text: Songshan Cultural and Creative Park Read the following for how to use your keyboard to browse the album: Up: Show photo menu Down: Hide photo menu Left: Last photo Right: Next photo ESC: Leave album Taipei New Horizon Songshan Cultural and Creative Park The 6.6-hectares Songshan Cultural and Creative Park in Taipei's Xinyi District was completed in 1937 as the Songshan Tobacco Factory, which was one of the seed companies of a monopoly system mandated by the Taiwan Governor-General Office. The premises were one of Taiwan's pioneers of modern industry, as well as the first professional tobacco plant. A gracefully simple Japanese modernist structure, the factory features meticulously crafted face cams, glasswork and bronze nails that made it arguably a "model factory" at that time. When Japan lost the war in 1945, the Taiwan Provincial Monopoly Bureau took over the factory and renamed it, Songshan Tobacco Factory of Taiwan Provincial Monopoly Bureau. The factory ceased production of cigarettes in 1998 for concerns over urban planning, regulatory changes in the tobacco and liquor marketing system, as well as shrinking demand. It became a relic of the past after being merged into the Taipei Cigarette Plant. In 2001, the Taipei City Government named the tobacco factory the city's 99th historic site and converted it into a park comprising city-designated historic sites (namely the office building, the 1st to 5th warehouses, cigarette plant and boiler room), historic structures (the inspection room, a machinery repair shed and a nursing room) and architectural highlights (the Baroque-style garden, an ecologically landscaped pond, a public bath and a multi-purpose auditorium). For more efficient reuse of space, the Songshan Cultural and Creative Park was built on the historic site as a production base for designers and cultural & creative businesses, as well as a venue for performances and exhibitions. The park introduced to its premises a Taiwan Design Museum and TMSK through partnerships with the Taiwan Design Center and prestigious Taiwanese glasswork label LIULI GONG FANG, respectively, besides a snack bar that was converted from the machinery repair shed. Hot Spots Related sites Accessible TravelYehliu GeoparkMaolin National Scenic Area - Xinwei Visitor CenterMt. 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Please check with the transportation station before departure.) TEL:+886-2-2765-1388Address:No.133, Guangfu S. Rd., Xinyi Dist., Taipei City 110, Taiwan (R.O.C.)Longitude/Latitude:121.5593251/25.0437078Web:Songshan Cultural and Creative Park LinksTransportation: Nat'l Hwy 1 → Exit at the Yuanshan Interchange → Jianguo elevated Rd. → Exit at Zhongxiao E. Rd. Interchange → Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd → Ln. 553, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd.Public:Take the THSR to Taipei Station, transfer to the MRT or bus. From MRT Taipei City Hall (Exit 1): approx. 400 m by foot From MRT Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hall (Exit 5): approx. 500 m by foot By Bus, Bus: 212 (incl. nighttime bus), 232 (Express, Red, Green), 240 (incl. nonstop), 270, 299, 919, 1800, 1815, 5500, Zhongxiao New Main Line: alight at United Daily News Building


