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Thanks to its optical and electronic control system, the FHS can simulate the flight behaviour of other helicopters.
The ACT/FHS 'Flying Helicopter Simulator' of the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) at a flight in 2009.
DLR/Marek Kruszewski.
The ACT/FHS 'Flying Helicopter Simulator' of the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) is based on a standard Eurocopter EC 135 type helicopter, which has been extensively modified for use as a research and test aircraft.
Ian Phillis from the Empire Test Pilot School (left) and Waldemar Krebs from DLR, ready for flight.
FHS (Flying Helicopter Simulator) is equipped with a modular experimental system. Such as the on-board computer, the system also includes extensive sensor equipment.
The cockpit has been modified for the crew stations of a safety pilot (left) and a test pilot (right). The mechanical steering system has been replaced by an electrical and optical (fly-by-wire/fly-by-light) primary flight control system that meets the highest safety requirements. In addition, a mechanical emergency control system is still available.
The ACT/FHS 'Flying Helicopter Simulator' of the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) is based on a standard Eurocopter EC 135 type helicopter, which has been extensively modified for use as a research and test aircraft. The mechanical controls, for example, have been replaced by a fly-by-wire/fly-by-light (FBW/FBL) flight control system. Now the control commands are transferred by electric cables and fibre optic cables instead of control rods.
The application portfolio of the FHS covers pilot training, trials of new open and closed-loop control systems, up to simulation of the flight characteristics of other helicopters under real environmental conditions. The FHS is equipped with two engines, a bearingless main rotor and a Fenestron tail rotor as standard; its key features are notably quiet operation and high manoeuvrability and safety.
The fly-by-light control system is a groundbreaking new system where, in contrast with fly-by-wire, the control signals between the controls, the flight management computer and the actuators for rotor blade control are transferred optically via fibre optic cables instead of electrically.
The advantages compared with electrical data transfer are the high transmission bandwidth, high reliability and low weight. The fly-by-light flight control system consists of a quadruple redundant computer and is designed such that the stringent safety criteria of the European aviation authorities are met in full.
FHS is the first helicopter in the world with this flight control system. The cockpit layout provides seats for a safety pilot, the test pilot and the flight test engineer. A comprehensive equipment line-up with sensors and systems for onboard data recording and processing is used to record the data from the flight tests. This data is available to users and engineers for analysis both on board and - via telemetry - on the ground.
The following modifications differentiate FHS from the standard Eurocopter EC 135 helicopter:
Conversion of the ACT/FHS was planned and implemented with the close cooperation of Eurocopter Deutschland (ECD), Liebherr Aerospace Lindenberg (LLI), the German Federal Office of Defense Technology and Procurement (Bundesamt für Wehrtechnik und Beschaffung; BWB) and DLR.
Missions - research focus
The powerful ACT/FHS helicopter is used for the following research trials and applications:
Development of flight control software that significantly reduces the pilot's workload in difficult flying situations and, at the same time, maintains intuitive control of the helicopter. In particular, the focus is on flight, take-off and landing under adverse conditions, such as launch and landing sites with obstructions and restricted visibility. The test pilot controls the helicopter via the DLR-developed experimental system, while the safety pilot oversees the manoeuvres.
The experimental system is a modular, multi-purpose system, whose safety concept is structured so that new, even not fully tested, technologies can be checked and evaluated, before their development is completed.
Other fields of application are:
Technical data
Eurocopter EC 135 ACT/FHS
Last modified:13/12/2018 10:38:45

subset: commoncrawl


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BURLINGTON, N.C. – The Coker softball team fell 4-2 to Mount Olive on Sunday (Apr. 21) in the Conference Carolinas tournament.
Coker got on the board quickly in the top of the first compliments of a Bryant McLendon single that drove in the speedy Sarah Rountree from second base. The Trojans however, would respond with a run of their own in the bottom of the first to tie the game at 1-1.
The tie was then broken when Mount Olive tacked on three more runs in the bottom of the fourth to take a 4-1 lead. Coker would score again in the top of the fifth, but could not drive in the necessary runs as Mount Olive went on to win the game 4-2.
Logan Cox would be hit with the loss, after giving up six hits and three runs during three innings in the circle.
Rountree went 3-for-4 from the plate while scoring a run, while Sydney Weatherford was 1-for-3 on the day with one RBI and a double.
The loss eliminates the Cobras from tournament play, and ends their season with an overall record of 26-18. Coker also finished 12-8 in conference play.


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WHEN he's at his best Brett Stewart is almost impossible to cover. But yesterday there was no escape for the Sea Eagles fullback as he got covered in mud to promote an unusual new event which is on next month.
George Rose and Brett Stewart yesterday. Picture: Braden Fastier
See more pictures of George Rose and Brett Stewart in their mud run-up.
Stewart and Manly teammate George Rose took some time out from their arduous pre- season training schedule to get down and dirty at the club's base at the Sydney Academy of Sport at Narrabeen.
The pair were covered from head to toe in dirt ahead of the inaugural "Mud Run" adventure race to be staged at Glenworth Valley on December 5. Competitors will trawl through mudpits, bog holes and waist-high mud rivers over a distance of six or 12km with participants urged to raise funds for a charity of their choice.
Rose, who is likely to be named in the NRL Indigenous All Stars Team this morning, looked like he was enjoying himself in the muck.
"I thought it would be a bit yucky and stinky but it was alright," the Sea Eagles prop said. "It felt really good on me."
Event organiser Gary Farebrother said the race can be completed by anyone, from athletes as fit as Stewart to ones carrying a bit more bulk like Rose.
"We're expecting a range of competitors from athletes to couch potatoes," he said.
2010 Queensland Cup draw
Discussion in 'Other Teams' started by ManlyBacker, Dec 16, 2009.
Discussion in 'Other Teams' started by ManlyBacker, Dec 16, 2009.
XenPorta 2 PRO © Jason Axelrod from 8WAYRUN


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DOVER, Del. — Delaware State Police have charged five teenagers in the carjacking and kidnapping of an 89-year-old Lincoln woman.
Police said Thursday that Margaret E. Smith was locked in the trunk of her car for almost two days before being dumped at a cemetery east of Seaford, where she was found Wednesday morning wandering around the graves. Smith was taken to Nanticoke Memorial Hospital, where she was treated and released.
Police said that as Smith was being interviewed by investigators in Georgetown on Wednesday evening, troopers spotted her car being driven in Bridgeville and took the teenagers into custody after running a license check and learning that the car had been stolen.
Two girls, ages 14 and 15, were detained on $122,000 cash bonds after being charged with robbery, carjacking, kidnapping and conspiracy.
Two boys, both age 17, were being held on $27,000 secured bond after being charged with kidnapping, conspiracy and receiving stolen property.
A 15-year-old girl who was a passenger in the stolen car, which was being driven by the 14-year-old, was charged with receiving stolen property and conspiracy and was being held on $2,000 secured bond.
Authorities had issued a Gold Alert for Smith after relatives reported her missing Tuesday night. She had last been seen getting into her car around 11 a.m. that day.
Investigators said Smith's ordeal began after two girls approached her at the Chicken Man convenience store in Milford and asked for a ride to the Lincoln area.
Smith agreed to give the girls a ride, but when they arrived at a residence, they demanded her car keys, then forced her into the trunk of the car before driving off. They later took more than $500 from her coat pocket.
At some point, the two girls picked up the 17-year-old boys and showed them that Smith was in the trunk.
After spending almost two days trapped in the trunk, Smith was dropped off at the cemetery, police said.
Originally seen on NewsOne.com
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Somewhere Has a historical musical instruments museum--Brazil I think
5. Dark women and ginger hair girl - seen at start6. Blondes in pink - no picture confirmation!7. Texas girls...Blonde/Brunette- seen scaling wall
When did it air?
Quote from: georgiapeach on August 18, 2008, 01:09:57 AMSomewhere Has a historical musical instruments museum--Brazil I thinkIt may be a traditional Kazakh instrument, the dombira :sucks
dang it, I found the church but Boingo beat me 2 it lol , I reckon the colloseum will be the starter!
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Nala follows up swiftly from the release of her beautiful single "Gravity" with the remainder of the "Sirens" EP today. Partly based in Miami, originally Nala was a DJ playing shows extensively, and has more recently been focusing on production.
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MEMBA is the brainchild from New York based production duo, Ishaan Chaudhary & Will Curry, conjuring electronic music that is propped up by a backbone of ancient world influenced rhythms. They focus on creating multi-sensory experiences within their music and n...[more]
Regarding my djing, perhaps what im most well known for, its something that I love and am very passionate about. I really enjoy my role as a navigator and presenter of sou...
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Rand Paul's moment
He spent the past two years in the minority of the minority, the ultimate political gadfly pushing issues from which most Republicans sought distance.
But in 12 hours and 52 minutes, Sen. Rand Paul transformed himself from an outsider viewed with suspicion by much of his party to a unifying leader bringing together tea party voices with establishment Republicans and the Washington political elite. Paul's voice, literally, was finally felt in Washington, and his colleagues were listening.
Story Continued Below
The Kentucky Republican's decision to stand on the floor and launch the ninth-longest speech in the Senate's history became a cause célèbre for Republicans hungry for a battle with the White House. Never mind that many of them, like Sens. John McCain and Lindsey Graham, rejected Paul's chief contention — that the executive branch lacks the constitutional authority to unilaterally kill Americans on U.S. soil with unmanned drones — and several more were ready to confirm John Brennan to head the CIA.
( Also on POLITICO: Rand Paul pulls plug on nearly 13-hour filibuster)
On Thursday afternoon, Paul announced he would relent and allow the Brennan vote to advance after receiving a letter from the Justice Department. Brennan was confirmed shortly afterwards, 63 to 34.
Supporting Paul — a tea party hero and conservative force — became a political plus for Republicans, who have struggled to unite since the November elections. One by one, GOP senators like Mitch McConnell of Kentucky, Marco Rubio of Florida, Pat Toomey of Pennsylvania, Ron Johnson of Wisconsin and John Thune of South Dakota came to the floor to talk in the libertarian's defense, egged on by conservative and mainstream voices from the outside who urged them to "Stand with Rand." Several conservative House members — like Texas Rep. Louie Gohmert and Michigan Rep. Justin Amash — showed up on the Senate floor just to lend moral support.
( PHOTOS: The senators who spoke during the filibuster)
"It seemed to be kind of spontaneous. People just started coming to the floor, first the other senators and then like 15 or 20 congressman came over, and that doesn't happen very often, so we were pretty excited about that," Paul told POLITICO.
The filibuster boomeranged on Twitter and throughout the conservative echo-chamber.
Close to midnight on Wednesday, Republican National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus tweeted that GOP senators should head to the floor to support Paul. The National Republican Senatorial Committee — once the scourge of the tea party — united with the far-right in praising Paul, even highlighting the senator's filibuster in a fundraising push.
( WATCH: Rand Paul considering 2016 run)
McConnell — who only hours before was quietly negotiating a quick vote with Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.) to confirm Brennan as early as Wednesday — came to the floor shortly before midnight to mount a defense of Paul and announce that he would vote to sustain the filibuster. It was another sign of how the tea party favorite has grown enormously influential with the GOP leader from his own state, particularly as McConnell tries to ward off any primary challenge in his 2014 reelection bid.
On Thursday, Paul was still the talk of the Senate, with his push reinvigorating Republicans looking for a way to recapture the Senate.
( PHOTOS: The longest filibusters in history)
"I think more than anything else a lot of this has to do with people just seeing him standing up, standing on principle, arguing for what he believes in and trying to get some answers from the administration," Thune, No. 3 in Senate leadership, said in an interview. "I think the one thing that does unite us as a conference — irrespective of what our position may be on the underlying issue — is that the administration isn't transparent."


