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Understanding the characteristics of fluorescent and HID lamps makes it easier to recognize problems and simplifies corrective maintenance.
Lighting maintenance involves a series of required tasks to sustain the full economic value of a lighting system. Since lamps deteriorate with time, they must be replaced periodically, at the end of their useful life. Also, system components must be replaced when they fail. In addition, fixture enclosures should be cleaned to prevent needless loss of useful light output.
Symptoms and troubleshooting of lighting system problems
All discharge lighting systems offer a visual (and sometimes audible) clue when an incipient problem or a total failure exists. Usually, a problem affects only a few fixtures in a total lighting layout, so a practical technique is to observe which fixtures don't appear to be normal.
The four main defective states in the lamp's appearance are as follows:
* Nonstarting;
* On and off cycling;
* Extra bright light output; and
* Low light output.
After the abnormal fixtures are identified, the next step is to determine which component (lamp, ballast, fixture, or electrical supply) is the cause. A convenient procedure is to select a normal and abnormal fixture and, with the electrical power off, interchange the lamps. During the interchange of lamps, inspect the fixtures and lamps, looking for a difference in lamp color, any broken lamp elements, burned or distorted bases, and defects in the fixture. If there are no major differences in appearance between the two lamps, the lighting system should be energized and the units observed after they have stabilized.
If the abnormal appearance has shifted to the system or fixture that originally appeared normal, the problem is in the lamp and not the ballast, fixture, or system power supply.
Generally, your troubleshooting task will not be that simple, since more than one factor frequently contributes to component failure. For example, the premature failure of an HID lamp may be caused by an incorrect tap on its ballast, in which case, the wiring must be corrected before the fixture is relamped.
Fluorescent lamps. The family of fluorescent lamps can be divided into the cathode Preheat type and those that require no cathode heating or starters. Rapid-start (RS), high output (HO), and 1500mA T12 lamps (along with the preheat type requiring use of a starter device) all have similar characteristics. They depend on the proper heating of cathodes to start and operate properly, and most of these lamp types can be classified under the heading of rapid-start lamps.
Instant-start and slimline lamps are two types that do not require the heating of cathodes, nor do they use starting aids. The ballast open circuit voltage of these lamps is about three times the normal lamp operating supply voltage, and these lamps will start and operate even when one cathode is completely deactivated (which would be the end of normal life). At that time, they usually show spiraling along the tube and occasional orange-colored flashes. Both rapid-start and instant-start types are shown in Fig. 1 (on page 65).
When a rapid-start lamp circuit is energized, a low-voltage transformer in the ballasts provides the cathode heating; at the same time, a higher voltage (called the open-circuit voltage) is applied across the lamp, or lamps, to begin arc conduction. Taking both voltage measurements is a good indication of proper ballast operation. Fig. 2 shows how to make voltage measurements on a two-lamp, series-type, rapid-start magnetic ballast. If heating is provided at only one cathode, either the lamp will fail to start or it will be slow in starting. Presence of heating voltage at only one cathode (or at neither) can be caused by any one of the following: Improper contact in the holder, a broken holder, an open contact in a base pin, a broken base pin, an open cathode, shorted leads in the base, corrosion or foreign material on base pins or holder contacts, a defective ballast, or improper wiring.
Heavy premature end-darkening (usually at only one end) is a good indication that one cathode is not being properly heated and, therefore, the heater circuit is incomplete. This is not the same as gray or brownish bands that occur about 2-in. from the lamp base, with the edge of each band on the side nearer to the base being sharper. This is caused by the cathode coating wearing out in use. While such bands may detract from the appearance of the lamp, moderately dark bands have no significance in regard to either the life or performance of the lamp.
It's very important that you replace failed lamps promptly to avoid ballast damage caused by rectification and overheating. If a good lamp is known to have burned at low brightness for some time, or shows indication of being near the end of life, it should also be replaced since its life may have been significantly reduced because of cathode damage.
The lack of cathode heating voltage can result from a poor connection either between the lamp pins and the lampholder contacts, or between the ballast leads and the lampholder terminals. Poor contact at the lamp pins can be caused by improper lampholder spacing in the lengthwise direction, with the lamp end being held either too tightly or too loosely. For the commonly used 3/8-in.-thick twist-type lampholders, the back-to-back spacing of the lampholders should be 48-in., plus or minus 1/32 in.
If the spacing is too tight, the weight of the lamps will ride on the face of the base instead of the pins, and occasionally a pin will slide behind the clip instead of in front of it when the lamp is inserted into the lampholders. If the lampholders are too far apart, the lamp pins will ride on the edge of the lampholder rather than making contact along the full width of the metal piece.
Sometimes, the end plates and other supporting devices needed to keep proper spacing are removed when fixtures are installed in a row. This looseness at fixture ends allows the lampholders to bend away from the center of the fixture.
When installing lamps with exposed bipins, the positioning guide (an embossed mark on the metal end cap) should be just opposite the entrance slot of the lampholder when the tube is inserted. The tube is then turned 90 degrees. For HO and 1500mA lamps, the lamp boss, or cover, of the recessed double-contact ends should not be visible when the lamps are properly installed.
The 6- and 8-ft instant start and high-output lamps, which have their own specific maintenance considerations, will be discussed briefly. With instant-start lamps, the two-lamp ballast circuit can be either lead-lag or series sequence design. A lead-lag ballast operates lamps in a parallel circuit, meaning that if one lamp fails, the other should continue to operate properly. A series sequence ballast, on the other hand, operates lamps in series, meaning that if one lamp fails the other will fail or glow dimly.
Inoperative instant-start lamps should be replaced as soon as possible. In a two-lamp series magnetic circuit, when one lamp fails, the second lamp may continue operation at a lower brightness. This condition will reduce the second lamp's life and also cause a higher current to flow in the ballast. The increased current will cause a rise in ballast temperature, reducing its life and possibly initiating a smoke condition.
Flickering instant-start lamps that show heavy end blackening should be replaced, even if the lamps are lighted. This condition, known as lamp rectification, will cause a reduction in ballast life if it continues.
Fluorescent ballasts. A ballast that is thought to be defective should be replaced with one known to be operative. It's difficult to measure output ballast voltages in the luminaire because the primary circuit of the ballast is automatically disconnected when an instant-start lamp is removed. If a replacement ballast is wired to a fixture, make sure all leads have a good electrical connection, especially if the lampholders have "pressure lock" or "quick-wire" terminals rather than screw terminals.
If lamps in a fixture fail to light, improper wiring could also be the cause. Sometimes leads without the insulation removed are found. In some cases, one slot is used for two wires and, although there are two spring dips inside the socket, both wires are set under one.
Basically, it's good practice to examine the wiring of the ballast leads to make sure that it matches the diagram on the ballast label. And at the same time, make a visual inspection of the ballast casing. Leaking compound (except for a small amount at the lead holes, which is normal), cracking or brittle insulation, and discoloration on the can are all indications of ballast approaching, or having reached, end of life.
Even though a ballast starts a lamp, this does not necessarily mean that the ballast is functioning properly; often, many successive lamps appear to have short life in a given fixture before it's realized that the ballast is the problem.
Hybrid magnetic ballasts were developed as a bridge technology between magnetic and fully solid-state electronic ballasts for 4-ft lamps, providing energy savings at a lower initial cost than fully electronic ballasts. These magnetic ballasts have components that cut off power to lamp cathode heaters after the lamp has ignited. This results in an additional 2W saving per standard lamp. It's very important that maintenance personnel be aware of their use.
The electronic ballast provides a completely new dimension in performance compared with the electromagnetic ballast, since it has only 6W to 8W heat loss, while the old nonenergy saving electromagnetic ballast (outlawed under federal law) has 20W of heat loss.
Electronic ballasts can be wired from the ballast case to the lamp sockets in either rapid-start (they heat the electrodes or filaments at either end of the lamp as previously mentioned) or instant start configurations. You should be aware of the difference in performance between the two types. If instant start electronic ballasts are used, the life of a rapid-start lamp is derated from 20,000 hrs to 15,000 hrs, at three hrs per start.
Electronic ballasts are also available in various designs (called ballast factor) to provide greater- or less-than-normal light output. To supply greater than normal light output, some electronic ballasts simply drive the lamp at the normal rate of current and the lamp phosphors achieve higher activation, thus delivering more lumens because of the high frequency (20,000 Hz) operation. This concept does not adversely affect lamp life. However, some electronic high-output ballasts do substantially overdrive the lamp to achieve more lumens; this performance characteristic may void the lamp warranty.
HID lamps. The electric arc of an HID lamp is much shorter and more intense in photometric brightness than a fluorescent arc, and an HID lamp often is higher in wattage rating. This type of lamp has a specific warm-up time when first energized and may require a specific operating position - base-up, base-down, or base-horizontal.
Because the precise size of the arc tube and mixture of materials in the tube differ for each HID lamp type, each has its own operating and end-of-life characteristics, which relate to maintenance/troubleshooting needs. The mercury-vapor (MV) lamp has the lowest efficacy of any HID source; most of the MV lamps in the 100W to 1000W ratings have an average rated life of 24,000+ hrs. Because of this relatively long life, coupled with a slow reduction in lumen output, these lamps should be replaced well before reaching their average rated life. Normal end-of-life (EOL) is a non-start condition or very low light output caused by blackening of the art tube from electrode deterioration.
The metal-halide (M-H) lamp will drop in lumen output from 7% to 20% during the first 100 hrs of operation, depending upon lamp wattage. Operating conditions, such as lamp burning position and normal variations in supply voltage or ballast characteristics, can affect lamp color and light output. Using a universal burning M-H lamp instead of the original position- specific M-H lamp, when relamping a fixture, may seem like a good economic decision, because it allows stocking of fewer lamp types. However, this attempt at saving money can be short-lived because an M-H lamp designed for a particular operational position can provide 10 % to 15 % more light and last as much as 60% longer than the equivalent universal position lamps. Normally at its EOL, an M-H lamp won't start because the mix of materials in the arc tube changes, along with the electrical characteristics, so the ballast can no longer sustain an arc.
Both the 1000W and 400W lamps, when burned vertically, have a passive EOL. The 1000W and 400W lamps and all other wattages when burned in other positions can fail in a way that causes the outer bulb to shatter. Therefore, these lamps should be installed in an enclosed fixture that will contain the lamp glass should it shatter. A special shrouded arc tube line of M-H lamps has a glass cylinder surrounding the arc tube so that, should the arc tube rupture, its resulting glass fragments will be blocked from hitting the outer glass bulb and causing it to shatter. This type can be used in an open fixture, where increased fixture efficiency and lower maintenance costs are important (a vertically mounted lamp can be removed from the fixture using a lamp-changing pole). A safety line of M-H lamps are made in such a way that if the outer bulb is broken or shattered, power to the lamp is interrupted. However, the lamp's ability to self-extinguish does not protect it against the danger of breakage itself.
An indication of the high-pressure-sodium (HPS) lamp's normal EOL is on/off cycling, since the aging lamp requires a higher voltage for operation than the ballast can supply. This cycling sequence may be normal, but it's not desirable; the cycling can damage or destroy the starting circuit and/or ballast. This is one of the most serious maintenance problems in an HPS lighting system.
A failed lamp should be replaced immediately as this situation can also cause starting circuit damage.
In addition, an HPS lamp should not be removed from a lamp socket for more than a short period of time, unless the circuit is deenergized. The starting circuit portion of the ballast can be damaged, because the starting circuit will operate continuously with the lamp removed.
Some recent developments in HPS lamp technology are aimed at eliminating the end-of-life cycling, especially in highway and street lighting.
One product has a positive end-of-life indicator, which allows a maintenance crew to identify and replace lamps near the end of their service life. Instead of the usual on-again, off-again cycling, this version of the HPS lamp goes out without any cycling. This lamp version is also suitable for parking lot and garage lighting.
Other improvements in the HPS lamp should be investigated, since lamp makers continue to offer performance improvements. The increased use of electronic ballasts should also improve HPS lamp maintenance in the future.
The low-pressure-sodium (LPS) lamp has a U-shaped arc tube and a two-pin bayonet base. With the highest efficacy of all HID light sources, its output is a monochromatic yellow, so that all colors appear as shades of gray, brown or black, except for yellow objects. During its burning hours, the lamp's wattage increases. For example, a 180W LPS lamp consumes 247W at 20,000 hrs; thus, any wattage or ampere reading taken on the branch circuit will reflect this change of status condition.
HID ballasts. During operation, an HID ballast produces considerable heat and usually receives some heat from the lamp it serves. For that reason, its insulation material can break down and cause a short in the core/coil windings. Commonly, heat-caused deterioration will result in ballast winding or capacitor failure, either open or shorted.
An HID ballast can be checked in a way similar to a fluorescent ballast using a multimeter. You should take specific safety precautions when working on an HPS ballast, since it has a high-voltage starting circuit to initiate arc conduction. This starter circuit should be disconnected, since its high voltage starting pulse can damage commonly used multimeters. The voltage on 50W through 400W lamps is at least 2500V; for the 1000W lamp, it's at least 3000V.
An open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current measurement can be made on an energized HID ballast. With the lamp removed, a true rms voltmeter is used to measure the voltage at the socket. The short circuit current test is shown in Fig 4. The ballast capacitor can be tested with a suitable analog-type ohmmeter set at a very high resistance scale. The branch circuit power should first be turned off, and the capacitor disconnected from the circuit. A screwdriver or other piece of metal placed across the terminals will discharge the capacitor. Meter test leads then can be attached or clamped to each terminal. If the ohmmeter measures a very high resistance, the capacitor is open and should be replaced. If the reading is zero or a very low resistance, the capacitor is shorted and should be replaced. If the reading is zero or a very low resistance initially and the resistance slowly increases, the capacitor is good.
Also, you should check the voltage at the point of connection to the electrical distribution system to ensure proper conditions. Operation in an over-voltage state increases wattage consumption and reduces the life of the ballast and lamp.
The family of arc discharge lamps includes fluorescent and high-intensity-discharge (HID) light sources. Light is produced in these lamps by an electric arc struck between two main electrodes or cathodes, which usually are located at opposite ends of the lamp.
With few exceptions, discharge lamps must operate with a ballast specifically designed to provide the proper starting and operating voltage for the lamp. A ballast changes the electrical characteristics of the power supply to those needed by the specific lamp in order for it to start reliably. Specifically, a ballast provides the open-circuit voltage, regulates the current (ampere flow) to the lamp, and maintains the necessary operating voltage. Thus, a discharge lamp and ballast must be precisely matched. They also must be connected together properly and operated within specific limits. If any of these conditions are not met, the light source will not work properly.
Ballast Factor (BF): An indication of the relative light output from a given ballast and lamp combination. Ballast factor equals commercial ballast light output divided by reference ballast light output. For example, if the total lumen output from the lamps in a fixture is 6000 and the BF is 0.85, then the actual light output from the lamps will be 5100 lumens. This difference should be taken into account in maintained light-level calculations.
Illuminance: The density of luminous flux light falling on a surface. The unit is called footcandle when using the English measurement system (foot) and lux when using the International system (meter).


