text:
Ghana Population: 26,908,2621 VISITOR FROM HERE!
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|Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. Ghana endured a long series of coups before Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS took power in 1981 and banned political parties. After approving a new constitution and restoring multiparty politics in 1992, RAWLINGS won presidential elections in 1992 and 1996 but was constitutionally prevented from running for a third term in 2000. John KUFUOR succeeded him and was reelected in 2004. John Atta MILLS won the 2008 presidential election and took over as head of state, but he died in July 2012 and was constitutionally succeeded by his vice president, John Dramani MAHAMA, who subsequently won the December 2012 presidential election.
Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake (manmade reservoir) by surface area (8,482 sq km; 3,275 sq mi); the lake was created following the completion of the Akosombo Dam in 1965, which holds back the White Volta and Black Volta Rivers
|Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 238,533 sq km
land: 227,533 sq km
water: 11,000 sq km
Size comparison: slightly smaller than Oregon
|Land Boundaries:
|total: 2,420 km border countries (3): Burkina Faso 602 km, Cote d'Ivoire 720 km, Togo 1,098 km
|539 km
|Maritime claims:
| territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
|tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
|mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area
|Elevation extremes:
|Natural resources:
|gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone
|Land use:
| agricultural land: 69.1% arable land 20.7%; permanent crops 11.9%; permanent pasture 36.5% forest: 21.2%
other: 9.7% (2011 est.)
|Irrigated land:
|340 sq km (2012)
|Natural hazards:
|dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds from January to March; droughts
|Current Environment Issues:
|recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
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| noun: Ghanaian(s)
adjective: Ghanaian
|Ethnic groups:
|Akan 47.5%, Mole-Dagbon 16.6%, Ewe 13.9%, Ga-Dangme 7.4%, Gurma 5.7%, Guan 3.7%, Grusi 2.5%, Mande 1.1%, other 1.4% (2010 est.)
|Asante 16%, Ewe 14%, Fante 11.6%, Boron (Brong) 4.9%, Dagomba 4.4%, Dangme 4.2%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.9%, Kokomba 3.5%, Akyem 3.2%, Ga 3.1%, other 31.2% note: English is the official language (2010 est.)
|Christian 71.2% (Pentecostal/Charismatic 28.3%, Protestant 18.4%, Catholic 13.1%, other 11.4%), Muslim 17.6%, traditional 5.2%, other 0.8%, none 5.2% (2010 est.)
|26,908,262 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2016 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 38.2% (male 5,164,505/female 5,113,185)
15-24 years: 18.66% (male 2,498,185/female 2,522,353)
25-54 years: 34.05% (male 4,445,321/female 4,716,311)
55-64 years: 4.91% (male 642,984/female 678,784)
65 years and over: 4.19% (male 520,589/female 606,045) (2016 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 73%
youth dependency ratio: 67.2%
elderly dependency ratio: 5.9%
potential support ratio: 17% (2015 est.)
|Median age:
| total: 21 years
male: 20.5 years
female: 21.5 years (2016 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|2.18% (2016 est.)
|Birth rate:
|30.8 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Death rate:
|7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-1.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
| urban population: 54% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 3.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|Kumasi 2.599 million; ACCRA (capital) 2.277 million (2015)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
|Mother's mean age at first birth:
|22.6 note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2014 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|319 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 36.3 deaths/1,000 live births male: 40.2 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 32.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 66.6 years male: 64.1 years
female: 69.1 years (2016 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|4.03 children born/woman (2016 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|19.5% (2013)
|Health expenditures:
|3.6% of GDP (2014)
|Physicians density:
|0.1 physicians/1,000 population (2010)
|Hospital bed density:
|0.9 beds/1,000 population (2011)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 92.6% of population
rural: 84% of population
total: 88.7% of population
urban: 7.4% of population
rural: 16% of population
total: 11.3% of population (2015 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 20.2% of population
rural: 8.6% of population
total: 14.9% of population
urban: 79.8% of population
rural: 91.4% of population
total: 85.1% of population (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|1.61% (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|274,600 (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|12,600 (2015 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|10.9% (2014)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|11% (2014)
|Education expenditures:
|6.2% of GDP (2014)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 76.6%
male: 82%
female: 71.4% (2015 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 11 years male: 12 years
female: 11 years (2014)
|Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
| total: 11.2% male: 10.2%
female: 12% (2010 est.)
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|Country name:
| conventional long form: Republic of Ghana
conventional short form: Ghana
former: Gold Coast
etymology: named for the medieval West African kingdom of the same name, but whose location was actually further north than the modern country
|Government type:
|presidential republic
| name: Accra
geographic coordinates: 5 33 N, 0 13 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
|Administrative divisions:
|10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western
|6 March 1957 (from the UK)
|National holiday:
|Independence Day, 6 March (1957)
|several previous; latest drafted 31 March 1992, approved and promulgated 28 April 1992, entered into force 7 January 1993; amended 1996 (2016)
|Legal system:
|mixed system of English common law and customary law
|18 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (since 7 January 2017); Vice President Mahamudu BAWUMIA (NPP) (since 7 January 2017); the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (since 7 January 2017); Vice President Mahamudu BAWUMIA (NPP) (since 7 January 2017)
cabinet: Council of Ministers; nominated by the president, approved by Parliament elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 December 2016 (next to be held in December 2020)
election results: Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO elected president; percent of vote - Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (NPP) 54.1%, John Dramani MAHAMA (NDC) 44.0%, other 1.8%; note - results after 267 of 275 constituencies declared
|Legislative branch:
| description: unicameral Parliament (275 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)
elections: last held on 7 December 2016 (next to be held in December 2020)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NDC 148, NPP 123, PNC 1, independent 3
|Judicial branch:
| highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of a chief justice and 12 justices) judge selection and term of office: chief justice appointed by the president in consultation with the Council of State (a small advisory body of prominent citizens) and with the approval of Parliament; other justices appointed by the president upon the advice of the Judicial Council (an 18-member independent body of judicial, military and police officials, and presidential nominees) and on the advice of the Council of State; justices can retire at age 60, with compulsory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: Court of Appeal; High Court; Circuit Court; District Court; regional tribunals
|Political parties and leaders:
|Convention People's Party or CPP [Samia NKRUMAH] National Democratic Congress or NDC [John Dramani MAHAMA] New Patriotic Party or NPP [Nana AFUKO-ADDO] People's National Convention or PNC [Hassan AYARIGA] note: listed are four of the more popular political parties as of December 2012; there are more than 20 registered parties
|Political pressure groups and leaders:
|Christian Aid (water rights) Committee for Joint Action or CJA (social and economic issues) National Coalition Against the Privatization of Water or CAP (water rights) Oxfam (water rights) Public Citizen (water rights) Students Coalition Against EPA [Kwabena Ososukene OKAI] (education reform) Third World Network (social and economic issues)
|International organization participation:
|ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
|black star, golden eagle; national colors: red, yellow, green, black
|National anthem:
| name: "God Bless Our Homeland Ghana"
lyrics/music: unknown/Philip GBEHO
note: music adopted 1957, lyrics adopted 1966; the lyrics were changed twice, in 1960 when a republic was declared and after a 1966 coup
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Lt. Gen. Joseph Henry SMITH (since September 2014)
chancery: 3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 686-4520
consulate(s) general: New York
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Robert P. JACKSON (since 4 February 2016)
embassy: 24 Fourth Circular Rd., Cantonments, Accra
mailing address: P.O. Box 194, Accra
telephone: [233] 030-274-1000
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Ghana's economy was strengthened by a quarter century of relatively sound management, a competitive business environment, and sustained reductions in poverty levels, but in recent years has suffered the consequences of loose fiscal policy, high budget and current account deficits, and a depreciating currency. Ghana has a market-based economy with relatively few policy barriers to trade and investment in comparison with other countries in the region, and Ghana is well-endowed with natural resources. Agriculture accounts for nearly one-quarter of GDP and employs more than half of the workforce, mainly small landholders. The services sector accounts for about half of GDP. Gold and cocoa exports, and individual remittances, are major sources of foreign exchange. Expansion of Ghana's nascent oil industry has boosted economic growth, but the recent oil price crash reduced by half Ghana's 2015 oil revenue. Production at Jubilee, Ghana's offshore oilfield, began in mid-December 2010 and currently produces roughly 110,000 barrels per day. The country's first gas processing plant at Atubao is also producing natural gas from the Jubilee field, providing power to several of Ghana's thermal power plants. As of 2015, the biggest single economic issue facing Ghana is the lack of consistent electricity. While the MAHAMA administration is taking steps to improve the situation, little progress has been made. Ghana signed a $920 million extended credit facility with the IMF in April 2015 to help it address its growing economic crisis. The IMF fiscal targets will require Ghana to reduce the fiscal deficit by cutting subsidies, decreasing the bloated public sector wage bill, strengthening revenue administration, and increasing revenues. The challenge for Ghana will come as the MAHAMA Administration approaches the November 2016 elections, facing public dissatisfaction in the midst of economic austerity.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $120.8 billion (2016 est.) $116.9 billion (2015 est.) $112.5 billion (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $42.76 billion (2015 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|3.3% (2016 est.) 3.9% (2015 est.) 4% (2014 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $4,400 (2016 est.) $4,300 (2015 est.) $4,300 (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
|Gross national saving:
|16.1% of GDP (2016 est.) 17.1% of GDP (2015 est.) 17% of GDP (2014 est.)
