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PM Concepts: Processes and Knowledge Areas
The goal of this article is to outline Project Management Processes and PM Knowledge Areas of a project. You will cover five project management process groups and nine PM Knowledge Areas. You will also list 44 major processes that comprise each process group and learn how these processes align with PM Knowledge Areas. Finally, I will summary each process.
Project Management Processes of a Project
Project management is archived via processes. A Project Management Process is defined as "a set of interrelated actions and activities that are performed to achieve a pre-specified set of products, results, or services" (PMBOK® Guide, Chapter 3).
Almost all projects usually use the same set of processes to accomplish project management successfully. The Project Management team is responsible for selecting appropriate processes to meet/comply with project requirements and balance the "triple constraints" (time, scope, and budget) of a project.
Each process and its inputs and outputs should serve as a high-level guide for a project management team. The project management team should "tailor" each process to the individual needs of a project. Project Management Processes deal with initiation, execution, monitoring, control, and closing a project. All processes interact throughout the project via their constituent inputs and outputs. "Successful project management includes actively managing these interactions to successfully meet stakeholder requirements." (PMBOK® Guide, Chapter 3)
Project Management Process Groups
The management processes are aggregated into five project management process groups:
- Initiating Process Group: Defines and authorizes the project or a project phase
- Planning Process Group: Defines and refines objectives, and plans the course of action required to attain the objective and scope
- Executing Process Group: Integrates people and resources to carry out the project management plan for the project
- Monitoring and Controlling Initiating Process Group: Measures and monitors progress to identify if the correction action can be taken to meet project objectives
- Closing Process Group: Formalizes acceptance of the product, services, or result and brings the project or a project phase to an orderly end
The interaction among five process groups is depicted by the following figure that is derived from a simpler Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle diagram.
Figure 1: Modified PDCA Cycle Diagram
Project Management Knowledge Areas
There are nine Project Management Knowledge Areas. These areas group 44 Project Management Processes. The following list briefly describes each PM Knowledge Area:
- Project Integration Management: Deals with processes that integrate different aspects of project management. This knowledge area deals with developing Project Charter, Preliminary Project Scope, and Project Management Plan. It also deals with monitoring and controlling project work, integrated change control, and closing a project.
- Project Scope Management: Encapsulates processes that are responsible for controlling project scope. It consists of Scope Planning, Definition, Verification, and Control.
- Project Time Management: Includes processes concerning the time constraints of the project. It deals with Activity definition, sequencing, resource estimating, and duration estimating. It also deals with schedule development and control.
- Project Cost Management: Includes processes concerning the cost constrains of the project. Some of the processes that are part of this knowledge area are Cost Estimating, Budgeting, and Control.
- Project Quality Management: Describes the processes that assure that the project meets its quality obligations. It consists of Quality Planning, Quality Assurance, and Quality Control.
- Project Human Resources Management: Includes the processes that deal with obtaining and managing the project team. Some of the processes of this knowledge area are Human Resource Planning, Acquire Project Team, Develop Project Team, and Manage Project Team.
- Project Communication Management: Describes the processes concerning communication mechanisms of a project, namely, Communication Planning, Performance Reporting, and Information Distribution.
- Project Risk Management: Describes the processes concerned with project-related risk management. It consists of Risk Identification, Quantitative and Qualitative Risk Analysis, Risk Response Planning, and Risk Monitoring.
- Project Procurement Management: Includes all processes that deal with obtaining products and services needed to complete a project. It consists of Plan Contracting, Select Seller Responses, Select Seller, and Contract Closer.
Project Management Process Mapping
As I stated earlier in the article, Project Management is composed of 44 processes that are mapped to one of nine Project Management Knowledge Areas listed in the previous section. The following table maps 44 processes to process groups and knowledge areas.
|Knowledge Area Processes
|Project Management Process Groups
|Initiating Process Group
|Planning Process Group
|Executing Process Group
|Monitoring and Controlling Process Group
|Closing Process Group
|Project Management Integration
Develop Project Charter
Develop Preliminary Project Scope Statement
|Develop Project Management Plan
|Direct and Manage Project Execution
Monitor and Control Project Work
Integrated Change Control
|Close Project
|Project Scope Management
Scope Planning
Scope Definition
Scope WBS
Scope Verification
Scope Control
|Project Time Management
Activity Definition
Activity Sequencing
Activity Resource Estimating
Activity Duration Estimation
Schedule Development
|Schedule Control
|Project Cost Management
Cost Estimating
Cost Budgeting
|Cost Control
|Project Quality Management
|Quality Planning
|Perform Quality Assurance
|Perform Quality Control
|Project Human Resources Management
|Human Resources Planning
Acquire Project Team
Develop Project Team
|Manage Project Team
|Project Communication Management
|Communications Planning
|Information Distribution
Performance Reporting
Manage Stakeholders
|Project Procurement Planning
Plan Purchase and Acquisitions
Plan Contracting
Request Seller Responses
Select Sellers
|Contract Administration
|Contract Closure
|Project Risk Management
Risk Management Planning
Risk Identification
Qualitative Risk Analysis
Quantitative Risk Analysis
Risk Response Planning
|Risk Monitoring and Control
Figure 2: Mapping of 44 processes to process groups and knowledge areas
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The Teen Titans need you!
Young Justice: The New Guard - Forum
Mutants and Masterminds 3e
The world mourned, his Teammates were devastated. They chose to disband the Titans. They went their separate ways, some continuing on as heroes in their own way. The Tower was dismantled, the tech repurposed by other teams. We all agreed that despite the legacy of the Titans, the accomplishments that the teams with that name had made, that the world had changed. We couldn't let kids charge into battle without leadership and guidance. So two years ago, a hero died and the Teen Titans ended.
But there's a part of me that regrets the decision, and wonders how long it will really last.
Titans Together.
- From the Personal Files of Dick Grayson
Welcome to Teen Titans: The New Guard!
Thank you for taking the time to read through this ad! Teen Titans: The New Guard is a campaign set in the DC Universe. I am looking for five players who are interested in playing Mutants and Masterminds 3E and who love the DC Universe. I am looking for this game to be a sort of alternate-present, or Elseworlds, set in a fairly iconic version of the DC Universe, with a new group of young heroes stepping up to claim the name and the legacy of the Teen Titans. Are you Tim Drake, stepping up to fill the role of leader again? Or maybe Batman has trained a new pupil? Or perhaps you are a completely new hero without ties to a previous hero or legacy.
Your Gamemaster: I am Rennick. As a GM, I have some new formats and methods that I will be trying to integrate into my games. I've taken things I've seen throughout the Weave, suggestions from players in my other games, ideas from other GMs and will be trying to use them to make the best play-by-post game I possibly can. Personally, I am a 26-year old, master's student who is studying theatre abroad and has played RPGs and been a comic book fan since the late 90s. The two biggest things I look for when choosing players is commitment and communication.
More than anyone I understand that asking for a daily posting rate is unrealistic for a lot of people but I expect my players to keep me and the other players in the loop if something comes up, and I will do the same for you. I am looking for Players who are willing to put the effort into making it a great game for the entire group, if you feel that you fit that description, then keep reading, you may find that this is the game for you.
Teen Titans: The New Guard is set in an alternate present that is similar to the cannon DC Universe, in broad strokes. Batman stalks the streets of Gotham city and Superman is the protector of Metropolis. At the forefront of the Earth's defence is the Justice League. And the next generation has been represented time and again by the Teen Titans.
The basics are all the same, but the details may be different. In this world the current era of heroes has been active for about twelve years, with some form of the JLA existing for about ten years. There have been three iterations of the Teen Titans so far; the original gathering of sidekicks. The second was formed with Raven sought out a group of heroes to battle her father Trigon, and the third formed under the guidance of Cyborg, and only recently disbanded with the death of Superboy.
I am intentionally being vague about a lot of the major details because I want players to have a wide array of options and creative freedom. The specifics of the world will be worked out after players are accepted, and in a lot of cases as they discover them through the game itself.
Application Process
Character Sheet Template - You are not required to use this format for your applications, however successfuly chosen applicants will be expected to use this for their character sheets in the game.
This is where it happens! Post your interest, ask questions, all in this ad thread!
The next step will be to make a character, which will also be posted here! There are four "Categories" of characters that I will consider for acceptance:
Completely Original Characters: These are the kinds of characters that have no connections to the cannon of the DC universe. They are brand new to the world and to us.
Tangential Connections: Consider a character who is related to the established universe in a less than obvious way? Maybe your crimefighter stumbled across an old Bat Bunker and co-opted the equipment? Or Did you get your powers through some experiment by Lex Luthor? The options are endless.
Legacies: Your character works with, has been trained by, or is in some way involved with a hero or villain of the DCU. Maybe your character is the newest to take on the mantle of Robin the boy (or girl) wonder, or a young amazon who's adopted the role of Wonder Girl. These kinds of characters are more directly related to an established hero, but are still your own creation.
Established Character: Your application revolves around a character who has already been established in the DCU. Tim Drake, Bart Allen, Jason Todd, Cassandra Sandsmark, the list goes on. Players should not feel obligated to use characters from the current generation. A good example is the use of Zatanna in the Young Justice Cartoon.
- Please note: That why established concepts are allowed, players are expected to build their sheets from the ground up to match PL and PP guidelines.
- There are a small number of heroes that are "off limits" at the moment. They can be seen in the Non-Player Character section of the forum
Now if I'm going to be honest, I think that while I am happy to consider all of these categories, I am most likely going to play a bit of favoritism to the second and third categories. The reason is that I think that having connections to the DCU will offer some interesting dynamics to storytelling and roleplaying. On the other side of the coin, I'm going to be picky over applications of established characters because it could be used as an easy out and I want to make sure that you have a strong and fresh idea of how this character could evolve.
Please do not let that deter you from submitting an awesome original concept if you have one, I'll still be looking for the characters who have the best development and the players who have the highest level of commitment when making my choices. Be sure to let me know how you are, let me know your commitment to the games you play, you experience on Myth-Weavers, Mutants and Masterminds 3e and comic books (specifically DCU), your personality, what you look for in a game or GM, and anything else you think would help me recognize you as a good fit for the game.
That being said, I'm looking for characters, not character sheets. Make sure you get me to know your character. Feel free to take liberties with the world background. If you are the new Robin, how did you come to inherit the role? What relationship do you have with the previous three (Ignore Damian… seriously). Taking those sorts of liberties is not only allowed, but they are encouraged. If you have something in there that doesn't work for my plan or setting, I'll be sure to let you know and we can work together to tweak it.
For the mechanical side of things, please do not try and break the game. I understand an open system like this has some things in it that are "broken" when used in combination, try to stay away from that. If I smell it, I simply won't entertain the idea. This game is going to be power level 10, with 150 points for character creation. I threw around many ideas on what exactly I was going to do with Power Level, and decided to just stick with the baseline of 10. Sidekicks and Minions are welcome but only in a low supporting roles, afterall your characters are basically the sidekicks themselves There may be some niche protection as well. If two characters both make versions of the masked crimefighter, unless they are radically different concepts, I probably won't take them both
In Closing
Thank you for taking the time to read through this advertisement. I hope that some of you are interested in applying. Any comments, questions, or suggestions are welcome and should be posted here. I will add questions asked and answered to the ad so if a potential applicant has a similar question, they might get it answered right away. Applications should also be placed in this thread and I will update the ad to reflect any applications and their status. If you apply and I do not update the ad, please remind me to do so (in the thread first, by PM if that doesn't work). Feel free to browse the Game Forum. In terms of an application deadline, this ad will run until I have a strong base of applications to choose from and everyone who expresses interest has at least had a chance to apply (Around a week)
Game Description:
A ragtag group of young heroes are brought together when the world needs them most. Against all odds, they are: The Teen Titans!
Last edited by Rennick; Apr 16 '12 at 11:38pm..
|Ummm, what Version of M&M is this campaign in?
I am looking for five players who are interested in playing Mutants and Masterminds 3E and who love the DC Universe.
For the mechanical side of things, please do not try and break the game. I understand an open system like this has some things in it that are "broken" when used in combination, try to stay away from that. If I smell it, I simply won't entertain the idea. This game is going to be power level 10, with 150 points for character creation.
|Ummm, what Version of M&M is this campaign in?

