text:
Only nine episodes of this "continuing love story" aired on CBS during the 1974-1975 season. Gary Frank and Glynnis O'Connor starred as high school students falling in love in the mid-1950s. Critics felt the show had potential but viewers never tuned in.
The Pilot Telefilm
In early March 1974, Broadcasting published a list of nearly 100 pilots in contention for the upcoming 1974-1975 season. CBS had 26 pilots in play, the fewest of the networks. Among them were several 90-minute pilots to be broadcast as made-for-TV movies, including one from Universal Productions called Senior Year. Among the other pilot telefilms were Manhunter, Dr. Max and The Family Kovac [1].
CBS broadcast Senior Year from 9-10:30PM on Friday, March 22nd, 1974. Set in the mid-1950s, it starred Gary Frank and Glynnis O'Connor as high school students Jeff Reed and Anita Cramer. The two attended Southwest Senior High School in an unnamed town in an unidentified state [2]. Jeff was relatively popular, played baseball and had dated a number of girls. He had a younger brother named Danny, played by Michael Morgan. His parents, Lucille and Paul, were played by Jay W. MacIntosh and Dana Elcar.
Jeff's best friend was Stanley "Stash" Melnyk (played by Scott Colomby). He was a bit rougher than Jeff, something of a tough guy who often wore a leather jacket, copied homework from anyone and everyone, and had a strained relationship with his father. Another good friend was Murray "Moose" Kerner (played by Barry Livingston), who was smart but insecure and very awkward around girls. Rounding out the group was Charlie Riddel (played by Lionel Johnston), who like Jeff was fairly straight-laced.
Anita had moved to town a month earlier with her parents Ruth and Walter, played by Jan Shutan and John S. Ragin. She soon began making friends and met Jeff. At the start of Senior Year, Jeff and Anita were about to go out on their first date. It involved a pep rally, a stop at the diner where everyone from school hangs out, and then a trip to Inspiration Point went to make out.
Jeff and Anita's budding romance was interrupted by Anita's discovery that her mother had been having an affair. The family had moved in an attempt to put some distance between Ruth and the other man she had fallen in love with. But it didn't work. With the affair out in the open, the next day Ruth walked out. Shortly thereafter, Jeff's father died suddenly of a heart attack, throwing his family into turmoil as well.
With his father gone, Jeff took on more responsibility at home, balancing the checkbook and trying to help handle Danny, who wasn't dealing well with the loss of his father. At one point things got heated and Jeff slapped Danny during an argument. Meanwhile, Anita tried to come to terms with her parents separating as well as the anger she felt towards her mother. The two bonded over their grief.
Jeff apologized to Danny and the brothers, united by brief and determined to support their mother, took the first steps towards accepting their father's passing. Likewise, Anita and her mother talked and Anita was able to begin moving past her anger. Ruth announced she was moving to Omaha with her lover.
Subplots included Moose starting to date Evie Martinson (played by Debralee Scott), a girl with a bad reputation, and an underclassman named Cody (played by Christopher Stafford Nelson) who continually tried to show up the senior class.
Reviewing Senior Year for The Boston Globe, Percy Shain compared the telefilm to American Graffiti, noting it "started off as a typical teenage lark, but quickly turned serious." Although Frank and O'Connor were said to have "set up nice vibrations," Shain felt "the relationships in general were unnatural and forced, the soap opera overtones seemed out of place, and the story never lifted into reality" [3].
Benjamin Stein of The Wall Street Journal compared the telefilm to recently introduced Happy Days, suggesting CBS was attempting to copy the tone and feel of ABC's new hit sitcom [4].
Senior Year was produced by David Levinson, written by M. Charles Cohen and directed by Richard Donner. Original music was composed by James Di Pasquale. CBS rebroadcast Thursday, August 22nd, 1974.
Added To The CBS Schedule & Retitled
CBS announced its 1974-1975 schedule on April 19th, 1974, the same day NBC announced its new fall schedule [5]. A weekly series based on Senior Year was thought to have potential and was given the Wednesday 8-9PM time slot. The series, also to be called Senior Year, would replace The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour.
All three networks were making an effort to move away from violent programming in favor of shows that focused more on family. Cancellations were said to be based both on poor ratings and on the desire to find the next hit family friendly series like The Waltons or Happy Days [6]. In late April, The New York Times gave Senior Year, The New Land and Little House on the Prairie as examples of shows the networks felt represented the "traditional wholesome values of America" [7].
Copyright © TV Guide, 1974 [1]
Broadcasting, on the other hand, after reviewing the schedules of all three networks, determined that "the expected rash of Waltons-type family dramas failed to materialize," with three on NBC and one each on ABC and CBS [8]. CBS, of course, already had The Waltons and thus didn't need to replicate it so badly.
Senior Year actually pre-dated The Waltons (which premiered in September 1972). David Levinson had approached NBC with the concept in 1971, offering it as an eight-part miniseries, but the network passed. He then went to Fred Silverman at CBS who felt a two-hour telefilm was more appropriate [9]. According to Gary Frank, NBC turned it down because "it didn't have the audience 'insurance' of action, like train wrecks and chases, to carry it through" [10].
In early July, Percy Shain reported that the title of the series had been changed to Sons and Daughters [11]. Glynnis O'Connor explained that "we didn't want to be seniors for the rest of the series, if it catches on, so the name was changed" [12]. Said Levinson, "I don't want to end up like 'Room 222' with a bunch of 30-year-old sophomores". Three years from now, our kids will be different. Not like 'Marcus Welby' where they're still operating on patients the same as seven years ago [13].
A New Kind Of Television Series?
Sons and Daughters, CBS declared, was a "new-type series" and "nighttime television's first continuing love story" [14]. Levinson admitted that the series sounded like a soap opera but felt "the only way to protect against prime-time soap opera is very good writing. The only difference between soap and drama is in the writing" [15].
Levinson preferred to think of the series as featuring progressive storytelling, explaining that "events move ahead from week to week, as in a soap opera but the difference is in the quality of the writing" [16]. Episodes would be "very emotional, in the context of the relationships we have set up, a death in his family, a divorce in hers" [17].
In addition to calling it a prime time or nighttime soap opera, critics referred to Sons and Daughters as a continuing melodrama or simply semi-serialized. It was also mockingly called a teenage version of Peyton Place. Jerry Buck of the Associated Press wrote "like a soap opera, the story carries over from one episode to another. What is only an incident in one show may be blown up into a full episode a few weeks later" [18].
Prior to Sons and Daughters, Levinson had produced The Virginian, The Bold Ones: The Senator (which he won an Emmy for in 1971), Sarge and The Bold Ones: The New Doctors. He had also executive produced the critically acclaimed made-for-TV movie A Case of Rape. He bristled at the suggestion that he was following those with "a teen-age 'Peyton Place'," telling Jerry Buck of the Associated Press:
This is the point where I may get up and walk away. I'm amazed — no, not amazed, offended — at the number of knocks this show has gotten before it even went on the air.
Where is it written you have to keep on doing the same thing? I did "The Senator." I did "The Bold Ones."
What I'm trying to do, what interested me, was the chance to do a drama that wasn't life and death. We're trying to do simple emotional drama.
People keep asking me what I'm doing on a show like this. I may fall on my butt. But I'd sure as hell rather be doing this than another cop show. [19]
He argued that Sons and Daughters was the most challenging show he had worked on because "you haven't got a lot of normal things to fall back on that you have in other series. I don't have any life and death situations. You can't have someone go into a coma or have someone stalking around trying to kill one of the teen-agers" [20].
(Ultimately, an episode of Sons and Daughters did end up featuring a character in a coma.)
The 1950s Weren't All Happy Days
Sons and Daughters was, according to Levison, "the flip side of 'Happy Days.' That show says it was fun being a teenager in the 1950s. I was 16 years old then and it wasn't fun. We're trying to reflect that" [20]. He insisted that if the series was "derivative of anything, it would be 'Red Sky at Morning,' not 'American Graffiti,' and certainly not 'Happy Days,' which is a piece of fluff" [21].
Gary Frank felt "the atmosphere of the '50s is not as important as the problems of the people. Quite basically, the show deals with growth — maturity — versus sophistication. It isn't to be a Time-Life parade of the 1950s. Twenty years ago the scope of a teenager's horizon wasn't as broad as today, so we'll concentrate on their growth as persons" [22]. Levison agreed, insisting that the series wasn't just about nostalgia. "It's there, in the background, but if anybody wants to hear the songs of the '50s, he can go to a record store" [23].
