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Below is an account of the history of solar cooking with an emphasis on the work of Solar Cookers International up to July 1987:
1200s → People have sun-dried fruits, vegetables, fish and meats for eight centuries to preserve them
1600s A German physicist, Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, made large lenses to boil water in a clay pot. This was first reported in the first-published study of solar cookers in 1767 by French-Swiss scientist Bénédict Horace de Saussure (Halacy, p. 3)
1767 Saussure's was the first recorded effort to solar cook food. He built a miniature greenhouse with 5 layers of glass boxes turned upside down on a black table and reported cooking fruit. He later built a cooker of 2 pine boxes topped with 3 layers of glass, and later still added wool insulation between the two boxes. He predicted, "Someday some usefulness might be drawn from this device …(for it) is actually quite small, inexpensive, (and) easy to make" (Saussure, pp 55,59). French contemporary, DuCarlu, added mirrors and reported cooking meat in one hour (Halacy, 1992, p. 3).
1830 English astronomer Sir John Herschel cooked food in a similar insulated box on an expedition to South Africa.
1860s and 70s Augustin Mouchot was the first to combine the box/oven heat trap and burning mirrors concepts to create a solar oven, a solar still, a solar pump and ultimately the first solar steam engine. He saw great commercial potential in France's sun-rich, fuel-poor colonies in North Africa and Asia. In 1877 Mouchot devised solar cookers for French soldiers in Algeria, including a shiny metal cone, made from a 105.5˚ section of a circle. He baked bread in 3 hours, bult a separate cooker to steam vegetables, tried shishkabobs in a parabolic cooker and also wrote the first book on Solar Energy and its Industrial Applications. He also pasteurized water and wine, and worked on a solar device to break down water to hydrogen and oxygen. When improved coal transport and better political relations with England restored France's source of coal, interest in solar energy waned and a discouraged Mouchot went back to teaching math. (Butti & Perlin, pp 66, 70-73; Narayanaswamy 2001, p. 93; Halacy, 1992, p. 3).
1876 In India W. Adams developed an octagonal oven with 8 mirrors which cooked rations for 7 soldiers in 2 hours (Narayanaswamy, 2001, p. 72). Dr. Charles G. Abbot, Secretary of the American Smithsonian Institution, was the first recorded inventor of solar cookers in which the heat collector was outside in the sun but the cooker itself was in the house, with heat carried from collector to cooker by circulating oil. This solar boiler's stored heat allowed cooking in the evening.
1884 Another Smithsonian scientist, Dr. Samuel P. Langley, solar cooked meals atop Mt. Whitney in California (Halacy, p. 4).
1891 Clarence Kemp, 'father of solar energy in the USA,' patented a solar water heater that enjoyed broad popularity, especially in California. Nearly 30% of houses in Pasadena had solar water heating systems by 1897. This industry declined during WWII when copper, a key material, was heavily rationed (Sklar & Sheinkopf, 1995).
1894 Xiao's Duck Shop in Sichuan, China, roasted ducks by solar cooking (Wang, X., 1992, p. 12).
1930s France sent many solar cookers to its colonies in Africa. India began to investigate solar energy as a substitute for dwindling wood and depletion of soil from burning crop residues and dung (Halacy, p. 4).
1940s – 70s Dr. Maria Telkes in the USA researched several combination types of solar cookers, including some with heat retention chemicals (Halacy, P. 4) and published a book, Solar Ovens, in 1968 (Hoda, 1981, p. 5).
1945 Indian pioneer Sri M. K. Ghosh designed the first solar box cooker to be commercially produced (Hoda, p. 5).
1950s Water heaters were popular in Florida until electricity rates fell with plentiful, government-subsidized energy, and consumers were urged to use more and more (Sklar & Sheinkopf, 1995). Indian scientists in government laboratories designed and manufactured commercial solar ovens and solar reflectors, but they weren't readily accepted, partly because there were still lower-cost alternatives. Farrington Daniels and George Löf at the U. of Wisconsin, USA, introduced concentrator cookers in northern Mexico, with some acceptance, and Tom Lawand et al, Brace Research Institute at McGill U., Canada, tested steam cookers in several developing countries, but in these areas, too, there were still lower-cost alternatives for households. (Halacy, p. 4). 1955 The International Solar Energy Society began as the Association for Applied Solar Energy, whose first conference in Phoenix, AZ, USA, included many practical solar cookers. By then the technical basics of solar cooking were known. Exhibited solar cookers included parabolics by M.L. Ghai of India, Georg O.G. Löf (US), Adnan Tarcici (Lebanon) and Seizo Goto (Japan) and box cookers by Maria Telkes (US) and Freddy Ba Hli (Burma).
1959 The U. N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) measured water-heating capacities of a parabolic cooker and an oven type cooker (Löf, 1963, p. 132).
1960s The U.N. tried a few pilot projects with a variety of elaborate devices designed by engineers with little or no attention to consumer needs, then blamed 'resistance to change' for lack of immediate intensive use.
1961 A United Nations Conference on New Sources of Energy included many solar cooker pioneers, including Telkes, Löf, Duffie, Prata and Abu-Hussein.
1970s Spreading deforestation prompted research and promotion of solar cooking by governments of China and India. A petroleum shortage temporarily created new interest in renewable energy worldwide.
1973 Barbara Kerr, USA, built many types of concentrator and box type solar cookers from descriptions, including Ghosh's box cooker in India. She used simplest materials inspired by retained heat cookers ('hay boxes') and developed low-cost, simple solar cookers using recycled materials and aluminum foil. She worked with Bob Larson through People united for Self-Help to share these simple solar tools with homeless and low-income neighborhoods.
1976 Kerr and her neighbor, Sherry Cole, cooked 2 meals per day for 40 people for two weeks for a women's conference. Kerr, an RN with a Masters in social work also did extensive pioneer work on solar food dryers, sanitizers and sterilizers and through-the-wall solar cookers.
1978 Kerr and Cole began small-scale production and promotion of cookers and plans for people to make their own. Prof. Bob Metcalf learned about Kerr-Cole cookers through Fred Barrett, USDA, bought one, and immediately became a regular user and began research on their germ-killing capacities. He quickly became a promoter of solar cookers both in the Sacramento area and beyond, teaching many in Sacramento including Thais Thomas who in turn taught Clark and Eleanor Shimeall (who wrote a still-popular cookbook). Bob Larson was giving workshops on building solar water heaters.
1979 The Organization of African Unity held the 1st of 7 sessions on New, Renewable and Solar Energies, including Dar es Salaan, Tanzania in 2000.. Dr. Metcalf, with student Marshall Longvin documented water pasteurization in solar box cookers.
- The governments of India and China expanded national promotion of box cookers and curved concentrators respectively.
- Brace Research Institute, McGill U., Canada, researched and field tested solar cookers.
- Prof. Shyam S. Nandwani in Costa Rica researched solar cookers.
- Tudor Roberts in Zimbabwe taught his students about a variety of solar cookers he himself made and used.
- Box cookers were distributed to 20,000 Afghan refugees in Pakistan by SERVE (Serving emergency Relief and Vocational Enterprises). Types included hole-in-ground cookers.
- 1st major media in U.S.: '81 the national Christian Science Monitor newspaper featured Bob Metcalf.
- Heather Gurley Larson wrote first U.S. solar cookbook, Solar Cooking Naturally, in '83.
- Metcalf and Fred Barrett at USDA designed prototypes of the WAPI. In '84 Metcalf published his 1st solar water pasteurizing article, and in '85 his 9-page instructions for building solar box cookers.
- ULOG was started by Ulrich and Lisel Oehler to promote box and parabolic cookers in many countries.
- Bill and Thelma Rogers began weekly workshops for people to build their own solar cookers in a West Sacramento senior center. These continued for about 10 years.
- With Kerr-Cole instructions, solar cookers were built in Kitui, Kenya in '85.
1986 The U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization estimated that ¼ of humanity suffers fuelwood shortages and predicted that by 2000 scarcities would affect ½. Eleanor and Clark Shimeall taught Bev Blum to make cookers and suggested that someone should share this know-how with women in fuel-scarce parts of the world.
1987 Bob Metcalf, Bill Sperber and Aaron Zazueta introduced solar cookers in the Bolivian Altiplano to Aymaran Indians, through Meals for Millions and sponsored by Pillsbury Company. This was the first of many, many trips by Bob (see list below) Bev met with Barbara Kerr and Sherry Cole in AZ, and, with Dr. Anne Funkhouser, met Bob Metcalf and drafted a case for creating an organization about the same time Dave Martin independently contacted Kerr and Cole about promoting solar cookers in underdeveloped areas.
SOLAR (BOX) COOKERS INTERNATIONAL's FIRST 13 YEARS IN A NUTSHELL followed by yearly highlights 1987– 1993 Solar Box Cookers International Focused on Sacramento and Latin America 1st international Conference and 2 Latin America region conferences 1st newsletters, educational tools, leaders guides 1st query-response and info-exchange to pool experiences from hundreds of independent promoters 1st field projects (3 years) in Belize and Honduras 1st field evaluations and surveys in 7 countries, revealing similar uptake and fuel savings in diverse settings 2 cardboard box cookers variations mass produced – 'Joe On' and Foldable Kits 2 water-resistant 'fluteboard' box models tested in 4 countries 1st WAPIs (water pasteurization indicators) Name change in 1993 1994 – 1999 Solar Cookers International Shift focus to Africa and longer-term field projects Developed and mass produced CooKits in 3 countries 1st refugee projects – partnering with UNHCR, German GTZ and Luth. World Fed. 1st micro-enterprise projects – partnering in Zimbabwe with UNESCO, gov't. Energy Ministry and U. of Zimbabwe Dev. Tech. Center and in Kenya with Nyakach Community Development Association (NYACODA) 1st independent evaluations documenting fuel savings, acceptance and usefulness, and effectiveness of SCI participative introduction strategies 2 more international conferences, 3 more regional conferences, 2 regional networks – Kenya – KESONET (became SOLARNET) & Latin America (RECOSOL) 1st website – created and maintained to this day by Tom Sponheim.
S(B)CI's YEARLY HIGHLIGHTS are sorted by Organization milestones Major events Education tools, services & publicity Major field projects Independent events SBCI HIGHLIGHTS OF 1987, starting July 11 1st MEETINGS: Two meetings to create Solar Box Cookers International were held at the U. of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, the first on July 11, 1987, the day the world's population reached 5 billion. FOUNDERS and FOUNDING BOARD 1987: 1st meeting: 16 Founders attended Dr. Joseph Arnaboldi Barbara Blum Bev Blum Georgianna Borgens Wanjiru Sherry Cole Dr. Anne Funkhouser Barbara Kerr, Dave Martin Don Mahlberg Dr. O. Boyd Mathias Dr. Bob Metcalf John Murphy Blaine Pack Margaret Payne Clark and Eleanor Shimmeal 2nd and 3rd meetings: Carmen and Dr. Edwin Pejack Terry Snyder, Atty. Sheri Lewis This group drafted 2-year goals and plan and 3-year proposed budget, adopted the 1st By-laws and applied for nonprofit, tax-exempt status. The 1st 'OFFICE was half a room at 1823 11th St., Sacramento, for $100/mo. with an 8' table, 4 folding chairs and access to phone, copier and fax, thanks to Mike Eaton. The 1st DONORS came from the 1st fund-raising mailng to Kerr-Cole customers and lists gathered by Georgiana Borgens. 1st VOLUNTEERS besides the Founders included Lois Schwarze and Don Coan.