subset: commoncrawl


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Trailer Park Boys$30
Each painting is made by spray-painting a series of hand cut stencils over a 12" vinyl LP. The record you receive in the mail might have slight variations from the one pictured above, but will have the same color scheme and layout.
All orders shipped via Media Mail.
International Orders: Please contact Dave before ordering.


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Public Agenda also finds more than one-third of Americans say they were bullied in school
Nearly three-quarters of Americans consider bullying and harassment a serious problem in their local public schools, though not as serious as illegal drugs and lack of respect for teachers, according to a new survey by the nonpartisan, nonprofit research organization Public Agenda.
More than one-third of Americans (35 percent), including 39 percent of parents, say they were bullied themselves when growing up. But only 8 percent of the public and 10 percent of parents say they were bullied "a lot." These findings are based on a Public Agenda survey of 1,001 people, including 262 parents of children under 18, conducted from April 8 11, 2010.
The recent tragedy in South Hadley, Mass., where six teenagers currently face criminal charges in connection with bullying that prosecutors say led to the suicide of 15-year-old Phoebe Prince, has reopened fresh debate over how pervasive bullying is in American schools and what can be done about it.
Public Agenda found that 74 percent of those surveyed say bullying and harassment are serious problems in their local schools, with 47 percent calling these actions very serious problems. Roughly three-quarters (76 percent) of the public say illegal drugs and students treating teachers with a lack of respect are serious problems, with 53 percent calling illegal drugs "very serious" and 50 percent saying disrespect for teachers very serious.
Parents are actually slightly less concerned about these problems than the public overall. Sixty-nine percent of parents say bullying is a serious problem (40 percent say "very serious"), seventy percent say disrespect for teachers is a serious problem (45 percent say "very serious"), and 68 percent say illegal drugs are a serious problem (39 percent say "very serious").
Physical fighting and cheating in schools are lesser concerns for both the total public (59 percent and 55 percent, respectively) and parents (55 percent for fighting, 48 percent for cheating).
Adults who say they were bullied in school are more likely to say bullying is a "very serious" problem (49 percent versus 42 percent of those who said they weren't bullied). Men are more likely to say they were bullied (41 percent compared with 30 percent of women), but women are more likely to consider bullying a "very serious" problem (53 percent of women compared with 41 percent of men).
The survey was conducted as part of the Princeton Survey Research International (PSRAI) April omnibus conducted from April 8 April 11, 2010, and 1,001 adults were interviewed. The omnibus included questions on a wide variety of topics. Besides these questions, others were asked on politics/current events and multivitamins. A combination of landline and cellular random digit dial (RDD) samples was used to represent all adults in the continental United States who have access to either a landline or cellular telephone. The margin of error for the survey is plus or minus 3.6 percentage points. However, it is higher when comparing subgroups or question items that were not asked of all respondents.
Education and other issues affecting children and families are a major focus for Public Agenda's researchers and our public engagement team. Here are a few other studies and papers which might be of interest to policymakers and others considering the issues examined here:
A Time to Learn, A Time to Grow: California Parents Talk About Summertime And Summer Programs
All Work and No Play? Listening to What Kids and Parents Really Want from Out-of-School Time
A Lot Easier Said Than Done: Parents Talk About Raising Children in Today's America
A Matter of Trust: Ten Key Insights From Recent Public Opinion Research on Attitudes About Education Among Hispanic Parents, Students and Young Adults
Can I Get A Little Advice Here? How An Overstretched High School Guidance System Is Undermining Students' College Aspirations
With Their Whole Lives Ahead Of Them
The survey was conducted as part of the Princeton Survey Research International (PSRAI) April omnibus conducted from April 8 - April 11, 2010, and 1,001 adults were interviewed.


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Availability: In Stock
- Description
SKU: IITESPGIittala Teema side plate 17cm in soft tone Pearl Grey. It is part of the Teema range, designed by Kaj Frank, that is classically simple making it truly versatile. It is the perfect everyday dinnerware range due to its design but also for special occasions for the same design reason. Great on its own or combined with other colours and styles, such asTeema white, Kartio Glassware and Origo. All Teema china is made from vitreous porcelain and is dishwasher, oven, microwave and freezer safe.
- Details
Colour: Pearl Grey
Dimensions: 17 cm
Material: Vitreous Porcelain
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Here's how KEEN Footwear used Basecamp to help build their flagship store in Portland.
Chazz Hacking—the project lead—chose Basecamp to help organize the store design, develop fixtures, and manage craftspeople. There were 40 people from 10 different companies involved in this 8 month project!
The first thing Chazz did was make a new project in Basecamp called KEEN Retail: GARAGE PDX Glisan St.
Then he invited a few core people to the project. He didn't invite all 40 people right away though. More people got involved as the project progressed over the 8 month span.
Chazz wrote a Basecamp message to the team explaining the goals of the project and how he envisioned everyone using Basecamp.
He also added PDF blueprint scans and CAD files for the team to reference as they started to plan the design. Since all these files were uploaded to Basecamp, everyone on the project had access to them (even people that were invited later on).
Fast forward a few months…
Chazz has invited everyone who's involved in the KEEN flagship store opening. Designs have been approved. Ideas were debated. Progress has been made. Chazz says, "I loved the sense of community it created." Here's how their active project looked.
Finding the right door…
One of the coolest things Chazz and his team did was use Basecamp's mobile app to help find the right dressing room doors. The KEEN store's design depended on salvaged architectural materials. These doors couldn't just be bought at a local hardware store.
He assigned Craig the task of searching for the perfect door.
Craig took pictures of over 25 doors and uploaded them to the Basecamp project from his mobile phone.
All the pictures were in Basecamp, so everyone in Basecamp could tell Craig what they thought of the doors—all while Craig was onsite looking at the doors. No time wasted going back and forth from the warehouse to the office. He got immediate real-time feedback.
Eventually, Craig, Chazz, and Christa found the perfect doors. This process would have been much more difficult without reviewing the images in Basecamp.
Digging in…
Chazz also used Basecamp to look at all the things he and his team needed to do in order to meet the store opening deadline.
The Basecamp calendar showed everyone when things were due and what important events to expect.
Chazz also looked at his personal page to see what he had left to do.
He and his team also worked together on a document that served as a running inventory of everything they needed to build for the store.
After 8 months, the project was finally complete. Chazz posted a final message to his team with links to videos and press about the store opening.