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From USD $1,989 per Trip
Take an artisan workshop on your vacation. Study traditional artisan skills including spinning, weaving, leather working and pottery on our Czech Republic artisan tours. Our artisan tours will show you demonstrations of a variety of crafts done by local craftspeople and skilled artisans. Take lessons in artesian skills and learn local crafts at our Czech Republic artisan workshops. Have fun testing your own skills and make a handmade souvenir. Browse our Czech Republic artisan workshops and plan your vacation today!

subset: commoncrawl


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Old Password: [ ] New Password: [ ] Confirm New Password: [ ]So that should be a moment's work to redo, right? Wrong. There is a package of procedures for user maintenance that contains the following 2 procedures that are relevant:
PROCEDURE change_password_validate (p_username IN VARCHAR2, p_old_password IN VARCHAR2, p_new_password IN VARCHAR2, p_confirm_password IN VARCHAR2, p_profile_name IN VARCHAR2, p_mode IN VARCHAR2 DEFAULT 'N', p_mask IN VARCHAR2) ; PROCEDURE change_password_process (p_username IN VARCHAR2, p_new_password IN VARCHAR2, p_confirm_password IN VARCHAR2, p_mask IN VARCHAR2, p_profile_name IN VARCHAR2, p_encrypt_pw IN VARCHAR2, p_admin_mode IN VARCHAR2 DEFAULT NULL) ;Some design flaws are immediately evident:
- Validation is totally separate from processing. If I choose to, I can skip the validate routine altogether and call the process routine to change the password to anything I like, regardless of whether I get the old password right or confirm it correctly. (Actually, this foolish separation of validation from processing is a company standard!)
- I get to choose whether the password is to be stored (in our own application's USERS table) in encrypted form or not. HTF do I know whether it should be encrypted or not?
- I need to supply something called p_mask, which I think may be something to do with the encryption process, or maybe the validation process – none of this is documented of course, or at least nobody knows where any such documentation may be found. I have tried passing the word 'mask' and it seems to work, except that all subsequent attempt to change the password then fail on the validation of the "old" password – perhaps because it has been encrypted in an unexpected manner.
- I also need to supply something called p_profile_name, which I do happen to know is a user attribute something like a role, stored in the USERS table. Well excuse me, but if I'm passing in the username as a parameter, why should I have to go look up the USERS record and obtain the profile_name value just to pass it into this lazy procedure?
- I don't fully understand p_mode and p_admin_mode either, but at least they have defaults which I assume (for now) I can live with.


