical animal models, prior to translational research, complies with standard regulations [33]. Thus, the aim of this preclinical animal study was to evaluate the effect of surface microtopography and chemistry on the biomechanical properties of implants with a sandblasted, dual acid-etched surface, with or without an additional chemical modification (SAE-HD1 and SAE,2 respectively), during the early stages of osseointegration in the tibia of Beagle dogs. Specifically, we hypothesized that a chemically active implant surface presenting superhydrophilicity generates higher interfacial shear strength in comparison to a hydrophobic surface, expressed as higher maximum removal torque, removal energy, and connection stiffness.
The present preclinical in vivo study is reported according to the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines, in regard with relevant items [33]. The animal experimental protocol was approved by the Bioethics Committee for Animal Experimentation (CEUA, protocol no. 098/10) at the Federal University of Uberlândia and followed the normative guidelines of the National Council for Animal Control and Experimentation (CONCEA), constituent of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI), Law no. 11.794, 08/19/2008, Brazil. The in vivo part of the study was conducted between November 2012 and January 2013.
Experimental units
Twenty-four commercially pure Ti implants (10 mm × 4 mm, L × Ø) with a moderately rough surface, produced by means of sandblasting and dual acid-etching with hydrochloric and sulfuric acid were used in the present study. Implants in the control group were only sandblasted and dual acid-etched (SAE; n = 12). In the test group, after sandblasting and dual acid etching, implants received proprietary technology treatment, including microwave treatment and insertion in isotonic saline solution resulting in significantly increased hydrophilicity (SAE-HD; n = 12). These specific implant surfaces exhibit the following 3D surface roughness parameters for SAE and SAE-HD, respectively: Sa 1.44 μm ± 1.15 and 1.26 μm ± 0.17; Sz 14.57 μm ± 1 and 16.20 μm ± 7.8; Sdr 1.51 and 1.21%; Sds 658.67 1/mm2 ± 27.42 and 643.33 1/mm2 ± 37.74; and Ssk −0.51 and −0.43 [27]. The chemical composition of the different surfaces was examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The atomic percentage values of carbon were 49 and 17, and 22 and 59 of oxygen in SAE and SAE-HD groups, respectively. The surface energy and wettability was investigated by means of a static contact angle analysis by means of the sessile drop technique [34] applying simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. SAE-HD disks reveal a superhydrophilic behavior (contact angle < 5°), whereas SAE surfaces display superhydrophobic properties (contact angle > 90°).
The implants present similar macrodesign with an external hexagon connection system and cylindrical body containing double triangular threads with high potential for bone compression recommended for type III and IV bone, commercially available as Titamax Ti Ex®. Neodent®3 supplied all implants.
Animal model
Six male Beagle dogs (~ 1.5 years old), weighting between 13 and 15 kg, were used in the present study. All animals were acclimatized in the experimental animal care facility of Federal University of Uberlândia for 2 weeks previously to the experimental procedures and randomly pair-housed in standard shelters (1 × 1.5 m kennel) to allow environmental enrichment (i.e., variety of toys, daily group play sessions, resistance running, and training) at the ambient temperature of 22 °C, under controlled humidity and 12-h circadian rhythm. The diet consisted of hard pellet and water ad libitum. The animal caretakers were blind to the experimental groups. The level of pain, distress, or suffering was daily assessed during the observation period to ensure the welfare of the animals. Aiming to guarantee selection blindness during the experimental allocation, the groups were systematically coded by a third person and the first implant to be placed in each tibia was randomly assigned. Sample size was calculated based on information in previous studies using the dog tibia model to allow evaluation of possible differences in bone-to-implant contact between groups. The surgical procedures and the histological/histomorphometrical outcomes of the study have been reported elsewhere [31].
Assessment of interfacial biomechanical properties
To assess the biomechanical strength of the bone-implant interface, the following parameters were assessed: (a) maximum removal torque (N cm) (primary outcome measure), obtained during the unscrewing process (primary outcome measure); (b) connection stiffness (N cm/rad), corresponding to the ratio between removal torque and angular displacement (secondary outcome measure); and (c) removal energy (× 10–2 J), corresponding to the energy (workload) necessary to completely unscrew the implant (secondary outcome measure).
Calibration of one blinded examiner (R.N.R.J) and repeated measurements for data reproducibility was performed under supervision and prior to performing the removal torque test and respective calculation of connection stiffness.
Statistical analysis
A general linear statistical model with torque, energy, and stiffness as dependent variables and implant surface and time in vivo as independent variables was used at 95% level of significance and performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. The Spearman rank correlation test was taken in order to test the association concerning the investigated dependent variables. Since sample size calculation, as already mentioned, was made to allow evaluation of possible differences in bone-to-implant contact between groups, a post hoc analysis was performed to define the minimum detectable difference between groups regarding the parameters assessed herein, with a power of 80% and an alpha error of 0.05%. The IBM® SPSS® Statistics software5 was used.
One-way ANOVA variance and Tukey's post hoc test values of removal torque (N cm), removal energy [N cm/rad (0.01 J)], and connection stiffness [N cm/rad] for SAE-HD and SAE implants at 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively (n = 6; P < 0.05)
Sum of squares
Mean square
Sig. (P value)
Removal torque
Between groups
Within groups
Removal energy
Between groups
Within groups
Connection stiffness
Between groups
Within groups
The removal torque values (N cm) did not reveal significant statistical differences between SAE-HD and SAE implants at any observation period (P = 0.06), but a slight increase over time could be observed in both test and control groups (Fig. 5a). Removal torque at 2 weeks was 60.18 ± 24.12 and 54.00 ± 29.91 N cm, and at 4 weeks was 88.11 ± 14.96 and 79.05 ± 14.59 N cm for SAE-HD and SAE implants, respectively (Fig. 5b). SAE-HD showed higher removal energy [J] at 4 weeks (9.99 ± 9.25) compared to 2 weeks (4.22 ± 4.50), while SAE displayed lower values at corresponding healing times (5.21 ± 1.49 vs. 2.83 ± 2.49, respectively) (P = 0.16). Regarding connection stiffness (N cm/rad), SAE showed lower values at 2 weeks (462.57 ± 507.75) compared with 4 weeks of healing (689.01 ± 496.28), however not statistically significant (Fig. 5c). SAE-HD disclosed similar results at 2 and 4 weeks (652.98 ± 111.26 vs. 661.56 ± 369.28, respectively) without statistically significant differences neither between the groups, nor over time (P = 0.76).
Spearman rank correlation coefficient values between removal torque (N cm), removal energy [N cm/rad (0.01 J)], and connection stiffness [N cm/rad] for SAE-HD and SAE implants at 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively (n = 6; P < 0.01)
Removal torque
Removal energy
Connection stiffness
Spearman's rho
Removal torque
Sig. (two-tailed)
Removal energy
(−) 0.091
Sig. (two-tailed)
Connection stiffness
(−) 0.091
Sig. (two-tailed)
Improving surface wettability aims to increase the implant surface area achieving most favorable protein adsorption and cellular adhesion and thereby to positively regulate the biological response at the initial osseointegration process. Thus, the superior potential of superhydrophilic surfaces in enhancing osseointegration at early stages of bone formation may also enhance their load-bearing capacity and biomechanical resistance.
In the present study, both SAE-HD implants and SAE implants showed relatively high amounts of maximum removal torque values at both observation times. In contrast, the SAE-HD implants showed relatively high values in removal energy compared with SAE implants at both 2 and 4 weeks. Specifically, the test group presented consistently higher values (about 100% higher) in removal energy compared with the control group at both observation times. Further, SAE-HD implants showed high values in connection stiffness already after 2 weeks of healing, while SAE implants required 4 weeks of healing to reach a similar level. Thus, despite the fact that the differences between the two groups were not significant for any of the evaluated parameters or observation times, the results seem to indicate that differences in surface properties between SAE-HD and SAE implants, somehow influenced osseointegration and intrinsic properties of shear strength. Indeed, greater removal torque values and interfacial stiffness for hydrophilic implants (modSLA)1 between 2 and 4 weeks, in comparison with SLA2, have been previously reported [35]. In this study [35], performed in the anterior maxilla of miniature pigs, hydrophilic implants revealed, on average, 8–21 and 9–14% significantly higher removal torque and interfacial stiffness values, respectively, than those of the SLA implants. Due to the remodeling process, the biomechanical parameters decreased with time for both implant surfaces, reflecting the developing biological stability.
