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July 19, 2018
Cherbourg has copped a lot of rubbishing lately … which isn't fair to the vast majority of the town's residents or its hard-working local Council.
In reality, there's been a lot of very positive things happening at Cherbourg this year.
Some have made the news, including the award-winning Ration Shed and Barambah Pottery, but there's been lots of other things happening in the town, too, away from the media spotlight.
The recycling centre – more formally known as a "materials recovery facility"- is busily processing rubbish delivered by Cleanaway from Gympie Regional Council as well as waste from Stanwell's Tarong Power Station.
The shed has doubled in size and had new equipment installed, all handled in-house by Cherbourg Aboriginal Shire Council workers.
Council Economic Development Officer Sean Nicholson said 200 tonnes of waste had already been separated and sold from the facility, which is not yet working anywhere near its full capacity.
Stage 2, which is being planned, will increase the handling capacity to an estimated 10,000 tonnes a year as well as create more local jobs.
Cherbourg will also be an accredited drop-off point when the State Government's container deposit scheme comes into force on November 1.
A designated area is being established for the public to access at the old dairy site on the Cherbourg Road.
Cherbourg Council's visionary project to provide much-needed new housing in the town is also nearing completion.
The last group of 10 houses being built on the south-western side of the town is almost finished.
Most of these are three, four or five bedrooms, to cater for larger families.
This brings the total number of new dwellings constructed in Cherbourg in recent years to more than 50.
The Cherbourg Council offices have also received a makeover to improve the working conditions for staff.
The foyer has been opened out and a new customer counter put in place.
The Mayor's office has been renovated, a wi-fi internet system installed as well as a new kitchen, air-conditioning and electrical wiring.
A disability toilet has also been created at the rear of the Council meeting room.
Council also received funding this year under the State Government's Indigenous Local Government Sustainability Program for a number of projects including:
Other projects completed by Cherbourg Council recently include:
Most of these were funded under the State Government's Works For Queensland program, designed to enable all Queensland councils to complete small projects.
Cherbourg Council received $1.18 million for 16 projects under this scheme.
(South Burnett Regional Council received $4.385 million for 20 projects under the same program.)
Sean said that at the moment Cherbourg Council had three farm programs under way as well as four construction and three recycling projects. These have created about 29 local jobs so far.
He said Cherbourg had definitely gone ahead in recent years.
"We now have a better waste treatment plant, better sewerage, better bridges and roads, better fencing, better housing and new equipment at Council," Sean said.
"We also have some great managers and great staff.
"We can provide good jobs in the community, if we do the job right."
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We are finally done. Those of you who made it this far should feel pretty good - you have seen a lot of material, covered more rapidly and at a deeper level than in most other courses in Logic.
End of the quarter means there is a good chance you would like to know how well you did. If you want to see your letter grade, you can check Axess. In a few cases, we have given students a grade of "Incomplete". In all such cases, this means we have not yet received and/or graded the student's final exam. (If you are one of these students and you think you took the final, please get in touch with the teaching team so that we can sort things out.)
Starting in the new year, you can check your detailed scores for the course by going to the CS157 page, clicking on Intrologic and then clicking on Profile. If you want to see your written midterm exams or your written final exam, you can stop by Gates 150.
The course materials will remain accessible online in perpetuity. Go to http://intrologic.stanford.edu and click on Learners. If you want a hardcopy version of the notes, you can purchase the book from the Morgan-Claypool or from Amazon.
We began this course by making public all of the notes and interactive exercises for Stanford's course on logic. Over the years, we have improved these somewhat with the help of students like you. Obviously, there is a lot more to be done. If you have specific suggestions on how to improve the course, please send me suggestions (email: firstname.lastname@example.com).
Finally, I just wanted to thank all of you who participated in the Piazza newsgroup. There is only so much one can teach in the form of notes and hypercards and exercises; beyond that, students often need person-to-person help, and I know that many students benefited from the help of others. Hopefully, those of you who helped learned something in the process; and, in any case, you did a good thing.
Exam Week
Final Exam. The final exam will take place this week. Time: Thursday 13 December 2018 from 12:15 - 3:15 pm. Locations: Gates B01 (for regular students) or at your home institutions (for those of you taking the course through SCPD who cannot make it to campus). Closed book, closed notes, closed laptop, etc. Pens and brains only.
The first hour of the period will be devoted to the alternate midterm (which will be focussed on Propositional Logic). The last two hours will be devoted to the actual final (which will be focussed on Relational Logic and Herbrand Logic). If you are not planning to take the alternate midterm, you do not need to show up until 1:15.
Online Exercises. HEADS UP!! You must get your online work done before the final exam. We will take a snapshot of your scores at at that time and use the results in computing your final grade. Any work you do after then will not count toward your grade. No exceptions.
Your overall grade for the course will be based 25% on your performance on the online exercises, 25% on your midterm grade, and 50% on your final grade. For your midterm grade, we will use the higher of your score on the original midterm and your score on the alternate midterm. So, if you aced the first midterm, there is no need to take the alternate. Unless you really love taking exams.
Week 10
Last week of the quarter. This Tuesday, there will be a review session in Gates B01 covering all of the material in the course. No class on Thursday, but we will be around to answer questions.
Week 9
Welcome back. Our primary job this week is to look at resolution theorem proving for Herbrand Logic. Herbrand Resolution is a streamlined proof system analogous to Propositional Resolution. It is easier to use than Fitch, and it is ideal for automation. However, the proofs are not always as intuitive as with Fitch. That tradeoff between simplicity and intuitiveness of the resulting proofs is why we still use both systems.
This week, we are also releasing the final puzzle of the course - Enlightenment. For those of you who have managed to do the others, this one should be a snap.
Thanksgiving week. Time to step back and think about all of the good things in life - the things for which we are grateful and the things we can do to help others in return. Real significance - no work on the course this week. Unless, of course, you want to spend some time working on more proofs. Great way to have fun with friends and family! We will be back again next week with a look at resolution for Herbrand Logic and some extra material. Happy Thanksgiving.
Week 8
The language of Herbrand Logic is almost the same as for Relational Logic. The only difference is the addition of functional terms. This may seem like a small change, but those functional terms make all the difference in the world. They make the language more expressive, but they also destroy some of the nice logical and computational properties of Propositional Logic and Relational Logic.
This week, we start our look at proofs for Herband Logic. As we shall see, all of the rules of inference of Relational Logic work for Herbrand Logic as well. However, they alone are not sufficient. We need some additional rules to deal with functional terms. To this end, we look at a new rule of inference this week, viz. induction.
A cautionary note. As we have seen, there is a sound and complete proof procedure for Relational Logic (i.e. Fitch). Unfortunately, this proof procedure, while sound for Herbrand Logic, is not complete. Moreover, even if we add in induction, the procedure is still not complete. In fact, it is possible to show that there is no such sound and complete proof procedure for Herbrand Logic. As so often happens, increases in expressiveness leads to decreases in completeness and computability.
Next week is Thanksgiving week, and we all get to take a break. When we return, we will look at an extension of resolution that works for Herbrand Logic.
Meanwhile, in case you need something to do, there is another new puzzle - Chessboard. This puzzle has some elements in common with the Cards puzzle and Safecracking. However, this one is much more difficult, so don't be worried if you don't get it right away. (Some people have reported spending months on the problem.) The good news is that there is a simple and elegant solution (simple once you find it, that is). Good luck.
Week 7
Relational Logic allows us to axiomatize worlds with varying numbers of objects. The main restriction is that the worlds must be finite (since we have only finitely many constants to refer to these objects).
Often, we want to describe worlds with infinitely many objects. For example, it would be nice to axiomatize arithmetic over the integers or to talk about sequences of objects of varying lengths. Unfortunately, this is not possible due to the finiteness restriction of Relational Logic.
One way to get infinitely many terms is to allow our vocabulary to have infinitely many object constants. While there is nothing wrong with this in principle, it makes the job of axiomatizing things effectively impossible, as we would have to write out infinitely many sentences in many cases.
Starting this week, we explore an alternative to Relational Logic, called Herbrand Logic, in which we can name infinitely many objects with a finite vocabulary. The trick is to expand our language to include not just object constants but also complex terms that can be built from object constants in infinitely many ways. By constructing terms in this way, we can get infinitely many names for objects; and, because our vocabulary is still finite, we can finitely axiomatize some things in a way that would not be possible with infinitely many object constants.