EDUCATION TOOLS, SERVICES, PUBLICITY 1ST BROCHURE was produced by volunteers A. Funkhouser and G. Wanjiru (Borgens). D. Martin and J. Murphy drafted strategies for marketing and project site selections. 1st SURVEY gathered feedback from Kerr-Cole box cooker buyers (O Boyd Mathias) 1st VIDEO: Fred Barrett of USDA funded production of Bob Metcalf'S 4 Square Feet of Sunshine video.
INDEPENDENT NEWS: Bob Metcalf, Bill Sperber (Pillsbury Co.) and Aaron Zazueta (Meals for Millions) introduced solar cooking to Aymara Indians in the Bolivian Altiplano. Eleanor Shimeall's Solar Cookbook was first published. HIGHLIGHTS OF 1988 1st ELECTED BOARD was comprised of 9 Founders, each with a specific title and tasks. 1st President Bev Blum 1st ACTION PLAN included multilingual ed. materials, demos to international 'nongovernmental organizations' (INGOs) in the U.S. and elsewhere. Officially incorporated with federal and state tax exemption status. 1st VOLUNTEER OF THE YEAR: Lois Schwarze, honored as 1st volunteer office 'anchor' who oversaw response to 4000 orders for "How to Make and Use" 1st ANNUAL MEETING. 253 CHARTER MEMBERS by June 1988 (goal was 200) REVENUES $48,458, including $30,000 in-kind, expenses $45,458. 1st GRANT: $8000 from Pillsbury for improved instructions, How to Make and Use booklet, for cookers and travel to '89 Pillsbury Conference.
EDUCATION TOOLS: Volunteers produced and mailed 1st 3 newsletters, 1st SBCI 'plans' – How to Make and Use a Solar Box Cooker, sent in response to Christian Sci. Monitor feature on Bob Metcalf New brochure by Anne Funkhouser, Spanish materials, Mini-boxes Tyvec patterns for cardboard box cookers SERVICES 1st training of trainers for Sacramento area people, 26 businessmen from Dominican Republic including Malaquias Santana and 9 Humphreys Fellows including Rev. Kontsante Modisenyane from South Africa. 4000 requests for 'How to make a solar box cooker,' from a Christian Science Monitor feature of Metcalf were filled by a handful of volunteers coordinated by Lois Schwarze and Dave Martin (often peeling stamps off too-small self-addressed envelopes and re-addressing larger ones). 1st international info-exchange with promoters worldwide. 1st training to include water pasteurizing (Metcalf and John Murphy in Baja, Mexico). SBCI also sent 10 Eco-cookers to La Piedad, Mexico, with volunteer trainers Metcalf, Mary Brewer, Rick Blodgett and Robb Robel. PUBLICITY: The Sacramento Union featured Bill and Thelma Rogers and brought 100 info requests; Barbara Jodry authored an article in a Sacto. paper; Mary Brewer was on local TV about Mexico trip; Bob Metcalf spoke and Dave Martin exhibited at the RETSIE Global Energy Society Conf. on Energy for Africa, Santa Clara, CA; Metcalf was interviewed on UN radio and Saudi Gazette.
INDEPENDENT NEWS: Bob Metcalf's 1st training that included hands-on making of cookers was with Plan International and the Kerr-type box cooker in Guatemala. A follow-up visit months later found 57 families solar cooking regularly. As a UN consultant he trained with Dr. Hannah Daoud of UNFAO in Djibouti and for World Food Day in Italy. Other: SBCI trainee in South Africa, Rev. Kontsante Modisenyane, translated "How to –" into several dialects and introduced in South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho. Many church missions in Haiti including Founder Arnaboldi's with Heifer International. D. Martin took 2 cookers to TOOL in Netherlands and Schweitzer Ecol Center, Switzerland for Burkina Faso. A 3rd solar cookbook by Halacys appeared.
President Dave Martin 1st REAL OFFICE at 1724 11th St., Sacramento for $750/mo. 1st PAID STAFF: Bev Blum volunteered 6 months as a part-time Director, then was hired as a part-time Exec. Director. G. Borgens (Wanjiru) was 1st part-time assistant 1st THINK TANK led by Aaron Zazueta (Freedom from Hunger), Ray Sylvester (U. of Pacific) and Bill Sperber (Pillsbury) and 1st BOARD RETREAT produced a 1st statement of principles and a 10-year Plan and goal to reach 2.4 billion people with info by 2000. Don Coan was 1989 Volunteer of the Year for his endless office work, workshops and demos as well as his own work in Central America. REVENUES: $92,466 including $15,820 in-kind (goal $70,000) and expenses $80,542. 2nd GRANT: $20,000 from W. Alton Jones Foundation. The Lutheran Bible School in Hershey, PA, donated $470 so we sent solar cookers to B. Kinteh in Gambia, MNES Kerala in India, Virgin Islands Environmental Group and Mexico Girl Scouts.
MAJOR EVENTS 1ST CONFERENCE in DC on Strategies for Promoting Energy Efficient Cooking in Developing Countries, co-sponsored with Pillsbury (Sperber +), World Resources Inst. (Tom Fox), USAID and InterAction. Speakers included Metcalf, Barbara Knudson, Norge Jerome, Jessica Matthews (WRI) and Willem Floor, who represented persistent biases based on early solar cooker failures.
EDUCATION TOOLS, Developed criteria for field projects site selection, time frames and budgets and began seeking partners. Ed Pejack and Paul Mellersh researched best 'found' materials for box insulations. NEW PUBLICATIONS: new brochures, a posters display with PVC pipe, the 1st Handbook, "How to" translated to Arabic, SERVICES 1st FIELD TRAINING WITH PARTNERS: Dave Martin trained 200 in Belize through Belize Enterprise for Sustainable Technology (BEST) and Katalysis. 'HOW TO MAKE AND USE' WORKSHOPS in Sacramento trained 200 from 27 countries PROFESSIONAL NEWSLETTER by volunteer Mark Rothman of IMPACT Publications, Oregon. His successor, Dave Ruppe, continues volunteering this service today. INFO EXCHANGE: Responded to 13,000 inquiries and added hundreds of independent promoters to our info-exchange network. PUBLICITY: Worldwatch Magazine, OMNI Magazine, Sierra Club newsletter, ABC TV Home Show, exhibit at the Assoc. of Women in Development (AWID) Conference in DC.
INDEPENDENT NEWS: Metcalf researched Colilert water testing applications with solar pasteurization, trained U.S. EPA staff; traveled to Sierra Leone with Southern U. in Louisana (Dr. Barbara Carpenter); also to Zimbabwe with Plan International and to Egypt, both Yemens, and Somalia with UNFAO (Hanna Daoud). Tom Sponheim and Mark Aalfs formed Solar Box Cookers Northwest. Barbara Kerr introduced solar cookers in Navajo nation; Blum trained gov't nutritionists in Lesotho through Farmer-to-Farmer, Lapis/ USAID. We learned of major projects in India and China. Dr. Bill Lankford's CASEP in Central America and Creamers in Nicaragua, where people crossed borders illegally to learn about solar cookers because of land mines in wood-gathering areas.
HIGHLIGHTS OF 1990 President Bob Metcalf GOAL REVISED: by 2000 5% of 2.4 billion people, or 25 million households would be using solar cookers GEOGRAPHIC FOCUS: Sacramento, Mexico, Central America & Caribbean Revised Bylaws, adopted Personnel Policies and Nominating Committee guides and updated Advisory Board. 2nd Think Tank and workshops– speakers: Norge Jerome, Davida Coady, Barby Pulliam, and Isaac Ferguson. 1990 VOLUNTEER OF THE YEAR: Retired biology prof. Elinor Benes for countless office hours New staff (all part-time): Kevin (Ramon) Coyle for fundraising, Bonnie Parmar as receptionist, Paul Barth for research, Maria Chacon for translations, and interns Maria Gonzalez (Joe On patterns), Rodil San Mateo (bibliography) and Kim Victorine (foldable box cooker production and assembly). REVENUES: $175,178, including $28,849 donations and $35,270 in-kind, expenses $153,827. Largest donation, $1000 to send plans to 70 Peace Corps 'libraries' worldwide; 3 grants included a 3-year grant of $150,000 from Thrasher Research Foundation (thanks to Rick Blodgett and Isaac Ferguson) to continue BEST's field project in Belize and start in Honduras and measure acceptance, W. Alton Jones Foundation's 2nd grant to SBCI - $15,000, and $20,000 from Education Foundation to produce foldable box cookers. We contracted with Asay & Farrimond ($2000) who (unsuccessfully) sought grants for SBCI.
EDUCATION TOOLS A foldable, teaching model box cooker was developed and mass produced improved poster-style "How to –" 60-page Leaders Manual, "Spreading Solar Cooking" (Blum) Cutaway cookers for construction workshops (Mellersh), Slides sets for speakers (Metcalf). 1st TRANSLATIONS of "How to—" by volunteer into Chinese, Farsi and Sesotho 1st newsletter survey gathered use info from 548 solar cooks. SERVICES First email info responses Speakers Bureau (Georgianna Borgens Wanjiru, Kofi Kondwani, Paul Barth, Rick Blodgett, Don Coan, Mary & Ted Feldman, Ila Lewis, Beth Luna, Dave Martin, Paul Mellersh, Bob Metcalf, Jeanne-Marie Moore, Irene & Roger Smith, Boyd Mathias, Bob McAdams, Randy Smith, Doran Smout, Phyllis Woodbury, Julius Davis, S. Robinson, Farlu Kaufman, Bev Russell) filled many speaking requests. 1st Sacramento Solarques PUBLICITY Metcalf spoke at Global Forum on Environment and Development in Moscow; exhibited at Earthtech in DC with Barrett and other DC volunteers; was commended by Mayor Ann Rudin and the Sacramento City Council. Articles in Solar Today, World Watch Inst., New York Times, Times of London, and a PGE bill insert on solar cookers, prompting thousands of info requests SBCI made first contacts with U.N. agencies UNDP, World Food Program, UNICEF, UN Evir. Program, UNIFEM, INSTRAW, DPI-NGOs, also USAID International Nutritionists Network Exchange (N. Jerome), Rwandan and Lesotho Embassies, and INGOs: CARE, New Forests Project, AfriCare, Int'l Women's Tribunal, PACT, Partners in the Americas, VITA, (Blum and Metcalf).
