text:
Cediranib Maleate and Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Advanced Biliary Cancers
|The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details.
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01229111
Recruitment Status : Terminated (Lack of Drug Supply)
First Posted : October 27, 2010
Results First Posted : March 29, 2017
Last Update Posted : March 29, 2017
- Study Details
- Tabular View
- Study Results
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
|Condition or disease
|Adult Primary Cholangiocellular Carcinoma Advanced Adult Primary Liver Cancer Cholangiocarcinoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cholangiocarcinoma of the Gallbladder Localized Unresectable Adult Primary Liver Cancer Periampullary Adenocarcinoma Recurrent Adult Primary Liver Cancer Recurrent Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer Recurrent Gallbladder Cancer Unresectable Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer Unresectable Gallbladder Cancer
|Drug: cediranib maleate Drug: oxaliplatin Drug: leucovorin calcium Drug: fluorouracil
|Phase 2
I. To determine the response rate to AZD2171 (cediranib maleate) and modified folinic acid-fluorouracil-oxaliplatin-6 regimen (FOLFOX 6) in subjects with advanced biliary cancers.
I. To determine overall assessment of toxicity of AZD2171 and modified FOLFOX6. II. To determine the progression-free survival of subjects with advanced biliary cancers treated with AZD2171 and modified FOLFOX6.
III. To determine overall survival of subjects with advanced biliary cancers treated with AZD2171 and modified FOLFOX6.
Patients receive cediranib maleate orally (PO) once daily (QD) on days 1-14 and modified FOLFOX6 comprising oxaliplatin intravenously (IV) over 2 hours, leucovorin calcium IV over 2 hours, and fluorouracil IV over 46 hours on day 1. Courses repeat every 14 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 3 months for 1 year, every 6 months for 2 years, and then annually thereafter.
|Study Type :
|Interventional (Clinical Trial)
|Actual Enrollment :
|14 participants
|Intervention Model:
|Single Group Assignment
|None (Open Label)
|Primary Purpose:
|Official Title:
|A Phase 2 Study of AZD2171 (Cediranib) With Modified FOLFOX6 in Patients With Advanced Biliary Cancers
|Study Start Date :
|October 2010
|Actual Primary Completion Date :
|March 2014
|Actual Study Completion Date :
|March 2014
Experimental: Treatment (cediranib maleate and modified FOLFOX)
Patients receive cediranib maleate PO QD on days 1-14 and modified FOLFOX6 comprising oxaliplatin IV over 2 hours, leucovorin calcium IV over 2 hours, and fluorouracil IV over 46 hours on day 1.
Drug: cediranib maleate
Given PO
Other Names:
Drug: oxaliplatin
Given IV
Other Names:
Drug: leucovorin calcium
Given IV
Other Names:
Drug: fluorouracil
Given IV
Other Names:
- The Response Rate of Patients Evaluated Using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1 [ Time Frame: Up to 3 years ]The number of patients with a Complete Response (CR): Disappearance of all target lesions; Partial Response (PR): At least a 30% decrease in the sum of the diameters of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum diameters; Progressive Disease (PD): At least a 20% increase in the sum of the diameters of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum on study (this includes the baseline sum if that is the smallest on study). In addition to the relative increase of 20%, the sum must also demonstrate an absolute increase of at least 5 mm. (Note: the appearance of one or more new lesions is also considered progressions); Stable Disease (SD): Neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for PD, taking as reference the smallest sum diameters while on study.
- Tabulation of the Toxicity Profile of the Combination Therapy [ Time Frame: Up to 3 years ]Number of patients that experienced >/= grade 3 treatment related toxicities (definite, probable, possible).
- Progression Free Survival [ Time Frame: Up to 3 years ]Time in months that evaluable subjects survived progression free
- Estimation of Overall Survival [ Time Frame: Up to 3 years ]Time of overall response
- Identification of Factors That Predict Survival [ Time Frame: Up to three years ]Factors that predict survival will be identified by Cox model or extended Cox model.