|GDP - composition, by end use:
| household consumption: 66.6%
government consumption: 19.6%
investment in fixed capital: 24.5%
investment in inventories: 0.8%
exports of goods and services: 36.7%
imports of goods and services: -48.2% (2016 est.)
|GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
| household consumption: 66.6%
government consumption: 19.6%
investment in fixed capital: 24.5%
investment in inventories: 0.8%
exports of goods and services: 36.7%
imports of goods and services: -48.2% (2016 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|cocoa, rice, cassava (manioc, tapioca), peanuts, corn, shea nuts, bananas; timber
|mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food processing, cement, small commercial ship building, petroleum
|Industrial production growth rate:
|-0.5% (2016 est.)
|Labor force:
|11.99 million (2016 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 44.7%
industry: 14.4%
services: 40.9% (2013 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|5.2% (2013 est.)
|Population below poverty line:
|24.2% (2013 est.)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 32.8% (2006)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|42.3 (2012-13) 41.9 (2005-06)
| revenues: $9.068 billion
expenditures: $11.55 billion (2016 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|21.2% of GDP (2016 est.)
|Public debt:
|73.7% of GDP (2016 est.) 71.8% of GDP (2015 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): 17.8% (2016 est.) 17.2% (2015 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$2.693 billion (2016 est.) -$2.836 billion (2015 est.)
|$10.25 billion (2016 est.) $10.36 billion (2015 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|oil, gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore, diamonds, horticultural products
|Exports - partners:
|India 25.2%, Switzerland 12.2%, China 10.6%, France 5.7% (2015)
|$13.73 billion (2016 est.) $13.47 billion (2015 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|capital equipment, refined petroleum, foodstuffs
|Imports - partners:
|China 32.6%, Nigeria 14%, Netherlands 5.5%, US 5.4% (2015)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$6.137 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $5.885 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$21.17 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $19.15 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$19.85 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $118 million (31 December 2012 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$16.62 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $109 million (31 December 2012 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|$3.465 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $3.097 billion (31 December 2011 est.) $3.531 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
|Exchange rates:
|cedis (GHC) per US dollar - 3.992 (2016 est.) 3.712 (2015 est.) 3.712 (2014 est.) 2.895 (2013 est.) 1.8 (2012 est.)
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|Electricity - production:
|13 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - consumption:
|9.2 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|500 million kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|51 million kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|2.847 million kW (2015 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|45.4% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|54.6% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|102,400 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|98,700 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|26,040 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|660 million bbl (1 January 2016 es)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|10,640 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|83,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|1,977 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|72,850 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|50 million cu m (2014 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|650 million cu m (2014 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|600 million cu m (2014 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|22.65 billion cu m (1 January 2016 es)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|11 million Mt (2013 est.)
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|Cellular Phones in use:
|total: 35.008 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 133 (July 2015 est.)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop has been installed; outdated and unreliable fixed-line infrastructure heavily concentrated in Accra
domestic: competition among multiple mobile-cellular providers has spurred growth with a subscribership of more than 130 per 100 persons and rising
international: country code - 233; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC, Main One, and GLO-1 fiber-optic submarine cables that provide connectivity to South Africa, Europe, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaf (2015)
|Broadcast media:
|state-owned TV station, 2 state-owned radio networks; several privately owned TV stations and a large number of privately owned radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are accessible; several cable and satellite TV subscriptio (2007)
|Internet country code:
|Internet users:
|total: 6.181 million percent of population: 23.5% (July 2015 est.)
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|10 (2013)
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 7
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 3
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2013)
|gas 394 km; oil 20 km; refined products 361 km (2013)
| total 947 km
narrow gauge: 947 km 1.067-m gauge (2014)
| total 109,515 km
paved: 13,787 km
unpaved: 95,728 km (2009)
|1,293 km (168 km for launches and lighters on Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers; 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways on Lake Volta) (2011)
|Merchant marine:
| total 4
by type: petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 3
foreign-owned: 2 (Brazil 1, South Korea 1) (2010)
|Ports and terminals:
|major seaport(s): Takoradi, Tema
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|Military branches:
|Ghana Army, Ghana Navy, Ghana Air Force (2012)
|Military service age and obligation:
|18-26 years of age for voluntary military service, with basic education certificate; no conscription; must be HIV/AIDS negative (2012)
|Military expenditures:
|0.56% of GDP (2014) 0.61% of GDP (2013) 0.27% of GDP (2012)
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|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|disputed maritime border between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
|refugees (country of origin): 11,419 (Cote d'Ivoire; flight from 2010 post-election fighting) (2016)
|Illicit drugs:
|illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to a lesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and the US; widespread crime and money-laundering problem, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center; significant domestic cocaine and cannabis use
|^Back to Top
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
Source: CIA - The World Factbook

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Nahrát trasu:Uložit změny aktuální trasy?Pro uložení přidejte k trase nejdříve cíle.Chcete svoji trasu opravdu vymazat?Chcete-li si trasu prohlédnout v externím plánovači cest, přidejte k ní dva nebo více bodů.Vaše trasa je prázdnáKrátký popis cílů s obrázkemSeznam cílůOčkováníNáboženstvíPodmínky pro vstup a pobyt v zemiCloJazykPodnebíVízum
Dresden's film nights on the Elbe have taken the 'big' screen quite literally to heart. Not simply because this is Germany's largest open-air film festival but also because since 2004 the films have been shown on the world's biggest mobile screen, which measures a gigantic 448 square metres or 32 metres by 14 metres – offering a superlative cinematic experience.
The events take place on approximately 60 nights during the summer, around 50 of which take the form of film screenings including a number of German premieres. There are around 3,300 seats, 400 of which are particularly sought after because they are under cover and offer at-seat service.
The festival's name only tells half the story because some brilliant concerts also come under the film nights on the Elbe banner: R.E.M., Die Ärzte, Nelly Furtado and Die Fantastischen Vier are just a few of many who have appeared here. For these ten or so performances, the giant screen is rotated 90 degrees and handily becomes the stage's roof. All in all, the film nights on the Elbe offer an exceptional programme for around 150,000 people.
There's also one magical, free extra: for many, Dresden silhouetted against the evening sky is a highlight in itself. Many things have changed since the festival was founded in 1991, but this view forever stays the same, which surely makes the film nights on the Elbe the most beautiful open-air film and concert festival in Germany – and possibly even in Europe?