INDEPENDENT NEWS: Metcalf published a paper on microbiology of pasteurization Barbara Kerr published her book, Expanding World of Solar Box Cooker. T. Sponheim started SBC Northwest bimonthly Journal. Arnaboldi continued work in Haiti with Heifer Int'l, J. Shumaker, World Christian Relief Fund & Peace Corps. Avinashilingam U. researched solar cookers nutrients retention in India (Dr. Devadas); Manila Women in Philippines (Leonarda Camancho) were active promoters; Didi Contractor & GTZ's Indo-German Dhouladar Project in India was making large mud/bamboo patio ovens.
HIGHLIGHTS OF 1991 President Bob Metcalf New STAFF (all part-time): Veronica Perez for reception and bookkeeping, Aaron DeRuntz as volunteer coordinator; Intern Randy Smith, intern, compared cookers' performance. 1991 VOLUNTEERS OF THE YEAR: Irene Smith and Barbara Jodry for extensive organizing the first Solarbration and great publicity 3rd Think Tank/4th Annual Meeting/Dinner – Tom Lawand and SMUD's Donald Freeman were honored with Bright Future awards Contest for 1st LOGO – winner was Rick Blodgett's son, ___. REVENUES: $254,362 (budget $207,000), inc. $97,907 in donations and in-kind; $60,000 2nd year Thrasher Grant and $20,000 from Rockefeller/Am. Cons. Fund/Children's Earth Fund project to upgrade ed. materials. Sought corporate donations.
MAJOR EVENTS 1st SOLARBRATION: sponsors – SMUD, Syufy Theaters (promo briefs in theaters), Raleys; included Schools Day, Seniors Day, Service Day, Solarque at Coloma Community Center and Capitol Cook-Off; stores demos chair Jeanne-Marie Moore, libraries Julius Davis, Bob Metcalf & Pat Mahlberg on local TV. Planning began for SBCI's 1st World Conference in 1992, hosted by Univ. of the Pacific (Ed Pejack).
EDUCATION TOOLS Revised "How to—" plans and Leaders Manual and translated to French, Spanish and Arabic Created lesson plans and language-free flip charts, Spanish version of Bright Future video; Bibliography of published and unpublished papers (R. San Mateo); 'Multipliers' insert added to Newsletter Sales included 18,000 Plans, 1000 Leaders Manuals, 650 Foldable cookers and 750 Joe On kits 1st WAPI mass production Also bumper stickers, sun visors, t-shirts, buttons SERVICES SHOWCASE SACRAMENTO as a 'lab' for community promotion by volunteers Dave Martin, Henry & Ursula Stanton, Lee Adair, Anna Ward, Tom DuHain, Lori Bodenhammer The Speakers Bureau gave 236 public presentations and reached 5035 people; Workshops, teacher trainings, cookers loans and exhibits at other events targeted media, schools, libraries and low-income areas Promoters info-exchange network now included 300 groups and individuals worldwide; the 20 top solar cooker promoter agencies were all in Asia. PUBLICITY Metcalf attended Geneva UNEP and Children's Earth Fund meetings, sponsored by American Conservation Association (Larry Rockefeller) North-South Connection (Snelgrove), connected Board Member Margot Aguilar in Mexico with Latin businesses.
LATIN AMERICAN FIELD PROJECT (Thrasher Foundation) began in Belize and Honduras with 3 partners: Katalysis (Jerry Hildebrand & Karie Brown), Belize Enterprise for Sustained Technology (B.E.S.T., Carlos Santos) and Organizacion de Desarrollo Empresarial Femenino (O.D.E.F, a women's village banking program in San Pedro Sula, Honduras.
INDEPENDENT NEWS: Metcalf visited Sierra Leone for a 2-year follow-up and found 4/5 say food tastes better and want to own solar cookers; as a UN Sudano-Sahel consultant he provided training in Burkina Faso, Mali and Mauritania. Germany's Natur Magazine pictured Metcalf on its cover among 100 most important men in the world's future. Kiwanis built 30 cookers to celebrate 30 years; NorCal Boy Scouts built teaching kits for BYOBox workshops. Paul Funk helped develop basket and woven solar cookers in Tanzania Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) produced and distributed solar cook books to its customers and sponsored promotion in schools thanks to Harvey Greer;
HIGHLIGHTS OF 1992 President Bob Metcalf 5-year Celebration 1992 VOLUNTEER OF THE YEAR: Jeanne-Marie Moore for leadership organizing Solarbration and for extensive office work and trainings for blind. Blind herself, she inspires us all. Award from Die Twaalf Ambachten, Netherlands, through Gerri de Graaf & Dave Martin Children's Earth Fund/SBCI's proposal for international schools exchanges about solar cooking led only briefly to SBCI's inclusion in Gorbachov's new Green Cross plans An extensive grant proposal for training in Sahel countries was developed with UNDP/GEF staff after great encouragement from them, but was rejected by higher policy makers. Revenues:
MAJOR EVENTS 1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE held at Univ. of Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA brought 150 from 18 countries. Waafas Ofosu Amaah and Karim Ahmed were featured speakers 2nd SOLARBRATION immediately followed the Conference and included 2nd Solar Cook-out on the State Capitol lawn; Irene & Roger Smith videoed. The SBCI exhibit at the Global Forum at the Rio Environmental Summit in Brazil, was very popular, staffed 11 hours a day for 12 days by Bob Metcalf, Don Coan, Barbara Jodry, Barbara Knudson, Bob Larson, May d'Marie. We produced brochures in Portuguese, Spanish and French.
EDUCATION TOOLS: 1st CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS (Ed Pejack) Newsletters, 6th edition of 'How to—', a poster annual report For foldable cookers, a switch from cardboard to metal trays and final production. Pride Industries took over assembly and mailing. SURVEY OF PROMOTERS through the newsletter, 58 respondees described needs and promotion strategies SERVICES Began dialog with UNESCO Science chief Boris Berkovski, who requested info via Roma Stibravy, considering solar cookers for the U.N. World Solar Summit" (see 1996). PUBLICITY UNEP Women's Conf. in Florida solar cooker leaders from 6 countries thanks to AWID's Waafas Ofuso-Amaah: Didi Contractor (India), Vilma Soto(Costa Rica), Claudett Wilmot (Jamaica), also Fitri Aini (Indonesia), Nandini Gandhi (India), Leonarda Camacho (Philippines), Barbara Knudson and Bev Blum, USA. SBCI brought them together for a breakfast meeting. Presentation at World Resources Institute (WRI) (B. Metcalf, B. Blum, K. Ahmed) Articles in Audubon Magazine, International Rotarian, San Francisco Examiner
LONG-TERM FIELD PROJECTS Thrasher Project year two in Belize and Honduras included multiple workshops and demos and surveys. Edie Farwell trained surveyors; Karie Brown coordinated for Katalysis. With smaller surveys by contract in Zimbabwe, Ecuador, Chile, and Guatemala, 800 surveys from 7 countries confirmed acceptance, high satisfaction and consistent, gradual use increase over the 1st 3 years.
INDEPENDENT NEWS: Metcalf trained volunteers from 7 countries in Kenya for Trickle Up and African Medical Relief Fund (AMREF). Dan Kammen conducted an Earthwatch Project in Kenya. Barby Pulliam actively trained Girl Guides worldwide and developed many excellent training methods and tools.
HIGHLIGHTS OF 1993 President Bob Metcalf NAME CHANGE – dropped 'Box' from name after much Board debate, becoming Solar Cookers International 1993 VOLUNTEER OF THE YEAR: Randy Smith honored at 6th Annual Dinner ENDOWMENT gift of $25,000 in memory of Mary Euwer by daughters Eleanor Shimeall and Ellie Norton 65 organizational members 1st consultative status with U.N. REVENUES: $248,700, incl. $111,531 in donations and in-kind, $63,500 grant (Thrasher). Launched an Africa Fund Campaign for future projects in Africa.
MAJOR EVENTS 1st LATIN AMERICAN CONFERENCE in Honduras (Thrasher, co-sponsor UNESCO), hosted by ODEF gathered 90 leaders from 14 countries 1st LATIN AMERICAN NETWORK, Red Cosinas Solares (RECOSOL) was formed under leadership of Pedro Serrano, Chile Planning began for 2nd Int'l Conference in '94 in Costa Rica, hosted by Shyam Nandwani.
EDUCATION TOOLS 1st International Directory of 500 solar cooker experts Fun with the Sun Teachers Guide (B. Larson & Heather Gurley) and Spanish translation, Teachers Kit, sun visors, aprons, and 7th edition of 'How to—' plans Field surveys results were analyzed and Trends in Solar Cooking summarized 100+ promoters' experience. Assembly of box cooker lids was outsourced. Field tests of moisture-resistant cookers in Chile, Ecuador, Belize & Honduras concluded Thrasher Project (below). Tested were J. Campbell's 'Bluebird Box' and P. Funk's slant box with no reflector. Both were satisfactory but considered expensive ($20, 40 respectively if mass produced).
PUBLICITY California State Fair booth co-sponsored by SMUD, dozens of volunteers for 10 days and coordinated by Metcalf. Earth Fund and Nickelodeon sponsored a Kids World Council at Disneyworld. Bob Larson, Virginia Heather Gurley, Don Coan & Barbara Jodry tried to solar cook lasagna for 80 in iffy weather. Al Gore admired a solar cooker, and afterwards SCI corresponded with 27 schools in 15 countries. The Interdisciplinary Congress on Women in Costa Rica included SCI exhibit and presentations (B. Knudson, B. Blum) Smithsonian Natural History Museum featured solar cookers.
LONG-TERM FIELD PROJECTS The Thrasher Project ended in Belize and Honduras with final Thrasher surveys, cooker field tests, 1st Latin Conference and final report concluding that Central American climates are often sub-optimum for solar cooking and fuel shortages are not yet acute.
- Metcalf trained Trickle Up volunteers in Nepal from 10 Asian countries
- The European Committee for Solar Cooking Research conducted large comparative performance tests of many solar cookers, repeating in 1995.