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The Wyoming Department of Workforce Services released statistics Wednesday that show Sheridan and Johnson Counties were in the top three of counties across the state with the lowest percentage of those who are unemployed. In November, the state of Wyoming as a whole saw a slight decrease - from 5.2 percent to last year's figure of 5.1 percent.
Teton County saw the greatest decrease in Wyoming, from 11.2 percent to 9.6 percent, with Johnson County and Sheridan Counties filling in the top three.
Manager of the Wyoming Department of Workforce Services, Chandra Richards, breaks down the figures for Sheridan County.
Richards explains that Johnson County saw an even greater decrease in unemployment percentages.
But does this mean the economic outlook is improving in the two counties? Richards says she thinks so.
Decker Coal recently announced that the Decker Coal Mine in Montana would be laying off 75 mobile equipment operators later this month. Although many of those who would lose their positions at the mine will file for unemployment in Montana, Richards says it's possible we could see the impact of the layoffs in Sheridan County.
Overall, the Cowboy State is faring much better than the rest of the nation when it comes to the employment of its citizens, as the national unemployment percentage for November - a seasonally adjusted average - was 7.7 percent.


text: Antonin and Noe?mi Raymond—pioneers of modern architecture and design in Japan—are the subject of a retrospective exhibit debuting at The Meyerson Galleries of the University of Pennsylvania School of Design. Organized by the Architectural Archives of the University of Pennsylvania in collaboration with the University Art Museum, University of California, Santa Barbara, Crafting a Modern World: the Architecture and Design of Antonin and Noe?mi Raymond is on view at Penn from June 29th through September 24th, 2006, before traveling to venues in California and Japan.Itinerary • The Meyerson Galleries, University of Pennsylvania School of Design, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania June 28 – September 24, 2006 • University Art Museum, University of California, Santa Barbara, California January 17 – April 8, 2007 • Museum of Modern Art, Kamakura, Japan Fall 2007 View press release pdf with images: Publication The accompanying book, Crafting a Modern World: the Architecture and Design of Antonin and Noe?mi Raymond offers a retrospective view of the Raymonds' careers—highlighting for the first time the collaborative nature of their work. The publication includes a series of critical essays, a portfolio of works, writings by the Raymonds, and a forward by Kenneth Frampton. Published by Princeton Architectural Press, the catalogue comprises 352 pages and over 400 illustrations and will be available for purchase at the Meyerson Galleries. Public Events • Exhibition Walkthrough with curator William Whitaker Second Saturdays: July 8th, August 12th, and September 9th, 2:00 p.m. • Mira Nakashima-Yarnall George Nakashima Woodworker, S.A., New Hope, Pennsylvania Lecture: "Nature, Form, and Spirit" Thursday, September 14, 6:00 p.m., Meyerson Hall • Kenneth Frampton Ware Professor of Architecture, Columbia University Lecture: "The Tectonic Sensibility of Antonin Raymond" Thursday, September 21, 6:00 p.m., Meyerson Hall


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Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest UK Premiere Gallery
The stars of Pirates of the Caribbean 2: Dead Man's Chest attended the European premiere in London's Leicester Square earlier this week, as well as a special photo call. See our pictures of Johnny Depp, Keira Knightley and Orlando Bloom.
Read our review of Dead Man's Chest or just jump straight to the Pirates trailer in our A/V Room.
Roll your mouse over the left and right-hand sides of the image and then click to view more pictures.
Further Galleries: Miami Vice Gallery 1 l Miami Vice Gallery 2 l Pirates of the Caribbean l Pirates of the Caribbean: UK premiere l Lost – Season 2 l The Break-Up l Casino Royale l Cars l Angel-A l My Super Ex-Girlfriend l The Notorious Bettie Page l Lady In The Water l Nacho Libre