Episodes would deal with sex as openly as possible. "I recall the '50s as a period with a great deal of talk about sex and little practice," said Levinson. "Of course, the CBS censors believe kids really were brought by the stork. It was a horrible period for kids. If a girl wanted to hold onto a guy, she was afraid to hold out. But if she said, 'Go ahead,' he was scared and didn't know what to do. We'll get into sex, but we won't go to war weekly with the CBS censors" [24].
In addition to the expected vintage clothing and cars, both the pilot telefilm and weekly series featured a variety of references to 1950s pop culture that helped place them in the proper historical context. Music heard in Senior Year included "Shake, Rattle and Roll" by Bill Halley, "Peggy Sue" by Buddy Holly, "Chantilly Lace" by the Big Bopper. One of the characters mentioned The $64,000 Question and another was shown watching See It Now. A movie theater marquee shown in the background of some scenes displayed The Seven Year Itch, which was released in 1955.
Episodes of Sons and Daughters included references to Sid Ceaser, the recently ended Korean War and the 1954 movie Sabrina, plus a "just the facts" joke from Dragnet.
Critics See Potential
In its May 27th issue, Broadcasting published an article discussing advertising agency predictions for the 1974-1975 season. Ad buyers were said to be "high on" Sons and Daughters (at that point still titled Senior Year), with one noting it "blends a mixture of family drama and comedy that came off quite well in the pilot. Besides, it's steeped in the currently popular vein of nostalgia for the fifties" [25].
Frank S. Swertlow, reviewing the series premiere for United Press International, called it "a well written and acted television show." At its best, he said, it was American Graffiti without the music, while at its worst "it dips into schlock nostalgia." He felt Sons and Daughters differed from Happy Days because like American Graffiti it "focuses on the human element, rather than on the props of the 1950s." He did criticize moments of "schlock theater" and the "all-wise parent of 'Father Knows Best'" but ultimately felt the premiere was "so good at points that [it] escapes the '50s and could have taken place in any era" [26].
The Toledo Blade's Norman Dresser called the premiere "a rather soggy saga" and "somewhat disappointing" that featured a plot stretched to fill an hour [27]. Nevertheless, he felt the series had promise:
This is because, despite some very soap-operish interludes, the series boasts of two attractive and appealing young leads, Gary Frank and Glynnis O'Connor, and a competent supporting cast. Although the story gets pretty soppy and soapy at times, there are a few genuinely touching moments.
The script alternated between being preposterous and perceptive, but the tortures of teen-age love were occasionally dealt with realistically. An added plus was the honest depiction of the tensions created between the girl and her divorced parents, who still feel strong bonds between them. Chalk up "Sons and Daughter" as not quite a winner, but capable of a run in the stretch. [28]
Percy Shain of The Boston Globe compared the series to Peyton Place but called the premiere "gentle, heart-tugging soap opera, not the hard kind featured in the daylight hours." He also praised Frank and O'Connor, calling them "well suited in the key roles," and despite featuring an "idealized kind of existence" the episode was "rather winning in its innocence and naivete" [29].
Also making a Peyton Place comparison, as well as one to American Graffiti, was John J. O'Connor of The New York Times. The plot, he wrote, "thickens, or depending on your mood, curdles" but scenes of ice cream cones and playgrounds betrayed "an undercurrent of ominous reality." The result was "sticky" according to O'Connor, and the premiere's necessary introduction of characters and situations "downright glutinous." Nevertheless, he felt "the cast and production are generally attractive, and the series should give younger viewers a reasonable alternative to those interminable car chases on teh action-adventure series" [30].
Likewise, The Chicago Tribune's Gary Deeb, despite writing that the premiere was "badly blemished by heavy overtones of soap opera, and the story line is woefully thin, slow-moving and a bit-far fetched in spots," concluded that Sons and Daughters "holds great promise as a quaisi-novelistic venture and has the definite potential to grow into another phenomenon like The Waltons." And Morton Moss of the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner called the premiere "dignified, sound and sincerely felt narrative" [31].
But there were a few negative reviews. "Don't watch this one after eating anything not likely to stay down," warned Terrence O'Flaherty of the San Francisco Chronicle. And the Philadelphia Inquirer's Harry Harris called the premiere "callow" and "TV to squirm by," arguing "everything ends happily–for everyone but discriminating viewers" [32].
A Very Quick Cancellation
CBS rebroadcast Senior Year on Thursday, August 22nd, 1974. Sons and Daughters premiered three weeks later. In its 8-9PM time slot the series competed with two other new shows, NBC's Little House on the Prairie and ABC's That's My Mama (plus the first half of the ABC Wednesday Movie of the Week). All three shows premiered on Wednesday, September 11th, setting the stage for a three-way battle for viewers eager to sample new programs.
The series would be followed by Cannon from 9-10PM and another new show, The Manhunter, from 10-11PM. Fred Silverman, CBS-TV vice president for programming, suggested both had "good survival chances" because they would be facing new shows on ABC and NBC. Why he felt that automatically meant his network's new shows would perform well was never explained [33].
As the 1974-1975 season got underway, Broadcasting predicted that Cannon would "prove a strong enough anchor for CBS on Wednesday for the two shows that will be adjacent to it." NBC, which was premiering three new shows on Wednesday evening, was hoping Little House on the Prairie would prove a strong lead-in for the rest of its line-up. If it failed, Broadcasting suggested, NBC's entire night would collapse [34].
As for ABC, it hoped to improve its Wednesday ratings with a strong lead-in as well and premiered That's My Mama a week prior to the official start of the season in order to draw viewers. But Broadcasting felt the series was doomed due to poor reviews [35].
When national Nielsen ratings for the first week of the 1974-1975 were released, NBC was proven correct. Little House on the Prairie was a hit, ranking 9th for the week out of 59 shows. That's My Mama ranked 39th and Sons and Daughters 47th [36, 37]. The following week, Little House on the Prairie fell somewhat, ranking 18th out of 61 shows, while Sons and Daughters slipped slightly to 52nd; bucking the trend, That's My Mama moved up to 35th [38].
The premiere episode drew a 16.2/26 Nielsen rating while the second episode sank to a 14.3/25. The show's two-week average 25.5 share of the audience was far behind the 38.0 share for Little House on the Prairie as well as the 31.5 share for That's My Mama (the ABC Wednesday Movie of the Week averaged a 32.5 share from 8:30-10PM in its first two weeks of the season) [39].
By the end of September, CBS was already talking about replacing Sons and Daughters, which was one of two weak spots on its schedule (the other was the under-performing Planet of the Apes on Fridays). Its likely replacement was Tony Orlando and Dawn, a variety series that had debuted over the summer [40].
On October 7th, Broadcasting reported that Sons and Daughters was one of three CBS shows all but certain to be cancelled, along with Planet of the Apes and Apple's Way [41]. Percy Shain reported on October 9th that CBS had halted production on the series after its ninth episode was completed [42]. And on October 12th, The New York Times reported that Tony Orland and Dawn would debut on December 4th [43].
On October 16th, CBS officially cancelled Sons and Daughters. All nine episodes produced would air, with the last set to air on November 6th. The network would fill the next three weeks with a pair of specials featuring Sandy Duncan and the Osmond Brothers, plus a repeat of The Thanksgiving Treasure, and then premiere Tony Orland and Dawn as planned on December 4th [44].
Commenting on the cancellation in late October, Jan Shutan revealed that the cast tried to stay optimistic about the show's chances by noting that it took Bonanza a while to draw an audience. But the atmosphere was nevertheless pretty negative as production wound down. "CBS wanted a kids show and from what I hear the network still likes the format," she explained. Reportedly, the network had hoped to draw both younger and older viewers but wasn't getting the older ones, who were watching Little House on the Prairie instead [45].
The Episodes
The entire cast of Senior Year returned for Sons and Daughters and Laura Siegel was added to it, playing Anita's best friend Mary Anne Coburn. That made for a total of ten regular characters. Despite having announced she was moving to Omaha at the end of the pilot, Anita's mother Ruth remained in town and got a job at a bookstore. Christopher Stafford Nelson guest starred in a handful of episodes as underclassman Cody, the role he had also played in Senior Year.
As David Levinson had explained, Sons and Daughters featured continuing story lines involving all of its characters. Chief among them of course was the relationship between Jeff and Anita. Others included Anita's strained relationship with her mother and the Reed family learning to live without their father. The characters regularly hung out at a drive-in called Hogies and a diner called Kelso's.
The series picked up a month after Senior Year and the two were celebrating their one-month anniversary. In the premiere ("The Locket," aired September 11th) Jeff decided to purchase an expensive necklace to mark the occasion. Imagine his shock when Anita refused to take it.
Still distraught over the breakup of her parents' marriage, Anita was worried that taking the necklace meant she was too important to Jeff, that it obligated her to stay with him, that their relationship would fall apart just like her parents' had. After a talk with her father, who advised her to take a chance on happiness even if she might potentially get hurt, she changed her mind and gladly accepted the gift. In a a nice touch of continuity, Anita was seen wearing it throughout the remainder of the series.
