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HTS Theological Studies
versão On-line ISSN 2072-8050
versão impressa ISSN 0259-9422
Herv. teol. stud. vol.68 no.1 Pretoria Jan. 2012
Gillian P. Williams; Magdel le Roux
Department of Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies, University of South Africa
This article investigates the 'illness' of King Saul (as narrated in the Old Testament). The 'anti-Saul narrative' states that 'God's spirit had left Saul' and 'an evil one had taken its place' (1 Sm 16:14; also cf. e.g. of his behaviour in 1 Sm 19:24; 1 Sm 18:28-29). The latter years of Saul's reign were marred by his pre-occupation with David's growing popularity. He eventually became mentally unstable and suspected everyone of plotting against him. Saul's battle against the Ammonites, as well as his last battle against the Philistines at Mount Gilboa, was fraught with difficulty. It is postulated that Saul experienced epileptic-like fits and assumedly suffered from some kind of 'depression' as a result of post-traumatic stress disorder (cf. 1 Sm 18:9; 1 Sm 18:28, 29; 1 Sm 19:24). This was possibly exacerbated by the enemy herem principle. Talmudic and other perspectives were also provided in the article where possible.
According to the Old Testament narrative, King Saul, the first king of Israel,1 who reigned in Jerusalem from c.1029-1005 BCE (Oded 2007:78) was the son of the wealthy and influential Kish from the tribe of Benjamin (1 Sm 9:1). An enigmatic figure, he was chosen by God to be the first King of Israel in response to the people's request (1 Sm 8:5), although this was contrary to the old theocratic ideal that God alone was King of Israel (1 Sm 8:22). Saul's kingdom was a confederacy of states rather than a united kingdom, with their capital at Gibeah, 6 km north of Jerusalem (Boshoff, Scheffler & Spangenberg 2000:77). Myers (1962a:232) is convinced that Saul's supporters were the tribes of Benjamin, Ephraim and Manasseh (2 Sm 2:8-9). It is tragic that, according to the narrative, Saul's son, Ishbosheth, was later murdered by two of his own kinsmen - Baanah and Rechab (2 Sm 4:7).
An examination of the description of the period of Saul's rule in 1 Samuel discloses a complex literary situation (Amit 2000a:171; cf. Dell 2008:80-83). Apparently, two versions of Saul's life are combined in the book of Samuel - one pro-Saul and the other anti-Saul.2 The pro-Saul version, probably written first (Boshoff et al. 2000:82), was in favour of the monarch, believing that he was a brave and humane king who was later rejected by God (1 Sm 15:26) in favour of another (1 Sm 15:28) and that one of his sons should reign after him. Ishbosheth, the sole survivor of the battle of Mount Gilboa, did reign (Boshoff et al. 2000:82), but was assassinated, as mentioned above. Carson et al. (1995:306, 308) believe that Saul was appointed king because Israel needed a strong and united government that would be able to maintain security throughout the kingdom.
Saul's military talent was evident when he received God's support and, according to the narrative, re-assembled the Israelite tribes to crush the Ammonites (1 Sm 11:11; according to the pro-Saul version). Saul fought many battles - against the Moabites, the Edomites and kings of Zobah, but the Philistines were his greatest challenge and posed the most serious and constant threat to Israel. The pro-Saul camp believe that Saul was regarded as a sort of charismatic prophet or judge-king by his people (1 Sm 10:11; Boshoff et al. 2000:83; cf. Siegman 1967:1096; Bright 1972:185; Amit 2000a:171-175).
During the last years that Saul was on the throne, he was very pre-occupied with David's increasing fame which severely depressed him (1 Sm 18:9, 28, 29; Carson et al. 1995:314). The anti-Saul narrative stated that Saul had lost God's spirit and an evil one had replaced it (1 Sm 16:14; also cf. e.g. of his behaviour in 1 Sm 19:24). He eventually became mentally unstable and suspected everyone of plotting against him (Siegman 1967:1096). Saul's last battle against the Philistines at Mount Gilboa was fraught with difficulty (1 Sm 28). The distinction between the two spirits, 'the spirit of the Lord' and 'the evil spirit from the Lord' supports the explicit positions in the polemic (Amit 2000a:172). The reader of this text needs to distinguish between the Saul who is good in the eyes of the Lord and the one who, as a result of his behaviour, has lost favour.
The purpose of this article is not to provide an intensive exegesis of the different passages, neither is it to determine the historicity of the Saul narratives. Rather, its aim is to contribute towards the understanding of the possible cause of the 'condition' (or 'bad behaviour') of Saul as suggested in 1 Samuel.
It is suggested by some scholars that Saul suffered from 'depression' or 'heaviness of heart' as a result of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and many other reasons. Others describe Saul's behaviour as it manifests in 1 Samuel 19:23, 24, as epileptic-like fits, possibly exacerbated by the enemy herem principle. Saul's strange behaviour in some cases could also be as a result of a tumour in his brain or on his cranium. A few possibilities will be examined to determine the most likely cause of Saul's sometimes strange behaviour and a multi-disciplinary approach will be applied to this study throughout.
Saul's mental state
Saul's 'epileptic-like fits'
Epilepsy is defined as 'a neurological disorder involving recurring temporary loss of consciousness with or without convulsions, muscular spasms or automatic movements' (Coulson et al. 1980:282). During an attack the patient often falls down (Anderson [1968]:385), shouts or cries out (cf. 1 Sm 19:23), becomes unconscious and falls to the floor, whilst the body goes into severe muscular spasms. The patient usually sleeps for several hours afterwards (1 Sm 19:24). Anderson ([1968]:385) states that the cause of epilepsy is unknown but he is certain that it is the abnormal discharge of electrical currents in the brain. Berkow and Talbot (1977:1404) maintain that it is caused by birth trauma or a metabolic disorder. Brain tumours, whether benign or cancerous, can also cause epileptic-type seizures in all patients (Simon 2006).
Rosner (1978:299), a doctor and medical historian, suggests that Saul 'may have had frequent epileptic seizures', which are also termed 'convulsive disorders' (Berkow & Talbott 1977:1404). He justifies his viewpoint with reference to 1 Samuel 19:24: Saul had followed the messengers to Naioth. 'And he also stripped off his clothes and he also prophesied before Samuel, and lay down naked all that day and all that night ...' (1 Sm 19:24). Carson et al. (1995:315) understand the word 'prophesy' to mean 'an abnormal trance-like state', which concurs with the views of Rosner (1978:229).
If Saul (as described in the biblical narrative) had some kind of epilepsy it is possible that such a condition may have been caused by a brain tumour or a tumour on or inside his cranium. The description of his behaviour in 1 Samuel 19:24 is, to a certain extent, reminiscent of an epileptic fit. However, it is perplexing that Saul ruled for about 34 years, yet he only suffered one such episode (as depicted in the Bible). If this character had been suffering from a brain tumour, he would have had many more such episodes with the progression of the disease (Berkow & Talbott 1977:1437-1438).
Saul's 'depression' and 'post-traumatic stress disorder'
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)3 is the name given to a psychiatric disorder caused by partaking in, or experiencing, traumatic events. The symptoms, according to Young (1988:203), would include: images and nightmares of the trauma as the original event is 're-played', depression and anxiety, insomnia and waking up at night screaming.
Young (1988:204) explains that events which cause severe trauma are usually those acts which are contrary to good or sound morals. During combat, troops fight for their lives and kill the enemy in a sort of 'autopilot mode' without internalising the seriousness of their acts, enabling a numbness of moral responsibility to set in at that time (Young 1988:208). Examples of this would be the slaughter of innocent women and children in a combat situation, which Saul was commanded by God to carry out (1 Sm 11:6-11). He also witnessed King Agag of the Amalekites being hacked to pieces by the prophet Samuel (1 Sm 15:33). Young does not mention King Saul at all, but when the principles of PTSD are being applied to assess Saul's condition according to his stress situations (as they appear in 1 Samuel), the application appears to be relevant to Saul's situation.
The passage of 1 Samuel 16:14 makes it clear that Saul was at times possessed by 'an evil spirit sent by God' which was 'tormenting' him (as displayed by the anti-Saul version). However, it is possible that mental images of the original trauma were re-playing in his mind at times. According to Sanford (1985:61-62), Saul suffered from depression; his servants suggested music therapy administered by the harpist, David (1 Sm 16:16), which seemed beneficial (1 Sm 16:23). The 'evil spirit' from God that troubled Saul (according to the anti-Saul version) and his attempt to kill David by throwing a spear at him, also indicate that the king was very irritable and prone to displays of aggression (1 Sm 18:10-12). His paranoia indicates that he suffered from delusional thoughts, a symptom common to most manic patients (Ben-Noun 2003:274). Ben-Noun (2003:274) believes that David ministered music therapy to Saul at night because of the king's insomnia (1 Sm 16:23). He is also of the opinion that the king's apparent depression with characteristic insomnia, feelings of worthlessness (1 Sm 18:28-29), indecisive behaviour (his dependence on Samuel) and paranoia complex (1 Sm 18:9), indicate that his condition eventually developed into a psychosis as a result of his troubled relationship with David (Ben-Noun 2003:275). Saul felt threatened by David, and with good reason, because by that time, David, unbeknown to Saul, was already the new king-in-waiting (1 Sm 16:13). Perhaps Saul was far more perceptive than anyone had ever realised!
The other classic symptoms of PTSD - the nightmares and waking up screaming - are not mentioned in the Old Testament. However, it is mentioned that Saul flew into jealous rages and ranted (1 Sm 18:10) and although the Bible does not mention at what time of day or frequency this took place, it could well be regarded as part of his possible PTSD.
As stated above, King Saul's PTSD was most probably exacerbated by the ancient Israelite's adherence to the principle of herem.4 This principle is translated as 'forfeited property' (Alcalay 1990:826), where forbidden people or things are sacrificed to God. Greenberg (2007:10) maintains that the category of herem applicable in this case is Israelites who worship other gods. This would include groups or individuals, their idols and objects of worship. The total destruction of the enemy was regarded as an act of homage to God, whilst the Israelite troops were merely God's assistants (Jdg 5:23). Dunn and Rogerson (2003:224) agree that this sacrifice was regarded as a type of burnt offering to God because it usually took the form of a conflagration destroying the entire population, their livestock, crops and dwellings.5 Greenberg (2007:11), though, is convinced that there are too few incidents to state that herem was a general rule of ancient Israelite warfare.
The lives of most people in ancient times were very stressful, especially those of kings, who were expected to judge (2 Sm 15:2), rule in a morally correct way (2 Sm 23:3), obey the law (1 Ki 2:3), formulate law (Dn 3:29), and declare war and give pardon (1 Sm 11:5-11; 2 Sm 14:1-11). Most of 1 Samuel narrates Saul's gradual mental decline, including Saul's later symptoms of re-active depression, paranoia, hysteria, violence and mood swings (Young 1988:196). Because Saul had witnessed atrocities in battle, possibly even been part of them, the chances are that he had suffered from PTSD. The attack on the Amalekites in the city of Amalek, where Saul was instructed by God to annihilate an entire people, their possessions and livestock (1 Sm 15:3), comes to mind as an example of one such trauma.