text:
PSU sorority chapter earns highest national honor
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 2:00 AM
Pittsburg, KS
For chapters of the Alpha Sigma Alpha sorority, earning the prestigious Crown of Excellence award is among the most difficult of tasks. Earning the award two years in a row? That's nearly impossible.
Just don't tell that to the Pittsburg State University Eta Eta Chapter.
One year after receiving its first Crown of Excellence Award in its 93-year history, the Eta Eta Chapter at PSU has again earned the coveted recognition. Since its creation in 1985, only two Alpha Sigma Alpha chapters have earned the Crown of Excellence award in two consecutive years.
The Crown of Excellence award is given to the highest performing chapter within the national organization of Alpha Sigma Alpha. The top chapters in the country are given the award of Four-Star Chapter and from these select few, the Crown of Excellence Chapter is chosen.
"This is an incredible honor that many chapters work years to achieve," Chapter President Julia Sammur said. "This is an award well-earned by every single member of this sorority."
Along with receiving the Crown of Excellence Award, Eta Eta was given the Four-Star Chapter award, the Philanthropy Award and the Sidney Gramillion Allen Panhellenic Award.
Megan Smejdir, PSU Greek adviser, said she is proud of and excited for the Eta Eta Chapter.
"This is truly outstanding because so few chapters win this award two years in a row," she said. "It's a testament to the hard work and dedication of our Alpha Sigma Alpha members. I am very proud of them."
For more information, visit http://www.alphasigmaalpha.org.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This information was the most current on file in criminal division of Marion County District Court as of March 22. Information often is not available until more than a week after hearings. Journal entries must be checked by the defense, prosecution, and judge before they are filed.
Shannon Lynette Adam, 508 N. Cedar St., Marion; pleaded guilty Feb. 20 to expired registration; charge of interference with law enforcement-obstruction of official duty dismissed; ordered to pay $148.
Daniel L. Bowes, 1216 E. Boston St., Wichita; hearing on motions held March 4 on charges of two counts felony theft; plea hearing set for March 18.
David B. Buller, 305 N. Ash St., Hillsboro; pleaded no contest March 4 to charge of possession of drug paraphernalia; charge of possession of an hallucinogenic drug (marijuana) dismissed; sentenced to 90-day controlling term underlying 12 months probation; ordered to submit to drug and alcohol testing and to complete a drug and alcohol evaluation; forbidden to contact Kevin Neufeld.
Nicole Marie Chaffin, 815 S.E. Rice Road TCF, Topeka; waived preliminary hearing Feb. 20 and bound over on three counts vehicle burglary; arraignment set for April 22; also charged with two counts misdemeanor theft.
Jason C. Croft, 518 Lawrence Ave., Durham; made first appearance March 12 on motion to revoke probation; arraignment set for April 15.
Thomas L. Davis, 440 Grandview, Florence; diversion status hearing continued from March 4 to March 18 on charge of domestic battery.
Brandon Lee Doherty, 302 S. 10th, Salina; stipulated March 4 to probation violation; ordered to serve 10 days electronic monitoring and probation extended 90 days.
Jason M. Judd, 8435 N.W. Highway 75, Topeka; order for expungement issued March 19.
Bryan Patrick McCreary, 503 Plaza Blvd., Hesston; sentencing continued from March 4 to March 13 on conviction of two counts mistreatment of a dependent adult.
Farrah Christine Severns, 1920 275th Road, Marion; arraignment held March 4 on charges of driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol and criminal damage to property; diversion status hearing set for March 4.
Ryan Joel Shrewsbury, 2258 George Washington Drive, Wichita; preliminary hearing continued from March 6 to March 20 on charges of possession of methamphetamine, possession of drug paraphernalia, and disorderly conduct.
Phillip William White, 2050 College View Road, Manhattan; stipulated March 4 to probation violation; ordered to serve two 48-hour jail terms and 30 days electronic monitoring, then placed on 12 months probation.
Nathan A. Bianchi, 750 Pebblebrook Circle, Apt. 12, Manhattan; diversion agreement filed March 18 on charges of failure to maintain a single lane and transporting liquor in an open container; ordered to pay $498; diversion term is six months.
Rita Marie Hood, 906 Denver St., Marion; arraignment continued from Feb. 20 to April 17 on charges of driving while license canceled, suspended, or revoked and transporting liquor in an open container.
John Bruce Nieman, 507 S.W. Front St., Millsap, Texas; arraignment continued from Feb. 20 to March 20 on charge of driving under the influence.
Michelle Ann Weber, 704 N. Cedar St., Marion; sentenced Feb. 20 to six-month controlling term underlying 12 months probation on conviction of driving under the influence; ordered to serve 48 hours in jail; ordered to pay $1,103, complete alcohol information school, inpatient-outpatient treatment, and 20 hours community service; forbidden from using drugs or alcohol or entering businesses that make most of their revenue from alcohol; ordered to submit to drug and alcohol testing.
Ricci Jay Welter, 417 1st St., Hutchinson; plea hearing continued from Feb. 25 to March 4 on charges of driving under the influence, driving while license canceled, suspended, or revoked, and transporting liquor in an open container.
Glenn Arnold Yoder, 301 N. Vine St., Peabody; sentencing continued from March 6 to March 20 on conviction of driving under the influence.


text: Share: Comments Print May 24, 2012 at 1:15 PM $2,700 restitution in bulldog ransom case Posted by Nick Provenza Google Maps The Associated Press KELSO — A judge has ordered the people who tried to ransom a bulldog in Woodland to pay $2,700 in restitution. A Cowlitz County judge set the amount Tuesday for Johnny Lee Jordan and Ivy Rose Svaleson of Longview who pleaded guilty to extortion. Jordan was sentenced earlier to more than three years in prison and Svaleson to nine months in jail. The Daily News reports another man charged, Jesse James Clark of Kelso, would have to pay a share of the restitution if convicted. The 2-year-old English bulldog named Jagger was taken in October from the Woodland home of Jennifer Thomas. She received a text message demanding prescription drugs and money if she wanted her dog back. Jagger was found dead about three weeks later along railroad tracks in Kelso. Comments | More in The Blotter | Topics: bulldog, Extortion, ransom


text: Barnard College has a variety of multi-purpose on-campus event spaces with standardized configurations that ease the planning for the event organizers and minimize the cost and time involved in room set-ups. Classrooms are also used for events. Locations, features of the space, event-type suggestions, capacity information, and standardized set-ups are listed in this section.


text:
WOW! I am soooo stoked,
I just found out that Les and his band are playing here in Providence on July 30th.
There are going to be so many great shows this summer.
I'm going to New Haven on Tuesday to see the California Guitar Trio. These guys ROCK, three acoustic guitars and they play everything from Bach to Dick Dale.
They are even doing a cover of Yes' " Heart of the Sunrise " on this tour.
Hey Dutch,
Ever heard of a Zappa tribute band called " Project Object " ?
They are INCREDIBLE, Ike Willis sings lead and plays guitar, I've seen them a few times and they tour constantly. I taped the last show too, you have GOT to hear some of this stuff, I mean I'm a total Zappaphile and they do his work justice. I was also wondering if you'd be interested in some of my cd compilations, I do audio/video production and I'd love to share/introduce you to some great music you may not have heard yet.
Anyways, enough of me ranting, just wanted to talk about music and such... so what is everyone listening to these days? (Misty included  )
The Fat Fox that Rocks,
How much does an opinion weigh ? Does it really matter what I say ? I can't be responsible. Be yourself or be a tool...