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Downers Grove real estate agent, Slav Polinski offers unparalleled service to ALL clients in the Downers Grove and the surrounding Illinois real estate market. Your complete satisfaction with our service and representation is our number one priority.
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Let us know if there is something specific you are looking for and we'll find what you need. Enjoy your visit and please contact us if there is anything we can do to make your next home buying or home selling experience the best it can be!
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South African Journal of Science
versão On-line ISSN 1996-7489
versão impressa ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.107 no.9-10 Pretoria Out. 2011
Solar flares detected by the new narrowband VLF receiver at SANAE IV
Hanna DahlgrenI,II; Torbjörn SundbergI,III; Andrew B. CollierIV,V; Etienne KoenI,IV; Stephen MeyerIV,V
ISpace and Plasma Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
IIDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, USA
IIIHeliophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA
IVSANSA Space Science, Hermanus, South Africa
VUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
A narrowband receiver was installed at the SANAE IV base in Antarctica to monitor specific very low frequency (VLF) radio signals from transmitters around the world. VLF waves propagating through the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide are excellent probes of the varying properties of the lower region of the ionosphere. This paper describes the set-up of the narrowband system and demonstrates its capabilities with data from a set of solar flares on 08 February and 12 February 2010.
Very low frequency (3 kHz - 30 kHz) radio waves propagate thousands of kilometres in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide (EIWG) formed between the conducting Earth and the ionosphere. During daytime, the ionospheric D-region (at an altitude of 60 km - 90 km) acts as the upper boundary of the EIWG, whilst at night the D-region becomes much weaker and the boundary moves to higher altitudes. Diurnal and seasonal changes in the ionosphere cause the reflection height of the EIWG to change in a predictable way,1 whereas space weather events produce seemingly random modifications of the ionosphere, which affect the characteristics of the EIWG and therefore also VLF propagation.
High-power minimum shift keying (MSK) VLF transmitters operate at various locations around the world. The signals from these transmitters are extremely stable in both amplitude and phase. By monitoring them with narrowband VLF receivers, perturbations in the signal from a given transmitter can then be associated with ionospheric modification somewhere along the propagation path.
VLF radio signals can thus be used to probe the lower ionosphere. As this region is too high for atmospheric balloons and too low for satellites, it is one of the least studied regions of the Earth's atmosphere, and VLF waves are the only practical probes available. Estimates of D-region electron density have been determined via VLF propagation measurements.2,3,4 Further information on the response of the D-region during ionospheric disturbances, such as solar flares and gamma ray bursts, can be retrieved by constantly monitoring single-frequency signals and their prompt response to changing conditions.
UltraMSK is a VLF narrowband receiver designed to measure both the amplitude and phase of modulated VLF signals. This paper describes the installation of UltraMSK on a VLF system at the SANAE IV base in Antarctica (72º40'S, 2º51'W). Data from several M-class and C-class solar flares illustrate the response of the instrument, and from these measurements the characteristics of the D-region can be modelled.
System set-up
UltraMSK was installed in parallel with the Digital VLF Recording and Analysis System5 during February 2010. A magnetic loop antenna located a few hundred metres from SANAE IV was used for this purpose. The antenna consists of two vertically mounted diamond shaped loops with sides of length 7.6 m, aligned with the four cardinal directions. The loop facing north-south is a better choice for monitoring signals of European origin, whereas the east-west loop is more sensitive to signals propagating zonally.
Figure 1 shows a schematic of the UltraMSK system. A preamplifier at the base of the antenna boosts the signal, which is transmitted to the laboratory via a lengthy coaxial cable. The signal is passed through a second amplifier before reaching the service unit. From here the signal is transferred to the sound card on a personal computer. The service unit also integrates GPS timing. The phase of the signal is determined by a quadrature-phase mixer, where the received signal is split and mixed with an in-phase component on one hand and a quadrature-phase component on the other. After the signals have been demodulated, the two components can be compared and information regarding the phase and amplitude of the signal can be extracted. In order to achieve a reliable centre frequency for the quadrature-phase mixer, the precise sampling frequency of the sound card is calibrated using the pulse-per-second signal from the GPS. The system runs at a sampling rate of 96 kHz, and the signal intensity and phase are recorded at 20 Hz.
In early 2009, the UltraMSK system was installed on a smaller (~1 m) omnidirectional whip antenna, but tests showed that this antenna did not provide an adequate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), especially as it was positioned on top of the SANAE IV base, where disturbances from adjacent instruments and the base infrastructure were prominent. For this reason, the system was moved to the larger magnetic loop antenna. After testing and verification, the north-south loop was selected.
Identification of MSK frequencies
Very low frequency transmitter signals are expected to follow a regular diurnal pattern because of changes in the upper boundary of the EIWG resulting from the passage of the day-night terminator. The attenuation of the signal is higher during the day as a result of the lower conductivity of the D-region compared to the E-region at night. A typical quiescent diurnal pattern from the 18.3-kHz HWV transmitter in France is shown in Figure 2. The average daytime signal amplitude is about -65 dB, compared to -57 dB at night. Terminator effects can be seen during the dusk and dawn transitions, where changes in the D-region ionisation lead to dramatic changes in signal strength. The diurnal variation in power also leads to changes in the SNR. Because of this, the signal may be below the noise level during the day. This low level can be compensated for by applying a smoothing filter to the signal.
A number of VLF transmitter signals were identified at SANAE IV. Figure 3 shows a 5-min averaged spectrum for the north-south loop, where the MSK frequencies are marked by vertical dotted lines. Figure 4 illustrates the great circle paths between the corresponding transmitters and SANAE IV. An overview of transmitters is given in Table 1.6 The 18.3-kHz HWV transmitter is currently the strongest signal in the spectrum. Several weaker signals of European origin are also present. Note, however, that these signals are subject to change, and the 16.4-kHz JXN transmitter in particular follows a discontinuous transmission pattern, generally transmitting for only a few hours daily.
In addition to the narrowband MSK signals in Figure 3, there is also a broader hump visible in the 4 kHz - 25 kHz range as a result of the radiation from lightning strokes. Lightning discharges around the world radiate most of their energy in the VLF band and thus constitute the main source of VLF waves propagating in the EIWG. When arriving at a receiver, they are seen as an impulsive broadband signal termed a 'sferic'. A network of VLF lightning location sensors, the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) has been set up to map global lightning activity by combining the sferics detected at different locations around Earth.7 SANAE IV also operates as a node in this network.
Several non-MSK peaks can also be seen in the spectrum, with the most prominent ones located at above 30 kHz and below 2 kHz. These disturbances likely originate from the electrical system at SANAE IV, and do not interfere with the monitored MSK signals.
In general, north-south paths are preferred as they allow a single local time to be studied. East-west paths are to a greater extent disturbed by dawn and dusk terminator effects. The main advantage of the east-west facing loop is the strong 1-MW 19.8-kHz NWC signal from Western Australia, although the signal strength is reduced as a result of extensive propagation over the Antarctic ice sheet. Because of SANAE IV's position relative to the global VLF transmitters, signals originating from the east or west travel a great distance over the Antarctic ice mass, as illustrated in Figure 4. The thickness of the ice layer can be a significant fraction of a wavelength, which implies increased attenuation as a result of the low conductivity of ice. This attenuation is typically 20 dB/Mm - 40 dB/Mm, whereas the attenuation over the sea is about 1 dB - 3 dB/Mm. Experimental data has shown even greater attenuation over ice (Barr8 and references therein).8
Modelling the D-region
The ionospheric D-region is generally characterised by Wait's9 parameters, H' and β, where H' (in km) is the reference height and β (in km-1) the exponential sharpness factor. From these parameters, the electron density (Ne) as a function of altitude (z) can be described by9,10
The Long-Wave Propagation Capability (LWPC) code was developed by the Naval Oceans Systems Center (San Diego, USA) to model the propagation of VLF signals. LWPC uses the electron density profile described by [Eqn 1] to model the ionosphere. A change in H' or β would lead to a modification in the EIWG, thus causing a change in the amplitude and phase of the signal. The modelled values of H' and β are modified iteratively to find a signal amplitude and phase which matches the VLF measurements. The unperturbed values for H' and β depend on the solar zenith angle10 and are derived from the empirical equations presented by McRae and Thomson11. In this study, estimates of H' and β were calculated using the average solar zenith angle along the north-south transmission path.
Event description and data analysis
Energy exchange between the magnetosphere and the surrounding solar wind is a continuous process which is enhanced during periods of increased solar activity. Coronal mass ejections and solar flares release an enormous number of highly energetically charged particles which are transported through the solar wind to Earth. These particles are accompanied by X-ray bursts, which are harmful to satellites, spacecraft and astronauts. These events have an appreciable impact on the Earth's ionosphere. The quiet-time ionospheric D-region is mainly maintained by Lyman-alpha radiation, with the flux of solar X-rays and gamma-rays being only a minor contributor. However, during solar flares there is a significant increase in radiation with a wavelength < 1 nm. This radiation penetrates down into the lower ionosphere and leads to sudden ionospheric disturbances.12 Solar flares cause a broad increase in plasma density in the dayside ionosphere, which in turn affects VLF signals propagating in the EIWG.
On 08 February 2010, several X-ray bursts associated with solar flares were detected by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 14 satellite. The VLF signal from the 18.3-kHz HWV transmitter on 08 February 2010 is shown in Figure 5. As a comparison to illustrate a quiescent curve, the signal from 11 February 2010 is also shown. The corresponding GOES 14 X-ray (0.1 nm - 0.8 nm) flux data is plotted in the bottom panel of Figure 5. Four M-class flares (peak flux between 10-5 W/m2 and 10-4 W/m2) and a number of C-class flares (peak flux between 10-6 W/m2 and 10-5 W/m2) were detected during the day. The increases in X-ray flux are well correlated with the disturbances in the VLF signal. Two artificial spikes are present in Figure 5 at 07:50 and 11:38 (UTC), the first is as a result of a data dropout where the signal is temporarily lost during the solar flare event, and the second is a result of saturation in the received signal. These dropouts have no physical significance and can be disregarded in further analysis of the event.
Four days later, on 12 February 2010, two other M-class flares were detected in the GOES 14 data. The UltraMSK and GOES 14 data for this day are shown in Figure 6. The strongest flare had a flux of almost 10-4 W/m2. As the second flare occurred around dusk, the associated VLF disturbance was superimposed onto terminator effects, which led to a general increase of the signal strength for the duration of the event.
Because of terminator effects, only events that took place close to midday (between 11:00 and 15:00) were analysed further. Two M-class flares and one C-class flare fulfilled this criterion in the 08 February data, shown in Figure 7. The times of the peaks of these flares were registered at 11:14, 12:03 and 13:47. The stronger M-class flare on 12 February had a peak flux at 11:26, as shown in Figure 7.
For all three M-class flares, the HWV signal strength experienced a rapid increase of 3 dB - 4 dB over a period of a few minutes, after which the intensity fell off again and returned to the unperturbed value about 30 min after the peak. For two of these events, the signal strength dipped after the peak, approximately 4 dB below the initial value, after which the amplitude slowly recovered during the next hour. The third flare also had a dip associated with it, but of smaller amplitude. This dip is believed to be a result of modal interference because the ionosphere gradually recovered to normal levels. Although the flux was significantly larger for the 12 February event, the increase in VLF signal strength was about the same as for the weaker M-class flare at 13:47 on 08 February.
Deviations in signal amplitude in nine of the monitored MSK signals for the 12 February 2010 event are shown in Figure 8. Because the event occurred near midday, the disturbance pattern was clearly visible in the signals of central European origin, at a similar longitude to SANAE IV. For these transmitters the signal increased in power by 4 dB - 6 dB. The main increase was more prominent in the stations located at other longitudes, that is, NPM on Hawaii, NAA in Maine and TBB in Turkey, with an increase of 8 dB - 14 dB. However, the subsequent decrease was partly drowned out as a result of the diurnal variations in the signals, so the power did not drop below the quiescent value after the flare.
Because of its stable phase during quiet conditions, the 23.4-kHz DHO signal was selected for the LWPC modelling of the H' and β parameters for the events. An instantaneous increase in the phase was detected at the times of the flares, which then fell back to the quiescent state with a relaxation time in the order of 1 h. The unperturbed values for H' and β just before the 11:26 flare on 12 February were found to be 73.74 km and 0.334 km-1, respectively. At the peak times of the flares, the reflection height was lowered by several kilometres, and the rate of electron density variation with height increased. Table 2 lists the four flares and the associated changes in ionospheric parameters. The electron density height profiles for all four flares, as well as the unperturbed profile, are shown in Figure 9. Not surprisingly, the stronger flares resulted in larger increases of D-region electron density. These results compare well to those of McRae and Thomson13, who modelled a similar M-class flare where H' was found to decrease by ~8 km and β to increase by ~0.075 km-1, as well as to the results presented in a larger study of stronger solar flares.14
A waveguide propagation model was used to investigate the observed form of some of the UltraMSK signal perturbations. Our model was based on a flat, parallel plate waveguide formed between the Earth and the ionosphere, where the ionospheric aspect was determined by Wait's exponential profile whilst the lower boundary was characterised by appropriate conductivity and dielectric constant values. The reflection height of the wave in question and the refractive indices were determined, taking the effect of the ambient magnetic field into account. These values were then used to determine the modal angles that led to constructive interference of the reflections off the two boundaries. The electric fields for each mode were calculated as a function of propagation distance and the total field being the sum of all contributing modes. A solar flare effectively reduces the height of the ionosphere leading to a shift of the modal interference pattern towards the transmitter, as illustrated in Figure 10. For simplicity's sake, changes in H' but not β were investigated. The modelled temporal variation of H' is illustrated in Figure 11. The effects of a weak flare (ΔH' = -2 km) as well as a stronger flare (ΔH' = -6 km) for two hypothetical stations, A and B, located as shown in Figure 12, are plotted in Figures 13 and 14, respectively. The position of a station relative to the modal interference pattern, together with the strength of the flare, determines the response of the signal.
For a weak flare (ΔH' = -2 km), the interference pattern shifts (as shown in Figure 12) and then reverts to the unperturbed pattern again. For Station A, located approximately 500 km before a maximum, this means the receiver effectively rides up the slope towards the peak as the interference pattern is shifted towards the transmitter and back down as the height returns to the quiet-time value. This increase and then decrease is shown in the temporal response in Figure 13. An analogous response is observed for Station B, located approximately 400 km before a minimum, except that a decrease is experienced instead of an increase. For a larger flare (ΔH'= -6 km), the response can be slightly more complicated and the temporal profile of ionospheric height plays a major role (Figure 12). As a result of the very fast rise time of the perturbation, a large flare would result in the receiver 'skipping' over the maximum (A) or minimum (B) and this initial change in signal strength is not observed. Once the perturbation has reached its maximum value, it starts to decay slowly back to unperturbed conditions. The receiver now spends a fair amount of time on the minimum or maximum it skipped during the rise and fully displays this change in signal strength shown in Figure 14.
The modelling results could be used to explain the initial increase and subsequent decrease in the measured amplitude for the M-class flare shown in Figure 6. Consider Receiver B in the modelling results for comparison with the real event (Figures 12 and 14). For a large flare, the ionosphere is ionised at such a great rate that the receiver does not resolve the initial decrease in signal as a result of the lowering of H' to between 74 km and 71 km (Figure 14, right panel). After the maximum perturbation in the ionosphere was reached at the time of peak flux (resulting in an increase of 4 dB in the signal amplitude), the ionosphere started to slowly recover and return to its initial condition. At this time, the ionosphere was fully experiencing the lowering of H' between 74 km and 71 km, leading to a decrease of 4 dB in the signal amplitude. The recovery phase of the ionosphere was much slower than the onset phase and led to a gradual change in H', reflecting a gradual return of the amplitude to unperturbed levels.
The UltraMSK system described in this paper was previously installed on an omnidirectional whip antenna, but in February 2010 it was moved to a larger magnetic loop antenna, located at a greater distance from the SANAE IV base. This move improved the SNR significantly, which facilitates the analysis of weak signals whose amplitudes are close to the noise level of the system. The improvement is especially important during the day when the signal amplitude is depressed.
The functionality of the system was illustrated by the analysis of several M-class solar flares on 08 February and 12 February 2010. By using LWPC to model the ionospheric parameters at the time of the disturbances, it could be shown that the reflection height of the EIWG was lowered by between 2 km and 9 km during the flares, with the largest decrease occurring at the time of the strongest solar flare. The sharpness of the electron density gradient also increased, with a larger increase for the stronger events.
The form of the recorded signal could be investigated by comparing it with signals produced by a waveguide propagation model. It was shown that the distance between the transmitting and receiving stations, as well as the temporal variation of ionospheric parameters, affects the shape of the signal as a result of shifts in the modal interference pattern, and such shifts can account for the decrease below the unperturbed values that followed some of the strong increases in the MSK signal amplitudes.
The results from the data and modelling are in accordance with typical ionospheric parameters during perturbed conditions and illustrate the system's capability in measuring ionospheric properties. With the new UltraMSK system, the signal was sufficiently elevated above the noise level compared to the previous system, mostly as a result of the larger antenna and moving the system away from the interfering infrastructure at the base. The presented data show that the UltraMSK system thus appears to be working in a satisfactory manner, and the data can be used to remotely probe the lower part of the ionosphere.
We are grateful to the SANAE IV 2009-2010 relief team, and especially Daleen Koch, Marlie van Zyl and S.J. van der Merwe for valuable help on the installation of the system. We wish to thank the developer of UltraMSK, James Brundell, for discussions and support. We also thank Rory Meyer and James Hayes for operation and maintenance of the system during the long Antarctic winter. GOES data was provided by the Space Weather Prediction Center (Boulder, CO, USA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), US Department of Commerce.
1. Thomson NR, Clilverd MA. Solar cycle changes in daytime VLF subionospheric attenuation. J Atmos Solar Terr Phys. 2000;62:601-608. doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00026-2 [ Links ]
2. Cummer SA, Inan US, Bell TF. Ionospheric D region remote sensing using VLF radio atmospherics. Radio Sci. 1998;33:1781-1792. doi:10.1029/98RS02381 [ Links ]
3. Bickel JE, Ferguson JA, Stanley GV. Experimental observation of magnetic field effects on VLF propagation at night. Radio Sci. 1970;5:19-25. doi:10.1029/RS005i001p00019 [ Links ]
4. Thomson NR. Experimental daytime VLF ionospheric parameters. J Atmos Terr Phys. 1993;55:173. doi:10.1016/0021-9169(93)90122-F [ Links ]
5. Collier AB, Hughes ARW. Digital VLF recording and analysis system for SANAE IV. S Afr J Sci. 2002;98(11/12):547-550. [ Links ]
6. Clilverd MA, Rodger CJ, Thomson NR, et al. Remote sensing space weather events: Antarctic-Arctic Radiation-belt (Dynamic) Deposition-VLF Atmospheric Research Konsortium network. Space Weather. 2009;7:15. doi:10.1029/2008SW000412 [ Links ]
7. Dowden RL, Holzworth RH, Rodger CJ, et al. World-Wide Lightning Location Using VLF Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide. IEEE Antennas Propag Mag. 2008;50(5):40-60. doi:10.1109/MAP.2008.4674710 [ Links ]
8. Barr R. A simple theoretical model of the diffraction of VLF electromagnetic waves by the Antarctic icecap. J Atmos Solar Terr Phys. 1992;54:1527-1533. doi:10.1016/0021-9169(92)90160-M [ Links ]
9. Wait JR. Electromagnetic waves in stratified media. Vol. 3 of International Series of Monographs on Electromagnetic Waves. New York: Pergamon Press; 1962. [ Links ]
10. Thomson NR. Experimental daytime VLF ionospheric parameters. J Atmos Terr Phys. 1993;55:173-184. doi:10.1016/0021-9169(93)90122-F [ Links ]
11. McRae WM, Thomson NR. VLF phase and amplitude: daytime ionospheric parameters. J Atmos Terr Phys. 2000;62:609-618. doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00027-4 [ Links ]
12. Deshpande SD, Subrahmanyam CV, Mitra AP. Ionospheric effects of solar flares - I. The statistical relationship between X-ray flares and SID's. J Atmos Terr Phys. 1972;34:211-227. doi:10.1016/0021-9169(72)90165-1 [ Links ]
13. McRae WM, Thomson NR. Solar flare induced ionospheric D-region enhancements from VLF phase and amplitude observations. J Atmos Terr Phys. 2004;66:77-87. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2003.09.009 [ Links ]
14. Thomson NR, Rodger CJ, Clilverd MA. Large solar flares and their ionospheric D-region enhancements. J Geophys Res. 2005;110:6306-6316. doi:10.1029/2005JA011008 [ Links ]
Correspondence to:
Hanna Dahlgren
Postal address: Center for Space Physics 725 Commonwealth
Avenue, Room 408
Boston 02215, Massachusetts, USA
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Received: 25 Oct. 2010
Accepted: 02 May 2011
Published: 09 Sept. 2011
© 2011. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.