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TORONTO, Feb. 21 (UPI) -- Actress Jennifer Lawrence says the decision to star in the Philadelphia-set dramedy "Silver Linings Playbook" was a no-brainer.
The 22-year-old Kentucky native credited the talent of the people involved and the film's well-crafted screenplay for initially attracting her attention.
Her instincts proved excellent.
She earned a Best Actress Oscar nomination for her portrayal of Tiffany, a troubled young widow who befriends Bradley Cooper's former psychiatric hospital patient Pat, in the film, which is a current nominee for the Best Picture Oscar.
Cooper is up for Best Actor, while Robert DeNiro and Jacki Weaver -- who play Pat's loving, but frustrated parents -- are in contention for Best Supporting Actor and Actress.
David O. Russell is nominated for Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay for his big-screen version of Matthew Quick's novel, which began generating Oscar buzz at the Toronto International Film Festival last September.
Asked at a festival press conference how she picks what projects to do when she is not working on "The Hunger Games" franchise, Lawrence told reporters, "Fortunately, there aren't that many amazing scripts out there, so it hasn't really been too difficult.
"When you find a script like ['Silver Linings'] and an opportunity to work with these people and this director, it's a no-brainer. There's no real difficult 'Should-I-do- it? Should-I-not-do-it?' There aren't that many incredible scripts like this to choose from, so that makes it easy," said the actress, who earned critical acclaim for her work in the independent films "The Burning Plain" and "Winter's Bone" before winning the coveted role of Katniss in the "Hunger Games" trilogy.
"I don't really feel that much pressure because either way I'm going to get paid whether I find a good or a bad one," she quipped. "I've always wanted to work with David O. Russell. He's probably my favorite director since I started watching movies or watched one of his movies, so that was a really easy decision. I just really wanted to work with him."


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Easy Starting
Air purge for very easy starting.
Auto Return Stop Switch
Stop switch automatically resets to the ON position for trouble-free starting.
Intuitive Controls
The choke and purge are easy to reach and understand.
Commercial Grade 2-stage Air Filter
The commercial grade 2-stage air filter reduces servicing costs and also results in less engine wear.
Stand Alone Starter
The stand alone starter makes it easy to change starter cord if needed.
Tap 'n Go™ Trimmer Head
Twin line cutting system with Tap 'N Go? for quick line feed.
X-torq® Engine
The X-Torq® engine design reduces harmful exhaust emissions by up to 75% and increases fuel efficiency by up to 20%.
High Torque Bevel Gear
Bevel gear designed with high torque and the cutting equipment parallell to the ground for best cutting performance
Hard Chromium
Hard chromium plated cylinder bore provides increased durability and extended product life.
Optimum Comfort
Soft handles for optimum comfort. The handle makes it easy to turn and use at different angles.
|Vibration & Noise Data
|Sound pressure level at operators ear
|98 dB(A)
|Sound power level, guaranteed (LWA)
|114 dB(A)
|Overall Dimensions
|Weight (excl. cutting equipment)
|10.36 lbs / 4.7 kg
|Tube length
|58.39 inch / 1483 mm
|Tube diameter
|0.94 " / 24 mm
|Engine Specification
|Cylinder displacement
|1.55 cu.inch / 25.4 cmü
|Power output
|1.34 hp / 1 kW
|Maximum power speed
|8500 rpm
|Fuel tank volume
|17.25 fl oz / 0.51 litre
|Fuel consumption
|520 g/kWh
|Idling speed
|3000 rpm
|Spark plug
|Electrode gap
|0.03 " / 0.65 mm
|Torque, max.
|1.2 Nm/6000 rpm
|Clutch engagement speed
|4000 rpm (ñ120 rpm)
|Lubricant type
|Husqvarna 2 stroke or equiv. at 50:1
|Maximum rpm output shaft
|5500 rpm
|Transmission Data
|Gear ratio
|Drive gear angle
|30 ø
|Emission Data Eu
|Engine Family
|Basic model
|Emission Data Epa
|Exhaust emissions (CO average)
|354.3 g/kWh