text:
Introduced 2013
The all-new, exciting and slightly cheeky MG3 offers more fun and value for money than any other car in the highly competitive supermini sector of the market.
Prices have already amazed many with the news that even the top model in the four car line up costs less than £10,000. The ultra low insurance rating of Group 4E – less than half that of many competitors - is just as surprising, and particularly good news for young drivers who usually find the cost of car insurance prohibitively high.
But this superb value for money package on the 106PS MG3 has not been achieved at the expense of specification, practicality or safety. All models benefit from signature front LED daytime running lights and electronic hill hold as standard. Except for the entry model, all MG3s featuring a high quality DAB audio system.
The sporty exterior style, with full width black mesh grille, black A-pillars and 'wraparound' windscreen, conceals an interior that offers one of the largest and most spacious cabins in the supermini class. With six airbags, electronic stability control, corner brake control and traction control, there is the full suite of the latest technology safety equipment standard on all MG3s.
However, the key attraction for many people will be how much fun can be had creating their own MG3. The huge range of colours, exterior graphics, interior colour packs and part-leather upholstery was created by the UK design team and inspired by the British fashion industry.
The production version of the MG3 carries forward many of the styling clues first seen in the eye-catching MG ZERO concept car designed to target young and style conscious buyers wanting something different.
So the fun begins for customers even before they get into the car, by designing their own highly personalised MG3. With thousands of combinations available, the chances of seeing two identical MG3s together in the same town are pretty slim!
Like the MG ZERO, the MG3 was largely designed and engineering by highly talented professionals at the MG Birmingham site in Longbridge. After the MG6, the MG3 becomes the second in a new generation of British designed and engineered MG models.
The MG3 is unmistakable on the road. It takes the iconic MG brand another step into the future.
Click here to download the specification sheet
10 body colours are available from launch on all models.
Wide range of exterior graphics packs plus contrast mirror colours available from launch on all models.
Interior finisher colour packs including colour co-ordinated keys available from launch on all models.
"Tech" part leather upholstery option available on 3STYLE
We can help you with everything you need to enjoy, maintain and run your MG at reasonable cost: Spares, Insurance, Technical Assistance, Servicing, Restoration, Club runs, Travel opportunities, Local Club activities, Magazine and other quality informative publications, Recommended suppliers, Racing Championship and much more.


text:
What is an item, or a document?
An item, or a document, refers to an intellectual "thing" which cannot be reduced (without destruction).
For example, a letter is a document. If a page of the letter is removed, the letter is partially destroyed. Hence, a page is not a document unless that is the full extent of the item.
For a second example, a single image which stands on its own, is a document, or an item. If, however, the image is the 2nd or third page of a series of images of a musical score, then this image is not, by itself, a document. It is a portion of a document.
For a third example, an audio file which is a single segment of a performance is not a document; the compilation of all the audio files in the correct order, represents the intellectual whole. This is then considered an item, or a document.
It is our policy to always create descriptive metadata for digitized content at the item (or document) level. (I'm using these two terms interchangeably).
While we may choose to create page-level descriptive metadata in certain circumstances to grant greater searchability and accessibility, this is not standard policy.
For analog items that have been combined This policy comes from Jessica Lacher-Feldman, Marcia Barrett, and Donnelly Walton, with the test item being a sheet music object with a separate musical score attached:
"From an archival standpoint, the object in its analog form remains as is, and that should be how it is reflected in its digital form. We would not separate them physically, and therefore would not want them to be separated digitally. The digital object should be a digital representation of the analog object.
It is important that users are able to access both pieces of music, so creating bibliographic records and metadata records for each item and linking them is the correct procedure, with a note in the record that reflects the fact that they are one physical entity, bound together post-publication by their owner. This is standard for rare materials cataloging, as often you find two early printed books bound together as one physical object. It is clear that the second title was overlooked when it was originally cataloged many years ago. Thank you Mary for catching that.
In short, the physical object remains the same (and in turn the digital does as well), but intellectual access is needed to both pieces. If we were to digitize such an item, it would remain as one digital item but would need two records that reference each other."


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20/2 Silk Yarn - 38
Product Code: 20/2_Silk_Yarn_38
Availability: Pre-Order
Availability: Pre-Order
Price: $7.99
20/2 Silk Yarn (LACE SILK WEAVING YARN 20/2)
Pure Indian 20/2 Silk is so lustrous that it glows, tremendously lightweight and smooth.
This fabulous yarn is in a 20/2 guage and a 2ply yarn. The end projects of this yarn are extra file and perfeect for lace work.
This yarn is great for lace shawls, scarves, and other fine lacy items. This yarn is natural, so it dyes well.
Content: 100% Silk
Gauge: 10-11 stiches = 1"
Yarn Class: Lace Weight
Recommended Needle Size: # 2.25— 3.5
Approx. yardage = 500 yards approx per 50gms
Approx. Weight = 50 grams
$ 6.99 Only - 50g Skein
Write a reviewYour Name:
Your Review: Note: HTML is not translated!
Rating: Bad Good
Enter the code in the box below:


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Payment should be made within 3 days.
We try and charge reasonable shipping, and also keep things simple. You will notice flat shipping charges on most items, buy more and save more on shipping. We will ship the fastest means the shipping charge allows.
Please convo if you need an order expedited and we will be happy to make arrangements.
Just contact me within: 7 days of delivery
Ship items back to me within: 30 days of delivery
Request a cancellation within: 6 hours of purchase
But please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Because of the nature of these items, unless they arrive damaged or defective, I can't accept returns for:
Please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Art may be returned in original condition at the buyer's expense within 7 days of purchase, and we will refund the purchase price.
I am sorry, digital media can not be returned at this time.
Any shipping accrued to correct our mistakes (it doesn't happy often but we are only human!) will be paid by PinkPolish.
Arrived damaged? Contact us asap so we can work something out!
Wholesale available! Contact us for very competitive discounts on wholesale orders. We also occasionally consign. Feel free to contact us for further info.
Sep 1, 2018
This is a great addition to my bookmarks. Thank you.
Aug 31, 2018
I am so hooked on these two sided bookmarks. They are so awesome and very unique and I just love them. Especially anything with cats.


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Commercial, Services, Training
By Staff Writer | February 2, 2011
Send Feedback
Officials from Eurocopter hosted a ceremony Tuesday to inaugurate its new EC225 North Sea Service Center in Aberdeen, Scotland. The facility will supply training, logistics and technical support for the offshore oil and gas industry. Eurocopter also inked an agreement with CHC Helicopter for at least 800 hours of EC225 simulator training. Look for a full report from Rotor & Wing Military Editor Andrew Drwiega in coming weeks.For related news


text: This Britelyt lantern is a versatile lantern, which is able to burn no less than seven types of fuel, including biodiesel. The approved fuel types are: kerosene, biodiesel, diesel, gasoline, mineral spirits, charcoal lighter fluid and lamp oils. It's made by Petromax who've been building these lantern since the 1920s. The lantern can also be fitted with a stove adapter.