- Villa Seca Solar Village in Chile now attracts tourists with its 200 solar-cooking households, a solar restaurant and solar bakery (Guzman, Serrano)
- Allart Ligtenberg started Nepal projects
- PC Barbara Ross trained Amagoro Women's Group including future SCI trainers Faustine Odaba and Everlyne Juma
HIGHLIGHTS OF 1994 President Clark Shimeall 1994 VOLUNTEER OF THE YEAR Mary Frank, distinguished artist and tireless advocate solar cooks on the roof of her NY loft and has recruited many NY donors and volunteers. Board Policies updated to add short-term strategies to temporarily conduct 5-10 multi-year field projects to achieve and thoroughly document self-sustainability to gain evidence needed to persuade policy makers, and Kenya chosen for 1st African project. REVENUES: $216,694 with $151,485 donations, including African Fund Campaign which matched $20,000 Setzer Grant with $36,480 donations SCI major Events 2nd WORLD CONFERENCE, hosted by Dr. Shyam Nandwani at Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica 1st KENYA CONFERENCE, hosted by Kenya Girl Guides (Honorine Kiplegat, Wamuyu Wachiru), followed by a teachers' workshop (below) and a meeting with Kenyan NGOs
EDUCATION TOOLS CooKit prototype invented by Roger Bernard, France, and Barbara Kerr added plastic bag in place of glass bowl. She quickly called, saying, "My pot of beans boiled over, making a big mess. This really cooks!" Refinements by J. Campbell, E. Pejack, B. Blum and others led to the mass-produced Cookit, at last a realistic tool for the world's poorest families. 8th Edition of "How to" Plans, revised to add Cookit International Directory of solar cooker promoters produced. SERVICES 1st Kenyan teachers' workshop hosted by Trans World Radio (Clive Wafukho) 20 cookers sent to overseas schools through Children's Earth Fund (Annie Brody, L. Rockefeller) 1st UNESCO contact re solar cookers for the World Solar Summit by Sci Dir. Boris Berkovski 1st Kenyan network (KESONET) formed with Kenyan solar cooker-promoting agencies, Inst. for Cultural Affairs (Elizabeth Castiglioni), TransWorld Radio (Clive Wafukho) and Kenyatta University (Peter Kariuki). KESONET later evolved into SOLARNET, dominated by solar photovoltaics organizations. PUBLICITY 2nd California State Fair exhibit with SMUD with dozens of volunteers.
LONG-TERM FIELD PROJECTS KENYA: Board members Barbara Knudson and Norge Jerome explored partnerships and gathered advice from many Kenyan agencies. Lutheran World Federation (LWF) agreed to let SCI test CooKit usefulness and durability in Kakuma Refugee Camp. Knudson visited the camp to prepare for a 1995 launch.
HIGHLIGHTS OF 1995 President Clark Shimeall Planning started for 3rd International conference in Coimbatore, India, 1997, invited by Vice Chancellor Rajammal Devadas of Avinashalingam Deemed U. 1995 VOLUNTEER OF THE YEAR: Roger Bernard (France) retired professor. He invented the 1st 'panel' cooker that SCI volunteers evolved into SCI's CooKit ORDER OF EXCELLENCE was created to honor Barbara Kerr and Sherry Cole. REVENUES: $284,821; $185,400 in donations from 1200 members included Doug Augustine's gift of $50,000 and Barbara Kerr's $45,000 property deed gift matched with $65,000 in other donations for the Sherry Cole Fund; $75,000 total in grants from Atkinson, Cottonwood, Latter Day Saints Humanitarian Fund, Setzer and the Jules and Doris Stein Foundations; sales revenues $17,548; expenses $228,689.
EVENTS 2nd KENYA CONFERENCE, held in Kakamega, hosted by RETEC Energy Center (David Osotsi): 55 attendees included 3 refugees and 1 staff from Kakuma Camp. Two teachers workshops organized by Osotsi and James Mindo trained 89 teachers.
EDUCATION TOOLS CooKit mass produced in Kenya (Pressmasters). These lasted 2 years on average. 1st Solar Cooker Review, from merger of SBC Northwest Journal (Sponheim) and SCI's Newsletter , circ. 7000 in 140 countries. 9th edition of "How to—" Checklist for predicting site-specific usefulness of solar cookers Improved teachers' training materials Tested Kenyan CooKits and plastic bags against US ones. SERVICES 1st solar cookers website created by volunteer Tom Sponheim: accessone.com/~sbcn/index.htm RECOSOL, the Latin Region Network, produced 6 Spanish newsletters and gave workshops in several countries (Pedro Serrano) with small, matching grant from SCI. SOLARNET, the Kenyan Network, produced several newsletters PUBLICITY Barbara Knudson and Kakuma refugee Gladys Ngaruye represented SCI at a U.N. Environmental Program meeting. 3rd/last Cal. State Fair booth co-sponsored by SMUD, dozens of volunteers for 10 days and coordinated by Metcalf. Volunteer Randy Smith built a handsome display structure. Exhibit at NGO Forum on Women in Beijing (Barby Pulliam et al) Die Zeit, Germany, reported on the Kakuma project.
LONG-TERM FIELD PROJECTS (See Field Project summaries for more details.) KENYA 1st REFUGEE PROJECT at Kakuma Camp in northwest Kenya began with Lutheran World Federation and UNHCR; B. Knudson, Jay Campbell, Faustine Odaba & B. Blum trained 70 refugee families and from these 16 refugee women became trainers, coordinated by refugee Gladys Ngaruye; 2000+ CooKits were distributed with training. Visits every few months by Knudson, Blum and Odaba found rapid uptake and usage. 2nd REFUGEE PROJECT at three Dadaab camps in eastern Kenya., at the urging of UNHCR and partnering with the German aid agency, GTZ, B. Knudson did a preparatory visit. Kakuma refugee Gladys Ngaruye, Bob Metcalf, and B. Blum trained GTZ stove trainers. UNHCR also offered a grant for a similar project in ETHIOPIA. UNESCO invited a proposal for 1000 CooKits and training for ZIMBABWE for the World Solar Forum in '96.
INDEPENDENT NEWS Linda Hayward's Sacramento 5th grade class produced solar cakes weekly for a School Solar Cake Lottery that eventually reached all that school's classes.
HIGHLIGHTS OF 1996 President John Collentine New office, 1919 21st Street, Sacramento Staff grew to 4: Patt Hull and Dr. Mahnaz Saremi joined Blum and Coyle 1996 VOLUNTEER OF THE YEAR: Louise Meyer for trainings in Ethiopia, Kenya, Zimbabwe and Istanbul as well as her own work in western Africa and advocacy in DC. Gained revised consultative status with the U.N. Joined InterAction and registered with USAID for possible fund-seeking Organized International (India) and Latin (Ecuador) Conferences for '97 REVENUES: $366,571 including $184,650 in donations with $52,350 for Africa Fund, $30,000 UNESCO grant for 1000 CooKits and training for Zimbabwe; UNHCR grant for Ethiopian refugee project
EDUCATION TOOLS CooKits: 1st mass production of wax-backed CooKits in Zimbabwe – lasted 3 years on average; Plastic laminate added to Kenya CooKits. Sales of U.S. foldable cookers was turned over to Michael Brown, but he ceased a year later. A new type of WAPI, SafWat, a bi-metal disk designed by Roland Saye and produced with Bean Foundation grant; a few rusted at the edges after long use, so we later discontinued sales, though they remain especially useful for vision-impaired. Field Guide for introducing solar cookers in Refugee Camps Improved Teachers Kit, Video of Kakuma and Dadaab projects, Letters from Kenya, featuring trainer Barbara Knudson and narrated by Wendy vanden Heuval PUBLICITY The UN World Solar Summit in Zimbabwe featured exhibits and demonstrations by Zimbabwe solar cooker trainers from SCI's UNESCO project At the U.N. Habitat II Conference in Istanbul Louise Meyer, Deling Wang and B. Blum provided presentations, an exhibit, and contributions to an NGOs Statement on Household Energy. Other publicity included Voice of America and Washington Post.
LONG-TERM FIELD PROJECTS ZIMBABWE: The UNESCO project was planned by 30 Zim. agencies with SCI volunteers Virginie Mitchem and Linda Helm Krapf and B. Blum. UNESCO pledged 5 year's support and SCI partnered with Development Technical Center (DTC) at the U. of Zimbabwe (Tungamirai Rukuni), Zim. gov't Dept. of Energy (Chigwada) and Hlekweni Training Center (Dube). 7 U.S. volunteers (Patt Hull, Bob Larson, Bob Metcalf, John Mitchem, Ed Pejack, Mahnaz Saremi, Louise Meyer, Barby Pulliam), Faustine Odaba (Kenya) and 2 solar cooks from PLAN Mutare, Zim. (Mary Chadambuka & __) trained 100 pilot families and 20 trainers in Ntabazinduna near Bulawayo and Epworth near Harare in time for the World Solar Summit. KENYA: SCI's 1st independent evaluation in Kakuma by Musa Njoka found that 2/3 of families used 3x week on average. In DADAAB Hundreds of families that had earned cookers by nurturing 20 trees for 3 months waited months for training and cookers because GTZ trainers were backlogged, so SCI paid for 16 more trainers chosen from Dadaab refugee enthusiastic solar cooks and Gladys Ngaruye trained them. ETHIOPIA: Jay Campbell and Louise Meyer made a preparatory trip to Aisha Refugee Camp in Ethiopia
HIGHLIGHTS OF 1997 President John Collentine 10th Anniversary celebration New staff Kevin Porter as Office Manager and Virginia Callaghan as Development Coordinator 1997 VOLUNTEER OF THE YEAR: Barby Pulliam for worldwide training of thousands of Girl Guides to teach their communities how to make and use solar cookers. ORDER OF EXCELLENCE honored Bob Metcalf for 2 decades of tireless education, research, promotion and worldwide training and consultation on solar cooking and water pasteurizing. New logo was donated by Brian Collentine Board Policies added priority target countries and various national standards for NGO fund-raising, publicity and programs. Annual Plans prioritized targets for advocacy: UNDP, UNICEF, UNIFEM, UNEP, CARE Int'l, and Int'l Rescue Committee. REVENUES: $314,053; donations $191,931; $85,671 in grants from Compton, Alternative Gifts International, Rausing Family Trust and Stein foundations; and sales $36,451
Events 3rd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, Coimbatore, India, was hosted by Vice Chancellor Dr. Rajammal Devadas, Avinashalingam Deemed U. and drew 161 people from 6 continents 2nd LATIN AMERICAN CONFERENCE, hosted by Prof. Rodrigo Carpio, Cuenca Ecuador, included 66 participants from 14 countries. Don Coan was 1 of 23 presenters.
EDUCATION TOOLS UNESCO used SCI's Case for Solar Cooking as its basis for announcing a 5-year U.N. World Solar Cooking Program, 1996-2005 was approved by the UN General Assembly in 1998. (The 'Program' began and ended with the Varese Conference in 1999). Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference, produced by Avinashilingam U. List of 30 best countries for solar cooking, based on climate, fuel scarcity, deforestation, population, etc. SCI Field Guide, including methods for periodic monitoring and evaluations. Newsletter Solar Cooker Review reaches 8000 supporters and promoters worldwide. Tested Ethiopian-made CooKits (not durable) and plastic bags (equal to Kenya's), and field tested possibly more durable plastic 'cuffs' – not useful. SERVICES Volunteer training for future field projects Provided 100 CooKits to Avinashilingam U. to field test for the Indian Ministry of Nonconventional Energies Responded to a large volume of individual correspondence and info-exchange Supported meeting of CASEP (Central American Solar Energy Programs) Participated in UNHCR Partners Conference on Environmental Management, Geneva. PUBLICITY SCI was one of 30 NGOs worldwide invited to exhibit at the U.N.'s Sustainable Development in Action Exhibit for the U.N. General Assembly GASS Rio +5' in NY. Metcalf spoke to Kofi Annan and wife and media, assisted by several NY-area volunteers. At a Micro-credit Summit in DC, Louise Meyer represented SCI. Media coverage included BBC, Osgood Files, Voice of America and Sacramento Bee, Solar Today magazine, and International Rotarian.