In dealing with Herbrand Logic, we proceed through the same stages as in Propositional Logic and Relational Logic. We start with syntax and semantics. We then discuss evaluation and satisfaction. We see Fitch and Resolution Proof systems for Herbrand Logic, including a new type of rule of inference - mathematical induction.
New puzzle this week - Safecracking. Learn a practical skill in case your other career plans fail. Also, good preparation for the much more difficult puzzle to come next week.
Week 6
We have finally begun our discussion of Relational Logic. Relational Logic is definitely more complex than Propositional Logic, but it is also more useful. Useful in thinking and communicating and interacting with logic-enabled Computer Systems (some of which as we shall see in the weeks to come).
This week, we begin our look at proofs in Relational Logic. Based on our discussion sessions on Propositional Logic proofs, I think I can say with confidence that at least some of you have found that generating proofs is not easy. Exactly so. Proving things, even very simple things, can be difficult. It depends on the proof system. What is easy in one system is often difficult in another and vice versa. There is no best proof system for all problems. One thing you should take away from these proof exercises is that finding proofs is a process of search in a space of possibilities. Another is a growing sense of confidence that everything that is true *can* be proved (albeit with some difficulty). And perhaps a belief that this search process can be automated (which by and large is correct).
If you just cannot get enough of proofs, take heart. At the end of the course, we will tell you about a website for finding and recording proofs. Stay tuned for more information on this website - on how you can use it and how you can contribute.
As usual, there is a new puzzle this week, entitled Prisoners. Think logically and save as many of your fellow prisoners as possible.
Week 5
The first part of the course is now done. And the midterm is out of the way. More or less. First of all, we will be going over the questions on the midterm during the discussion session on Tuesday of this week. Second, for those of you who did not do as well on the exam as you hoped, take heart - you will get another chance. During the first hour of the final exam, there will be another quiz on the same material as the midterm. That part of the final exam is optional. However, if you choose to take that second "midterm", we will use the higher of your score on that exam and your score on the first midterm in computing your final grade. Of course, the second and third hours of the final are required for all.
With those details out of the way, let's move on. At this point, we have reached the end of our treatment of Propositional Logic. Propositional Logic is simple and elegant. It has limitations, but it also has many applications. It is pedagogically valuable in that it provides us with a simple setting in which to look at the main concepts of Logic - syntax and semantics, validity and contingency and unsatisfiability, logical equivalence and entailment and consistency, and proofs. In the weeks ahead, we will be revisiting these concepts in the context of a more complicated logic, and it will be good that we have already examined these concepts in this simpler setting.
This coming week, we begin our look at Relational Logic. This logic is more natural than Propositional Logic, and it has more practical uses. For some, the material may be a bit more difficult. Start early; don't wait till the end of the week. Read the notes. Do the exercises. Come to the discussion sessions to talk about things you find confusing.
You should try to get through the sections and exercises of Lessons 6 and 7 this week. There is some optional material in the lessons (e.g. the Logicians cartoon, Sorority Life, Minefinder and Minefield and Mineplanner, and Pelican Hunters), and we highly recommend that you take a look. Also, there are those puzzles to look at. This week, you should try to solve the Cards puzzle.
Next week, we will look at extending the Fitch system to deal with Relational Logic. And after that we will look at the third and final logic of the course - Herbrand Logic.
Week 4
Phew. Last week was not an easy week. Especially for those of you seeing formal proofs for the first time. The good news is that, once you get the hang of it, doing proofs becomes a lot easier. Moreover, you can take comfort in knowing that our proof methods are sound and complete. If you manage to find a formal proof of a conclusion, the conclusion *must* be logically entailed; there can be no mistake. Also, if a set of premises logically entails a conclusion, it is always possible to find a formal proof of that conclusion.
A word about the Fitch system used in the course. The rules in this system are easy to use (though it is not always easy to know which ones to use to get a particular result). This contrasts with other systems where just figuring what the rules do is difficult. We chose this version because we thought it would help you learn about the methods, the difficulties, and the joys of doing proofs (when you finally succeed). The system can easily be elaborated with lots of additional rules of inference, making it a lot easier to use on practical problems. There is even a version that supports user-generated rules and meta-theorems, which make it possible to re-use earlier proofs when trying to prove more complicated results. But, before giving you these power tools, we want you to understand the basics.
If you want more practice with proofs, you might show the following results. Those in the first group are trivial. Those in the second group are not trivial but still relatively easy; just be sure you are comfortable with them. Those in the last group are difficult.
This week, we look at another proof system - Propositional Resolution. Like Fitch, Propositional Resolution is sound and complete for Propositional Logic, i.e. everything that is provable is logically entailed and everything that is logically entailed is provable. However, Propositional Resolution is much simpler to use than these other proof systems, and proofs are frequently shorter than proofs in Fitch. For example, given p|q and ~p, it takes multiple steps or so to prove q in Fitch, whereas this can be done in 1 step in Propositional Resolution. That said, some people criticize Propositional Resolution because the proofs are sometimes less intuitive than Fitch proofs. Chacun a son gout. You will either love it or hate it. In any case, it is particularly useful for automating theorem proving - computers love it! And, by the way, it is equivalent to the simple rule of inference we looked at in the Introduction.
Don't forget that the midterm examination will be take place this week. To be clear, it will cover material on chapters 1-5 (inclusive) of the notes. Closed book. No computers. Brains and pens or pencils only. 12:00 to 1:20 this Thursday in Gates B01. Be there or be square.
No puzzle this week. Spend your time preparing for the midterm. After the quiz, we will have weekly puzzles that are more difficult than those you have seen thus far.
Week 3
By this point, you should have mastered the material in Lessons 1 through 3. From the Introduction, you should be familiar with the main topics of the course - logical languages, logical entailment and logical reasoning, formalization, and automation. From Lesson 2, you should understand the syntax and semantics of Propositional Logic and the notions of evaluation and satisfaction. From Lesson 3, you should understand the concepts of validity, contingency, and unsatisfiability as well as logical equivalence and entailment and consistency.
In fact, you should be more than familiar with this material - ideally, you should be saying to yourself (and others) that, when all is said and done, this stuff is pretty easy. In fact, it *is* easy. There is more difficult material to come; but hopefully, after we have gone through it all, you will think that that is easy too!
This week, we finally get to logical reasoning - rules of inference, linear proofs, hypothetical proofs, and the Fitch system. By the time you are done this week, you should be comfortable doing Fitch proofs; and you should be ready to opine about its strengths and weaknesses.
All of the exercises this week require that you do formal proofs, and many of you will find these exercises to be more challenging that the exercises in preceding weeks. Just remember, when you are doing a proof, first formulate a plan for the proof. Often, this means starting at the end and thinking about how to derive the desired conclusion and then figuring out how to prove the intermediate results you need to prove the final result. If you are having trouble, don't forget to stop by the discussion sessions on Tuesday and/or Thursday.
In case you need a break from proofs, there is a new puzzle for you to work on this week - Nations. This one is relatively easy like the last few puzzles, but there are some more challenging ones coming.
Week 2
Sharpen your pencils and get out your copybooks; the course begins in earnest now. This week, your goal is to master the material in lessons 2 and 3.
Lesson 2 introduces the syntax and semantics of Propositional Logic as well as the essentials concepts of evaluation and satisfaction. You should get comfortable with the language and you should get comfortable evaluating sentences and finding truth assignments that satisfy those sentences.
Lesson 3 deals with the logical properties of sentences, e.g. validity and satisfiability. And it introduces and distinguishes the central notions of logical equivalence and logical entailment and logical consistency. These ideas are all fairly simple in the context of Propositional Logic; they are more subtle in the context Relational Logic and Herbrand Logic. It is a good idea to ensure you understand them thoroughly before we get to those more complicated logics later in the course.
Note that there are some useful tools available under the Tools tab, notably Babbage (for generating simple truth tables) and Boole (for generating multicolumn truth tables).
Puzzle of the week - Logicians. This one is probably the easiest of the course. Red hats and black hats. Who is wearing which?