Následující termíny:
27/06/2019 - 25/08/2019
Místo konání akce
01097 Dresden
Veškeré údaje o cenách, termínech a otevíracích dobách jsou bez záruky.


text:
The Internet is a wonderful invention, and we are now entering a time where the Internet is becoming nearly ubiquitous in our lives and quickly supplanting traditional forms of media. However, today the Internet is often censored and tracked by Internet Services Providers (ISPs) and companies like Google and Facebook, as well as governments around the world. (I've outlined some of the easiest ways to stop eavesdroppers and increase your security in this article on Reactual).
Basically, we've become accustomed to the Internet being a free and unregulated space, but this is really not the case. But the Internet we have today was not designed to ensure private, democratic access for everyone. As the Free Network Foundation puts it, we need "a communications infrastructure that is owned and operated cooperatively, by the whole of humanity, rather than by corporations and states".
The good news is that it is entirely possible to build decentralized networks that are controlled by individuals rather than by corporation or governments. These decentralized networks can operate within the existing Internet, or they can also operate independently of the Internet, using their own infrastructure. These types of networks typically have two key difference to the Internet at large. First, they are decentralized. This is important because they do not rely on centralized servers in order to operate. This means they are resistant to breakdown and censorship because there are no centralized hubs that can fail. Second, decentralized networks can be designed with privacy and anonymity in mind, making surveillance and censorship very difficult.
Let's take a look some types of decentralized networks:
Mesh Networks
A Mesh Network (or Meshnet) is a type of network architecture where each computer is connected to neighboring computers, usually via WiFi. Mesh Networks have a self-healing capability — they continue to work even if participating computers drop out. As a result, the network is typically quite reliable and cannot be easily shut down, as there is often more than one path between a source and a destination in the network.
Although Mesh Networks can take many forms, the most promising examples are Wireless Mesh Networks, which are built using long-range WiFi routers. With this design, there is no need for an Internet Services Provider (ISP). In fact, Mesh networks are also being used to provide basic connectivity to people around the world who do not have access to conventional ISPs.
Wireless Mesh Network are also used by college campuses, corporate complexes, the government and military. You can read about some existing Mesh Networks here. The largest public Wireless Mesh Network in the U.S. is the Seattle Meshnet. An example of this is Open Mesh (see this introduction to setting one up).
Smartphones can used to create a Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), which are very similar to a Mesh Networks. However, MANETs are temporary networks, they do not replace the need for an ISP. A startup company called Karma is about to launch such a network.
Project Meshnet is organization whose object is to:
[C]reate a versatile, decentralized network built on secure protocols for routing traffic over private mesh or public internetworks independent of a central supporting infrastructure.
Project Meshnet is currently involved in building a Meshnet called Hyperboria.
Peer-To-Peer (P2P) Networks
In a Peer-to-Peer network, the "peers" are computers which are connected to each other via the Internet. Files can be shared directly between systems on the network without the need of a central server. In other words, each computer on a P2P network becomes a file server as well as a client.
This is an example of a social peer-to-peer process where each individual shares resources to build a group resource. Other examples of such processes include the free software movement, Wikipedia and leaderless organizations.
The first peer-to-peer application was the file sharing system Napster, originally released in 1999. Today, P2P networks are most commonly used to share files, distribute free software, and to stream media.
Friend-To-Friend (F2F) Networks
A Friend-To-Friend Network (F2F network) is a type of Peer-To-Peer Network where users only make direct connections with people they know. Since the network is only made up of trusted associates, it has greater privacy and security than an open network. Examples of software which can be used to build F2F networks include: Retroshare, GNUnet, Freenet and OneSwarm. Of these applications, RetroShare is the only one of these configured for friend-to-friend operation by default.
A Darknet is defined as an decentralized, private network which runs outside of the Internet. Today, most darknets in existence are Meshnets created by enthusiasts. The examples of existing darknets include the I2P network and Freenet.
Relevant Organizations
- The Electronic Frontiers Foundation (EFF)
- The Free Software Foundation (FSF)
- The Free Network Foundation
- Free Press (Save The Internet)
- The Software Freedom Law Center
- Shareable.Net
- Meshing It
Relevant Books
- Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations by Clay Shirky
- The Starfish and the Spider: The Unstoppable Power of Leaderless Organizations by Ori Brafman
- Consent Of The Networked: The Worldwide Struggle For Internet Freedom by Rebecca MacKinnon
- The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires by Timothy Wu
- The Wealth of Networks by Yochai Benkler
- Life, Inc. by Douglas Rushkoff
- Code 2.0 by Lawrence Lessig
- All That We Share: How to Save the Economy, the Environment, the Internet, Democracy, Our Communities and Everything Else that Belongs to All of Us by Jay Walljasper
- The Value of Nothing by Raj Patel


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If youve ever sat on the edge of an open airplane door, looking at the ground 8,000 feet below, then you know what its like to take a leap of faith.
Well, try this if you dare: Stand at the top of the stairs at The Irish Embassy Pub some third Wednesday of the month. Rid yourself of every unproven belief to which you cling.
Go on, now. Head downstairs and join the Durango Skeptics and Atheists.
Youre taking a leap of nonfaith.
Think of these meetings as an extreme sport for intellectuals. For the next two hours you will be forced to confront your deepest beliefs. Your meaning of life. You will need to defend, at least to yourself, the beliefs you hold dear. Or you will perhaps tearfully need to let them go.
If youre fortunate, you will leave with your scrambled self-identity still salvageable.
With 73 percent of Americans still professing to be Christians, a number that has declined from 78 percent in the last five years, its not mainstream to be a practicing heathen. But its the only choice for those who cant face the hypocrisy of worshiping a greater power in which they cant honestly believe.
The Durango group is not alone in its nonbelief. The latest survey by the Pew Forum on Religion shows that 20 percent of the U.S. population is not affiliated with an organized religion. Atheists comprise 2.4 percent of the U.S. populace and agnostics 3.3 percent, numbers also on the rise.
So go ahead, walk down those stairs. Meet the group. First off, youll find that the skydiving analogy was perhaps a bit of an exaggeration.
Really, this is a bunch that is willing to listen, and its members attempt to be nonjudgmental. If theres truly any fear in coming down those stairs, its in knowing that your beliefs will come under scrutiny from within.
It is challenging, but its fun, says Tom Hancock, a Durangoan for 36 years.
Hancocks story is fairly common. His views on religion, his questioning the existence of God in the Christian sense, were shut down by his parents. The Durango group is helping him solidify those views.
Lots of good ideas, coming from the heart, is how he describes a typical meeting.
Kathleen OConnor moved from Austin, Texas, to Durango with her husband two years ago. When she saw the groups page on meetup.com, she was excited beyond words.
She was one of the original members. Through word of mouth and the website, the group has grown to 77. The bond is a nonbelief in God, but its more just about applying critical thinking skills to all areas of your life, OConnor says. Not just with religion.
If you believe that being a skeptic and atheist is arrogant, member Clayton Nash would claim just the opposite. The skeptic is humble.
What I want to believe is true isnt necessarily true, Nash says. If an argument is based on rational thought well accept it. ... Well change our mind if you show us the truth. Ill believe anything. Show me.
Last month, 20 people 16 men and four women gathered downstairs at The Irish Embassy Pub. One brave attendee did profess a belief in God, and, although he didnt convert anyone, he was treated with respect.
For many members the groups primary goal is not to be offensive or to confront people about their beliefs. Its to create a semblance of community for people without a religious affiliation. Church-goers have a built-in community the unaffiliated lack.
The first order of business is for new attendees to reveal themselves and answer a few questions, among them: How would you label yourself?
The question is most difficult to answer when youre not even sure what being an atheist or agnostic or humanist or skeptic means. Warning: One can go crazy trying to come to an agreement on definitions. But try these:
An atheist sees no proof that there is a god, but does not necessarily deny that there could be a god.