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By Patrick Erwin
A few months ago, I shared with our "Thinking Soap Fans" my thoughts on the Luke and Noah story on As the World Turns, and what it meant to me.
In the last few weeks, buzz about the story has erupted into controversy, as many fans are up in arms about the show's reluctance to show the couple kissing or expressing affection. The story has expanded to mainstream media, and took on new dimensions when the conservative American Family Association jumped into the fray by designating Procter & Gamble — which produces ATWT and supplies much of its advertising — the catalyst for an "action alert" as a result of P&G's sponsorship of what the AFA termed "pro-homosexual" programming.
To make sense of what's happened, I asked a few people who are familiar with both the soap world and the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered) world to give us their perspective. [Read more…]


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Which Course can make you an Entrepreneur? – By Dr. Sridhar G28-May-2014
So, you want to be an entrepreneur? Is it? If you want to start your own business, but don't have an idea where to start, don't worry- there are millions like you. Guiding you towards a right direction, Dr. Sridhar G, Founder of Deeksha Network shares his ideas following which one can attain success in the specific field. Let us have a look on what Dr. Sridhar G has to say to the "Future Entrepreneurs".


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For a naval carrier crew, there's no better way to spell pride and discipline than for hundreds of airmen and sailors to spell it out, shoulder to shoulder, on the flight deck.
Closing ranks in full white dress (or any other color), they write messages ranging from a single "E" for Excellence to 100-foot-long phrases. Some are done for fun, others for anniversaries or as salutes to fallen comrades. Here, sailors on the USS Enterprise mark the nuclear Navy's 40th anniversary on their way back from the Middle East during Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001.
The audience for these grand messages has ranged from the crews themselves to the landlubbers of distant ports of call, who nose to the windows of skyscrapers, or line the Golden Gate bridge, or scale the steep banks of Nova Scotia to see HELLO HALIFAX written in 50-foot letters, using 500 genuine feet.
It's been going on for at least…actually, no one can say how long. Curtis Utz, head of the archives branch at the Naval History and Heritage Command in Washington, D.C, thinks the earliest descriptions of a flight-deck spell-out date from just after World War II. "That doesn't mean they didn't do it earlier," says Utz.
His colleague Ed Finney is a curator in the Naval Historical Center photographic branch. "I don't know if it's what you'd call a tradition, it's just been done for a long time," he says. "At some point someone on deck probably figured We've got this huge, flat space, and it might be a good place to spell something. Maybe they got the idea from halftime shows at a football game."
Either way, time on deck is better spent in spelling than swabbing.
See below for a gallery of aircraft carrier spell-outs.
Arizona Tribute
On Memorial Day in 1958, the USS Bennington passes the wreck of the USS Arizona in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, spelling a tribute to crewmen lost in the Japanese attack of December 7, 1941. The outline of Arizona's hull and the flow of oil still leaking from her fuel tanks can be seen in the shallow waters.


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Latest Sport News: Misbah and Shafiq lift Pakistan spirits
Pakistan 183 for 4 (Misbah 44*, Shafiq 53*) and 49 need 297 more runs to beat South Africa 253 and 275 for 3 dec (de Villiers 103*, Amla 74*, Smith 52)
Starting a series with a total of 49 leaves a low base for improvement, but Pakistan's second innings showed them in a far better light as they ensured the Test would enter a fourth day. At 82 for 4, chasing a huge 480, a swift conclusion was still on the cards before Misbah-ul-Haq and Asad Shafiq combined in an unbroken century stand including a wicketless final session
There will be no concern over the scoreline from Graeme Smith, but maybe just the odd glimpse towards weather forecasts. They are unpredictable, especially for Johannesburg, although do suggest a greater threat of rain over the last two days. Having not enforced the follow-on with Pakistan on the ropes yesterday he will not want any hiccups.
South Africa could have been closer to victory, and perhaps savouring a celebratory drink already, if it had not been for two spurned chances in the final session. Firstly Shafiq, on 40, edged Vernon Philander to first slip only for replays to show a clear no-ball. In the next over Misbah cut Jacques Kallis to backward point but Robin Peterson dropped a relatively straightforward chance. Smith started chewing on his gum just that little bit harder.
The chances should not remove the fact that Misbah and Shafiq provided an important lesson for the remainder of this series. Pakistan will, weather permitting, still lose here but it was vital that the aura around South Africa's attack was at least pierced a fraction. The surface had lost some of its spite, and the ball grew softer, but the principles they showed of sound judgement and solid concentration will serve batsmen well in any conditions.
It was a proper rearguard from the pair as they dug in either side of tea. The hard work brought rewards, particularly against the slightly erratic Morne Morkel, although both batsmen nearly lost concentration against Robin Peterson when their eyes lit up at something slower.
Shafiq is an impressive young batsman, already with an average over forty, had enjoyed a solid 2012 with runs against England and Sri Lanka. He does not mind soaking up the dot balls, but also has a range of shots to take advantage of loose deliveries. His ninth boundary, a square cut, took him to his half-century from 117 balls.
He was partnered by a player who adores the chance to drop anchor. Misbah was tested by Dale Steyn in a spell after tea but he left the ball well and drove strongly through the off side. He was less convincing on the pull and, ten minutes before the close, nearly top-edged to deep square-leg. It would have been a horrid waste of his diligence.
There was another encouraging performance in the shape of Nasir Jamshed who dominated the early scoring after losing Mohammad Hafeez, caught down the leg side, in the fourth over. He was strong on the drive and through the leg side but had some uncomfortable moments against Morkel before, sensing another boundary for a maiden fifty, pulled Steyn to mid-on.
Kallis' productive match with the ball continued when he trapped Azhar Ali lbw, the batsman wasting a review which bordered on the selfish. The ball was full, nipped back, and struck him in front of middle.
Younis Khan could only contribute 15 – and he already survived a mighty close review for lbw on 11 – when he tried to leave Morkel and provided a very thin edge to the keeper. Younis walked and Hot Spot showed a small white mark, but this time the focus was on Morkel's front foot which was close to a no-ball.
South Africa's innings had lasted for a further nine overs during the morning as Hashim Amla and AB de Villiers added 68 more. De Villiers was at his expansive best, taking balls from outside off through the leg side and also reverse sweeping Saeed Ajmal. The concerns about his workload have certainly been helped by the ability of South Africa's quicks to skittle a team at least once in a Test.
His 11th boundary, slotted through the covers, took him to his hundred from 117 balls. The applause had just died down when Smith stood in the dressing room and waved his batsmen in to begin searching for a quick finish. It did not quite work out that way.
Andrew McGlashan is an assistant editor at ESPNcricinfo


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Feast Landing is a device responsive, Christmas themed landing page. With 4 exclusive, professionally designed collages. This landing page has all you need to promote your products this Christmas and make awesome discount propositions.
- Valid HTML5
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- 4x Exclusive Header and 2x footer collages
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- Layered .PSD files included
- Separate PSD files for buttons and discount.
- Compatibility = Crossbrowser


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There's a certain narrative that dominates most stories of infertility. Their sense of overwhelming anguish and loss, regardless of outcome, contrasts so drastically from my own experience that sometimes I have to remind myself that I, too, have a story of infertility.
That term, infertile, may be medically and technically appropriate, but it's not a word I would use to describe my life. A friend recently asked my advice for someone struggling with being infertile. "I'm not sure," I told her, "because I don't really struggle with it at all."
Even though God has not fulfilled my longtime desire to have children, he has filled my life with so many other gifts that my greatest struggle has been to be a faithful steward of so much abundance.
I was 26 years old when my husband and I threw away the birth control.
But the babies didn't come.
When I was diagnosed with endometriosis—likely the culprit in my inability to conceive—I had corrective surgery. My doctor said I would be pregnant within six months.
Still the babies didn't come.
My husband and I decided that further procedures were off the table. Although we are Baptists, we believe in the principles set forth in the Catholic Church's Donum Vitae ("The Gift of Life"), which distinguishes between medical interventions that assist the marital union in achieving pregnancy and interventions that replace the procreative marital act. We agree with the distinction made by some Christian ethicists and theologians between procreation and reproduction: While reproduction can be achieved any number of ways, procreation takes place in the mystery of two bodies becoming one flesh and producing another ...1