It has been previously reported the existence of a correlation between removal torque and %BIC values [26], although the nature of these parameters differs from one another (three-dimensional versus most often two-dimensional parameter) [36]. Indeed, the lack of differences between the groups herein reflect well the results of the histomorphometric analysis of the other half of implants in the present study, reported elsewhere [31]. In particular, similar amounts of osseointegration in terms of %BIC and bone density were observed in both groups (SAE-HD vs. SAE) at each observation time, and there were no statistically significant differences regarding the respective parameters between the two observations times [31]. In contrast, Sartoretto et al. [27] demonstrated that Acqua® implants (Neodent®), which present similar technology as the SAE-HD implants, resulted in accelerated osseointegration when placed in tibia of rabbits after 2 weeks of healing, compared with implants with the Neoporos® surface, which in turn presents similar technology with the SAE surface. The difference between the study of de Jesus et al. [31] and Sartoretto et al. [27] in terms of the impact of surface technology on histomorphometric osseointegration parameters may be due to anatomical and/or biological differences in the experimental models employed. In this context, although there is no scientific support regarding the optimal experimental model to evaluate aspects of osseointegration, the dog is one of the most commonly used animal platforms [36]. The mandible of dogs is the most frequent location; however, a high percentage of studies on implant integration have used extra-oral implant sites, including the tibia [37]. It is suggested that due to its anatomy, with a large lumen and relatively low trabecular density [38], it possesses high discriminating potential regarding the impact of implant surface technologies to enhance osseointegration. Furthermore, the tibia allows placement of a larger number of implants comparing with the mandible, thus allowing the use of fewer animals and/or multiple types of comparisons/tests (e.g., biomechanical and histological evaluation).
On the other hand, lack of significant differences between the two groups in the present experiment could be due to the fact that the effect of hydrophilicity, in terms of accelerating bone healing and osseointegration, was unfolded before the first evaluation time-point of 2 weeks, i.e., during the very early healing period. Consistently, pre-clinical investigations show the potential of chemically modified surfaces to rapidly modulate the host-to-implant response upon prompt adsorption of blood proteins [20, 22]. In a recent study reported by Vasak et al. [39], hydrophilic implants (SLActivea) strengthened the apposition of newly formed bone at the very early healing period between 5 and 10 days in the intra-oral model of minipigs, even though they did not reveal significant statistical differences in comparison to hydrophobic surfaces (SLA). Clinically, a systematic review of human histological studies on molecular aspects of osseointegration [29] has shown that moderately rough implant surfaces with high hydrophilicity enhance molecular processes related to osseointegration during the early stages of wound healing. Similar clinical studies assessed the degree of new bone-to-implant contact (%NBIC) around SLActive implants in comparison to SLA placed in the mandibular retromolar region in man during the early stages of osseointegration [28, 40]. The authors reported a progressive increase in %NBIC around both implants, whereas chemically active surfaces disclosed higher values at 2 and 4 weeks compared with SLA, no longer observed after 6 weeks of osseointegration.
Studies including biomechanical analysis of osseointegration are usually assessing maximum removal torque. Although this parameter is important, use of a single parameter appears not sufficient for a complete biomechanical assessment of osseointegration. Herein, connection stiffness, reflecting the rigidity (i.e., the stability of the implant under load), and removal energy, reflecting the overall energy (workload) necessary to loosen the bone-to-implant connection, were additionally assessed. It is suggested that the use of these three parameters in a complementary manner is essential for complete evaluation of the biomechanical properties of implants. Indeed, two different osseointegrated implants can have the same maximum removal torque, but distinct connection stiffness; similarly, they may show the same removal energy but perform in a very distinct fashion and show distinct connection stiffness and maximum removal torque. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first original research reporting removal energy as an intrinsic removal torque property in relation to connection stiffness during biomechanical assessment of hydrophilic implants; however, removal energy has already been used assessing mini-implants with hydrophobic surfaces [41].
In fact, the observed lack of differences between the groups could be attributed to the relatively low number of specimens per group. According to the observed data herein, applying a high power (80%) with the present sample size would had revealed a relatively large difference in removal torque equivalent to 43% between the experimental groups. Regarding removal energy and connection stiffness, this difference would had been equal to 71 and 34%, respectively. In addition, a significant difference may not had been achieved due to the nature of the specimens. Biological material properties vary greatly from organism to organism and even in the same animal. Therefore, in future studies when using the presented methodology, a greater number of specimens must be considered. This will evidence a superior discrimination capacity. Nonetheless, the current methodology is far more reliable than the use of a single parameter methodology.
No significant differences were observed between the specific hydrophilic (SAE-HD) and hydrophobic (SAE) surfaces evaluated in this study, in terms of biomechanical properties during the early osseointegration period.
Chemically modified sandblasted, large grit, and acid-etched surfaces
Sandblasted, large grit, and acid-etched surfaces
Neodent, Rua Benjamin Lins, 742, Curitiba, PR 80420–100, Brazil
Shimadzu Corporation, Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604–8511, Japan
IBM Corporation v.23, 1 New Orchard Road, Armonk, New York 10, 504–1722, USA
The assistance of fifth-year dental students of the Federal University of Uberlândia in surgeries, including auscultation, and other practicalities is highly appreciated.
The Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES research fellow, Full PhD Program, process no. 0975-14.1) provided funding and Neodent® (Curitiba, PR, Brazil) produced the titanium implants. None of the funding institutions influenced the study design and data collection, analysis, and interpretation or the manuscript writing process.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
RNRJ participated in the study concept and design and performed the animal operations, biomechanical test, and data analysis and interpretation. EC, PVA, and AR contributed to define the test protocol and performed the biomechanical test and data analysis. CCGM and DZ participated in the study concept and design and performed the animal operations and data analysis. AS contributed to data analysis, interpretation, and drafting of the manuscript. All authors have contributed to and/or critically revised the manuscript and given approval to the final version of the manuscript.
Ethics approval
The animal experimental protocol was approved by the Bioethics Committee for Animal Experimentation (CEUA, protocol no. 098/10) at the Federal University of Uberlândia.
Competing interests
Rainde Naiara Rezende de Jesus, Eunice Carrilho, Pedro V. Antunes, Amílcar Ramalho, Camilla Christian Gomes Moura, Andreas Stavropoulos, and Darceny Zanetta-Barbosa declare that they have no competing interests.
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- Sawase T, Jimbo R, Baba K, Shibata Y, Ikeda T, Atsuta M. Photo-induced hydrophilicity enhances initial cell behavior and early bone apposition. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19(5):491–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01509. View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ferguson SJ, Broggini N, Wieland M, de Wild M, Rupp F, Geis-Gerstorfer J, et al. Biomechanical evaluation of the interfacial strength of a chemically modified sandblasted and acid-etched titanium surface. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006;78((2):291–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30678.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Marin C, Granato R, Suzuki M, Gil JN, Piattelli A, Coelho PG. Removal torque and histomorphometric evaluation of bioceramic grit-blasted/acid-etched and dual acid-etched implant surfaces: an experimental study in dogs. J Periodontol. 2008;79(10):1942–9. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2008.080106.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Stadlinger B, Pourmand P, Locher MC, Schulz MC. Systematic review of animal models for the study of implant integration, assessing the influence of material, surface and design. J Clin Periodontol. 2012;39(Suppl 12):28–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01835. View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pearce AI, Richards RG, Milz S, Schneider E, Pearce SG. Animal models for implant biomaterial research in bone: a review. Eur Cell Mater. 2007;13:1):1–10.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vasak C, Busenlechner D, Schwarze UY, Leitner HF, Munoz Guzon F, Hefti T, et al. Early bone apposition to hydrophilic and hydrophobic titanium implant surfaces: a histologic and histomorphometric study in minipigs. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014;25(12):1378–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/clr.12277.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bosshardt DD, Salvi GE, Huynh-Ba G, Ivanovski S, Donos N, Lang NP. The role of bone debris in early healing adjacent to hydrophilic and hydrophobic implant surfaces in man. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011;22(4):357–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.02107. View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kim S, Lee S, Cho I, Kim S, Kim T. Rotational resistance of surface-treated mini-implants. Angle Orthod. 2009;79(5):899–907. https://doi.org/10.2319/090608-466.1.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar


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Groups get €50/£50 back
USE CODE: 50F&BCREDIT when you make a booking of 8 or more to get this deal!
Got your group ready for the big trip? Then your drinks are on us!
Imagine yourself on the way to the hostel, knowing there are ice cold beers and hot pizza waiting for you when you arrive, as soon as you drop your bags…sounds good right?
When you make a group booking for 8 or more people using the code below, we're going to make sure that's exactly what happens!
Beers and pizza aren't the only things on the menu.
Heading to Edinburgh? Then you have to check out Bar 50. Our student bar hosts everything from live DJs to Comedy and it's the best place to hang out off the Royal Mile.
Or maybe you prefer rooftop lounging on a sunny terrace in Spain? Whether it's Madrid or Barcelona there's Sangria and tapas on offer to get the trip off to the right start.
How it works
Copy code: 50F&BCREDIT
Select your hostel and dates
Enter code and hit apply
Book for 8 or more people
Once your booking is confirmed, the General Manager will reach out to prearrange your visit to the bar and prepare your food for your arrival
Terms & Conditions:
- Standard terms & conditions apply
- Code applies to the 10.5% non-refundable rate only
- All persons staying as a group must be booked at the same time, and in the same booking transaction
- All bookings are non-refundable, unless cancelled by management
- We reserve the right to withdraw the offer
- New group bookings only
- Cannot be used by groups which have people under the age of 18
- Food & Beverage credit must be used in a single transaction, credit cannot be carried forward
- 25% of the credit should be redeemed as food
- Redemption of the credit must be prearranged with the hostel general manager, 24 hours before check-in
- If staying at Safestay Barcelona Sea or Gothic your credit will be redeemable at Safestay Barcelona Passeig de Gracia