Week 1
Okay. We are on our way! The course begins now. On Tuesday, we will have an introductory lecture on the subject matter of the course and course logistics. On Thursday, we will have our first in-class discussion session.
Your goal this week is to read through the first lesson. This is just an overview, and it is a very easy read. That said, you should not shortchange the material. The lesson talks about the main ideas of Logic and how they relate to each other, and it provides a framework for organizing the rest of the material in the course. After this week, things get more interesting and increase in difficulty as the course goes on, so do not fall behind.
Be sure to do the exercises. This week's exercises are extremely easy. They are there mostly for you to get experience with the technology so that you will be ready to deal with the increasingly substantive exercises to come.
You should also drop by Piazza to check out what others in the class are saying. There are some subtleties in Logic that you can miss and that can lead to confusion. Engaging in discussion on the Piazza forum is a good way to deal with these subtleties. And, even if you think you understand you, you might consider using Piazza to help others and thus consolidate your understanding of the issues.
Finally, you might want to check out the puzzles. There are eight of these in all, and we will release them one per week. This week's puzzle is Coins. Some of the puzzles (like this one) are easy; others are more difficult. They are not directly tied to the course material, but there is a strong relationship and solving them does require the techniques discussed in the course. The puzzles are not a required part of the course, but in the past students have found them worthwhile and enjoyable.
CS 157 is a rigorous introduction to Logic from a computational perspective. It shows how to encode information in the form of logical sentences; it shows how to reason with information in this form; and it provides an overview of logic technology and its applications - in mathematics, science, engineering, business, law, and so forth. Topics include the syntax and semantics of Propositional Logic, Relational Logic, and Herbrand Logic, validity, contingency, unsatisfiability, logical equivalence, entailment, consistency, natural deduction (Fitch), mathematical induction, resolution, compactness, soundness, completeness.
This year, we are continuing our experiment with a "flipped classroom" approach to teaching the course. You are expected to go through the online course materials on your own time. There will be no traditional lectures during class time. Instead, we will use that time for review, problem solving, and general discussion.
All of the materials for the course are accessible via "Intrologic" tab at the top of this page. There are links to lessons, interactive exercises, a glossary, logic puzzles, and some logic tools. In order to access this material, you will need to sign up on the site. Please use your Stanford email address, as we will use this correlate your work there with our class lists.
Note that, as you proceed through the online materials, you may occasionally encounter technical problems. Apologies in advance if this happens to you. We are still working on the course. You may get extra credit for reporting such problems (especially if your reports are more constructive than irate).
Collaboration with your fellow students is encouraged. Feel free to discuss the subject matter and the problems either in person or using Piazza. Our experience has shown that it is useful for students to work together to understand the material of the course and to do exercises. Such activity is both acceptable and encouraged. That said, you are expected to submit your own work in this course; and you are responsible for understanding and being able to explain any solutions you submit.
Your grade for the course will be based on your online results, an in-class midterm (during class on October 18 in Gates B01), and an in-class final exam (12:15 - 3:15 on Thursday December 13). The online results will count for 25% of your grade; the midterm, 25%; and the final, 50%. As preparation for the in-class exams, we highly recommend that you review the online exercises, as the problems on the in-class exams closely resemble these exercises.
© Copyright 2018 by Michael Genesereth. All rights reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


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In a parallel circuit, each unit is directly linked to the power supply, so each system gets the exact voltage. There are 3 basic sorts of standard light switches. The circuit needs to be checked with a volt tester whatsoever points. F150 Ford Coyote Crate Engine. Each circuit displays a distinctive voltage condition. You are able to easily step up the voltage to the necessary level utilizing an inexpensive buck-boost transformer and steer clear of such issues. The voltage is the sum of electrical power produced by the battery. Be sure that the new fuse isn't blown, and carries the very same amperage.
Each fuse is going to have a suitable amp rating for those devices it's protecting. The wiring is merely a bit complicated. Our automotive wiring diagrams permit you to relish your new mobile electronics in place of spend countless hours attempting to work out which wires goes to which Ford part or component. Overall the wiring is really straight forward. There's a lot wiring that you've got to tie into your truck's wiring harness, but it's much easier to do than it seems. A ground wire offers short circuit protection and there's no neutral wire used. There's one particular wire leading from the distributor which may be used for the tachometer.
When you have just a single cable going into the box, you're at the close of the run, and you've got the simplest scenario possible. All trailer plugs and sockets are extremely easy to wire. The adapter has the essential crosslinks between the signals. Wiring a 7-pin plug on your truck can be a bit intimidating when you're looking at it from beyond the box.
The control box may have over three terminals. After you have the correct size box and have fed the cable to it, you're almost prepared to permit the wiring begin. Then there's also a fuse box that's for the body controls that is situated under the dash. F150 Ford Coyote Crate Engine. You will find that every circuit has to have a load and every load has to have a power side and a ground side. Make certain that the transformer nameplate power is enough to supply the load that you're connecting.
The bulb has to be in its socket. Your light can be wired to the receiver and don't require supply additional capacity to light as it can get power from receiver. In the event the brake lights aren't working, a police officer may block the vehicle and issue a warning to create the repair within a particular time limit. Even though you would still must power the relay with a power source or battery. Verify the power is off before trying to attach wires. In case it needs full capacity to begin, it won't operate in any way.
Replacing thermostat on your own without a Denver HVAC technician can be quite harrowing if you don't hook up the wiring correctly. After the plumbing was cut out, now you can get rid of the old pool pump. It's highly recommended to use a volt meter to make sure there is no voltage visiting the motor, sometimes breakers do not get the job done properly, also you might have turned off the incorrect breaker. Remote distance is left up to 500m. You may use a superior engine ground. The second, that's the most frequently encountered problem, is a weak ground in the computer system. Diagnosing an electrical short can be extremely tough and costly.
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Heart attack survivors on prescription doses of a group of painkiller called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which include ibuprofen, were 45 per cent more likely to suffer a second attack within a week of the first as those taking none, found Danish researchers.
Those taking one in particular, called diclofenac, were three times more likely to suffer another heart attack within a week of the first.
The results were from a study almost 84,000 Danish heart attack survivors, whose average age was 68. Almost half (42 per cent) were taking a prescription NSAID.
According to the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Nice), "some standard NSAIDs have been shown to be associated with a small increased risk of heart attack and stroke, especially when used in high doses and for long periods".
But Anne-Marie Schjerning Olsen, from Copenhagen University, who led the study, published in Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association, said: "What we show is that even for the shortest time periods, these can be dangerous."
For those on prescription ibuprofen - with the average dose being 1,600mg per day - there was no increased risk of a recurrent heart attack within seven days, she said.
However, between eight days and 14 weeks the risk was raised by 50 per cent, compared to taking nothing.
It is not known exactly why NSAIDs increase heart disease risk, although Olsen said they appeared to increase blood clot formation and systemic blood pressure.
*Cardiac patients in hospital should be given blood-pressure lowering drugs in the evening rather than the morning, say Canadian researchers.
Doctors often give angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to patients with heart failure or those who have had a heart attack on their morning rounds for convenience.
But the study by Tami Martino and Jeremy Simpson of Guelph University found this was ineffective.
Only giving them in the evening, before sleep, was effective, they found in a study of mice with high blood pressure.
They think the difference is because the heart follows a daily rhythm.
It repairs itself in sleep, and hormones that enlarge the heart peak during these hours as part of this process.
However, in cardiac patients this enlarging activity can cause damage. Giving ACE inhibitors in the evening reduces the nightly hormone peak and subsequently reduce potentially damaging enlargement, they concluded in their study, to be published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.


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Product Description
industrial potato chips making machine price/potato chips machine/french fries machine
french fries production line material:
1.make of SUS 304
2.nice price
3.the capacity depend on customer's request
french fries production line mainly steps:
conveyor-brush washer & peeler -sorter--cutter-material conveyor-blancher-normal water cooler-ice water cooler-dewater-conveyor -vibrator-IQF quick freezer-packing machine
French fries production line :
Applicable range
Clean out the products
all kinds of easy-cleaned products
Cook and sterilize the products
all kinds of products
provide steam for the blancher
Room temperature/Ice water pre-cooler
Clean and cool the boiled vegetable
Vibrative sieve
Remove the water stick on the surface of the products
Transfer the products into the IQF freezer or dryer
Vibrative spreader
Prevent the vegetable from gathering when being transfered into the IQF freezer
french fries production line description:
manufacture standard and customized solutions for potato chips processing.It is made with over 20 years experience and advantagegs of advanced equipment,which is reasonable in structure,simple in operation,reliable in running and wide use.