An agnostic believes its impossible for a human to know whether or not there is a god.
A skeptic needs proof before believing in something, whether its a god or that, say, a certain herb can cure your body of cancer.
A humanist focuses on the positive aspects of humanity and how a god is not needed to be moral.
Bill Vana, noting the wide range of beliefs in the Durango-based group, calls himself a humanist.
Its more I care about all humans, Vana says. Im not against God. I dont say theres no God. But I dont plan on it. ... I do good for the sake of doing good, not for the reward.
Fort Lewis College professor Dugald Owen, at the prodding of the local atheist group, will speak Feb. 18 at the college on Living Deeper Without God. His theme will be that we can recognize our human potential more fully if we dont allow God to get in the way.
We mostly dont understand the universe and should be open to all possibilities, Owen says.
One of the great tasks of being human is to figure out what we can and cant understand of the universe. Its to meet a universe thats complex and not necessarily designed for us.
The belief in God just obscures that task for humanity, Owen says.
Theres a growing contingent in Durango that meets to view the universe through a lens unfiltered by a god. Think of it as a support group for people who insist on critical thinking, come what may.
Is this such a frightening proposition?
Its OK to not believe in a god, OConnor says. It doesnt make you a bad person to not believe in a god. You dont need religion to be a good person.
Its not for everyone to take the leap of nonfaith. But the view is exhilarating, the feeling liberating. And, judging by last month, it appears that most people land just fine and walk away intact.
firstname.lastname@example.com. John Peel writes a weekly human-interest column.


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|MLBPA Press Release
"Our Joint Drug Agreement is designed to protect a player from a rush to judgment before he can challenge a reported positive test result. Fairness dictates that Ryan Braun be treated no differently. I urge all to reserve judgment on this matter until the JDA's process has played itself out."
Because of the confidential nature of the program and restrictions set forth in the JDA, the Union will have no further public comment on this matter.


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That's because so little context is given. Presumably, randall has an idea about which person's organs are being donated or not. But he doesn't tell us, at least not clearly. He could have shown the whole driver's license, including a picture, so we know if it's the girl or the boy. He could have shown us a little more of a reaction from the girl instead of "blank stare," so we could know if she is generally agreeing with the man or disagreeing. I personally think the first interpretation I listed is correct (which makes the comic only slightly funny, in a sort of profound life-explained-through-toys sort of way) but I really don't know.
So I won't say any more, and maybe the next comic will be simpler.
Prediction: At least one cuddlefish will write a long rant about how dumb i am because obviously this comic is X Interpretation, and I am worthless scum etc and this shows how unqualified I am to write this blog and therefore xkcd is great, but before I get a chance to respond, another cuddlefish will write the exact same post but says it is obviously the exact opposite interpretation.
In Other News: I have just learned of a most extraordinary coincidence. Google Analytics informs me that on September 2nd, 2009, the day of the infamous Comic 631, the number of people who visited my blog after googling "xkcd sucks" jumped up to 631. how can it be??


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Nearly one third of tech workers in the enterprise sector say they would prefer their next tablet to run on the Windows platform, according to a Forrester Research survey. The survey revealed that 32 percent of information workers surveyed prefer Microsoft Surface, while only 26 percent favour the iPad and 12 percent would choose Android hardware.
What's more is that the survey is said to have been carried out before the Microsoft Surface launched. But could tablets replace laptops with a Surface tablet? Ted Schadler, VP and principal analyst at Forrester Research commented the following:
"It's not game over for Microsoft [...] The idea that I can take a laptop away from an employee and give them a tablet is a fantasy."
Of course we're probably not going to see Surface tablets (or any tablet) replace desktop or laptop computers any time soon, but it's interesting to see Microsoft's product being taken seriously in the enterprise market as well as the average consumer. The picture wasn't so bright for Windows Phone, with only 10 percent opting for the platform, while the iPhone and Android took 33 and 22 percent respectively.
Those who do use tablets for work purposes reported in at 58 percent for the iPad, which isn't much of a surprise. Microsoft has some way to go if it's able to wiggle in the Surface (or other Windows 8 tablets) into enterprise. But it's not the end of the road as there's still Windows 8. The company has to continue pushing its radical new operating system as well.
The idea of Windows 8, Windows tablets and Windows Phones working together with compatible backend services is one Microsoft will have to ensure is pushed effectively to those who seek upgrades for tech employees to utilise in the industry.
Source: Forrester Research, via: UCStrategies


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I was one of those bad people, and I don't want to be anymore.
—Dave Karofsky, Born This Way
David "Dave" Karofsky, or simply known as Karofsky, is a recurring character on Glee. He was a student at William McKinley High School who, along with his friend Azimio Adams and other football team members, used to constantly bully the kids in Glee Club, especially Kurt. He was invasive and violent to Kurt, because he is secretly gay.
In the Season Two episode Never Been Kissed, it is revealed that he is gay when he kisses Kurt. In Born This Way, he begins his slow journey towards self-acceptance, and redeems himself by forming the Bullywhips with Santana, a club to monitor the hall and stop bullying in its tracks. As means to hide both of their sexualities and to win prom king and queen, Dave and Santana agreed to be each other's beards, but they end their alliance after prom. Later, he moves schools. In the episode Heart, he tells Kurt that he thinks he's in love with him. After being outed at his new school as being gay in On My Way, Dave attempts to commit suicide by hanging himself but the attempt fails and he is briefly hospitalized. He briefly appeared in Opening Night, during Rachel's nightmare. In Loser Like Me, he has begun dating Blaine Anderson, whom Kurt had broken up with. However, Blaine and Dave break up in Transitioning since Dave knows that Blaine's still in love with Kurt, but Dave acts cool about it. He even encourages Blaine to get Kurt back. They are on good terms now.
He is portrayed by Max Adler.
Dave is an ex-football player at William McKinley High School. He also played right guard on the football team while he was at McKinley. He is initially portrayed as the stereotypical jock and bully, having slushied or at least helped slushy just about every single member of New Directions (with the exception of Brittany and Lauren).
Dave Karofsky first appears in this episode, slushying Finn with a grape slushie. Later on, Dave also slushies Puck while he is walking with Rachel.
Dave and Azimio corner Finn in the locker room and write on his face as "practice" for doing it to his to glee club yearbook photo later. They then tease Finn about having a big forehead. Dave is later seen defacing the glee yearbook page, surrounded by other laughing jocks.
Dave and Azimio are briefly seen throwing slushies at Rachel, Kurt and Mercedes.Sue Sylvester by quoting lyrics from Physical.
Dave and Azimio continue to make fun of the Glee club. He pushes Tina into a locker, and Kurt yells at him for it. He berates them for dressing in Lady Gaga costumes, roughing them up again later when they have not changed their clothing. The duo attempt to beat up Kurt once more in the end of the episode, but Finn (wearing a Lady Gaga costume of his own) stops them, backed up by the rest of the glee club. Dave says he and Azimio will "bring some friends" the next time.
Dave is seen in the background, while Jacob interviews Finn and Rachel about her "expected return to the Shire." Rachel gives both Dave and Azimio $100 to slushie herself, Kurt, and Mercedes in front of Sunshine's locker, hoping she'll be scared out of auditioning (this is not seen onscreen). However, after consulting Kurt and Mercedes, makes a change of plans. She directs Sunshine to a fake audition at a crack house instead.
He and Azimio rip Finn's varsity jacket into half, since he is no longer on the football team. Finn was about to fight them, but Artie comes in between them. Neither he nor Azimio are comfortable with the thought of hurting a kid in a wheelchair, so they leave. Later in the episode, Dave and Azimio comment on Rachel's schoolgirl outfit. While Azimio makes catcalls, Dave asks Finn why all the gay dudes get the hot chicks.