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South African Journal of Surgery
versão On-line ISSN 2078-5151
versão impressa ISSN 0038-2361
S. Afr. j. surg. vol.46 no.2 Cape Town Mai. 2008
Surgical management of BCG vaccine-induced regional axillary lymphadenitis in HIV-infected children
J. T. JuziI; D. SidlerII; S. W. MooreIII
IM.D.; Division of paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, W Cape
IIM.D., F.C.S. (S.A.), M. PHIL.; Division of paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, W Cape
M.B. CH.B., F.R.C.S., M.D.; Division of paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, W Cape
There are as yet no clear surgical guidelines for the management of BCG vaccine-induced regional axillary lymphadenopathy.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the management of the condition and to suggest possible management strategies.
METHODS: A retrospective study was undertaken of 23 cases of suspected ipsilateral BCG adenitis following neo-natal BCG inoculation (2001 - 2004). Diagnosis of a BCG infection was confirmed by culture and/or gastric washout. The age of the patient and mode of presentation, imaging findings, and results of tuberculin skin testing (Mantoux test) were documented. Because of a change in management policy the first group of patients treated by primary surgery were compared with those treated by fine-needle aspiration (FNA). The influence of HIV status on outcome was assessed. Surgical complications and outcome were analysed.
RESULTS: Twenty-three children under 13 years of age (mean age 8.8 months, male/female ratio 1.9:1) were evaluated. Eighteen patients tested positive for HIV and 5 were HIV-negative. A positive culture for BCG bacillus was identified in 19 cases (83%) - by FNA (N=13, 68%), on pus swab (N=3, 16%), at surgery (N=1, 5%), and by gastric washing (N=2, 11%). Three HIV-negative children had granulomas on histological examination without a positive culture.
Forty-five per cent of the 11 patients treated early in the study period by primary surgery (drainage/biopsy) had complications, which included a difficult anaesthetic induction and technical surgical difficulties. The postoperative incidence of wound dehiscence/infection was extremely high in this group and 18.2% developed postoperative cutaneous sinuses. Following a change in management policy, the following 12 patients, with a comparable HIV incidence, treated by initial conservative management, had a much lower incidence of post-procedural complications.
CONCLUSION: This study confirms a high perioperative complication rate associated with the primary surgical treatment of BCG lymphadenitis in both HIV-positive and negative patients. primary surgical treatment (incisional drainage or biopsy) is therefore not considered an ideal form of management in BCG lymphadenitis because of the high fistulisation and poor wound healing, especially in the HIV-positive patient. It should be avoided as the initial approach, with needle aspiration being preferred. Surgery should therefore be confined to the unusual event of real doubt about the underlying diagnosis and the treatment of suppurative complications.
"Full text available only in PDF format"
1. Marshall JB. Tuberculosis of the gastrointestinal tract and peritoneum. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 989-997. [ Links ]
2. Johnson CAC, Hill ID, Bowie MD. Abdominal tuberculosis in children. S Afr Med J 1987; 72: 20-22. [ Links ]
3. Fourie PB. BCG vaccination and the EPI. S Afr Med J 1987; 72: 323-326. [ Links ]
4. Kabra SK, Lodha R, Seth V. Some current concepts on childhood tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res 2004; 120: 387-397. [ Links ]
5. Schaaf HS, Beyers N, Gie RP, et al. Respiratory tuberculosis in childhood: the diagnostic value of clinical features and special investigations. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14: 189-194. [ Links ]
6. Hesseling AC, Schaaf HS, Victor T, et al. Resistant Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin disease: implications for management of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23: 476-479. [ Links ]
7. Hesseling AC, Marais BJ, Gie RP, et al. The risk of disseminated Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) disease in HIV-infected children. Vaccine 2007; 25: 14-18. [ Links ]
8. Daoud W. Control of an outbreak of BCG complications in Gaza. Respirology 2003; 8: 376-378. [ Links ]
9. Deeks SL, Clark M, Scheifele DW, et al. Serious adverse events associated with bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine in Canada. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24: 538-541. [ Links ]
10. Tastan Y, Arvas A, Demlr G, Alikasifoglu M, Gur E, Kiray E. Influence of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination at birth and 2 months of age on the peripheral blood T-cell subpopulations (gamma/delta and alpha-beta T cell). Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2005; 16: 624-629. [ Links ]
11. Kumar R, Dwivedi A, Kumar P, Kohli N. Tuberculous meningitis in BCG vaccinated and unvaccinated children. J Neurol Neuro-surg Psychiatry 2006; 76: 1550-1554. [ Links ]
12. Baki A, Oncu M, Usta S, Yildiz K, Karaguzel A. Therapy of regional lymphadenitis following BCG vaccination. Infection 1991; 19: 414-416. [ Links ]
13. Caglayan S, Yegin O, Kayran K, Timocin N, Kasirga E, Gun M. Is medical therapy effective for regional lymphadenitis following BCG vaccination? Am J Dis Child 1987; 141: 1213-1214. [ Links ]
14. Kuyucu N, Kuyucu S, Ocal B, Tezic T. Comparison of oral erythromycin, local administration of streptomycin and placebo therapy for non-suppurative Bacillus Cal-mette-Guerin lymphadenitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17: 524-525. [ Links ]
15. Noah PK, Pande D, Johnson B, Ashley D. Evaluation of oral erythromycin and local isoniazid instillation therapy in infants with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin lymphadenitis and abscesses. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12: 136-139. [ Links ]
16. Close GC, Nasiiro R. Management of BCG adenitis in infancy. J Trop Pediatr 1985; 31: 286. [ Links ]
17. Banani SA, Alborzi A. Needle aspiration for suppurative post-BCG adenitis. Arch Dis Child 1994; 71: 446-447. [ Links ]
18. Hengster P, Sölder B, Fille M, et al. Surgical treatment of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin lymphadenitis. World J Surg 1997; 21: 520-523. [ Links ]
19. Cagalayn S, Afrikan A, Yaprak I, Aksoz K, Kansoy S. Management of suppuration in regional lymphnodes secondary to BCG vaccination. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1991; 33: 699-702. [ Links ]


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text: Liu Wenjuan, the wife of a senior police officer that was killed in a shootout, committed suicide on Wednesday in Suning County, Hebei province, China.Local police said Liu Wenjuan jumped from the sixth floor of a hotel in the province's Suning county. Sources close to police indicate that the woman was distraught by her husband's death.Liu's husband, Xue Yongqing, was the political commissar of Suning county's public security bureau. He and another officer were killed on Tuesday morning while exchanging fire with an armed suspect.The suspect, Liu Shuangrui, allegedly killed two local residents and injured five others with a shotgun before police caught up with him; the suspect was also killed in the shootout.According to police, two psychological experts were dispatched to comfort the parents of Xue Yongqing and his wife, as well as their only son, who is reportedly attending university.China's Public Security Ministry has extended their condolences over Xue Yongqing and his wife's deaths.


text:
Finally, a breather.
With injuries piling up for UCLA, head coach Jim Mora decided to give his Bruins a break — cutting Thursday's practice short. Instead of hitting the field for two hours at 11:15 a.m., the team practiced for a few minutes, then jumped in the pool to cool down.
Though temperatures have been milder at Cal State San Bernardino than during UCLA's last two training camps, the players needed the rest. Beat down by nine days of camp, the Bruins left standing had looked sluggish in Wednesday night's full-pads practice.
Many didn't take the field at all, though most of the issues aren't expected to be serious. The offensive line is without starting center Jake Brendel (MCL), reserves Scott Quessenberry and Carl Hulick. Guard Alex Redmond (heat exhaustion) and tackle Conor McDermott (shoulder) had missed several practices before returning Wednesday night.
Safety Randall Goforth and cornerback Marcus Rios were also absent Wednesday night. They had suffered a shoulder injury and a headache, respectively, earlier in camp.
Receiver Devin Lucien, briefly hospitalized Tuesday after hitting his head, showed up to practice but did not participate.
UCLA has three more scheduled practices in San Bernardino: 8:30 a.m. and 5:45 p.m. today, and 10:45 a.m. Saturday — all of which are open to the public.
Blessing in disguise
Two years ago, defensive end Owamagbe Odighizuwa was a budding star. The then-junior had 44 tackles, including 2.5 tackles for loss in his last three games, and set him up for a full-time starting role in 2013.
Multiple hip surgeries robbed him of that entire season, but with the Bruins now expecting an even bigger year, delaying Odighizuwa's final season might have turned out for the best.
"Owa is an experienced player," said defensive line coach Angus McClure. "I considered him a starter two years ago. … He was averaging between 30 and 45 snaps a game, which is about half a game. Owa's certainly a great leader. He's been great with our younger guys.
"If you look at our depth chart, two-thirds of them are sophomores on down. We've got a lot of young guys. So to have someone like Owa, with his experience, his leadership, his work ethic, that type of stuff — is a blessing. I'm glad we have him for six more months."
Pro parallels
Fullback Nate Iese has always looked the part of a future pro, moving with quickness and speed uncommon for his 6-foot-3, 245-pound frame.
Still, his impact hasn't shown up much in the box score. Last season, he played in 13 games and made a 3-yard touchdown catch. Iese may never put up huge numbers in UCLA's spread-it-out offense — one that doesn't usually utilize true fullbacks or tight ends — but he has the versatility to be valuable moving the chains or as a goal-line target.
"He kind of reminds me of a Jimmy Graham type of guy," said senior running back Jordon James, evoking the New Orleans Saints' two-time All-Pro. "He can play the slot. He plays fullback. He can block. He can catch. He can do it all."