There were two subplots in the premiere. Danny offered to go to the store to buy the necklace for his brother, only to lose the money Jeff had begged and borrowed from all his friends, forcing him to steal it. Meanwhile, after learning that Anita had refused to take the necklace, Stash, Moose and Charlie decided to throw a stag party to cheer up Jeff, which meant Moose had to rent a dirty movie.
In the second episode ("Anita's Reputation," aired September 18th), Anita was delighted to learn she would be receiving the Ellen Skylar Award, given to the outstanding female student at Southwest High, despite objections about her family situation. However, after Mary Anne's mother spotted Jeff and Anita outside a motel (Jeff's car had broken down and they were calling a tow truck), the award was rescinded due to the implication that the two had spent the night together. Mary Anne was also forbidden to see Anita.
Jeff's attempt to talk to Mary Anne's mother didn't help, and he later got into a fight with someone from school who made a comment about motels. He then tried to convince Anita to play the piano at the school open house as planned, arguing it would show everyone that she wasn't the girl they thought she was. Although her father thought it was a bad idea, Anita eventually agreed, and despite the awkwardness both her parents went to support her.
The plan worked. Despite initial indifference from the audience and hitting a wrong note, Anita's performance and the fact that she was brave enough to show her face in public rehabilitated her image. Mary Anne's mother admitted she was ashamed that she had judged Anita. A subplot in the episode involved Cody placing red lights on his car to impersonate a police car and scaring all the seniors off Inspiration Point. Later, Stash, Moose and Charlie got their revenge.
The death of Jeff's father in Senior Year was revisited in the third episode ("The Runner," aired September 25th), which saw a corrupt track coach turn into something of a surrogate father for him. The coach only cared about winning and doped his runners with amphetamines without their knowledge in order to guarantee they did win. Jeff enjoyed winning and enjoyed the attention but his relationship with Anita began to suffer because he was so exhausted from running.
Moose, who served as manager for the track team, learned about the amphetamines and overheard the coach call Jeff "second rate." Moose told this to Anita but Jeff wouldn't believe her. Moose even quit as manager but Jeff still wouldn't listen. He eventually confronted the coach, ran without the drugs and did not do well. A subplot involved Charlie losing money making various bets with Stash, including betting on Jeff's games.
Anita and Jeff's mother, Lucille, came into conflict in the fourth episode ("Lucille's Problem," aired October 2nd). Depressed and feeling aimless, Lucille began acting hostile to Anita's presence in Jeff's life. She eventually realized she felt threatened by Anita because Jeff and Danny were all she had in the world. She decided she needed her own life, which meant getting a job. Unfortunately, Lucille hadn't worked in 18 years and didn't have any skills.
She was able to get a job as a waitress in a diner but lied to Jeff and Danny, telling them she worked in an office. She wasn't any good and was let go. Jeff and Danny eventually found out and, after a long talk, Lucille realized that even without a job, she was her own person and Anita wasn't any sort of threat. A subplot involved Mary Anne and Charlie working on a President Eisenhower's reelection campaign with Lucille.
The fifth episode ("The Accident," aired October 9th) veered into true soap opera territory. Stash accidentally hit Lucille with his car after she stepped out into traffic without paying attention. Her injuries were severe, there was the potential for brain damage and she was in a coma. Jeff and Danny, struggled both with the prospect of losing their mother so soon after their father died and the fact that Stash was the one driving the car that hit her.
As Jeff and Danny waited for news from the hospital, things with Stash became tense. He tried to stay away from Jeff and even sneaked into Lucille's hospital room to apologize. Although Lucille began to improve, Danny wanted to make Stash pay. He threw a rock through a window at Stash's house and later slashed the tires on his step-father's car. After Jeff had to lie to a police officer to protect Danny, Anita confronted Jeff about Danny's actions and Jeff's own feelings towards Stash.
He caught Danny outside Stash's house again and and convinced him to stop, explaining that they couldn't be consumed by their anger and that Stash already felt terrible. He then confronted Stash and the two came to terms with what had happened. Later, Stash apologized again to Lucille, who was fully conscious and on the mend. A subplot involved Moose trying to talk to Stash about what happened and Evie and Mary Anne deciding to cook dinner for Jeff and Danny.
Moose and Evie took center stage in the sixth episode ("The Rejection," aired October 15th) when Moose's father forbade him from seeing Evie, calling her cheap. Upset, Evie went out with an old boyfriend and after coming home late her father threw her out of the house, calling her a tramp. Evie moved in with Anita and her father and got a job at Hogies so she could afford to move to New York City with her sister (who was also thrown out of the house).
Moose, meanwhile, confronted first his father and then Evie's father. He told his father he was going to see Evie no matter what and he convinced Evie's father to forgive his daughter and let her to move back home.
In the seventh episode ("The Pregnancy," aired October 30th), Jeff's former girlfriend Julie, played by Linda Purl, revealed to Jeff that she was pregnant and didn't know what to do. He confronted the father, who refused to accept responsibility, and tried his best to help her. When word got out, Anita began to worry that Jeff was getting too involved. After Julie told her parents Jeff was the father, her father insisted that Jeff do the right thing and marry Julie.
Jeff refused, even after Julie's father promised to pay for his education and take care of his mother and brother. Her father then insisted that Julie have an abortion and Jeff decided he had no choice but to offer to marry her. Ultimately, Julie went off to a home for pregnant girls, uncertain whether she'd keep the baby or be able to repair her relationship with her parents.
Anita finally met Jerry Michaelis, the man her mother left her father for, in the eighth episode ("The Invivation," aired October 30th). Dabney Coleman guest starred as Jerry. Ruth invited Anita and Jeff to dinner, promising that Jerry would be out of their apartment. But Jerry, tired of the tension in their relationship, showed up unexpectedly. Anita refused to have anything to do with him and bitterly rejected her mother as well.
Jerry went to Jeff to ask for help connecting with Anita. Jeff suggested that Jerry help out with the senior class car rally because they needed an adult to supervise. Ruth called Walter and asked him to dinner, which led Walter and Anita to think perhaps Ruth wanted to get back together with him. Instead, she wanted to talk about Anita. Afterwards, Walter got drunk and confronted Jerry at the car rally, punching him in the face.
Realizing that Anita just won't accept him, Jerry decided to leave town temporarily. But Jeff convinced Anita that rejecting Jerry was only hurting her mother and that while Walter was mad at Jerry, Anita was mad at her mother. With that out in the open, Anita was ready to try to get to know Jerry and accept the fact that her parents were never getting back together. A subplot involved Cody sabotaging the car rally and Stash, Moose and Charlie getting their revenge.
In the ninth and final episode ("The Tryst," aired November 6th), Jeff and Anita decided to take their relationship to the next level. Beforehand, Anita had a talk with her mother and Jeff had a chat with Stash. Anita even did some research at the library. The two were later confronted by the vice principal while kissing in a stairwell. Holding hands was permissible but not kissing. She later gave Anita a stern talking to.
Undeterred, Jeff and Anita lied about going to a movie and instead went to a motel. But they couldn't go through with it. Not knowing exactly where that left their relationship, Anita had another talk about sex with her mother. Jeff talked with his mother as well, having discovered earlier that his parents had had pre-marital sex. They decided they could keep their feelings in check and wait until the time was right. A subplot involved Stash kissing Evie and Moose refusing to listen to Stash's apology.
EpilogueHad Sons and Daughters not been cancelled so quickly, the series likely would have continued to explore the various relationships between the characters. Several of the characters had yet to really be developed, particularly Danny, Mary Anne and Charlie. In an August 1974 article, Gary Frank referred to 24 story outlines, suggesting basic plots for the entire season had been developed [46].
Jeff and Anita and their friends would no doubt have graduated from Southwest High at the end of the season. If it had then been renewed for a second season, the series would have followed their lives after high school. There was talk in one episode of Jeff planning to attend college and Anita not knowing what she wanted to do after graduation. Jeff probably would have gone to college nearby so he could stay close to his family.
Following its cancellation, Universal Television edited the final four episodes of Sons and Daughters into a pair of telefilms: Love Is Not Forever featured "The Rejection" and "The Tryst" while Teenage Lovers consisted of "The Pregnancy" and "The Invitation." Along with the pilot telefilm Senior Year, the three made-for-TV movies were syndicated to local stations and cable.
Exterior scenes of fictional Southwest High were filmed at John Burroughs Junior High School in Los Angeles. Other exteriors were filmed at Universal Studios. Interior sets were constructed at the General Service Studios sound stages in Hollywood [47].