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Cooperative Extension Receives 2016 Green Award
Posted 8/8/2016
Demonstration and Test Gardens exemplify innovation
For the past nine years, the Las Vegas Business Press has awarded local businesses for their best efforts in achieving eco-friendly sustainability. They are called the Green Awards and among the winners—University of Nevada Cooperative Extension for Innovation of the Year for the Demonstration and Test Gardens.
This award is open to businesses, nonprofits or public agencies for a project that demonstrates genuine innovation in the pursuit of improved environmental performance. According to social horticultural specialist and associate professor Angela O'Callaghan, Cooperative Extension's Demonstration and Test Gardens exemplifies exactly that.
"There's no place like it. There really isn't. There are botanical gardens in many places. There are educational facilities all over but this is different because it's got such diversity in a very small area," said O'Callaghan.
The Demonstration and Test Gardens may only span for 3 acres behind the Clark County Lifelong Learning Center in Henderson but it is home to over 1,000 species of native and desert-appropriate plants. Specialty areas include the Rose, Herb, Children's, Cactus, Vegetable and Palm gardens.
Each innovative and sustainable area has placards noting the Latin and common names of all of the plants so visitors can identify them even without the assistance of one of 250 Master Gardener volunteers. However for O'Callaghan, it is the volunteers who inspire innovation in the gardens.
"We have projects that have been developed and worked on by volunteers. For instance, we have 25 different types of milkweeds," explained O'Callaghan. "That was one master gardener who said, 'you know, wouldn't that be interesting.'"
Perhaps one of the most remarkable features to note in the garden is its native wash.
"We knew from the time we moved in that there is a natural wash running through the back. So [Cooperative Extension's] professor M.L. Robinson worked to make sure that was cleared out and now that's our water catchment. There are things growing in there and the only irrigation that those plants in that wash get is from the sky," she said.
So what's the secret to maintaining a garden full of innovation?
"There's a master gardener program in every state," explained O'Callaghan "each with its own different requirement. Here, everyone has to commit at least 50 hours each year in one of many volunteer projects. Our average number is 125 hours a year. People are wildly committed here."
"We couldn't do it without the hundreds of volunteers who are highly trained," she added.
As for future projects, O'Callaghan mentions one she has her eyes set on.
"I'd really like to take a patch here and develop an American Native demonstration garden." She added "This is an educational facility. We want to make sure that everybody knows that we are here to teach, to show and to demonstrate."
In the meantime, visitors can walk around the track and take a stroll in the award-winning Demonstration Gardens to learn about what works and what doesn't in our particular desert climate. In the Gardens visitors will find:
- Orchard—Houses several varieties of stone fruit and apple and pear trees to demonstrate which types are more drought and heat tolerant
- Compost—Showcases the many types of compost containers that are in use for recycling of plant waste
- Mulch—Visitors can learn about the different uses for ground covers such as stone, bark and rocks
- Native Wash—Perhaps one of the most innovative areas in the gardens is a natural water catchment. Plant materials can thrive in the wash even without supplemental irrigation
- Children's garden—Elementary school children learn about the sources for their food, flowers and clothing
- Roses—Home to a variety of beautiful roses that are able to survive the challenging desert climate
- Cactus garden —Visitors can stroll through the cactus garden to view several varieties of cacti
- Milkweeds—Plantings of 26 species of milkweed to support the Monarch butterfly are located throughout the garden
- Herbs—View the "farm" or the formal herb gardens (located in the Courtyard)
The Gardens are located at 8050 Paradise Road, Las Vegas, Nev. and are open to the public for self-guided tours Monday-Friday from 8am-5pm. Master Gardener's also lead weekly tours for the public. For more information email or call the Master Gardener Help Desk at 702-257-5555.