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text:
The Integrator has repeatedly returned to the theme of incentivizing behavior because many hard issues must be held in balance (compassion, personal responsibility, economics, individuality, public health) and because Integrator columnist Michael Levin has repeatedly focused on the subject.
Here the writer, Integrator reader Charlie Priester, responds to Levin, to new research as reported in the New York Times and to recent Congressional perspectives from the perspective of a self-insured consumer and user of integrative services who has been close to the integrative practice field for a decade. Priester is a former colleague in publishing the hard-copy Integrator (1998-2002),
Guest columnist Charlie Priester: One mandate deserves another "After I read the latest issue of the Integrator Blog, specifically the column from Michael Levin entitled "Financial Incentives for Wellness: Good for Integrative Practice?" I
was uncharacteristically moved to send a comment.
"My first reaction was to target weight loss: 'Even though Senator
Ensign is a little like having the Wicked Witch of the West as a co-sponsor,
you know I've been arguing for years that there ought to be some kind of
financial incentive for wellness. No easy way to do it, I agree, but obesity
and even just "overweightness" is clearly out of control in this country, and
there's plenty of evidence regarding the probability of a whole host of health
issues based on it….'
Are these incentive programs
'good for integrative practice?'
Well, they sure ought to
"The following day, an article in the New York Times appeared,
citing a report by Kenneth Thorpe, which projects that if current trends
continue, 43% of American adults will be considered obese by 2018. The number
as of 2008 is 31%, which is scary enough, and that's just adults!
"After doing a little more research, I came to realize that my
first reaction basically lands in the 'Safeway Amendment' camp. Safeway CEO
Stephen Burd offers his employees a break on their premiums if they meet
certain criteria re: smoking cessation, weight, cholesterol and blood pressure.
If they succeed at all of them, they can save as much as $800 per year on their
share of premiums. In a Wall Street
Journal editorial, Burd wrote that 'if the nation had adopted our approach
in 2005, the nation's direct healthcare bill would be $550 billion less than it
is today.'
"Essentially, this 'outcomes' argument is that employers (and
perhaps the government) should adopt the auto insurance model, which rewards or
penalizes certain behaviors. No employee has to lose weight or quit smoking
(this is America, after all), but there's a financial incentive to do so.
"Every article I read adds to the complexity of the issue, but I
keep coming back to the certain belief that no matter what Congress does
regarding health insurance reform, if U.S. citizens don't start to exercise
more and change their diets to include more fresh, real food, healthcare costs
will continue to spiral out of control.
the government is really interested
in taking on the bigger public health
crisis we face, and if they are in the
end going to mandate that everyone
insurance, I say they ought to
demand that health insurance companies
themselves offer financial incentives to
encourage healthier lifestyle choices.
"'Good for Integrative Practice?' you ask. Well, it sure ought to
be, if for example, naturopaths could take all their expertise in the realm of
nutrition and develop some 'certified' educational programs that employers
could offer to employees. Or if acupuncturists could make the case that their
treatments will help an individual achieve the outcomes that a Safeway demands.
Or if yoga instructors harnessed the popularity of their discipline and
persuaded employers that their classes should be considered as worthy of
subsidy as gym memberships.
"For the self-employed and self-insured like myself, I wish
insurance companies would offer discounts to people who eat well, exercise
regularly, and meet whatever 'Safeway'-like criteria they want to set up. If
the government is really interested in taking on the bigger public health
crisis we face, and if they are in the end going to mandate that everyone buy
insurance, I say they ought to demand that health insurance companies
themselves offer financial incentives to encourage healthier lifestyle choices.
"Of course, as long as we're at the mercy of our current for-profit
health insurance industry, and so long as that industry makes money off
self-motivated folks who pay premiums and rarely have claims, this is probably
not going to happen."
"Mr. Thorpe concluded that the prevalence of obesity is growing
faster than that of any other public health condition in the country's
history. Health care costs related to obesity — which is associated
with conditions like hypertension and diabetes — would total $344
billion in 2018, or more than one in five dollars spent on health care,
if the trends continue. If the obesity rate were held to its current
level, the country would save nearly $200 billion a year by 2018,
according to the study."


text:
This wasn't what Dwight Howard was hoping for, these spotlights from so many cities descending upon him and the 2013 free agency season his and his alone.
Or close to it.
Point guard Chris Paul announced his widely-expected return to the Los Angeles Clippers on Monday, with the recent addition of former Boston Celtics coach Doc Rivers all but sealing his deal that will be for five years and $107 million when the free agency moratorium lifts on July 10.
DWIGHT: Lakers sneak in 2 meetings
PAUL: Details on his fat new contract
They even went shopping for more support, targeting former Dallas Mavericks shooting guard O.J. Mayo among that lot. And so it is that the Clippers' new reign as the more formidable, more appealing NBA team in Los Angeles was furthered, and this the summer of Dwight that few saw coming continued anew.
But there's nothing quite like this bit of theater that so many expect to end with Howard leaving the Los Angeles Lakers for the Houston Rockets, this Hollywood horror in the making for the Lakers in which Howard walks away from the extra $30 million he could earn by staying just so he can find a more suitable fit.
It will all come to a head Tuesday, when the Lakers will follow the Mavericks in this parade of Howard suitors meeting at a Bel Air hotel to take their last, best shot at convincing him to stay put. He already has had formal visits with the frontrunner Rockets, as well as the Golden State Warriors. But this, it's safe to say, will be different.
HOUSTON: Rapper's brilliant reason for Dwight to pick Rockets
NO, LOS ANGELES: Legendary actor states Lakers' "stay" case
The mega-watt smile Howard wore when he was traded from the Orlando Magic to the Lakers last summer was real, as were the visions of title contention that would have made his return a foregone conclusion. But so were the concerns, the questions about playing with Kobe Bryant and the uncertainty that surrounded his role in the offense after coach Mike D'Antoni took over five games in. These are the issues that the Lakers will have to address, the ones that are far more complex than the bed of roses being laid by their competitors.
This is new territory for the Lakers, who have given up their NBA royalty status in order to make sure Howard knows how badly they want him back. In addition to the #STAYD12 billboards all over town, the full-page ad in the Los Angeles Times and the words of praise from general manager Mitch Kupchak for Howard in the news media, there were more substantive steps taken leading to their formal meeting with him as well.
PHOTOS: Dwight Howard's Magical journey to Laker Land
Kupchak spoke with Howard on Saturday, a luxury that was only legal by NBA rules because his team is the incumbent. Then Kupchak paid Howard another visit on Sunday night, a brief well-wishing that came just minutes after the 9:01 p.m. PT buzzer sounded and before Howard headed out for dinner and a presentation with the Rockets.
Yet they will still have a tough sales job ahead. While the Lakers can promote the merits of their one-of-a-kind market and undeniable track record as champions, the reality is that Bryant may not return from his Achilles tear until midway through the season and the rest of their supporting cast — Pau Gasol, Steve Nash, Metta World Peace and the rest — hardly looked worthy of all the initial hype that followed when Howard joined them.
FOOD CHAIN: Lakers, Clippers have switched places in two years
DECISIONS: The 10 most difficult choices for teams this offseason
And while the Lakers will be a blank canvas in the summer of 2014 when only Nash is under contract and top free agents will surely come their way, the inconvenient part for them is that Howard wants to win now. Such is the challenging irony of his free agent process, the fact that all the things they can offer and that seemed so important to Howard before - the market size, the glitz and the glamour, the off-court opportunities - now pale in comparison to the chance to win a ring sooner rather than later.
The Mavericks are part of this high-stakes game as well, having made the unpopular and calculated choice to break up their championship team in the summer of 2011 so they could savor the salary cap space that is so vital in today's NBA. But they missed out on top target Deron Williams last summer (he signed with the Brooklyn Nets) and may miss out on Howard this time around, all while future Hall of Famer Dirk Nowitzki waits not so patiently to see who he'll be starring with in his twilight years after missing the playoffs for the first time since 2000.
The summer of Dwight continues, and it's getting hotter by the day.
PHOTOS: Top 20 free agents this offseason


text:
Also there is a basic (Mentzer red box only) game being run by Magius. http://www.myth-weavers.com/showthread.php?t=158683
|Because I am terrible at 4E - at least DMing it, and d20 and I sometimes fail to see eye-to-eye on things like half-elves and multi-classing, two things I am in love with.
To clarify: Labyrinth Lord and Advanced Edition Companion, For Gold & Glory, OSRIC, Swords & Wizardry.


text:
OK, as promised... some food porn from Varese. Carlee, Lauren, Spratty and I went to our favourite pizza place in Varese last night to celebrate Lauren's last night before she heads home to Australia for a break. Spratty and I were on a mission to sample the retaurant's famous 'balloon' pizzas, which are like calzone but swelled up with air in the cooking process so that they are the size of a basketball when they come out. Inside is mozzarella, ricotta, ham, olives and an egg. It was delicious... not something I could eat often if I want to stay a hill climber but I could definitely smash another one soon.
In the masterchef spirit we judged the balloons 9.5 out of 10, with half a point deducted because they were not served by an Adonis-like waiter called Giordano who arrived on a golden chariot pulled by unicorns. But other than that it was pretty good.
...and after
I am not a quitter but this Ballun hit me for 6 and I had to lay down the knife and fork after a solid 40 minutes of trying. Good thing we did so much riding yesterday or I'd never have made it that far.