A novelization of Senior Year, written by William Johnston, was published by Ballantine Books under the title Sons and Daughters.
Works Cited:
2 Although many sources indicate Senior Year and Sons and Daughters were set in Stockton, California, no mention was made of the setting in either the pilot telefilm nor the series. In fact, the series appears to have gone out of its way to avoid identifying where it took place.
3 Shain, Percy. "Pilot season at flood tide but choices at low ebb." Boston Globe. 25 Mar. 1974: 39.
4 Stein, Benhamin. "When Growing Up Was Not Absurd." Wall Street Journal. 26 Mar. 1974: 17.
5 Shain, Percy. "NBC kills 14 shows, CBS cancels 7." Boston Globe. 20 Apr. 1974: 19.
6 Brown, Les. "TV Programming for Fall Cuts Down on Violence." New York Times. 20 Apr. 1974: 65.
7 Brown, Les. "Fall TV Schedule: Old Formulas, New Time Slots." New York Times. 27 Apr. 1974: 63.
8 "Housecleaning in prime time as networks issue line-ups." Broadcasting. 29 Apr. 1974: 16.
9 Shain, Percy. "Acting tyros series stars." Boston Globe. 3 Nov. 1974: A5.
10 Benbow, Charles. "Television's time machine at work again in two series." St. Petersburg Times. 22 Aug. 1974: 3-D.
11 Shain, Percy. "Court ruling leaves TV schedules in shambles." Boston Globe. 9 Jul. 1974: 43.
12 Benbow, Charles. "Television's time machine at work again in two series."
13 Shull, Richard. "This Nostalgia Show Will Change as It Goes Along." Lakeland Ledger [Lakeland, FL]. Television sec. 15 Sep. 1974: 22.
14 [Press Release]. "Young Love Scorned in Nostalgic Drama of Growing Up in the '50s on Premiere of New-Type Series, 'Sons and Daughters,' on Sept. 11." CBS Television Network Press Information. 19 Aug. 1974.
15 Shull, Richard. "This Nostalgia Show Will Change as It Goes Along."
16 Shain, Percy. "Acting tyros series stars."
17 Ibid.
18 Buck, Jerry. "'Sons and Daughters' is Flip Side of 'Happy Days'." Lewiston Daily Sun [Lewiston, ME]. Associated Press. 21 Sep. 1974: 23.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 Shain, Percy. "Acting tyros series stars."
23 Benbow, Charles. "Television's time machine at work again in two series."
24 Buck, Jerry. "'Sons and Daughters' is Flip Side of 'Happy Days'."
25 "Agencies lay heavy odds on CBS's fall line-up, but see tight race for second place." Broadcasting. 27 May 1974: 18-19.
26 Swertlow, Frank S. "Two nostalgia entries — one good, one weak." Tonawanda News [Tonawanda, NY]. United Press International. 10 Sep. 1971: 25.
27 Dersser, Norman. "Preview of 3 New Wednesday Shows." Toledo Blade. 11 Sep. 1974: P-6.
28 Ibid.
29 Shain, Percy. "What's new on the screen? life in the 1870s and 1950s." Boston Globe. 11 Sep. 1974: 41.
30 O'Connor, John J. "TV: 1870, 1950 or 1974? New Shows Up on the Times." New York Times. 11 Sep. 1974: 90.
31 "Prime-time viewing: the critics' choices." Broadcasting. 16 Sep. 1974: 18.
32 Ibid.
33 "No recession at networks: sold out in new season at high rates." Broadcasting. 16 Sep. 1974: 17.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 "Rhoda Debut Tops National Nielsens." Los Angeles Times. 19 Sep. 1974: H22.
37 Sharbutt, Jay. "'Rhoda tops week's new shows." Herald Statesman [Yonkers, NY]. Associated Press. 19 Sep. 1974: 26.
38 Shain, Percy. "Hope show a bit tired; ratings show ABC slide." Boston Globe. 26 Sep. 1974: 67.
39 "Trouble enough to go around as networks assess results of first two rating weeks." Broadcasting. 30 Sep. 1974: 19; 20.
40 Ibid., 18.
41 "Nine newcomers, two holdovers head for plank at networks." Broadcasting. 7 Oct. 1974: 16.
42 "Shain, Percy. "Sandy Dunca's performance adds luster to Crosby special." Boston Globe. 9 Oct. 1974: 35.
43 Brown, Les. "Variety Shows to Make Winter Comeback on TV." New York Times. 12 Oct. 1974: 64.
44 Shain, Percy. "CBS cancels Sons, Daughters." Boston Globe. 17 Oct. 1974: 52.
45 Witbeck, Charles. "Jan Shutan Gave It Whirl But…" Leader-Herald [Gloversville-Johnstown, NY]. King Features Syndicate. 30 Oct. 1974: 9.
46 Benbow, Charles. "Television's time machine at work again in two series."
47 "'Sons, Daughters' Returns to the 1950s." Florence Times-Tri Cities Daily. 6 Sep. 1974: 24.
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Originally Published October 24th, 2004
Last Updated April 25th, 2018


text:
10 units
2000 level
Course handbook
Considers the way audiences are researched and positioned by media organisations and texts. Students study competing theories regarding the different ways audiences relate to media products and texts to meet individual needs, and the needs of producers and the media industries. Students will also explore specific instances of text/reader relationships as they apply to film, radio, popular music, print media and television and the Internet.
Availability2019 Course Timetables
PSB Singapore
- Trimester 2 - 2019 (Singapore)
- Semester 1 - 2019
Learning outcomes
On successful completion of the course students will be able to:
1. Explain the role of the audience in the communication process.
2. Outline differing theoretical approaches to the study of audiences and explain certain types of analytic frameworks available for the critical investigation of audiences and audience/text relationships.
3. Explain the differences between quantitative and qualitative audience measurements.
4. Describe various relationships that can occur between text/s and audiences.
- Audience Studies outlines differing theoretical approaches to the concept of what audience means in a range of social, cultural and mediated contexts.
- Analytic frameworks in which the notion of audience has been traditionally considered including quantitative and qualitative research methodologies.
- Current trends in audience research using contemporary media products and environments.
- Relationships between theoretical assumptions, production processes and cultural texts.
Specific topics include: mass and niche audiences, measuring audiences, media effects, soap operas, romance and audience, special interest audiences, audiences for the internet and multimedia.
Assumed knowledge
CMNS1234 or an equivalent understanding of media theory and production.
Assessment items
Journal: Learning journal
Presentation: Presentation: Discussion leadership
Written Assignment: Tutorial paper
Participation: Participation
Contact hours
Callaghan and PSB Singapore
Face to Face On Campus 1 hour(s) per Week for Full Term
Face to Face On Campus 2 hour(s) per Week for 12 Weeks

subset: commoncrawl


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2007 Alumni Association Award Recipients
Eleanor Kuester Nicholson '52, Evanston, Illinois, had an outstanding 38-year career in education. Since 1969 Nicholson has been a teacher or administrator at various times with the University of Chicago's Laboratory Schools, the Latin School of Chicago, Ancona School, Forest Ridge Academy, and the Erikson Institute, where she continues to work as a senior instructor. In 1989 Nicholson founded High Jump, an enrichment program for disadvantaged but promising students in Chicago; she remains a board member of this successful project. During the 2004–05 academic year, Nicholson was interim principal of Kodaikanal International School in Tamil Nadu, India. Nicholson earned a master's degree in educational administration at the University of Chicago in 1981 and a PhD in historical foundations of education at Loyola University in 1995. She has been a board member of several professional educational organizations and received the Anne Tyskling Award for Distinguished Service in 1989. With her late husband, Tom, Nicholson raised four children.
Betty Bonham Lies '57, Princeton, New Jersey, is a nationally recognized arts educator who remains active as a poet and artist-in-residence. The New Jersey State Council on the Arts designated Lies a Distinguished Teaching Artist in 2000, and she received the New Jersey Governor's Award in Arts Education in both 2000 and 2003. Her poetry is published in many journals, including Kalliope, Green Mountains Review, and US 1 Worksheets. Her book, The Poet's Pen: Writing Poetry with Middle and High School Students, was published in 1993. Lies earned a master's degree in English literature at the University of Wisconsin in 1958. She taught at the Stuart Country Day School in Princeton from 1971 to 1996 and was a finalist for the New Jersey Distinguished Teacher Award from Princeton University in 1983. Lies is a member of the US 1 Poets' Collaborative and Cool Women Poets, among other organizations. With her late husband, Thomas, Lies has two children.