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#3 Farmingdale State - 14, #6 Mount Saint Vincent - 0
Farmingdale, N.Y. - Sophomore pitcher Alex Weingarten (East Rockaway, N.Y.) threw seven scoreless innings allowing only two hits as Farmingdale State earned a 14-0 victory over Mount Saint Vincent in the First Round of the Skyline Conference Playoffs.
The Rams (22-10) jumped out to a 1-0 lead in the bottom of the first on an RBI double to left center by junior second baseman Anthony Alvino (Lindenhurst, N.Y.)
Junior right fielder Michael Marino (Franklin Square, N.Y.) led off the fourth with a triple to right center and later stole home to put Farmingdale State ahead 2-0. Junior designated hitter Ryan Levine (West Babylon, N.Y.) singled before a single to left field by freshman Richard Sullivan (Farmingdale, N.Y.) scored two runs and increased the advantage to 4-0. Two batters later, senior first baseman Daniel Paccione (Commack, N.Y.) gave the Rams a 5-0 lead with an RBI single to left field.
Farmingdale State added a run in the sixth before an eight run seventh inning sealed the First Round victory, 14-0.
Bergmann was 2-for-4 with two runs scored and 2 RBI, while Sullivan added two hits, two runs and a game-high 3 RBI. Alvino was 2-for-5 at the plate with two runs batted in for Farmingdale State.
Weingarten improved to 5-1 on the year after striking out five and allowing only two hits in seven innings pitched.
The Rams advance to the double-elimination tournament at Old Westbury and will face #2 Purchase on Friday, May 2nd at 7:00 p.m.


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Hydraulics has given a tremendous boost to the performance and versatility of mobile equipment. After centuries of human and animal powered equipment, machine builders harnessed the power of steam. This advancement expanded the power of machines to enable them to move heavier loads faster. To this day, you still sometimes hear excavators referred to as steam shovels. But the greatest leap forward in mobile equipment performance came with the advent of modern hydraulics.
These advancements continue today with ever-increasing power capacities, higher reliability through improved filtration and diagnostic techniques, higher energy efficiency by implementing load-sensing circuitry, and enhanced operation through electronic control. Perhaps nothing better illustrates the strides achieved in higher power capabilities for mobile equipment than the photo at right. It shows one of the first all-hydraulic excavators dwarfed by the largest built to date, the RH400, designed and built by Orenstein and Koppel AG, of Berlin, Germany. The hydrostatic drives, implements, and other systems are powered by a pair of Cummins 2700-hp QSK60 diesel engines. The hydraulic systems are supplied by 18 variable-displacement, axial-piston pumps, eight of which are Model A7VSL1000HDs from Mannesmann Rexroth.
This earthmoving giant was delivered to Syncrude Canada Ltd., Fort McMurray, Alberta for its new North Mine project. A total of four RH-400s are used for mining oil sand, which is trucked to crushing stations and eventually mixed with hot water to form an oil sand slurry that is pumped through a pipeline to an extraction station. The process is expected eventually to produce 82 million barrels of oil per year. When the project reaches full capacity, in 2006, the four RH400s will deliver oil sand to as many as 30 trucks, each with a capacity of 320 tons. It takes only four passes of an RH400 to completely fill one of the trucks. The high reliability and efficiency of the RH400's hydraulic system, combined with other advancements, will enable production to increase while decreasing operating costs. In fact, officials project that the North Mine project will use 15% less energy than had been consumed by its predecessor, the East Mine.
Expanding the realm of possibilities
Articulated booms have become the workhorses of many industries because they can reach areas that would be inaccessible otherwise. For example, attaching a basket to the end of an articulated boom allows workers to inspect the underside of a bridge for assessing the condition of the understructure. Attaching a pair of forks allows lifting materials over or around obstacles in a crowded warehouse or storage yard. In construction, piping mounted alongside the articulated boom enables pumping concrete directly to a work site. This saves a tremendous amount of time over dumping concrete into a trough and transporting it in small batches to the work site.
But no matter what the industry, the number of joints in articulated booms and their reach have been limited by weight. Much of this weight is attributed to the hydraulic cylinders that provide power for movement. Reducing weight of the hydraulic cylinders, then, would make it possible to expand the capabilities of an articulated boom. Reducing the bore (and, therefore, weight) of the cylinder is one way of accomplishing this. But unless hydraulic system pressure is increased substantially, the cylinder will be unable to generate enough force to maintain an equivalent load rating. Furthermore, designing a hydraulic system to operate at higher pressure can add substantially to its cost.
Gross vehicle weight is important because laws restrict the weight-per-axle that a vehicle can carry and the number of axles allowed on specific roads. And because adding length to a boom would increase its weight, a longer articulated boom would have to be made of more expensive, higher-strength materials to avoid having to add another axle to the vehicle. Incorporating an additional axle to what is generally used today would require special licensing for the vehicle. But special licensing adds to the cost of a project and almost certainly leads to production delays. Therefore, the ideal articulated boom would have a longer reach or more joints, yet weigh no more than what is commonly used.
Widely used welded cylinders made of high-strength steel exhibit a high strength-to-weight ratio, but a new type of cylinder holds potential to more than double the strength density of hydraulic cylinders. Having a geometry similar to standard tie-rod cylinders, the new cylinder design uses a barrel made of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) wrapped around and bonded to a thin stainless steel sleeve.
Lighter cylinders improve design
Designed and manufactured by Lingk & Sturzebecher Gmbh, Stuhr, Germany, the CFRP cylinders have been made in a variety of sizes, shapes and configurations for use in robots, helicopters, foundation jacks, and, of course, articulated booms. Carsten H. Müller, president and owner of Lingk & Sturzebecher, revealed that his company recently won a contract with Airbus Industries to supply CFRP cylinders for use in commercial aircraft. Furthermore, he said his cylinders also are used in the M55 concrete pump manufactured by Putzmeister, Aichtal, Germany. At 55 m (180 ft), the M55 has the highest vertical reach in the world for an articulated-boom concrete pump.
Müller explained that as stroke increases, the weight of the barrel becomes a higher percentage of a cylinder's overall weight. He mentioned that in a steel cylinder, weight of the cylinder's end caps remains constant as stroke increases, and weight of the piston rod increases with stroke. But, according to Müller, because the barrel weighs so much more than the rod per inch of stroke (especially if the cylinder has a large bore and relatively small-diameter rod), as much as 75% of a cylinder's weight could be attributed to the barrel.
Müller continued by saying that a CFRP barrel weighs only a fraction of what a steel barrel of the same bore weighs. Furthermore, he said the CFRP barrel also exhibits a much higher tensile strength than steel, so a thin-walled CFRP barrel can withstand high pressure. He cited 350 bar (5800 psi) as the maximum rated working pressure for CFRP cylinders used in the concrete pump pictured at the bottom of this page. He also explained that the stainless steel liner provides an ideal surface for the piston seal to achieve low leakage and long life.
How much lighter are the CFRP cylinders? That depends, of course, on bore, stroke, rod diameter, and other considerations. But Müller revealed that the average CFRP cylinder weighs about 60% less than the steel cylinder it typically replaces, such as in mobile equipment. He admitted, though, that CFRP cylinders cost more than conventional cylinders, but that this can be justified by the weight savings. In general, he said, a CFRP cylinder may cost twice as much as a conventional cylinder, but weigh half as much. The weight saved by using the CFRP cylinders allows other improvements in the equipment design, so the CFRP cylinders add only a small increment to overall manufacturing cost but make a huge contribution to improved design. And as with most new technologies, Müller expects the cost differential to shrink as production volume increases.
CFRP cylinders are now part of Parker Hannifin GmbH, Kaarst, Germany. For more information, phone +49 (0)213 140 160 or click here.
Reservoirs for mobile equipment
Hydraulic reservoirs for mobile equipment are expected to perform the same functions as their industrial counterparts - but usually under more adverse and less predictable operating conditions. Machine motion (which makes complex baffling systems necessary to prevent fluid sloshing) and extreme ambient temperatures are just two examples of the special problems faced by designers of hydraulic systems for mobile equipment.
Cold temperatures can cause water to condense on the interior surfaces of the reservoir. Unless a means is provided to remove condensate from the hydraulic fluid, that water will act as a contaminant to degrade system performance and reliability and shorten the life of the fluid and hydraulic components. In addition, reservoirs constructed of steel would be prone to rust and the high potential for fluid contamination it poses. Rust can be prevented simply by constructing the reservoir of engineered plastics, composites, non-ferrous metals, or steel with a corrosion-resistant coating.
Size and weight limitations may require mobile equipment to operate with reservoirs as small as the volume a pump discharges in a minute. This is roughly a third the size of a reservoir traditionally used in industrial applications. The space and shape limitations mobile equipment place on reservoirs usually requires that they be custom designed. Cost, size, and weight must be minimized, while still maintaining adequate performance and efficiency.
Internal or external filters?
Return filters are often placed inside the tank to save space and to provide integral diffusion. One advantage of in-tank return filtration is that filling the tank through the filter helps ensure system cleanliness. However, be sure contaminants cannot fall into the reservoir when a return filter element is changed. Placing filters within the tank provides a neat design but may promote contaminating an area that is difficult to keep clean. While more difficult to plumb, external return filters keep contamination outside the tank, and they are more easily accessible for servicing.
Magnets should be placed in the reservoir to trap ferrous particles. Dams and suction strainers also can be added to increase the effectiveness of the reservoir as a solid contaminant controller. Particle dams, placed between the return and suction areas of the tank, help contain heavier particles that may have bypassed the return filters. Dams commonly consist of an angle plate that extends across the floor of the tank. The dam should be high enough to contain particles until the reservoir is routinely cleaned, but low enough to prevent fluid from having to cascade over it. Dams also provide ideal mounting surfaces for magnets.
Locating a pump at or above fluid level and far away from the tank (more the rule than the exception with mobile equipment) usually prohibits the use of pump inlet filters. Suction strainers or filters should be considered as a form of last-chance pump protection when positive pressure can be provided at the pump inlet &emdash; as with a charge pump or pressurized reservoir. When sizing suction filters, pay attention to fluid temperature (especially during startup) if equipment will operate in cold climates and pumps cannot be disengaged during startup.
Vented or pressurized reservoir?
An important design consideration is whether to specify a vented or pressurized reservoir. The major deciding factors are the location and inlet requirements of the pumps. The fluid level of the reservoir in many mobile applications is below the pump inlet. At best, if there is vacuum at the pump inlet, the pump may have to be derated. If inlet line losses are great enough, cavitation will occur. In these cases, pressurizing the reservoir will help maintain pump performance.
There are three ways to pressurize a reservoir on most mobile equipment:
• if available, use regulated compressed air from a machine's pneumatic system. This is the most effective method
• trap the air within the reservoir clearance volume (above the fluid) and depend on thermal expansion of the fluid to compress this air, and thus pressurize the reservoir. A reservoir pressure cap holds pressure within the tank and relieves any excess pressure, or
• tap pressurized air from the scavenge pump of a two-cycle diesel engine.
With pressurized reservoirs, be sure to calculate stresses on reservoir walls, because even low pressures can exert substantial loads against large areas. For example, an internal pressure of only 3 psi applies a force of 1800 lb on a 20- by 30-in. wall. This force, combined with weight of hydraulic fluid, plus G forces involved in mobile equipment, can produce stresses high enough to actually work harden a metal reservoir. Work hardening makes the metal more brittle, which eventually will cause leakage when the metal is exposed to continued stress.
Wall stresses should also be calculated for vented reservoirs. High stresses develop quickly in large areas of flat plate. And again, weight of the fluid can cause large deflections. Furthermore, mounting peripheral equipment — such as ladders — to a reservoir increases the need to specify stiffening members and thicker plate.
For vented reservoirs, strong consideration should be given to using filtered breathers to reduce ingression of airborne contaminants. If equipment will be operated in cold weather, use of a filtered breather with desiccant should be considered to reduce the humidity of air drawn into the reservoir, thereby reducing the amount of moisture that can condense on interior surfaces of the reservoir. If a filtered breather is used, be sure to also specify a vacuum breaker. This type of relief valve allows air to enter the reservoir if the filter becomes clogged. A clogged filter could cause the pump to pull a vacuum in the reservoir, which could lead to pump cavitation or other problems.
In cases of extremely heavy airborne contamination, you may want to consider a breather that prevents ambient air from coming in contact with the fluid. These breathers use a bladder or diaphragm to keep the ambient air separated from the hydraulic fluid and the reservoir's interior surfaces.
Cleaning and maintenance
Access for reservoir servicing must also be taken into account. There should be provisions to drain both return and suction areas of the tank, especially if a dam is installed to separate them. Pipe couplings often are used for such drains, but SAE O-ring ports provide better sealing. Valving should also be installed to close off inlet lines when replacing pumps or other components that are mounted below fluid level.
This is often wishful thinking, but access should be provided for cleaning and maintaining the interior of the tank. Ideally, hatches should be large enough to provide enough room for service personnel to maneuver cleaning tools.
Submitted by Brian Burgess, product manager, fixed-displacement products, Parker Hannifin Corp., Hydraulic Pump & Motor Div..