LONG-TERM FIELD PROJECTS KENYA Kakuma Project served 1500 more families despite LWF delays in supplies transport; 3-year CooKits are still useful and we hoped to finish but camp grew by 15,000 more refugees Dadaab Project: The rest of SCI's 2000 promised CooKits were distributed with training, but major floods destroyed many of them, forced refugees to relocate, and cut off roads to the camps. Trainers trained 5000 families, but GTZ, our implementing partner, provided only 400 additional CooKits due to budget problems and unexpectedly departed from the camp. This and a sudden decision by USAID to fund (inadequate) wood distribution for 3 years led SCI to suspend this project (temporarily, we hoped). ETHIOPIA: The Aisha Refugee Project started with UNHCR and ARRA (Ethiopian government refugee administrators) as partners. Trainers Faustine Odaba, volunteer Louise Meyer and B. Blum trained 50 pilot families, then 18 trainers were selected from the most enthusiastic solar cooks. This year 550 families began solar cooking and the local coordinator was UNHCR consultant Amina Ahmed. Mid-year, plastic bags were withheld for 6 months by an HCR staff, but HCR still proceeded with an evaluation before the 1st anniversary (see 1998). ZIMBABWE: UNESCO funds of $100,000 disappeared in the Zim. government, but DTC continued with minimal support from SCI to fund a full-time coordinator, Rejoice. Rotary International and Bulawayo supported the Bulawayo part for several more years. About 500 more families began solar cooking this year, and several thousand in the followi ng years.
President Norge Jerome 1st regional office: SCI Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, staffed by Owino New staff: Margaret Owino as Eastern Africa Director, Refugee Shadrack Alumai and non-refugee Virginia to coordinate Kakuma Program in Kenya, and Virginia Callaghan and Kevin Porter in the US as Fund Raiser and Office Manager respectively 1998 VOLUNTEER OF THE YEAR was Barbara Knudson, for her extensive field work in SCI's projects in Kenya and Zimbabwe as pre-project negotiator, trainer, monitor and evaluator, as well as writings, presentations in addition to 6 years on the Board of Directors REVENUES: $384,523 (budget $348,000); included donations $238,000 from 1700 donors; foundation support of $106,376 from Alternative Gifts Int'l, Compton, Goldman, Greenville, New Earth, Rausing and Setzer. Friends of Founders Clark and Eleanor Shimeall donated $23,700 to establish a Special Response Fund in their name. SCI now has 4 mo. operating reserve.
PUBLICITY: A Cookit was featured in Home Power Magazine and by Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, NY, in its "Under the Sun: An Outdoor Exhibition of Light."
LONG-TERM FIELD PROJECTS KAKUMA: 4400 CooKits distributed with training by 30 trainers – a 50% increase over previous year, bringing total to date to about 8000 but the camp added 15,000 more refugees from both Somalia and Sudan. B. Knudson & Bill Lankford measured fuel savings of ¼ - ½ -even though camp distribution was less than 1/3 of an amount needed to cook their meager rations. There were ongoing logistics difficulties in transporting supplies. LWF agreed to take over management and provide replacement supplies ongoing. When that failed SCI added a non-refugee Kakuma staff, Virginia, to work with the 36 trainers and Shadrack and seek a partnership with GTZ's new tree-planting program. AISHA: Total Cookits distributed with training reached 2000. HCR's independent evaluation after 11 months found wide and frequent usage, high satisfaction and significant fuel savings, but criticized the extensive initial education required. HCR agreed that SCI could fund future follow up and efforts to initiate Ethiopian production of CooKits. SCI also presented full evidence that polyester bags are not toxic, but also taught refugees to recycle tattered bags into ropes, baskets, etc., and eventually burn them as clean fuel. Dr. Ed Pejack worked with trainers in Kakuma and Aisha toward possible local production with (almost nonexistent) local materials for replacements (average life of Kenyan CooKit – 2 to 3 years, in Zimbabwe – 3 years). Several possibilities were tried, but none suitable was found. ZIMBABWE: UNESCO discontinued funds to Zim. gov't. but DTC elected to continue the Epworth part while Rotary and Girl Guides continued the Bulawayo part.
INDEPENDENT NEWS: UNHCR conducted evaluations of solar cooking projects in Kenya, Ethiopia and Pakistan. David __, private entrepreneur in the U.S. produced and sells flexible CooKits, 'Sun Toy.'
President Norge Jerome Staff changes: Exec. Director B. Blum retired in April. John Collentine served as interim, during which Bev completed a fiscal program transition, visited field projects and attended the UNESCO Varese Conference. Terry Grumley was hired in November. Nadir Aden became Aisha Program Director. Plans begin for non-refugee community projects in Kenya Honorary Advisors were updated
EDUCATION TOOLS SERVICES Both tube and bi-metal disk WAPIs were tested for long-term reliability by Barbara Kerr, Shyam Nandwani and Bob Metcalf. Neither rare tube cracks (due to extreme overheating?) or rust on disks reduced their safety (lowered their trigger temp), but SCI discontinued the discs. A 'State of SCI' report by Bev summarized trends and shifts in SCI's first 13 years. It noted that in all but the first refugee field project (Kakuma) we expected to play only a minor ongoing consultative role for our major partners, but soon identified the need for an array of support services not only for consumers and trainers, but for partner agencies themselves. We also noted that of 600+ known independent promoters, most reached only a few hundred families, and quit in disappointment before becoming self-sustaining, adding to widespread certainty that people won't use them. PUBLICITY UNESCO-sponsored international conference on solar cooking and food processing, Varese, Italy was organized by Science Division Director Boris Berkovski. Speakers included Shyam Nandwani, Bill Lankford, Paul Funk, B. Knudson and Margaret Owino.. It brought together 300 people from 64 countries and was intended to introduce them to potential international funders, but this part fell short. Others LONG-TERM FIELD PROJECTS KAKUMA: a total of 9000 families have been served, including 32 blind refugees, and we worked toward reducing SCI involvement to production of more CooKits. 15,000 new refugees meant that half the camp remains unserved.
- Refugee trainer reps and coordinators from Kakuma (Adele and Nyiel Njok, Shadrack Alumi and Hellen Lipo) and Aisha – (Nadir Asem) met with Blum and Owino in Nairobi.
- ZIMBABWE: DTC hired Christing Mutandwa as the new Project Coordinator.
INDEPENDENT NEWS: The world's largest solar cooking system has cooked as many as 33,800 meals on a single day, besides boiling 3000 liters of water for tea. It was designed and built by Wolfgang Scheffler and Deepak Gadhia Taleti near Mt. Abu in India. It consists of 84 parabolic mirrors to produce steam for cooking, with 6 subunits which can be operated independently for smaller quantities. It is saving 400 liters of diesel fuel per day.
BOB METCALF'S INTERNATIONAL TRAININGS 1987 Bolivia 1988 Mexico (Baja and La Piedad), Guatemala, Djibouti 1989 Zimbabwe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Yemen, Egypt with FAO 1990 Russia (Global Forum speaker) 1991 Sahel: Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania with UNSO 1992 Brazil (Eco Summit), Kenya with Trickle Up 1993 Nepal (Trickle Up) 1994 1995 Kenya 1996 Kenya – Dadaab Refugee Camp 1997 India, Zimbabwe (UNESCO Project) 1998 1999
2001 2002 2003 Kenya 2004 Kenya and Tanzania 2005 Kenya and Tanzania 2006 Kenya and Tanzania
DEVELOPERS OF W.A.P.I.s: polycarbonate tube: Barrett – Metcalf – Pejack – Andreatta – Nepper; bimetal disk – Roland Saye Glass minitube - Solar Solutions (Frank Husson, Roger Murphy)
DEVELOPERS OF COOKIT: Bernard – Kerr – Blum, Campbell and Pejack


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Five men responsible for a terrifying attack on a young French couple as they slept in their campervan on their last night in New Zealand could be connected to local shearing gangs, say police.
The tourists were parked on a layby on Ohautira Rd, between Raglan and Huntly, when a black 4WD pulled up and shone its headlights through the window about 2am yesterday.
Detective Constable Nick Pirihi said two men approached and tried to open the locked front doors.
The men, who were believed to have been drunk, then shook the vehicle violently before trying a side door which they managed to slide open.
One of the men did a haka directed at the couple, and demanded "rent" from them.
"There were threats made, to the female as well. It was absolutely terrifying for them," Mr Pirihi said.
The male tourist was dragged from the van and punched in the face.
"The men then said 'right, you've got two minutes to decide what you're going to give us'. The couple went back to the vehicle, offered them $10, which is all they cash that they had on them at the time."
The offenders took the money but said it wasn't enough, so the couple gave them their clothes from the back of the van.
The men eventually drove off with two pairs of jeans and the man's empty wallet, which was later found discarded.
Mr Pirihi said police urgently wanted to speak to members of the public who knew anything about the attack.
"We suspect they [the offenders] were either living or working locally. I know there are shearing gangs in the area at the moment, so they may be connected to something like that."
Mr Pirihi said the couple flew home last night after three weeks in New Zealand.
"They'd had a fantastic time in New Zealand; they'd been down to the South Island and unfortunately this happened to them on their last night.
"They were very gracious and thankful for the support they received and said they still loved New Zealand and would have good memories [but] obviously they were very shaken by what happened."
The couple had provided descriptions of the two main offenders to police. One was Maori, of solid to fat build, about 175cm tall, with black hair and a goatee, wearing a black and white T-shirt.
The second offender was described as European, also of solid to fat build, about 178cm tall with short blond hair, wearing a green hooded sweatshirt with white writing on it and a green cap.

subset: commoncrawl


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Dr Laura Ginters
BA (Hons), LLB, PhD
Honours Coordinator, Theatre &
Senior Lecturer
Director, Postgraduate Arts and Social Sciences Research Centres (PGARC)
A20 - John Woolley Building
The University of Sydney
|+61 2 9351 6849
Full contact details
Biographical details
Laura Ginters lectures in the Department of Performance Studies at the University of Sydney. Her doctorate is in Germanic Studies and Performance Studies and concentrated on the role of the female characters in, and female (actors' and directors') interpretations of, Georg Büchner's Danton's Death. Laura worked for three and a half years at Playworks, the national women performance writers' network, developing new women's writing for theatre and performance. She was previously the Associate Director of the International Theatre Institute and has also worked for Opera Australia. She translates for the stage from German and her translations have been both published, performed and adapted: her translation of Brecht's Threepenny Opera was adapted for Company B Belvoir Street (2003), and it has since been produced at Malthouse Theatre (2010) and Sydney Theatre Company (2011). Laura has worked as a dramaturg for companies such as Harlos Productions, Pact Youth Theatre, the Australian National Playwrights' Centre and on independent projects, and has assessed scripts for Playworks and Griffin Theatre Company. She has had articles published locally and internationally in the areas of writing for performance, historical and contemporary rehearsal, feminism and theatre, translation, performance analysis and Indigenous theatre, as well as performance reviews for the arts journals Post/West and RealTime.