The production Line is mainly used in processing of vegetable.It is consisted of a majoy IQF Freezerand auxiliary device,different devices can be connected flexibly.
The main fuction of the line before quicking freezing is cleaning and sterilizing.Customers can equip with different divice according to their requiremnt.Customers can also choose IQF freezer or parts of equipments in the line.
French fries photo
Company Information
Our Services
Packaging & Shipping
1,Client effect balance payment before shipment
2.Supplier send original documents or telex release the goods
3,Quality warranty for 1 year after install the machines
Q: What is the machine capacity?A:Generally, machine capacity range is 200kg/h-5000kg/h. We manufacture the machine according to customer requirements. Q: Can you factory arrange people installing in client local factory? A: Yes, we can offer our engineer help installing the machine in your country, but customer need afford engineer's fight ticket ,eatting and living in your local. Q: What is the MOQ? A:one set Q: What is the delivery time? A:About 65 days after receive deposit. Q:Can your factory offer ISO certification or other certification? A: Yes, we can Q:Are you manufacture company or trade company? A: We are manufacture company. Q: How many year does your company enter the food machinery industry? A: 22years. Q:Can we visit your factory? A:Yes! welcome visit our factory.
industrial potato chips making machine price/potato chips machine/french fries machine is now a general-purpose model DL3000-100 single screw, is mainly used for the production of a variety of pasta, fried foods, rice noodles, pasta, pasta and other products, stable output, simple and convenient operation. 3000 is the length of the screw and 100 is the diameter of the screw.
industrial potato chips making machine price/potato chips machine/french fries machine consists of feeding system, extrusion system, rotary cutting system, heating system, transmission system and control system. The use of advanced screw extrusion technology, the use of high temperature and high pressure material curing and expansion molding, one-time completion. The host adopts variable frequency speed regulation to ensure the stability of the production process. Product color, variety, appearance, natural and realistic, delicate texture, raw materials are widely used of .
Jinan Joysun Machinery Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise integrating science, industry and trade. is dedicated to the development, development, production and sales of expanded snack food equipment, tissue protein equipment, pasta/pimento equipment, pet food equipment and experimental extruders.
Nowadays, Jinan Joysun Machinery Co., Ltd. have customers both in China and abroad.Foreign customers such as Russian,East Europe,Middle East,South America,North America,East Asia,Southeast Asia, Africa,etc.
Copyright © 2017 - 2019Shandong Leader Machinery All Rights Reserved


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Arab Israeli Conflict
Middle East News
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MAc Tel Aviv 298.88.
(photo credit: AP)
Dear Reader,
As you can imagine, more people are reading The Jerusalem Post than ever before.
Nevertheless, traditional business models are no longer sustainable and high-quality publications,
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For $5 a month you will receive access to the following:
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Maccabi Tel Aviv secured its spot in the Euroleague quarterfinal playoffs on Thursday night with an 82-76 win over Climamio Bologna at Nokia Arena.
Maccabi got strong performances when it needed them from its top players, starting with Nikola Vujcic in the first quarter and Will Solomon in the fourth. Vujcic, Anthony Parker and Jamie Arnold scored 15 apiece for the twotime defending Euroleague champs, while Solomon had 11 points and six assists and Macero Baston scored 10.
The win improved Maccabi's Top 16 record to 4-1, while Climamio fell to 1-4 and was eliminated from the running for the playoffs. Maccabi finishes the round of play next week in Istanbul at Ulker.
Maccabi's rival for first place in Group E, Real Madrid, led by 20 points at halftime in its game against Ulker on Thursday in Spain.
"It's always a plus to get first place, but the most important thing is to qualify [for the next round]," Arnold said. "I don't think we lacked a killer instinct, we did what we needed to do and we won the game."
The team that wins the group will face Group D runner-up Olympiacos in a best of-three quarterfinals series, hosting games 1 and 3. The Group E runner-up gets Group D winner Barcelona, with the Spanish giants hosting the first and last games.
Maccabi faced both teams twice in the regular season, beating Barca twice, while splitting a pair with the Greek side.
Maccabi ran out to an early 10-2 lead behind stellar play from Vujcic. Bologna's Sani Becirovic (19 points) kept his team in the running and the visitors closed to within 46-42 at halftime.
The yellow-and-blue played tough defense in the third, limiting Bologna to just 11 points to pull away for good.
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text:
Romney says Obama is running 'hide-and-seek campaign'
WASHINGTON - Mitt Romney took a sharper line of attack against President Barack Obama on Wednesday, accusing the Democratic incumbent of waging a "hide-and-seek campaign" that disguises his intentions and offers no solutions for the country's most intransigent economic problems.
Romney's comments to the American Society of News Editors were a forceful rebuttal of the criticism that Obama had lodged against him before the same audience a day earlier, when the president described the GOP as a "radical" party that had strayed from American values.
Obama "came here yesterday and railed against arguments no one is making, and criticized policies no one is proposing. It's one of his favorite strategies - setting up a straw man to distract us from his record," Romney told the editors and reporters.
Romney's aggressive tack against Obama reflected his bolstered confidence, after sweeping the presidential primaries in three states on Tuesday, that he is moving beyond the prolonged and bitter struggle for the Republican nomination and can focus fully on his November opponent.
Taken together, the speeches by Obama and Romney represented the most direct engagement yet between the two all-but-certain standard-bearers and a signal of the contrast they plan to present to voters this fall.
Obama's message is evolving into a populist appeal that seeks to paint Romney and the Republicans as extreme and out of touch with middle-class concerns. Romney is honing a portrayal of Obama and the Democrats as hapless believers in big government who have neither the expertise nor the vision to get the economy back on its feet.
"We know what Barack Obama's vision of America is," Romney said. "We've all lived it these last three years."


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Florida Consortium on Inclusive Higher Education
Hartwick Series: Secondary Symposium
June 11 @ 8:00 am - 5:00 pm
Florida Consortium on Inclusive Higher Education in collaboration with FDLRS Action is pleased to present the Hartwick Series: Secondary Symposium being held on June 11, 2019!
Registration is now open to secondary educators and administration working with students with intellectual disability in middle and high school. We invite you to join us for this FREE information packed one-day symposium. Hartwick Registration
Agenda Topics include:
- College Funding Support
- Self-Determination in college
- Preparing students with ID for college success
Travel Reimbursable Expenses for transportation (mileage, rental cars, flights), hotel, and tolls for eligible participants. Breakfast is included in the hotel cost and lunch will be provided. All hotel reservations will be made by the consortium for attendees.
Inservice Credit Hours: Eligible participants may earn 6 hours of inservice credits toward re-certification.
If there are any questions, please contact Ilisa Patterson at [email protected] or 407-823-1098.


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Home | About | Database | Mussel of the Month | Publications & Presentations
Page last updated
Wed 15 May 2019
FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!
This page lists the nominal species (available and otherwise) currently circumscribed under the valid name.
Bivalvia | Unionoida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Unioninae | Alasmidontini | Arcidens
species Arcidens wheeleri (Ortmann & Walker, 1912): synonymy 1 specimen available.
Arkansia wheeleri Ortmann & Walker, 1912
Ortmann & Walker, 1912, Nautilus 25(9): 98, pl. 8.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE (ORIG. DESIG.) UMMZ_105514, Ouachita River, 3 mi above Arkadelphia, Clark, Arkansas.
Page updated: 16:05:14 Wed 15 May 2019
The MUSSEL Project Home Page http://www.mussel-project.net/.
Site developed and maintained by Dan Graf & Kevin Cummings.
Hosted by The University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point.
Funded by The National Science Foundation.


text:
Sunstation is a building integrated solution which replaces the existing roof covering for the area installed. Suitable for most roof types both on new build properties and retrofitted to existing roof spaces.
The Sunstation panels interlock and are tested and certified to provide the same level of protection as standard roof coverings such as Slate, Concrete Tile or Clay Tile.
Please fill in your details below and we'll get back to you soon.