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Mouth Ulcers Before Getting Sick (Flu)36 messages in this subject.
|Hi all wow I thought I was on my own with this to. I get shivers first for two days in patches down my legs and back and arms they move from hour to hour then wow huge mouth ulcers under my tongue. Been to doctors last two years had B12 deficiency so had a round of injections. after this did feel better but the symptoms still keep coming. doctor has given me acyclovir this helps to reduce the time I have the outbreak. I am convinced its a virous of some sort.
I am now on a gluten free diet this helped reduce the amount of ulcers for sure.
|Graham 18 April 19
|40, male. Have had mouth ulcers since early teens. Shows up either just before or at the end of being sick. Usually any kind of flu like stuff and BAM. On lips, tongue...anywhere in there. Lips are the worst though. Anyhow, blood tests are ok, no STDs either. Just no reason found. Everyone knows its overactive immune system related. No one can nail down any specific disease or cause or anything. Heard it could be toxic mold related as one example. And I do have other symptoms of THAT but they're very broad and its hard to diagnose. Keep digging guys and gals. I have used listerine, magic mouthwash (basically lidocaine) etc. But haven't tried the toothpaste without the SLS as someone else mentioned, thanks for that. Not of fan of sulfates in anything in general for my own crazy reasons but it could help. I also used very warm saltwater rinse especially in the morning when the worst swelling is and you get that gross gunk around the sores (mainly lips) and it works well to gargle with. And one warning for magic mouth was, it works great, numbs EVERYTHING, but do NOT EAT OR TALK alot right after using it. You will BITE you're TONGUE or cheek and make more sores lol...just be careful using it. I use it before bed so I can fall asleep withiut pain. Will be back if I can find anything else. Tired of this happening and no one believes us.
|Dr. BananaMan 18 February 18
|I also had a bad time with frequent canker sores for many years. They continued to get worse and more frequent which was very concerning. My doc said avoid acidic food, but like many others was told that I was just outta luck. After some searching, I switched my toothpaste about 3 years ago. I no longer use any toothpaste with sodium lauryl sulfate. This was a weird feeling at first because I think this is what causes the toothpaste to get bubbly and foamy. Anyhow, I have found 2 brands of all natural toothpaste that does not contain the SLS. I wish I would have tried this sooner. I went from multiple sores in my mouth all the time, especially right before I got sick... to maybe having a sore only if I accidentally bite my lip or cheek 😬 I know it may not be the answer for everyone, but I never expected it would be something so simple for me.
|Tracey 17 February 18
|I am 25 and also get a canker sore on my tongue usually one or two days before a sore throat.
|Casey S 31 January 18
|For about the last ten years (I am 62) I have gotten sores on the roof of my mouth just prior to getting sick. Sore(s) come and about one day later I get sick--seems like any viral infection will cause the sores first. My dentist told me that this is fairly common. Interestingly, both my daughters get sores too sometimes before they get sick.
|Myra Chandler 20 January 18
|Just found this site. After having rashes, repeated impetigo and random infections from childhood I finally got diagnosed with mild chronic neutropenia 3 years ago. Anyway this year I noticed that two days before I get a cold I get a sore mouth and mouth ulcers. The thing is that it wasn't a doctor that diagnosed me but a nurse practitioner. The GP who saw me before my diagnosis had actually taken blood from me a few years earlier, and when the receptionist had made an appointment due to the abnormal test results, he shouted at me during the appointment that there was nothing wrong and I was wasting his time. I eventually got all my test results from the time I was with that practice as is my right under the Data Protection Act 1998 and discovered the low neutrophil count was on that test. I've asked a couple of other GPs about the results and they just shrugged or said something stupid, it was only when I asked a paediatrician I got some information. Anyway he sees decreased white blood cell count abnormalities all the time, however they think in adults they should disappear. In fact looking at the research in many adults they sponanously appear or are always there. So anyone who has had blood tests regardless of whether you are told they are "normal" or not do a Data Subject Access Request to get a copy of the test results to confirm this yourself.
|Sarah 5 January 17
|I got sick on a Wednesday and I got like four or five canker sores in my mouth three on my tongue and two on my lips. I get them every time I'm sick with a cold or a flu. I feel bad for all you other guys who get them.
|Maddie 17 December 16
|Hi i get regular bouts of mouth ulcers swollen tongue and so bad cant talk sometimes i get this then few days later im layed up no energy joint pain really horrible docter thinks rumatoid arthritis but called seronegative because had 2 years blood tests dont show up anything except raised inflamortory levels and white cells so now at last being taken seriously somedays cant walk keep on at docter dont let them fob u off
|Debbie 16 May 16
|My 15 month old daughter gets spots on her tongue, kind of looks like geographic tongue right before she gets sick. It scares me so much and I cannot find anything at all to help me to help her. Doctors keep saying thrush but after taking specimen they tell me it's not thrush and not to worry about it. Why do they treat and not cure the problems. I hate how greedy pharmaceutical companies are. If anyone can help In correctly diagnosing this please email me at firstname.lastname@example.com. any or all help appreciated. God bless you all.
|Mike 12 May 16
|OMG Miserable Ulcer Man,
You've just described me. This is so not my imagination. I think it makes sense though!
|R. Dubs 15 April 16
|Hi there I am Dominic i'm 17 and i was coming down with something on a thursday night and woke up with a bunch of inflamation on my tongue roof of my mouth and in tooth area just wondering how to treat it ??? Anything will help!!
|Dominic P 29 February 16
|I have been getting these ulcers for a few years every time i get a sore throat then the ulcers come plus strwberry tounge then the head cold. Very painful as my teeth are broken as well and the sharp edges dig in wen i speak. Only been happening since my eating habits became poorer. Local doc says its nothing to worry about but i believe it is a warning sign to me that something is not right. Im going to try multi vits from now on because every time thos happens its when im being relied on at work or something important needs doing. I just have to push through it
|grant 22 December 15
|Yeah def an over active immune system...possibly linked to hyperthyroidism? Doctors are crap with sympathising with sufferers
|Laura 16 June 15
|I've got 3 mouth ulcers and I hav got flu as the doctor said... I goggled and found that these are starting symptoms of HIV.... Help am scared... But I haven't had any penetration sex just a quick foreplay.....
|anonymous 27 February 15
|Hey guys. Like you all I suffer from constant outbreaks of canker sores. They always coincide with me getting sick. Basically from my research and talking to docs, they happen because the immune system is compromised (from the I'll illness) so the body cannot defend against the invaders in the mouth. Most likely if you have this, you have a suppressed immune system.
Recently after meeting with some very specialized doctors and getting some blood tests done, I was diagnosed with mold illness. Only some people (about 25%) have the gene which makes it possible to get this. Essentially your body gets infected with mold (like a fungal infection), and is unable to rid itself of the foriegn invader. This wears down the immune system and effectively suppresses it. It can manifest itself in many ways but generally people who have it get sick very often who are otherwise healthy. This is a fairly new area of study in the medical community so notaby doctors know about it. It might be worth checking out especially since my doc said if left untreated it can potentially lead to leukemia.
|Kyle 24 January 15
|I have been getting mouth ulcers for about 15 years. They started after the birth if my last child. My ulcers start to come and in a day or two I'm sick. I also have dry eye and my eyes hurt terrible before I get sick and while I'm sick. I've told 3 different Dr's and they act like I'm crazy. So I just live with it. I'm so glad I found this site. Sorry there are others who suffer but happy I'm not alone or crazy.
|Maria 8 July 14
|I stopped smoking bout a year back and up to then no ulcers...then a few weeks in I start getting them constant for 5 months,i tryd everything and they just stayed constant,the only thing that did help was corsodyl, I am still getting them now 12 months on but not as severe,its certainly a immune system problem,as only get them nowabefore a cold or flu and feel run down, I went mad no knowing what caused them had blood tests and dentirt just to say am ok,now when I get them they dont bother mer me am just used to getting them when run down..but I feel for anybody who suffers the pain and worries what comes with them.
|joseph 14 August 13
|Hi, I too have reacurring mouth ulcers, but I have been diagnoised with candida so my guess is that it is my immune system being overactive and fighting of the foriegn antigen.
|aaron 14 January 13
|I'm on about the 4th day of a mild virus and have an ulcer under my tongue. Mild virus is annoying I'm self-employed stuck between defining myself as ill and "work or not work?" (it is weekend). Apparently men really do get worse "man-flu" as they don't have something called "estrogen" which women do because it's more important to be immune as child bearers. Too much cheese also gives my mouth ulcers. Things like this can be annoying on moving parts of anatomy, especially on parts with more nerves like the tongue.
|G man 11 March 12
|Yes, a very good early warning system before a cold, but a very painful one. I don't get a full cold, it tends to stay mild throughout it's course then totally ending along with the ulcers. This has become more common since stopping smoking. never suffered before
|Matthew Waldron 22 September 11
|My sister has breast cancer and is under going CHEMO.......after every treatment she gets ulcers........yeah I think it is the immune system attacking.....
|Debbie 18 February 11
|I never used to get them, but since i've been going out with my current g/f of yr+, I now get the ulcers when I'm coming down with something like flu or even something as minor as a cold...
|robs 25 January 11
|I get them regularly, everytime before a cold. What often happens is the immune system begins to attack the foreign antigen which is a virus of some sort and so lacks, or lags vehind, in attending the mouth ulcer
|phil 27 July 10
|I've had huge ulcers on my tongue for the past week, i've still got them but now i feel really fluey all i want to do is sleep!!!
|jen 29 June 10
|I am so glad I saw this review. I thought the only type of vival ulcer is from HIV, because I read it on wiki.......
fewwww.........getting my results in 3 days.......not as scared now.....
|... 29 March 10
|try magnesium zinc and vitamin b12 to boost the immune system
|Mickey 22 November 09
|I would agree with Paul - most of the evidence is pointing to ulcers being formed by an over-active immune system (in the same way people suffer with ulcerative colitis). So when you have the beginnings of a bug, your immune system kicks in and Bingo - ulcers galore. I am just getting over a cold so my six are starting to calm down a bit. Managed to squeeze the last bit out of my last tube of Adcortyl last night......sob....going to miss that disgusting goo!
|Kate 19 November 09
|I also use this as a warning system! I wouldn't go far as saying I get the flu, usually a mild version. I have an ulser now so was searching to see if anyone else has a theory on this.
|Sam 19 November 09
|Hi, Even myself also in the samiliar situation.. I have been suffering from Viral fever from around 5 days..i have got two Ulcer..one is on toungue and another one one is backpart of the lip...
|AK 18 April 09
|yes, I consider it my warning symbol also. The roof of my mouth all swells up, it is painful to eat and I get ulcers in my gum. I have tried listerine in the past and I do think that helped. I will have some now! thanks for the reminder
|nat 27 March 09
|yeah me too whenever i have flu, the ulcers will be around..at first i thot it was HFMD
|Rese 27 March 09
|Miserable Ulcer Man,
I'm in exactly the same situation as you, although I'm 33.
I always get ulcers when suffering from a cold or flu ... this year I have also taken the measure of paying £10 to get a flu jab from Tesco. So far I've not had flu and not had a MAJOR outbreak since Nov (although I've had a few minor ones).
Give it a try .... Might be the best £10 you've ever spent!
|Gopher 11 March 09
|I am getting three ulcers now in my mouth and i have already got some on my tongue . It has been about a week since i had my last batch of ulcers. As soon as i get an ulcer i feel ill and fluey and really run down, but i am not run down i have a healthy diet and it is only when i get an ulcer that the symptons.
|Sarah 7 March 09
|Same here, I guess it's to do with your immune system stepping up a gear. I'm not entirely sure of this and its only my theory, but I think some ulcers could be caused by an over active immune system attacking your own body.
|Paul Clift 27 February 09
|I used to get canker sores from time to time, and they typically came a few days before I got sick. Try using listerine - it should prevent them, or make them go away if you currently have them, and it should also help prevent you from getting sick. Also, take a daily multivitamin if you aren't already. Every little boost to your immune system can help.
|Some Small Advice 23 February 09
|Hi there, I am a 27 year old chronic mouth ulcer sufferer (male) and my heart goes out to all you other sufferers out there!
Anyway, I was just wondering if anybody's mouth ulcer cycle is similar to mine...
I get the flu quite frequently (about 6 times a year)...funny thing is, I get "warning" signals before I get sick. First come the mouth ulcers and random locations in my throat, mouth and tongue. Not a day passes and BAM - down with the flu! The only other time i get mouth ulcers is when i bite my mouth in some way.
Conclusion? I get mouth ulcers when my immune system is run down...the strange thing is that i have had EVERY blood test under the sun and docs say I am fine, just reallly unlucky.
Any similar experiences?
Miserable Ulcer Man.
|9 February 09
Mouth Ulcers Before Getting Sick (Flu)36 messages in this subject.


text:
Musings and thoughts of a gamemaster
I've played a fair number of RPGs. I've got the books for dozens of different games, and tend to be a completest when I decide to add a game to the group repertoire. But with the huge number of games on the shelf, and the wide range of genres they represent, it's becoming rarer that I stumble on a game (new or old) that I feel brings anything new to the table. For example, I don't feel there's much that would be offered by the myriad of fantasy RPGs that seem to come out every year. I have
We got quite the shock this past Friday. We had assembled for the weekly game, getting ready to play, and were waiting on one player, a fellow named Dave. We didn't think much about it at the time. The player was always at least on time, usually early. We also were aware of a large deployment of power company vehicles along his route, and expected he might have hit traffic and/or turned around to use an alternate route. But after an hour passed we started to worry, and I called his house number
I've been noticing more and more that gamers tend to focus on one game, and one game only. They may be a fan of literature or movies that span several genres (Fantasy, SciFi, Cyberpunk, Post Apocalypse, etc) but will only play one genre. And sometimes these players will go so far as to dismiss, or express disgust over, the other genres in context of gaming. Players and GMs alike find themselves frustrated when confronted with a gamer like this, and find themselves equally at a loss in finding a
Updated 05-29-2012 at 06:50 AM by Dalkiel


text:
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I purchased a battery for my Gateway cx2610 laptop from Code Micro. I was very happy with the produ...
Jason G.
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Our department needed two discontinued drive modules for our servers. Code Micro delivered on time. ...
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text: The ineptness at the quarterback position last night was, in a word, staggering. Mark Sanchez—this year's king of the lowlight reel—fumbled four times and threw an interception, while Flacco fumbled once and threw an interception as well. Together, the two completed just 21 of 66 passes. If you spent your Sunday night watching this mess, I'm sorry—but if you somehow avoided it, then here it is all at once.


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The Single Mormon Girl's Guide to Life
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text:
Greetings Golden Bears!
Welcome to your gateway to alumni news and information! This section of the University website will provide you with resources to connect with your former classmates, learn about what is happening on campus and with our current students, and give you opportunities to give back to the place where your future began.
Are you interested in building your career connections and skills or finding friends old and new? Come to special events and reunions, audit courses, join fellow alumni on trips, and give back to Western New England University. Check out alumni news, photos, and videos. There are so many ways to stay connected to your alma mater and plug into your alumni networks and resources. While your time as a student was short, you are an alumnus for life. We're here to help you continue to tap into your Golden Bear spirit!


