text:
STEUBENVILLE, Ohio (AP) ? A judge planned to announce his verdict Sunday in the case of two high school football players charged with raping a 16-year-old girl after an alcohol-fueled party last summer.
STEUBENVILLE, Ohio (AP) ? A judge planned to announce his verdict Sunday in the case of two high school football players charged with raping a 16-year-old girl after an alcohol-fueled party last summer.
Prosecutors say the drunken girl was taken advantage of and treated like a toy. Defense attorneys counter that the girl has a history of heavy drinking and telling lies.
Testimony concluded Saturday night with the accuser recalling that she drank at a party in August but couldn't remember what had happened when she awoke the next day naked in a strange house.
Testimony in the four-day nonjury trial against Trent Mays and Ma'lik Richmond ended after the judge heard from the 16-year-old West Virginia girl and others in the juvenile court case.
If found delinquent ? the juvenile court equivalent of guilty ? the two defendants could be jailed until they turn 21, when they would be released.
Mays, 17, and Richmond, 16, are charged with digitally penetrating the girl, first in a car and then in the basement of a house, while out partying Aug. 12. Mays also is charged with illegal use of a minor in nudity-oriented material. They maintain their innocence.
The case has riveted the small city of Steubenville amid allegations that more students should have been charged and has led to questions about the influence of the popular football team, a source of pride in a community that suffered massive job losses with the collapse of the steel industry.
On the stand Saturday, the girl said she remembers drinking at the party, leaving the party holding hands with Mays, then throwing up later. The next thing she remembers is waking up with no clothes on in a strange house, she said. She said she felt scared and embarrassed. Her phone, earrings, shoes and underwear were missing, she testified.
The accuser said she believed she was assaulted when she later read text messages among friends, saw a photo of herself from that night and watched a YouTube video in which a student cracks jokes about the alleged rape just hours afterward. She said she suspected she had been drugged because she couldn't explain being as intoxicated as defense witnesses have said she was.
The girl testified in a quiet, sometimes hesitant voice, and broke down only once: when prosecutor Marianne Hemmeter showed her a second photo of herself naked that she hadn't seen.
Richmond observed the girl carefully as she spoke, while Mays, as he often did during the trial, fidgeted, appearing not to focus on any one thing in the courtroom.
Prosecutors told the judge in closing arguments that the evidence was overwhelming. Defense attorneys argued that prosecutors hadn't proved guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Earlier Saturday, defense attorneys went after the accuser's character, calling two former friends of hers to the stand. They testified that the girl had a history of drinking heavily and was known to lie about things.
West Virginia high school student Kelsey Weaver said the accuser told her what happened two days after the party, then, sometime afterward, told Weaver she couldn't remember what had happened.
Earlier, Weaver testified that the accuser was flirting at the party with Richmond.
Both Weaver and schoolmate Gianna Anile testified they were angry at the accuser because she was drinking heavily at the party and rolling around on the floor. They said they tried unsuccessfully to get her to stop drinking.
Anile said she also tried to get her friend to stay at the party rather than leave with others, including the two defendants.
The day after the party, when Anile and another friend picked up the accuser from the house where she'd stayed, the accuser said she had no memory of the night before, Anile testified.
The accuser said in her later testimony that she doesn't remember making that statement or being photographed as she was carried by Mays and Richmond, an image that stirred up the community as it spread on social media sites. Others have testified the photo was a joke and the girl was conscious when it was taken.
Testimony Friday from three teenage boys granted immunity from prosecution incriminated the defendants.
The Associated Press normally doesn't identify minors charged in juvenile court, but Mays and Richmond have been widely identified in news coverage, and their names have been used in open court. The AP also doesn't generally identify people who say they were victims of sex crimes.


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TURIN, Italy, Sept. 20 (UPI) -- Felipe Aguilar used a 6-under-par 66 Friday to move into a tie for first place halfway through the European PGA Tour's Italian Open.
Aguilar had seven birdies and one bogey, getting two birdies in his final three holes to share the lead. Local favorite Francesco Molinari and Simon Thornton each shot 67 in the second round and are in first with Aguilar. They are at 9-under 135 after 36 holes.
David Higgins and Steve Webster, who each shot second-round 69s, and Nicolas Colsaerts, who had a 71 Friday, are tied for fourth at 8-under. Marcus Fraser (71 Friday) and Maximilian Kieffer (72) are tied at 7-under with a crowd of seven players at 6-under, three strokes off the lead.
Molinari was 2-under through 11 holes after a bogey at the 11th but posted three birdies in the next four holes for his 67.
Thornton was among the leaders but suffered a bogey at 17. A closing birdie pulled him back into the share for the lead.
Aguilar played the second nine first Friday and was 3-under through six holes. He had a bogey at the par-3 16th. He then played the first nine in 4-under.

subset: commoncrawl


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Sunrise Cocktail
1/4 Grenadine. (1/3 oz Small Hand Foods Grenadine)
1/4 Crème de Violette. (1/3 oz Benoit-Serres Liqueur de Violette)
1/4 Yellow Chartreuse. (1/3 oz Yellow Chartreuse)
1/4 Cointreau. (1/3 oz Cointreau)
Use liqueur glass and pour ingredients in carefully so that they do not mix.
Odd to have two Pousse Cafe style cocktails so close together.
I tried to pour this in the order given, only to discover that the Yellow Chartreuse preferred to be under the Liqueur de Violette. Well, if you pour these things steadily and slowly enough, they usually self correct.
Can't say that there is anything in particular to recommend this combination, other than maybe that the orange of the Cointreau and the Violette of the Benoit-Serres are a pretty interesting combo.
Other than that, it's just a pretty drink, even if it is slightly out of order.
This post is one in a series documenting my ongoing effort to make all of the cocktails in the Savoy Cocktail Book, starting at the first, Abbey, and ending at the last, Zed.