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The cookie settings on this website are set to "allow cookies" to give you the best browsing experience possible. If you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click "Accept" below then you are consenting to this.


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Saving Private Ryan (R)
Cast: Tom Hanks, Tom Sizemore, Edward J. Burns., Matt Damon
Release Date: July 24, 1998
Runtime: 2 hr. 50 mins.
Genre: Drama, Action/Adventure
Steven Spielberg's grisly realistic account of a squad of D-Day survivors sent behind enemy lines on a PR mission to rescue the last son of a devastated Iowa family. Tom Hanks gives a staggering performance as the squad's tormented leader, but be warned, the carnage is as explicit as it is persistent.Watch Trailer
Soldiers of Misfortune
Friday July 24, 1998
More than any of his other films, and that includes Schindler's List, Steven Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan won't leave you alone. To see it is to need to talk about it, to wrestle both with the formidable impact of its unprecedented strengths and the surprising resilience of its niggling weaknesses. A powerful and impressive milestone in the realistic depiction of combat, Saving Private Ryan is as much an experience we live through as a film we watch on screen.
No one needs to be told about Spielberg's ability as a popular culture taste-maker: Seven of Hollywood's 20 top-grossing films bear his mark as either director, producer or executive producer. But because his skills as a filmmaker are so great, because he can and often does get away with working at a fraction of his capabilities, Saving Private Ryan is a startling reminder of exactly how spectacular a director Spielberg can be when he allows himself to be challenged by a subject (in this case World War II) that pushes against his limits.
The son of a combat veteran, Spielberg says the first movies he made as a child dealt with that war, and many critics feel that the 40 minutes showing 1941 Shanghai under Japanese attack that open Empire of the Sun rank among the best footage he's ever shot. Spielberg is most effective when he doesn't flinch, when his respect for the material compels him to be as honest as he can, and that is largely the case here.
It's not that Private Ryan's story (written by Robert Rodat) of an eight-man squad detailed to find and rescue a soldier in just-invaded Normandy doesn't provide opportunities for conventional movie heroism. It does, and Tom Hanks as laconic squad leader Capt. John Miller gives an indelible performance as an elevated everyman, our ideal vision of how we all hope we'd act under the duress of combat.
But Capt. Miller is not a casually heroic John Wayne knockoff. He's despairing about his role in leading men to slaughter, troubled at the person the war has turned him into, and the periodic trembling of one of his hands reveals he's dangerously close to coming apart.
In this determination not to trivialize the nature of war and what it does to people, Saving Private Ryan is often a darker and more pessimistic look at combat and reality than we are used to from either Hollywood or Spielberg. This is a war where American soldiers mock virtue and shoot surrendering Germans, where decent and altruistic actions tend to be fatal, where death is random, stupid and redeems hardly anything at all. Even the usually vivid American flag is, in Janusz Kaminski's remarkable cinematography, bleached out and desaturated.
More than in its attitudes, more even than in its surprising focus on the nature of cowardice, Saving Private Ryan reveals its determination to be accurate in the way it presents combat action. Using a trio of superlative operators (Mitch Dubin, Chris Haarhoff, Seamus Corcoran) and relying on the newsreel look of hand-held cameras, Private Ryan gets as close to the unimaginable horror and chaos of battle as fiction film ever has, closer in fact than some audience members may want to experience.
After a brief prelude depicting an old veteran, we're not sure exactly who, returning with his family to the American cemetery at Normandy, we flash immediately.
Bottom Line
Steven Spielberg's grisly realistic account of a squad of D-Day survivors sent behind enemy lines on a PR mission to rescue the last son of a devastated Iowa family. Tom Hanks gives a staggering performance as the squad's tormented leader, but be warned, the carnage is as explicit as it is persistent.


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iPhone Case:
I recently upgraded my ancient iPhone. I chose a white 4S. I am enthralled by the Leese Design cross stitch kit. I bought this one (in white) from Morris & Sons. I used my own thread and a motif from one of my own books. Made in France (amazon link), it has lots of single colour charts.
I am already planning more case embroideries. I love the contradiction of a high-tech phone compared with the vintage suggestion of cross stitch.
Tempest Cardigan
I started this cardigan at the end of last year. It is Tempest cardigan, from Knitty in 2008 but only got as far as the first sleeve.
The yarn is Fingering Silky Merino (50% silk and 50% merino) by Sundara Yarns.
Sundara was inspired by an old Chinese folk tale (which I think might be called The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter. But unfortunately this is no longer mentioned on her website).
The story tells of childless parents finding a baby hidden in a bamboo stalk, hence the freshness and depth in the green yarn. It is called "Bamboo Grove". The grief of the parents when they eventually lose their daughter is represented in the "Moonlit Bamboo" colourway.
I was so moved by the story. I immediately clicked to purchase the yarn.
I hope to finish this sleeve this coming week and immediately start the second. I'm hoping it will be my 'primary' knitting project. Or if not perhaps Lotus Tee might step up this week.
I have finished the green malachite 'Emelie' cardigan. Pictures will be posted next week.


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We specialize in Non-Profit and Fundraising events.
That's why we offer discounts on those who are holding a Non-Profit event or organization. We started this company by making shirts at lowest cost possible for benefits and Non-Profit events and continue that tradition today. Type your paragraph here.
The TurtleFish Clothing Company was founded in Dec, 2012 by Nick 'TurtleFish'' Weymouth, and Joe "Iceman" Steepleton. Later they brought on Jimmy Sneed in June of 2013. Joe passed away on Sept 25, 2014 and is very missed by the entire community. He had a personality that made 15 friends each day. If it wasn't for Joe and his loving support, ideas, high hopes, and drive, Nick would have given up at the start. You see, TurtleFish Clothing was created from an idea in Nick's head to start a clothing line of his own. It was just a joke to start out with, but Joe seen it going way further than that. That idea rapidly evolved from us getting our shirts printed at local shops into us getting our own equipment and doing the shirts ourselves. We donated everything we made in the start back into our community. We quickly grew from strictly our own designs into doing shirts for our community business and citizens. That took our company to the next level offering great quality shirts at a lower price. We started in an apartment kitchen and opened our first shop on May 1st, 2014. It was a 750 square foot shop, but was our roots to our growth. In that shop we grew faster than we could have imagined. We worked very long hours and dedicated our lives to making this into a career. We out grew that shop after adding more machines and inventory. We moved on to the Public Square in Janruary 2016, which was a big goal for us to achieve. I great location, perfect size and acommidates everything we need. Today TurtleFish Clothing still donates a generous percentage of its profits into local and national charities. We offer discounts to non-profit organizations and charities. We're giving back to the community, one shirt at a time. Our customers love knowing that with every shirt they purchase they are helping to better their community. We love what we do here, and we hope you do too. Type your paragraph here.
Our Story
Custom Designed Apparel
The best part is there are no extra fees such as artist fees, vector fees, set up fees, etc. No minimum or maximum order, you just save more money the more you buy on items such as decals, custom shirts, hoodies, signs, banners, koozies, coffee mugs, hats, all kinds of good stuff. So send us your idea, picture, or logo and we will be happy to do business with you to meet your needs.
Personal and Commercial Decaling
We have an off-site location we take all our big jobs too. Small jobs like window stickers, hoods, windshields, etc. We do right here outside of our shop.
In some cases we will come to your location to apply your decals to your business windows, vehicle, wall decals, etc. Just ask us when you email your idea.Type your paragraph here.
We offer just about anything that could meet your needs in personal, commercial, and promotional logo and design needs. Custom T-shirts, hoodies, long sleeves, hundreds of different styles of clothing to print your logo or design on. Hats, car decals, business windows, boat lettering, mailbox numbers, D.O.T numbers, bumper stickers, and much more.