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Aspartame is a low-calorie, intense artificial sweetener. It is a white, odourless powder, approximately 200 times sweeter than sugar. In Europe, it is authorised to be used as a food additive in foodstuffs such as drinks, desserts, sweets, dairy, chewing gums, energy-reducing and weight control products and as a table-top sweetener.
The sweetener aspartame and its breakdown products have been a matter of extensive investigation for more than 30 years including experimental animal studies, clinical research, intake and epidemiological studies and post-marketing surveillance. It has been found to be safe and authorised for human consumption for many years and in many countries following thorough safety assessments.
In the European Union (EU) the label on foodstuffs containing aspartame must state its presence, indicating either its name or its E number (E 951).
Since 2002, EFSA has kept the safety of aspartame under regular review and its Scientific Panels have issued several opinions on studies related to this sweetener. Currently, this work is the responsibility of the Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF).
Latest activities
In December 2013 EFSA published its first full risk assessment of aspartame. The opinion concludes that aspartame and its breakdown products are safe for general population (including infants, children and pregnant women).
The current Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 40mg/kg bw/day is considered protective for the general population and consumer exposure to aspartame is well below this ADI. However, in patients suffering from the medical condition phenylketonuria (PKU), the ADI is not applicable, as they require strict adherence to a diet low in phenylalanine (an amino acid making up proteins found in many foods).
The comments on the draft opinion received during the public consultation and EFSA's responses to the comments received have also been published.
Previous milestones
From 8 January to 15 February 2013, EFSA held an online public consultation on its draft scientific opinion on the safety of aspartame. All stakeholders and interested parties were invited to comment on the draft opinion. As part of this important process and the Authority's commitment to actively engaging with its stakeholders, EFSA also held a meeting with interested parties to discuss its draft opinion and the feedback received from the online public consultation. EFSA received over 200 comments for consideration during its online public consultation as well as key learning from a wide-ranging and constructive exchange with stakeholders at the follow-up meeting. This process has ensured that no stone has been left unturned and that the widest possible range of scientific views and information have been considered before the finalisation of the opinion.
In May 2013, EFSA and the European Commission agreed to extend the timeframe for the Authority's full re-evaluation of aspartame to allow sufficient time to consider and address the feedback, including new information, resulting from the public consultation on its draft opinion.
In May 2011, EFSA was asked by the European Commission to bring forward the full re-evaluation of the safety of aspartame (E 951). Previously planned for completion by 2020, the review of this sweetener is part of the systematic re-evaluation of all food additives authorised in the EU prior to 20 January 2009, as anticipated under Regulation EU 257/2010.
EFSA accepted this mandate and launched a public call for scientific data as well as a thorough literature review. EFSA received access to a large number of both published and unpublished scientific studies and datasets following the call for data, which closed on 30 September 2011. Reaffirming its commitment to openness and transparency, the Authority published the full list of these scientific studies and also made publicly available previously unpublished scientific data including the 112 original documents on aspartame which were submitted to support the request for authorisation of aspartame in Europe in the early 1980s.
- Results of the Call for scientific data on aspartame – lists of published and unpublished studies and data files available for download
The ANS Panel started its risk assessment of aspartame in early 2012. In the course of its scientific deliberations, the Panel found that there were too little data available on 5-benzyl-3,6-dioxo-2-piperazine acetic acid (DKP) and other potential degradation products that can be formed from aspartame in food and beverages when stored under certain conditions. EFSA therefore launched an additional call for data on DKP and other degradation products of aspartame.
In 2006, the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC) assessed a long-term carcinogenicity study on aspartame performed by the European Ramazzini Foundation (ERF) in Bologna, Italy and published by Soffritti et al. in 2005 and 2006. Based on all the evidence available from the ERF study and other recent studies and previous evaluations, the AFC Panel concluded that there was no reason to revise the previously established ADI for aspartame of 40 mg/kg bw/day.
In 2009, the ANS Panel adopted an opinion on the findings of an ERF study on the carcinogenicity of aspartame in rats published by Soffritti et al. in 2007. EFSA requested the data related to this study in 2007 and 2008. The opinion was subsequently updated, taking into consideration additional data submitted by ERF in February 2009. The Panel concluded that on the basis of all the then available evidence, including the ERF study published in 2007, there is no indication of any genotoxic or carcinogenic potential of aspartame and no reason to revise the previously established ADI for aspartame of 40 mg/kg bw/day.
In 2010, two studies on possible health risks related to the consumption of artificial sweeteners were published, namely a carcinogenicity study in mice exposed to aspartame through feed conducted by the ERF (Soffritti et al. 2010), and an epidemiological study on the association between intakes of artificially sweetened soft drinks and increased incidence of preterm delivery (Halldorsson et al.). In a February 2011 statement, EFSA concluded that the two studies do not give reason to reconsider previous safety assessments of aspartame or of other sweeteners currently authorised in the EU. EFSA's review of these studies was carried out in co-operation with France's Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES) which also undertakes work in this area.
Cooperation with EU Member States
In 2007, recognising that public concern about aspartame continues despite the risk assessments that have been undertaken, the Advisory Forum of EFSA, composed of the national food safety authorities, agreed to hold a series of meetings of national experts with relevant scientific knowledge in relation to aspartame, nominated by their Member States. They looked at all the published literature and took into consideration additional evidence and literature that EFSA had gathered through a call for data in 2008. In 2010, a report of these meetings was presented along with comments from stakeholders received through a public consultation.
The national experts concluded that no new evidence was identified to suggest that the previous opinions of EFSA and the SCF needed to be reconsidered, but also recognised that the public concern relating to aspartame remains high. Much of the concern expressed relates to the anecdotal reports of adverse effects. Whilst EFSA and the national experts have made considerable efforts and invested time and resources to assess the anecdotal information, this information has proved to have severe limitations preventing effective analysis.
EFSA's main task in relation to the safety assessment of aspartame is to respond to requests from risk managers for scientific advice and to monitor scientific literature that may affect evaluation of the safety of this substance. Under the programme for the re-evaluation by 2020 of all food additives authorised prior to 20 January 2009, EFSA is required to re-evaluate the safety of aspartame. This re-evaluation, originally scheduled to be finalised at the latest by 2020, was brought forward to 2013 following a request from the European Commission.
- Topic: Food additives (see 'Re-evaluation of food additives')
As part of its safety evaluations of food additives EFSA establishes, when possible (i.e. when sufficient scientific information is available), an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for each substance. The ADI is the amount of a substance that people can consume on a daily basis during their whole life without any appreciable risk to health. ADIs are usually expressed in mg per kg of body weight per day (mg/kg bw/day). The ADI can apply to a specific additive or a group of additives with similar properties. When re-evaluating previously authorised additives, EFSA may either confirm, amend or withdraw an existing ADI following review of all available evidence.
EU framework
Aspartame is a food additive. The relevant EU legislation is detailed in the food additives topic.
- Topic: Food additives (see 'EU framework')
During the 1980s, aspartame was authorised for use in foods and as a table-top sweetener by several EU Member States. European legislation harmonising its use in foodstuffs was introduced in 1994 following thorough safety evaluations by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) in 1984 and 1988. Further reviews of aspartame data were carried out by the SCF in 1997 and 2002.
Background on aspartame:
1. What is aspartame?
2. In which food products is aspartame used?
3. Is it safe to eat products containing aspartame?
EFSA's Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS Panel) has carried out a full re-evaluation of the safety of aspartame and has concluded that aspartame does not pose a safety concern at current levels of exposure. The Panel considers that the ADI for aspartame set by the SCF is safe for the general population (including infants, children and pregnant women) and consumer exposure to aspartame is below this ADI. It is not applicable to people who suffer from PKU – see Question 4.
[*] The Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) was the former scientific committee of the European Union before EFSA was established in 2002.
4. What is PKU?
5. How much aspartame is it safe to consume?
6. Has EFSA ever evaluated the safety of aspartame?
7. So if aspartame is safe, why has EFSA carried out a full re-evaluation?
8. Has EFSA finished its new safety review of aspartame?
- Press release: EFSA wraps up aspartame consultation with public meeting
- Public consultation on the Draft scientific opinion on the re-evaluation of aspartame as a food additive
The re-evaluation of aspartame was carried out by EFSA's Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS).
9. Why did EFSA have a public consultation for its scientific opinion on aspartame?
EFSA regularly consults the scientific community and other stakeholders on its guidance documents and, when compatible with the procedures and deadlines laid down in the relevant EU legislation, also on important scientific outputs of keen public interest such as its opinion on aspartame. This ensures that EFSA considers the widest possible range of views and scientific information. Feedback from the public consultation is then compiled in a report and, where appropriate, incorporated into the final scientific output.
10. What were the main results of the public consultation?
The Panel considered all comments received. This has ensured that EFSA's scientific advice fully integrates information received and that those with an interest in this work can easily understand how the Panel derived its conclusions.
11. Why have questions been raised about aspartame in the past?
12. What information did EFSA look at? Has it reviewed the studies submitted with the original application for the authorisation of aspartame in Europe?
In the course of its scientific deliberations, the Panel found that there were too little data available on 5-benzyl-3,6-dioxo-2-piperazine acetic acid (DKP) and other potential degradation products that can be formed from aspartame in food and beverages when stored under certain conditions. EFSA therefore launched an additional call for data on DKP and other degradation products of aspartame. The Authority received over 140 studies and datasets as a result of this call.
The ANS Panel considered close to 2,000 studies and datasets during its risk assessment; some 800 of these were received as a result of its two calls for data. The Panel's opinion references 365 published studies and 147 additional studies received during the calls for data.
Lists of published and unpublished studies and data files available for download:
13. Does EFSA only consider studies funded by industry? Can these studies be trusted?
It is a fundamental principle of EU legislation that the organisations or companies set to profit from food additives and other regulated substances and products (e.g. GMOs, active substances used in pesticides), must provide the evidence to prove that these substances are safe. Where new research on a specific substance is required to demonstrate its safety, manufacturers must bear the cost of producing the required data for the risk assessment. Regardless of the source, EFSA critically and rigorously evaluates all the data submitted as well as the design of the studies that produced them to ensure that they meet the standards required to ensure consumer protection. EFSA provides guidance which lays down the specific requirements for the risk assessment of regulated substances and products such as food additives, flavourings, GMOs and food contact materials.
14. The independence of scientific advice given on aspartame has at times been questioned. How does EFSA guarantee the independence of its scientific advice?
- Topic: Independence
15. What are EFSA's scientists doing to make their decision-making as transparent as possible?
16. Who regulates the use of aspartame within the EU? What is EFSA's role?
The Authority neither authorises nor bans the use of substances in foods. It is the responsibility of risk managers in the European Commission, the European Parliament and the EU Member States to define and agree measures as and where required, taking into account scientific advice and other considerations.
Questions on EFSA's 2013 opinion:
17. What are the main conclusions of the opinion?
18. Given EFSA is not proposing any change to the ADI, what is different about this scientific opinion?
19. Does the scientific opinion specifically address all aspects relating to the safety of aspartame?
The Panel also confirmed that the ADI, while protective of the general population (including infants, children and pregnant women), is not applicable to people who suffer from PKU, as they require strict adherence to a diet low in phenylalanine (PKU is an inherited disorder which increases blood phenylalanine concentrations to levels toxic to the developing brain).
20. What are the Panel's conclusions regarding specific safety concerns?
- Studies do not suggest an increased risk associated with aspartame consumption for pre-term delivery in pregnant women, leukaemia, brain tumours or a variety of cancers, including brain, lymphatic and haematopoietic (blood) cancers.
- The weight of evidence suggests that aspartame ingestion has no effect on behaviour or cognitive function.
- There is no evidence that consuming aspartame causes seizures.
- There is no convincing evidence that consuming aspartame causes headaches.
- The weight of evidence shows that aspartame is not associated with allergic type reactions.
- Methanol derived from aspartame is a small portion of total exposure to methanol from all sources.
- The contribution of breakdown products of aspartame (phenylalanine, methanol and aspartic acid) to the overall dietary exposure to these substances is low.
In addition, available data do not indicate a genotoxic concern for aspartame (i.e. it does not affect DNA, the genetic material of cells).
21. Do these conclusions also take into consideration EFSA's recent scientific work on aspartame?
For EFSA's 2013 risk assessment, the ANS Panel has re-examined these studies in full.
22. Is there scientific evidence that pregnant women should not consume products containing aspartame?
Furthermore, in relation to EFSA's previous work the Panel's new assessment of the Halldorsson et al. (2010) publication concluded that there is no evidence available in this study to support a causal relationship between the consumption of artificially sweetened soft drinks and preterm delivery and that additional studies would be required either to confirm or reject such an association, as indicated by the authors. In an additional study conducted in Norway by Englund-Ögge et al. (2012), there was a barely discernible association of pre-term delivery with artificially sweetened soft drinks. In fact, this was not as strong as the association with sugar-sweetened soft drinks.
23. What about the second study that looked at long-term carcinogenic effects?
24. What happens to aspartame in the body once it is ingested?
Aspartic acid, phenylalanine and methanol are also present naturally in other foods including fruit and vegetables and, for foods containing aspartame, are processed by the body in the same way as those derived from other dietary sources. By comparison, the amounts of these components ingested from foods and drinks containing aspartame are small. For example, a serving of non-fat milk provides about six times more phenylalanine and 13 times more aspartic acid compared to an equivalent amount of a diet beverage sweetened only with aspartame.
25. Are there any safety concerns related to aspartic acid?
26. Is methanol from aspartame a safety concern?
Based on the available scientific evidence, EFSA's experts concluded that dietary exposure to methanol from aspartame does not pose a safety concern. The same applies to formaldehyde, a metabolite of methanol.
27. What about the safety of phenylalanine?
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a hereditary human disorder that causes high levels of phenylalanine and low levels of tyrosine in the blood. High phenylalanine concentrations in blood are toxic to the brain and can, if left untreated, affect brain development and cause mental retardation, mood disorders and behavioural problems. This is especially critical to the developing fetus in women suffering from PKU. Most PKU treatment aims to keep blood phenylalanine at acceptable levels by restriction of foods rich in protein (meat, fish, eggs, bread, dairy products, nuts and seeds), as well as foods and drinks containing aspartame.
The Panel confirmed that the ADI, while protective of the general population, is not applicable to people who suffer from PKU, as they require strict adherence to a diet low in phenylalanine. In regulating the use of aspartame in foods, EU risk managers have recognised the need to ensure that PKU sufferers are made aware of the presence of aspartame in foods so that they can avoid exposure to this substance. In the European Union, because they are a source of phenylalanine, all products containing aspartame must be labelled "Contains a source of phenylalanine".
28. How did EFSA use human studies in its review of the current ADI for aspartame?
The Panel compared blood phenylalanine levels in humans following consumption of aspartame, with blood phenylalanine levels associated with developmental effects in children born from PKU mothers. Current clinical guidelines recommend that levels of phenylalanine in blood are maintained below 6 mg/dl. By comparison, for PKU patients, mild effects have been associated with levels of 10-13mg/dl, whilst significant detrimental effects have been associated with levels exceeding 20mg/dl of phenylalanine in the blood. In calculating a safe level of aspartame exposure (based on blood phenylalanine concentrations), the ANS Panel assumed a worst-case scenario that intake of aspartame occurs in combination with an everyday meal (containing naturally occurring sources of phenylalanine). The Panel estimated that even an hourly dose of aspartame equal to the current ADI would result in peak blood phenylalanine concentrations of 240 µM, well below the current clinical guidelines. This implies that an adult weighing 60kg would have to drink 12 (330ml) cans of a diet soft drink (containing aspartame at the maximum permitted levels of use), every hour to reach this blood phenylalanine concentration.
29. Is Di-ketopiperazine (DKP) from aspartame a safety concern?
The EU has set an Acceptable Daily Intake for DKP of 7.5 milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (mg/kg bw/day) to protect consumers against possible harmful effects of this substance in food. Based on exposure levels for aspartame, exposure to DKP from all food and drink using the sweetener would on average be approximately 0.1 to 1.9 mg/kg bw/day for all population groups.
Given these findings, EFSA's experts concluded that consumer safety is not at risk from exposure to DKP from aspartame in foods and drinks.
30. Does the opinion highlight any uncertainties?
In addition, the opinion discusses potential uncertainties related mainly to the difficulties associated with using different sources of data, both on consumption and on the levels of aspartame in foods. In many cases, these are the result of national differences in terms of reporting methodologies and standards, or other technical difficulties experienced in adequately assessing exposure. For example, data may refer to acute (one-off) exposure when chronic (long-term) information is needed. Food and drink categories and portion sizes may also differ. Overall, most of these uncertainties are likely to have led to an overestimation of consumer exposure, however in some cases there could be an underestimation (mainly on consumption data and actual use levels of aspartame in foods). (See Table 18 of the opinion for an overview.)