Dave appears in Duets, where he, along with Azimio, slushies Sam Evans for being the newest member of the glee club.
Dave and Azimio make fun of Finn for walking down the hallway in his boxers.Blaine leads him to consider confronting Karofsky. There is a third instance of Dave bullying Kurt in the episode, in which Dave smacks Kurt's phone out of his hand and pushes him into a locker, so Kurt follows him into the locker room. He angrily demands to know why Dave won't stop attacking him. When Kurt begins to insult him, Dave becoming more and more upset, holds his fist up threateningly and orders for Kurt to not push him. When Kurt continues his tirade, Dave suddenly forces a kiss on him. He goes back in for a second one, but is shoved away by an obviously shocked and frightened Kurt. Dave punches a locker in frustration and flees the room near tears. Kurt brings Blaine to confront him in the stairwell the next day, and nearly publicly outs Dave, who denies everything and attempts to leave. When Blaine tries to tell him he's not alone, Dave turns around and angrily forces him against the wall. Kurt easily pushes him off, and Dave runs away, looking scared. He later continues pushing Kurt into the lockers, showing he is unwilling to acknowledge what happened. Mike confront Dave in the locker room. They demand he leave Kurt alone, but Dave pushes Mike who falls onto Artie, accidentally hurting both of them. This causes Sam to run in and attack Dave, and the fight escalates between the two of them until Coach Beiste steps in. Sam is left with a black eye as a result of the fight. Later, while Kurt is giving Finn and Burt dancing lessons, Dave makes a limp wristed gesture at Kurt and Finn. Kurt comes clean about the death threat when prompted, angering Burt. He rushes after Dave and throws him up against the wall. The situation causes Sue to call Dave's dad to the school. Though Dave tries to deny everything, Mr. Karofsky notes that Dave has been acting differently and takes Kurt's side. Sue expels Karofsky. When Sue asks to know why Dave threatened to kill him, Kurt maintains Dave's secret stating that Dave threatened to kill him if he told about the bullying itself. Though relieved he has not been outed, Dave shakes his head in disappointment at Kurt as he leaves the office. Sue later reveals that the school board overrode her expulsion of Dave due to a lack of physical evidence or witnesses and that he'll be returning the next day. She resigns in protest, allowing Figgins to return as principal, and says she'll be a set of eyes and ears for Kurt in the hallway regarding Dave. However, because Dave is returning, Kurt and his parents agree that the safest thing for him is to transfer to Dalton Academy.
Dave and Azimio heckle Puck during his Glee Club pitch. He looks nervous when Puck brings up Kurt, glancing at Azimio. After Puck finishes, he and Azimio soundly reject the idea. They incite the football team into roughing him up, though they are not the ones who lock him in a Porta-John.
He is seen throwing a slushie into the faces of Mike, Tina and Mercedes.She's Not There by the jocks, they walk through the halls of McKinley with pride. The Hockey Team stops them in their tracks. One of them (Scott Cooper) says that Glee Club turned Dave gay—which he flinches at, still not wanting to admit it—followed by a group slushie. Dave's confidence instantly goes down the drain. He insists on quitting Glee Club and reluctantly is made to quit football along with the rest of the team (that weren't original Glee Clubbers). At half time, Puck insists the team join in on the Thriller/Heads Will Roll number. They all agree except Dave who stays behind in the locker room in turmoil.
During the performance, Dave walks by, but then stops to watch. He notices the crowd is loving the show and not booing it as he thought they would, and the Glee Club is having a blast. He smiles, puts on his zombified football shirt and happily joins in. After the show, the football team play the other half of the game and win. Some day after the game, Finn greets Dave at his locker, and the two actually seem to get along. When Finn asks him to join in on a trip to Dalton Academy to apologize to Kurt before other Glee Club members would allow him to join Glee Club permanently, Dave shoots him down, refusing to ruin his reputation.
He slushies Santana only to sarcastically apologize. Later, he begins to taunt Kurt and Blaine who have come to attend the benefit concert. He seeks them out and mentions about how he was 'pumping iron in the gym,' and one of the guys told him that Kurt and Blaine were 'spreading their fairy-dust'. This causes Blaine to say, "You can live whatever lie you want, but don't pretend like the three of us don't know what's really going on here." That is when you can see Santana in the background listening to the conversation (foreshadowing that she is the next one to discover the secret of Dave's sexuality). After Dave calls Blaine "buck-boy," meaning male prostitute, Blaine shoves him, and Dave shoves back almost starting a fight when Santana intervenes and threatens him. Dave leaves immediately.Bullywhips. He makes an apology to the members of New Directions for his past actions against them, especially to Kurt, and notes that he will have to earn their trust. The Bullywhips has been successful in creating a safer environment in the school and according the Principal Figgins, since the inception of the club there has been no bullying cases reported. With his dad and Principal Figgins, Dave talks to Kurt and Burt. Burt still holds a grudge against him for threatening the life of his son; however, Kurt, although still skeptical, wishes to talk to Dave alone and sends the adults out of the room.
Kurt asks him what his real reason is for starting the anti-bullying group, and Dave claims he just wants to make everything right. Kurt reminds him that he remembers the kiss and hasn't told anybody anything. When Dave asks him why he hasn't told anyone about the kiss, Kurt replies he doesn't believe in outing people but still accepts them for who they are, though he does add that Dave owes him the truth for his silence on the matter. Dave confesses that it's part of Santana's plan to become prom queen and people might vote for them if Kurt comes back. Kurt then stresses to Dave that even if he is unable to come out to the world he needs to be educated, and he tells Dave to help him co-chair a local chapter of Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG). During the New Directions performance of Born This Way, both Dave and Santana are seen watching it from the audience.
Later that evening, Kurt and Dave are chosen as Prom King and Queen. The selection of Kurt was of course meant as a cruel joke. Kurt first runs away, but he later decides to back into the gym to accept his crown. Dave and Kurt need to share a dance. As they walk to the dance floor, Kurt tells Dave to come out of the closet. Dave responds with "I can't," and he turns around and walks away in tears. It seems that no one goes after him.
Dave makes his next appearance when Kurt runs into him at the gay bar Scandals. It was revealed that he changed schools to avoid any rumors about being gay at McKinley, since he wants to have a normal senior year where he can play football. However, he is slowly coming to terms with his sexuality and has been a regular at the bar since the summer. He and Kurt share a toast "to baby steps."
Kurt walks into the cafeteria, excited and happy by the letters and the gorilla gram that he receives from a secret admirer, whom he automatically assumes is Blaine.Kurt arrives at Breadstix early to meet up with the secret admirer before Sugar's party. The person in the gorilla suit appears, Kurt is confused when the card he is given reads "I think I love you" and questions, "Wait, you think you love me?." Then the person in the gorilla suit pulls his mask off, and Kurt is shocked to see that Karofsky has been his secret admirer all along.
They sit down, and Karofsky confesses to Kurt saying that he "hated who he was" for bullying Kurt, and that he is trying to be honest with what he is feeling. Kurt is flattered and proud of Karofsky, but eventually turns him down by saying that he doesn't really love him, and also that he is with Blaine. Kurt also tells Karofsky that he likes him as a friend, but only just as friends. Disappointed and heartbroken, Karofsky tries to leave, but eventually runs into his friend, Nick, who suspects Kurt and Karofsky are hanging out for Valentine's Day. Kurt explains that they used to go to the same school, and they've just bumped into each other. Nick still suspects the two, and Karofsky leaves.Nick, who saw him at Breadstix with Kurt on Valentine's Day, spray-painting "FAG" across his football locker. As he tries to leave, the football jocks bully him, intimidate him and slam him into the lockers. He then rushes home, only to see that he has received extreme hate from his peers on Facebook, who are telling him to go back into the closet and are calling him names. Dave is then seen slamming his laptop down, throwing books, and crying on his bed. This leads him to the decision to commit suicide by hanging himself in his closet. He takes a suit from his room and dresses slowly, showing little emotion. Dave then enters his closet, looks up at the beam crossing his ceiling, and steps onto the chair placed under it. The entire scene is intercut with Blaine singing "Cough Syrup" in the McKinley High Auditorium. Fortunately, his attempt fails and his father finds him in time. Dave is admitted to the hospital under a 72-hour suicide watch. During a flashback scene in the Lima Bean, it is revealed that Sebastian told him to stay in the closet and called him names at Scandals once, for which Sebastian now feels entirely guilty. During Regionals both New Directions and the Warblers dedicate their performances to him. After the competition, Kurt visits him at the hospital. Dave tells Kurt that he can go home the next day, and that he is happy he's still alive. He also confesses that his mother thinks Dave's sexuality is a disease and that his best friend will no longer talk to him. Kurt reaches out to Dave and helps him envision himself in ten years as a successful sports agent with a handsome husband and a son. Dave wants to be Kurt's friend and Kurt agrees that he wants to be Dave's friend. The scene ends as the two hold hands and smile at each other.