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Nutrients in freshwater in Europe
Assessment versions
Published (reviewed and quality assured)
Justification for indicator selection
Large inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus to water bodies from urban areas, industry and agricultural areas can lead to eutrophication. This causes ecological changes that can result in a loss of plant and animal species (reduction in ecological status), and can have negative impacts on the use of water for human consumption and other purposes.
The environmental quality of surface waters with respect to eutrophication and nutrient concentrations, is an objective of several directives: the Water Framework Directive, the Nitrate Directive, the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, the Surface Water Directive and the Freshwater Fish Directive.
Scientific references
- No rationale references available
Indicator definition
This indicator shows concentrations of orthophosphate and nitrate in rivers, total phosphorus in lakes and nitrate in groundwater bodies. The indicator can be used to illustrate geographical variations in current nutrient concentrations and temporal trends.
The concentration of nitrate is expressed as milligrams of nitrate per litre (mg NO3/l) for groundwater and milligrams of nitrate-nitrogen per litre (mg NO3-N/l) for rivers.
The concentration of orthophosphate and total phosphorus are expressed as milligrams of phosphorous per litre (mg P/l).
Policy context and targets
Context description
This indicator is not directly related to a specific policy target. The environmental quality of freshwater with respect to eutrophication and nutrient concentrations is, however, an objective of several directives. These include the Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC), aimed at reducing nitrate pollution from agricultural land; the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC), aimed at reducing pollution from sewage treatment works and certain industries; the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive (96/61/EEC), aimed at controlling and preventing pollution of water from industry; and the Water Framework Directive, which requires the achievement of good ecological status or good ecological potential of rivers across the EU by 2015. The Water Framework Directive also requires the achievement of good groundwater status by 2015 and the reversal of any significant and sustained upward trend in the concentration of any pollutant. In addition, the Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC) sets the maximum allowable concentration for nitrate of 50 mg/l. It has been shown that drinking water in excess of the nitrate limit can result in adverse health effects, especially in infants less than two months of age. Groundwater is a very important source of drinking water in many countries and is often used untreated, particularly from private wells.
One key approach of the Sixth Environment Action Programme of the European Community 2001-2010 was to 'integrate environmental concerns into all relevant policy areas', which could result in a more intense application of agri-environmental measures to reduce nutrient pollution of the aquatic environment (e.g. in the Common Agricultural Policy).
This indicator is not directly related to a specific policy target. The environmental quality of surface waters with respect to eutrophication and nutrient concentrations is, however, an objective of several directives:
- Drinking Water Directive (98/ 83/EC) — maximum allowable concentration for nitrate of 50 mg/l.
- Surface Water for Drinking Directive (75/440/EEC) — guideline concentration for nitrate of 25 mg/l.
- Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) — requires the identification of groundwater sites/bodies where annual average nitrate concentrations exceed or could exceed 50 mg NO3/l.
- Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/71/EEC) — aims to decrease organic pollution.
Related policy documents
COM (2001) 31 final. Environment 2010.
Environment 2010: Our future, our choice, 6th Environmental Action Programme, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. COM (2001) 31 final.
Council Directive (91/271/EEC) of 21 May 1991
Council Directive of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste water treatment (91/271/EEC)
Council Directive (91/676/EEC) 12 December 1991
Council Directive of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources (91/676/EEC).
Council Directive 75/440/EEC
Council Directive 75/440/EEC of 16 June 1975 concerning the quality required of surface water intended for the abstraction of drinking water in the Member States
Council Directive 96/61/EC (IPPC)
Council Directive 96/61/EC of 24 September 1996 concerning Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC). Official Journal L 257.
Council Directive 98/83/EC
Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption
Environmental Health Action Plan for Europe (EHAPE)
WHO/Europe programme on environmental health policy.
Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EC
Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EC: Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy.
Key policy question
Are nutrient concentrations in Europe's freshwaters decreasing?
Specific policy question
Are nitrate concentrations in Europe's groundwater decreasing?
Specific policy question
Are nutrient concentrations in Europe's surface waters decreasing?
Methodology for indicator calculation
Source of data (data handling part): The data in Waterbase is collected through the Eurowaternet process and is therefore a sub-sample of national data assembled for the purpose of providing comparable indicators of pressures, state and impact of waters on a Europe-wide scale. The data sets are not intended for assessing compliance with any European Directive or any other legal instrument. Information on sub-national scales should be sought from other sources.
Data on groundwater bodies, rivers and lakes are collected annually through the WISE-SoE data collection process. WISE SoE was previously known as Eurowaternet (EWN) and Eionet-Water.
The data requested on ground water include the physical characteristics of the groundwater bodies, proxy pressures on the groundwater area, and chemical quality data on nutrients and organic matter, and hazardous substances in groundwater.
The data requested on rivers and lakes include the physical characteristics of the river/lake monitoring stations, proxy pressures on the upstream catchment areas, and chemical quality data on nutrients and organic matter, and hazardous substances in rivers and lakes. They also include the biological data (primarily calculated as national ecological quality ratios), as well as information on the national classification systems for each biological quality element and water body type.
These reporting obligations are Eionet priority data flows and are used for the EEA core set of indicators.
Station selection: No criteria are used for station selection (except for time series and trend analysis — see below). For groundwater, time series are based on data for groundwater bodies, while the WISE maps of the most recent data are based on data for groundwater monitoring stations. For EU countries, there are two sets of groundwater body delineations available, the Eionet and the WFD delineation. Sometimes these do not overlap completely. As a general rule, the WFD delineation is chosen, but there are some exceptions where the Eionet delineation is used: Croatia (a new EU Member State), Finland, Lithuania, Slovakia and the Netherlands (all or many long time series are lost if using WFD delineation) and a composite Italian groundwater body not overlapping with the WFD groundwater bodies. For non-EU countries, only the Eionet delineation is available.
Determinants: The determinants selected for the indicator and extracted from Waterbase are:
- for groundwater: nitrate,
- for rivers: nitrate, total oxidised nitrogen and orthophosphate,
- for lakes: total phosphorus.
Mean: Annual mean concentrations are used in the present concentration and time series presentations. In a few cases, where annual data seem to have been reported incorrectly as annual, and/or where the inclusion of seasonal data gives a higher number of complete time series, gaps in annual data series have been filled with data from seasonal time series. Countries are asked to substitute any sample results below the limit of detection (LOD) or limit of quantification (LOQ) with a value equivalent to half of the LOD or LOQ before calculating the station annual mean values. Average mean concentration values of zero or null are discarded from the calculations or replaced by the median value, as long as this value is not zero or null.
An automatic QA/QC procedure excludes data (stations*year) from further analysis. This is based on flagging in Waterbase, deriving from QA/QC tests. In addition a semi-manual QA procedure is applied to identify outliers that are not identified in the QA/QC tests. This comprises e.g. values deviating strongly from the whole time series, values not so different from values in other parts of the time series, but deviating strongly from the values closest in time, consecutive values deviating strongly from the rest of the time series or whole data series deviating strongly in level compared with other data series in the country. Such values are eventually flagged in Waterbase (if not confirmed valid), but not until the year after, due to timing issues. More details on the QA/QC procedure are found here:
- groundwater QA/QC description
- rivers QA/QC description
- lakes QA/QC description
For rivers where nitrate and total oxidised nitrogen (TON) are monitored at the same station and at the same time, nitrate values are given precedence. For stations where only TON is reported, these data are used instead of nitrate. Also, in cases where more years of data are available for TON than nitrate for a single station, the TON data are used. All values are labelled as nitrate in the graphs, but it is indicated in the graph notes for which countries TON data are used.
Inter/extrapolation and consistent time series
For time series and trend analyses, only series that are complete after inter/extrapolation (i.e. no missing values in the station data series) are used. This is to ensure that the aggregated data series are consistent, i.e. including the same stations throughout the time series. In this way assessments are based on actual changes in concentration and not changes in the number of stations. For rivers and lakes, 'stations' in this context means individual monitoring stations. For groundwater it means groundwater bodies, i.e. the basis for inter/extrapolation and selection of complete data series is groundwater body data series. Each groundwater body may have several monitoring stations and in some cases the number of monitoring stations has changed over the years. This means that some of the complete data series for groundwater (after inter/extrapolation) are not truly consistent and hence must be regarded as more uncertain than the complete series for lakes and rivers. The purpose of choosing this approach is to increase the number of consistent groundwater time series.
Changes in methodology: station selection and inter/extrapolation.
Until 2006, only complete time series (values for all years from 1992 to 2004) were included in the assessment. However, a large proportion of the stations was excluded by this criterion. To allow the use of a considerably larger part of the available data, in 2007 (i.e. when analysing data up until 2005) it was decided to include all time series with at least 7 years of data. This was a trade-off between the need for statistical rigidity and the need to include as much data as possible in the assessment. However, the shorter series included might represent different parts of the whole time interval and the overall picture may therefore not be reliable. In 2009, it was decided rather to inter/extrapolate all gaps of 1-2 year where values were missing for each station. At the beginning or end of the data series, one missing value was replaced by the first or last value of the original data series, respectively. In the middle of the data series, missing values were replaced by the values next to them for gaps of 2 years and by the average of the two neighbouring values for gaps of 1 year.
In 2010 this approach was modified, allowing for gaps of up to 3 years, both at the ends and in the middle of the data series. At the beginning or end of the data series up to 3 years of missing values are replaced by the first or last value of the original data series, respectively. In the middle of the data series, missing values are replaced by the values next to them, except for gaps of 1 year and for the middle year in gaps of 3 years, where missing values are replaced by the average of the two neighbouring values. Only time series with no missing years for the whole period from 1992 after such inter/extrapolation are included in the assessment. This procedure increases the number of stations that can be included in the time series/trend analysis. Still, the number of stations is markedly reduced compared to the analysis of the present situation, where all available data can be used.
Aggregation of time series
The selected time series (see above) must be aggregated into a smaller number of groups and averaged before the aggregated series can be displayed in a time series plot. Data for all determinands are grouped into five geographic regions of Europe, containing the following countries:
Eastern: CZ, EE, HU, LT, LV, PL, SI, SK.
Northern: FI, IS, NO, SE.
Southern: CY, ES, GR, IT, PT.
South-Eastern: AL, BA, BG, HR, ME, MK, RO, RS, TR, XK.
Western: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, FR, IE, LI, LU, NL, UK.
Some of the listed countries are not included in the figures because there were no stations with complete time series after inter/extrapolation.
Data for river determinants are, in addition, grouped into six sea region catchments, which are defined not by countries but by river basin districts. The data thus represent rivers or river basins draining into that particular sea. The sea regions are defined as Arctic Ocean, Greater North Sea, Celtic Seas, Bay of Biscay and the Iberian Coast, Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea. The sea region delineation is according to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Article 4, with the Arctic Ocean added as a separate region. As the catchment area draining into what is defined as the North-East Atlantic region of the MSFD is very big, it was decided rather to use the sub-region level here, but merging the Celtic Seas and the Bay of Biscay and the Iberian Coast.
Determinants are also aggregated for the whole of Europe.
Trend analyses
Trends are analysed using the Mann-Kendall method (Jassby and Cloern 2013) in the free software R (R Core Team 2013). This is a non-parametric test suggested by Mann (1945) and has been extensively used for environmental time series (Hipel and McLeod, 2005). Mann-Kendall is a test for monotonic trend in a time series y(x), which in this analysis is nutrient concentration (y) as a function of year (x). The test is based on Kendall's rank correlation, which measures the strength of monotonic association between the vectors x and y. In the case of no ties in the x and y variables, Kendall's rank correlation coefficient, tau, may be expressed as tau=S/D where S = sum_{i<j} (sign(x[j]-x[i])*sign(y[j]-y[i])) and D = n(n-1)/2. S is called the score and D, the denominator, is the maximum possible value of S. The p-value of tau is computed by an algorithm given by Best and Gipps (1974). The tests reported here are two-sided (testing for both increasing and decreasing trends). Data series with p-value < 0.05 are reported as significantly increasing or decreasing ('strong trends'), while data series with p-value >= 0.05 and < 0.10 are reported as marginally significant ('weak trends'). The results are summarised by calculating the percentage of units (groundwater body/river station/lake station) within each category relative to all units within the specific aggregation (Europe or region). The test analyses only the direction and significance of the change, not the size of the change.
The size of the change is estimated by calculating the Sen slope (or the Theil or Theil-Sen slope) (Theil 1950; Sen 1968) using the R software. The Sen slope is a non-parametric method where the slope is determined as the median of all slopes (yj − yi)/(xj − xi) when joining all pairs of observations (xi,yi). Here the slope is calculated as the change per year for each unit (groundwater body/river station/lake station). This is summarised by calculating the average slope (regardless of the significance of the trend) for all units in Europe or a selected region. Multiplying this by the number of years of the time series gives an estimate of the absolute change over time. This can be related to the mean value of the aggregated time series to give a measure of relative change. The Sen slope was introduced for this indicator in 2013.
The Mann-Kendall method or the Sen slope will only reveal monotonic trends and will not identify changes in the direction of the time series over time. Hence a combination of approaches is used to describe the time series: a visual inspection of the time series, describing whether the general impression is a monotonic trend, no apparent trend, clear shifts in direction of the trend or high variability with no clear direction; an evaluation of significant versus non-significant and decreasing versus increasing monotonic trends using the Mann-Kendall results; an evaluation of the average size of the monotonic trends using the Sen slope results.
Present concentration distributions:
The latest year for which there are concentration data for the river, lake and groundwater stations is selected for each country separately. The number of stations with annual mean concentrations occurring in the selected concentration classes is then calculated and presented. The allocation of a station to a particular class is based only on the face value concentration and not on the likely statistical distribution around the mean values.
- The class defining values for nitrate are based on typical background concentrations in the different water categories and the legislative standards (50 mg NO3/l) and guide values (25 mg NO3/l).
- The class defining values for orthophosphate (rivers) and total phosphorus (lakes) concentrations are based on typical background concentrations in the different water categories and on the range of concentrations found in Waterbase, and only give an indication of the relative concentrations of phosphorus in each country.
More information is given in the WISE maps.
Methodology for gap filling
Methodology for gap filling is described above (under inter/extrapolation and consistent time series).
Methodology references
- Hipel, K.W. and McLeod, A.I., (2005). Time Series Modelling of Water Resources and Environmental Systems Electronic reprint of our book orginally published in 1994.
- Mann, H.B. (1945), Nonparametric tests against trend Econometrica, 13, 245-259.
- Jassby, A.D. and Cloern (2013) mannKen: Mann-Kendall test and the Sen slope.R package version 0.3-10.
- R Core Team (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
- Sen, Pranab Kumar (1968), "Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau", Journal of the American Statistical Association 63: 1379–1389
- Theil, H. (1950), "A rank-invariant method of linear and polynomial regression analysis. I, II, III", Nederl. Akad. Wetensch., Proc.53: 386–392, 521–525, 1397–1412
Data specifications
EEA data references
- Waterbase - Rivers provided by European Environment Agency (EEA)
- Waterbase - Lakes provided by European Environment Agency (EEA)
- Waterbase - Groundwater provided by European Environment Agency (EEA)
Data sources in latest figures
Methodology uncertainty
Nitrate concentrations in groundwater originate mainly from anthropogenic influence caused by agricultural land-use. Concentrations in water are the effect of a multidimensional and time-related process, which varies from groundwater body to groundwater body and is, as yet, less quantified. To evaluate the nitrate concentration in groundwater and its development, closely-related parameters such as ammonium and dissolved oxygen have to be taken into account.
Data sets uncertainty
The data sets for groundwater and rivers include almost all countries within the EEA, but the time coverage varies from country to country. The coverage of lakes is less good. Countries are asked to provide data on rivers and lakes, and on important groundwater bodies according to specified criteria. These rivers and lakes, and groundwater bodies are expected to be able to provide a general overview of river, lake and groundwater quality at the European level, based on truly comparable data.
Rationale uncertainty
No uncertainty has been specified
Further work
Short term work
Work specified here requires to be completed within 1 year from now.
Work descriptionThis indicator will be improved as more countries implement Eurowaternet. There are gaps in river, lake and groundwater characteristic information from some countries. This does not enable the stratification of all stations by river and lake size, and thus limits to some extent the current dataset for size-stratification. Also many countries did not report all the requested summary statistics such as the median. A bigger gap in the information is in terms of catchment pressures. Some countries have used Corine land cover data to provide proxy indicators of pressures. It is expected that this aspect will improve significantly during the next year as new updated Corine data will be available, and as work is undertaken by the ETC/WTR and ETC/TE to fill in the gaps in the pressure indicators. More times series data would improve the dataset particular from Southern countries.
Resource needs
Improve dataset in terms of time series (esp. from southern countries)
StatusIn progress
Deadline2006/01/01 00:00:00 GMT+1
Work descriptionAll countries should have completed their delineation of groundwater bodies according to WFD in March 2005. As a consequence it should be easier to get more information on groundwater bodies. Especially information on GIS data should be available. Existing data on groundwater bodies will have to be evaluated and updated as the delineation of GW-bodies is likely to be changed due to WFD requirements. Countries will also be designing and/or modifying their monitoring programmes for rivers, lakes and groundwater bodies over the coming years as a requirement of the WFD. This should increase the extent of information potentially available to the EEA through the EWN process.
Resource needs
No resource needs have been specified
StatusNot started
Deadline2008/01/01 00:00:00 GMT+1
Long term work
Work specified here will require more than 1 year (from now) to be completed.
General metadata
Responsibility and ownership
EEA Contact InfoPeter Kristensen
Frequency of updates
ClassificationDPSIR: State
Typology: Descriptive indicator (Type A - What is happening to the environment and to humans?)
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For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/nutrients-in-freshwater or scan the QR code.
PDF generated on 22 Aug 2019, 03:13 AM