subset: commoncrawl


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Letters to the Editor
Homeless problem hurting Biloxi
My family and I began coming to Biloxi about 20 years ago. We enjoyed the beach and many of the Coast's attractions.
We have shared our love of Biloxi with our family and many of our friends over the years, and in turn they would come back year after year.
We were heartbroken and devastated when Katrina hit, and grieved at the loss in Biloxi and surrounding cities. But, we came back.
However, I am beginning to wonder why.
One of my greatest joys was to walk on the beach, but that enjoyment is compromised as homeless people now make it difficult and intimidating to access the beach. We were approached by several people wanting money. We have found so much trash including drug paraphernalia, even needles. We no longer feel safe.
This past weekend, I was there on a business trip and several members of the tour asked if I could take them sight seeing.
Imagine my disgust when we arrived at the Katrina Memorial only to find the homeless had taken it over, apparently residing in the gazebo in Town Green. A homeless man also laid claim to one of the benches.
There has been so much work put in to the memorial, so much work put in to trying to put Biloxi on the map as a place to visit, only to have it taken over by vagrants. What a shame. The whole city is becoming a dump. I was really ashamed and embarrassed.
Renee Parnell
Chattanooga, Tennessee


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Essay About Hairspray
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Dissertation writing is really much fun if you think of it. I get for you to properly learn how to publish a persuasive essay, he/she should be ready to savor his / her moment while composing it such that it may matter for the author how a essay reflects his / her persona.
I want to publish my essay employing terms which are not simply understandable to my readers but in addition something which holds good meaning and creates an impact that is great also. What every pupil needs is just about your own instructor who will manage to guide them through the step of understanding how to publish an article by step process.
To publish my dissertation then I'd certainly start it by citing some impressive and transferring types of how mishaps have been created on account of illegal logging then abide by it up with something which my viewers can quickly followthrough.


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We recently produced this feature wall for Mandarin Stone which was used at their 25th Birthday celebrations. The wall was constructed using a T3 modular system with a latex printed fabric graphic.
Press Release for Newly Purchased Flatbed
Nick and Lee got snapped recently for a new press release about our latest investment in flatbed printing technology! The article was featured in Wales Online and Large Format Review amongst others.
new flatbed printer installed
Our new Arizona 460GT flatbed printer was commissioned today and is ready for its first print!
Checking out our next printer at Sign UK
We popped up to Sign & Digital UK today for a peek at our next printer, a brand new Oce Canon Arizona 460GT. This is a UV true flatbed printer that will allow us to print directly to rigid materials including foamex, dibond and honeycomb board. It gets delivered next week and we can't wait!
New Signage for Number 49
We recently completed the interior and exterior signs for a new coffee house and interiors shop, Number 49, based in Usk.
Ariel Atom Wrapped
Great to see James Martin enjoying a sit in the Ariel Atom that we wrapped for RAC recently!
Our First Newsletter
Our New HP L28500 Installed!
We recently took delivery of a new HP Latex printer which enables us to print up to 2.6m wide! Latex is a relatively new printing technology that uses water based Eco friendly inks and can print to a range of substrates including display fabric and voile. Here it is in action!
2012 - Our Year in Pictures...
2012 has been a truly fantastic year for our company and we would like to thank everyone that has supported us, from our customers to our suppliers and staff.
Here's a reminder of some of the things we got up to...
We start the year in pink with some vinyl graphics for a local hotel!
We build an exhibition stand for Thule at the caravan and camping show.
We become one of the first companies in the UK to take delivery of the new Espon SureColour-30600 wide format printer.
Time for a spot of twitching! We re-vamp the intepretation prints at RSPB Newport Wetlands.
We design, build and project manage a custom exhibition stand for NIG.
Our first stand for RAC at the Goodwood Festival of Speed.
Aaaand action! Epson descend on our premises to shoot a case study video of us promoting the SureColour printer. It was translated into 17 languages and made its way around europe!
Bursting at the seams: we get the keys for our new home...
We undertake a huge custom exhibition stand project for RAC at the Goodwood Revival.
Moving in: our purpose built print room!
We are commissioned by RAC to print and install new rear graphics on their national fleet of 1400 patrol vehicles. We completed the project in six weeks and achieved over 95% coverage on the fleet.
A glimpse into 2013...we're going even wider! Our latest acquisition which will be part of further investment in new equipment for the coming year.
Hope you enjoyed that...have a fantastic Christmas and a Prosperous New Year!
Caesar Graphics Team Joins Ottimo Digital
Epson and Ottimo Digital!
We're pleased to announce that the short film that Epson produced featuring us as a case study is now available for public consumption!
We're delighted with the end result and making the video was a great experience. As well as seeing it here you will also be able to find an extended version of the film on the Epson global website. Our thanks again to Epson and the team at Citizen films for making it happen!
We're Moving!
Epson Filming
We were really chuffed when Epson contacted us to ask if we would feature as a case study for their latest series of videos promoting their new SureColor SC-30600. We were one of the first UK installations of the printer, which has been a great asset to our business, and we were delighted to accept and take part.
And so a crew from Citizen Films descended on our production facility in Newport earlier this week...in full force. Two directors, a camerman, soundman, lighting engineer and a couple of representatives from Epson arrived around 8am and set straight to work.
Professional lighting shone through our office window, furniture was re-positioned and filters were stuck to all our lights to create the best atmosphere for the camera. The whole place was a flurry of activity (even more so than on a busy day!).
It was fascinating to watch the film crew who literally worked without stopping (except for a quick lunchtime sandwich between takes) for a full 12 hours. The director barely came up for air!
It was a great example of teamwork at its best. It wasn't until later in the day we learned that some of the crew had never worked together before. From where we were sitting it seemed like they'd been working with one another for years.
We had a fantastic (though slightly tiring) day and thoroughly enjoyed the experience. Thanks to the team at Citizen Films and Epson for making it happen. We can't wait to see the finished video and we'll be sure to share it with you here. In the meantime we've put more photos of the day up on our Facebook page here.
Oh, and we even got to wear make up! Sorry Lee. :-)
New Interpretation for RSPB Newport Wetlands
We've Bought Another Machine!
Thule Stand - 2012 Motorhome, Caravan & Camping Show
As promised, here are some more photos from our exhibition stand build for Thule at this year's Motorhome, Caravan & Camping show!
Thule Graphics for the 2012 Caravan & Camping Show
Introducing Our New Site
We're delighted to launch our new website this morning and we hope it gives you a good overview of the products and services we can offer. For a more detailed list of our products, please check out our full catalogue.
To hear more about what we're up to, please take a further look at the blog here. You can also follow us on Twitter, and visit our Facebook page!
We welcome your thoughts and feedback on the website and any improvements you think we could make to improve what we offer you online. Please drop your thoughts into the comments below or give us a call. Happy Surfing!