Biblical perspectives on the life of Saul
Saul's condition and the stress of his royal responsibilities
Besides the traumas of war, one cannot help but wonder whether Saul really wanted to become king. He was not ambitious - he was appointed by God without a choice in the matter (Carson et al. 1995:305). The way he hid behind the supplies at Mizpah (1 Sm 10:22) is clearly part of the anti-Saul narrative, which caused some to question his willingness to reign (1 Sm 10:27). Dunn and Rogerson (2003:219) are unsure whether Saul's hiding demonstrates mere modesty or a character flaw. Sanford (1985:26-27), however, believes that Saul was ego-centric and had run away from a situation which he perceived was a threat to him; he was too insecure within himself to handle the heavy responsibilities of kingship. Green (2003:43), a Biblical historian, agrees with this point of view and observes that Saul was uncomfortable and hesitant. This was borne out by the fact that after being proclaimed king at Mizpah, Saul returned home. Carson et al. (1995:307) maintain that everyone went home, including Saul, who was, for a time, dependent on his farm for a living because a taxation system was not yet in place at the beginning of the monarchy. Green (2003:40), on the other hand, feels that this was done to escape his royal responsibilities.
The narratives in the Old Testament tell us how the spirit of God boosted Saul's kingly self-confidence and enabled the real royal personality of Saul to manifest, replacing all his insecurities (Sanford 1985:30) in such a way that he led Israel to victory (1 Sm 11:11) against the Ammonites (1 Sm 11:4) and the Philistines. Dunn and Rogerson (2003:220) refer to this as a 'God - Saul transfer' which won the day (this was most probably written by the pro-Saul supporters).
The relationship between Saul and the prophet Samuel
The relationship between Saul and the prophet Samuel was a difficult one (Carson et al. 1995:310). Samuel had promised to meet Saul at Gilgal to perform a sacrifice prior to the battle at Michmash (1 Sm 13:8). As the prophet was late in arriving and Saul's troops were deserting, the king performed the sacrifice himself (1 Sm 13:9). This 'error of judgement', which was 'not intentional' and under no circumstance accompanied by 'even the slightest hint of challenging of authority', and which could not thereafter be corrected, creates a feeling of compassion towards the tragic hero (Amit 2000a:174). Samuel, who appeared soon afterwards, was furious, saying 'your kingdom shall not continue' (1 Sm 13:14). Oded (2007:79) maintains that the prophet may have regarded Saul's action as an attempt to usurp his own ritual power. There was no clear separation between political and religious leaders during this period and Saul was regarded as the bridge in Israel's transition from judge-rule to king-rule (Myers 1962b:231). According to Oded (2007:79), this was the main reason for the clashes between the two.
Samuel was opposed to kingship; he regarded God as his only king because his own mother, Hannah, had dedicated him to God in answer to her prayer for a child (1 Sm 1:27). Although the people demanded a king (1 Sm 12:3, 18), Samuel was still determined to continue to wield power over Israel through Saul (1 Sm 12:22-25; cf. Oded 2007:79). Green (2003:46) emphasises that there was no kingly mentor from whom Saul could learn. If Saul had been supported by a more sympathetic prophet such as Nathan, his story may have been a more positive one (Myers 1962a:232; cf. Boshoff et al. 2000:77).
The love-hate relationship between Saul and David
The love-hate relationship that Saul experienced with David warrants some attention. At first Saul welcomed David into his domain: initially as a musician to heal his dark moods - and grew very fond of him in the process (1 Sm 16:21-23) - then, as a champion 'giant-killer', he joined Saul's army (1 Sm 17:51; 18:5). Saul became very jealous of David's fame and feared that he would become the next king (1 Sm 18:9). 'But when Saul saw and knew that the Lord was with David ... Saul was still more afraid of David. So Saul was David's enemy continually' (1 Sm 18:28-29). From this stage onward there begins a long period of suffering, during which Saul behaves like a man pursued, suspecting those who are closest to him. At about that time, Samuel had secretly anointed David as the next king. Although his act had been sanctioned by God, it was still fraught with treason and deceit; Samuel had to ensure that Saul never found out (1 Sm 16:1-13; Carson et al. 1995:313; Amit 2000a:175). Clearly these chapters were penned by the anti-Saul narrators.
Saul and the medium at Endor
Because God had not answered his pleas for help and guidance before the battle, Saul then committed an 'unthinkable act' - he consulted a medium at Endor, contravening his own edicts in the process for he had banished all soothsayers from Israel (1 Sm 28:9). The medium got in touch with the spirit of the dead Samuel, who was angry at being disturbed (1 Sm 28:15-16). Samuel's message to Saul was that both he and his sons would die during the battle and Israel would be defeated.6 This was confirmation of Saul's worst anxieties (1 Sm 28:19), which could explain his 'heroic' suicide, (so called by the pro-Saul authors), before his inevitable capture at Mount Gilboa. He did not want his body to be dishonoured by the Philistines, his enemies (1 Sm 31:4).
It is ironic that, in his despair, Saul broke the law by consulting a banned medium. Sorcery, which included soothsaying, divining, necromancy and casting spells, was contrary to God's holy law (Rosner 2000:287; Dt 18:9-14). Witchcraft was outlawed and those found guilty were killed (Ex 22:18). This incident merely confirms Saul's depressed state of mind at his rejection by God (Carson et al. 1995:319; Dunn & Rogerson 2003:228). Saul was convinced that he saw Samuel and heard what he most feared - that he was doomed to die7 (1 Sm 28:19; Carson et al. 1995:319; cf. Dunn & Rogerson 2003:228). However, Rosner's (1978:313) view is that Saul did not actually see the ghost of Samuel at Endor, but presumed it was the old prophet from the description of his garb as provided by the medium.
Saul's fear of capture by the Philistines during his final battle was justified. He fell on his sword and committed suicide (1 Sm 31:5) rather than be taken prisoner and humiliated by the Philistines (1 Sm 31:4 - pro-Saul version; Boshoff et al. 2000:83). Rosner (1978:312) finds Saul's behaviour understandable in view of the emotive circumstances. Nevertheless, it is uncertain why Saul's bones were burnt; Carson et al. (1995:320) suggest that it was meant to honour the bodies of the king and his sons and to prevent abuse of them at the hands of the Philistine victors (1 Sm 31:9-10 - pro-Saul version?). Dunn and Rogerson (2003:229), however, believe that this passage is part of the anti-Saul narrative because burning was regarded as desecration of the body.
Possible remedies during biblical times
Sanford (1985:65) notes that the king's courtiers did not summon a doctor to treat Saul's illness, although there must have been well-trained physicians in Israel as there were in Greece, for instance. Yet, no mention is made of herbalists or herbal medications. The reason for this was that the prophets, who had a special relationship with God, were spiritual leaders not healers and regarded illnesses as coming from God - healing also would come only from God through prayer (Sanford 1985:66).
No medication is mentioned in the Old Testament to combat a condition similar to depression, only indirect avoidance techniques, such as seeking out the positive (Dt 26:11), laughter (Dt 28:47) and counting one's blessings (Ps 2:11), were recommended. If one can accept that Saul suffered from depression and some kind of epilepsy, the following could have been prescribed as possible treatments for both during biblical times:
Germer (1993:35) mentions that frankincense (Boswelia serrata) was used during biblical times to ward off evil spirits. Saul may have received this remedy because he was, according to some authors of the Old Testament narratives, 'possessed by an evil spirit', which we would recognise as depression or something similar.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) rind was regarded as a very important aid in warding off the demons that caused sickness and disease. The tree was even held to be sacred because no demon would come near it (Harrison 1966:27). However, there is no indication that it was used in Saul's case.
Sigerist (cited in Powell 1993:53) believes that magical incantations, the power of suggestion and the patient's religious beliefs were used to induce them into a receptive frame of mind so that the body could stimulate its own healing mechanisms.
Originally cultivated in Assyria and found in Israel, laurel or sweet bay (Laurus nobilis) seed was used as an antidote for seizures (possibly epileptic). The leaves and fruit were believed to have narcotic properties (Jacob 1993:40). Pliny the Elder is in agreement with this view (Jacob 1993:41).
Archaeological perspectives
There are few archaeological skeletal remains available in Israel because Jewish religious law (halakhah) views the grave of a deceased as sacred and any skeletal remains discovered in the course of an archaeological dig have to be re-buried as fast as possible (Greeff 2005:84). This religious belief unfortunately does not encourage scientific examination of any remains found (Greeff 2005:85) because the type of testing that can be performed on such remains is also restricted (2005:84). Autopsies were similarly forbidden by the Talmud as they would dishonour the deceased (Talmud - Baba Bathra 155b; cf. Rosner 2000:35; Dell 2008:87-88).8
Talmudic prespectives on Saul
Although the Talmudic9 sages were very pro-Saul, there is surprisingly little Talmudic material available on Saul's 'condition'. Rosner (2000:115) believes that Saul may have suffered from epilepsy10 based on the words 'fallen down' in 1 Samuel 19:24. Moses Maimonides (cited in Rosner 2000:184) interprets this as referring to kordiakos11 , as discussed in the Mishnah when a man suffering from delirium requests a bill of divorce for his wife (Mishnah - Gittin 7:1). If Saul had been an epileptic (nikpheh - literally meaning 'one who writhes' - Rosner 1978:300), then the rabbis believed that his disorder may have been caused by: indecent behaviour during cohabitation (the nature of which is not clarified), or standing naked in front of a lit lamp. Cohabitation by lamplight would also result in an epileptic child, and the same applied when a child younger than one year lay at the foot of the cohabitants (Talmud - Pesachim 112b), whilst cohabitation immediately after defecation (Talmud - Gittin 70a) and blood-letting also resulted in the birth of a child afflicted with epilepsy (Midrash - Leviticus Rabbah 16:1). There is no mention in the Talmud that Saul suffered from melancholy12 , although remedies were prescribed for this condition.
A decoction of Wild rue (Ruta graveolens) plant was recommended by Dioscorides13 (3:52) for epilepsy. This plant is native to the Mediterranean region and Daniel (2006:77) also documents its modern anti-epileptic use (cf. 1984:270). The seeds of the Chaste Tree (Agnes castus vitex; Dioscorides 1:135) would be applied to the body generally as a poultice with oil and vinegar to remedy epilepsy. Chiej (1984:157) believes that a branch of the Chaste Tree would be hung over a doorway to discourage evil spirits in ancient times but provides no further information in this regard.