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The cardinal is easy to spot due to its coloring. It is one of the most popular birds and easily identified by birdwatchers and non-bird-watchers alike. Like the robin, whose plumage also features a distinctive red patch, the cardinal is often associated with Christmas and the winter season. The color is bright and cheering. The cardinal's presence year round and its appearance at backyard bird feeders may also contribute to this association.
The cardinal's name is derived from the high-ranking clerics of the Catholic Church who wear rich red robes. The term cardinal is used to denote something with primary or essential qualities, such as a cardinal direction. The word comes from the Latin cardo, meaning hinge. Something that has cardinal qualities is so important that it functions as a keystone or axle; other things hinge around it.
The Cherokee believe that the cardinal is the daughter of the sun. Legend has it that if you see a cardinal flying upward, toward the sun, you will have good luck. Conversely, if you see it flying down toward the earth, watch out for bad luck.
The cardinal was the first bird to be given state recognition: In 1926, it was made the state bird of Kentucky. It's also the bird of six other states (Illinois, Indiana, North Carolina, Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia), making it the most popular state bird. It is also the name of the St. Louis professional baseball team and the Arizona Cardinals professional football team, and is the mascot of numerous university athletic teams, including the Stanford Cardinals, the Louisville Cardinals, and the Wesleyan Cardinals.
Omens and divinatory meaning: Examine the areas of your life in which you are, or should be, a leader. Is your confidence shaky? The cardinal tells you that you can handle it, and to believe in yourself. It is important to be proud of yourself for your abilities or for the things you have achieved. The cardinal's bright red feathers and cheerful song call attention to him wherever he goes. If you see a cardinal, it may be telling you to stand up, lift your head high, and take pride in yourself.
Accept compliments that come your way, and acknowledge your achievements. The cardinal's bright red plumage also calls you to open yourself to creative energy. Have you been feeling blocked or dull lately? Are you looking for a new way to express yourself? Call on the cardinal to help you open up and get your creativity flowing again. The red feathers link it with fire, the element of activity, vitality, and passion. If you are feeling lethargic, the cardinal may lend you its energy to help you get back on your feet. Likewise, it can be a good bird with whom to work if you are struggling to handle depression. If you are having difficulty dealing with anger, however, seeing a cardinal may remind you to take a step or two back.
Red is the color of the root chakra, the energy center associated with stability, survival, and security, and feeling unsettled in any of these areas may be influencing your anger issue. Examine the areas of your life connected to these subjects for clues to the source of your emotional state, and move to make them better.
Excerpted from Birds: Explore the Symbology and Significance of These Divine Winged Messengers (Adams Media, a division of F+W Media, Inc.; January 2012), by Arin Murphy-Hiscock
Images: ©iStockPhoto.com, Dover


text:
Monday, April 18, 2011
Fitting In.....
19 comments:
You don't have to move to a new town to have your world turned upside down. Friends move, or go back to school or to work...I know how you feel and I've never left the area I grew up in.ReplyDelete
I think God brings people into your life for a season, and there are so many things to learn and ways to grow...thanks for the this post!
Thanks so much for your blog today. It is very timely. We will be moving in a few months from PA to SC. A totally different world for me. I will remember your kind words if things get touch for me.ReplyDelete
We too are moving this summer...I hope to find a good quilt guild and start making friends again...but I will miss my friends here...lucky for me we are only going 90 miles west...ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMonday, April 18, 2011
"Sometimes a plant needs to be repotted to bloom."ReplyDelete
Funny you're posting this, because hubby and I were talking yesterday about our recent move. Six months ago we moved from TN to OH.
For us it's been a good thing. I am blooming.
Oh, you are so right! I moved back home a few years ago. And although all of my family is here, I left a great group of girl friends behind. I have missed them so much..and still do. But a couple of years ago, I started blogging and found a couple of great online groups with similar interests. And, now...largely due to blogging...I'm really beginning to feel "right" in my own skin again! So, I know just what you mean. But, you said it so much better than I ever could!ReplyDelete
Dee You are so right this applies in all aspects of life not just moving.ReplyDelete
I am glad that I could share this with you all somedays I feel things get to personal and then your comments come rolling in that you have felt the same, or are going through the same. It really is that we are all so much alike and that it's a wonderful feeling to have the support of friends, whether it be in form or through a blog.
Thank you friends
I too am moving soon and leaving my MQG behind is killing me. It's one of the hardest things about leaving. And I haven't decided if I have the energy to start a new one in the new city. I probably will in time...but I have to scope out the quilting world there first.ReplyDelete
The upside is that they have much better quilting stores, so statistically speaking there is hope for finding modern quilters.
So glad to hear you've found some soul mates in your MQG. My quilting friends are my tried and true, always there for me (online and in person!). Sometimes you've just gotta take the reins and start something - congratulations on finding your place in Bakersfield!!ReplyDelete
I'm so glad that you have found a supportive group of friends down there. While you will always have your friends back here, it's wonderful to have friends where you live as well. It's wonderful that you took the initiative to start up the MQG down there!!ReplyDelete
So great! Thanks for sharing. :)ReplyDelete
So glad to hear that Terri :)ReplyDelete
Yay! I'm very happy for you. Moving is a huge adjustment, and I'm glad that you want to talk about it here with us!ReplyDelete
SO wishing I could hug you right now. I am so happy that you are finding your people there... and that you know you will always have your people here. We love you and I know that I'm happier knowing they are taking care of you. We're selling our house and although we aren't moving out of PDX, it is starting to set in that I'm in for a big change. Your words helped comfort me today. Missing you much!!!!ReplyDelete
I am a rare person in that I love moving. We move with my husbands work but usually stay for a few years so each place becomes home. Even though I have moved a few times and I love it, I think it takes 1year before it feels like home and you are happy and comfortable. Every place you move to has things you like more and things you like less, you just have to focus on the positives. I am glad you are happy now and enjoying your new home. Every time you move you meet friends you would never have met otherwise. Love your blog!ReplyDelete
Very inspiring! Enjoy your new community!ReplyDelete
Bakersfield speaking up here to both Blogland & Portland. Know that your Miss Terri is quickly becoming near and dear to our hearts & that I am SO glad that she landed here and followed through with this dream to start a MQG in my hometown with the help of a couple of her blogfriends. As the result of their actions, we are ALL forming lots of new friendships and bonds and having tons of fun!ReplyDelete
Thanks T. You're a peach! Happy you're here!
p.s. @ Lois, I loved your quote!
I've moved from Southern California where I have lived my whole life to Montana . . . We've been here about 1 month and a half and I don't think it's sunk it yet. Thanks for the lovely post.ReplyDelete
I second Nicci's comments. We're quickly forming attachments in the BMQG and it might not have happened without you Terri. I moved to Bako about 6 1/2 years ago and have been involved with a couple of groups, but always felt a little like an outsider. I don't feel that at all with this fantastic group of women. I greatly appreciate all of the friendship, inspiration and laughter that we're sharing. (Not to mention the brownies, muffins & coconut macaroons!)ReplyDelete
My husband was military and we moved 9 times in 15 years. It is hard. I always said we had to live in a place for a full year - all the seasons - for me to begin to feel at home. It does get better, but it's not easy. Sharing things we love with others is a great way to start. I'm glad you're beginning to feel at home in your new home.ReplyDelete
Thank you for stopping by. I appreciate that you took a minute to read my post.
Please share what you thought about it with a comment.