Michael Frame '62, of Northfield and Kathmandu, Nepal, is a lifelong promoter of sustainable agriculture and economic development in Nepal. Frame established Mike's Breakfast restaurant in Kathmandu in 1988 and reopened the Fewa Hotel with Mike's Restaurant in Pokhara, Nepal, in 1997. His book, Mike's Breakfast: Cooking in Nepal and Then Some, was published in 2002. Frame volunteered with the Peace Corps from 1962 to 1966 as an agriculture teacher and extension worker and later worked in rural development for the U.S. Agency for International Development in Nepal. After a stint in the 1970s as a farmer and president of Bubbling Springs Farm in Menomonie, Wisconsin, Frame returned to the Peace Corps—and Nepal—in 1980 as an associate director of rural development. His Nepalese restaurants and hotel are credited with raising tourism industry standards in Nepal. Frame shares his Carleton ties with his late mother, Minnie Errington Frame '26, and his sister, Mary Ellen Frame '57.
Gary Vikan '67, Baltimore, is director of the Walters Art Museum. Vikan joined the museum in 1985 as assistant director for curatorial affairs, then was curator of medieval art before being appointed director in 1994. Under Vikan's leadership, the museum has expanded its attendance by more than 100,000 visitors annually, raised more than $100 million, undergone a $24 million facility renovation that was completed in 2001, and in 2006 initiated free admission to the museum. Vikan earned a PhD in art history at Princeton University and completed the Executive Program for Growing Companies at Stanford University in 1995. Earlier in his career, Vikan was a Kress Fellow at the National Gallery of Art and a senior associate for Byzantine art studies at the Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies at Harvard University. He has written three books and has numerous awards and honors to his credit, including the French Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, which he received in 1999. He and his wife, Elana, have two daughters, one of whom, Nicole Vikan '98, is a Carleton graduate.
Bruce Zuraw '72, Del Mar, California, is an international leader in the field of inflammatory disorders. A doctor and scientist at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), since 2004, Zuraw was associated with the Scripps Research Institute from 1986 to 2004. His groundbreaking research in hereditary angioedema has led to new therapeutic approaches to treatment of the disorder, and his studies of the molecular mechanisms that regulate airway inflammation are important to asthma sufferers. Zuraw has been funded continuously by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) since 1986 and is a permanent member of the NIH Lung Cellular Molecular Immunopathology study section. Dozens of young scientists have benefited from his mentorship, and he is the training program director at both Scripps and UCSD. Zuraw, who earned an MD at Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, has published extensively in his field and has many awards and honors to his credit. He and his wife, Sandra Christiansen, have two daughters, one of whom, Jessica Zuraw '02, is a Carleton graduate.
Brian Bent '82 was a Columbia University professor of chemical engineering at the time of his premature death at age 35 in 1996. A specialist in surface chemistry, Bent pioneered methods for mimicking catalytic reactions on single crystal surfaces under conditions where a wealth of vacuum-based spectroscopies can be applied. His research had a major impact on the field of metal-catalyzed organic synthesis, and his findings helped resolve the long-standing debate over the role of radicals in classic synthetic reactions. His work garnered many awards and honors, including the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award in 1993 and the Union Carbide Innovation Recognition Award in 1995. Bent earned a PhD in physical chemistry at the University of California at Berkeley in 1986 and was a postdoctoral fellow at AT&T Bell Laboratories before joining the Columbia University faculty in 1988. He was admired both
personally and professionally by colleagues and students alike, and was also an accomplished musician, athlete, and naturalist. He is survived by his wife, Stacey, and their two children, Rachel and Andrew.
Bob Daily '82, Los Angeles, is one of the most respected writers in the entertainment industry. In 2004 Daily won an unprecedented second consecutive Writers Guild of America Award in the category of Outstanding Script–Television Comedy, both times for his work on Frasier as writer and co-executive producer. As writer and co-executive producer for Desperate Housewives since 2006, Daily was nominated for a 2007 Golden Globe Award. He's been nominated for two Emmy awards and a Humanitas Award for past endeavors. Daily has published six books for children, including the biography Elvis Presley, which was named one of the best books for young readers in 1996 by the New York Public Library. Daily earned a master's degree in English from the University of Chicago and began his career as a journalist, writing for Spy and Men's Journal, among other publications. He was a committee co-chair for the Class of 1982's 25th reunion, and he often mentors Carleton students and alumni who are pursuing careers in the entertainment business. He and his wife, Janet, have two children.
Kathy Hudson '82, Washington, D.C., is the founder and director of the Genetics and Public Policy Center at Johns Hopkins University. Founded in 2002 with a grant from the Pew Charitable Trusts, the center addresses legal, ethical, and policy issues related to human reproductive genetic technologies, genetic testing quality and oversight, and public engagement in genetic research. In addition to her work at the center, Hudson is an associate professor in the Berman Bioethics Institute, the Institute of Genetic Medicine, and the Department of Pediatrics at Johns Hopkins University. Hudson was assistant director of the National Human Genome Research Institute from 1995 to 2002 and previously was a senior policy analyst in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and a science fellow with the U.S. Congress. She earned a master's degree in micro-biology at the University of Chicago and a PhD in molecular biology at the University of California at Berkeley. Hudson serves on numerous boards and committees in her field and has published several articles, book chapters, and reports. She and her husband, Joe Palca, have two sons.
Kristi Kirschner '82, Chicago, is a national leader and pioneer in the field of disability ethics. Kirschner holds multiple titles: medical director and co-founder of the Women with Disabilities Center; director of the Donnelley Family Disability Ethics Program and Coleman Foundation Chair, both at the University of Chicago; and associate professor of physical medicine and rehabilitation and of medical ethics and bioethics at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. In 1992 and 1996 Kirschner was named one of the outstanding physicians in Chicago by Chicago Magazine, and she is consistently listed in Consumers' Research Council of America Guide to America's Top Physicians. Kirschner has published several book chapters and journal articles, and is a frequent lecturer at medical conferences and symposia. She earned an MD degree at Pritzker School of Medicine at the University of Chicago and is a diplomate of the National Board of Medical Examiners and the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Kirschner and her husband, Raymond Curry, have two sons; her brothers are Mike Kirschner '81 and David Kirschner '84.
Laura Silber '82, New York City, is one of the foremost experts on the Balkans and a widely respected journalist, author, and policy expert. Since 2000, Silber has used her experience and insight to help shape the policies and programs of George Soros's Open Society Institute (OSI). As OSI's director of public affairs, Silber oversees the communications department and plays a leading role in advocacy for human rights and the rule of law, both nationally and worldwide. In addition, Silber teaches at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs, from which she earned a master's degree in 1987. Silber is a co-author of the critically acclaimed Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation, and has been a consultant to award-winning documentary series, including The Fall of Milosevic. From 1990 to 1999 Silber reported for the Financial Times, first from the Balkans and later as United Nations correspondent; she was a Fulbright Scholar at Belgrade University from 1987 to 1989. Silber is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and was a U.S. State Department consultant from 1999 to 2002. She and her husband, Dusan Knezevic, have three daughters.
Dara Moskowitz Grumdahl '92, Minneapolis, is one of the most awarded food writers of her generation. After graduating cum laude as an art history major, Grumdahl worked as a caterer and cocktail waitress, which, along with her experience as a teenage dishwasher, pastry chef, and sous chef, all played a part in her being named in 1997 to the role of permanent restaurant reviewer for City Pages, a weekly newspaper serving Minneapolis and St. Paul. Grumdahl's freelance food and travel writing has appeared in USA Today, Gourmet, Bon Appetit, Wine & Spirits, Midwest Living, and Condé Nast Traveler. Her fiction writing has earned her two Minnesota Arts Board grants, a Tamarack award, and a fellowship from the Loft McKnight Foundation. Grumdahl is a seven-time nominee for the James Beard Awards and has won four—two for wine writing and one each in the categories of restaurant criticism and restaurant columns. She and her husband, Nathan Grumdahl, have one son, Asa.
Thomas Colwell '52, Wayzata, Minnesota, was a Carleton trustee from 1991 to 2005. During most of that time he was a member of the board's executive committee, and he co-chaired the development and external relations committees. He was named a trustee emeritus in 2006. At various times, Colwell was an Alumni Annual Fund TOPS solicitor, assistant class agent, class agent, and leadership solicitor. He also served on Carleton's capital campaign steering committee in the early 1990s and was a member of the Class of 1952's 50th reunion gift committee. With his wife, Phyllis Daughterty Colwell '52, he is a Heywood Society member and recipient of the Donald J. Cowling Cup (2002) and the William Carleton Medal (2001). Colwell is chair of the board of Colwell Industries, a multinational commercial printing business, and has given generously of his time and resources to other arts and educational organizations. The Colwells have two children and numerous familial Carleton connections.