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Big Thanks to the Art Shop Mona Vale!!
"Fold with Love – 1000 paper cranes" is a project based on the Japanese legend of 1000 paper cranes. Sydney-based Japanese artists, Midori Furze and Mayu Kataoka did over 20 workshops including with hospital children, local schools and Louis Vuitton Australia. The exhibition has more than 3000 paper cranes at Sydney Children's Hospital in Randwick. The project was 2011 Sydney Children's Hospital Foundation Arts Program ArtEx.
About the project
Everyone can fold paper crane; it is small and takes only a few minute of their time…but we collected more than three thousand of them! Can you imagine how beautiful and powerful decoration will be on the Children's hospital walls with 3000 paper cranes together? We are sure it will brighten up the hospital wall.
Visit the origami art exhibition at level 1 Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick. 22 Sept - 25 Nov 2011
Thank you for posted your love in the shape of paper cranes.
Thursday, July 7, 2011
Folders of this week
Big Thanks to the Art Shop Mona Vale!!


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Welcome to our list of real legit companies that hire home typists. If you are not a member you will not be seeing the actual contact details. Members, when logged in, will see the contact details underneath the overview.
Membership is free, so just register, confirm your email and log in. Then when you see this page you will also see all the contact links and will have full access to read more and contact the companies direct.
There is quite a bit of secretarial and typing work to be found online. Typing and data entry jobs are very popular because many people are secretarially trained or have enough experience to be able to do secretarial and typing work.
The companies on this page offer real secretarial work working from home and some data entry work too.
Many people who want to work from home doing typing and office work set themselves up as virtual assistants. Offering secretarial services remotely to small businesses. One of these companies is slooking for people to join them, you'll find their contact details below (members).
Remote typists wanted. If you can say yes to the following five questions, you can apply for this work at home job as a transcriptionist:
The website to apply for this job can be seen only if you are logged on as a member.
Last checked: March 2013
Looking for experienced Audio Secretaries with experience in Legal / Medical / Surveying to work from home.
Must have broadband and own PC. Regular work, daytime and evening. Important to please provide a CV.
Would require a minimum of 4 hrs per day. Must be proficient. All templates / layouts will be issued.
This is a genuine & legit opportunity for the right people. You must be conscientious about what you do and the work you produce.
This legit company provides medical audio transcription services to the NHS and private medical practitioners, enabling them to outsource their medical typing work. Their services are being used by a number of medical institutions in the UK.
If you are an audio typist looking for legit medical transcription work working from home, they might have some work for you.
This American based audio company have audio transcriptionists around the world, transcribing digital audio files on behalf of their clients 24/7
So, I don't see any reason why a Brit can't apply!
If you are looking for home typing, you definitely came to THE right place.
Below (free of charge as ever!) are links to actual companies who use freelancers typing from home.
Mainly they are audio transcription companies. These days the audio is done digitally, so you receive an email with an audio attachment and you use special software to transcribe the files on your PC.
The software you need is free - you can download it here:
Download Scribe Express Free
Scribe Express isn't limited at all, it really is free software and it's really easy to use. You can also buy (on the page where the link goes) footpedals to control it - just like the good old-fashioned audio transcription machines. The software also has keyboard controls, so you can stop/start the audio tape by pressing one key.
I've used Scribe Express and it's really easy to use and it's great it's free because often when you are doing your first audio typing jobs you don't have the spare cash to outlay.
Below is a list for members of some home typing companies that hire audio transcription freelancers.
Starting your own secretarial service is easier than you think. You probably already have the equipment you need so all you need to do now is get some clients!
If you are keen to start a secretarial service in your local area then Click here to find out more and get started today
This company run a telephone answering service - and they employ home workers to take the calls for them. So keep checking their website for work from home jobs.
All you have to do is to find quality web sites, decide which category to list them in, then write an appropriate title and quick description for each web site.
Ideal for: librarians, methodical people, independent workers.
You must have a strong command of the English language.
This is a great work at home job for somebody who can't be tied to specific hours/days of work, but need something for the spare moments they find themselves with.
You can become a virtual assistant in your area and set yourself up as a secretarial service offering typing. If you want to join them, check out their website
I've recently met up with a new virtual assistant, a year ago she couldn't even type and yet today she's running her own VA company, working from home - and charging what I consider to be a fortune! (£25/hour). People pay her because they need somebody to do the work ... and they're grateful they found somebody reliable. She's not great, she's not cheap either ... but she IS reliable.
Reliability is something people ARE prepared to pay for. Why not think about becoming a VA yourself!


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It's important to keep a good balance of healthy bacteria in the colon. These work to counter yeast overgrowth and promote healthy elimination. There is tremendous consumption of carbohydrates in America today, coupled with fairly rampant use of antibiotics. This is the perfect combination to create yeast overgrowth: The antibiotics kill off all of the bacteria (both the bacterial infection and all of the good bacteria in the colon) and the yeast feeds on the carbohydrates (sugar in all forms, pizza, cereal, crackers, sodas, fruit, juice, chips, bread, rice, corn...). Yeast overgrowth leads to all kinds of symptoms, including fatigue, gas and bloating, skin problems, chronic yeast infections, and more. (For more information on Candidiasis, I can recommend two books, The Body Ecology Diet, by Donna Gates, and The Yeast Connection, by Dr. William Crook).
Simple ways you can begin to build healthier flora in your colon are:
Of course, if you are experiencing any chronic health problem, you should consult your health practitioner.
You can either make your own yogurt or purchase plain yogurt. Most commercially made yogurt is a concentrated food (and thus harder to digest). Powdered milk is added to give a richer flavor (this is like adding powdered milk to milk; think about it). Gelatin is added to make it thick and firm. Sometimes the cultures are not even live. Look for a yogurt that is made with milk and live cultures only (acidophilus and bifidus are excellent cultures). Avoid the flavored and sweetened yogurts and kefirs (although, it's better to eat those than none at all).
I have found that the best quality kefir (a cultured milk beverage similar to yogurt but with superior culture) is the Helios brand. Other brands include Lifeway and Alta Dena.
Yogurt is simple to make, and once you've experienced it homemade, it will be hard to enjoy commercial yogurt again.
For each quart of milk (I prefer whole milk, but you can use 2%, 1% or non-fat as well) you will need about 2 tablespoons of starter yogurt (purchase a small container of a good quality plain yogurt). You can use yogurt from the last batch you made also, but after two or three times you should use a fresh starter.
Bring the milk to a boil (this is to kill any other bacteria that has grown in the milk so only the good culture that you add will grow) in a stainless steel saucepan, stirring all the while so it does not scorch. Have a sinkful of ice water ready. As soon as the milk comes to a boil remove it from the heat and place the pan in the ice water (let some of the water out of the sink if the pan is tipping). Stir occasionally until it cools to about 120 degrees (I never use a thermometer. Put a clean finger in the milk. You should be able to hold it in there for 30 seconds without it feeling "hot"). Now stir in your yogurt starter, using a clean spoon or wire whisk. This should bring the temperature down a few degrees, too.
You can keep the milk in the saucepan or transfer to a clean/sterile glass jar. Put on the lid and set in a warm place (about 115 degrees) to incubate. Good places are: gas oven with pilot light, electric dehydrator, on a heating pad (set to low with a towel on top of the pad), or use a commercial yogurt maker. If you are in Arizona, just put it outside! To contain the heat, it is helpful to wrap the jar in a few layers of blanket or towels. Let it sit undisturbed for 7-8 hours. The longer it sits, the more sour it will become (and the more acidophilus there will be!).
There is nothing in the world like eating a bowlful of freshly made, still-warm yogurt.
Here are a few ways you can enjoy yogurt:
SWEET LASSI (pronounced "Luh'see")
1 cup plain yogurt
1 tsp. lemon juice
4 ice cubes
few drops stevia
Place in blender jar and blend until smooth. For variation, add a handful of berries or half banana.
1 cup plain yogurt
1/2 tsp. black salt (more or less to taste)
4 ice cubes
Place in blender jar and blend until smooth. This is a very refreshing drink for a hot day. Also, instead of ice cubes you can just add cold pure water.
CUCUMBER-TOMATO RAITA ("rye-tah")
2 cups plain yogurt
1/2 medium cucumber, peeled
2 medium tomatoes, ripe and firm
1/4 cup finely chopped parsley or cilantro
2 tsp. minced fresh mint leaves
2-3 Tbsp. milk or water
1/4 tsp. sea salt
2 green onions, finely chopped
1/4 tsp. pepper
dash cayenne
Peel cucumber, scoop out and discard seeds. Chop cucumber into 1/4" dice or shred, using coarsest blade on your shredder.
Blanch tomatoes in boiling water just for a minute. Remove skin. Cut in half, scoop out seeds and discard. Chop into fine dice.
Combine all ingredients and let sit for one hour before serving. Adjust to taste with salt and pepper. Add more milk if you desire thinner consistency.
Serve with any Indian meal (very cooling with spicy food!).
© 2001 Siri Ved Kaur Khalsa


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A study, which observed that terror attacks quadrupled since the 2003 Iraq invasion, has named India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Yemen as the world's terrorism hotspots.
The Global Terrorism Index study by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP) rated the terror threat for each country based in the number of terror incidents, deaths, injuries and properties damaged, Daily Express reported.
The study, which looks at terrorism worldwide since 2002, says that in Europe the deadliest attacks have tended to be carried out by Islamic fundamentalists.
These include the 2004 Madrid bomb attacks which killed 191 people and wounded 1,800 and the 2005 London Tube and bus bombings which killed 52 besides the four bombers and wounded over 700 people.
Worldwide there were 7,473 deaths from terrorism last year - down 25 percent compared to 2007 but up 460 percent compared to before the Sep 11, 2001 attacks.
In Europe most of the terrorism is domestic. It casts doubt on the success of the US War on Terror, backed by Britain.
IEP executive chairman Steve Killelea said: "The War on Terror has had mixed results. Al Qaeda in 2011 accounted for only one in 5,000 terrorist incidents but splinter groups such as Al Qaeda in Iraq and Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsular are still highly active and are two of the more lethal terrorist groups in then world.
"A lot more care needs to be taken by western governments when considering military intervention or regime change."
The study also found western Europeans were 19 times more likely to die in a terrorist attack than the north Americans.