Turtlefish Clothing Co. Turtlefish Clothing Company Story
Co- Founder
Joe Steepleton
Owner/ Co- Founder
Nick "TurtleFish" Weymouth
Jimmy Sneed
JNJ Software, TurtleFish Clothing Company Llc. © 2013 All Rights Reserved


text:
When you will not be able to control the trading process, there will be problems. There are a lot of[…]Read more
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If you've just lost a loved one then the last thing you're probably thinking about is their estate and how[…]Read more
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A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent or mask (hide) body odor due to bacterial breakdown of perspiration in the armpits, groin, and feet, and in some cases vaginal secretions. A subclass of deodorants, called antiperspirants, prevents sweating itself, typically by blocking sweat glands. Antiperspirants are used on a wider range of body parts, at any place where sweat would be inconvenient or unsafe, since unwanted sweating can interfere with comfort, vision, and grip (due to slipping). Other types of deodorant allow sweating but inhibit (prevent) bacterial action on sweat, since human sweat only has a noticeable smell when it is decomposed by bacteria.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration classifies and regulates most deodorants as cosmetics but classifies antiperspirants as over-the-counter drugs.[1]
The first commercial deodorant, Mum, was introduced and patented in the late nineteenth century by an inventor in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Edna Murphey.[2] The product was briefly withdrawn from the market in the US.[2] The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was patented by Jules Montenier on January 28, 1941.[3] This formulation was first found in "Stopette" deodorant spray, which Time magazine called "the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s".[4]
Many deodorants and antiperspirants contain aluminum (British English: aluminium), either in the form of aluminum salts such as aluminum chlorohydrate, or as potassium or ammonium alum (alum is a historical term for aluminum sulfate salts - all alum products therefore contain aluminum). Aluminum in the body has been linked to some cancers and to some forms of dementia, which has led to a degree of concern about whether aluminum-based products applied daily to the skin could be absorbed or harmful. So far, no causal link has been formally proven or disproven in medical research, because there is insufficient data to confirm or rule out these concerns.[5][6]
The human body produces perspiration (sweat) via two types of sweat gland: eccrine sweat glands which cover much of the skin and produce watery odourless sweat, and apocrine sweat glands in the armpits and groin, which produce a more oily "heavy" sweat containing a proportion of waste proteins, fatty acids and carbohydrates, that can be metabolized by bacteria to produce compounds that cause body odor. In addition the vagina produces secretions which are not a form of sweat but may be undesired and also masked with deodorants.
Human perspiration of all types is largely odorless until its organic components are fermented by bacteria that thrive in hot, humid environments. The human underarm is among the most consistently warm areas on the surface of the human body, and sweat glands readily provide moisture containing a proportion of organic matter, which when excreted, has a vital cooling effect. When adult armpits are washed with alkaline pH soap, the skin loses its protective acid mantle (pH 4.5 - 6), raising the skin pH and disrupting the skin barrier.[7] Many bacteria are adapted to the slightly alkali environment within the human body, so they can thrive within this elevated pH environment.[8] this makes the skin more than usually susceptible to bacterial colonization.[8] Bacteria on the skin feed on the waste proteins and fatty acids in the sweat from the apocrine glands and on dead skin and hair cells, releasing trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid in their waste, which is the primary cause of body odor.[9]
Underarm hair wicks the moisture away from the skin and aids in keeping the skin dry enough to prevent or diminish bacterial colonization. The hair is less susceptible to bacterial growth and therefore reduces bacterial odor.[10] The apocrine sweat glands are inactive until puberty, which is why body odor often only becomes noticeable at that time.
Deodorant products work in one of two ways - by preventing sweat from occurring, or by allowing it to occur but preventing bacterial activity that decomposes sweat on the skin.
Early deodorantsEdit
Alum has been used as a deodorant throughout history in Thailand, the Far East, Mexico, and other countries.[citation needed]
Modern deodorantsEdit
In 1888, the first modern commercial deodorant, Mum, was developed and patented by a U.S. inventor in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Edna Murphey.[2] The small company was bought by Bristol-Myers in 1931 and in the late 1940s, Helen Barnett Diserens developed an underarm applicator based on the newly invented ball-point pen.[11][12] In 1952, the company began marketing the product under the name Ban Roll-On.[11][12][13] The product was briefly withdrawn from the market in the U.S.,[2] but it is once again available at retailers in the U.S. under the brand Ban.[14] In the UK it is sold under the names Mum Solid and Mum Pump Spray.[2] Chattem acquired Ban deodorant brand in 1998[15] and subsequently sold it to Kao Corporation in 2000.[16]
In 1903, the first commercial antiperspirant was Everdry.[1] The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was patented by Jules Montenier on January 28, 1941.[3] This patent addressed the problem of the excessive acidity of aluminum chloride and its excessive irritation of the skin, by combining it with a soluble nitrile or a similar compound.[3] This formulation was first found in "Stopette" deodorant spray, which Time Magazine called "the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s".[4] "Stopette" gained its prominence as the first and long-time sponsor of the game show What's My Line?, and was later eclipsed by many other brands as the 1941 patent expired.[citation needed]
Between 1942 and 1957 the market for deodorants increased 600 times to become a $70 million market. Deodorants were originally marketed primarily to women, but by 1957 the market had expanded to male users, and estimates were that 50% of men were using deodorants by that date. The Ban Roll-On product led the market in sales.[17]
In the early 1960s, the first aerosol antiperspirant in the marketplace was Gillette's Right Guard, whose brand was later sold to Henkel in 2006.[18] Aerosols were popular because they let the user dispense a spray without coming in contact with the underarm area. By the late 1960s, half of all the antiperspirants sold in the U.S. were aerosols, and continued to grow in all sales to 82% by the early 1970s. However, in the late 1970s two problems arose which greatly changed the popularity of these products. First, in 1977 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the active ingredient used in aerosols, aluminium zirconium chemicals, due to safety concerns over long term inhalation. Second, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency limited the use of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellants used in aerosols due to awareness that these gases can contribute to depleting the ozone layer. As the popularity of aerosols slowly decreased, stick antiperspirants became more popular.[citation needed]
In the United States, deodorants are classified and regulated as cosmetics by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)[1] and are designed to eliminate odor. Deodorants are often alcohol based. Alcohol initially stimulates sweating but may also temporarily kill bacteria. Other active ingredients in deodorants include sodium stearate, sodium chloride, and stearyl alcohol. Deodorants can be formulated with other, more persistent antimicrobials such as triclosan that slow bacterial growth or with metal chelant compounds such as EDTA. Deodorants may contain perfume fragrances or natural essential oils intended to mask the odor of perspiration. In the past, deodorants included chemicals such as zinc oxide, acids, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and formaldehyde, but some of these ingredients were messy, irritating to the skin, or even carcinogenic.[19]
Over-the-counter products, often labeled as "natural deodorant crystal", contain the chemical rock crystals potassium alum or ammonium alum, which prevents bacterial action on sweat. These have gained popularity as an alternative health product, in spite of concerns about possible risks related to aluminum (see below - all alum salts contain aluminum in the form of aluminum sulphate salts) and contact dermatitis.[20]
Vaginal deodorant, in the form of sprays, suppositories, and wipes, is often used by women to mask vaginal secretions. Vaginal deodorants can sometimes cause dermatitis.[21]
Deodorant antiperspirantEdit
In the United States, deodorants combined with antiperspirant agents are classified as drugs by the FDA.[1] Antiperspirants attempt to stop or significantly reduce perspiration and thus reduce the moist climate in which bacteria thrive. Aluminium chloride, aluminium chlorohydrate, and aluminium-zirconium compounds, most notably aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly and aluminium zirconium trichlorohydrex gly, are frequently used in antiperspirants. Aluminium chlorohydrate and aluminium-zirconium tetrachlorohydrate gly are the most frequent active ingredients in commercial antiperspirants.[22] Aluminium-based complexes react with the electrolytes in the sweat to form a gel plug in the duct of the sweat gland. The plugs prevent the gland from excreting liquid and are removed over time by the natural sloughing of the skin. The metal salts work in another way to prevent sweat from reaching the surface of the skin: the aluminium salts interact with the keratin fibrils in the sweat ducts and form a physical plug that prevents sweat from reaching the skin's surface. Aluminium salts also have a slight astringent effect on the pores; causing them to contract, further preventing sweat from reaching the surface of the skin.[23] The blockage of a large number of sweat glands reduces the amount of sweat produced in the underarms, though this may vary from person to person. Methenamine in the form of cream and spray is successfully used for treatment of excessive sweating and related to it odour. Antiperspirants are usually better applied before bed.[24]
Product formulations and formatsEdit
Common and historical formulations for deodorants include the following active ingredients:
- Aluminum salts (aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly, and others) - used as the basis for almost all non-prescription (everyday) antiperspirants. The aluminum reacts within the sweat gland to form a colloid which physically prevents sweating.