A Midrashic remedy for epilepsy would include being cared for by a suitable physician (Leviticus Rabbah 26:5). The Talmud refers to depression as 'melancholy' or 'heaviness of heart' and the sages said that this problem would be treated by eating three barley cakes topped with a Persian milk sauce (Talmud - Gittin 69a) or consuming dates (Talmud - Kethuboth 10b). The use of amulets for healing was also permitted according to halakhah (Jewish religious law), as long as idolatry was not involved. Wearing the image of a pagan god was prohibited, although it was regarded as superstitious, rather than heretical, if the patient believed that it was therapeutic (Rosner 1978:147). The rabbis recommended the use of 'approved'14 amulets for medical purposes to ward off or to treat epileptic fits, although they could not be displayed in the street because that was forbidden as idolatry (Talmud - Shabbath 61a). Those worn around the neck had to be hidden underneath the clothing of the patient. Two types were permitted: an amulet consisting of parchment with words of the Torah written across it, or an amulet of herbs, as is the practice in African cultures today.
The story of Saul as portrayed in the pages of the Old Testament is a complex one. It is difficult to give an objective opinion, if at all, on Saul's condition because the narrative is fraught with the subjective tension between the pro-Saul and anti-Saul camps. If an unbiased view can be gleaned from the polarised writings, it would be that Saul was king for about 34 years and that he fulfilled the peoples' need for a king to stand up for them against the Amalekite, Ammonite and Philistine threats (Oded 2007:78). Most of his reign was characterised by freedom from conscription and taxation. At Gilgal (1 Sm 11:12-13) 'he was again proclaimed king and portrayed as a magnanimous person who spared the life of his foes' (Scheffler 2001:67). War was fought by volunteers and funds were made available by donations received (Siegman 1967:1096). His reign was largely burdened with war stress and the defences of his territory.
The personality and power clash between Saul and Samuel can be explained by the probability that there was, in those times, no clear separation between 'church and state'. Saul's relationship with his son-in-law that 'he loved to hate', was difficult and it contributed to his deteriorating mental health. As such, he vented his rage onto David.
Although reluctant to rule (1 Sm 10:22), Saul won many battles and was more humane towards his enemies than many others of his time. He was a free spirit who did not accept Samuel's brutality in killing King Agag. Apparently, Saul did not seem to think and react in the way that kings of his day were expected to.
The Saul narrative clearly displays his humaneness as well as his errors of judgement. His paranoia regarding David's kingly ambitions may have initially been absurd but there must have been an intuitive side to Saul, as his fears proved to be well founded - God had indeed chosen another king, leaving Saul on the throne until 'his time was up', seemly sidelining him until his death. The incident with the spirit medium at Endor was born out of desperation. It is almost as if Saul expected confirmation that he would not win the battle of Mount Gilboa. Perhaps, in Saul's case, it was a matter of living with so much fear and negativity that his anxieties eventually became his reality and, as such, it is not surprising that he took his own life. To a certain extent Saul's suicide could be justified under the circumstances.
Unlike the Old Testament, the Talmud mentions epilepsy in some detail, as well as its many causes and treatments, but there is no mention of King Saul ever suffering from it. Some rabbis recommended the care of a physician (Midrash - Leviticus Rabbah 26:5), whilst others preferred the use of amulets because it was efficacious practice (Talmud - Shabbath 61a; cf. Rosner 1978:147). The Talmud also acknowledges depression but refers to it either as 'melancholy' or 'heaviness of heart' for which the sages prescribed treatments. However, there is no indication in the Talmud that Saul was inflicted with this problem.
Archaeological evidence of skulls manifesting tumours is very sparse in Israel on account of the strict laws of halakhah, which requires that any skeletal discoveries be reburied hastily to avoid desecrating the grave. Unfortunately, this procedure does not favour acquisition of new archaeological knowledge and only certain tests can be performed on the human remains. It is very difficult in Israel for 'science' and 'religion' to co-operate in this discipline and, as such, the subject is a very contentious one.
Rosner (1978:311) is not certain that Saul suffered from a mental illness at all. His opinion is that the king was simply overwrought and terribly stressed by various events in his kingdom, particularly the guerrilla warfare with his neighbours, the Philistines; when he tried to prevent his army from deserting, he was upbraided by Samuel. He knew that his days as king were numbered, that his kingdom would be given to another and he was rejected by both Samuel and God and humiliated before his people. The Old Testament mentions symptoms which could be described as an epileptic fit (1 Sm 19:23-24), but there is mention of only one such possible episode. If he had many attacks, the Bible does not document this, nor does it mention whether Saul had any pre-existing disorders before becoming king.
It might be reasonable to conclude that Saul's mysterious malady was most likely 'depression', which was initially brought on by PTSD and was especially exacerbated by Samuel's bloody execution of King Agag (in strict compliance of the enemy herem principle) after the battle against the Amalekites.
I would like to thank the University of South Africa for the study bursary that enabled me to write the dissertation from which this article is an extract, as well as Prof. M. le Roux for her valuable assistance.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationship(s) which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.
Authors' contributions
This article was written by G.P.W. (University of South Africa) with meaningful and concise contributions throughout the text by M.l.R. (University of South Africa).
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Harrison, R.H., 1966, Healing herbs of the bible, Brill, Leiden. [ Links ]
Jacob, W., 1993, 'Medicinal plants of the Bible: Another view', in I. Jacob & W. Jacob (eds.), The healing past: Pharmaceuticals in the biblical and Rabbinic world, pp. 27-45, Brill, Leiden. [ Links ]
Knoppers, G.N., 2006, 'Israel's first king and the Kingdom of YHWH in the hands of the sons of David: The place of the Saulide Monarchy in the Chronicler's historiography', in C.S. Ehrlich & M.C. White (eds.), Saul and Saul's story in tradition, pp. 187-213, Mohr-Siebeck, Tubingen. [ Links ]
Myers, J.M. 1962a, s.v. 'Saul - An estimate of Saul and his kingdom', in G.A. Buttrick, T.S. Kepler, J. Knox, H.G. May, S. Terrien & E.S. Bucke (eds.), The interpreter's dictionary of the Bible, p. 232, Abingdon, Nashville. [ Links ]
Myers, J.M., 1962b, s.v. 'Saul - Saul and Samuel', in G.A. Buttrick, T.S. Kepler, J. Knox, H.G. May, S. Terrien & E.S. Bucke (eds.), The interpreter's dictionary of the Bible, p. 231, Abingdon, Nashville. [ Links ]
Oded, B., 2007, s.v. 'Saul', in Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd edn., n.p., Keter, Jerusalem. [ Links ]
Ortner, D.J. & Putschar, G.J., 1981, Identification of paleopathological conditions in human skeletal remains, Smithsonian, Washington, DC. [ Links ]
Powell, M.A., 1993, 'Drugs and pharmaceuticals in ancient Mesopotamia', in I. Jacob & W. Jacob (eds.), The Healing past: Pharmaceuticals in the biblical and Rabbinic world, pp. 47-68, Brill, Leiden. [ Links ]
Rosner, F. (ed. & transl.), 1978, Julius Preuss' biblical and Talmudic medicine, Sanhedrin, New York. [ Links ]
Rosner, F., 2000, Encyclopaedia of medicine in the Bible and the Talmud, Jason Aronson, Northvale. [ Links ]
Sanford, J.A., 1985, King Saul, the tragic hero: A study in individuation, Paulist, New York. [ Links ]
Scheffler, E., 2001, Politics in ancient Israel, Biblia, Pretoria. [ Links ]
Siegman, E.F., 1967, s.v. 'Saul', in The Universities of Chicago, Oxford, Cambridge, London & Toronto (eds.), Encyclopaedia Britannica, p. 1096, William Benton, Chicago. [ Links ]
Simon, H., 2006, Epilepsy - An in-depth report on the types, causes, diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, viewed 22 August 2008, from http://www.vmm.edu/patiented/articles/what_causes_of_epilepsy_000044_2.htm [ Links ]
United Bible Societies, 2004, The TEV Bible: Today's English version: Good News Bible, transl. United Bible Societies, Bible Society of South Africa, Cape Town. [ Links ]
Young, A., 1988, 'Psychiatry and self in the Bible and Talmud: The example of posttraumatic stress disorder and enemy herem', Koroth 9(Special issue), 30-41. [ Links ]
Zivanovic, S., 1982, Ancient diseases: The elements of palaeopathology, transl. L.F. Edwards, Methuen, London. [ Links ]
Correspondence to:
Magdel le Roux
Postal address: 404 Portland Place, London Road
Sea Point 8005, South Africa
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Received: 05 July 2010
Accepted: 21 Apr. 2011
Published: 20 Jan. 2012
© 2012. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
1. It is not within the scope of this article to deal with the issue at stake surrounding the existence of the 'state of Israel' or surrounding the persons of Saul or David.
2. Boshoff et al. (2000:82) state that the narrative of Saul in 1 Samuel contains at least two contradictory elements. 'The earlier pro-Saul and pro-monarchic narrative appears in 1 Samuel 9:1-10:16; 11; 13-14; 31' and 'the later anti-Saul and anti-monarchic narrative appears in 1 Samuel 8; 10:17-27; 12 and 15. This was most probably because the Deuteronomist who compiled the larger narrative of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, combined the two narratives about Saul' (cf. Amit's 2000b:647-661 discussion on the significant differences of the Chronicler's presentation of King Saul, and the version in 1 Samuel & cf. Knoppers 2006:187-213).
3. The Institute for the Treatment of PTSD is part of the United States Veterans Administration Medical System and its findings were that almost all of its patients were Vietnam War veterans (Young 1988:203). The Institute's psychiatrists discovered that the veterans' emotional disorders originated because of their involvement in, or enforced observation of, war-related atrocities, such as the torture and violent killing of prisoners-of-war, civilians and their fellow Americans (Young 1988:203).
4. This means 'forbidden or to become sacred' (Greenberg 2007:10).
5. Almost similar to the so-called 'scorched earth policy' practiced by the Zulu king, Shaka, and in later times, the British during the Anglo-Boer War (Coulson et al. 1980:762).
6. Although not mentioned by Boshoff et al. (2000:83) as an anti-Saul view, these passages also depict Saul as weak and powerless.
7. This was probably part of the anti-Saul narrative, because it shows the king to be a weak and criminal character.
8. Evidence of brain tumours and other such medical conditions has been recorded in some cases where scientific examination of archaeological remains has been conducted. A simple benign bony tumour called an osteomata consists of a 'button' tumour that manifests as a small mound on the outside of the cranium on the skull and is depicted diagrammatically in Brothwell and Sandison (1967:142, Figure 54B). The remains date back to the Neolithic period. An X-ray of an adult skull excavated from Lima, Peru in 1936 displays a small tumour situated on the right side of the skull (Ortner & Putschar 1981:379). Another type of simple tumour called a compact osteoma, displays very little demarcation between the bone and the tumour itself. Some tumours of this kind, however, can appear inside the skull, where they can exert pressure on the surface of the brain leading to epilepsy (Zivanovic 1982:139).
9. Despite the fact that the Talmud is much younger than the biblical narratives, it is still valuable because it was written in order to elucidate the biblical text.
10. Also called a 'falling sickness' (Rosner 2000:184).
11. The Talmud describes this to mean 'being overcome by new wine from the vat' (Gittin 67b).
12. Described as 'habitual tendency to sadness and depression' (Coulson et al. 1980:529).
13. A physician in the Roman army during the 1st century CE.
14. An approved amulet (kemiya) was one that had healed three men simultaneously.