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Sue Streetman's '66 Pickup
Terry and Sue Streetman are avid hot rodders with years of experience owning, driving, and building hot rods. A string of different hot rods have graced their garage over the years and they all share some common threads. For one, they tend to be black, as is this '66 Chevy truck-parked between a black '57 Chevy sedan and a black '37 Ford coupe. Two, they all exude simplicity and finally, they are all drivers.
After several years of motoring around in the above-mentioned hot rods, it was Sue who decided she wanted a truck. Terry was trying to steer her toward the ever-popular '67-72 body style, but Sue knew what she wanted. After looking at a lot of '63-72 trucks Sue determined she preferred the earlier version.
With the search narrowed, she was in hot pursuit of virtually any '62-66 Chevy truck. The search finally ended when they discovered a black (what else?) '66 Chevy truck. The price seemed reasonable, but the truck still had plenty of old-truck issues. Certain that this was the one, a deal was struck and Sue Streetman had a project truck on her hands.
Like many trucks, it came with an interesting story. This one involved it being a farm truck all of its life, working in the fields not far from the Streetman's North Carolina home. It seems the original owners were going to fix up the old truck so they had it painted black as the first step in the restoration. The paint and bodywork was well done thanks to Chris Weber at Weber's Paint & Body in Statesville, North Carolina. But as most regular readers of CCT know, paint is one of the last items to be done during a restoration.
Starting with a truck in finished paint added time to the overall build, since care was taken so as not to damage the paint. The front sheetmetal and bed were removed from the chassis and the frame received a thorough cleaning and painting in chassis flat black. The frame was then re-plumbed with new brake and fuel lines. The old straight-six was removed and the entire front suspension was replaced with pieces from a '72 Chevy truck. One-inch drop springs and 2-inch dropped spindles provide the proper front stance. A '72 Chevy dual master cylinder was mounted to activate the GM disc brakes. Out back, 3-inch lowering springs get the job done and it all rolls on American Torq-Thrust wheels measuring 17×7 and 17×8, front and rear respectively.
Since Sue's truck was built to haul, selecting a new ZZ4 crate motor from Chevrolet seemed prudent. A short water pump was bolted to the motor along with a six-blade stainless steel flex fan that draws air through a Desert Cooler four-row radiator by U.S. Radiator. Doug's full-length headers feed the leftovers to a set of 21/2-inch Flowmaster mufflers. GM Special Design valve covers continue with the understated approach to the truck and a set of GM red ignition wires add the perfect splash of color under the hood. The remainder of the engine bay is nicely detailed in contrasting lusters of black. It is a very functional and business-like look that works well in the truck. While it looks simple, achieving this level of detail takes a good eye.
Now you might think a nice cushy automatic transmission would be coupled to the ZZ4, but as it turns out Sue likes mixing her own gears, so a Tremec 600 five-speed transmission was chosen. The Hurst shifter makes changing gears a pleasure.
With an engine bay in varying textures of black and a fine black paintjob, Sue realized the truck needed a splash of color. The original gold interior gave way to a Torch Red interior with the dashboard and door jambs being painted by Rodcrafters in Welcome, North Carolina. The stock dashboard is filled with Classic Instruments that feature black faces and red pointers. The stock steering column is painted black and topped with a Lecarra steering wheel wrapped in leather. A '95 Chevy pickup seat was adapted to the cab and Tony Daniels of Lexington, North Carolina, stitched up a very traditional rolled and pleated seat using red and black Ultraleather. Black carpets cover the floor, and the windows still crank down just like they did in 1966.
It took a bit longer than a year to complete the conversion from farm truck to highway hauler and while there aren't a lot of trick modifications to the truck it is a great exercise in packaging. Absolutely every piece on the truck blends beautifully with the next and as a result the truck has that certain intangible presence that draws you in for a closer look.
With the truck finally completed Sue can spend days on the road, or even doing what she calls relaxing-just spending time with Terry out in the garage with her favorite music playing while she details their three black hot rods. We can't think of a better way to spend a day.


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Discrimination from one's manager really bites
Issued by University of Leicester Press Office on 3 October 2012
Photograph of Professor Stephen Wood available from email@example.com
Mental health workers are more likely to be depressed or anxious when they experience discrimination from their managers than when it comes from patients, a study has found.
Discrimination from the patients' visitors also causes more distress than discrimination from the patients.
A research team led by Professor Stephen Wood at the University of Leicester's School of Management looked at the effects of prejudice, including sex, racial and age discrimination, from different groups of people on mental health workers.
The study, funded by the Department of Health National Institute for Health Research, draws on the experience of 1,733 mental health workers in the UK, including doctors, nurses, psychiatrists and support staff. The researchers distributed questionnaires to every worker in 100 wards and 36 outpatient teams, measuring four states of mind: anxiety, depression, emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. It also looked at whether they had experienced discrimination in the past year, alongside more general questions such as how fair they perceived their organisation to be.
They then used advanced statistical analysis to assess whether workers who suffered discrimination at the hands of four different groups of people – patients, visitors, managers and co-workers – were more or less likely than other workers to have negative feelings.
From the four different discrimination sources, discrimination from managers had the largest impact on the anxiety, depression, emotional exhaustion and job dissatisfaction of the mental health worker. In addition, and perhaps surprisingly, discrimination from patients' visitors had a larger impact on depression and emotional exhaustion than discrimination from the patients themselves. Discrimination from one's fellow workers had less effect on any form of distress than that from managers or visitors.
Stephen Wood, Professor of Management at the Leicester School of Management, said: "The finding that managers can distress workers the most can be explained by managers' large power over staff's working lives, including their chances of keeping a job and winning promotion. Moreover, workers feel distressed if they feel the organisation employing them is not treating them fairly - and the behaviour of managers is key to this sense of fairness.
"Aggression from relatives and other visitors is, like aggression from managers, viewed as reflecting badly on the procedures and fairness of the organisation. However, aggression from patients is not readily attributed to failings in the organisation."
The researchers suggest in a paper on the findings that a tightening of policy towards visitors may be desirable, arguing: "The option of permanently excluding them from the premises or involving the police might increase the sense that the organisation is concerned about their staff's welfare and treats them fairly."
Professor Wood's co-authors are Johan Braeken, Professor of Methodology and Statistics at Tilburg University in the Netherlands, and Karen Niven of Manchester Business School.
For more information, please contact:
Ather Mirza
Press Office
Division of Corporate Affairs and Planning
University of Leicester
tel: 0116 252 3335
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Discrimination and Well-Being in Organizations: Testing the Differential Power and Organizational Justice Theories of Workplace Aggression, by Stephen Wood, Johan Braeken and Karen Niven, will be published later this year in The Journal of Business Ethics. Available on line. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g5375617822w4265/?MUD=MP
The study was funded by the National Institute for Health Research, Health Services and Services Delivery Research Programme. (project number 08/1604/142 and is part of the national investigation of In-patient staff morale led by Professor Sonia Johnson, University College London.
Department of Health Disclaimer:
The views and opinions expressed therein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Institute for Health Research, Health Services and Services Delivery Research Programme, NHS or the Department of Health.