text:
Kur-Yang Maasofaa is a business man. He's keen on detail but keeps to the facts, and he speaks English with the slow, dry precision of someone who values his education in a district where more than 70 percent of adults cannot read or write.
He keeps meticulous notes at every community meeting, and the power of the pen he wields makes him a respected character in the community. He's also elderly, disabled by a badly arthritic knee, and walks with a cane that he props on the frame of his orange flame-colored bicycle to zoom around Dazuuri village in Ghana's Upper West region.
When subsistence depends on your ability to toil in the fields or travel long distances to market, the elderly and people with disabilities are among those most vulnerable to the threat of food insecurity. The risks are heightened by the impacts of a changing and increasingly variable climate. But if anyone could have figured out a way to confront these challenges, it was bound to be Kur-Yang, armed with his trusty notebook.
Dry-season gardening has become an increasingly important adaptation option for Dazuuri's inhabitants. The extra income derived from selling vegetables during a normally unproductive time of the year has benefits far beyond the nutritional boost the fresh produce offers.
Normally the activity is reserved for those with access to land close to the river, or enough time and labor to put in the effort required for a garden. But Kur-Yang and a handful of Dazuuri's other disabled residents have managed to get around these obstacles by forming their own group and petitioning for help from their district assembly.
The legitimacy conferred by having group status meant their petition was recognized, and the local government teamed up with several NGOs to make their dry-season garden a reality.
"There are five blind people in the group, and 15 disabled, including me," Kur-Yang explains. "During the dry season we cultivate vegetables, and in the rainy season the garden is converted into a rice plantation. Each member of the group takes care of his or her own portion of the garden, but the whole group decides which crops to plant in a certain year. Whatever comes from your portion of the land belongs to you, and you can do what you like with it."
His crop of choice is a practical one: onions. "I prefer them to other crops," he says, "because I can make a good profit even if I only carry a few to market."
The CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) is taking a look at climate-smart practices like dry-season gardening and some of the barriers that prevent them from being adopted in places like Dazuuri village.
Though help has been remarkably forthcoming for this resource-scarce region of Ghana, the disabled group's garden is not without its challenges.
The difficulties have been exacerbated by the changing climate, as Kur-Yang is quick to observe.
"Water is one of the biggest challenges that we have in the garden. When we first started work in the garden we got our water from shallow wells that we dug during the dry season. Because the rains used to be reliable, there was always water in the wells to support the work in the garden, but not anymore," he explains.
Although outside assistance has supplied the group with much-needed boreholes, even these valuable assets are not a fail-proof solution to water scarcity.
"Even now that we have boreholes in the garden, that water becomes scarce at times too. Not only that, but if the borehole stops working we must go and fetch the people in town that installed it so they can come and fix it. It's not something we can repair ourselves, which means we often go without the boreholes altogether," says Kur-Yang.
In response, he and his companions have tried to adopt measures to stop the soil drying out so quickly. "One thing that we have started doing is mulching using groundnut leaves. When we do that it takes a longer time for the water to dry out, which means we don't have to water as many times in a day," he says.
Although the potential for dry-season gardening to facilitate climate change adaptation is clear, gardens are input-intensive. They need a reliable source of water and labor, structures such as fences to keep out wandering livestock, and a steady supply of technical advice and know-how.
Kur-Yang is fortunate to be part of a group that has a high degree of ongoing institutional support, but farmers who are not as organized or well connected may not be so lucky.
Nonetheless, the example of Dazuuri suggests that if more communities commit to similar climate-smart endeavors, we can expect to see considerable advances in the adaptive capacity and food security of some of Africa's most vulnerable individuals.
• Caity Peterson is a visiting researcher based at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Colombia, working in the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). From July 15-20, CGIAR and its partners participated in the Africa Agriculture Science Week (AASW) in Accra, Ghana.
• Any views expressed in this article are those of the author and not of Thomson Reuters Foundation.
• This article originally appeared at Thomson Reuters Foundation, a source of news, information, and connections for action. It provides programs that trigger change, empower people, and offer concrete solutions.