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Do you want to congratulate a person who is not indifferent to you, but there is no way to say it personally? Then you can be helped by a butterfly birthday wishes.
Ideas for – butterfly birthday wishes?
If you do not know what to say or how to write a butterfly birthday wishes, then we will help you. It happens that you do not know a person well but want to make him pleasant or to make it clear that you remember about him and his birthday. In this you will be congratulated on the birthday.
Ideas for butterfly birthday wishes.
If you are looking for ideas for butterfly birthday wishes, we will be happy to help you with this. On our site thousands of wishes are presented with a happy birthday.
Congratulations on butterfly birthday wishes to the boyfriend.
Also, you may need this congratulation if you plan to congratulate your boyfriend.

subset: commoncrawl


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Happy Camping in New Zealand
In order to enjoy camping in New Zealand, you need to plan properly for the trip. Bring the essentials in order to avoid getting into problems.
New Zealand is a land of contrasts: from its jagged mountains, rolling pastures, lakes and rivers—the place had been a hub for travellers, campers, skier, trampers, cyclists and walkers. If you are looking for enjoyable time outdoors, camping in New Zealand is must try. One of the most popular pastimes in the area is camping near a river. Here you can relax by listening to the running water of the river while lying under the clear sky of a quiet evening.
If you are looking for freedom and relaxation at its best, explore New Zealand with more than hundred campsites to choose from. Go pack your tent, bags, and other essentials then book that trip to New Zealand.
However, there are important rules to observe when camping in the wilderness.
Here are some of the important rules to follow:
1. Have a complete list on what to bring during your camping. Bring in the most important facilities especially if you are going into a remote area. Have a checklist especially on the food supplies.This should include the basics like bug repellents, torch or flashlights, sunscreens, knives, hats, and drinking water.
2. If you are camping during the summer period, on the months of December to early March, book in advance since most of the popular beaches and lakeside camping grounds are busy with tourists. If you want to camp in a more remote areas, "first come, first served" basis is followed, so it is important to book early.
3. Know the all the security policy and rules in the campsite.
4. Check the hazards in the area like busy roads, rivers and streams. It is important to be always prepared for changing weather.
There are many different camp sites in the country. You can have a great time getting up close and personal with nature, especially on the available national parks. You can also can drive around the coast looking for unspoiled quiet beaches and have a little piece of paradise — just outside your tent.
If you are looking to visit New Zealand - Here are some resources to help you out:
Auckland Car Hire – Snap Car Rental is a rental car company that specialises in Auckland Airport Car Hire. Some of the best rates available and based close to Auckland Airport for easy pick up and return.
Auckland Holiday Homes – Nz Holiday Homes has a large range of Houses you can rent in Auckland as well all the main areas including New Zealand's fantastic beach areas.
Wilderness – If you are looking for a Campervan Holiday in New Zealand, choose Wilderness. This is the traveler's favorite rental vehicle company.


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I have read a few answers to this sort of question already, but don't know how to do it. I had some problems with my partitioning, it seems the operating system has been somehow installed on bootcamp, not Macintosh HD.
Obviously Bootcamp is the bottom partition regardless of this and so when I decided I'd just delete the other partition and expand bootcamp I got left with about 70gb free space i can't seem to expand into.
The answer seems to be turning the free space into a new partition and going from there however, the thing I think is meant to be doing this has been saying 'modifying partition map.' for a very long time now and I don't know if it's even doing anything...?