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I am a yoga teacher, and I have my own school, where I make people happy and help them keep their bodies in tone. I give lessons not only in my country, but also teach abroad. So that's why I travel a lot. Also I can say, that I am very romantic and tender woman. I like to laugh a lot and make people smile with me.
Travel, Outdoor activity, Sports, Cooking
I do not think ideal men exist, but I know for sure, that our world is fill of serious and reliable men! I am looking for a such man. A man who has high family values, who is responsible and ready to create a strong family together. He should be loyal and he should know how to make a woman smiling and happy in this life. I am looking for a life partner, who will support me in everything and for a passionate lover whom I will forget about the world around with.


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And yet, the table is littered with tons of in-game clichés!
I will be the first to admit, I've indulged... I can definitely see why some of these clichés exist, but these days I consider it my duty to challenge them whenever I can, as a GM.
Intellect triumphs over brawn when it comes to the wielding of magic. A sword is a fine thing, but does you no good if you've been polymorphed into yam. The whole basis of wizardry, and in fact all magic wielding in general is that you have no real use for conventional weapons and armor.
Dedicating their lives to the quest for knowledge and mastery of the arcane arts, Wizards tend to have no particular interest in appearances. Why shave, it's just going to grow back you know.
Somewhere along the lines of history and mythology though, having no use for weapons and armor, and a penchant for growing beards turned into ancient robe-wearing men with beards that they tuck into their socks.
I get that you don't need suits of armor, but robes? Why not a pair of pants and a shirt (or hose and a tunic, as it were). And I get the whole beard thing as far as it's just going to keep growing, and if you don't have to deal with razor burn, then why would you? ...But there comes a point where it just gets in the way. It's very frustrating to be eating something that pushes whiskers into your maw, only to get them stuck between your teeth. It doesn't take much to trim.
Short and broad, surly and industrious. These small work-horses toil beneath the mountains digging up gold and iron and gems. I can understand why they're always described as dirty, seeing as they live underground. They're strong because they spend their lives moving rocks and ore. They're surly probably due to their line of work. I seem to remember working in construction, and most of the time my coworkers were grumpy. Again, harsh physical labor tends to go hand in hand with the imbibing of alcohol so I get that too.
Why are they Celtic?
I just don't understand where the brogue comes from. Scottish people aren't all that short, nor are they (at least as far as I know) typically considered short. The stereotype seems to only have the drinking and red hair things in common.
If they're going to be Celtic, why do we just stop at the accent and drinking? Why not face-paint for battles, why not bagpipes? Why don't they herd sheep?
Dead Parents
One of the most important (in my opinion anyway) during character creation is the back story. Who is your character, and why are they adventuring? The most common thread here in D&D and in just about any other story be it book or movie, is some kind revenge-based motivation like the killing of one's parents or other assorted loved ones. It's so common there are even many famous quotes about it:
You dirty rat, you killed my brother
My name is Inigo Montoya. You killed my father. Prepare to die.
You killed my father!
No, luke. I am your father
You killed Ted you midieval dick weed!
The death of a loved one is something that we all have to deal with so it's something we can relate to, and the idea that perhaps we could have prevented it or that maybe we could get some closure by avenging it is also something we can relate to.
But I find it to be the easy way out. It's like, going around a table and everyone introducing themselves:
Dave: I will not rest until my parents are avenged!
Charlie: Yeah, same here.
Bob: Yep. Dead parents.
Steve: Ditto.
Sure, it works but... Yawn.
For your next campaign, try to mandate that all parents of all characters are alive, well, and not imprisoned. I'm willing to be that'll get the creative juices flowing!