- Alum (typically potassium alum or ammonia alum, also described as "rock alum", or "rock crystal", or "natural deodorant"). Alum is a natural crystalline product widely used both historically and in modern times as a deodorant, because it inhibits bacterial action. The word 'alum' is a historical term for aluminum sulfate salts, therefore all alum products will contain aluminum, albeit in a different chemical form than antiperspirants.
- Bactericidal products such as triclosan (TCS) and parabens kill bacteria on the skin.
- Alcohols and related compounds such as propylene glycol - these products can have both drying and bactericidal effects.
- Methenamine (hexamethylenetetramine, also known as hexamine or urotropin) is a powerful antiperspirant, often used for severe sweat-related issues, as well as prevention of sweating within the sockets of prosthetic devices used by amputees.[25]
- Acidifers and pH neutral products - deodorants that prevent bacterial action by enhancing (or at least, not depleting) the skin's natural slight acidity, known as the acid mantle, which naturally reduces bacterial action but can be compromised by typically alkaline soaps and skin products.
- Masking scents - other strong or overriding scents of a pleasing type may be used, used to mask bodily odors. Typically these are strongly smelling plant extracts or synthetic aromas.
- Activated charcoal and other products capable of absorbing sweat and/or smell. Although charcoal most often has a black color, the activated charcoal used in deodorants may be a very light color for aesthetic reasons.
- Less commonly used, products such as Milk of Magnesia (a thick liquid suspension of magnesium hydroxide) are sometimes used as deodorants.[26] Many milk of magnesia products contain small amounts of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) at very low levels that are safe for ingestion and skin application.[26] Sodium hypochlorite is a powerful bactericide, and it is possible that its presence in a product that can dry onto the skin, may explain this use as a deodorant.[26] (Safety info: bleach is caustic and extremely poisonous, and can be lethal, in higher concentrations)
Deodorants and antiperspirants come in many forms. What is commonly used varies in different countries. In Europe, aerosol sprays are popular, as are cream and roll-on forms. In North America, solid or gel forms are dominant.[citation needed]
Health effectsEdit
After using a deodorant containing zirconium, the skin may develop an allergic, axillary granuloma response.[27] Antiperspirants with propylene glycol, when applied to the axillae, can cause irritation and may promote sensitization to other ingredients in the antiperspirant.[28] Deodorant crystals containing synthetically made potassium alum were found to be a weak irritant to the skin.[20] Unscented deodorant is available for those with sensitive skin.[citation needed] Frequent use of deodorants was associated with blood concentrations of the synthetic musk galaxolide.[29]
Aluminum toxicityEdit
Many deodorants and antiperspirants contain aluminum (British English: aluminium), either in the form of aluminum salts such as aluminum chlorohydrate,[22] or as potassium or ammonium alum in rock and crystal deodorants (alum is a historical term for aluminum sulfate salts - all alum products therefore contain aluminum). Aluminum in the body has been linked to some cancers and to some forms of dementia, which has led to a degree of concern about whether aluminum-based products applied daily to the skin this way could be harmful.
Aluminum chlorohydrate is not the same as the compound aluminum chloride, which has been formally established as a neurotoxin.[30][31][32][33] However the ability of other aluminum compounds to enter the body through the skin, and to cause harm, has not been either confirmed or ruled out. At high doses, aluminum itself adversely affects the blood–brain barrier, is capable of causing DNA damage, and has adverse epigenetic effects.[30][34]
The US Food and Drug Administration, in a 2003 paper discussing deodorant safety, concluded that "despite many investigators looking at this issue, the agency does not find data from topical and inhalation chronic exposure animal and human studies submitted to date sufficient to change the monograph status of aluminum containing antiperspirants", therefore allowing their use and stating they will keep monitoring the scientific literature.[35] Members of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) of the European Commission concluded similarly in 2015, that "due to the lack of adequate data on dermal penetration to estimate the internal dose of aluminium following cosmetic uses, risk assessment cannot be performed."[36]
Common myths and marketing claims for aluminum in deodorants (including aluminum in alum products) include claims:
- That aluminum in deodorants applied to the skin is or is not a risk factor for some cancers (notably breast cancer) and some forms of dementia;
- That aluminum in antiperspirants can or cannot enter the body (possibly through shaving cuts); and
- That aluminum in alum "natural deodorant" products is "safer" because it is "too large" to enter the body.
None of these claims have been scientifically confirmed or ruled out, therefore they must all be taken as "unknown/unproven" at this time.
Of note, the parts of the body which are commonly shaved and also commonly treated with deodorants, such as the armpits, contain substantial deposits of subcutaneous fat. Shaving cuts would be extremely unlikely to penetrate sufficiently beyond the very outer layers of the skin, for much if any product to enter the bloodstream.[5]
Alzheimer's diseaseEdit
A possible link between aluminum exposure and Alzheimer's disease ("AD", a form of dementia) currently has similar conclusions to the above. Exposure to aluminum is correlated with increasing risk of Alzheimer's disease, but because the disease takes decades to arise, studies have not yet shown whether aluminum exposure causes the condition, or whether higher levels of aluminum are found in the brain of sufferers because of the condition.[37] Separately, aluminum products are extremely widely used within society, leading to significant exposure to the metal by many other routes than deodorant products - soda cans being one example.
A 2014 review of 469 peer-reviewed studies examining the effect of exposure to aluminum products concluded "that health risks posed by exposure to inorganic Al[uminum] depend on its physical and chemical forms and that the response varies with route of administration, magnitude, duration and frequency of exposure. These results support previous conclusions that there is little evidence that exposure to metallic Al, the Al oxides or its salts increases risk for AD, genetic damage or cancer".[37]
Breast cancerEdit
The myth that breast cancer is believed to be linked with deodorant use has been widely circulated and appears to originate from a spam email sent in 1999;[5] however, there is no evidence to support the existence of such a link.[6] The myth circulates in two forms:
Antiperspirants block the "purging" of toxins which build up in the body and cause breast cancer: There is no truth to this claim. Sweat glands simply do not have this function, and this myth is not scientifically plausible.[5] Perspiration from the eccrine sweat glands comprises 99% water, with some salt (sodium chloride) and only trace amounts of lactic acid (almost entirely processed in the liver), urea (almost entirely excreted by the kidneys), and only very small amounts of all other components. Perspiration from the apocrine sweat glands (those in the armpits and groin, which are more responsible for body odor) also include waste proteins, carbohydrates, and fatty acids [38] which would otherwise be processed by other organs such as the liver.
It is possible that there has been confusion between sweat glands, and the lymph nodes deep within the armpits which form part of the immune system (and do not filter toxins), but if so, there is no evidence at all of such "blocking" of lymph nodes, nor any scientifically plausible route by which this could result from deodorant use.[5]
- Aluminum in antiperspirants can enter the body (possibly through cuts) and cause breast cancer: There is no current evidence to support this claim, nor any convincing evidence that it is true.[39] A fact often cited to back up this claim is that more breast cancers occur in the part of the breast near the armpits, however breast tissue is not evenly spread out, and the part of the breast near the armpit (the Tail of Spence) simply contains much more breast tissue than the other quadrants, making it much more likely that any cancer would occur in that location.[5] See above for current scientific knowledge regarding aluminum in deodorants.
The National Cancer Institute states that "no scientific evidence links the use of these products to the development of breast cancer" and that "no clear evidence show[s] that the use of aluminum-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of breast cancer", but also concludes that "[b]ecause studies of antiperspirants and deodorants and breast cancer have provided conflicting results, additional research would be needed to determine whether a relationship exists".[39]
Another constituent of deodorant products that has given cause for concern are parabens, a chemical additive.[40] According to the American Cancer Society, "studies have not shown any direct link between parabens and any health problems, including breast cancer".[40]
Kidney dysfunctionEdit
The FDA has "acknowledge[d] that small amounts of aluminium can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and through the skin", leading to a warning "that people with kidney disease may not be aware that the daily use of antiperspirant drug products containing aluminium may put them at a higher risk because of exposure to aluminium in the product."[35] The agency warns people with kidney dysfunction to consult a doctor before using antiperspirants containing aluminum.[35]
Aerosol burns and frostbiteEdit
If aerosol deodorant is held close to the skin for long enough, it can cause an aerosol burn—a form of frostbite.[41][42] In controlled tests, spray deodorants have been shown to cause temperature drops of over 60 °C in a short period of time.[41]
Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly, a common antiperspirant, can react with sweat to create yellow stains on clothing. Underarm liners are an antiperspirant alternative that does not leave stains.[43][44]
See alsoEdit
- ^ a b c Cosmetics Q&A: "Personal Care Products". U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
- ^ a b c d e Joey Green (2004). "The Apothecary: Elixiers, Remedies, and Tonics". Joey Green's Incredible Country Store: Potions, Notions and Elixirs of the Past--and How to Make Them Today (1 ed.). Rodale Books. p. 356. ISBN 978-1-57954-848-3.