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Description of 617 Bootlegger Lane, Charleston, SC 29412
Welcome to Soveriegn Still! Lot 2 features the HIGH WINES plan with an unfinished FROG prepped for HVAC and full bathroom over the detached 2 car garage. At 2970 sq feet, this home defines old James Island. The home features 4 BD, 2.5 BA plus home office/den area & an upstairs bonus room/loft area. The home has an open floorplan with a focal point kitchen island & windows galore for plenty of natural light. The master bedroom is downstairs & has a walk-in shower with frameless glass door, free standing tub & walk-in closet. Upstairs you will find 3 additional bedrooms & the bonus room/loft area plus an additional full bathroom. Please note all pictures are from other high-end homes by New Leaf Builders..click here for more info...all pictures are from a recently completed High Wines home Welcome to Sovereign Still...each home will feature spacious living areas with gorgeous hardwood flooring choices, Chef's kitchens with BOSCH appliances (KitchenAid & Thermador options available) with gas cooktop, stainless hood vent, oven/MW combo, farmhouse sink & custom backsplash ~ luxurious master bathroom with high-end tile selections & raindrop shower feature ~ high ceilings with 10' on first floor & 9' on second floor ~ gas fireplace with mantle selection ~ detailed trim packages with crown moulding throughout the first floor ~ home offices & bonus rooms ~ screened porches ~ exterior gas grill line location with your outdoor kitchen in mind ~ gorgeous landscaping with irrigation & outdoor shower location ~ smart house capabilities with NEST thermostats & Wi-Fi controlled garage doors & more. Each homeowner will receive up to 10 hours with the interior design team to customize their home to fit their needs & desires in regard to home selections, cabinet features, countertop selections, lighting choices, landscaping and smart house features. Additional features include the following: SPRAY FOAM attic insulation, tankless water heater, 2" x 6" exterior wall construction, radiant roof barrier, eStar appliances & windows, 14 SEER split heat pump system with NEST thermostats on each floor, 30 year architectural shingles, double hung Low-E windows, brick front steps with brick rowlock on front porch, 1 year builder warranty, termite bond and many more options to choose from to customize your home.
Property Features of 617 Bootlegger Lane, Charleston, SC 29412
Single Family Detached
Sovereign Still
James Island
|Elementary school: Stiles Point
|Middle school: Ft. Johnson
|High school: James Island Charter
|Fireplace in family room
|Central air
|Forced air heat
|Two car garage
|Attached parking
|Screened porch
|Cement plank exterior
|Lot acreage is: 0.42
|Lawn sprinkler
|Level lot
|Lot size: .42
|Subdivision: Sovereign Still
|Eat-in kitchen
|Kitchen island
|Living and dining room combo
|Separate dining room
|Walk-in closet(s)
|Slab Foundation
Rooms & Dimensions
|Family Room
|Laundry room
|Great Room


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The average pay for a Senior Java Developer is €21.25 per hour.
The average pay for a Senior Java Developer is €38,650 per year.
|€24,949 - €50,550
|€715 - €8,841
|Profit Sharing
|Total Pay (
XTotal Pay combines base annual salary or hourly wage, bonuses, profit sharing, tips, commissions, overtime pay and other forms of cash earnings, as applicable for this job. It does not include equity (stock) compensation, cash value of retirement benefits, or the value of other non-cash benefits (e.g. healthcare).)
|€25,758 - €53,007
Job Description for Senior Java Developer
The senior java developer is in most cases a supervisory position with high-level programming responsibilities. Because they often work in a team setting, senior java developers must be able to communicate well with team members. Some of their duties may include mentoring junior-level developers or consulting with other team members on projects.
Most employers will expect the senior java developer to be able to work on multiple problems while prioritizing their level of importance. They will also be expected to problem solve and also be able to think outside the box. Someone in this position will be extremely detail-oriented while also able to see the "big picture" at the same time. They should be able to articulate their ideas assertively, while being able to listen openly and receive feedback from others. (Copyright 2019 PayScale.com)
Senior Java Developer Job Listings
Pay Difference by Location
Related Job Salaries
Key Stats for Senior Java Developer
4 %
96 %


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After you complete the form and log in, you should be taken automatically to the video you wished to add to favorites,
Click on "Add to Favorites", done! It was added to your "My Tjoob Favs Page" then.
You can also add favo girls/categories and download full DVD quality scenes with your account.
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According to photographer Chase Jarvis, there are three things you can do to make a great photo: connect with your subject, compose your frame, and shape light. Taught by our Apple Creatives, you'll practice fun and immersive exercises built on Jarvis's three techniques. Get hands-on with the latest iPhone in this session or bring your own. To get ready, join Photo Skills: Photography on iPhone.
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Servcorp Virtual Offices and Executive Suites at 155 North Wacker Drive are nestled in the West End of Chicago's famous Loop precinct in the city's vibrant downtown business district. The brand new building is visually stunning and holds an exclusive business address in the core of Chicago. Situated near major banks, businesses, financial centers and lifestyle amenities the high rise is also located near high class dining, high-end shopping and 5-star hotels.
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30 minute drive to Chicago O'Hare International Airport
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52 minutes to O'Hare International Airport by Subway (Blue Line)


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VIRTU SONIC PROXIMITY CABLE CONFIGURABLEShow more characteristics >
* Price is "List Price" and may be subject to a trade discount – check with your local distributor or retailer for actual price.
Product availabilityNon-Stock - Not normally stocked in distribution facility
- Price*121.00 USD
Add to My Products Remove from My Products
The maximum number of products that can be compared is 4
Ordering and shipping details Category22490 - SENSORS-ULTRASONIC (XX5,6) Discount ScheduleDS2 Nbr. of units in pkg.1 Package weight(Lbs)2.9999999999999999E-2 ReturnabilityN Country of originUS Offer Sustainability California proposition 65WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals including: - - - - - - - Substance 1Diisononyl phthalate (DINP), which is known to the State of California to cause cancer, and - - - - - - - Substance 2Di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), which is known to the State of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm. - - - - - - - More informationFor more information go to www.p65warnings.ca.gov Contractual warranty Warranty period18 months
Technical FAQsNo results found.Unfortunately, related FAQs are unavailable due to temporary technical issues. Please try again later.