text:
Frum Bungles Key Immigration Facts to Justify Killing Immigration Reform
In a CNN.com opinion piece, CNN contributor David Frum attempted to justify the defeat of immigration reform bills, including the DREAM Act, by suggesting such measures would not help the United States attract highly skilled immigrants. In fact, both the DREAM and comprehensive immigration reform bills contain measures that would help attract such immigrants.
Frum Suggests Immigration Reform Measures Will Not Help Attract Highly Skilled Workers
Frum Advises Congress To "Return To The Drawing Board" And Rethink Immigration Following Failure of Immigration Bills. In his op-ed, Frum writes that the defeat of the DREAM Act and the comprehensive immigration reform proposed by Sens. John McCain and Ted Kennedy in 2007 show that "Congress will have to return to the drawing board on immigration." Frum also claims that because America "does not suffer from a generalized labor shortage," immigration goals have to change. From Frum's CNN.com op-ed titled, "What's the value of immigration?" :
The defeat of DREAM follows on the defeat of the McCain-Kennedy "pathway to citizenship" legislation of 2007. Two defeats of two major bills within three years -- that begins to look like a message.
Congress will have to return to the drawing board on immigration. And it should start with this question: What is immigration for? What are we trying to accomplish?
A century ago, the answer seemed obvious. Factories and mines clamored for workers as an underpopulated continent beckoned settlers.
America in the 21st century, however, does not suffer from a generalized labor shortage. If labor were scarce, you'd expect wages to rise. Instead, wages were stagnating even before the recession hit in 2008. The typical hourly job in this country paid no higher wage in 2008 (adjusting for inflation) than in 1974. Add the value of fringe benefits, and you get a 37% increase since 1978.
If we chose our immigrants differently, immigration would upgrade the average skill level of the U.S. population. (As is, 31% of immigrants have not completed high school.) If we chose our immigrants differently, they could contribute more in taxes than they require in benefits. (As is, immigrants are 50% more likely to be poor than the native-born.)
Back in the 1950s and 1960s, immigrants arrived with higher skills and soon gained higher incomes than the native born. That's how immigration still works in Canada and Australia. Their immigration systems are race-neutral and favor prospective immigrants who arrive with language skills, advanced degrees or capital to invest.
Someday, the United States will probably have to double back and do something for the hard cases showcased in the Senate hearings on the DREAM bill. But if we really want to do something useful, we should do more than help the hard cases. We should ask some hard questions. [CNN.com, 12/20/10]
In Fact, DREAM Act Fills A Gap In U.S. Workforce By Providing Incentives For College Attendance
New England Journal Of Higher Education: "Not Enough Americans Are Completing College" To Fill Coming Job Vacancies. From a September 10 article in the New England Journal of Higher Education:
In its most recent report, Help Wanted: Projections of Jobs and Education Requirements Through 2018, the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce has shown that by 2018, we will need 22 million new college degrees to meet employers' demand -- but at current graduation rates, we will fall short of that number by at least 3 million postsecondary degrees, associate or better.
This 3 million shortfall is the equivalent of 300,000 additional graduates each year between now and 2018, or a 10% [annual] increase in degrees conferred by colleges and universities nationwide. College degrees are not the only kind of credential the American economy will come up short on; we will also need at least 4.7 million new workers with postsecondary certificates. [The New England Journal of Higher Education, 9/10/10]
To Be Eligible For DREAM Act, An Immigrant Must Attend College Or Serve In the U.S. Military. From the Dream Act as introduced by Sen. Dick Durbin:
The alien has completed at least 1 of the following:
(i) The alien has acquired a degree from an institution of higher education in the United States or has completed at least 2 years, in good standing, in a program for a bachelor's degree or higher degree in the United States.
(ii) The alien has served in the Armed Forces for at least 2 years and, if discharged, has received an honorable discharge. [S. 3992, 11/30/10]
CIS: At Least One Million Undocumented Immigrants "Will Eventually Enroll In Public Institutions ... As A Result Of The Dream Act." From a November report from the Center for Immigration Studies:
Assuming no fraud, we conservatively estimate that 1.03 million illegal immigrants will eventually enroll in public institutions (state universities or community colleges) as a result of the DREAM Act. That is, they meet the residence and age requirements of the act, have graduated high school, or will do so, and will come forward. [Center for Immigration Studies, accessed 12/23/10]
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Proposal Contained Other Measures To Attract Highly Skilled Immigrants
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Proposal Contained Increase In H-1B Visas For Foreigners With Highly Specialized Knowledge. The 2007 version of the comprehensive immigration reform proposal to which Frum referred included a version of the "DREAM Act." It also included a provision to permanently increase the cap on visas for highly skilled workers sought by U.S. employees from 65,000 to 180,000. The bill provided:
H-1B Amendments.-- Section 214(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1184(g)) is amended--
(1) in paragraph (1) by deleting clauses (i) through (vii) of subparagraph (A) and inserting in their place--
(i) 115,000 in fiscal year 2008;
(ii) in any subsequent fiscal year, subject to clause (iii), the number for the previous fiscal year as adjusted in accordance with the method set forth in paragraph (2); and
(iii) 180,000 for any fiscal year. [S. 1639, 6/18/07]
CRS: H-1B Visas Go to People In Fields Such As "Architecture, Engineering, Mathematics, Physical Sciences, Social Sciences, Medicine And Health, [And] Education." From a 2006 memo by the Congressional Research Service on H-1B Visas:
Nonimmigrant temporary workers seeking employment in the United States are generally classified in the "H" visa category. The largest number of H visas are issued to temporary workers in specialty occupations, known as H-1B nonimmigrants. The regulations define a "specialty occupation" as requiring theoretical and practical application of a body of highly specialized knowledge in a field of human endeavor including, but not limited to, architecture, engineering, mathematics, physical sciences, social sciences, medicine and health, education, law, accounting, business specialties, theology, and the arts, and requiring the attainment of a bachelor's degree or its equivalent as a minimum. [Congressional Research Service, 3/20/06]
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Proposal Contained Increased Border Security Provisions To Stem The Migration of Low-Skilled Undocumented Immigrants. As detailed by the summary of the bill, the 2007 comprehensive immigration reform proposal contained myriad enforcement provisions designed to decrease the number of undocumented immigrants entering the United States. The summary stated that the bill:
Establishes specified benchmarks which must be met before the guest worker and legalization programs under this Act may be initiated respecting: (1) operational control of the the border with Mexico; (2) Border Patrol increases; (3) border barriers, including vehicle barriers, fencing, radar, and aerial vehicles; (4) detention capacity for illegal aliens apprehended crossing the U.S.-Mexico border; (5) workplace enforcement, including an electronic employment verification system; and (6) Z-visa (as established by this Act) alien processing.
Establishes in the Treasury the Immigration Security Account to assist the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in meeting benchmark requirements.
Sets forth border security and enforcement provisions, including provisions respecting: (1) personnel and asset increases and enhancements, including Shadow Wolves units; (2) a National Strategy for Border Security and a National Land Border Security Plan; (3) border security initiatives, including biometric data enhancements, document integrity, and additional ports of entry; (4) a biometric entry-exit system; (5) cooperation with Mexico; (6) forfeiture of conveyances; (7) border security on federal lands; (8) a border relief grant program for a tribal, state, or local law enforcement agency in a border-proximate or high-impact area county; and (9) increased federal detention space.
Northern Border Prosecution Initiative Reimbursement Act - Directs the Attorney General to carry out the Northern Border Prosecution Initiative to reimburse northern border entities for costs incurred for handling case dispositions of criminal cases that are federally initiated but federally declined-referred.
Secure and Safe Detention and Asylum Act - Sets forth detention procedures and standards. Establishes: (1) an Office of Detention Oversight; and (2) a detention alternatives program.
Sets forth interior enforcement provisions, including provisions respecting: (1) additional immigration personnel; (2) detention and removal; (3) alien sex offenders and protection of immigrants from convicted sex offenders; (4) alien street gang members; (5) illegal entry and reentry; (6) passport and immigration fraud; (7) criminal aliens, including continuation of the Institutional Removal Program (IRP); (8) voluntary departure; (9) detention and alternatives; (10) criminal penalties; (11) alien smuggling; (12) tribal lands security; (13) state and local enforcement of immigration laws; (14) expedited removal; and (15) the Justice Prisoner and Alien Transfer System.
Makes it unlawful to knowingly hire, recruit, or refer for a fee an unauthorized alien.
Sets forth employment eligibility verification system provisions.
Provides for: (1) disclosure of certain taxpayer identity information to DHS; (2) establishment of the state records improvement grant program which may be used to help states comply with REAL ID requirements; and (3) establishment of the voluntary advanced verification program to verify employee identity.
Sets forth Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and Social Security Administration (SSA) immigration-related enforcement provisions. [The Library of Congress, 6/18/07]
Frum Misleads Regarding Population Growth And Immigration Rates
Frum Attacked Immigration Policy For Supposedly Unnecessarily "Import[ing] Almost A Million People A Year Legally, Plus Nearly The Same Illegally." From his CNN column:
Nor is 21st-century America underpopulated. While vast parts of the United States remain empty, the areas that attract immigration are as densely populated as Europe. In fact, New Jersey has a higher population density than any country in Europe except the Netherlands.
So why import almost a million people a year legally, plus nearly the same illegally? That's a question that usually goes not only unanswered but unasked. [CNN.com, 12/20/10]
But Declining Population Growth Has Led To Decline Of "Working Taxpayers Relative To The Number Of Older Persons." A February 2003 report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that "the median age of the world's population is increasing," and the United States would soon have fewer working citizens relative to retirees dependent on medical benefits. From the report:
The increased number of persons aged >65 years will potentially lead to increased health-care costs. The health-care cost per capita for persons aged >65 years in the United States and other developed countries is three to five times greater than the cost for persons aged65 years ($12,100), but other developed countries also spent substantial amounts per person aged >65 years, ranging from approximately $3,600 in the United Kingdom to approximately $6,800 in Canada (13). However, the extent of spending increases will depend on other factors in addition to aging (12).
The demands associated with long-term care might pose the greatest challenge for both personal/family resources and public resources. In the United States, nursing home and home health-care expenditures doubled during 1990--2001, reaching approximately $132 billion (14); of this, public programs (i.e., Medicaid and Medicare) paid 57%, and patients or their families paid 25% (14). In addition, during 2000--2020, public financing of long-term care is projected to increase 20%--21% in the United Kingdom and the United States and 102% in Japan (15). However, these increases will be less if public health interventions decrease disability among older persons, helping them to live independently. [Centers for Disease Control, 2/14/03]
A Pew Survey Of "Nearly 5,000 Mexican Migrants" Found That Most Skewed Younger. From a March 2005 report:
Although some significant differences are apparent from city to city, a general portrait emerges of a young, disproportionately male, sample that has recently arrived in the United States (Table 9). Compared with the adult population of Mexico, the sample is relatively well educated, but it fares poorly in comparison with the general level of educational achievement of the U.S. population.
In the full sample, 57 percent of the respondents were male and 40 percent were female. The largest age group was the 48 percent of respondents who were 18 to 29 years old. Of the total, 43 percent said they had been in the United States for five years or less (Table 9). By comparison, only 34 percent of the full Mexican-born population living in the United States falls into the 18-to-29-year-old age range, and only 29 percent has been in the country for five years or less. [Pew Hispanic Center, 3/2/05]
Pew Research Also Contradicts Frum's Claim About The Rate Of Immigration. Contrary to Frum's claim that the United States brings in "almost a million people a year legally, plus nearly the same illegally," a report by the Pew Hispanic Center found that around 650,000 people per year immigrate to the United States legally. The same report found the number of illegal immigrants per year was closer to half a million. From the report:
Over the 1998-2004 period, the inflow of undocumented immigrants exceeded arrivals of legal permanent residents. From 2005 to 2008, about 1.6 million new undocumented immigrants arrived (an average of 500,000 a year), compared with 2.1 million legal permanent residents (an average of 650,000 a year). Examination of the annual estimates points to 2007 as the year the turnaround occurred. [Pew Hispanic Center, 10/2/08]
A More Recent Report Finds Illegal Immigration Has Declined Even Further Since Then. From a Pew Hispanic Center report from September of this year:
During the first half of the decade, an average of about 850,000 new unauthorized immigrants entered each year, increasing the unauthorized population from 8.4 million in 2000 to 11.1 million in 2005. Since then, the average annual inflow dropped to about 550,000 per year from March 2005 to March 2007 and declined further to an average of 300,000 per year for March 2007 to March 2009. As a result, the unauthorized population in 2009 returned to the level it had been in 2005.[Pew Hispanic Center, 9/1/10]
Frum Downplays The Economic Benefits Of Immigration
Frum: Immigration "Add[s] Just Fractions Of A Penny To The National Income." From his CNN column:
Of course immigration also creates jobs, too. There are benefits as well as costs. In 2007, the President's Council of Economic Advisers tried to balance these gains and losses. They totaled all the gains, subtracted the losses and concluded that our present immigration conferred a net benefit of ... hold your excitement ... somewhere between 0.22% of national income and 0.60% of national income..
(And as economist George Borjas notes, the CEA could reach the higher end number, 0.6%, only by ignoring the economic harm done by new immigration to the immediately prior immigrants.)
Given the immense scale of the immigration we receive, it seems incredible that immigration yields so small a net benefit.
Yet the CEA's estimate tallies with previous work by the National Academy of Sciences back in the 1990s. Their work supported the low-end estimate of a net benefit from immigration of about one quarter of 1% of national income.
That seems a poor payoff for the disruption caused by mass migration. Imagine if your kid's classroom went from zero non-English-speakers to 10 in just a couple of years. Then you are told that this turmoil is adding just fractions of a penny to the national income? Surely you'd ask: Why are we doing this? [CNN.com, 12/20/10]
Actually, Immigration Is Adding At Least Tens Of Billions Of Dollars To The National Income. According to World Bank data, the gross national income for the United States was $14 trillion in 2009. Therefore, even if Frum is correct that immigration is adding 0.22-0.25 percent to the national income, 0.25 percent of that figure is still $35 billion, and 0.22 percent of that figure is $30.8 billion. [The World Bank, accessed 12/23/10]
Economist James P. Smith: Immigrants May Add "As Much As $10 Billion To The Economy Each Year." The National Academy of Science, which Frum cites approvingly, released a press release quoting economist James P. Smith saying that immigrants "may be adding as much as $10 million to the economy each year" :
Immigration benefits the U.S. economy overall and has little negative effect on the income and job opportunities of most native-born Americans, says a new report* by a panel of the National Research Council. Only in areas with high concentrations of low-skilled, low-paid immigrants are state and local taxpayers paying more on average to support the publicly funded services that these immigrants use.
"Immigrants may be adding as much as $10 billion to the economy each year," said panel chair James P. Smith, senior economist at RAND Corp., Santa Monica, Calif. "It's true that some Americans are now paying more taxes because of immigration, and native-born Americans without high school educations have seen their wages fall slightly because of the competition sparked by lower-skilled, newly arrived immigrants. But the vast majority of Americans are enjoying a healthier economy as the result of the increased supply of labor and lower prices that result from immigration." [The National Academies, 5/17/97]