- ^ a b c US 2230084
- ^ a b "Corporations: Scalping the Competition". Time magazine. July 12, 1963.
- ^ a b c d e f Gorski D (October 6, 2014). "Breast cancer myths: No, antiperspirants do not cause breast cancer". Science-Based Medicine.
- ^ a b Namer M, Luporsi E, Gligorov J, Lokiec F, Spielmann M (September 2008). "[The use of deodorants/antiperspirants does not constitute a risk factor for breast cancer]". Bull Cancer (Comprehensive literature review) (in French). 95 (9): 871–80. doi:10.1684/bdc.2008.0679 (inactive September 21, 2018). PMID 18829420.
- ^ Kuehl BL, Fyfe KS, Shear NH (March 2003). "Cutaneous cleansers". Skin Therapy Lett. 8 (3): 1–4. PMID 12858234.
- ^ a b Stenzaly-Achtert S, Schölermann A, Schreiber J, Diec KH, Rippke F, Bielfeldt S (May 2000). "Axillary pH and influence of deodorants". Skin Res Technol. 6 (2): 87–91. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0846.2000.006002087.x. PMID 11428948.
- ^ Pierce JD Jr; Zeng XN; Aronov EV; Preti G; Wysocki CJ (August 1995). "Cross-adaptation of sweaty-smelling 3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid by a structurally similar, pleasant-smelling odorant". Chem Senses. 20 (4): 401–11. doi:10.1093/chemse/20.4.401. PMID 8590025.
- ^ Marc Paye; Howard I. Maibach; André O Barel (2009). Handbook of cosmetic science and technology (3 ed.). Informa Health Care. p. 703; 869. ISBN 978-1-4200-6963-1.
- ^ a b Digest, Editors at Reader's (June 2, 2015). 99 Cent Solutions. Readers Digest. p. 152. ISBN 9781621452386. Retrieved June 11, 2015.CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
- ^ a b Socol, Garrett (December 5, 2011). Gathered Here Together. Ampersand Books. p. 62. ISBN 9780984102587. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
- ^ "Advertising and Marketing News". New York Times. January 25, 1955. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
- ^ "Chattem acquires Ban deodorant brand". Nashville Business Journal. March 2, 1998.
- ^ "CHATTEM ACQUIRING BAN BRAND FOR $165 MILLION". The New York Times. February 24, 1998.
- ^ "CHATTEM AGREES TO SELL BAN DEODORANT LINE TO JERGENS". The New York Times. August 25, 2000.
- ^ Hammer, Alexander R. News (November 23, 1957). "Newest Forms for Deodorants Spur Sales to the Male Market". New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
- ^ "Right Guard". BriefingMedia Ltd. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
- ^ Everts, Sarah. "Deodorants & Antiperspirants - July 2, 2012 Issue - Vol. 90 Issue 27 - Chemical & Engineering News". cen.acs.org. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
- ^ a b Gallego H, Lewis EJ, Crutchfield CE 3rd (July 1999). "Crystal deodorant dermatitis: irritant dermatitis to alum-containing deodorant". Cutis. 64 (1): 65–6. PMID 10431678.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ "FPA Health: Sex Matters: Factsheets: The Vagina - Common Vaginal Conditions". July 31, 2003. Archived from the original on February 28, 2007.
- ^ a b Lukacs VA, Korting HC (1989). "Antitranspirantien und Deodorantien – Wirkstoffe und Bewertung" [Antiperspirants and deodorants – ingredients and evaluation]. Dermatosen in Beruf und Umwelt (in German). 37 (2): 53–57. PMID 2656175.
- ^ Draelos ZD (September 2001). "Antiperspirants and the hyperhidrosis patient". Dermatol Ther. 14 (3): 220–224. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8019.2001.01028.x.
- ^ Okura, Lynn (August 28, 2014). "The Common Mistake People Make When Applying Antiperspirant (VIDEO)". Retrieved April 3, 2018 – via Huff Post.
- ^ https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/03093649609164439
- ^ a b c http://chemicaloftheday.squarespace.com/most-controversial/2014/6/14/milk-of-magnesia.html
- ^ Kleinhans D, Knoth W (July 1976). "[Granulomas of axillae (zirconium?) (author's transl)]". Dermatologica. 152 (3): 161–7. PMID 939343.
- ^ Agren-Jonsson S, Magnusson B (1976). "Sensitization to propantheline bromide, trichlorocarbanilide and propylene glycol in an antiperspirant". Contact Dermatitis. 2 (2): 79–80. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1976.tb02989.x. PMID 1017183.
- ^ Hutter HP, Wallner P, Hartl W, Uhl M, Lorbeer G, Gminski R, Mersch-Sundermann V, Kundi M (March 2010). "Higher blood concentrations of synthetic musks in women above fifty years than in younger women". Int J Hyg Environ Health. 213 (2): 124–30. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.12.002. PMID 20056483.
- ^ a b He BP, Strong MJ (January 2000). "A morphological analysis of the motor neuron degeneration and microglial reaction in acute and chronic in vivo aluminum chloride neurotoxicity". J. Chem. Neuroanat. 17 (4): 207–15. doi:10.1016/S0891-0618(99)00038-1. PMID 10697247.
- ^ Zubenko GS, Hanin I (October 1989). "Cholinergic and noradrenergic toxicity of intraventricular aluminum chloride in the rat hippocampus". Brain Res. 498 (2): 381–4. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)91121-9. PMID 2790490.
- ^ Peng JH, Xu ZC, Xu ZX, et al. (August 1992). "Aluminum-induced acute cholinergic neurotoxicity in rat". Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. 17 (1): 79–89. doi:10.1007/BF03159983. PMID 1388451.
- ^ Banks, W. A.; Kastin, A. J. (1989). "Aluminum-induced neurotoxicity: alterations in membrane function at the blood–brain barrier". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 13 (1): 47–53. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(89)80051-X. PMID 2671833.
- ^ Lankoff A, Banasik A, Duma A, et al. (February 2006). "A comet assay study reveals that aluminum induces DNA damage and inhibits the repair of radiation-induced lesions in human peripheral blood lymphocytes". Toxicol. Lett. 161 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.07.012. PMID 16139969.
- ^ a b c "Antiperspirant Drug Products For Over-the-Counter Human Use; Final Monograph" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. - updated links: PubMed link, Government website, direct federal register entry.
- ^ Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. "OPINION ON the safety of aluminium in cosmetic products" (PDF). Retrieved August 2, 2015.
- ^ a b https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/09/29/could-exposure-to-aluminum-cause-alzheimers-disease/
- ^ https://www.carpelotion.com/what-sweat-is-made-of.html
- ^ a b https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/myths/antiperspirants-fact-sheet
- ^ a b "Antiperspirants and Breast Cancer Risk". American Cancer Society.
- ^ a b Ulrich May; Karl-Heinz Stirner; Roger Lauener; Johannes Ring; Matthias Möhrenschlager (2010). "Deodorant spray: a newly identified cause of cold burns". Pediatrics. 126 (3): e716–e718. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2936. PMID 20679305.
- ^ "Deodorant burns on the increase - ABC News". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. July 10, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
- ^ Laden, Karl (1999). Anti-Perspirants and Deodorants, Second Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-1746-9.
- ^ Cobb, Linda (2002). How the Queen Cleans Everything. SImon and Schuster. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-7434-5145-1.
External linksEdit
|Look up deodorant or antiperspirant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deodorants.


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