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Talking about Street Harassment
I was supposed to start writing this blog post hours ago, but predictably I got distracted on the time zapping compendium that is Internet. However, it wasn't the latest Internet cat meme that got me distracted, it was what is fast becoming my favourite reading material; descriptions from women of their daily encounters with catcallers.
Hollaback LDN is the latest site to allow women to post these encounters and in the short space it has been up and running, has already amassed quite the collection of perverts who think its their duty to make women feel uncomfortable in public spaces as they go about their daily business. Like the rest of the Hollaback family, Hollaback LDN helps women to share their experiences and stand up to these men who use sexual comments as intimidation. It decrees "London is not a playground for pervy dudes to call out at us when we're going about our daily business. So stop walkin' on and ignoring it and Holla Back: Submit your stories and share your experiences".
Similar to Hollaback LDN, LASH (London Anti-Street Harassment), previously blogged about here, has, due to the success of its campaign now gone national with the slightly less catchy acronym of UK ASH. Which will act as an umbrella organisation to support local level anti-street harassment initiatives. Further, London Mayoral candidates Oona King and Ken Livingstone have pledged their support to LASH. King has written street harassment into her policy, promising to commission a police report into the matter, a poster education campaign and training for local councils on the issue.
Thanks to LASH and HollabackLDN street harassment has moved from being talked about in the pub on Friday night to the being talked about in the mainstream media. Both The Independent and The Guardian have published pieces on the issue, with the vast majority of the comments being supportive, helping to raise the profile of the growing anti street harassment movement.
More talking is taking place on Monday the 18th, as HollabackLDN and LASH team up for a discussion night at WAH nails, which promises to be interesting evening (details above). It definitely seems the long held onto belief that street harassment is just one of those things women have to put up with is on the way out. Whodathunkit; turns out slapping a strangers bum is not appropriate!By: Dearbhaile Kitt, 10.10.2010 | Comments (3)
Tagged: Hollaback, LASH, LDN, street harassment, wah nails, Women