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One of the major benefits delivered by a smart lighting system is its ability to provide enormous energy savings. This can be achieved by granting luminaires a certain degree of autonomy. While it might seem that the occupants of a… Continue Reading →
The United Nations proclaimed 2015 as the International Year of Light, but considering the recent market developments and the enormous impact of connected technologies on the lighting business, we'll remember it as the Year of Smart Lighting. Before jumping into… Continue Reading →
SAN FRANCISCO, January 5, 2016. Silvair (formerly known as Seed Labs), a wireless connectivity provider for a variety of lighting applications, introduces the first products featuring the Silvair Bluetooth Mesh technology. "Having lamps from Girard Sudron and wireless switches from… Continue Reading →
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Roadtrek International Region 8
Contacts & Whatnot
From the Rockies to the Foothills
Waterton National Park, Crandell Campsite AB, (Jly/11)
Red Rock Canyon in Waterton NP, AB (Jly/11)
Upper Waterton Lake, Waterton NP, AB (Jly/11)
Frank Slide AB - Excellent Info Centre (Jly/11)
Kids playing on the hoodoos infront of the Interp Ctr in Writing-on-Stone PrPk AB (Jly/11)
Milk River AB - The only Canadian river east of the Rockies that doesn't drain into Hudsons Bay. It drains into the Missouri River, ie; fish and plants are unique. (Jly/11)
Looking east from Athabasca River bridge, Jasper NP, AB (Spt/11)
Tourists on the glacier with Ice Explorer from Icefields Pkwy Info Ctr, Jasper AB (Jun/12)
Jasper NP, AB - Athabasca River looking north (Spt/11)
Continental Divide at Banff AB & Kootenay BC National Parks, (Jun/12)
Mt Robson BC - you can almost see the peak! (Spt/11)
Rogers Pass Summit BC (Jun/12)
Pend Oreille Lake, Sam Owen CG, ID (Sept/14)
Salmon, ID (Sept/14)
Sacajawea Info Ctr, Salmon ID (Sept/14)
Little Redfish Lake CG, ID (Sept/14)
Sunrise on Little Redfish Lake, ID (Sept/14)
Craters of the Moon, ID (Sept/14)
South eastern Idaho (Sept/14)
Salt River Summit after driving thru Snake River Canyon, WY (Sept/14)
Grand Tetons, WY at Jackson Lake (Sept/14)
Yellowstone NP, WY (Sept/14)
Yellowstone NP, WY (Sept/14)
Wapiti CG near Cody WY (Sept/14)
Buffalo Bill Reservoir, WY (Sept/14)
Flathead River, MT (Sept/14)
Big Horn Sheep, Glacier NP, MT (Photo Courtesy of Dennis Womack)
Cadotte River west of Rogers Pass, MT (Oct/14)
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Samsung Galaxy Tab S5e is a $399 Android tablet with Bixby on board
From CNET: The Samsung Galaxy Tab S5e aims to be a smart-home controller, dynamic entertainment device and spur-of-the-moment productivity machine all rolled into one.
The $399 tablet (£310, AU$565 converted), which is expected to arrive in Q2, is the first to support Bixby, Samsung's voice assistant. The tablet fulfills a promise Samsung made at its Developer Conference last November to bring Bixby to more of its devices. The addition also strengthens Samsung's position against Amazon's Fire tablets with Alexa and Apple's Siri on its iPads.
Bixby's skills are expected to keep growing, and the Tab S5e will be able to do everything -- from display the weather when you ask to controlling devices using its smart-home Smart Things platform. You'll also be able to set up Quick Commands to trigger multiple actions such as turning on your lights and TV at the same time. And, because the tablet has far-field mics, you can do it from across the room.
Bixby is just part of the package, though. Slotted between the top-end $650 Galaxy S4 that's built more for work than play and the entertainment-focused Tab A, the S5e (the "e" is for essential) is a balance between the two.
View: Article @ Source Site


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|Alpha Overseas
Country: India
City: mumbai
Address: 3,plot - 416, Ground Floor, Shree Ram Mandir Marg,4th Kumbharwada Lane,Girgaon, Mumbai - 400004
Phone: +91 9029288974
Fax: 022-66666612
Number of company employees : 10-50
Website: www.alphanickel.com
|Catagory:Industrial Sub-categories: Flanges Laboratory Equipment Valves
|We can verify that Alpha Overseas has been registered with ExportBureau
from 01/03/2019 to today 22/05/2019 for a period of 82 days.
|Report this company
Thank you ! We have sent your message.
The mid-market rates shown here are neither "buy" rates nor "sell" rates. Mid-market rates are derived from mid-point between the buy and sell rates of large-value transactions in the global currency markets. Actual ExportBureau member rates are often better.
|This report should be used only as a guide to build a more informed opinion on potential international trading partners.
click here to update this company information


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In the Internet age, a poorly chosen business name is the butt of many jokes. Who hasn't heard of The Golden Shower, Sherrill's 'Eat Here and Get Gas,' or PCP Dining. While these are examples of small businesses that have found worldwide fame for having a funny name, they may have difficulty if they wish to expand further.
Sometimes, these off-beat names are chose on purpose, In other cases, the owners may simply have not thought their choice through very well. A company name choice can be very risky and naming consultants are able to charge thousands of dollars to help their clients select the right name from the start.
While a name is important, it will only work if the basics are present. Great products supported by a team of customer service professionals and a business strategy that is well-developed must be in place as well. Keep in mind that there are simple ways to make a good choice for your fledgling business without sweating the small stuff. Here are four simple rules to help you avoid embarrassing mistakes that can turn out to be costly.
1. Do The Legwork To Ensure You Have The Legal Right To Use Your Selected Company Name
More than 400,000 new companies are added to the existing list of approximately three million companies already registered at the UK's Companies House. The sheer volume should be enough to make you want to do your research before you name. With so many names already chosen, it is a good bet that someone has already started a company with the same business name you want to use. Even if the regulator accepts your name, you risk a legal challenge if a larger, more established business with the same name thinks that you are using them to boost your business.
The Companies House has a list of sensitive words that you must have express permission to use. The recent case of the Café Olympic in Stratford provides an example. They found themselves in a legal battle with the Olympics Committee and finally agreed to a name change that both could live with, Café Lympic. On the upside, they received a great deal of free publicity during the controversy.
2. Leave Room To Grow
If your long-term plans include expansion, don't limit yourself with geographic name linked to one small region. Bell Atlantic was clearly identified as a US company which eventually prompted it to change its name to Verizon when a series of acquisitions was completed. Once they had reached the larger size, they had the resources to successful market their new name to establish themselves as a leader in the field.
Jeff Bezos thought on a grand scale when he chose the name for his little online book store. His idea was to create a name with a range of products as wide as the Amazon River. He included the link from A to Z with a small arrow for the logo of his company, Amazon.
3. Avoid Offending Cultures And Communities With An Unintentionally Offensive Name
A local grocery chain in Finland will never be able to expand into the US if it chooses to keep its current name: KKK. In Ghana, a popular drink manufacturer calls itself Pee Cola Ltd and won't find much favor for its tasty beverages if it tries to expand. The takeaway from these name examples is to pull out some foreign language dictionaries and check for offensive meanings if you plan to expand outside of the UK.
4. Keep Your Naming Group Small
You will never be able to please everyone 100% of the time when selecting a name for your company. Names are very subjective and the odds are good that you won't get unanimous approval. If you've followed the steps above, trust your instinct and go with the one that you prefer. If your brand is successful, you name will simply mean quality once it is out there for a while.