Research interests
- Rehearsal studies
- Feminist performance theory
- Writing for performance
- Dramaturgy
- Recent Australian theatre history (including: Sydney University Dramatic Society (1959-65), Rex Cramphorn)
Teaching and supervision
Rehearsal Studies; Gender and Performance; Dramaturgy; Documentation of Performance; Theatre History; The Playwright in the Theatre.
- Feminist performance theory
- Gender and performance
- Law, liveness and performance
- Indigenous performance
- Creation of "family" in theatre practice
- Dramaturgy
- Translation
- Australian theatre history
Current research students
|Project title
|Research student
|Towards a Dramaturgy of Interactive Theatre
|Lawrence ASHFORD
|The New Voice of Opera in Australia
|Sally Victoria BLACKWOOD
|White Faces and Nervous Laughter: Subversive Comedy in Australian Performance
|Rowan GREAVES
|Sex and Power: reading Gertrude
|Kerrie ROBERTS
|Transformational Role of the Dramaturgy between Drama Production Teams, Critics and Audiences in the Transitional Society of China
|Ting ZHANG
Current projects
The Ripples Before the (New) Wave: Sydney University Dramatic Society 1959-64
SUDS and other University drama groups such as SU Players played a significant role in the—otherwise rather barren—theatrical landscape of Sydney in the late 1950s to the mid-1960s. A striking number of its members (for example Clive James, Bruce Beresford, Germaine Greer, Leo Schofield) went on to have high profile careers in the arts and have made significant contributions to Australian culture and the arts. The "New Wave" in Australian theatre can be traced back to the activities of those prominent in SUDS at this time and has been extensively researched, but almost no attention has been paid to this earlier, foundational period.
Rehearsal in Europe 1550-1880: Performance Preparation before the Director
This ARC-funded project (with Associate Professor Tim Fitzpatrick, Dr John Golder and Professor Tiffany Stern) investigates rehearsal processes in European theatre before the advent of the director in the nineteenth century, focussing on England, Italy, France and Germany. This contrastive analysis of historical rehearsal practice will constitute a significant rethinking of how and why European theatre practice developed as it did before the arrival of the figure of the independent director. What did rehearsal consist of, how did it develop in relation to performance, and how did collaborative processes evolve to create a space for the director?
Rex Cramphorn: Performance Histories
Rex Cramphorn was a highly original director of Shakespeare, French classical and contemporary Australian theatre. His untimely death at the age of 50 in 1991 cut short a significant artistic career. The Rex Cramphorn Committee has commissioned research for a book length study of Cramphorn's work, both with the innovative companies he founded in the 1970s, and his later work, including his 5-year Resident Directorship of Melbourne's Playbox Theatre. This will complement the collected edition of his writings, compiled and edited by Dr Ian Maxwell.
- Member, Rex Cramphorn Committee (2002-2005)
- Board member, Theatre Kantanka (1998-2004)
- Board member, De Quincey Company (2000-2005, Chair 2003-2005)
- Board member, Sydney Arts Management Advisory Group (2002-2005)
Editorial Boards
- Member, Editorial Board, Australasian Drama Studies Journal (2007+)
- Member, Board of Advisors, Philament (2006+)
- Member, Editorial Board, About Performance (2005+)
PhD and master's project opportunities
Selected grants
- Happy Birthday SUDS! Sydney University Dramatic Society at 125; Ginters L; School of Letters, Art and Media/Research Support Scheme.
- Rehearsal without a Director: Rethinking Theatre History; Fitzpatrick T, Ginters L, Golder J, Stern T; Australian Research Council (ARC)/Discovery Projects (DP).
- Australian Women Theatre Directors; Ginters L; School of Letters, Art and Media/Research Support Scheme.
- Rex Cramphorn: A Performance History; Maxwell I, Ginters L; Faculty of Arts, University of Sydney/Faculty Research Support Scheme.
- The Grace of Creativity: Rex Cramphorns theatre productions 1969-1991; Ginters L; DVC Research/Brown Fellowships.
- Production Chronology of Georg Buchner's Plays; Ginters L; School of Letters, Art and Media/Research Support Scheme.
- A Performance History of Georg Buchners Plays; Ginters L; Faculty of Arts, University of Sydney/Faculty Research Support Scheme.
- Production Chronology of Georg Buchner's "Dantons Tod" 1998-2008; Ginters L; School of Letters, Art and Media/Research Support Scheme.
- Rehearsal in Europe until the Advent of the Director; Fitzpatrick T, Golder J, Ginters L; University of Sydney/Bridging Support Grant.
- Georg Buchner's "Dantons Tod" on the German Stage 1998-2008; Ginters L; Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD)/Re-invitation Programme.
- Re-thinking Theatre History: The Impact of Rehearsal; Fitzpatrick T, Ginters L; ARC Network for Early European Research/NEER Research Clusters.
- Richard Wagner, the Ballet Master and the Making of the Modern Director; Ginters L; University of Sydney/Career Interruption.
- Richard Wagner, the Ballet Master and the Making of Modern Director; Ginters L; University of Sydney/Research & Development.
- Sydney University Dramatic Society (SUDS) 1959-1965: The ripples before the wave; Ginters L; University of Sydney/Early Career Researcher.
- Richard Wagner and the Little Ballet Master that Could; Ginters L; Faculty of Arts, University of Sydney/Research Seed Funding Scheme.
- Contemporary developments in theatre rehearsal; Ginters L; University of Sydney/Early Career Researcher.
- Sydney University Dramatic Society (SUDS) 1959-1965: The Ripples before the Wave; Ginters L; Faculty of Arts, University of Sydney/Research Seed Funding Scheme.
- Advanced Seminar for Cultural Workers; Ginters L; Goethe Institute (Berlin)/Advanced Seminar for Cultural Workers.
- National Identity in Post-War Austrian Theatre and Drama; Borgert U, Moulden K, Bandhauer A, Ginters L; Faculty of Arts, University of Sydney/Research Seed Funding Scheme.
- Retrospective Season of Performances by Barbara Campbell, and Edited Catalogue Essays; Ginters L; University of Sydney/Sesquicentennial Grant.
- Retrospective Season of Performances by Barbara Campbell, and Edited Catalogue Essays; Ginters L; Visual Arts and Craft Board, Australia Council for the Arts/Presentation & Promotion Grant.
Selected publications & creative works
The Ripples Before the New Wave: Drama at the University of Sydney 1957-63 (Currency Press, 2018)
Flesh Winnow (Power Publications, 2002)


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According to a new market research report published by Credence Research "Floating Solar Panels (Communication Systems, Surveillance Systems and Navigation Systems) Market – Growth, Share, Opportunities, Competitive Analysis, and Forecast 2015 – 2022" the global Floating Solar Panels market was valued at US$ 2,508.6 Mn in 2014 and is estimated to expand with a CAGR of 9.5% from 2015 to 2022.
Browse the full report (Floating Solar Panels Market – Growth, Share, Opportunities & Competitive Analysis, 2015 -2022) at https://www.credenceresearch.com/sample-request/57845
Market Insights
Floating Solar Panels are airborne stations that are placed at an altitude ranging more than 50,000 feet from the Earth's surface. These platforms typically operate in stratosphere which is way higher than the altitudes at which commercial aircrafts fly. Prime purpose behind placing these platforms in high altitude category is availability of larger coverage areas coupled with suitable wind speeds available at this altitude. The platforms are equipped with different payloads depending upon the desired application. These systems are also referred to as cheaper alternatives to satellites.
Based upon the product types, the market is segmented into airships, tethered aerostat systems and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Currently, UAVs segment accounts for the largest share, in terms of revenue, of the global Floating Solar Panels market. Nevertheless, due to their extremely high costs and relatively lesser flight hours, most of the countries worldwide are now moving towards airships and tethered aerostat systems. These platforms are capable of staying aloft for several days with minimal maintenance required. Also, these systems are capable of carrying payloads weighing up to 2.5 tons. Airships also offer provision of mobility which makes its suitable for covering larger coverage areas. Thus, in the coming years, airships and aerostat systems segments are expected to expand substantially in the global market.
Competitive Insights:
The global Floating Solar Panels market is quite fragmented in nature with very few companies operating across all the three segments viz. airships, aerostat systems and UAVs. Nevertheless, the markets for individual products are competitive in nature with most of the players focusing on the betterment of their product portfolios. Most of the Floating Solar Panels companies are located in the U.S., Israel and China. These companies primarily focus on acquiring contracts from the U.S. and China defense sectors which are among the largest consumers of Floating Solar Panels worldwide.
Key Trends:
- Adoption of tethered aerostat systems for delivering wireless communication services
- Development of high altitude UAVs with longer flight hours
- Focus on acquiring international customers for Floating Solar Panels
- Development of solar-powered Floating Solar Panels
Browse the full report (Floating Solar Panels Market – Growth, Share, Opportunities & Competitive Analysis, 2015 -2022) at https://www.credenceresearch.com/sample-request/57845
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In Stock
The highly anticipated ATX +12V ver 2.0 is finally here. Dual +12V and more +12 Amps are a few of the changes from version 1.3. As always Enermax has always exceeded the Intel power supply design guide to give you more than you need. The v2.0 comes with a native 6 Pins PCI-X connector for top end video cards and the smart fan function allows better heat dissipation after system shut down.
There are currently no reviews for this product. Be the first to review by clicking below!


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Write a News Story
Meet a Pioneer Pilot
Amelia Earhart Home
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Story List
Earhart Vanishes
By: K S.
New Jersey, Age 9
Earhart vanishes on the quest all around the world.She just said ''because she wanted too.'' As her reason for going. If she were to fall out she said, ''It was good to try.'' On June 3,1937 Earhart and Noonan went off on the quest to complete around the world. She passed a lot of countries. Amelia and Fred disappeared by an island. She was more than three quarters of the way home.
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Informativa sulla Privacy
Welcome to our stores . PLEASE READ THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE (" Terms of Use" ) CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE.
Products on the site are available for sale to individuals who can make legally binding contracts . The products are not available to persons under 18 years of age and others who are legally prohibited from entering into binding contracts.
Any order placed by you in the manner described in this website is an offer you have to buy a particular product for the price ( including delivery ) specified in this website at the time you place your order on these Terms and Conditions. Our store reserves the right to accept or reject your offer for any reason , including , without limitation, the unavailability of any product, an error in the price or the product description posted on this site, or an error in your order. Your contract with Our stores takes effect only when it sends an acknowledgment of receipt of your order and payment.
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Richie Kyska
Tomahawk, Wisconsin
1932 Ford Five-Window
Richie Kyska sent us these photos of his '32 coupe, along with copies of pages from Customs Illustrated 1966 and Rod & Custom 1967, showing it was an award-winning ride back then. The much-chromed engine is a heavily reworked '56 Olds with a trio of 97s, backed by a '39 Ford trans.