Arthur Schulze Jr. '52, Edina, Minnesota, was a Carleton trustee from 1976 to 2003, when he was named a trustee emeritus. He was vice chair of the board from 1993 to 2003 and served on investment, audit, and development committees. Schulze received the Donald J. Cowling Cup in 2002. Additionally, Schulze chaired the College's annual fund in the mid-1970s and filled leadership roles on capital campaign steering committees. He served on his 50th reunion gift committee and applied his professional marketing skills to a presidential task force on communications and marketing in 1991. Schulze and his wife, Joan, received the William Carleton Medal in 2000; the Schulzes are also members of the Heywood Society. Schulze earned an MBA degree with high distinction from Harvard University in 1958; he retired from General Mills in 1993 as vice chair of the board after a 30-year career with the company. The Schulzes have four children.
Ann Iijima '72, of Northfield and St. Paul, has lent her boundless energy and enthusiasm to many Carleton alumni endeavors over more than 30 years. Iijima was a longtime career network volunteer, Career Center panelist, and active alumni admissions representative before serving on the Carleton Alumni Council (1999–2002), when she also was the council's liaison to the College Council. From 2001 to 2002 Iijima was on the Multicultural Alumni Network's executive committee; she then served as an Alumni Annual Fund (AAF) class agent (2002–05) and as a member of the Campaign Priorities Committee (2003). She was the AAF board's '70s decade director (2005–07) and helped lead her decade to top the '60s classes in giving, for the first time, in 2006. Iijima also has led several successful class phonathons and assisted with Class of '72 reunion planning. She is the vice dean for academic affairs at William Mitchell College of Law in St. Paul, has one son, and is married to Myles Bakke, who retired this year as manager of Cowling Arboretum and McKnight Prairie.


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Waipapa River Track
This track will take you on a two day tramp through kauri and other native bush of the Puketi forest.
Time: 2 days Length: 20 km The track is best walked in summer. Grade: Requires a high degree of skill and experience and route-finding ability
This is one of the better sites to help you plan - http://www.puketi.org.nz/hike.html
You can access Waipapa River Track from the Puketi Recreation or Forest Pools Picnic Areas, as well as from the link tracks leading from the Pirau and Mokau Ridges.


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Beverage Equipment
- Water Boiler 30L £23.00/item Size: 30 Litre/180 cups
- Coffee Percolator £34.00/item Size: 16 Litres/100 Cup
- Dustbin £4.00/item
- Water Jug - 2 Pint Waisted £1.70/item
- Water Jug - 2 Pint £0.75/item
- Water Jug - 3 Pint £1.80/item
- Punch Bowl & Ladle £12.00/item
- Non Slip Drinks Tray £3.25/item Size: 14"
- 27" Black Oval Non-Slip Serving Tray £4.75/item Size: 27"
- Drinks Tray - 12" Stainless Steel £1.50/item
- Drinks Tray - 18" Stainless Steel £2.00/item
- Sugar Tongs £0.40/item
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We've got all aspects of a successful and efficient beverage service covered at Plato Hire.
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Guy Narbonne
"When life got big"
For the past 20 years, Queen's paleontologist Guy Narbonne has been pushing the boundaries of what we know about the origin of complex life on earth. A world-renowned specialist on the origin of animals, he uses field work and a combination of sophisticated biological and geological techniques to interpret the remains of the oldest animals and their ancestors.
We know now that life first appeared on Earth about 3.5 billion years ago and remained simple and unicellular for the first three billion years of that evolution. Dr. Narbonne's research is focused, as he says, on "when life got big" – the sudden appearance in the geological record of large, complex life forms among animals, plants and several failed experiments in life during the newly named Ediacaran Period, between 645 and 540 million years ago. To put that in context, that's nearly eight times older than Tyrannosaurus rex and tens of millions of years older than the trilobites and other Cambrian fossils that paleontologists once regarded as the oldest fossil evidence of complex life.
In contrast with normal fossils – like the bones of dinosaurs and the shells of Cambrian sea life – all early complex life forms were completely soft-bodied and preserved under sand and silt as fossil impressions on the ancient sea floor. Finding them requires specialized search techniques that differ from those used in more traditional paleontology. This is why the apparent lack of complex ancestors of Cambrian life perplexed the great Charles Darwin – who admitted as much in The Origin of Species – and why their presence remained largely unknown until the mid-20th century. Narbonne's discoveries have been critical in providing images of these earliest complex life forms and a plausible explanation for their sudden – geologically speaking – appearance. Together, they have helped to resolve "Darwin's Dilemma."
The evidence for this explanation has been gathered from sites around the world. In northwest Canada, Guy Narbonne, Hans Hofmann from Université de Montréal and Jim Aitken of Geological Survey of Canada discovered dime-to-loonie-sized disk-shaped fossil impressions 645 million years old that are among the oldest convincing candidates for early multicellular life. On Newfoundland's Avalon Peninsula, Narbonne and Jim Gehling of the South Australia Museum discovered two-metre-long fossilized fronds which, at 580 million years old, represent the oldest evidence of complex multicellular life known anywhere in the world. Studies of the rich fossil outcrops there employed biological techniques never before applied to the fossil record to shed light on the ecology of fossil communities more than half a billion years old. The studies also allow the fossils to be compared to living communities today.
Narbonne's description of the bizarre fractal architecture that characterized these early Ediacaran life forms – published in a cover story in Science magazine in 2004 – was heralded as one of the top 100 science discoveries that year. Later, working in southern Africa with colleagues from M.I.T., Narbonne discovered that these soft-bodied experiments in early complexity continued until the "Cambrian Explosion" – the nickname given to the remarkably swift evolution of skeletal animals 540 million years ago. That revelation was honored in a Namibian postage stamp issued in 2008.
All of Narbonne's fossil studies have been integrated with state-of-the-art techniques in geology, biology, and chemical oceanography to deduce the evolutionary and environmental conditions that led to the origin of biological complexity. For instance, studies with his Queen's University colleagues Noel James, Bob Dalrymple and Kurt Kyser elucidated key features of the massive ice ages that wracked pre-Cambrian Earth up until the first appearance of complex life. Another Narbonne study, completed in northwest Canada with Andy Knoll and Jay Kaufman of Harvard, was the first to integrate the early evolution of biological complexity with changes in the chemical composition of seawater during the Ediacaran Period. Narbonne's studies in Newfoundland utilized cutting-edge geochemical techniques (developed by Don Canfield of the University of Southern Denmark) to show that the first appearance of large, complex life forms precisely corresponded with a major rise in free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere, and provided a possible reason why "life got big" 580 million years ago.
Narbonne's discoveries have resulted in numerous papers in Science, Nature and other key international scientific journals. His keystone paleontological discoveries and documentation of Mistaken Point in Newfoundland also led to the construction of a million-dollar fossil interpretation centre at the site and to Mistaken Point being listed as a potential UNESCO World Heritage Site. Among his many international duties, Narbonne is a member of the NASA Astrobiology Institute and a theme leader and scientific board member of the UNESCO International Geoscience Program. At Queen's, he's best known for teaching his first-year History of Life course to students from nearly every department across the university.
(e)Affect Issue 2, Fall 2012


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According to a new estimate from the Pentagon, the life-extension program for the B61 nuclear bomb will now cost roughly $10 billion, two-and-a-half times the original cost proposed.
Sen. Diane Feinstein, D-Calif., who chairs the Senate Appropriations energy and water development subcommittee, said she was briefed on the bombs new estimate July 23.
Variants of the B61 bomb have been in the U.S. nuclear weapon inventory since the late 1960s. The latest life-extension program is aimed at updating the bomb to make it safer to keep in the nuclear stockpile for years to come.
The $10 billion cost estimate comes from DoDs Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation (CAPE) office, which is responsible for conducting independent cost studies of weapon programs. Its analysis of the programs cost is $2 billion more than a new estimate from the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), Feinstein said.
Revising its previous estimates, NNSA now says the program will cost $8 billion, which is double the cost of the original $4 billion estimate, Feinstein told reporters after a July 25 subcommittee hearing.
CAPE and NNSA had some disagreements on assumptions, a staffer for Feinstein said.
The escalating cost of the B61 nuclear bomb is just the latest example at NNSA of costs climbing well above what was originally proposed.
For example, cost estimates for a new plutonium laboratory, known as the Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Replacement (CMRR) facility, have grown from $600 million to $6 billion.
These programs seem unable to stay within their original budget confines, with costs going up exponentially, Feinstein said. We have to find a way to stop this from happening and thats what we are now trying to do.
She said she has asked the NNSA to provide regular reports to keep the subcommittee updated on any problems that may be driving costs up. The subcommittee would like NNSA to solve problems more quickly before they are just left and allowed to continue to grow, Feinstein said.