text:
Early on Saturday morning Penn State students and alumni received an e-mail alert saying that someone had called in a bomb threat to Beaver Stadium. A sweep of the massive 110,000-seater produced nothing, it added. Probably because the bomb had already gone off the week before.
Check out pictures of game-day here>>>
For the past week, the entire country has been obsessed with the disgusting scandal at Penn State, with the 40 counts of child abuse facing former defensive coordinator Jerry Sandusky, and with the actions the school took (or didn't take) to brush it aside.
It isn't surprising that this obsession has come with a healthy dose of wonderment from those outside State College. The media has covered so many aspects of this case — what will happen to legendary head coach Joe Paterno? What has happened to University officials? What happened when the students rioted one night?
But they haven't talked about the town. They haven't talked about Sandusky's neighbors, and the people who have supported Joe Paterno since the 1960s. And that's a shame, because many of them knew this was coming for three years.
And many of them surely knew this was coming even earlier than that. In a town where all the kids go to the same high school, and the entire county has only slightly over 40,000 residents — A town where everyone knows where Joe Paterno lives, and all of downtown is simply two parallel streets — someone has to know.
So Business Insider spent the weekend at Penn State trying to understand how the town, the people most in danger of being hurt by Sanduksy's crimes, were taking the news.
The main reason why It's not hard to find someone who knows something in State College is simply because everyone knows everyone. Since the 1960s, they all believed they knew Joe Paterno (Joe Pa) too.
"Back then," said *Michael Keller, a resident whose family's been in the area for generations told me, "you used to go to the game in your Sunday best."
"You feel like it's a bad dream..." he went on. "But you take the names off the faces and you realize they (the coaches and administration) all have to go."
Penn State hasn't actually been that wonderful at football in the past decade or so. Some townspeople have called for Joe to step down, while others (especially older members of the community) wouldn't hear of it. Paterno had built Camelot in Happy Valley, was the argument. He was the hero in a football story that lasted for generations and was built on the most important thing to Penn Staters — pride.
"I feel betrayed, that's the heart of it," said Keller. "We weren't what we used to be, but everyone here had one thing to hang their hat on...we're true blue, we do it right."
And this is what doing it right means to State College. From a young age kids are taught the basics of touchdowns and field goals. The boys who run fast and catch well play Pop Warner. If your father or uncle played for Joe Pa, everyone knows it and everyone is proud of you. Your family went through the system that brings honor (and let's face it, money) to your town. You can, and absolutely should, do the same.
Once you're done with Pop Warner you might go to Jerry Sandusky's football camp at one of the Penn State branch campuses to learn the finer points of the game. Little boys, now grown, who didn't get to go to camp tell me that it stung when their friends came home, throwing better, running harder.
Regardless, at some point it's time to play for State College Area High School — the field is downtown, and the town shows up for the Friday night game.
When the time comes you play at Penn State, like Mike McQueary, who went through this system, and so many other State College-bred young men who've played for the team over the years. To them, Penn State football coaches aren't just leaders — they're a part of their understanding of what life is supposed to be like.
On the other hand, the boys that Jerry Sandusky victimized had very different stories. We know that at least one came from Central Mountain, another from Lock Haven. Both are forgotten farm villages within 40 minutes of State College. The people in those places depend on the University for jobs, and they depend on the Camelot myth for pride. So when Sandusky started The 2nd Mile, it was only natural for them to want to participate.
And the town participated as well. The wealthy and affluent donated, and sat on the board of The 2nd Mile. Now many of them feel guilt— "why didn't I see it?"
But back to the children.
Mr. Keller's wife told me that Sandusky made the kids feel special. That he was a warm and friendly all-around guy. He was already on a pedestal, she told me, his charity elevated him to the level of sainthood. "That's why he's been able to do the things he did."
But then 3 years ago the whispers started. Sandusky was being investigated.
Some chose not to believe it. Up until the news came out, the old coach was going to parties at Paterno's daughter-in-law's house, and people would go and bring their kids. Some people.
Others looked at the suspicious happenings around the investigation and started to question. Police say there's no link between the 2005 disappearance of Centre County District Attorney Ray Gricar and the Sandusky case, but he had been working it when he simply vanished from town. People wonder how much the board knew. And some (this is vicious rumor going around town) allege that Sandusky was simply part of a ring of child abusers, and that he would testify and give up other names.
There are jokes floating around too: "What do you call a woman who goes after younger men? A cougar. What about a man who goes after younger boys? A Nittany lion." "Dinner reservations for Sandusky, party of two, make sure you have a high chair."
Humor is one way to deal with grief. Another is retrenchment. In the early morning hours before Saturday's game two men knelt before Joe Paterno's house and prayed for a win. It didn't help, the team lost to Nebraska 14-17.
What did people expect? A world where something drastic has happened overnight can sometimes look the same in the morning, and people in town know Coach Tom Bradley (Joe Pa's interim replacement) has been running the show for years.
But then again some have always denied that fact, hoping that the frail 80-something coach they see on television is still secretly a lion in the locker room, and not just a figure-head for a flailing program. They've applied that same skill for denial to this scandal.
"This whole thing is trial by media," one former 2nd Mile donor told me. "We don't know anything, yet. And all of these outsiders are here working people up."
Indeed I heard reports that CNN journalists were asking questions outside Sandusky's old gym, were trying to get students to riot.
"Look, Linette, everything is going to go back to normal soon," the donor added as we drove past a dairy farm. "Nothing that bad ever happens in Happy Valley."
*Several sources asked that I not use their names in this story. Because of that, names have been changed.