Blaine mentions to Kurt how when they'd first met, Blaine had loved being able to help Kurt through Karofsky's bullying, and being able to protect him from some of it.
Karofsky appears in Rachel's dream at the beginning of the episode, where she sings Lovefool. He is sitting beside Jacob Ben Israel and is wearing his bullywhips uniform.
Karofsky appears first at Scandals when Blaine brings down Kurt's idea of winning his heart back and reveals being in a relationship with someone Kurt knows real well (Kurt first thinks about Sebastian), but when David appears Kurt seems shocked about it, but Blaine wants all of them to be friends and hang out together. It's also revealed that Blaine and him have pet names; David's one being Yogi Bear.
David and Blaine are at the end of the episode seen cuddling and enjoying the festivities for Homecoming at McKinley in the back of what could be David's truck as Kurt sees them, heart-broken.
David appears next to Blaine when the latter finds Kurt looking for Smash sheets, he acts very cool, trying to be Kurt's friend, he is also seen during the It's Too Late performance talking to an inconcious Blaine. Karofsky is last seen when he sees what Brittany did with his house, after re-decorating when Blaine and him decide to move on together.
Blaine receives a text from Dave, telling him that there's an intruder in their home, when Blaine, together with Kurt and Rachel, arrived to the house they find Dave terrified about the intruder, which turns out to be a real bear cub in their bedroom. Kurt realizes the culprit's identity and confronts Sue, who wanted to reunite Kurt and Blaine by seducing Dave with a bear, but mistook it to be an actual bear instead of a burly gay man. Dave is later seen having dinner with Blaine at Breadstix when suddenly all of his ex-boyfriends show up and start to recognize him, leaving the couple confused and David ashamed, moments later Sue arrives and shows them a genealogical tree that reveals that they're third-cousins, to both guys dismay. He is later mentioned when Blaine tells Kurt about their date.
David doesn't appear in this episode but he is mentioned by Blaine while he is trapped in the elevator with Kurt and later by Sue mentioning which of Klaine's boyfriend she would murder first.
Dave is mentioned by Blaine after the Wheel of Duets put him with Kurt, about how David feels a little jealous about them. David is last seen when he arrives to his home with Blaine, he asks if there's something wrong, as his boyfriend has been acting weird, in the moment, Blaine reveals that he still loves Kurt and that they kissed; Dave acts cool about it, even though he's hurt, he says that he's okay with it and that he always knew they still had feelings for each other—it was only a matter of time before they resurfaced. Blaine then leaves the house, saying goodbye to David, who only asks him to confess his feelings with words instead of song.
As this episode is set in the past, we see Dave roughly pushing Kurt against the lockers. He apologizes to Karofsky by insulting him. Karofsky stops, turns, and asks him what he said. Sensing danger, Kurt apologizes again. Puck and Karosfky push his books away, and walk off laughing. Puck slaps Karofsky's backside, but Karofsky tells Puck to not be gay.
In the cafeteria the next day, Kurt goes to find a seat. He sees an empty spot and places his tray, as the jocks come. Dave looks at him in a disgusted way. Intimated, he moves.
Six years into the future, Dave appears one last time when Sue announces the New Directions performing in the auditorium, he is seen dancing and singing along everyone else to I Lived by OneRepublic.
At first, Dave Karofsky is a stereotypical jock bully. He enjoys terrorizing the kids in New Directions, and seems to favor targeting Kurt Hummel and Finn Hudson in particular. While Azimio's bullying and prankster behavior seems to be motivated by a larger sense of maintaining order and keeping the herd in line, Karofsky's seems to be more personal in nature. He's been harboring a grudge against Finn since fifth grade, and seems to target Kurt in a desperate attempt to cover up his own sexual feelings, or as a way to get closer to his possible crush. In fact most of Karofsky's bullying behavior seems to be because of the social order of the school and the opinions of his friends, rather than anything he was raised believing at home as his father in fact seems to behave completely different from Dave, showing an understanding and enlightened opinion of homosexuality.
It was revealed by his father that Dave is actually quite intelligent academically, usually getting A's and B's in school, suggesting that his dolt-like behavior is an act to make himself appear "normal" to his friends. In the weeks leading up to the kiss confrontation between Dave and Kurt, his grades began to decline, and he has started acting out and talking back both at home and school. It became severe enough that he threatened to kill Kurt, prompting his temporary expulsion. Since Kurt has transferred to Dalton Academy, his violence seems to have returned to its previous level. It is speculated that he feels less threatened now that the person who knows his secret is gone. However, his more violent tendencies seemed to flare up upon seeing Kurt and Blaine again, which was only stopped by the actions of Santana.
Max Adler, who portrays Karofsky, has called him the "insecure, afraid, and shy boy in the corner with this crazy secret, with a rough and tough exterior, a hard-edged bully who doesn't take anything from anybody." Dave is "very scared of what he is, scared of telling people his big secrets. He's afraid that it will ruin his life and shatter his whole world. He has to keep up that manliness, be the guys guy, be the jock and fit in with them while he's hiding completely who he is and what he wants."
According to Max Adler, Karofsky's fears come from society instead of his father. "He's obviously a very loving father who is concerned for his son," Adler says. "He knows about his grades, the groups he's involved with, the teams he's playing on. I like the fact that Ryan Murphy chose to not make him what everyone thought — including me — as this beer-drinking, abusive, berating father. It was a more interesting choice to have him actually be the loving, supportive, caring father to show that Karofsky's fears aren't really coming from home. It's more society that's really scaring him into denying who he is." Source
When Karofsky reappears after almost three years of absence, he seems to have changed his personality completely. He had become cheerful, kind towards others, and no longer feared society. He had also completely embraced his sexuality.
- Main article: David-Kurt Relationship (Kurtofsky)
In Never Been Kissed, it is revealed that Karofsky's favorite target is Kurt, who he goes out of his way to bully at every opportunity. This results in Kurt falling further into a depressive state, until his new friendship with Blaine leads him to confront Karofsky. Following him into the locker room, Kurt demands an explanation and begins belittling him. This upsets Karofsky, who demands Kurt to back off. Kurt refuses, continuing his rant and daring him to punch him. The final straw seems to be calling Dave extraordinarily ordinary. Karofsky snaps and lunges forward, grabs Kurt, and forces a kiss on him. He makes an attempt at a second one, but a stunned and scared Kurt pushes him back. Visibly upset, Karofsky hits a locker and runs out of the locker room. Kurt and Blaine attempt to confront him in the stairwell the next day, but Karofsky refuses to talk about what happened. When Blaine keeps trying, Karofsky rams him against a wall, though he is easily freed when Kurt pushes Karofsky away and demands he stop. Karofsky runs off again, looking frightened. Afterwards, Kurt tells Blaine that until the day before, he had never had a kiss that "counted." Later, Karofsky shoulder checks him into his locker, showing Kurt that nothing has changed.