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Police in Norwich say fire caused $100,000 in damage to all three of its police cruisers.
They said they got an emergency call at about 3 a.m. Thursday.
Norwich police requested the Vermont State Police to conduct an investigation. Fire investigators from the state police and the Division of Fire Safety responded.
Earlier reports indicated arson was suspected, but state police said in a news release that the cause of the fire is undetermined and not suspicious. The three cruisers are considered a total loss.
No injuries have been reported.


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Eye TattooText Size : [+] | [-]
Labels: angel tattoo, Eye Tatto, tattoos
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Wednesday, January 30
$18/$15 Museum Members
Bring your mats for an hour-long yoga class with Cleveland Yoga instructor Marni Task who has been teaching yoga since 1995. Marni will lead you through the poses as she weaves the story of yoga and her own Jewish heritage throughout the class. Beginners welcome! Stay to rehydrate and enjoy a nosh after class.
Part of MEET ME AT THE MALTZ – this distinguished speaker series will feature eminent speakers and performers sharing their fine arts passions with the community. Meet up with some of the most interesting personalities around Cleveland as they share how heritage has influenced their lives and careers. Informal receptions follow each event.
February 13 – Jews Rock! with Janet Macoska
February 27 – An Evening with Project Runaway's Valerie Mayen
Purchase tickets for the series $36/$30 Museum Members


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Feb 14, 2012
Are you seeing stars?
If you live in Indiana, South Dakota, Delaware, Connecticut, Utah, Alabama, Ohio, Florida and West Virginia you will be.
A gold star on your state drivers license means that you have yourself a REAL ID card.
The Real ID Act of 2005 imposed federally mandated standards for state driver's licenses.
Under REAL ID licenses are to be
This and other information is to be shared nationally and internationally. REAL ID Facts
The federal government with a little help from their friends at the Secure Driver's License Coalition are putting the squeeze on the states to comply with the federal REAL ID Act of 2005. You know, that federal mandate to create an INTERnational ID that about half of the states told the federal government that would NOT comply with.
"Heavily criticized by concerned citizens, civil liberties groups, and state government agencies, the Real ID act is opposed by over 600 organizations including the National Governors Association." Ars Technica, 2007 More state governments defy congress and reject Real ID http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2007/04/more-state-governments-defy-congress-and-reject-real-id.ars
List of states' Real ID "refusal to comply" legislation
According to the Secure Driver's License Coalition "more than half of the states are close to joining the club that is authorized to place a gold star on its driver's licenses and IDs."
Below is a recent press release by the Secure Driver's License Coalition where they go on and on about how terrible it is going to be for the poor citizens living in rogue anti-REAL ID states but here is something the Secure Driver's License Coalition won't tell you; There are not statutory limitation on the "official purposes" for which a REAL ID card can be demanded. The Secretary of Homeland Security, at his or her sole discretion can add any other purpose he or she desires without any congressional approval.
As it stands now, after the deadline(Jan 15, 2013) is up for states to have implemented REAL ID, we will be required to show our "gold star" cards to fly on a commercial airline, enter a federal building or a nuclear facility but the DHS secretary could decide that the card is required to purchase a firearm or the get healthcare if the Sec. so desired.
Gold Stars Appear, as States Have Less Than One Year to Meet Federal REAL ID Standards for Secure Driver's Licenses and IDs
WASHINGTON, Jan. 30, 2012 /PRNewswire via COMTEX/ — Airport security screeners are beginning to see stars. That is, they are beginning to see driver's licenses with gold stars, issued by states which have been certified by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as compliant with federal REAL ID standards. Those states include Indiana, South Dakota, Delaware, Connecticut, Utah, Alabama, Ohio, Florida and West Virginia.
n 2008, the Department of Homeland Security issued a final rule establishing federal security standards for the issuance of driver's licenses and IDs, implementing a federal law passed in 2005. Beginning in 2009 and continuing to the present, a succession of states have changed their driver's license procedures to comply with these regulations. The Coalition for a Secure Driver's License has carefully tracked those upgrades, and is pleased to report that more than half of the states are close to joining the club that is authorized to place a gold star on its driver's licenses and IDs.
The dozen states that have done little or nothing to comply with the federal REAL ID requirements had best start looking at the calendar. These states have less than a year remaining to notify the Department of Homeland Security that they will begin reforming their driver's license rules, or their residents will need to start getting passports in order to board commercial airlines.


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Subscribe To Secretariat Director Randall Wallace To Helm Faith-Based Film Heaven Is For Real Updates
I've already subscribed
Randall Wallace, who is best known as the director of films sch as Secretariat, We Were Soldiers, and The Man in The Iron Mask, is going religious. The filmmaker is now attached to develop an adaptation of the book "Heaven Is for Real: A Little Boy's Astounding Story of His Trip to Heaven and Back" and might direct the project as well. Described as a "faith-based family drama" the movie is set up over at Sony. Joe Roth - who is best known for producing movies like Snow White and the Huntsman, Alice in Wonderland, and the upcoming Sam Raimi film Oz The Great And Powerful - and his Roth Films banner is producing the film.
According to Variety, Christopher Parker is writing the script based on Todd Burpo and Lynn Vincent book, which tells the story of Burpo's son's near-death experience and his "subsequent claim that he visited heaven." While the boy's parents and neighbors don't believe him at first, he then begins to tell them information about people who have passed away. DeVon Franklin, who is an ordained preacher who recently became a senior VP of production at Sony, is overseeing the project for the studio.
Wallace is currently attached to direct the film The Conscientious Objector, which is a drama set in World War II and is being produced by Walden Media. He is also going to serve as a producer on Gunslingers, a new action-adventure movie that will star Vince Vaughn. The trade doesn't make it clear which project will be Wallace's next.


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My Kindle Books
German Genealogy: Finding Your German Ancestors
The United States of America is a country with diverse races and is considered to be the melting pot of cultures in the world. In this country, you will find different races and mixed culture. The United States is composed of Native Americans, Americans, British, Irish, Asian, and even German races. You have to consider that there are about 300 million people living in the United States today.
Today, the largest self-reported ethnic group living in the United States is German Americans. In fact, there is an estimated 47 million German Americans according to the year 2000 census of the United States. As you can see, there is a great possibility that you have German blood running through your veins. If you do, and if you are interested with your German ancestry, you can consider retracing it by hiring a genealogist.
You have to consider that a series of world events have made it possible for people to migrate to the United States. The first German Americans migrated to the United States during the years 1680s to 1760s. From there on, the Germans was the largest group of immigrants in the United States of America. Because of the worsening opportunities of owning farm lands in Germany, conscription to the military, and persecution of religious groups, Germans made a choice to migrate to the United States.
Because of the opportunity to own farm lands in the United States, the freedom it offers to practice religion, non-existent military conscription, and better economy, Germans have made the United States of America as the prime country to migrate in.
During the World War II where Adolf Hitler came to power and started persecuting and killing German Jews, many of Germans migrated to the United States of America seeking refuge.
As you can see, series of world events made Germans to migrate to the United States. If you have an Aryan surname or if your grandparents or great-grandparents have Aryan surnames, you can be sure that you have German ancestry. You have to consider that finding out your own ancestry can be quite a task to accomplish. This is why you should try and seek the help of a genealogist who specializes in American German ancestry. Who knows? Maybe you can even trace your ancestry and may find that you are related to some of the worlds famous Germans, such as Oskar Schindler who is known to save thousands or even millions of Jews from Adolf Hitler's gas chambers. Or, it is also possible that you may even be related to Albert Einstein or the former American President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
There are hundreds more of prominent German Americans who contributed a lot to society. In fact, even Elvis Presley has German blood.
So, if you have German ancestry and you want to know about your family's history or you want to know your long lost relatives, you can consider hiring a genealogist to trace your German ancestry. With the available technology today, they may even find your distant relatives living in Germany today.


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When investigating how the DNS setup of my OS (Ubuntu 12.04) works, I came to some questions I could not really find on the web.
So what I observed was, that Ubuntu uses
dnsmasq as a DNS resolver.
When loooking into
/etc/resolv.conf, 127.0.1.1 is listed as nameserver.
So the question here is, if dnsmasq is just used as a resolver and the resolver normally looks into
/etc/resolv.conf to get the IP of the nameserver, how does this make sense?
It would only make sense if
dnsmasq was used as a local DNS server, meaning that the actual OS's resolver would send all DNS queries to the local
dnsmasq listening on port 53.


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A week after its developer site was accessed by an "intruder," Apple has posted another update about its ongoing process to secure the systems and get them back online. While most of the systems remain down, the update specifies the order in which the services will be resuscitated.
"We plan to roll out our updated systems, starting with Certificates, Identifiers & Profiles, Apple Developer Forums, Bug Reporter, pre-release developer libraries, and videos first," said the update. "Next, we will restore software downloads so that the latest betas of iOS 7, Xcode 5, and OS X Mavericks will once again be available to program members. We'll then bring the remaining systems online."
Developers interested in tracking Apple's progress can also visit a new system status page, which will be updated as the affected services are brought back up. As of this writing, only two systems—iTunes Connect and the Apple Bug Reporter system—are reportedly up, but the others should follow in the coming days.
According to Sunday's original status message, Apple's response to the security breach has involved an "overhaul" of the company's developer systems, updates to the software running on Apple's servers, and an entire database rebuild. Apple has insisted that "sensitive" information was encrypted and inaccessible to the intruder, but we still recommend that Apple's registered developers change their passwords and, if possible, enable two-factor authentication on their accounts just to be safe.