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Latania Cherasposy
Santa Fe Indian School Class of 2008
Personal Info
- Name:
- Latania Cherasposy
- Graduation Year:
- 2008
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By adminIn application iPad, Article, best iPad apps, business, Cloud, cloud solution, CRM, Cross-selling, English, ipad sales application, Mobile CRM, Order taking app, real-time, Sales Automation, sales rep app, sales rep iPad, sales rep order & catalog app, Sales reps, Social CRM, Touch Pad, Up-selling, Valomnia Sales Articles, Valomnia Sales News Posted
Why adopt Cloud in business?
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In the professional world as in everyday life, people are afraid of anything they are unable to understand and assimilate. This is the case with new technologies… Frequently, companies [...]


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Published on November 13, 2018
Author: mfoglio10
Source: authorstream.com
Module 4 Mastery Assignment: Matteo Foglio Module 4 Mastery Assignment Topic 1 – Integration by Substitution: Integrating by substitution is used with u-substitution, which reverses differentiation performed with the chain rule. U-substitution is used when an integrand contains the product of a function and its derivative The inner equation, or g(x), is substituted as u General form: ∫f(g(x))g'(x)dx Steps to solve: 1. u=g(x), u'=g'(x)dx 2. ∫f(u)du 3. put back in terms of x: ∫ f(u)du=F(u)+C sub u=g(x) for F(g(x)) +C Topic 1 – Integration by Substitution Topic 1 Example: Topic 1 Example Topic 2 – Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: The fundamental theorem of calculus is the rule links a function and its derivative or antiderivative. If a function F(t) represents the rate at which something changes, then ∫f(x)dx represents the "total change" in the value. This concludes both ∫ f(x)dx=F(x) and F'(x)=f(x) We can also find that since F'(x)=f(x), You may likely be required to use u-substitution first before applying the fundamental theorem of calculus When applied, you will state the antiderivative in terms of x and evaluate it using limits of integration The antiderivative can also be found using u-substitution Topic 2 – Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Topic 2 Example: Topic 2 Example


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Top latest Five dental implant cost nampa id Urban news
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They have been so superior about finding me in and didn't make me sense lousy for wanting to can be found in yet again. The bonus is all of those visits I had just after my extraction and implant ended up at no cost to me, cannot conquer that! I will likely be picking Dr. Ballenger for all of my families oral surgical procedures demands.
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A dental implant is a synthetic tooth root which is placed into your jaw to hold a replacement tooth or bridge. Dental implants could possibly be an choice for Individuals who have misplaced a tooth or teeth resulting from periodontal illness, an personal injury, or Various other purpose.
As founding father of the Portal to Therapeutic Naturopathic clinic, Dr. Andrea has spearheaded the total scope naturopathic clinical observe, supplying Principal treatment organic drugs to a diverse roster of individuals.
As the elements utilized to produce fillings are supposed to mimic the appear and durability of tooth, they can also be accustomed to repair service chipped or broken enamel.
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Keep physical pursuits to the minimum straight away adhering to surgical procedure. In case you exercising, throbbing or bleeding may perhaps occur.
Multiple replacement tooth which can be fastened set up by way of attachment to dental implants, all-natural adjacent tooth, or a mix of the two.
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Another step inside the treatment should be to implant a metallic post under the gum line. This aspect of the technique is exactly what sets an implant apart from other forms of beauty dentistry. The steel put up is secured into the jawbone in order to develop a sturdy, artificial root procedure that rivals the energy of pure roots; with a single exception that the steel simply cannot facial area an see post infection.


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Adjuvant therapy in high-risk melanoma
Report from the Canadian Melanoma Conference
Dr. Jason Luke, MD, FACP, Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences,
Chicago, Illinois
To view the complete article click
here (pdf format)
The 12th annual Canadian Melanoma Conference was held in Banff Alberta at the end of February, chaired by
Dr. Scott Ernst, Professor at the University of Western Ontario.Videos from many of the conference presentations
are now available on the Oncology Education website at: www.oncologyeducation.com.
Below, we present summaries of some of the outstanding presentations that describe the evolving understanding
of cutaneous melanoma and its treatment.
the Canadian melanoma conference
February 22 to 24, 2018
Banff, Alberta


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'gay student' stories
College Teacher Crush
Hi, i am Penelope Age: 28. I am very soft-hearted, tender and gentle although i can also be very expressive and temperamental, which makes me a true woman, charming and modest at the same time! )) I am always ready to compromise.Hello, i'm an independent beautiful escort from BucharestI offer full service: french kissing, erotic massage, striptease, and more! For contact: +---- Veronika hour- euro, hours- euro, Dinner Date - euro, Overnight - euroas i can be your guide in your bed and spend unforgettable night.
I have been a bad man for a long time. A personal trainer introduces a gym member to domination. The seven-minute total submission solution. Robbie and Tag take their friendship a little more seriously. "I'll love you forever" - The Ephretes and other exciting erotic at www.teshovo.eu!.
Fetish Stories : Teacher's Hard Lesson - A Gay Sex
Her daughter's two classmates prove to be good company. She wants to be entertained by her favorite student. Javier's student is being bullied. What should a teacher do? year-old student's prank on his teacher backfires. and other exciting erotic at www.teshovo.eu!.
Description:I looked down at my dick; it was still really hard, 'how on earth can this get into his hole? He noticed I fell asleep. But I convinced myself that it was okay, and eventually I pushed into the back of my mind. As my relationship with Jennifer developed, I must say I thought less about Professor Perry, he was still always present in the back of my mind, with his gorgeous smile. He licked my asshole up and down, around and even inside, which made me jump at first. All week, David had craved the feel of his Master's cock buried deep inside of him.