In The Substitute, Kurt and Mercedes are in the cafeteria, where Kurt is trying to set her up on a date. He says that "love is just around the corner," when Dave walks past, asks "Sup, homo?," then winks at him. He later confronts Kurt in front of his locker, and asks if he told anyone that Kurt kissed him. Kurt is quick to correct him on the details (Dave shushes him and looks around frantically), but Kurt reassures him that he hasn't. Dave then tells him to keep it that way, or he will kill him. He walks away without touching him. In Furt, Kurt has just finished discussing wedding details with Finn, when he finds Dave standing behind him. Though Kurt tells Dave he doesn't want him anywhere near him, Dave smirks slyly at him and walks forward until Kurt has backed himself against his locker. Dave proceeds to poke Kurt in the chest and slide his finger down, grabbing the cake topper Kurt is holding. Dave then asks Kurt if he can have it and walks away, putting the figure in his letterman jacket pocket.
Later in the choir room, Kurt is trying to teach Finn and Burt to dance. Dave walks past the door, and upon seeing Kurt and Finn in a waltzing position, makes a limp wrist motion to mock them. This angers Burt, who quickly charges Dave in the hallway after Kurt tells him about the death threat. This ultimately leads to the principal's office, where Dave attempts to deny everything. When his father asks why Kurt would lie, he is only able to come up with "Maybe he likes me." He is unable to make eye contact with anyone for long, though he does look at Kurt in desperation when Kurt is asked why Dave threatened him. He is visibly relieved when Kurt lies, but does give him a disappointed headshake as he's leaving the office. At the end of the episode, we find out that Dave is not getting expelled because they have no proof of Dave bullying Kurt. Kurt decides to transfer to Dalton Academy. In Special Education, Dave's eyes get shifty when Puck scolds him for forcing Kurt out (perhaps because of his choice of words: "Don't push me, Karofsky," and "My boy, Kurt"), alternately switching between Azimio and Puck. Azimio gives him a suspicious look. In Born This Way, Santana, in order to bring Kurt back to the school and increase her chances of winning Prom Queen, blackmails Dave after finding out his true sexuality. She tells him that if he won't be her gay beard and prom date, she will reveal his secret to the school. Seeing no other choice, Dave accepts. With the blessings of Principal Figgins, he and Santana start an anti-bullying group called the Bully Whips and he makes an apology to the members of New Directions for his past actions against them and Kurt. With his father Paul Karofsky and Principal Figgins, he talks to Kurt and Burt. Burt still holds a grudge against him for threatening the life of his son, but Paul asks that Burt grant Dave the time it took him to learn his lesson, given that it took Burt and Paul years to realize homosexuality is no reason to discriminate against someone.
Kurt, still skeptical, wishes to talk to Dave alone and sends the adults out of the room. Kurt asks Dave what's his real reason is for starting the anti-bullying group, and Dave says he just wants to make everything right. Kurt reminds him that while he hasn't forgotten the kiss, he wouldn't out Karofsky. When Dave asks him why he hasn't told anybody, Kurt replies he doesn't believe in outing people, but still accepts them for who they are. However, he says Dave owes him the truth. Dave confesses that it's part of Santana's plan to become prom queen. Kurt tells Dave he could either tell everyone that Dave kissed him, which Dave quickly objects to and sincerely apologizes for, or he could come back and marvel in the anti-bullying group on the condition that he and Dave start a local chapter of Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG). Kurt then stresses to Dave that even if he is unable to come out to the world, he needs to be educated so that progress can truly be made.
In Prom Queen, even though Santana only does her Bully Whips duty in order to gain the votes for prom queen, Dave seems to take his job seriously in protecting Kurt and walks him to his classes and lunch. Kurt appears to not be afraid of being around Dave anymore. He tells him that he doesn't hate him and can understand his pain. Hearing this, after months of bearing guilt, Dave finally breaks down and apologizes. Kurt accepts the apology. Before they separate, Dave tells Kurt to wait for him. Later at the prom, they win the Prom Royalty together (with Kurt as the Prom Queen, as part of a prank). As they are about to dance, Kurt tells Dave that this is his moment to come out and make a difference. Dave says he can't, indicating that he has already come to terms with his sexuality but is still unable to come out. Dave made his next appearance in The First Time, when Kurt runs into him at the gay bar Scandals. It was revealed that he changed schools to avoid any rumors about being gay at McKinley, since he wants to have a normal senior year where he can play football. However, he is slowly coming to terms with his sexuality and has been a regular at the bar since the summer. He and Kurt share a toast "to baby steps." In Heart, Kurt walks into the cafeteria, excited and happy by the letters and the gorilla gram that he receives from a secret admirer, whom he automatically assumes is Blaine. Kurt arrives at Breadstix early to meet up with the secret admirer before Sugar's party. The person in the gorilla suit appears, Kurt is confused when the card he is given reads "I think I love you" and questions, "Wait, you think you love me?." Then the person in the gorilla suit pulls his mask off, and Kurt is shocked to see that Karofsky has been his secret admirer all along. They sit down, and Karofsky confesses to Kurt saying that he "hated who he was" for bullying Kurt, and that he is trying to be honest with what he is feeling. Kurt is flattered and proud of Karofsky, but eventually turns him down by saying that he doesn't really love him, and also that he is with Blaine. Kurt also tells Karofsky that he likes him as a friend, but only just as friends. Disappointed and heartbroken, Karofsky tries to leave, but eventually runs into his classmate, Nick, who suspects Kurt and Karofsky are hanging out for Valentine's Day. Kurt explains that they used to go to the same school, and they've just bumped into each other. Nick still suspects the two, and Karofsky leaves. In On My Way, after Dave's suicide attempt, Kurt reaches out to Dave and promises to help him get through this. Dave tells Kurt that he wants to be friends with him and Kurt says that he would like to be friends with Dave, and they hold hands. In Loser Like Me, a few years after On My Way, Kurt and Dave meet again. Around this time, Dave has embraced his homosexuality and started dating Blaine, with whom Kurt broke up a couple of months before. He hopes to be able to be friends with Kurt despite dating his ex, and though Kurt is hurt, he does not object.
- Main article: Santana-Dave Relationship (Santofsky)
In Prom Queen, they go to the prom together. Both Dave and Santana seem to having fun and dancing around during the prom performances. They slow dance at Rachel's Jar of Hearts, although both clearly look uncomfortable. Dave is then announced as Prom King, but Santana doesn't win the Prom Queen due to the prank against Kurt, who is voted Queen. In the end, it's unclear whether their beard relationship continues or not.
- She's Not There by The Zombies. Sung by Finn, Artie and Sam. Danced with the football team. (The Sue Sylvester Shuffle)
- Thriller/Heads Will Roll by Michael Jackson/Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Sung by Artie, Finn, Rachel and Santana. Danced with New Directions and the football team. (The Sue Sylvester Shuffle)
- He is the second closet-gay character introduced on the show. (First being Kurt)
- He was introduced as a hockey player, but never mentioned as being one afterwards, even by the hockey team themselves.
- He used to be picked on by Finn in fifth grade for having pubic hair.
- Although it was said that he has slushied almost every member of the New Directions, he only slushied a few more than half of the original nine, on screen. He was never shown to have slushied Brittany, Mercedes, Tina, or Lauren.
- It's a common misconception that Dave tormented specifically Kurt for years. In early season one, he was focusing the bullying on Finn and the Glee Club in general- he only started specifically targeting Kurt in Theatricality.
- Dave is the character that has been shoved the most by other characters. He's been shoved by Finn, Puck, Sam, Burt, Shannon, Kurt, Blaine, and other football players.
- He sometimes goes to McDonald's after school.
- Dave, with Azimio, used to slushie Rachel every day at 10AM.
- His jersey number changed from 67 to 77 in The Sue Sylvester Shuffle.