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Where is she? Where has Amelia Earhart,the first WOMAN to fly an airplane gone to? We are all wondering and making silly guesses about this big heartminded person.Everyone was expecting her to come back after flying to Howland-but she didn't.We are all wondering where she and her navigator are-but we will never know...
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Cooking For Engineers
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Joined: 12 May 2005
Posts: 356
Location: Richmond, CA
Posted: Fri Oct 14, 2005 5:09 pm
Post subject: Re: Seasoning Cloth
geo wrote:
I'm wondering what you all use to season or oil down you cast iron after use? I used paper towel and got too much lint. I also don't buy paper towels very often. Then I tried a lint-free baby diaper. It worked great--cast iron is coated but I think the diaper is holding most of the bottle of oil! What do you think about using a handkerchief dedicated to this purpose and keeping it in a plastic container?
Yeah, diapers are designed to be absorbant and getting OIL or grease OUT of it will be pretty darned tough. I use a paper towel, no lint. Try another brand. I have two paper towel holders in my little kitchen, one near the stove and one near the sink. Cain't live without.
Or just use a light spray oil, gently. Don't wipe. Heck, many times I don't coat with oil. My pans are old though and don't necessarily require it every time.
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Joined: 07 Oct 2005
Posts: 8
Location: Florida USA/Switzerland
Posted: Mon Oct 17, 2005 2:22 pm
Post subject: Seasoning Cast Iron
I seasoned my cast iron again, but on the top of the lids, I now see where lint stuck on from the paper towels. I guess it's baked in now. Will this affect anything? Will it burn off after a while or do I need to put pans on oven cleaning cycle and start over with fresh new pans? I didn't notice any lint inside the pans, but there's probably a little bit of lint in there, too. It's really not a lot of lint, but I don't know if that will affect the seasoning. I really wish I could have just bought a particular cloth for that instead of experimenting with different paper towels. I'm still looking for a nondisposable lint-free cloth since I don't really use paper towels. Have you had any lint problems before? I think if I could get past this little issue, I would enjoy these pans, but right now, I'm a little sad & frustrated about these pans which I don't want to use because I'm afraid of messing them up further. I have never seen a lint-free cloth--it's probably my rayon skirt! ;-)
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Joined: 12 May 2005
Posts: 33
Posted: Mon Oct 17, 2005 5:24 pm
Post subject:
Hi Gail,
Hmmm...I guess it depends on how much lint and how big. If we're talking dust size particles, I wouldn't worry about it - it'll burn off in cooking and paper is just basically carbon anyway, so it won't hurt you. If you mean decent size chunks that that are all over the place, then I might try to clean them out. The first thing that I would do is carbonize them, i.e. put the pan in a hot oven and burn them off - get the oven to 450 -475F, put the pan in for 15 minutes to half and hour, and take it out. That should effectively reduce them to ash and you can just brush them out after the pan cools down. If for some reason that doesn't work, then maybe a bit of scrubbing with a soft brush and water (like an old toothbrush) should work. I, like Biggles, have never had a problem with paper towels leaving any kind of residue. My recommendation would be that when you are seasoning the pan, make sure that you have a film of oil completely across the bottom and use the wadded paper towels to just gently wipe the oil around - don't scrub it. After the pan has cooled, then maybe be a bit more aggressive in removing the remaining oil, but still more of a wiping, rather than scrubbing action. In my experience, a pan won't be perfect after seasoning - you'll have to cook in it a few times before it really gets slick. Actually, deep frying is one of the best things that you can do to season a pan. Finally, as I've noted in other posts, I only have old, very smooth surface cast iron pans. The as-cast surface of newer cast iron is rather rough, and that might be what is abrading your paper towel and causing the lint. If that is the case, I would just be very gentle when wiping the surface so that the towel doesn't tear apart.
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Joined: 07 Oct 2005
Posts: 8
Location: Florida USA/Switzerland
Posted: Tue Oct 18, 2005 5:43 am
Post subject:
Burned'em off! Thanks!!! I think I will go with using a handkerchief. It seems to be lint-free. Oh, gentle with the paper towels?! Auuugggghhh! I was DEFINATELY "scrubbing"!!! I was really getting into my work! All seems well now--don't see any lint. I cooked an egg in there earlier and forgot to add butter. I had already heated the pan up for 10 min. The egg didn't stick at all even without any added butter or oil! Wow!
Just curious, what do you think of Alton Brown's method of cast iron care? From what i read from another post, Alton Brown does not rinse cast iron with water, but just wipes out the extra oil when he's done cooking. I like that and am thinking about trying it. Currently, I use the brush made by Lodge and I probably scrub too hard with it and could lose some seasoning if I keep using the brush and water each time...
My mother, BTW told me that she NEVER seasoned her cast iron or oiled the outside. I thought she used cast iron for 20 years. She never knew she had to do any of that. She said she never had rust and things cooked just fine in it. Hmmm...sometimes I just don't feel like oiling the outside of the pan and the lid! I also don't prefer to oil the handle each time because I don't like getting the oil back on my hands when I go to cook. WILL THERE COME A TIME WHEN I WON'T "REALLY" HAVE TO DO ALL THAT?
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Joined: 12 May 2005
Posts: 33
Posted: Tue Oct 18, 2005 3:13 pm
Post subject:
Hi Gail,
Glad to hear that it worked. Regarding cleaning cast iron, it depends on how messed up it is. If the surface is fairly clean, I'll just wipe it out with a paper towel or a damp washcloth. If it has some gunk in it, I'll wash it with a bit of soap and water, rinsing REAL well. If the gunk is really stuck on, then I'll use salt and paper towel or washcloth to scrub the gunk out, followed by washing and rinsing (dump a pile of salt in it and scrub it around the gunk). Another trick that I do is when I am through cooking, I'll deglaze the pan, so to speak, with water. That will loosen most if not all of the crud and then I just dump it in the drain and finish rinsing the pan out and drying it. If you do the salt scrubbing, it is a good idea to pour in some oil and season it again. Regardless of how I clean it out, if any water has come into contact with the pan, after I dry it I put it in the oven on low heat (or the residual heat in the oven from cooking) for at least a half hour to thoroughly dry the pan. I don't worry too much about cleaning my cast iron in a certain manner - I think some of the recommendations that you read or hear are overkill (regarding not using water oir soap). The only thing that I won't do in the normal cleaning of a pan is use a scouring pad, steel wool, or Brillo pad.
Regarding the outside - I just do that once, when I first season the pan. And, the next couple of times that the pan is used on a range it will smoke a bit from the oil on the bottom burning. The only reason that I can see to have the outside seasoned is to prevent rust.
I don't think my parents ever seasoned their pans either, and they worked just fine. I think part of the reason is that years ago we used much more fat in our cooking which helped season the pan as you cooked. Nowadays, most people are (wrongly) paranoid of oil and fats so they don't use enough. You'll find that when stuff sticks in the pans it is typically because you didn't use enough fat. You can only really get away with that on non-stick pans, but they have their own set of issues (re: other threads and posts on that subjest).
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Joined: 12 May 2005
Posts: 33
Posted: Wed Jan 25, 2006 5:47 am
Post subject:
Awhile ago I posted a question about Baumalu copper cookware. Well, I chiseled open my wallet about 2 months ago and bought a 9.5" saucier for $25 (list price is around $75). I've used it a few times and thought that I'd post my opinion.
This pan is great. A huge bargain. It is 2mm thick hammered copper, tin lined, with a triple riveted cast iron handle. What I really like is the handle is really long - much longer than the Mauviel pans that I have. That allows you to find a balance point whereever it is most comfortable for you or you have enough handle so that you can brace it against your forearm if needed. At the barest simmer it will nicely reduce a sauce. The quality of the tin lining seems to be just as good as Mauviel. Needless to say, if I find this stuff again, in a pan that I need (like a big saute pan or sautoir) I will buy some more. If you can find it I would recommend trying it out.
Biggles - did you ever get your tin-relining fiasco resolved? Any apologies or extra service from the offending company? I'm always on the look-out for second-hand copper, and if I find some that needs to be re-lined (or at some point in the future the stuff I have may need it) I'd like to have a good tin liner available.
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Posted: Thu Jan 26, 2006 12:44 am
Post subject:
Oh be kind......
The Chicken Little's are very sincere and mean well.
- The canaries dieing experiment has never been able to duplicated by independent scientists - only by true believers
Mind you I don't use any nonstick cookware as i don't like the idea of cooking on plastic over well seasoned cast Iron and skill.
NB. remember the chicken Little's during the Ice Age were proved right about Global warming.
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Posted: Thu Jan 26, 2006 12:52 am
Post subject:
I was adressing this post
Dr. Biggles wrote:
EEEK !!! The sky is falling !!!! The SKY IS FALLING !!!!!
Dump your fry pans and let your birds free !!!!!
Free the cast iron !!! Free the aluminum and let the copper pans run !!!
Ya know, I was always wondering why everyone I knew had dying birds. Clearly it was their cookware. It is amazing how blind Americans can be.
I've just copied the local newspapers to let everyone know their non-stick is killing their pets !!!
Open thine windows and shout to the world !!!! YOU'LL ALL PERISH WITH YURIN' PANS !!!!
All the doctors were stumped by my bloody lung problem, now we know. Now we have the real story, it is set straight and true.
Don't use black pepper and don't use non-stick cause yer pets will die.
The world is a safer place today.
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Jack Xing
Posted: Thu Jan 26, 2006 2:03 am
Post subject:
after struggling with stainless pans after many years of using cast iron and black steel. You have to use what your employer supplies.
I one day tried to season the stainless pans...
Damn it works, the suckers stopped sticking and burning every time you turned your back. You have to repeat the treatment regularely and it sure don't look that pretty but it works. I also use a thick aluminium plate between the pans and the burners, it helps with the hotspots.
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Joined: 31 Jan 2006
Posts: 12
Location: Waaaay Upstate, NY
Posted: Thu Feb 09, 2006 7:22 pm
Post subject: will it react?
I'm making chili for a cook off and needed another stock pot. A friend of mine loaned me hers (it's non-stick Analon 10qt.) to use. My question is "Will the chili and the spices react with the non-stick interior if I use it for longer than 3-4 hours?" I usually let my chili simmer for the entire day to let the flavors meld together, but never having used a non-stick pan before, I'm at a total loss as to what to do? Should I just go out and buy a cheap stainless one to use? I don't want to ruin hers....TIA!!
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Joined: 12 May 2005
Posts: 33
Posted: Fri Feb 10, 2006 4:07 am
Post subject:
Hi Disneymom,
No, it won't react. Most non-stick interiors are teflon or some teflon derivative, which is used in the chemical industry precisely because it is non-reactive. Now, if the lining is scratched, to the point where you can see the underlying metal, you might get a slight reaction, but I wouldn't worry about it. If it is a steel pan, no worries at all, if aluminum, and your chili has acid in it (i.e. tomatoes) there will be some reaction but it shouldn't affect anything. You should be fine.
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Joined: 31 Jan 2006
Posts: 12
Location: Waaaay Upstate, NY
Posted: Fri Feb 10, 2006 2:03 pm
Post subject:
cynicalb wrote:
Hi Disneymom,
No, it won't react. Most non-stick interiors are teflon or some teflon derivative, which is used in the chemical industry precisely because it is non-reactive. Now, if the lining is scratched, to the point where you can see the underlying metal, you might get a slight reaction, but I wouldn't worry about it. If it is a steel pan, no worries at all, if aluminum, and your chili has acid in it (i.e. tomatoes) there will be some reaction but it shouldn't affect anything. You should be fine.
Thanks Cynicalb!! I've never really used non-stick before (other than what I have through my home business, but only because I have to have them to be able to demonstrate them). All of my pots and pans are either stainless steel, cast iron, or Caphalon Hard Anondized Alum. I've never been a huge fan of teflon since I do a lot of high heat stir frying and don't trust the teflon at all. I don't consider myself a novice in the kitchen, but this one threw me for a loop! LOL!
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Joined: 05 Apr 2006
Posts: 3
Posted: Thu Apr 06, 2006 7:31 pm
Post subject: Eggs
So it has been established that stainless, cast iron, copper are all good for browning, making sauces with the resulting fond, etc.
Tell me then, if non-stick is dangerous and faulty, how do you cook eggs and other delicate things (crepes, Swedish pancakes, etc)? With tablespoons of oil? I love the flavor that butter and bacon drippings impart on food, but for those of us who are calorie concious, what peice of cookware is safe, durable, and suitable for use with small amounts of oil?
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Joined: 12 May 2005
Posts: 356
Location: Richmond, CA
Posted: Thu Apr 06, 2006 8:10 pm
Post subject: Re: Eggs
mhuckaba wrote:
So it has been established that stainless, cast iron, copper are all good for browning, making sauces with the resulting fond, etc.
Tell me then, if non-stick is dangerous and faulty, how do you cook eggs and other delicate things (crepes, Swedish pancakes, etc)? With tablespoons of oil? I love the flavor that butter and bacon drippings impart on food, but for those of us who are calorie concious, what peice of cookware is safe, durable, and suitable for use with small amounts of oil?
This whole non-stick issue being dangerous is a damed Chicken Little story and it's gone too far. If you're dumb enough to set your non-stick pan on a flame and walk away for 20 minutes you deserve what's coming to you. However, if you follow the manufacturer's instructions for using the pan? It's no more dangerous than a butterfly.
Use and enjoy whatever pan you've got and move on. Be frightened of things like hurricanes, not fry pans.
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Joined: 05 Apr 2006
Posts: 3
Posted: Fri Apr 07, 2006 2:20 am
Post subject:
I guess my real concern was the >faulty< part, with so many people who care properly for their pans having the nonstick finish degrade, chip, scratch, or flake...
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With the pealing of the clock tower bells for five minutes at 7 am, President Lynn Pasquerella has declared today, Thursday, October 6, is Mountain Day. An annual academic holiday at the College, Mountain Day is Mount Holyoke's oldest tradition, dating back to 1838, one year after the College's founding. Members of the Mount Holyoke community are invited to hike to the Summit House atop Mount Holyoke, where Dining Services staff will serve ice cream from 9 am through lunch time.
Students eagerly look forward to the Mountain Day hike each year, keenly watching the fall weather forecasts and hedging their guesses over which day classes will be cancelled. The buzz has built in recent days, not just on campus, but on social media.
"Mountain Day is never on the day when everyone thinks it will be. Don't think too hard about it and it will come. Patience, my friends," tweeted @djshoward.
Alumnae are just as enthusiastic about joining the conversation —and the fun. "Could really use a #mtnday tomorrow! @mtholyoke, could you force the city of Boston to carry that tradition over to the real world?" tweeted @allytpeebles.
In an effort to bring a portion of the festivities to the MHC community beyond South Hadley this year, the Class Board of 2011 mounted a social media campaign to organize Alumnae Mountain Day Mini-Reunions at ice cream shops in cities across the globe at 6:30 pm today.
Back in 1838, there was no Facebook discussion of when or how to celebrate Mountain Day—nor was there any opportunity for alumnae and others to vicariously enjoy Mountain Day from off-campus locations. Today you can follow Mountain Day reports on Twitter and Facebook. Twitter users are asked to use the hashtag #MtnDay, and students and alumnae are encouraged to share their photos on the MHC social media sites.
For staff members who must remain on campus today, the Staff Council will serve pie and ice cream outside Blanchard Campus Center from 11:30 am to 1:30 pm.