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MONTEVALLO, Ala. – Getting another great offensive output, the Georgia College baseball team (17-11, 9-5 PBC) edged the University of Montevallo (16-16, 10-8 PBC) 17-15 Sunday, taking the Peach Belt Conference (PBC) series from the Falcons 2-1.
Catcher Cody Maas (Alpharetta, Ga.) and second baseman Jeremy Donaldson (Winder, Ga.) wowed the crowd, recording two home runs each to power GC to victory. Every spot in the GC order recorded a hit, as each team pounded out 22 hits in the barnburner.
Maas finished 5-for-6 with five RBI and four runs, as rightfielder Bryce Williams (Manhattan, Kan.) came off the pine to go 3-for-4 with two RBI and a run. Both of Donaldson's hits went over the fence, finishing with four RBI and three runs scored.
Third baseman Travis Echols (Suwanee, Ga.) tallied four hits in six trips, scoring four times as well. Karsten Strieby (Blair, Was.) and Heine Rivera (Fayetteville, Ga.) rounded out the multi-hit performers at two each.
GC put up four runs in three separate innings, and was up 17-11 heading into the bottom of the seventh. The Falcons tallied two runs each in the seventh and eighth to cut the advantage to 17-15, but could inch no closer.
Bobcat reliever Matthew Robinson (Hull, Ga.) got the win (1-0) in 3 1/3 innings, surrendering two runs. Drew Boyer (1-2) took the loss for the Falcons. UM had multi-hit performers from the first eight slots in the order, led by catcher Alex Stiver at 4-for-6 with three RBI.
The Bobcats get just a single day off before heading to Florida, taking on Barry University and Florida Tech both on Tuesday, March 27 at Florida Tech's field in Melbourne, Fla. Action begins at 1 p.m.
The Georgia College Department of Athletics, two-time winners of the PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 10 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, Bobcat Athletics prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the teams' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at www.twitter.com/BobcatSports and www.facebook.com/gcbobcats for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCBobcats.com for more information, and to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GC Athletics Hall of Fame.


text: Cheesecake: just a well-optimized fat and sugar delivery system? iStockphoto.com hide caption toggle caption iStockphoto.com Opinion 13.7: Cosmos And Culture David Bowie, Cheesecake, Sex And The Meaning Of Music January 11, 2013 Does music have a history? Why? Listening to Bowie, and reading Gary Marcus's Guitar Zero provoke commentator Alva Noë to wonder.


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Checking In On… the Summit LeaguePosted by Brian Goodman on November 19th, 2011
Charlie Parks is the RTC correspondent for The Summit League. You can also find his musings on Twitter @CharlieParksRTC.
Reader's Take
The Week That Was
- Bad news for Oral Roberts — senior guard Ken Holdman tore his ACL and is out for the season. This is a huge blow for the Golden Eagles as they look to unseat Oakland in their final season in the Summit League. They are now down to just seven scholarship players available. This is not anything new for Oakland, a team who has suffered four major knee injuries in the past two seasons resulting in players missing the entire season. You hate to see contenders hobbled by injuries, so let's hope they find a way around this.
- I still think this season may be one of the most hotly contested in the Summit League, as there are a few teams that are talented enough to win it and it won't be a clear favorite like it has been in years past. Doug Gottlieb named ORU as one of his five underrated mid-major programs, but ESPN.com writer Myron Medcalf picked Oakland to win the Summit League– one of the few publications (besides RTC, of course) to pick Oakland over ORU.
- Jay Bilas ranked his top three-point shooters of all time, and Oakland guard Travis Bader made his list as the next great shooter beyond the arc. Some good pub for OU, but I think it also just affirms the fact that Bader really is the key factor for Oakland to win its third Summit League championship in a row.
Power Rankings
- Oakland (0-2)– A loss to No. 15 Alabama is hard to gauge at this point, but one telling statistic from that game was that Oakland only managed four three-pointers. Oakland was a team last season that was very good from outside and it made them one of the top five offenses in the nation, but they could only get 12 points beyond the arc on Monday? It could be some early season rust, or it could be a sign that without the inside presence from last season, open shots will be much harder to come by. Again, it was a loss to a Top 20 team and those guys usually make you look bad, but it is something to consider.
- Oral Roberts (1-2)—Losing the first two games of the season to West Virginia and UTSA are tough to swallow for Golden Eagles fans — especially since the losses were by a combined eight points. However, the Ls don't really tell us much about the team or how their season will finish. The one thing ORU fans can take away from the opening games: Depth is clearly an issue. I don't know what team you are watching, but they literally have six guys who can play basketball right now (and by "play basketball" I mean guys who don't hurt the team every time they step on the floor. They may need to dip into the walk-on jar if center Damen Bell-Holter's injury persists.
- North Dakota State (4-0)- Those Bison have been the most impressive Summit League team so far. They have played some solid low-major teams and played very good basketball to pick up some dominant victories. NDSU has had balanced scoring so far in the season, with their two guards Taylor Braun and Mike Felt combining for 29.4 PPG. The Bison are similar to South Dakota State in that they lean heavily on three-point shooting, but they are not married to the arc like SDSU and they are a much more efficient from the field. The Bison are shooting 37% from three and 51% overall from the field—almost ten points higher than South Dakota State. Keep an eye on the Bison.
- South Dakota State (1-2)- I don't like reading into non-conference wins and losses, especially early in the season, but SDSU's first two games raised some eyebrows. They had a nail-biter against Western Michigan, even with Nate Wolters scoring 32 points and dropping 11 dimes. They made it clear in that game that they were going to live and die by the three (no surprise), and the blueprint for beating SDSU is simply stop Wolters. Their second game was a 71-55 loss to Minnesota. The Gophers are an average team, and maybe Oakland, ORU, and NDSU would have kept that game a little closer or even pull out a win against Minnesota. Wolters still had 20 points, but the Jacks shot 36% from the field. I don't want to oversimplify this, but it is early, so I will — squeakers against bad teams and big losses to average teams means something needs to be fixed.
- IUPUI (1-2)— IUPUI had an impressive showing against, well, Anderson University. Alex Young proved once again that he will be a force, scoring 20 points in 26 minutes, but the 75-70 loss against UALR really exposed some weaknesses with the Jags. The Jags are going to have trouble grabbing boards this season. They were outrebounded 36-26 by the Trojans, which is a massive gap in a five-point game. The Jags' big man, senior Christian Siakam, had just two rebounds in the game. He is their biggest inside presence, and he must do a better job to give his team a better chance to win. This team won't go anywhere if Young continues to lead the team in rebounding.
- IPFW (1-1)— Good teams tend to expose your weaknesses, and that is exactly what No. 14 Xavier did to the Mastodons when they ran them out of the building, 86-63. IPFW has a lot of work to do before they can seriously contend. They need to decide what kind of team they are going to be. Last year they were a pretty good shooting team from downtown, but they shot just 25% from the field against Xavier. Frank Gaines is a really good player, and he is one of the team's best rebounders (15 in the first two games, great for a guard). Gaines is also the clear heart and soul of this team's offense. He dropped 29 points against Nebraska-Omaha and 22 against Xavier, but those points came off 14-44 shooting (31%). Somebody else has to step up and take the pressure off Gaines, both as a scorer and a rebounder.
- Southern Utah (3-1)- They scraped by UC Davis in a one-point win and were completely destroyed by San Diego State 70-37. Southern Utah struggled to shoot the ball against the Aztecs, going 13 -43 with 26 turnovers. Whenever you have twice as many turnovers as you do made baskets, you are really in for a tough practice the next day. I don't think Southern Utah is terrible, but they have looked pretty bad in the early going, although they did manage to beat Montana State-Billings. Their offense needs to improve, and they need to find a way to rebound. They have height problems – Matt Massey is their starting center at 6'9″ – but that is the least of their worries at this point. The turnovers need to stop, most importantly. The T-Birds have 71 of them in the first four games.
- UMKC (1-2)- You know you are in trouble when you get run out of your own gym by Division II Northwest Missouri State. UMKC has shot 32% and 36% from the field in the losses to Northwest Missouri State and Bradley. So far it looks like the offense is their main weakness. They don't really have a clear scoring threat, with guys like Reggie Chamberlain going from being the leading scorer one night to a non-factor the next. This is obviously just a team that has lost its two best players from last year and is stuck in a transition period. Kirk Korver is not exactly the sharpshooter his brother was, he is just 6-20 so far on the season for the Kangaroos.
- South Dakota (0-2)—Their Division I transition has not gone well so far, losing big to Nebraska and then falling by nine to Eastern Washington. They have a very low 35% field goal percentage, and they are near the bottom in the country with 54 points per game. There is a lot of basketball to be played, but for now, just expect the Coyotes to struggle as they find their feet in Division I. However, I still think in the overall picture, this team will be better than Western Illinois, Southern Utah, and UMKC by the time the conference schedule comes around.
- Western Illinois (0-2)— Ceola Clark is the best player on this Leatherneck team, but he did not play in the 87-58 beating that was inflicted on them by the Dayton Flyers, who are an average team in the Atlantic-10 Conference. It is just one game, but it was an ugly one. Let's hope this team doesn't have a year like Centenary did last season. After their surprisingly close loss to Michigan, they will have what most teams would consider a cupcake schedule—with games against Greenville, North Dakota, Eastern Illinois, Illinois-Chicago and Eureka—but they will likely struggle to win against even these teams with their 293rd-ranked offense.
Looking Ahead
A few decent shots at better mid-majors are going to crop up around Thanksgiving. Among them:
- Austin Peay at Oral Roberts, Nov. 19—This is a very important home non-conference game for the Golden Eagles. ORU can't afford to dig themselves and their confidence out of a deep hole like they did last year. They are the favorites this season and expectations begin to have a crushing effect when teams don't live up to the hype. If they want to be considered a contender, these are the games they have to win.
- Oakland at Houston, Nov. 22— A winnable game for Oakland against a Conference USA opponent. This is one of those confidence boosters you hope for early in the season, especially since they have gotten run by two tough non-conference opponents already.
- North Dakota State at Fresno State, Nov. 26— A 6-0 start for North Dakota State would be very impressive, and Fresno State is their next test. Although the Bulldogs are not as tough as they once were, they still are a difficult team at home. It will be a good gauge for the Bison to see how they stack up against Summit-level teams this year.