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Iraqi Beauty Queen Tara Fares Killed
The murder of Fares comes in the aftermath of two deaths last month in Baghdad's beauty industry.
Tara Fares, an Iraqi social media star, was shot and killed in Baghdad by two gunmen on Thursday. Fares was inside a car when two motorcyclists shot her, according to a spokesman for Iraq's Interior Ministry.
Fares was a popular figure on Instagram for her fashion expertise, and had previously won the Miss Baghdad competition and placed first runner-up for Miss Iraq. An Instagram post on her account following her death read, "In a treacherous and cowardly incident, Tara Fares Chamoun, is with God. We asked God to accept her with His great mercy."
Fares' killing continues a tragic trend of deaths of women in Baghdad's beauty industry. Last month, Rafeef al-Yaseri, a plastic surgeon and organizer for women's health programs, was killed in her home, and Rasha al-Hassan, owner of a Baghdad beauty center, also died in her home.
Iraq's Interior Ministry is launching an investigation into Fares' murder.
Daily Brief
15 Things to Know Today, from RealClearLife
Millennials In Worse Financial Shape Than Every Other Living Generation, May Never Recover
The Wall Street Journal
Daily Brief
Everything to Know, via RealClearLife
Millennials In Worse Financial Shape Than Every Other Living Generation, May Never Recover
The Wall Street Journal


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Colonial Mexican Style house in one level, located in the south part of the city in a residential area. Good bones, well plannified interior areas with natural light. The actual owner has been very careful maintaining the property in good shape. The house is a warm and cozy home. It has two bedrooms and two bathrooms, living room -dining room area and a nice kitchen. Includes storage space and garage for two cars. Close to the highway to Silao and Leon, area of restaurants, pharmacies, gas station, museum Gene Byron and grocery stores. Fiften minute drive to Guanajuato Center. Great location and the best of it, one level house with some steps to enter to the property.
Gerardo Araujo
Cel: (473) 107 3754
Tel: (473) 734 0880


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Great Commercial location with high traffic and visibility. These 2 parcels of land sit on Caratoke Hwy, approximately 12 acres is zoned commercial general business (variety of commercial options) and 11 is zoned AG. The location is near the Currituck High School and south of Shortcut Rd (7-11). Just North of the purposed Mid County Bridge, which will give you quick access to the Northern Outer Banks and the 4 wheel drive area. The possibilities are endless!!
Listing Courtesy of AtCoastal Realty.


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If we are not together we want to hear their voice and know they are reaching out to us now.In our busy lives we don't always answer our phones.When they don't live up to our projected image we become dismissive and begin looking elsewhere.
We suffered from various degrees of neglect, abuse, and abandonment.
In order to get through the dating stage and develop a real relationship, we have to talk about our wounding.
Though the times and technologies have changed, the basics of dating and mating haven't.
The new science of love demonstrates that there are 5 stages for having a great relationship that lasts through time: Stage 1: Falling In Love Stage 2: Becoming a Couple Stage 3: Disillusionment Stage 4: Creating Real, Lasting Love Stage 5: Finding Your Calling as a Couple All five stages work best when we communicate with all parts of ourselves.
When we talk, we are interacting with a real person in real time.
We are aware of our flaws as we stumble over "saying what we feel." We can't consult friends or edit the text before we send it. We can "hear" a smile or a frown more easily listening than reading and the immediacy of back and forth communication helps us be more honest and uncensored.
" so you can imagine my reaction when some random guy I met at a Ratatat concert calls me up to schedule a date. If you have a bad imagination, it's something like this: So unless you've just been arrested for murder and/or I've accidentally become pregnant with your child, we don't have that much to talk about yet, let alone have a conversation in real time. It's more fun and less pressure, and how else can I obsessively go over the conversation accurately with my annoyed friends?
I've been a marriage and family counselor for more than 40 years.
(When they were kids, they had to have phone sex over a set of tin cans with a piece of twine connecting them!


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With ample seating areas, an open-concept kitchen and great room, and a large outdoor living area, the Enchant creates an easy, casual vibe. Out front, a covered entryway welcomes you into the central foyer ? a dramatic entry point, and the hub of the home. From the foyer, venture into the ultra-functional dedicated mudroom, where you?ll find a bench and coat closet ? plus convenient access to the garage. A nearby powder room or optional full bathroom offers a comfortable place to freshen up. This community includes full service lawn care, cable, high speed internet, phone, security system monitoring, use of the beautiful (57,000 sq ft) clubhouse, athletic center, 3 pickleball courts, 4 tennis courts, bocce, ? court basketball, walking trail, dog park and 3 gated entrances.
Sales: Shea Homes Marketing Company (#CQ1034437); Construction by SHALC GC, INC. (#CBC 1260716). Trilogy is intended for
occupancy by at least one person 55 years or older, with certain exceptions for younger persons as provided by law and the
governing covenants, conditions and restrictions. This is not an offer of real estate for sale, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, to
residents of any state or province in which registration and other legal requirements have not been fulfilled. Trademarks are
property of their respective owners. Equal Housing Opportunity.
Residential For Sale
188 SILVER MAPLE ROAD, GROVELAND, Florida 34736
If you have any questions, concerns or would like to see this property please fill out the form below and I will get back to you as soon as possible.