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Support farmers markets - it's good for you!
We hope area residents check out and support the Cherokee Farmers Market now operating for the season each Thursday from 4-6 p.m. at the Cherokee RR Depot.
A past survey of commercial producers by the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship (IDALS) showed an increasing number of Iowa farmers growing more fruits and vegetables.
By far the most popular venue for fruit and vegetable sales is at the many farmers markets now featured in many Iowa communities, and which also are increasing in demand on a daily basis. The survey showed that more than two-thirds of all growers sell at farmers markets, while others sell privately or direct to grocery stores.
Iowa is number one in the nation per capita for farmers markets, and fourth in the nation in the number of new markets established, and those numbers continue to grow.
Among other survey findings were:
*Farmers are growing a wider variety of fruit and vegetable crops, with 20 of the 23 common vegetables in the survey grown by more and more farmers.
*Sweet corn sales totaled about a third of the $25 million in estimated sales, an increase of 70 percent since the last survey taken. Apple sales were up an estimated 20 percent, and melon sales were up a whopping 119 percent.
*Seventy percent of the survey participants reported an increased demand for locally grown produce, leading more than half of the producers to expand their operations and seek out exposure at various farmers markets.
*One third of the survey participants reported growing some portion of their crops organically.
At Cherokee's Farmers Market now operating every Thursday evening through September at the restored, historic Cherokee Illinois Central Railroad Depot, organzers report more vendors with high quality produce and crafts this year and increasing traffic as that word has spread.
Ah-h, there's nothing like the healthy, exhilarating, social outing atmosphere that a good farmers market commands, all culminating in some delicious, healthy, nutritious dining direct from the world's finest - Iowa farmers and Iowa soil!