Testifying before the subcommittee, retired Marine Corps Gen. James Cartwright, former vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said, We have to get our arms around how to cost these life-extension programs, because were going to do them for the next 50 years.
While the stated goal of the United States is to reduce its nuclear weapons stockpile to zero, thats unlikely to happen during that timeframe, Cartwright said.
We have to find a way to understand what it costs; what the implications of a large inventory are versus a small inventory; and do a good business case, Cartwright said.
Cartwright, along with Thomas Pickering, the former undersecretary for political affairs at the State Department, appeared before the subcommittee to discuss a recent report, which they conducted along with other U.S. officials, that recommends reducing todays roughly 5,000 nuclear weapons to 900.
This would represent a steep (80 percent) reduction from the current U.S. arsenal, but it would not be a small force, nor a humble force designed for minimal deterrence, Cartwright said in his written testimony.
Such reductions should not be made unilaterally, but through a negotiated agreement with Russia, Cartwright said.
The report from Global Zero, a group committed to eventually eliminating nuclear weapons, also recommends the United States move from a nuclear triad to a dyad, eliminating land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) from the U.S. inventory.
Under todays nuclear triad, the United States can use bomber aircraft, submarines or ICBMs to deliver nuclear weapons. Because ICBMs have to fly over Russia and China no matter what their intended target is, they are unsuitable except for the most unlikely scenario: a large-scale nuclear war with Russia, according to Cartwright.
Under Global Zeros proposal, 720 of the 900 remaining nuclear weapons would be allocated to ballistic-missile submarines. Today, the Navy maintains 12 such submarines, but the Global Zero report recommends reducing that number to 10.
The remaining 180 nuclear weapons would be provided to the Air Forces B-2 bomber fleet.
These reductions would save $100 billion to $120 billion over the first 10 years in cost avoidance, Cartwright said.
Keith Payne, who oversaw nuclear weapons policy at the Pentagon from 2002 to 2003, disagreed with the Global Zero report. The United States needs more flexible options than this reduced strategic force would allow, he said.
Keeping only 900 nuclear weapons in its inventory would leave the United States vulnerable to its opponents, he told lawmakers.
Q: When is wasteful government spending of our tax money not considered wasteful?
A: When the spending goes to the special interest groups that help put "our side" in office.
We have hundreds of born-again advocates of fiscal responsibility in Washington except most of them seem to lose their voices when it comes to the billions of wasteful tax dollars that goes to "defense". I wonder why....
Last edited by intelligentjetsfan; 07-28-2012 at 01:33 PM.


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• Tile Surfaces are stone products which will not crack unless an external force or interaction causes the crack such as impacts, uneven cabinets or flooring, structural settling or movements, thermal shock from the use of crock pots, skillets or other hot items placed directly on the Tile Surfaces, improper installation or other conditions in the home that may cause the Tile Surfaces to shift. Therefore, cracks are not covered by this warranty. Caution: Do not use crock pots, skillets or other hot items directly on your Tile Surfaces. Always place them on a trivet or cutting board to protect your Tile from thermal shock.
• This warranty does not cover any additional or supplemental repairs or modifications such as, any plumbing, electrical, tile or wall surface modifications that may be necessary to repair or replace the Tile Surfaces covered under this limited warranty; such other repairs and modifications shall be the responsibility of the customer.
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• Tile Surfaces are intended to have a natural and non-uniform appearance, thus this limited warranty does not cover any variances in colour, shade, particle structure or gloss level.
• This warranty does not cover products that you, the customer, decide you do not like after installation due to colour, edging styles or other opinions based on personal preference.
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Uploaded on July 24, 2009
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Popular 95 air max of Good Quality and at Affordable Prices You can Buy on AliExpress.
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Memorial Day – a time to remember
War is bad. No to ways about it. People die. That's why we have Memorial Day in the USA. But we know that it happens. We honor our dead. Most nations know this, and many have ways of remembering. And so we should. It's the ultimate sacrifice. They died so we could live. It was Winston Churchill who said, after the British had survived the onslaught of the Luftwaffe in 1940:
"The gratitude of every home in our Island, in our Empire, and indeed throughout the world, except in the abodes of the guilty, goes out to the British airmen who, undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge and mortal danger, are turning the tide of the World War by their prowess and by their devotion. Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few."
These days our thoughts turn not only to those we have lost, but also to the thousands of US military and others around the world who are lucky enough to survive, but come home with terrible injuries. I remember my father was very proud that he had served his country (Great Britain) well, starting the war at 19 years old as a munitions private during the Africa campaign (he was at El Alamein, as I mention in my blog earlier this year: 2011 – Not the End, Not the Beginning of the End, but the End of the Beginning…. ). He ended up accelerating his military career to become a bomb disposal officer NCO in the RAOC.
Despite his risks (I now understand the risks our troops take now with roadside bombs, or IEDs), he escaped with nothing more than a big dent where a piece of shrapnel had lodged in his leg and some memories of lost comrades during WW2 (only 22 returned from over 50 in his group).
Without waxing lyrical about how important manufacturing is to a nation's defense, and how a nation really depends on its manufacturing capability, or that of its friends (like Britain depending on the US during the Second World War) let me rest that argument there and make a more important point today…
The point of this blog is to remind us about all the folks lost in conflicts, which is what Memorial Day is all about. But let's not forget the thousands still with us who bear scars, both visible and hidden in their minds. I know we have Veterans Day later in the year, so let's honor our dead, but also do doing something positive for those who have survived. Spend some moments thinking about both.
Thanks for you thoughts and your prayers, in whatever form they take.
In an effort to keep conversations fresh, Cisco Blogs closes comments after 60 days. Please visit the Cisco Blogs hub page for the latest content.


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Trouble Swallowing after Treatment
Content Contributor: OncoLink
Last Reviewed: June 8, 2012
I have an appointment with a speech and swallowing person next week in the hopes of getting help with my trouble swallowing since treatment for pharynx cancer. Can you give me some idea of what they can do for me or what to expect?
Patricia Dooley, Associate Director of the Division of Speech Language Pathology at Penn Medicine, responds:
A speech pathologist will review your history, talk to you about your symptoms and conduct a swallowing evaluation. Based on the results of the swallowing evaluation, diet recommendations may be given; swallowing techniques and swallowing exercises may be provided.
This question and answer was part of the OncoLink Brown Bag Chat Series. View the entire Head and Neck Cancer Q&A Webchat transcript.


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USA Cycling Race Mechanics Code of Conduct
Mechanics shall conduct themselves in a professional manner.
Mechanics are to:
- Place the physical welfare of participants and spectators above all else;
- Uphold the highest standards of honesty, fairness and integrity;
- Model appropriate conduct for cyclists both within and beyond the sport setting;
- Respect confidentiality among coaches, teams, riders and journalists;
- Remain neutral and fair and avoid favoritism to all members of the team; (Special attention to athletes as instructed by the coach/manager for the benefit of the team is not favoritism.)
- Return items borrowed;
- Provide a clear, written account of items missing or consumed;
- Report thefts to the proper authorities;
- Acquire and apply the most current and effective mechanical techniques;
- Share helpful information with other mechanics; and,
- Promote the goals of the sponsoring organizations — e.g. USA Cycling, USA Triathlon, NCL, NBL and ABA — and other organizations that make events and participation possible.
This Article Updated December 2, 2013 @ 11:17 PM For more information contact:


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You Lek Cheras
I was kind of looking thought my old collecting dust and bugs drafts on Blogger trying to feel if I had the mood to blog any of them. That is when I saw this. I wonder if Jason and WMWremembers this food crawl long ago at Jalan You Lek....
Let's see what I can or cannot remember.
This is WMW's favorite chee cheong fun stall. True or False? True. (It is also true that WMW loves her CCF.. any CCF)
All the "liew" for the chee cheong fun.
WMW come here to have the pink pork ball. True or False? True. (But I don't think all pork balls are pink. I still prefer the ones processed with the chopper and is brown in color when cooked)
This pau stall is located at the starting of the road... some where in You Lek. True or false? True (Jason, you most probably have to correct me, the road name is You Lek right?)
I bought this siew mai from the pau stall. If my memory serves me correctly, there were bigger that the normal siew mai and tasted quite good.
Jason's red bean pau which tasted too sweet for him, but was ok for me and WMW.
Last but not least, the loh mai fan. Can't remember how this taste like... hmm...