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They stood in a military-type straight line, all toes pointed to the mark on the floor. All 10 stood at attention. What is unusual about this particular formation? Nine of them are 14 years old and No. 10 is 49 years old.
The Scoutmaster then asked, "Can all of you recite the Scout oath? Do you live up to the Scout law?"
"Before I ask you to raise your right hand to be sworn in as a Scout, let us review the Scout law, the Scout motto, the Scout slogan and the Scout oath:"
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'Wonders of Invention' course teaches STEM concepts
Thursday, June 13, 2013 2:00 AM
Pittsburg, KS
Polly Herman teaches English at Fort Scott High School. In that role, she doesn't always think about the concepts taught within the Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) curriculum.
However, when some of her fellow FSHS teachers decided to enroll in Pittsburg State University's "Wonders of Invention" technology workshop, Herman went along. At the end of the two-day course, she was certainly glad she did.
"The class has been incredibly beneficial in terms of taking back ideas for collaboration with other teachers," Herman said. "We can make the concepts we use in English applicable in math and technology."
The course, taught by PSU associate professor Mike Neden and Pittsburg High School's technology teacher Larry Dunekack, challenged students to develop interactive displays that told the story of famous inventors and inventions.
"The idea was to get them to prepare lessons in different ways using the STEM concepts and resources that are available to them," Neden said. "What made the course so much fun and so interesting were the variety of backgrounds represented."
Some of the course's students were current PSU graduate students, while others, like Herman, are former students who simply wanted to learn more.
"English and technology certainly can go hand-in-hand in a number of ways, and this course helped me understand that better," said Herman, who earned her undergraduate and graduate degrees from PSU.
The course took place inside the Center of Applied Learning technology lab at Pittsburg High School.


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INDIANAPOLIS (AP) — Paul George scored 31 of his 37 points in the second half Wednesday night and almost single-handedly kept the Indiana Pacers alive in the Eastern Conference finals with a 93-90 victory over the Miami Heat.
The Pacers still trail 3-2 in the best-of-seven series. Game 6 will be played Friday night in Miami.
It took a frantic effort just to extend the series, even with the foul-plagued LeBron James held to just seven points in 23 minutes. Chris Bosh led the Heat with 20 points missed a potential go-ahead 3-pointer in the closing seconds.
Indiana turned a 50-41 deficit into a 64-57 lead after three, then led by as much as 11 in the fourth. But Miami's last-ditch rally made it 91-90 with 16 seconds to go before Indiana held on.


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|Oracle® Database Application Developer's Guide - Fundamentals
10g Release 1 (10.1)
Part Number B10795-01
|View PDF
The following sections give an overview of new application development features introduced in this release and some previous releases of the database. Related documentation on each feature is cross-referenced when it is available.
This section discusses new features introduced in Oracle Database 10g Release 1 (10.1).
A set of SQL functions introduced in this release let you perform queries and manipulate string data using regular expressions. See Chapter 12, "Using Regular Expressions With Oracle Database" for more information.
Oracle Expression Filter lets you store conditional expressions in a column that you can use in the WHERE clause of a database query. See "Representing Conditional Expressions as Data" for more information.
|See Also:
Column datatypes BINARY_FLOAT and BINARY_DOUBLE are introduced in this release. These datatypes provide an alternative to using the Oracle
NUMBER datatype, with the following benefits:
Support for native floating-point datatypes in bind and fetch operations is provided for the following client interfaces:
This release provides support for terabyte-size LOB values (from 8 to 128 terabytes) in the following programmatic environments:
You can store and manipulate LOB (
CLOB, and
NCLOB) datatypes larger than 4GB.
|See Also:
For details on terabyte-size LOB support:
This release has new and enhanced flashback features. You can now do the following:
|See Also:
Oracle Data Provider for .NET (ODP.NET) is a new programmatic environment that implements a data provider for Oracle Database. It uses APIs native to Oracle Database to offer fast and reliable access from any .NET application to database features and data. ODP.NET also uses and inherits classes and interfaces available in the Microsoft .NET Framework Class Library.
This section gives an overview of application development features introduced in Oracle9i Release 2 (9.2).
You can perform an Oracle Flashback Query using the
AS OF clause of the
SELECT statement rather than going through the
DBMS_FLASHBACK package. This technique is very flexible, allowing you to perform joins, set operations, subqueries, and views using different date/time or SCN settings for each table in the query. You can also restore or capture past data by using a Flashback Query inside an
INSERT or
CREATE TABLE AS SELECT statement.
|See Also:
When you represent related data items using a PL/SQL record, you can perform insert and update operations using the entire record, instead of specifying each record field separately.
|See Also:
If a data management application experiences problems because it tries to create a constraint when the constraint already exists, you can rename the existing constraint to avoid the conflict. If you track down a constraint with a cryptic system-generated name, you can give it a descriptive name to make it easier to enable and disable later.
|See Also:
These globalization-support types can now be used as attributes of SQL and PL/SQL object types, and in PL/SQL collection types such as varrays and nested tables.
New and enhanced built-in types, such as XMLType and XDBURIType, let you delegate XML parsing, storage, and retrieval to the database.
|See Also:
UTL_FILE package has a number of new functions for performing popular file operations. You can seek, auto-flush, read and write binary data, delete files, change file permissions, and more. Use the
CREATE DIRECTORY statement (using double quotation marks around any lowercase names), rather than the
UTL_FILE_DIR initialization parameter.
|See Also:
PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference for details about these enhancements
You can now override the system default constructor for an object type with your own constructor function.
|See Also:
You can access or change LOB data within
BEFORE and
INSTEAD OF triggers, using the
:NEW variable.
You can now define synonyms for types.
|See Also:
Oracle Database Administrator's Guide for details on creating synonyms
Scrollable cursors let you move forward and backward through the result set in a Pro*C/C++ application.
|See Also:
The Connection Pool feature in Pro*C/C++ helps you optimize the performance of Pro*C/C++ applications.
|See Also:
Many of the cross-references from this book to other books have been made more specific, so that they link to a particular place within another book rather than to its table of contents. If you are reading a printed copy of this book, you can find the online equivalent, with full search capability, at
This section discusses Java features that were removed from the database in Oracle9i Database release 2 (version 9.2.0). Support for some of these features was moved from the database to Oracle Application Server.
The following Java features and related technologies are no longer supported as integrated components of the database:
Oracle Application Server now includes Oracle Application Server Containers for J2EE (OC4J). Migrate any existing applications that use the following technologies in the database to OC4J: servlets, JSP pages, EJBs, and CORBA objects.
To develop new applications using EJBs or CORBA, you must use the J2EE components that are part of Oracle Application Server. EJBs and CORBA are no longer supported within the database.
You can still access the database from these components using Oracle Application Server as a middle-tier. You can still write Java stored procedures and Java methods for object types within database applications.
For more information on OC4J, visit the Oracle Application Server documentation pages at:
This section gives an overview of application development features introduced in Oracle9i Release 1 (9.0.1).
PL/SQL now supports the complete range of syntax for SQL statements, such as
DELETE, and so on. If you received errors for valid SQL syntax in PL/SQL programs before, those statements should now work.
Because of more consistent error-checking, you might find that some invalid code is now found at compile time instead of producing an error at runtime, or vice versa. You might need to change the source code as part of the migration procedure.
|See Also:
Oracle Database Upgrade Guide for details on the complete migration procedure
When an application encounters some kinds of storage allocation errors, it can suspend operations and take action such as resolving the problem or notifying an operator. The operation can be resumed when storage is added or freed.
This release has new and enhanced flashback features. You can now do the following:
|See Also:
Rather than repeat a complex subquery, you can give it a name and refer to that name multiple times within the same query. This is convenient for coding; it also helps the optimizer find common code that can be optimized.
|See Also:
Oracle Database Administrator's Guide for details on creating synonyms
The new datatype
TIMESTAMP records time values including fractional seconds. New datatypes
TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE and
TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE allow you to adjust date and time values to account for time zone differences. You can specify whether the time zone observes daylight savings time. New datatypes
INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND and
INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH represent differences between two date and time values, simplifying date arithmetic.
You can use character functions on
CLOB and
NCLOB types. You can treat
BLOB types as
RAWs. Conversions between LOBs and other types are much simpler now, particularly when converting from
LONG to LOB types.
Data can be stored in Unicode format using fixed-width or variable-width character sets. String handling and storage declarations can be specified using character lengths, where the number of bytes is computed for you, or explicit byte lengths. You can set up the entire database to use the same length semantics for strings, or specify the settings for individual procedures; this setting is remembered if a procedure is invalidated.
|See Also:
You can now perform bulk SQL operations, such as bulk fetches, using native dynamic SQL (the
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement). You can perform bulk insert or update operations that continue despite errors on some rows, then examine the individual row problems after the operation is complete.
|See Also:
UTL_HTTP and
UTL_SMTP packages have a number of enhancements, such as letting you access password-protected Web pages, and sending e-mail with attachments.
Improve performance by compiling Oracle-supplied and user-written stored procedures into native executables, using typical C development tools. This setting is saved, so that the procedure is compiled the same way if it is later invalidated.
The OCCI API lets you write fast, low-level database applications using C++. It is similar to the Oracle Call Interface (OCI) API.
|See Also:
In Oracle9i, application developers no longer need to secure a role by embedding passwords inside applications. They can create application roles and specify which PL/SQL package is authorized to enable the roles. Application roles enabled by PL/SQL packages are called secure application roles.
You can create an application context by entering a command like:
CREATE CONTEXT Order_entry USING Apps.Oe_ctx;
Alternatively, you can use Oracle Policy Manager to create an application context.
You can run external procedure agents (the
EXTPROC entry in
tnsnames.ora) under different instances of Oracle Database or on entirely separate machines. This lets you configure external procedures more robustly, so that if one external procedure fails, other external procedures can continue running in a different agent process.