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MILLEDGEVILLE, Ga. – To fill her assistant coach opening, Georgia College head soccer coach Hope Clark went with a familiar face, as Tinna Gallagher will join the Bobcats for the 2012 season.
Gallagher and Clark know each other well, as Gallagher was both a player and assistant coach at Auburn University Montgomery, Clark's last coaching stint before joining the Bobcats in 2010. She comes to Bobcat Nation from a stint as an administrative assistant in the athletic department at MIT.
"I am very excited to have Tinna join our coaching staff here at Georgia College," said Clark. "Tinna brings a very strong playing background from her experience at the club, national and collegiate levels, in addition to her collegiate coaching experience. She was a great player for me at AUM, providing leadership and direction to her teammates on and off the field, and also served us well as a very dedicated and knowledgeable coach when she joined me on staff in 2009, a year in which we found great success. I am confident that we have added another great addition to our women's soccer staff from which our players and university will benefit greatly."
A native Icelander, Gallagher (then-Hauksdottir) was chosen for the U17 and U19 Women's Soccer National Teams. She grew up playing for KR in Iceland, a dominant and well-respected club squad in her native country.
Her AUM accolades include three-time All-Southern States Conference, including first team honors in her senior season of 2008. She was also a National Soccer Coaches Association of America (NSCAA) All-Region selection in 2007, adding Academic All-Conference honors twice in her career. In 2008, she received the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) Champion of Character award.
After her eligibility completed in 2008, she re-joined the staff as a student assistant coach for the 2009 season, a year in which the Lady Senators advanced to the NAIA National Tournament. After finishing a Master's in Public Administration at AUM, she took a role at MIT as an assistant coach, earning a nomination for the school's Student-Athlete Advisory Committee Superior Award. She then took on a role as an administrative assistant for both the Assistant Athletic Directors and Senior Woman Administrator.
The Bobcats begin the 2012 campaign on the road at Lenoir-Rhyne University Friday, Aug. 31 at 7:30 p.m. The first home contest is a week later against Nova Southeastern University Friday, Sept. 7 at 7:30 p.m.
The Georgia College Department of Athletics, two-time winners of the PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 11 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, Bobcat Athletics prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the teams' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at www.twitter.com/BobcatSports and www.facebook.com/gcbobcats for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCBobcats.com for more information.


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New Boyz Declare They Don't Jerk No More After Hearing Odd Future Say "If You Jerk, You're A Faggot"!
"The New Boyz visit the Shade 45 Great American Morning Show to promote their new album. After producing the group's smash hit "You're a Jerk," Legacy admits that he didn't produce one track on the new album because he sucks at making beats. Then after hearing Odd Future say "If you Jerk, You're a Faggot" the New Boyz declare that they don't jerk no more! They also said that they'd forgive Kim for her sextape but can't forgive Khloe for marrying Lamar Odom, and speak about the death of M-Bone." Shade 45
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text: Greater Hartford's Office market recorded its second consecutive quarter of negative absorption, recording 112,785 sq. ft. This brings the loss in occupancy through the first half of 2017 to over 470,000 sq. ft. Accordingly, availability and vacancy both saw increases, reaching 18.6% and 17.2% respectively, following a trend that started last quarter. Asking rents remained generally flat across all classes.


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LeBron James Appears in "Jaws" Deleted Scene
King James makes a special apperance for the Blu-Ray release. .
HoopsVibe Very Quick Call: If Jaws did sneak up on LeBron in the water and ingest him, LeBron would doubtlessly be criticised and panned for the way he was eaten and digested.
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