That's all we know, as he didn't send any more information, though by the looks of the pictures he sent, he either still owns it or it continues to stay in remarkably good shape in someone else's custody, as that show pic is from 2005.
Myron Dybing
Detroit Lakes, Minnesota
1950 Ford, 1950 Chevy
Myron Dybing has been into customs since high school in the '50s. The '50 Ford seen here was completed in his junior year. It had the "basic de-chroming and lowering," as Dybing says, with JC Whitney tuck 'n' roll seat covers and door panels, and a spray can headliner.
Now, at 72, he says he has the car he wished he could have built in high school. It's a '50 Chevy with a 235 engine backed by a TH350 trans. The car was built in a Watson "Grapevine" style with '55 Olds headlights, a molded '53 Chevy grille shell with 17 Corvette teeth, and is lowered 8 inches in the rear and 6 in the front. The taillights are '54 Merc, shortened and molded, while the side trim is from a '55 Buick. The interior is true tuck 'n' roll in purple and white.
LeRoy G. Glauner
West Chester, Pennsylvania
1949 Mercury Pickup
As if there isn't enough work involved in building a chopped '49 Merc, LeRoy G. Glauner converted his into a pickup! It uses a '54 Pontiac grille, Plymouth bumpers, has frenched head and taillights, and electrically operated doors. Blueberry Pearl covers the bodywork, while underneath you'll find a 351 Cleveland and C4, with a 9-inch rearend and disc brakes up front. White rolls and pleats cover the interior and the tonneau cover. LeRoy forgot to mention it, but we'd bet it has been ever-so-slightly chopped too!
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Mail vintage photos of you and your hot rod, along with detailed info to: Rod & Custom Magazine, Attn: Kev Elliott/Yesterday's Young Guns, 1733 Alton Pkwy., Ste. 100, Irvine, CA 92606
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John Deere rolls out new R4045 sprayer for large farms, service providers
OLATHE, Kan. -- With the introduction of the R4045 Sprayer, John Deere is adding a higher horsepower, large capacity self-propelled sprayer to the lineup of 4 Series Sprayers introduced in 2013. The R4045, which replaces the company's 4940 Sprayer, offers the high application rates, productive spray speeds, and all the technology and comfort that ag service providers and large producers need to cover large fields quickly and efficiently.
Dave Mulder, product line manager for John Deere application equipment, said the new sprayer offers the performance, productivity and versatility that farmers and ag service providers need in a rugged, fully-integrated, three-season machine.
"The R4045 Sprayer was designed with the durability to handle challenging field conditions and accurately apply liquid product and dry nutrients as quickly as possible while providing the uptime, comfort and control operators demand. It's all engineered and built into this machine," Mulder said.
The new R4045 Sprayer features a 346 horsepower Final Tier 4 PowerTech PSS 9.0L engine with four-wheel hydrostatic drive that can operate at 25 mph spraying/spreading and 35 mph in transport. For liquid applications, it comes with a 1,200-gallon solution tank and option of 90-, 100-, or 120-foot dual swing-link suspension, flat-fold booms that can apply up to 230 gallons per minute with a high-flow pump and dual flow meter.
The industry's newest Class 4 sprayer can easily be converted to a dry nutrient applicator by installing a high-capacity 200- or 300-cubic foot New Leader dry spinner spreader, increasing the use and versatility of the machines.
The R4045 shares a similar frame and chassis design, as well as the standard and premium CommandView II PLUS cab options, as its R4030 and R4038 family members. This includes a more spacious cab with more glass for greater visibility, the high-backed ComfortCommand Seat and redesigned CommandARM with integrated GreenStar 3 CommandCenter display for more comfortable, finger-tip control of all machine operations. The cruise control feature allows the system to automatically control the vehicle to the operator's target speed when the operator sets the engine speed and hydro handle at maximum positions.
Mulder said many other features have been built in to the R4045 to make loading and applying product even faster and more precise.
"Our exclusive Load Command system can fill the 1,200-gallon tank in as little as three minutes, and the factory-installed front fill option makes loading the machines much easier and convenient with 3-inch Quick Fill couplings," he adds.
The R4045 Sprayer equipped with the Solution Command System comes with the industry exclusive Target Fill feature, which allows the operator to input the desired fill level (min. 150 gallons) using the numeric keypad. Target Fill consists of a tank level sensor inside the tank, the appropriate software and a micro display that shows the actual volume in the solution tank during the filling process.
Other optional features of the R4045 include the Direct Injection system that promotes quicker changeovers and faster cleanouts, and helps lower the risk of using multiple products. Standard end cap aspirators at the end of each spray section reduce nozzle turn-off time and the boom air purge system is available to help purge out additional product during change over. The new tri-directional breakaway tip sections and full-boom breakaway features help protect the booms, and the number of boom sections has been increased to improve spray resolution by up to 33 percent.
"Operators can quickly adjust boom height from 19 inches to 92 inches or add BoomTrac Pro for automatic boom-height control," notes Mulder. "Because the chassis sits on a dual strut independent wheel air-ride suspension, operators will enjoy a smooth, stable ride at higher speeds, and auto air spring leveling keeps the chassis level at all times, including on uneven terrain and as the spray tank empties."
The GreenStar 3 2630 Display features increased memory, a touch-screen interface, video capabilities and is ISOBUS compatible. It comes loaded with Field Documentation, Map-Based Prescriptions, On-Screen Mapping and other applications.
Other integrated technologies that further enhance productivity include AutoTrac, John Deere Section Control, John Deere Mobile Weather and AgLogic. JDLink is available and enables Remote Display Access, Service ADVISOR Remote and Wireless Data Transfer. These are all part of the John Deere FarmSight experience available through local dealers to help customers more efficiently utilize their machines.
"The new R4045 Sprayer provides the latest in application technology that's ideal for ag service providers and large producers needing a high capacity, high performance applicator," Mulder said. "These machines are designed to load faster, cover more acres in less time and apply material more accurately while making it easier and more comfortable for the operator."
For more information on the new John Deere R4045 and other 4 Series Sprayers, visit www.JohnDeere.com or see your local John Deere dealer for details.


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June 2008
Editorial: June 2008
If we don't make this transition what we have to look forward to is very well described in the essay that follows by Bill McKibben.
Feature Article: Google SketchUp for Aquarium Applications, Part II
In this second part, Shane digs a bit deeper into using SketchUp for modeling aquarium projects. You will learn a bit about using scripts to automate tasks as well as to add new functionality to SketchUp while building a kalkwasser reactor.
Reefkeeping Events: What's Happening in Your Area?
Check to see if an event is happening in your area!
Lateral Lines: Making Waves With The EcoTech Marine VorTech
While water motion will forever be debated, we can all agree that having options on water flow is always great. Thankfully we now the ability to produce water flow in all sorts of varieties.
Online Courses: Aquarium Photography
Marine Aquarist Courses Online (MACO) is proud to offer, starting this fall, a two-stage course for aquarium photography.
Product Review: Captive Purity's Reverse Osmosis and Deionization Water Treatment Device
This Captive Purity RO/DI unit generally performs very well, especially when considered the low quality of the feed water. As such, it is worthy of your consideration when making a purchase.
Reefkeeping Events: What's Happening in Your Area?
Check our Events calendar to see if a conference, frag swap, or club meeting is happening in your area.
Blog: Join the Conversation
Founded in January 2002, Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine is the longest running online reef aquarium publication in existence. We cover industry news, animal husbandry, aquarium maintenance, equipment, book reviews...the list goes on and on. Join the conversation!
We welcome your feedback. If you have ideas for new subjects, articles, or for Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine in general, please let us know either via our Feedback Email or email them to our Editor, Terry Siegel.
Interested in being notified when the next issue of Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine is available? Either subscribe to our website news RSS feed or send an email to email@example.com to subscribe to our notification newsletter.
(This newsletter will also occasionally contain information about reefs.org updates in addition to information about Advanced Aquarist.)
For information on advertising with Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine, please contact us via the provided link. We have a variety of packages that might be suitable for your business.
Support our Sponsors
Please take a moment to check out the various online stores that advertise with us. It is through their generous sponsorship that this online magazine exists and is free of charge.
Make sure that when you do business with our sponsors that you tell them that you saw their ad on Advanced Aquarist.
Advanced Aquarist's Gear
Take a minute to head over to our online store at Cafepress. You can deck yourself out in Advanced Aquarist's gear: t-shirts, mugs, mousepads, etc. Plus purchasing items helps fund our online magazine to a small degree.
Article Submissions
If you are an author and are interested in writing for Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine, please email our Editor, Terry Siegel.
Or, if you are interested in having your marine aquarium featured in an upcoming issue (who wouldn't?), please email Wade Lehmann for instructions on submitting your tank for publication.


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Like many friends who take turns getting together in one another's homes to dine, Rachel Samson and her cohorts often have ethnic themes for their Saturday gatherings.
Their recent Mexican luncheon included all the cuisine — and, of course, margaritas and Coronas — one might expect. Unlike meetings of some such circles, though, the festivities had an underlying purpose. The diners were there to expand not just culinary horizons for themselves but also economic opportunity for women south of the border.
"What we try to do is celebrate the culture of the women that we're funding," said Samson, founder of the fledgling Ormond Beach chapter of a national organization called Dining For Women, which raises money to improve the health, education and economic well-being of impoverished women and girls around the world.
The concept is simple. Local chapters meet at a member's home for a meal. Each woman brings a dish to share and a contribution equal to what she would have spent if she had instead gone out to eat. Each month, the national organization identifies an international charity with a specific project or mission that could be funded by pooling that month's proceeds. With more than 9,000 members in about 425 chapters, Dining for Women gives monthly grants that average more than $40,000.
The Mexican-themed afternoon in August was the Ormond Beach chapter's second bimonthly meeting. It generated $875 toward an overall $42,000 grant to StoveTeam International to help finance a new factory in Oaxaca. The plant will be owned by a woman and employ women as it makes and sells stoves designed to be safer than the indoor fires upon which many women there cook.
Samson, who is working on a doctorate in international conflict resolution from Nova Southeastern University, belonged to a Dining For Women chapter in South Florida for about three years before she and her husband, Dr. Michel C. Samson, moved to this area in February. She was disappointed to find no chapter here, but had one running by June.
"It was just a perfect fit for me. Their model really resonated with me. I really connected with many like-minded women," she said, noting the Ormond Beach group has grown to 40 members. "Our chapter meetings are a lot of fun. We have a variety of food and drinks and we have a really good time with each other."
There's room for more. In fact, Samson said she hopes the chapter will get big enough to break into Daytona Beach and Port Orange groups as well. In the meantime, though, women interested in becoming involved may email her at firstname.lastname@example.com.
The Oct. 12 meeting will have an Indian theme, complete with a fashion show of saris. Proceeds will go to The Unforgotten, which provides literacy services and business-starting microloans to mothers living in trash dumps in Pune, India, and helps enroll their daughters in school.