text:
Palace polish off Watford
Crystal Palace marked Neil Warnock's 100th league game in charge with a comprehensive 3-0 win over Watford.
Last Updated: 28/11/09 5:26pm
Crystal Palace marked Neil Warnock's 100th league game in charge of the Eagles with a comprehensive 3-0 win over Watford at Selhurst Park.
Early goals inside the opening six minutes from Victor Moses and Alan Lee put Palace in firm control and Darren Ambrose rounded off the scoring after Danny Graham's 45th-minute penalty had been saved by Eagles keeper Julian Speroni.
The win stretches Palace's unbeaten run to six games and moves them to within a point of Watford in the table.
Moses opened the scoring in the second minute after the Hornets had been caught napping by Speroni's long clearance and Lee soon made it two when he rose to nod home Danny Butterfield's cross.
Graham was then denied from the spot and Malky Mackay's side fell further behind in the 54th minute as the in-form Ambrose fired past Scott Loach from the edge of the area to record his sixth goal in as many games.
Warnock made just one change to the Palace side that drew 1-1 with Coventry last weekend, with Moses replacing Freddie Sears, who dropped to the bench.
Jon Harley was recalled to the Watford side in place of Don Cowie, who was missing with a calf injury sustained in training earlier in the week.
OpenerThe recalled Moses tested visiting goalkeeper Loach in the opening minute.
And a minute later, the youngster put Palace ahead as he latched onto a long clearance from Speroni and beat two defenders before firing a low shot into the bottom-right corner.
Palace extended their lead in the sixth minute as Lee headed home a hanging right-wing cross from Butterfield.
Shaun Derry then fired wide from distance and Neil Danns volleyed over the bar from 12 yards as Palace continued to dominate the opening period.
Watford finally managed a shot of their own shortly after the half hour, but Henri Lansbury's 25-yarder sailed past Speroni's left-hand post.
The Palace stopper was called into action soon after to save a close-range header from Graham, while at the other end Loach kept out a similar effort from Lee.
PenaltyThe Hornets were handed a golden opportunity to level on the stroke of half-time when Lee brought down Lansbury in the penalty area, but Speroni produced an outstanding save to keep out Graham's spot-kick.
Palace then wrapped up the points nine minutes after the interval as Darren Ambrose twisted and turned before beating Loach from 18 yards.
With the visitors on the rack, Loach reacted well to tip away a strike from the lively Moses.
Soon after, Watford's Craig Cathcart was denied by Speroni after he had headed goalwards from Tom Cleverley's corner.
But the Eagles remained in control and substitute Calvin Andrew twice came close to adding a fourth in the closing stages.
A miserable day for the Hornets was completed in injury-time as Cleverley's shot struck the post.


text:
When the "Game of Thrones" creators were planning the TV show version of George R.R. Martin's epic book series, they knew they'd have to dabble in linguistics: Fictional languages were spoken throughout Westeros and the surrounding lands. So they held a contest for someone to create a fully formed language.
David J. Peterson, an Orange County, California resident who studied linguistics at UC Berkeley and UC San Diego, won the contest. And Dothraki and Valaryian, two languages now heard by millions on the popular TV show, were born.
How well do you know your Dothraki, the curse-laden language spoken by the Dothraki characters? Take the below quiz to find out. All translations in the quiz came from the DothraWiki, and were confirmed by Peterson. Even the incorrect answers appeared at some point in the show.