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Down by Law (film)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Daunbailò (Down by Law) is a 1986 film.
- Written and directed by Jim Jarmusch.
- [to Jack] You always makin' big plans for tomorrow. You know why? Because you always fuckin' up today.
- My mama used to say that America's the big melting pot. You bring it to a boil and all the scum rises to the top.
- I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream.
- I am a good egg.
- Jack: Julie, what're you doing out here?
- Julie: Just watching the light change.
- Roberto: Is a sad and beautiful world.
- Zack: Yeah, it's a sad and beautiful world... that's a good one. Yeah, yeah... buzz off.
- Roberto: Ah, thank you, Buzz off to you too.
- Zack: No... buzz off!
- Roberto: Ah, "buzz off". [writing] b-u-z-z o-f-f... Buzz off... Is, uh, "is a sad and beautiful world", "Good evening. Buzz off to everybody" "Oh, thank you, buzz off to you too."
- Jack: [swapping clothes with Zack] This is how you dressed before you were in the joint, right? Sort of garbage man on parade.
- Zack: You, uh, plannin' on doin' a little squirrel huntin', Jack?
- Tom Waits - Zack
- Roberto Benigni - Roberto (Bob)
- John Lurie - Jack
External links[edit]
- Down by Law quotes at the Internet Movie Database
- Down by Law at Allmovie
- Criterion Collection essay by Luc Sante
|This film article is a stub. You can help Wikiquote by expanding it.


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This is the home of our Club where you can air the vents and share your viewpoints. Views expressed on this Forum represent the opinion of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the opinion of BMW MC Club Pta SA or that of its members.
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Display results as :PostsTopics
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Current date/time is 26th August 2019, 01:40


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Computer Science ColloquiumIm Rahmen des Informatik-Kolloquiums, das von den Instituten des Fachbereichs Informatik, der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Informatik (ÖGI), der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Datenverarbeitung (ADV) sowie der Österreichischen Computergesellschaft (OCG) abgehalten wird, spricht
Sebastian Fischmeister
University of Waterloo, Canadaüber das Thema:
DataMill: Rigorous Empirical Performance Evaluation Made EasyZeit: Wed 17.12.2014, 14:00, 60 Minuten
Ort: S3 218 (Science Park 3)
ZusammenfassungEmpirical systems research is facing a dilemma. Minor aspects of an experimental setup can have a significant impact on its associated performance measurements and potentially invalidate conclusions drawn from them. The growth in complexity and size of modern systems will further aggravate this dilemma, especially with the given time pressure of producing results. So how can one trust any reported empirical analysis of a new idea or concept in computer science?
This talk introduces DataMill, a community-based easy-to-use services-oriented open benchmarking infrastructure for performance evaluation of single computer experiments. DataMill facilitates producing robust, reliable, and reproducible results.
VortragenderSebastian Fischmeister is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Waterloo, Canada. He received his MASc in Computer Science at the Vienna University of Technology, Austria, and his Ph.D. degree at the University of Salzburg, Austria. He was awarded the APART stipend in 2005 and worked as a research associate at the University of Pennsylvania, USA, until 2008.<br> He performs systems research at the intersection of software technology, distributed systems, and formal methods. His preferred application areas are distributed real-time embedded systems in the domain of automotive systems, avionics, and medical devices.
Einladender: a. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Paul Grünbacher
Liste aller Vorträge


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I installed v 6.6.4... still some problems in graphics... The fonts in the UML diagram are now working ok. The classes need to be moved now, but no matter what I do, I can't resize the existing diagram, e.g. by picking a new size like A2, A3 etc.
However if I create a new diagram at A2 and then copy paste the entire contents of the existing diagram to the new one, that works.
Another problem, apparently related to fonts and scaling is some dialog boxes don't appear correctly. See attachment. This snapshot was taken on a 1900 x 1200 monitor.
- thomas


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Neff I89D55 Leaflet
Series 4. Extra wide island chimney hood
The line drawings are provided as a guide to general dimensions only and are subject to amendment without prior notice.
For full dimensional and installation details please refer to the documentation supplied with the appliance.
Copyright © BSH Home Appliances Ltd 2009


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Microsoft launched ASP.NET MVC 1.0 at the MIX09 event last month. This new ASP.NET enhancement brings a Rails-like model-view-controller framework to Microsoft's Web development stack. In a blog entry published on Wednesday, Microsoft developer division vice president Scott Guthrie announced that the framework is now open source.
The source code is available under the terms of the Microsoft Public License (MS-PL), a permissive open source software license that has been approved by OSI and is characterized by GNU as a free software license. Microsoft's move to open the framework will enable third-party developers to modify the source code, incorporate it into their own software, and share it with other users.
The ASP.NET MVC 1.0 source code has been adopted by the Mono project, which seeks to build an open source implementation of the .NET runtime. Lead Mono developer Miguel de Icaza has expressed enthusiasm in response to Microsoft's announcement.
"I am psyched, not only because ASP.NET MVC is usable in Mono and the code is licensed under open source terms, but also because I strongly believe that the same innovation, rapid adoption and experimentation that has happened with the new wave of web stacks will come to ASP.NET MVC across all platforms," de Icaza wrote in a blog entry. "I know that a lot of developers inside Microsoft worked to get this important piece of code released under the MS-PL to ensure that the users of ASP.NET could benefit from the code being open source."
The Mono team has created a plugin for MonoDevelop that will help programmers build ASP.NET MVC 1.0 applications on Linux and Mac OS X. MonoDevelop, an open source integrated development environment for building Mono software on Linux, reached its 2.0 milestone release last week and has gained a multitude of new features.
Novell developer Michael Hutchinson has written a blog entry with more details about the plugin and some screenshots that show it in action. Users will need MonoDevelop 2.0 and Mono 2.4 in order to run ASP.NET MVC on Linux. These are very new and aren't widely available in distros yet, so you might want to test it with the Mono VMware appliance or Live CD image if your distro's Mono version is too old.
Microsoft also recently released Oxite, an ASP.NET MVC-based CMS, under the MS-PL open source license. Oxite provides developers with a compelling real-world example of how to use the new framework.
Microsoft's decision to release ASP.NET MVC 1.0 under the MS-PL has opened the door for developers to build Web applications with the framework on Linux-based workstations and deploy it on Linux-based servers. It reflects growing acceptance among key developers within Microsoft that cross-platform portability is a fundamental necessity for emerging Web development technologies.