text:
August 23, 2013
Dear Ms. Murphy,
As an accredited investor, serial entrepreneur and long-time startup ecosystem participant, the proposed amendments (File Number S7-06-13) would severely hamper the raising of capital for startups. As an AngelList investor I refer you to the previously submitted comments by AngelList CEO Naval Ravikant for reference:
While I laud your efforts at the SEC to safeguard the public trust with regard to investments in small, unproven ventures, I believe that a focus on ensuring that an investor is indeed accredited will more ably safeguard this market than will the imposition of regulations that will produce a high likelihood that the positive benefits of the JOBS Act will be undermined or reversed.
Please feel free to contact me at any time to review these comments as you determine the final form of these new regulations.
Aurangzeb Agha


text:
Penelope Cruz is rumoured to be pregnant with her second child.
The 38-year-old actress and her husband Javier Bardem, 43, already have a son Leonardo, two.
It would mean yet more joy for the Cruz family - just last month Penelope's sister Monica, 35, announced she is expecting a baby via an anonymous sperm donor.
Penelope gave birth to the couple's first child in January 2011, six months after the pair married in a low-key ceremony in the Caribbean with only a few relatives present.
The pair started a romance in 2007 after starring together in the Woody Allen movie Vicky Cristina Barcelona. (Penelope previously dated her Vanilla Sky co-star Tom Cruise and her Sahara co-star Matthew McConaughey.)
The couple have known one another more than 20 years after meeting on the set of her debut film, the Spanish comedy drama Jamon Jamon, when the actress was 18.
Penelope gushed about motherhood in an interview with Vogue in June 2011, saying: 'From the first second, you feel so much love.
'It is a revolutionary experience. That's the best way I can describe it. It transforms you completely, in a second.
'Nature is very wise and gives you nine months to prepare, but in that moment, when you see that face, you are transformed forever.'


text:
1.) Will law schools look at the trend of my grades rather than just the cumulative GPA, since it is clear that when I got out of pre-med classes I started to truly excel? I'm worried that when looking at a 3.5 alone I will be thrown out at top law schools.
2.) Is this something to write about/explain in law school apps?
3.) Most, if not all, of my extracurriculars are medically-related. Is it a negative to not have any law experience when applying to law school?


text:
Located at Columba House, Edinburgh
The Scottish Catholic Archives include over 700 individual collections, spanning 800 years of Scottish and European history - from royal archives to sacramental registers; photographs and film; maps and plans,
The Scottish Catholic Archives is continually working to improve access to the archive collections through the retro-conversion of our catalogues. Since 2003, over 50,000 catalogue entries have been converted from hand-written format to electronic format. While we work on this retro-conversion, we are additionally making available scanned copies of our handwritten catalogues. They are saved as Adobe pdf files (a free viewer can be downloaded here), and reflect the work of previous archive staff. They have a standard look and feel, with indexes at the start of the document, and further detailed information given on subsequent pages. All archives are described at least to file level, with many to item level.
As retro-conversion continues, the hand written catalogues will be replaced by typed catalogues, and a searchable database should be available online during 2009. We recommend that you browse the catalogues and print those which are helpful to you. Any research request to the Scottish Catholic Archive concerning any of these documents should include the full reference of the item being discussed.
Copyright is reserved in all catalogue files.


text:
Of InterestLocations
Place NamesA-Z
Fighting Sail
Gunroom, ThePatrick O'Brian list.
GURPS 1793: The League of Adventurers
Yahoo! Group - BolithoDiscussion group for readers of the Bolitho series by Alexander Kent.
Yahoo! Group - Dudley Pope (10/03)
Yahoo! Group - Fire As She Bears
Yahoo! Group - Hornblower-L (10/03)
Yahoo! Group - Menofwar
Yahoo! Group - NavMarAmRevNavy and Marines during the American Revolutionary War.
Yahoo! Group - Patrick O'Brian
Yahoo! Group - Patrick O'Brian 2
Yahoo! Group - Pellew
Yahoo! Group - Richard Woodman
Yahoo! Group - Romans Maritimes (French)
Yahoo! Group - Royal Navy from 1789-1900Royal Navy 1789-1900 has almost 400 RN related links & over 500 pictures, plus three complete online books. It is the most comprehensive site for the RN 1789-1900 available on the web. It is the largest Yahoo! Group on 18th/19th c. navies.
Yahoo! Group - WoodenWalls
Material compiled by S. Yamamoto.
Copyright © 2002-2019 Sailing Navies (unless otherwise noted)Please bring any errors & broken or dead links to the attention of the
Comments and suggestions are welcome and appreciated.


text:
Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Martavis Bryant faces a one-year suspension for again violating the NFL's substance-abuse policy, his agent confirmed to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on Saturday.
Bryant, who was suspended by the league for four games to start last season after violating the policy, has appealed the latest suspension, said his agent, Thomas Santanello.
Bryant learned about the possible one-year suspension this week. DKPittsburghSports first broke the news Saturday.
"They want to suspend him for a year and right now it's under appeal," Santanello told the Post-Gazette. "I don't have all the information yet. I can confirm...


text:
Revis has 10 more than Maybin.
Aaron Maybin has 1 tackle for the first 7 games of the season. Just 1
Revis has 10 more than Maybin.
Not to bash Maybin but he is not a premier pass rusher. Not even close. 95% of his sacks come as follows:
Outside pass rush 8-10 yards up the field of the QB.
QB needs time due to good coverage downfield (revis and Cro)
Maybin makes a u-turn and srambles back to the pocket for a sack.
Its not the best way to rack up sacks, however last year it seemed magical for some reason.
He has as many tackles as Tom Brady has
no genius
you compared him with Gholston who ended his NFL "career" with 0 sacks
Mayhem had SIX last season
nice job agreeing with a chowd troll and helping him make his case, though
you brought up Gholston, pal
and compared with Gholston, Aaron Maybin is a Hall of Famer


text:
Item number 70501192,
Regular price
Instrument Specifications
Woods used Back, sides, fretboard, top, head: sugar maple Fingerboard veneer: bubinga
String setup Three strings, .012, .015, .024RW Standard, DAD tuning
Dimensions VSL (scale length): 25" Fingerboard width: 1 3/8" Overall length: 36 1/2" Body height (sides plus top and back): 2"
Nut, bridge, frets 1.5, 6.5, 8.5, and 13.5 frets included Micarta nut and bridge material Nickel-silver fret wire, standard size Mother of pearl position dots at frets 3, 7, and 10
Options Scroll head Open gear tuners, chrome finish
Also included Strap buttons Padded case with shoulder strap
Luthier Aaron Rorick
Why should you choose a Folkcraft mountain dulcimer? Sound quality, appearance, and durability. We've been handcrafting mountain dulcimers since 1968, and many of the world's finest players, both amateur and professional, choose our dulcimers. Click here to see our roster of endorsing artists. You may also enjoy following the links provided to see each of them performing (with their Folkcraft dulcimers) on YouTube.
Are you ready to play this mountain dulcimer? Click the "Add To Cart" button below, and we'll ship the dulcimer right away with free FedEx shipping. Questions? Call Folkcraft (weekdays 8 AM to 6 PM, Eastern time) at (317) 539-1855. Maybe this instrument isn't perfect for you? Design your own mountain dulcimer, from classic to exotic, with our "design your own" tools found here.