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Sociology is the "study of social life, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior" (www.asanet.org). Sociologists study topics from welfare to health care reform, from organized religion to cults, from poverty to concentrations of wealth, from war to natural disasters, from aging to population change, from social media to music and film, from deviance to social order, from law to crime, from divisions of race/class/gender to shared cultural meanings. Students may go on to careers in areas such as social services (juvenile justice system, battered women shelters, disaster planning/relief), administrative support (information technology, human resources, employee training), social science researcher and/or analyst, law, education (graduate school, professor), marketing (copy writing, technology or software), and law enforcement.
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SO 100 (Introduction to Sociology)
SO 101 (American Social Problems)
AN 112 (Cultural Anthropology)
SO 360 (Sociological Theory)
SO 362 (Methods of Social Research)
SO 207 (Race/Ethnic Group Relations) or SO 310 (Social Class in the U.S.)
SO 304 (Family) or SO 306 (Law and Society) or SO 314 (Organizations) or SO 315 (Sociology of Sport)
or SO 318 (Sociology of Religion) or SO 377 (Sociology of Education)
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The Westminster skateboard park is anice little skatepark. Nice smooth banks, street stuff and a little bowl with a hip.
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Skateparks are becoming more common as Skateboarding grows in Southern California and around the world. A Skatepark Directory such as SoCal Skateparks can help you to find the best Skateboard Parks in Southern California. We have put this Skatepark Directory together so that skateboarders in Southern California and around the world can find skateboard parks easier here in SoCal. Skateparks are important to the foundation of skateboarding. In order for skateparks to remain vibrant in SoCal we have to do our best to make sure that the skateparks that are built here are going to be skateparks that our children will want to skate 20 years from now. We want this to be your first choice skatepark directory and hope that all of the skateparks listed here will help you to find your way.
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Follow @Twitter.com/Chido247, Faceboo
Long Live, CHINUA ACHEBE! The Eagle on the iroko.By Chido Nwangwu, moderator of the Achebe Colloquium (Governance, Security, and Peace in Africa) December 7-8, 2012 at Brown University, is the Publisher of USAfrica and first African-owned, U.S-based newspaper published on the internet USAfricaonline.comAfrica's most acclaimed and fluent writer of the English Language, the most translated writer of Black heritage in the world, broadcaster extraordinaire, social conscience of millions, culturalcustodian and elevator, chronicler and essayist, goodwill ambassador and man of progressive rock-ribbed principles, the Eagle on the Iroko, Ugo n'abo Professor Chinua Achebe, joined his ancestors a few hours ago, at the age of 82, in a peaceful and graceful transition in the warm company of his family.Reasonably, Achebe's message has been neither dimmed nor dulled by time and clime. He's our pathfinder, the intellectual godfather of millions of Africans and lovers of the fine art of good writing. Achebe's cultural contexts are, at once, pan-African, globalist and local; hence, his literary contextualizations soar beyond the confines of Umuofia and any Igbo or Nigerian setting of his creative imagination or historical recall.His globalist underpinnings and outlook are truly reflective of the true essence of his/our Igbo world-view, his Igbo upbringing and disposition. Igbos and Jews share (with a few other other cultures) this pan-global disposition to issues of art, life, commerce, juridical pursuits, and quest to be republicanist in terms of the vitality of the individual/self.In Achebe's works, the centrality of Chi (God) attains an additional clarity in the Igbo cosmology… it is a world which prefers a quasi-capitalistic business attitude while taking due cognizance of the usefulness of the whole, the community. I've studied, lived and tried to better understand, essentially, the rigor and towering moral certainties which Achebe have employed in most of his works and his world. I know, among other reasons, because I share the same Igbo ancestry with him. Permit me to attempt a brief sentence, with that Achebean simplicty and clarity. Here, folks, what the world has known since 1958: Achebe is good! Eagle on the Iroko, may your Lineage endure! There has never been one like you! Ugo n'abo, chukwu gozie gi oo!FULL text of this tribute-commentary at USAfricaonline.com click link
USAfrica: Achebe was the Igbo, Nigerian, African conscience and consciousness. By Onyeka Onwenu. http://usafricaonline.com/2013/03/23/achebe-was-the-igbo-nigerian-african-conscience-and-consciousness-by-onyeka-onwenu/


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My name is Seth James Mitchell. I live in South Africa. I was born in 1946.
My father was Keith Musgrave Mitchell. He was born in 1920 in South Africa. My mother was Margaret Graham Mitchell. She was born in 1923 in South Africa. Her maiden name was Louw.
My Grandfather was Ernest Mitchell of Ficksburg South Africa. My Grandmother was Dora. Her maiden name was Musgrave.
My Great Grandfather was Thomas Mitchell. He came to South Africa from Tazmania. He was married to Sarah.
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Radiation timing
Dear OncoLink "Ask The Experts,"
My wife has been diagnosed with breast cancer and I have read where radiation treatment should commence within 3 to 4 weeks after a lumpectomy is performed. How critical is the 3 to 4 week window? If it is started can it be suspended for a week and then resumed? We have reservations to see Mickey and Minnie and her mental health is at stake.
Lawrence J. Solin, MD, FACR, Professor of Radiation Oncology at the University of Pennsylvania, responds:
The timing (interval) to start radiation needs to consider two issues. First, the patient needs to be healed from the surgery before starting radiation, and in general, most patients are healed by the second or third week after surgery. Second, radiation should be started reasonably soon thereafter to maximize the benefit of radiation, and in general, intervals of up to 7 or 8 weeks can be acceptable, depending on the individual patient circumstances.
Once radiation treatments are started, these should be given continuously without break, unless the patient is having a complication from the treatment. Treatment breaks, especially if prolonged, can reduce the effectiveness of radiation.
Most travel arrangements (e.g., airplane and hotel reservations) can be changed (or sometimes canceled) without penalty provided that these arrangements were made prior to the diagnosis of cancer. A letter from the responsible physician is generally sufficient for this purpose.