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Gold Arena Cobra Ultra Swipe Racing Goggles
5 in stock
Gold Arena Cobra Ultra Swipe Racing Goggles
The Arena Cobra Ultra Swipe racing goggles in gold are one of the newest member of the Arena family. With low profile yellow copper mirrored lenses, high-tech moulding and a blade shape, the Cobra Ultra Swipe goggle design minimizes drag and improves glide in a sleek, watertight design. The Swipe's unique feature is the best anti-fog technology available. When goggles become foggy, gently swipe the inner lenses with your fingertip while the goggles are in the water and enjoy clear vision for longer.
They are also hydrodynamic perfection!! Not only will you swim faster, moreover you will also see better. The curved lens shape in the Cobra Ultra Swipe provides great peripheral and frontal vision for an expanded field of view. They are equipped with a dual silicone strap, also 5 interchangeable nose bridges and Arena's RFA back clip. With a super secure and customized fit you can without reservation dive in confidently every time!
– 10X lasting anti-fog
– Low profile lens
– Extra wide vision
– Dual silicone strap + RFA adjustment
– 5 sizes of nose bridge
– UV protection
– Hydrodynamic racing goggles
– Superior UV protection, outstanding look!
– Superior stability and hydrodynamics
– Perfect seal
– High level of comfort
– Eye protection against kicks
– Also a secure fit for racing
– Perfect adaptability to the face
LENS: PC (Polycarbonate) with mirror coating.
Hard lenses with superior optical properties ensuring perfect vision.
UV protection.
TPE (Thermo Plastic Elastomer)
Silicone dual strap RFA (Racing Fit Adjustment). RFA provides a secure fit for expert swimmers who need a strong and tight fit and additionally secure the goggle during the dive.
There are also several other colours available. Click HERE to see them!
Lens: Polycarbonite Seal: Japanses TPE Strap: Silicone
One size but includes various sizes of nose bridge
For deliveries to a UK address we normally use Royal Mail Signed For, UPS or Hermes. Special Delivery can also be selected at checkout for more urgent orders.
Standard Delivery — £1.80
Next Working Day* — £9.00
Next Working Day Saturday Delivery* — £15.00
* Orders must be received by 1pm Monday to Friday
For international deliveries we use Royal Mail Air Mail. Air Mail can be one of either Tracked, Signed For or Tracked & Signed For. The delivery method selected is dictated by the options available in the delivery country. If you require an order urgently we can also use UPS. This option is available at checkout for most European countries. If it is not available for your delivery country and you would like a quote please contact us at [email protected] and detail the items you require and the full delivery address including any zip codes.
World Zone 1 – International Air Mail Delivery
Delivery starts at £10 and is weight dependent. To get a delivery price just add the items you are wanting to your basket, go the the shopping basket page and select your delivery country.
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The publicity surrounding the use of supplements in the AFL – and the links to rugby league – raises an interesting ethical question.
Anti-doping authorities are there to prevent "cheating" – performance enhancing substances that give an athlete or team an unfair advantage over rivals. That's what this story is all about, so far.
But should a governing body, a doping body and a public, also take into account players' long-term health and the damage being done by some of their practices as their club seeks "an edge"? Or should we just leave it to them as adults to make their own decisions?
In the last 12 months, a number of people have expressed concern about the use of painkillers by players unable to sleep and/or desperate not to lose their place in the team. Some people will argue that painkillers are in themselves performance enhancing because they allow you to do things you wouldn't be able to do without them.
Let's leave that argument aside and just ask this: does the governing body have a duty of care to prevent long-term, chronic injury and illness in athletes, after they retire?
As for anti-inflammatories, anyone who has taken them would have heard a warning about how reliance on them can lead to heart disease. Our players spend their entire careers gobbling the things.
From a theoretical point of view, we have already crossed the line between preventing cheating and changing rules to protect players' health according to new medical information.
We did it by tightening the rules surrounding concussion.
So it stands to reason that in the years ahead, tighter legislation will come in to regulate the use of painkillers, anti-inflammatories and supplements that do not constitute cheating but are bad for our players.
The higher the stakes, the further our clubs and players will go in the quest for success. Our vigilance has to keep pace with that escalation.
South Sydney could end up transferring a home game or two to Port Moresby as a result of the relationships forged in the lead-up to this Sunday's pre-season game at Redfern Oval.
No, I'm serious.
While the idea of having an NRL team in PNG remains as far off as ever, Souths are getting behind the Kumuls' bid for inclusion in Queensland's Intrust Super Cup. The Rabbitohs' June 16 premiership game in Cairns will also help promote the Kumuls' cause.
If things go well, Souths could transfer a home game a bit further up the road than Gosford.
"We are excited by our association with PNG and the game against the Kumuls at Redfern. Hopefully an NRL fixture can be hosted there in the future," Rabbitohs chief executive Shane Richardson said.
"To do this facilities need to be upgraded significantly."
Congrats to Souths for thinking outside the box and playing Warrington last year and PNG this year in the Return To Redfern match.
This column's key element is interaction and to that end I am going to step things up a little bit this year by doing live chats from press boxes all season, deadlines permitting, of course.
After I have filed (and maybe at halftime) I'll be available at whitelinefever.ning.com to talk about the fallout from the game and offer some insights into what the likely ramifications of a match are likely to be. I did it as an experiment last Saturday night after the St Helens-Huddersfield boilover and I'll be doing it again this weekend.
I can understand why people are reluctant to sign up to anything these days, even a site devoted to footy and rock chat. But I'm not going to share your details with anyone (you don't have to enter many details anyway) and once you sign up you'll get stuff like this column in your inbox each week.
This week I'll be at Wigan-Warrington, Wakefield-Hull KR and Castleford-Leeds.
Comments on last week's column appeared at leaguehq.com.au and stevemascord.com
Bloke wanted to know about international online rights this year, saying the company mentioned on the NRL website have told him they are not showing the competition this year.
I've sent an email to the NRL regarding this but I think we have a clue in the arrangements for the All Star game this weekend, which is being shown on Ustream. I used Ustream myself last year and really like it. Here's the link for the All Stars game: http://www.ustream.tv/NRLAllStars
Oethesaint called on readers to lobby Setanta to reinstate championship rugby league. I'll leave that one to you all....
PaulMac says a World Nines would do more for the game than the proposed NRL Nines next year, which we reported in this column way back on August 15. He's right.
Pankaj Rao, in reference to last week's column defending the BBC report on the state of finances in Super League, says clubs don't make money anyway. Good point. He says Super League needs to be smaller with perhaps just eight teams, naming Leeds, Wigan, Warrington, St Helens, Huddersfield, Bradford, Salford and Hull.
Unfortunately we went down this road before when mergers were proposed at the outbreak of the Super League War. A lot of people are now saying the game in the UK would have been better off had these mergers occurred.
It's hard to balance out the needs of the game overall – a good geographic spread – with the actual playing strength at the moment. Another answer which has been thrown up is contracting the national team and then 'billeting' them out to clubs. Although it is alien to British sporting culture, how about a draft to complement the salary cap?
Rather than cutting teams, I'd rather see dramatic and unilateral moves to even out the competition. As I wrote elsewhere, if Super League recruited players from the outside as the AFL did, and then handed them to clubs, we might start to see some answers.
MjM says journalists just don't understand finance. That's clearly true – otherwise none of us would have become journalists! He makes some great points, including that the Stg68 million debt "includes £14m of liabilities in the St Helens accounts which are effectively funds to help build a £20m+ stadium – monies introduced by the owners to fund huge investment in the club's infrastructure. Then there are Huddersfield and London who are totally reliant on their rich backers; combined, they owe £17m+ to Davy and Hughes/Lenagan – but they aren't debts which are going to be called in – ever. The owners are content to pump cash in as they try to buy the dream.
"Debt is only a problem if it can't be serviced or is going to be called in – and that isn't the case for the vast majority of this headline figure."
As I said, great points. But Crusaders went bust, Bradford were saved just in the nick of time and a few weeks ago there were doubts about Salford making it to the start of the season. So the overall picture of a competition in financial strife surely remains fair, even if more detail could have been provided (I'd have liked to have seen a graphic of some sort myself).
If you don't want to wait until next week for a response, the forum is here, and the podcast is here.


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Monday, April 20, 2015
Living in Our Divine Heart Space
Posted by Jeremy E. McDonald at Monday, April 20, 2015
Jeremy McDonald has had a deep passion for human dynamics throughout his life and has spent his adult life studying concepts of healing, mindfulness, consciousness and many others. Jeremy is formally trained in Adult Learning theories and has worked as a Corporate Trainer for a number of years. He has also been a public speaker for the past 20 years helping others find their full potential in life. He strives to be the constant student realizing life is only happening to it's fullest when we are expanding our growth and knowledge. We are all teachers and students and this relationship is a flow between the two...Follow him on – Facebook: @JeremyMcDonaldLLG, Twitter: @Lamplightgroup,
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"They got frustrated with the technology and moved on to something else — I think is the short story," Smiths Detection vice president Brook Miller said of TSA.
Miller said the puffers had maintenance issues early on because they puff air and then suck it into the system to analyze it. "It just wasn't to be in the airport environment," he said. Puffers are still used at facilities with less human traffic to detect drugs, he said.
Smiths Detection, which is based in England, is one of the manufacturers of the full-body imaging machines that will replace the puffers.
On May 12, he says, the agency underwent a massive switchover from analog to fancy digital technology on the existing cameras that survey the area's four bridges and the PATCO train line, allowing DRPA to capture and store more images.
The agency will also "phase in" another 220 high-tech cameras throughout the system in 2009, bringing to more than 300 the number of lenses trained on the system's users and infrastructure.
Matheussen said that "no less than eight" of those cameras dot the Ben Franklin Bridge. None of them are trained specifically on the walkway, however. Instead, they provide a sweeping view of the walkway, roadway and PATCO line (which runs alongside the bridge) and allow DRPA police to zoom in, pan out and swivel to and fro as needed.
As for the quality of the image caught on tape of Weighnecht's attacker, all Matheussen will say is that "we have an image" and that the agency is working with law enforcement on both sides of the river to make an arrest.
GVI Security Solutions, Inc., (OTC Bulletin Board: GVSS), a leading provider of video security surveillance solutions featuring the complete Samsung Electronics line of products, has acquired a suite of Video Management Systems (VMS) software and related technology from software provider PacketNVR, LLP. The acquisition was effected through GVI's wholly-owned subsidiary, GVI Video Management Solutions.
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Oops!, The URL you are trying to access does not exist.
We have recently upgraded our site and hence you might have landed through an OLD URL.Kindly update your bookmarks!
If you are still having trouble accessing the site please email to firstname.lastname@example.com. We would be more than happy to help you!.


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The primary objective of DLR aerospace research activities is to enhance the competitiveness of Germany and Europe's aerospace and air transport industries and making the fast-growing air transport sector efficient, environmentally friendly and sustainable.
As Germany's space agency, DLR conducts research in a wide range of applications for space: from robots for the ISS to cameras for spacecraft. This gallery will show you some of DLR's contributions to the field of space research.
From the car of the future to the Next Generation Train. These galleries showcases DLR's work in the field of transport.
As the foundation of all economic, public and private life, the energy supply plays an important socio-economic role. The rising cost of fossil fuels and climate issues show the urgency in the need for action.
Highly-developed technologies, systems, concepts and expertise that originate in the world of science are already helping to ensure that capability profiles derived from various different scenarios are well served, thereby assisting with the resolution of conflicts and crises.