text:
Forgotten Hope Public Forum
Forgotten Hope 0.7 => General Discussion => Topic started by: Professor_Smith on 11-10-2016, 04:10:06
1 Month Left For The HTroop Dedicated Server
Post by:
11-10-2016, 04:10:06
I just wanted everyone to know that it took me a lot of time to get to the point where I could actually afford to use some of my spending money to rent a dedicated server to run HTroop v1.0b8. I thought that it'd be up for a year, but I could only afford 3 months. So, I only have roughly, another month left to get players on there, playing at the same time, testing out everything that HTroop has to offer. I promise to release something soon, describing more in depth, what HTroop v1.0b8 is, and why it is not like other mods you've played. How else could I have gotten 12 mods to work in unison? So, if you are interested in giving it a try, as I have done many a time, trying out and playing on various servers for bf1942 vanilla & modded, please do so now. Unless I actually get players starting to try it out online, and playtest a bit for the mod, review it, post it, something, the 14 years of creation for the entertainment of others, and all those playtesters work before you, would be for nought. Please join me in playing HTroop v1.0b8, by registering for free at my forum, which will go down with the server (most likely). Once registered, I will activate your account, at which time, you may login, see the downloads link, click it, and be redirected to the downloads page. On the downloads page, you will find installation instructions and notes, as well as the IP & Port for the server (which is listed on the new master list). The address is: htroop.hootsclan.com
Thank You Everyone who has and plans to play on the dedicated server with one another. Thank you and everyone else, for putting up with my promotions of HTroop v1.0b8 and the Dedicated Server.
Professor Smith
Grand Admiral
Simple Machines


text:
Buried bombs outside Cairo University kill top police official
Bomb blasts Wednesday near Cairo University killed a brigadier general and wounded five other people, resurrecting fears that a violent campaign against government forces will grow as Egypt approaches presidential elections.
Ajnad Misr, or Soldiers of Egypt, a relatively new jihadist group that's carried out a number of attacks on police officials in Cairo, claimed responsibility for the three explosions, one of which claimed the life of Brig. Gen. Tareq el-Margawy. The group, which has Facebook and Twitter pages, calls members of the security forces "criminals" and has said it works to spare civilians. It largely succeeded Wednesday; most of the wounded were police officers.
According to Interior Ministry statistics, roughly 500 police officers have been killed since July 3, when the country's military, led by then-Defense Minister Field Marshal Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi, ousted President Mohammed Morsi. A harsh crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood, through which Morsi rose to prominence, has killed thousands of Morsi supporters in the same period. An estimated 16,000 people accused of sympathizing with the Brotherhood have been jailed.
In a statement posted hours after the attack, Ajnad Misr said it had targeted el-Margawy because of his role in the violent clearing of one of two sit-ins in support of Morsi on Aug. 14, the bloodiest day in the crackdown, when more than 1,100 people were killed.
The group's statement said el-Margawy "was well known for killing innocent people and taking part in Nahda massacre," a reference to one of the sit-ins. The other, better-known sit-in was in Cairo's Rabaa district.
The group also said it was angry about the police's increased arrests and assaults on women and young people. "We are honored to dedicate the attack to them," the statement read. "We promise that we will not rest as long as one of you is held."
The location of two of the bombs – buried in a hole directly in front of a police outpost at Cairo University – suggested that the government's grip on security is tenuous at best. A third bomb wounded no one; Ajnad Misr said that was because its detonation was delayed until civilians had left the area.
The twin bombs at the police outpost were detonated one right after the other at around noon, apparently by remote control. They left a deep crater in front of the outpost. The third bomb went off about an hour later in front of the university's main entrance, long after the area had been cleared of passers-by.
The three explosions scattered debris across a wide area, including shards of glass from the police outpost, bits of a damaged car parked in front of the outpost and pieces of a wooden chair.
The explosions reinforced fears that el-Sissi's decision to run for president in the May 25-26 election, which he announced last week, would lead to greater violence in this deeply polarized nation. Many hold el-Sissi responsible for Morsi's demise. The result has been a tit-for-tat battle between insurgents and government forces.
The bombings also revealed growing dissatisfaction at the government's inability to halt the attacks on police. Interior Minister Mohammed Ibrahim, who was appointed by Morsi and survived his ouster, was a special target for insult.
"If he had any feelings he would resign," Sameh el-Masry, 40, an automotive engineer, yelled as he passed by the scene, referring to Ibrahim. El-Masry ticked off the places of other attacks. "How many police headquarters were attacked in the exact same way, Northern Sinai, Cairo, Daqahlyya?"
"We are stuck in between the Muslim Brotherhood and the leaders of the police," el-Masry said.
Ismail is a McClatchy special correspondent. Nancy A. Youssef contributed to this report.
Visit the McClatchy Washington Bureau at www.mcclatchydc.com


text:
The Department of Public Safety has announced a proposal to update the Maine Uniform Building and Energy Code (MUBEC) on or around
October 1, 2016 December 1, 2016 January 2017 TBD. Pending the results of the public hearing and final review processes, the state has proposed to adopt the 2015 IECC / ASHRAE 90.1-2013 for commercial buildings, as well as ASHRAE 62.1-2013, as mandatory codes under MUBEC. While the proposed update retains the current 2009 IECC for residential buildings, blower door testing with a limit of 5 ACH-50 (July 2017), increased wall insulation (January 2018), and mandatory whole house ventilation (July 2018) provisions would be phased into effect and ASHRAE 62.2-2013 would be adopted as a voluntary standard. UPDATE: As of June 7, 2017, all energy code updates have been removed from this proposal. A public hearing date is expected soon.
NEW: Two code rollback bills plus one additional energy code related bill were introduced this session:
- LD 1392 / HP 966 , originally filed as LR 308, would increase the minimum municipal population that triggers mandatory enforcement of MUBEC from 4,000 to 10,000 residents
- UPDATE: This bill is dead as of June 7, 2017.
- LR 1931 would allow municipalities to opt out of enforcing MUBEC
- LR 1456 would amend the laws governing the MUBEC


text:
Saturday, November 12, 2011
The Problem With Google Reader
The problem is that it took at least two sessions to pile up these numbers, one in the morning and one in the evening. For the previous three days, however, only 100 to 108 posts were were in the reader when I opened it for a single reading session each evening.
It appears that Google Reader is dropping posts shortly after the number of posts reaches the 100 mark. I cannot just split up my reading, since during the workweek I have no time to do any reading before I leave for work. I'll check again Monday to see whether the evening number is still near the 100 mark.
I checked my settings to see whether there was any limit on the number of unread posts, but I cannot find anything that seems to be relevant to my problem.
There may also be a backlog problem; see Amy Coffin's comment to the post below.
Has anyone had a problem like this with Google Reader?
8 comments:
Greta, I for some reason, and I will NOT question why, do not seem to be having the issue with the numbers either. The reader from the dashboard does not tell me how many unread, but the reader from iGoogle home page DOES and I will not admit to how many are there, let's just say it is more than the highest number they show on that page. I never dump any, I just let them roll down if I don't read them.ReplyDelete
Thing I do like about reader on iGoogle home page is that if I click to read the post, it shows it ALL, including photos, and I can click from there into the actual blog if I want to leave a comment.
But the limits you seem to be experiencing just do not seem right to me.
Just to check, I went to Reader proper, and it shows the same number of unread, the max with a little + sign.
Not sure what it all means, cept something is rotten in the state of Greta's Blog rolls. SIGHHH
Carol - Based on what you have written here, I have added Reader to my iGoogle home page. I will see on Monday if that gives me the right numbers. Thanks!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 3:17 PM
Greta, Mine isn't dropping after 100 - I have over 1,000 unread in Reader right now! The only thing that's difficult for me with the new format is you can't find your starred items as easy as before.ReplyDelete
Greta, I use Google Reader thru my iGoogle page also and was not able to get to it yesterday. This morning I had 226, so none had evidently been dropped.ReplyDelete
Greta, I have not been having the same problem as you.ReplyDelete
However, several days ago the problem I was having was that the Reader was not marking post as read. So the next time I would open up Google Reader, I would see the same posts I had already read along with the new ones.
Kind of the opposite problem as yours. My solution was to throw up my hands and hope it would go away. It did after a few days.
Not laughing in Arizona.
Donna - The format is definitely a pain!ReplyDelete
Becky - I'm trying to figure out if I have done something to cause the posts to drop. I didn't used to have Google Reader on my iGoogle page. I'm going to look tomorrow to see whether the trend continues.
Michelle - I have had the "not marking read posts as read," too. So frustrated!
While I was on the road last week my Google Reader number climbed to over 900 so I'm not having a maximum # problem. I do not import the blogs I follow into Google Reader. Several months ago I wanted to sort my blog reading into folders and couldn't get that to work with importing them so I added each blog individually to Google Reader. Don't know if that is why I'm not having a problem or not.ReplyDelete
Ah, Linda, I am longing for the old days when my numbers were that high. Unfortunately, when I came home tonight, I got a lower-end number - 84. So posts are definitely being dropped/counted read/not counted/whatever. I guess I'll replace my morning newspaper with Google Reader.ReplyDelete


text:
Forum: Ramsey Case Library
Reference Materials (e.g., Links, Transcripts, Evidence Files, Media Library, Etc.)
Sub-Forums Threads / Posts Last Post
Relevant transcripts from television, radio, internet, and print interviews about the Ramsey murder case
Forum Actions:
Forum Statistics:
- Threads: 25
- Posts: 68
Last Post:
Newseum Ramsey Interview (J...by
July 3, 2014, 5:38 am, Thu Jul 3 5:38:29 UTC 2014
Evidence (ransom note, red herrings, case and trial exhibits, photographs and layout of Ramsey Boulder house, autopsy information, etc.)
Forum Actions:
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- Threads: 21
- Posts: 252
Last Post:by
August 21, 2019, 4:35 pm, Wed Aug 21 16:35:02 UTC 2019
Sneek Preview of Chapter 1 of Tom Miller's Book Guaranteed To Tick Off Lin Wood
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- Posts: 64
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Announcing Tom Miller's New...by
August 13, 2007, 10:46 am, Mon Aug 13 10:46:53 UTC 2007
Read all about Michael Tracey's lack of ethics, his pro-Ramsey documentaries full of lies including the persecution of innocent people, and his involvement with bringing about the Lacy and JMK fiasco.
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- Threads: 13
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Has Anyone Heard From Michael...by
January 29, 2013, 6:15 am, Tue Jan 29 6:15:43 UTC 2013
Contained in these threads is the story of a witch-hunt involving an innocent man and his family. The ones who perpetrated this fraud have gone unpunished while the target of their lies continues his battle to clear his name.
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- Posts: 290
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February 7, 2013, 2:48 am, Thu Feb 7 2:48:44 UTC 2013