RSS me at : http://feeds.feedburner.com/eatfirstthinklater
Email me at email@example.com or
Drop me a message here =)


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Suigetsu as a user
I may be mistaken, but isn't that water finger gun the same jutsu Suigetsu used to threat Sasuke during his debut? I think it is enough to label him as an user. Shadow Abyss (talk) 17:20, September 21, 2011 (UTC)
- He didn't fire a bullet? Holding his hand like a gun doesn't mean he's a user.--Deva 27 17:22, September 21, 2011 (UTC)
Also, his brother, Mangestu, could be used this jutsu to kill that Alliance Shinobi. I don't think that Suigetsu did that thing with his hand coincidentally... He's a Hozuki, after all.Guilherme Abe 17:20, September 21, 2011File:Mangetsu_Hōzuki.png
- He's holding his finger to a someone's neck. That doesn't mean he can use the jutsu either. Until they are seen firing a bullet they shouldn't be added.--Deva 27 17:33, September 21, 2011 (UTC)
- We cannot list characters as users of techniques unless they are actually seen using them. --Cmcwiki (talk) 22:55, September 21, 2011 (UTC)
i think i agree because : he is hozuki clan's memeber and his finger sign much like mizukage perform water gun. --Jumpjet (talk) 12:20, September 26, 2011 (UTC)
- Yes but he's never actually performed the technique. Mangetsu's doing the same thing.--Cerez365™ 12:33, September 26, 2011 (UTC)
yeah, I DO agree to you. --Jumpjet (talk) 12:48, September 26, 2011 (UTC) --Jumpjet (talk) 12:48, September 26, 2011 (UTC)
Isn't it obvious that Suigetsu and Mangetsu are able to use this ? --Elveonora (talk) 14:33, November 13, 2011 (UTC)
- It's only obvious that they know how to hold their fingers like guns. They haven't exactly been seen using the technique.--Cerez365™ 14:34, November 13, 2011 (UTC)
- Nor did anyone mentioned them as users. Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 16:57, November 13, 2011 (UTC)
You are right, but I don't think they hold that finger for fun. 2nd Mizukage mentioned Hōzuki style Water Gun Technique, isn't this a hint from Kishimoto that pointing fingers in case of both Suigetsu and Mangetsu isn't just pointing direction or flip birds ? In case of Suigetsu he threatened to kill Sasuke and unless he was about to use this I see no other way how could Suigetsu harm Sasuke with his finger. In case of Mangetsu it's even more obvious as he is using this while killing a ninja with his finger. It's not like Kishimoto has time and draw space to show/tell us every single detail and thats why I think we should use our brains as well. We have listed 2nd Hokage as an user of Edo Tensei but with what we know he could never ever used it because Orochimaru completed the technique, so he created the concept and name of the technique but we are not sure if he ever used it. --Elveonora (talk) 06:20, November 14, 2011 (UTC)
- Actually, we know for certain Tobirama could use Edo Tensei because Kabuto said that he could. We don't know if Suigetsu or Mangetsu can use the Water Gun Technique, however. After all, Naruto can form the tiger hand seal, but that doesn't mean he can use fire release ninjutsu. The gun gesture with one's hand is a common practice. It's one of the most threatening hand gestures you can make with a single hand. So of course Suigetsu mock-threatened Sasuke with it.
- Oh, and we shouldn't use Kishimoto's amount of time to work on the chapters as an excuse for him not to show detail. He shows enough detail for me to doubt the validity of that argument. Ryne 91 (talk) 06:41, November 14, 2011 (UTC)
- They could have also be fixin' to use another technique that employs that gesture.--12:39, November 14, 2011 (UTC)
You guys are right, thats just me adding some significance to their gesture ... I'm sorry. --Elveonora (talk) 12:43, November 14, 2011 (UTC)
It's obvious that they can use it, two members of the clan using the finger-gun position and then a confirmed member using the actual technique and saying it belongs to that specific clan... but they have to actually be seen using it for the Wiki to say so I suppose. :( Fan22.214.171.124 (talk) 19:26, November 24, 2011 (UTC)
Hydrification Technique
Why is it the parent technique, since the second Mizukage didn't seem to use it when he fired the bullet. TricksterKing (talk) 12:03, May 27, 2012 (UTC)
- You can clearly see that his finger has turned to water when he fires the droplet--Kind-Hearted-One (talk) 12:06, May 27, 2012 (UTC)
- Not really, it looks more like he just shot a bullet from the end of his finger, his finger doesn't change in appearance in any way. TricksterKing (talk) 12:25, May 27, 2012 (UTC)
- The tip of his finger turns to water (or at least has water collect there) and he then shoots it. Plus, he mentioned that the technique is from the Hozuki clan which is known for the hydrification technique, so we would naturally assume. Joshbl56 12:33, May 27, 2012 (UTC)
- EDIT: To try to back up my point, on this page it looks like (to me) that he fired the tip of his finger, or at least gathered water there to fire off. Joshbl56 12:37, May 27, 2012 (UTC)
- Not really, it looks more like he just shot a bullet from the end of his finger, his finger doesn't change in appearance in any way. TricksterKing (talk) 12:25, May 27, 2012 (UTC)
Outside of using the Hydrification technique, I don't think people aren't able to produce water in any other manner on their bodies than through their mouths.--Cerez365™(talk) 13:02, May 27, 2012 (UTC)
- Tobirama is noted as being able to gather water out of thin air, also given that almost every other element appears to have techniques that produce that element from anywhere on their bodies, the second mizukage could've easily gathered water without the Hydrification technique. TricksterKing (talk) 13:17, May 27, 2012 (UTC)
- They are in a desert, so I doubt it would have been that easy to gather water from the air. Plus, look at his finger on the page I mentioned, it's shaped perfectly like the tip of his finger and the water on his finger looks like it's from his finger, not water around it. Joshbl56 13:23, May 27, 2012 (UTC)
I meant from on their bodies, not the atmosphere. It also does look like Captain Awesome fired his fingertip at Ōnoki.--Cerez365™(talk) 13:26, May 27, 2012 (UTC)
Well the bullet would look pretty similar if he had formed it from water flowing around his finger. it does seem speculatory to state the parent technique as the Hydrification technique given that there's no absolute proof either way. TricksterKing (talk) 13:34, May 27, 2012 (UTC)
- Noted as specifically being the Hozuki clan's technique, fired from his finger, a place we have never seen a water release used before, and being solid enough to pierce Onoki/Sand clone. I would like to think these would be enough to say it's parent jutsu is the Hydrification Technique. Joshbl56 13:39, May 27, 2012 (UTC)
- I'm still not convinced but I'll quit debating it. TricksterKing (talk) 13:49, May 27, 2012 (UTC)
Ultimate ninja storm 3
Why are this technique and its user's debut listed in this game?--Axel Carrozzo (talk) 21:04, December 16, 2012 (UTC)
- Take a wild guess. Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 16:10, October 18, 2012 (UTC)
Does it appear in the latest game?
My question is that. If so. Could you send me a link to its respective scan?--Axel Carrozzo (talk) 21:07, December 16, 2012 (UTC)
so, despite kishimoto-san stating that firearms are nonexistent in this world, one of the characters still used the word "gun" in this technique implying their familiar with the concept of a gun despite the fact that firearms and the like don't exist? --Caseather (talk) 03:47, April 4, 2013 (UTC)
And your point is?--Yomiko-chan (talk) 04:08, April 4, 2013 (UTC)
That guns exist in Naruto?--Elveonora (talk) 13:39, April 4, 2013 (UTC)
- That's idiotic though. Kishimoto meant actual firearms, not finger guns which children have been making since forever, or mention of the word gun or even pistol.--Cerez365™(talk) 13:45, April 4, 2013 (UTC)
I'm confuse, Kanji 水鉄砲 ; MizuTEPPOU or MizuDEPPOU? Because Kanji 鉄砲 ;TEPPOU . TQ all.18.104.22.168 (talk) 15:21, April 10, 2013 (UTC)
- Just 鉄砲 would be teppō, but adding 水 changes the sound of 鉄. Happens with several combinations of kanji. Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 22:21, April 10, 2013 (UTC)
2丁 or Nichō
Should that be mentioned under "also know as"? Idontcareaboutmyname (talk) 16:38, February 9, 2014 (UTC)
- It's not another name, it's a form. So presumably there's a 1 gun just like how there's a 2 guns.--Cerez365™(talk) 18:06, February 9, 2014 (UTC)
- I am not sure but didn't Suigetsu called the 2 guns version diferently? Dan.Faulkner (talk) 19:47, February 9, 2014 (UTC)
- No, he simply says "Two Guns" Seelentau 愛議 20:00, February 9, 2014 (UTC)
- I am not sure but didn't Suigetsu called the 2 guns version diferently? Dan.Faulkner (talk) 19:47, February 9, 2014 (UTC)
I thought he said double barrel hmm. Munchvtec (talk) 08:02, February 23, 2014 (UTC)