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A baseball traditionalist's case for losing the DH
ATLANTA -- It's been 40 years since the American League began using the designated hitter, and my teeth still are clenched. Then again, I'm the baseball traditionalist who lives in a National League city (as in no DH), which means I'm a little paranoid these days.
Courtesy of the Houston Astros switching leagues to the AL before this season, baseball's schedule makers were forced to employ Interleague Play throughout the year.
ATLANTA -- It's been 40 years since the American League began using the designated hitter, and my teeth still are clenched. Then again, I'm the baseball traditionalist who lives in a National League city (as in no DH), which means I'm a little paranoid these days.
Courtesy of the Houston Astros switching leagues to the AL before this season, baseball's schedule makers were forced to employ Interleague Play throughout the year.
That groan you hear is from the traditionalist. After all, the omnipresence of Interleague Play is already giving folks a bunch of ideas about the future of the DH, and some of those ideas, well, they don't exactly lead to restful nights for traditionalists.
First, about this omnipresence of Interleague Play: Ugh.
Give me the days when the NL and AL only saw each other during Spring Training, the All-Star Game and the World Series, and all was well with the universe -- at least, on my side of it.
There was magic back then when the two leagues met, because it was a rarity. "So Boog Powell really is that big," you thought with wide eyes as an NL chauvinist? And goodness knows, AL folks hadn't a clue that my Big Red Machine was that potent until those Cincinnati Reds survived Carlton Fisk's little blast in 1975 and then clobbered the New York Yankees in another World Series the following year.
Now it has come to this for traditionalists: The Minnesota Twins will travel to Atlanta next week to play the Braves at Turner Field, and it doesn't feel anything like 1991 for so many reasons. Back then, both teams went from worst to first to win the pennant of their leagues. Back then, both teams were meeting in the World Series.
Back then, both teams had never faced each other.
Thus the magic. It was the same magic that appeared in 1992 for the Braves when they returned to the World Series to face a team from Canada called the Blue Jays, not the Expos. While the Expos were a known entity around here from the NL, the Blue Jays were from that other league, which made them mysterious and delightful for Braves fans.
Anyways, the Blue Jays will follow the Twins to town this month for Interleague Play, and this won't be the first time either team has visited Atlanta since their World Series days against the Braves.
So no magic here, but that's me talking.
As for those other sides of the universe, they've never had issues with Interleague games. Such games consistently outdraw their counterparts by huge margins. That's also why the number of Interleague games won't exactly shrink over time.
Consider, too, that the days are gone when advocates for either the NL and the AL viewed their roles as the Hatfields versus the McCoys, dogs versus cats, good versus evil. Uniformity is on the way for everything in baseball, and you know what that means?
Sooner rather than later, both leagues will use the DH or go back to the pure and decent way of playing a baseball game.
Guess which side I'm on?
Whether we're talking about Babe Ruth smacking balls over fences with regularity, Wilt Chamberlain turning into the NBA's first prolific scoring machine, the likes of Air Coryell and The Greatest Show On Turf in pro football or Wayne Gretzky pushing a slew of pucks past goalies, the overwhelming masses in sports have always favored offense over everything else.
We're back to my restless nights. Since the inception of its DH days, the AL has topped the NL most seasons in runs, RBIs, homers, slugging percentage, on-base percentage -- virtually all things offensively, which only makes sense. Instead of a traditionally weak-swinging pitcher in that spot, the AL has an accomplished slugger.
Conversely, instead of old-fashioned baseball strategy such as double switches late in games, the AL has little of that.
With the DH, the AL is playing a different game. The NL is forced to play that game during Interleague Play, All-Star Games or World Series games that take place in AL parks.
It has caused issues both ways.
More than a few NL teams have tried and failed to find somebody close on their roster to match the DH of their AL foe. Plus, there was that famous rant in 2008 when Hank Steinbrenner morphed into his father, George. It was after his Yankees lost ace pitcher Chien-Ming Wang for several months due to a baserunning injury in Houston, then an NL park.
"My only message is simple," Steinbrenner said at the time. "The National League needs to join the 21st century. They need to grow up and join the 21st century. I've got my pitchers running the bases, and one of them gets hurt. He's going to be out. I don't like that, and it's about time they address it. That was a rule from the 1800s."
It was a rule that lasted in both leagues until 1973. Then came the split, and 40 years later, we're on the verge of a merger.
Yep, you know my vote.
Terence Moore is a columnist for MLB.com.


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Abengoa's Solana CSP starts commercial operation.The global solar company Abengoa Solar has just announced that its massive Solana solar power plant has begun commercial operation in Arizona. The plant represents a transformational breakthrough in utility scale solar power, because it includes an energy storage system based on molten salt. The storage feature enables the plant to keep generating electricity long after the sun goes down.
Solana is also noteworthy because it puts yet another feather in Arizona's already impressive cap of solar power projects. The continued growth of the Arizona solar power sector is a bit of a surprise given the conservative leanings of Governor Jan Brewer and other public officials in the state, so it's worth taking a look at Solana in that context.
Abengoa brings night-time solar power to the U.S.
Abengoa has already established a track record of utility scale solar power plants overseas and it has just secured financing to build the largest concentrating solar power (CSP) plant of its kind in Europe. In terms of keeping up with the Joneses, the Solana plant helps the U.S. – and Arizona – keep its solar profile in the global spotlight.
CSPs use mirrors to concentrate solar energy on a focal point, typically a large tower. According to Abengoa, at 280 megawatts the Solana plant is the world's largest CSP plant to use parabolic trough mirrors to concentrate solar energy (typical CSP mirrors, called heliostats, are flat and quadrilateral).
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