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Miss Dior Promenade Pouch
2014-10-17 fashion Other Brands
For those who love their Miss Dior bag to death, but find it's too large for the pretty evenings. Please meet the Miss Dior Promenade Pouch, the exact same appearance, but smaller and more compact.
Its look like that tonight, it's going to be an iconic mini bag night. Just a few minutes ago, I wrote about the Chanel 2.55 WOC, which is an interpretation of the Chanel 2.55 Reissue Flap Bag, but then in a smaller formation and more compact size. And mini iconic, with every detail mirrored from the original bag.
The Miss Dior Promenade Pouch doesn't differ too far away from the Miss Dior Bag, I mean the medium size not the large. The design is decidedly feminine and it embodies all of Dior's modern style – classic and luxurious, the lambskin enhanced from the inside and outside by cannage stitching.
Featuring an anthracite, silver or golden clasp, depending on the color you choose. With its long and detachable chain, you can wear it cross body, on the shoulder or simply carry it by hand. Its ultra softness will guide you through the night. And the interior is as pretty as the exterior, it's composed of one gusset compartment, a zipped pocket and two flat pockets with 12 card slots. All your evening essentials can be structured and wear it chain strap to make sure you will not lose anything.
Measuring 21 x 11 cm, the chain is 120 cm.
Miss Dior Promenade Pouch in patent, lambskin for £1050 GBP or €1100 euro's.
Available at Dior e-store or boutique.


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Riesling Report: Clemens Busch Riesling Trocken 2009
July is riesling month! We're drinking it all month long...and maybe longer. Got a favorite riesling? Recommend it in the comments!
Organic and biodynamic, feral fermentation in very old oak barrels. This Mosel wine is clean as a whistle, with lots of lemon tea and crisp golden apple slices, hints of chive and little white blossoms, but this is not a super-floral wine, more green, with mint and basil flavors and limelike tartness ringing through.
This wine is bright and dry, with an underlying net of slate and salinity. Go easy on the food: we grilled some super-fresh scallops on skewers with lemon slices, tossed in herb oil. The wine dances lightly alongside.
Around $20, sample provided for review.
More riesling! More reports! »
This post may contain links to Amazon or other partners; your purchases via these links can benefit Serious Eats. Read more about our affiliate linking policy.


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Windows - Security
Kaspersky Internet Security 2009 (v8)FULLENG
Download your torrents safely! And Anonymously!
Torrent info
Name:Kaspersky Internet Security 2009 (v8)FULLENG
Infohash: 489C98100BFB170329CC60C3002AC48B864583FB
Total Size: 32.40 MB
Magnet: Magnet Download
Seeds: 0
Leechers: 0
Stream: Watch Full Movie @ Movie4u
Last Updated: 2011-02-06 15:29:07 (Update Now)
Torrent added: 2008-07-27 12:50:39
Torrent Files List
kis2009_en.pdf (Size: 32.40 MB) (Files: 12)
kis2009_en.pdf1.23 MB
KIS78_20081119_0379ED0E.key1.22 KB
KIS78_20081125_0221852C.key1.25 KB
KIS78_20090203_01316F8E.key1.38 KB
KIS78_20090203_01316FF2.key1.38 KB
KIS78_20090203_01317115.key1.38 KB
kis188.8.131.527en.exe31.11 MB
kis22.214.171.1247en.md50.05 KB
release_notes_kis8.0_en.htm48.76 KB
Torrent downloaded from Demonoid.com.txt0.06 KB
Announce URL: http://www.sumotracker.com/announce
Torrent description
Kaspersky Internet Security 2009
Official final release of Kaspersky Internet Security 2009 (v8) Build 184.108.40.2067 FINAL FULL ENGLISH
Kaspersky Internet Security 2009 (v8) Build 184.108.40.2067 FINAL [FULL] [ENG] with fresh and working keys + how use pdf
Operating systems: MS Windows 2000/XP/Vista [32/64bit]
Kaspersky Internet Security 2009 is a new generation product for protection of home users against all types of data-related threats.
- Blocking of all known malware types. Kaspersky Anti-Virus 2009 uses databases of malware signatures updated every hour for efficient protection of its users against all currently known malicious programs.
- Proactive Defense against new threats of any type. Behavior emulation in isolated virtual environment for unknown applications, restriction of their access to system resources and constant monitoring of their activity are employed to protect users against new malicious program that the anti-virus laboratory has not inspected yet.
- Prevention of potential threats. Search and analysis of vulnerabilities in the software installed on host computer (including Microsoft Internet Explorer) allow maintaining system security on an adequate level preventing exploits of potential threats.
- New wizards and special task monitors have been added for simpler and more convenient user interaction with the application. Their performance in step-by-step mode makes user work much easier.
What\'s new in Kaspersky Internet Security 2009:
Kaspersky Internet Security 2009 is a totally new approach to data security. The main feature of the application is restricting the programs\' rights to access the system resources. It helps prevent unwanted actions by suspicious and hazardous programs. The application\'s capabilities in the protection of user\'s confidential data have been considerably enhanced. The application now includes wizards and tools which substantially facilitate execution of specific computer protection tasks.
Let\'s take closer look at the new features in Kaspersky Internet Security 2009.
New Protection Features:
- Kaspersky Internet Security now includes Application Filtering component along with Proactive Defense and Firewall which implements a new universal approach to the system protection against any threats including existing threats and threats that are unknown at the moment. Kaspersky Internet Security now requires considerably less input from the user due to the use of lists of trusted applications (whitelisting).
- Scanning of operating system and software for vulnerabilities with their subsequent elimination maintains a high system security level and prevents sneaking of hazardous programs into your system.
- New wizards ? Security Analyzer and Browser Configuration facilitate the scanning for and elimination of security threats and vulnerabilities in the applications installed on your computer, operating system\'s and browser settings.
- Kaspersky Lab now reacts faster to the new threats due to the use of Kaspersky Security Network technology that gathers data about infection of users\' computers and sends it to Kaspersky Lab\'s servers.
- New tools ? Network Monitoring and Network Packet Analysis - facilitate collection and analysis of information about network activities on your computer.
- New System Restore wizard helps fix system damages after malware attacks.
New confidential data protection features:
- A new component Activity Filtering effectively monitors access to confidential data, user\'s file and folders by applications.
- Security of confidential data entered from the keyboard is ensured by a new tool Virtual keyboardVirtual keyboard.
- Kaspersky Internet Security structure includes Privacy Cleaner Wizard which deletes from the user\'s computer all information about his or her actions which can present an interest to intruders (list of visited websites, opened files, cookies, etc.).
New anti-spam features:
- Efficiency of spam filtering by the Anti-Spam component has been increased due to the use of Recent Terms server technologies.
- The use of Microsoft Office Outlook, Microsoft Outlook Express, The Bat! and Thunderbird extension plug-ins simplifies the process of configuring the anti-spam settings.
- Revised Parental Control component allows effective restriction of undesirable access of some internet resources by children.
New protection features for internet use:
- Protection against internet intruders has been upgraded due to the extended databases of phishing sites.
- ICQ and MSN traffic scan has been added which ensures security while working with instant messengers.
- Security of the use of wireless networks is ensured through the scan of Wi-Fi connections.
New program\'s interface features
- The new program\'s interface reflects the comprehensive approach to information protection.
- High information capacity of dialog boxes helps user quickly make decisions.
- The functionality of reports and statistics information about the application\'s operation has been extended. The possibility of using filters allowing flexible setup when working with reports makes this product irreplaceable for professionals.
related torrents
Torrent namehealth leech seeds Size
Kaspersky Internet Security 2009 (v8)FULLENG0 0 32.40 MB 0
Kaspersky Internet Security 2009 (v8)FULLENG13 12 32.40 MB 0


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IN.gov - Skip Navigation
Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information.
But when you're done reading it, click the close button in the corner to dismiss this alert.
But when you're done reading it, click the close button in the corner to dismiss this alert.
The costs associated with tobacco use impacts everyone - families, employers, workers. Everyone bears the burden of the several billion dollars that tobacco use costs the state of Indiana each year. That is why your role as a tobacco control partner is critical to helping reduce the prevalence of tobacco use in Indiana.
The average annual healthcare cost associated with tobacco use in Indiana is $2.2 billion, including more than $1 billion in hospital costs. In addition, Medicaid expenditures in Indiana directly related to tobacco total more than $448 million.
The cost of tobacco to Indiana comes not only in healthcare expenses. The yearly cost burden to Indiana in terms of lost productivity due to tobacco is estimated at $2.6 billion due to increased absenteeism, greater disability claims, time spent on smoking rituals and other factors.
For the latest information and facts regarding the impact of tobacco use in Indiana, click here to review data from the Indiana Tobacco Prevention and Cessation Agency.


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Current research topics
Werner Frey's work has concentrated on the interface between syntax and the interpretative component. His current research interests center on information structure, the interpretative effects of various left peripheral constructions, presentative sentences, and the different degrees of integration of adverbial clauses.
Directed research projects
Member of the following research projects (since 2000)


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