text:
Rapid Antidepressant Effects of Yohimbine in Major Depression
|The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details.
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00078715
Recruitment Status : Completed
First Posted : March 5, 2004
Results First Posted : August 16, 2012
Last Update Posted : August 20, 2012
- Study Details
- Tabular View
- Study Results
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
This study examines if Yohimbine, when given during the sleep cycle, will improve symptoms of depression within a matter of hours.
Purpose: This study will examine whether the drug yohimbine, given at a specific time during the sleep cycle, produces chemical changes in the brain similar to those that occur with sleep deprivation. It will also see if yohimbine can induce rapid (next day) antidepressant effects in patients with major depression. Total sleep deprivation for 36 hours improves mood in most patients with major depression in a matter of hours, but the response is usually short-lived. Understanding the chemical changes that occur in the body during sleep deprivation may help in the development of a rapidly acting antidepressant.Patients with major depressive disorder between 18 and 65 years of age may be eligible for this study. Candidates are screened with a medical and psychiatric history, physical examination, electrocardiogram, and blood and urine tests. Participants are hospitalized at the NIH Clinical Center for the study, as follows: Drug-free period: Patients are tapered off their anti-depression medications and remain drug-free for 1 week before beginning study phase 1. Study phase 1: Patients undergo sleep deprivation for 36 hours. Those whose depression improves with sleep deprivation initially and then worsens continue to phase 2. The day after sleep deprivation, patients undergo a lumbar puncture (spinal tap). For this test, a local anesthetic is given and a needle is inserted in the space between the bones in the lower back where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates below the spinal cord. A small amount of fluid is collected through the needle. Study phase 2: Patients spend 1 night in the sleep lab. A catheter (plastic tube) is placed in a vein in each arm-one to give yohimbine and the other to draw blood samples. A small monitor cuff is placed on a finger to measure the patient's blood pressure and blood oxygen levels during the night. While asleep, the patient receives a dose of yohimbine or placebo, given over 3 minutes. A lumbar puncture is done the following morning. Patients receive no medications for 6 days, and then the sleep lab procedure is repeated. Patients who received yohimbine in the previous experiment are switched to placebo, and those who were given placebo are switched to yohimbine.
|Condition or disease
|Depression, Involutional Major Depresssion
|Drug: Yohimbine hydrochloride Drug: Placebo
|Phase 2
Sleep deprivation is one of the only interventions that have consistently been demonstrated to produce rapid antidepressant effects. The mechanisms by which sleep deprivation brings about rapid antidepressant effects remain to be elucidated. It is noteworthy, however, that recent genomic and proteomic studies have shown that acute sleep deprivation rapidly brings about an upregulation of several mediators of neuronal plasticity, most notably CREB and BDNF. Intriguingly, these are the very same molecules that are upregulated by chronic antidepressants, and are believed to underlie the delayed therapeutic effects of most antidepressants. Additional investigation of the regulation of CREB and BDNF by sleep deprivation has revealed that these changes are critically dependent upon the activation of the noradrenergic system. This is particularly noteworthy, since the locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic projection is quiescent only during rapid eye movement sleep (REM), when the target tissues display their greatest sensitivity; indeed, the temporal dissociation between the firing of the LC noradrenergic neurons, and the sensitivity of its postsynaptic targets in the cortex may have considerable relevance for the antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation. In this context, biological rhythms have the capacity to temporally dissociate biochemical processes, and imposing a temporal coincidence on normally dissociated events can have striking and unexpected effects. Thus, it is our hypothesis that activating the normally quiescent noradrenergic system during REM sleep (i.e. when its postsynaptic target system displays its greatest sensitivity) will robustly upregulate CREB and BDNF, thereby bringing about a rapid antidepressant effect. We propose to activate the noradrenergic system during REM sleep by infusing an alpha(2) antagonist, yohimbine. Since it is our hypothesis that activating the noradrenergic system during REM sleep will bring about an antidepressant effect by a similar mechanism as sleep deprivation, we will "enrich" our sample with sleep deprivation responders in this pilot study.
Patients, ages 18 to 65 with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, currently depressed without psychotic features will be recruited into this study. This experimental proof-of-concept study has two Study Phases. Study Phase I consists of total sleep deprivation. Responders to total sleep deprivation who subsequently relapse will enter Study Phase II. Study Phase II is a double-blind crossover administration of either intravenous yohimbine or saline solution during REM sleep.
The specific aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a single dose of intravenous yohimbine hydrochloride (0.125 mg/kg given over 3 minutes) compared with placebo in improving overall depressive symptomatology when administered during REM sleep.
Our primary hypothesis is that the intravenous use of an alpha(2) antagonist in patients with major depression during REM sleep will activate the LC and thus increase noradrenergic activity during a time when the LC is normally quiescent- namely REM sleep. If the hypothesis that it is the timing of the activation of the noradrenergic system that is crucial in the antidepressant effect of sleep deprivation is correct then an acute antidepressant effect should be observed in patients despite minimal to no disruption of sleep.
Assuming that 10% will drop out of the study, then a minimum of 25 patients is necessary in order to obtain a minimum of 8 patients with major depression who will complete the double-blind crossover phase of the study.
|Study Type :
|Interventional (Clinical Trial)
|Actual Enrollment :
|11 participants
|Intervention Model:
|Crossover Assignment
|Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
|Official Title:
|An Investigation of a Pharmacologic Strategy to Bring About Rapid (Next Day) Antidepressant Effects
|Study Start Date :
|March 2004
|Actual Primary Completion Date :
|August 2009
|Actual Study Completion Date :
|August 2009
Experimental: Yohimbine then Placebo
Participants are randomized to receive yohimbine 0.125 mg/kg administered over 3 minutes during REM sleep. After 8 days they receive placebo administered over 3 minutes during REM sleep.
Drug: Yohimbine hydrochloride
Participants receive yohimbine 0.125 mg/kg administered over 3 minutes during REM sleep.
Drug: Placebo
Participants receive an inactive equivalent of yohimbine 0.125 mg/kg administered over 3 minutes during REM sleep.
Experimental: Placebo then Yohimbine
Participants are randomized to receive placebo administered over 3 minutes during REM sleep. After 8 days they receive yohimbine 0.125 mg/kg administered over 3 minutes during REM sleep.
Drug: Yohimbine hydrochloride
Participants receive yohimbine 0.125 mg/kg administered over 3 minutes during REM sleep.
Drug: Placebo
Participants receive an inactive equivalent of yohimbine 0.125 mg/kg administered over 3 minutes during REM sleep.
- Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (6 Items) [ Time Frame: Once per day, where the primary comparison involves an average over the full study after controlling for baseline ]The 6 item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale is a measurement of the severity of depression with a range of scores from 0 to 24, where 24 indicates the most severe depression.
- To Determine Whether Measures Previously Demonstrated to be Predictive of Response to Sleep Deprivation & Noradrenergically Mediated Will be Assoc With Response to Yohimbine When Administered During REM Sleep. [ Time Frame: 2-4 weeks ]
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years to 65 Years (Adult, Older Adult)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Male or female subjects, 18 to 65 years of age.
Female subjects of childbearing potential must be using a medically accepted means of contraception.
Each subject must have a level of understanding sufficient to agree to all required tests and examinations and sign an informed consent document.
Subjects must fulfill DSM-IV criteria for Major Depression, based on clinical assessment and confirmed by a structured diagnostic interview, SCID-P.
Subjects must have an initial score of at least 18 on the 21-item HDRS at screen and at baseline of TSD and Study Phase II.
Subjects with a greater than 25% decrease in the 21-item HDRS total scores between screen and baseline of TSD will be dropped from the study.
Subjects with documented uncontrolled hypertension in the 30 days prior to Study Period I, or have a systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 on 3 or more readings during the drug-free period.
Apnea/hypopnea index is greater than 15 episodes per minute.
Presence of psychotic features or a diagnosis of Schizophrenia or any other psychotic disorder as defined in the DSM-IV.
Subjects with current DSM-IV diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder.
Subjects with a history of DSM-IV drug or alcohol dependency or abuse (including for nicotine) within the preceding 3 months.
Female subjects who are either pregnant or nursing.
Serious, unstable illnesses including hepatic, renal gastroenterologic, respiratory, cardiovascular (including ischemic heart disease), endocrinologic, neurologic, immunologic, or hematologic disease.
DSM-IV diagnosis of primary sleep disorder.
Subjects with uncorrected hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.
Subjects with one or more seizures without a clear and resolved etiology.
Documented history of hypersensitivity or intolerance to yohimbine.
Treatment with a reversible MAOI within 4 weeks prior to Study Phase II.
Treatment with fluoxetine within 3 weeks prior to Study Phase II.
Treatment with any other concomitant medication not allowed 7 days prior to Study Phase II.
Treatment with clozapine or ECT within 3 months prior to Study Phase I.
Judged clinically to be at serious suicide risk.
Previous nonresponse to total sleep deprivation treatment.
Same as above plus:
Response to total sleep deprivation (40% decrease in the HAM-D6) followed by:
Depressive relapse (score of at least 18 on the 21-item HDRS and no longer meets response criteria) prior to Study Period II.
YMRS total score of greater than or equal to 12 within 24 hours of yohimbine administration.
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00078715
|United States, Maryland
|National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike
|Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892
|Principal Investigator:
|Carlos A Zarate, M.D.
|Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, DIRP, NIMH
Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
|Responsible Party:
|Carlos Zarate, M.D., Chief of Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch of NIMH, DIRP, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (CC)
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00078715 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
04-M-0091 ( Other Identifier: CNS-IRB, NIH )
|First Posted:
|March 5, 2004 Key Record Dates
|Results First Posted:
|August 16, 2012
|Last Update Posted:
|August 20, 2012
|Last Verified:
|August 2012
Keywords provided by Carlos Zarate, M.D., National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (CC):
Sleep Deprivation
Mood Disorder
Affective Disorder
Rapid Onset
Major Depression
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Depressive Disorder
Depressive Disorder, Major
Behavioral Symptoms
Mood Disorders
Mental Disorders
Antidepressive Agents
Psychotropic Drugs
Autonomic Agents
Peripheral Nervous System Agents
Physiological Effects of Drugs
Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists
Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists
Adrenergic Antagonists
Adrenergic Agents
Neurotransmitter Agents
Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action
Urological Agents