- Dave's quote "walk tall and carry a big stick" in "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle" is a modified version of Theodore Roosevelt's original quote "speak softly and carry a big stick."
- He pumps iron at school in the evening.
- He is seen mostly in his letterman jacket, even during his meeting with Santana at the Lima Bean.
- He calls Azimio "Z".
- Like Finn and Sam, he was a Cub Scout.
- Dave didn't know about Eve Harrington and PFLAG, however, he seems to know about Liberace mannequins.
- He took Calculus in his junior year.
- He was named after Brad Falchuk's former classmate.
- In Dave and Santana's prom campaign posters, the picture of Dave is actually a press photo of Max Adler from the Glee season 2 premiere party.
- According to Max Adler, Dave and Santana actually kissed while filming the Prom episode, to prove that they were straight. However, the scene was deleted for their storyline's sake.
- Dave and Santana's dance moves in Prom Queen were unscripted - Max and Naya did it for fun and were surprised when it actually made it to the final editing.
- Dave's first kiss with a male was with the one seen in Never Been Kissed when he kissed Kurt. This was also the first gay kiss on the show.
- He names his fist "The Fury".
- There are parallels in the dialogue with Dave and Azimio's confrontation with Kurt at the end of Theatricality and what happens in the locker room with Kurt and Dave in "Never Been Kissed". Both times, Kurt says being beaten up will never change who he is and would allow himself to be hit because he is proud of his difference.
- There are parallels in the dialogue with Kurt persuading Dave to come out at the end of "Prom Queen" and the conversation between Kurt and Mercedes in Acafellas. Both times Kurt/Dave said "I Can't" when asked to come out. (The same situation happens between Santana and Brittany in Rumours. Brittany had planned to ask Santana out to prom during her webshow Fondue For Two to make Santana's coming out easier, but Santana cancelled last minuted with a text saying, "I can't").
- Butterscotch candy is his favorite. (Heart)
- He's the second character to attempt suicide, the first being Sue Sylvester in Comeback.
- Karosfky appeared in every season of the show, except the fourth.
- Main article: Dave Karofsky's Quotations


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The fifth in the Conflict series, an innovative new two player co-op FPS from award-winning developers, Pivotal Games.
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ChessCube V6.16 - In game ads
With the release of ChessCube V6.16, we have launched an in-game ad platform which will intermittently be displayed during games for non-VIP users. At the time of our Cubit policy change a few weeks ago - the feedback we received from most users was to consider in-application advertising.
While we are reluctant to offer ads, we need to do this in order to generate revenue and it is limited to non-paying customers. We will always be monitoring ad and Cubit revenue and will make adjustments to the ad and cubit features as business conditions permit, including ad placement and frequency, and giving away more free Cubits daily.
For non-VIP players and spectators in a game, this is how the ads will automatically be displayed:
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Meet at the Information Desk for a tour of the highlights of the permanent collection of paintings and sculpture led by one of our friendly, knowledgeable docents. No reservations are required.
Meet at the special exhibition entrance for a guided tour of The Polaroid Project. This exhibition surveys the history of the innovative photographic company Polaroid and its intersection with art, science, and technology during the second-half of the twentieth century. Featuring a wide-ranging group of artists, the exhibition showcases the diversity of works produced over several decades.


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A dramatic design depicting the plight of our planet's coral reefs. Scientists have recently concluded that the prospects for the world's coral reefs to survive for much longer are not good at all. Researchers state that a plan must be implemented very soon to freeze coral reef samples in liquid nitrogen for future generations. Many things damage coral reefs, some being natural disasters, but in recent times human pollution has become a major threat. "In Transition"
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Where I'm from, boat shoes are all-weather, all-season staples. The preppy ideal lives on in the American South, and when you combine that with mild winters, I've known plenty of people, both men and women who never send their Sperrys to the back of their closets to rest. Some of those people may or may not be blood relatives of mine. At least one of them would enjoy the Christian Louboutin Steckel Calf Hair Boat Shoe. That person may or may not be my mother.
Boat shoes originated…well, I don't know how they originated, but I do know that they're theoretically supposed to be used during maritime activities. No one I know has ever used them for that, but, hey, not everyone has a boat. This particular pair of boat shoes, however, should definitely not be used near water – calf hair and moisture are not easy bedfellows, and in general, thousand dollar shoes and water don't mix. Unless you're on a very large boat, I suppose, because then you probably don't have to interact with the water very much, and when you do, it's of your own volition. I also suppose that people who spend this much money on boat shoes know where to find one of those. So, maybe not so much of a problem after all.


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Bruins overcome line-matching in 5-2 win
TORONTO — When new head coach Randy Carlyle met with the players last summer and told them he planned on matching lines more diligently in the upcoming season, Phil Kessel thought nothing of it.
Every coach matches lines. You have to in this league. Usually it means making sure the fourth-line enforcers are not out against the top-line scorers. But Kessel, who has been forced to change positions and linemates on the fly in an attempt to get the right matchup, now understands why some refer to Carlyle as a mad scientist.
"He's been doing that all year, right?" said Kessel, who had a goal in a 5-2 loss to the Boston Bruins in Game 3 of their first-round playoff series. Boston leads 2-1 in the best-of-seven series.
"I guess it makes the other team play to your game. Yeah, it takes some getting used to, getting on getting off all the time, but I think as a team we've bought into that.
"We're just used to it now. It's been all year and it's working."
It worked in Game 2, with Carlyle sounding like an over-protective mother as he called the players back to the bench seconds after they had jumped onto the ice in an attempt to keep Kessel away from Zdeno Chara's smothering defence. It was micromanaging at the highest level. But because Kessel scored the game-winner on a shift freed from Chara, the coach looked like a genius.
On Monday, the results were almost as effective. Kessel scored a power-play goal and was on the ice for another power-play goal. But he also gave away the puck on the power play for a short-handed breakaway goal by Boston's Daniel Paille.
Still, in a game where the Leafs fired 47 shots — their most of the year — but were rewarded with just two goals, Chara was not the problem so much as goaltender Tuukka Rask.
"We don't have the last change, but we feel confident with the D we have to get the right guys out there," said Boston coach Claude Julien, who had Andrew Ference and Johnny Boychuk against Kessel. "This is a Leafs team, it's not a Kessel team. There are some good players on that team that we have to look after, rather than worrying just about Phil. It's not a one-man show out there."
In terms of Toronto's offence, it was Kessel's show on Monday. The speedy winger, who was serenaded with "Thank you, Kessel" chants throughout the game, was the Leafs most dangerous forward.
In the second period, Kessel set up Joffrey Lupul for a one-timer on a 2-on-1 opportunity in the second and fed Tyler Bozak with a pass in front of the crease later on the same shift. And though he was not credited with an assist on Jake Gardiner's power-play goal, he was a reason why the defenceman had room to take the shot.
In the third period, with Toronto down 4-1 and Boston's Milan Lucic in the penalty box, Kessel swatted in a rebound off a James van Riemsdyk shot to bring the Leafs back in the game. It was a clutch goal for the Leafs regular-season scoring leader, who often gets criticized for his lack of intensity.
"He's been a go-to guy for us for years now," Bozak said of Kessel. "He's going to be a guy that we rely upon in the playoffs and he's going to be a guy that gets us through."
Kessel started the game on a line with Nazem Kadri and Ryan Hamilton, but took several shifts with Bozak and Lupul and even played a little left wing. It all depended on whether Chara was on the ice — and where.
"Obviously, he's the best defenceman in the league," Kessel said of Chara, "so getting away from him is nice sometimes."
For a while, the line matchups worked just to plan. According to TimeOnIce.com, of the 14 minutes that Kessel logged in the first two periods, less than half came with Chara on the ice. During those minutes of so-called freedom, Kessel was at his most effective.
The problem for the Leafs, who have yet to get a goal from Kadri, Bozak or Mikhail Grabovski, is finding others who can match that effectiveness.
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