If you can't cook Indian food, don't worry, said Samson. You can bring anything you want for the table.
Congratulations are in order for Jason Hall, executive chef at Hammock Dunes Club in Palm Coast. He is one of 11 chefs nationwide to make the
American Culinary Federation's next team for international competitions, including the food world's answer to the Olympics.
News-Journal Food Editor Denise O'Toole Kelly can be reached at 386-681-2214 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Product Description
MeasuringWhen determining the size of your shutter it is very important to keep in mind that for an authantic look, the shutters when closed should look like they will cover your entire window.
Shutter Width: Measuring your window opening left-to-right. To determine the individual shutter width, divide the overall window width measurements by 2. For example if your window is 32 inches wide than (32" divide by 2 = 16 inches wide shutter).
Shutter height: The shutter height is the total window height top-to-bottom not including the window sill.
Functional Shutters: If the shutter is to be functional you need to allow for 1/4" clearance around all four sides to the smallest window opening size. You must also allow for a 1/4" gap between the two shutters at the center of the window.
Inch Fraction: The inch fraction is the balance of the total shutter height.
For example: after measuring you have determined that you need a total shutter height of 59-1/2" inch than inch fraction is 1/2". If your required shutter height is 60" than the inch fraction would be 00".
see also determining shutters position >>
measuring for shutters installation >>
MaterialWe use a proprietary composite wood material for all the components of this shutter. This material is manufactured via a patented steam injection technology process that uses 90% wood with phenolic resins, zinc borate and other ingredients that make this material moisture, rot and termite resistant.
Our proprietary composite wood material is substantial in weight which provides strength and structural integrity for years to come. We do not use pre-fabricated, stamped, molded, or vacuum formed materials when building our classic shutters.
shutters specifications sheet >>
AssemblyEach shutter is hand assembled and individually built on-site in our facility. Use a specially formulated catalyst adhesive intended solely for use with our proprietary composite material. After assembly each shutter is hand sanded to a smooth finish.
view operable shutters installation instructions >>
Shutters Hardware Installation
(Classic shutters collection)
FinishEvery shutter receives a finishing process that includes a primer coat, two finish coats and a proprietary oven curing process to further strengthan and enhance the finish. Our finishing coats use a specially formulated industrial two part acrylic urethane finish that chemically bonds to the shutter material.
By partnering with the world leader in finishes, we have the ability to match any color with a 100% color match guarantee
view color samples for shutters >>
WarrantyTen-year structural component warranty against, cracking, splitting, rotting and excessive warping.
Ten-year factory paint finish warranty against peeling or flaking..
See warranty document: shutters waranty>>


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An eastern Ohio police chief was acquitted of burglary charges Monday but convicted of three other felonies in an alleged break-in at the home of a woman who carried twins for Sarah Jessica Parker and Matthew Broderick.
A jury found suspended Martins Ferry Chief Barry Carpenter guilty of receiving stolen property, theft in office and tampering with evidence. He was acquitted on charges of burglary and unauthorized used of property or services.
Carpenter put his head in his hands after the verdict was read in Belmont County court. Messages seeking comment were left for his attorney and for prosecutors who tried the case.
Prosecutors alleged that Carpenter broke into Michelle Ross' home in May, took items related to her pregnancy and the surrogacy, and schemed with the Police Chief Chad Dojack of neighboring Bridgeport to sell them to celebrity photographers.
Dojack faces trial in January.
Carpenter had testified that he went into the home to check it out because he saw a door open. He said he took photos of a surrogacy file that contained two ultrasound pictures and of a plaster cast of a pregnant stomach. He said he showed the photo of the cast to paparazzi and to several other people, but said he never discussed selling items from the home to the photographers.
Jurors deliberated for about 12 hours on Friday and Monday.
Carpenter faces a maximum 10 years in jail when sentenced Dec. 10. Until then, he must stay in his mother's home and will be monitored by a GPS device.


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Remember a week or so ago I raved about Dremu's Emu oil?
Well it's lovely stuff, but some ladies complained about the £30 price tag. Fair enough I said, its a fab product if you can afford it – but we need to eat!
Enter Golden Emu Oil:
The ingredients are – just emu oil!
They say:
Traditionally applied to the skin for the relief of a range of conditions.
*Golden Emu Oil is Australian certified pharmaceutical oil of unsurpassed quality and purity and not to be compared with other emu oils.
Emu Oil is highly moisturizing, a natural skin softener and has rejuvenating properties
( has been shown to reduce the depth and length of fine lines & wrinkles ). It is also non greasy and highly penetrating. In fact Emu Oil has demonstrated to be the fastest and most penetrating oil into the skin, making it an excellent trans-dermal carrier for any other added moisturizers or therapeutic ingredients.
Emu Oil is natural & non-toxic, non-comedogenic (does not clog pores), hypo-allergenic (non-irritating) and gentle for all skin types.
Emu Oil is an effective anti-inflammatory. The potency of the anti-inflammatory effect from Emu Oil is similar to ibuprofen without the negative side-affects frequently common with traditional prescription or corticosteroid based anti-inflammatory medications.
I have been using this on dry patches and on the face – it take a bit longer to sink in than Dremu, but it's still a very good product indeed. It seems to calm down the skin (especially when used at night time) and leaves me glowing!
And the price? This cost 6.95 for 30ml.


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The Conference has commissioned a new series of public service announcements (PSAs) that will be aired beginning in January. The PSAs deliver messages that continue to reinforce the strength, success and stability of the Big 12.
During each televised men's basketball conference game, the competing teams and their conferences receive one 30-second commercial segments that will be broadcast. This year, the Big 12 had added two basketball-specific commercials that highlight the athletic excellence of its programs. For the first time, the Conference PSAs use the men's basketball head coaches in individual spots. The creative director for the project was Ken Maxwell of Hill + Knowlton Strategies, the Big 12's public relations partner.
In addition to the two new men's basketball spots, previously produced commercials that highlight the member schools' academic achievements may be seen. Another PSA involving Special Olympics, a long-time Big 12 partner, will also be in the rotation.


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Tonight is a big game for the Knicks. They are in Philadelphia to take on the division leading 76ers.
For today's pre game, I have a very special guest.
Jedi Master Yoda has joined me to discuss tonight's Knicks-Sixers matchup.
Me: How's it going Mr. Yoda?
Yoda: Hate Philadelphia I do.
Me: Nice. Okay, what are your thoughts on the game? Do you think the Knicks will win?
Yoda. Win, the Knicks shall. Overrated is Philadelphia.
Me: What's a 76er?
Yoda: Shitty basketball team, I think.
Me: Who's your least favorite 76er player?
Yoda: Evan Turner. Underachiever, he is. Act like a tool, he does.
Me: What are your thoughts on Jeremy Lin?
Yoda: Powerful Jedi is he. Powerful Jedi.
Me: Some people say the league has adjusted to stop Lin. Do you believe that? What must he improve on?
Yoda: A Jedi's strength flows from the Force. But beware of the dark side he must. Anger, fear, aggression; the dark side of the Force are they. Easily they flow, quick to join you in a fight. If once he starts down the dark path, forever will it dominate his destiny, consume him it will.
Me: What is your opinion of Carmelo Anthony?
Yoda: Twisted by the Dark Side, young Anthony has become.
Me: Woah, woah. You're saying Anthony is a Sith?
Yoda: Joined the Dark Side Anthony has. Lies, deceit, creating mistrust are his ways now.
Me: Interesting. What is your opinion of James Dolan?
Yoda: If he does not give up his emergency powers after the destruction of D'Antoni, then he must be forcibly removed from office.
Me: How can he be removed? He owns the Knicks. Nobody can take his control of the team.
Yoda: Not if anything to say about it I have!
Me: Do you think Isiah Thomas still has influence on this team? He's friends with Dolan, but no longer is employed by the team.
Yoda: Always two there are, a master and an apprentice.
Me: Who is the master? Isiah?
Yoda: For you to find out that is.
Me: Anyways, lets get back to Anthony. It was basically prophecy that he would come here and lead this team to a championship. What has gone wrong so far?
Yoda: A prophecy that misread could have been.
Me: Hypothetically speaking, do you think you could train Anthony? Could you get him to adjust his game to fit a team oriented system?
Yoda: I cannot teach him. The boy has no patience.
Me: Lets talk about Mike D'Antoni real quick. Do you think he gave up on this team? Did he stop trying because Anthony was unwilling to listen?
Yoda: You think Yoda stops teaching, just because his student does not want to hear? A teacher Yoda is. Yoda teaches like drunkards drink, like killers kill.
Me: So you think he should have stuck with coaching this team?
Yoda: A coach must have the deepest commitment, the most serious mind. Mike D'Antoni did not.
Me: So you're not a fan of D'Antoni?
Yoda: Mmm. Lost a locker room, coach D'Antoni did. How embarrassing. How embarrassing.
Me: Haha. You're in prime form today, Master Yoda.
Yoda: A Jedi's strength flows from the Force.
Me: So anyways, back to the game. What's your opinion on Amar'e Stoudemire? He doesn't seem to have that same pep in his step. In your opinion, do you think he'll ever get it back?
Yoda: Difficult to tell. Always in motion is the future is.
Me: Who leads the Knicks in points tonight?
Yoda: Difficult to tell. Always in motion is the future is.
Me: Oh. Well, who do you think the player of the game will be tonight?
Yoda: Difficult to tell. Always in motion is the future is.
Me: Okay. I think this is the end of our interview. Thank you for your time, Master Jedi.
Yoda: Nothing more will I teach you today. Clear your mind of questions.
Me: Thanks Yoda.
Some other notes for the game:
- Baron Davis' status for tonight is unknown, but I doubt he suits up. He didn't play last night and I don't foresee the Knicks rushing him back. His health down the stretch is more important than rushing him back, despite that fact that tonight is a big game.
- Hopefully Mike Woodson led Tahiry ride the train to Philly with the team. The Knicks need JR Smith's hot shooting tonight.
- Spencer Hawes is back for the Sixers. He was out last time these two teams played. Philadelphia is much better with Hawes in the lineup, so tonight should be a tough one for the Knicks.
- A win tonight would put the Knicks just 3 games back of division leading Philadelphia. A loss would put them 5 games back and would make the Knicks road to the division lead that much harder. I don't see the Knicks gaining 5 games on the Sixers, especially because this is the last matchup of the season for these two teams.


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Link locations
Shareware: You can try this program, but this version has some limited features or time usage restrictions. You should purchase it in order to remove those limits.
Access and control DVR/Security cameras/IP Cameras. Watch live surveillance video streams - fast and simple.
it can support most of the DVR made in china.
it also support adnroid pda.
- Compatible with all Android smartphones
- Stream live video directly from your security devices
- Support multiple DVRs
- Supports control over PTZ cameras
- Take snapshots of live streaming videoSystem Requirements:No special requirements
read more