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Patients with histopathological or cytopathological diagnosis of advanced biliary carcinoma (gallbladder cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, ampullary cancer) not amenable to conventional surgical approach are eligible
- Patients must have measurable disease, defined as at least one lesion that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension (longest diameter to be recorded) as > 20 mm with conventional techniques or as > 10 mm with spiral CT scan
- No patients with untreated brain metastases
- Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≤ 2 (Karnofsky ≥ 60%)
- Life expectancy of greater than 12 weeks
- White blood cell (WBC)/leukocytes ≥ 3,000/μL
- Absolute neutrophil count ≥ 1,500/μL
- Platelets ≥ 100,000/μL
- Hemoglobin ≥ 9 g/dL
- Total bilirubin ≤ 3 mg/dL
- Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT])/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) ≤ 2.5 times institutional upper limit of normal
- Creatinine within normal institutional limits OR calculated creatinine clearance ≥ 60 mL/min
No patients with proteinuria not meeting the criteria below; urine sample must be tested by urine protein:creatinine (UPC) ratio or by urinalysis method within 1 week of starting study treatment; depending upon the testing method used, the following criteria must be met:
- UPC ratio must be < 1.0; if UPC ratio is ≥ 1.0, a 24-hour urine specimen must be collected and must demonstrate < 1 g of protein
- Urinalysis must indicate 0-1+ protein; if urinalysis reading is ≥ 2+, a 24-hour urine specimen must be collected and must demonstrate < 1 g of protein
- Not pregnant or nursing
- Negative pregnancy test
Fertile patients must use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) before and during study treatment
- Acceptable contraception includes abstinence, oral contraceptives, intra-uterine device (IUD), diaphragm, Norplant, approved hormone injections, condoms, or documentation of medical sterilization
Patients with evidence of heart disease must be New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class I or II
- NYHA Class II patients controlled with treatment are considered at increased risk for compromised left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and will undergo increased cardiac monitoring
No patients with other active invasive cancers except nonmelanoma skin cancer or carcinoma in-situ of the cervix
- History of prior cancer is allowed as long as there has been no evidence of disease within the past 5 years
- No patients with mean corrected QT interval (QTc) > 480 msec (with Bazett's correction) in screening electrocardiogram or history of familial long QT syndrome
No patients with uncontrolled hypertension defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mm Hg, with or without anti-hypertensive medication or history of hypertensive crisis or hypertensive encephalopathy
- Patients with initial BP elevations are eligible once their BP is controlled to above parameters
No patients with uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to:
- Hypertension (> 140/90 mm Hg)
- Chronic or active infection requiring chronic suppressive antibiotics
- History of or symptomatic congestive heart failure requiring chronic medical therapy
- NYHA class III or IV heart disease
- Unstable angina pectoris within 180 days prior to starting study treatment
- Myocardial infarction within 180 days prior to study treatment
- Gastroduodenal ulcer(s) determined by endoscopy to be active within 180 days prior to study treatment
- Serious or non-healing wound, skin ulcers, or bone fracture
- Any significant bleeding that is not related to the primary tumor within 180 days prior to study treatment
- Known bleeding diathesis or coagulopathy
- Paresthesias, peripheral sensory neuropathy > gr. 1 per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v.4, or peripheral motor neuropathy ≥ gr. 2 per CTCAE v.4
- Psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements
- No patients with history of transient ischemic attack (TIA) or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) within 180 days prior to study treatment, symptomatic peripheral ischemia; history of arterial thrombotic event within 180 days prior to study treatment; gastrointestinal (GI) perforation within 180 days prior to study treatment
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients on combination antiretroviral therapy are ineligible
- Patients who are chemotherapy naive unless chemotherapy was given as adjuvant post-surgical treatment and at least 6 months have elapsed since adjuvant chemotherapy
- No patients who have had major surgical procedures, open biopsies, or significant traumatic injury within 28 days prior to study treatment
- Chemotherapy for prior cancer is permitted
Eligibility of patients receiving any medications or substances known to affect or with the potential to affect the activity or PK of AZD2171 will be determined following review of their case by the Principal Investigator
- Efforts should be made to switch patients with brain metastases who are taking enzyme-inducing anticonvulsant agents to other medications
- Patients may not be receiving any other investigational agents nor have participated in an investigational trial within the past 30 days
- Patients may not be receiving any medication that may markedly affect renal function (e.g., vancomycin, amphotericin, pentamidine)
- Patients may not be receiving therapeutic doses of Coumadin or equivalent
- No patients requiring drugs with proarrhythmic potential
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT01229111
|United States, Ohio
|Seidman Cancer Center at University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center
|Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44106
|Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center
|Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44195
|Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute at Ohio State University Medical Center
|Columbus, Ohio, United States, 43210
|Ireland Cancer Center Landerbrook Health Center
|Mayfield Heights, Ohio, United States, 44124
|Lake University Ireland Cancer Center
|Mentor, Ohio, United States, 44060
|UHHS-Chagrin Highlands Medical Center
|Orange Village, Ohio, United States, 44122
|UH-Seidman Cancer Center at Saint John Medical Center
|Westlake, Ohio, United States, 44145
|Principal Investigator:
|Smitha Krishnamurthi
|Case Comprehensive Cancer Center
|Responsible Party:
|National Cancer Institute (NCI)
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01229111 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
NCI-2011-02535 ( Registry Identifier: CTRP (Clinical Trial Reporting Program) )
CASE 9209 ( Other Identifier: Case Comprehensive Cancer Center )
8323 ( Other Identifier: CTEP )
N01CM00070 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract )
U01CA062502 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract )
|First Posted:
|October 27, 2010 Key Record Dates
|Results First Posted:
|March 29, 2017
|Last Update Posted:
|March 29, 2017
|Last Verified:
|February 2017
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Liver Neoplasms
Gallbladder Neoplasms
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial
Neoplasms by Histologic Type
Digestive System Neoplasms
Neoplasms by Site
Digestive System Diseases
Liver Diseases
Biliary Tract Neoplasms
Biliary Tract Diseases
Gallbladder Diseases
Bile Duct Diseases
Maleic acid
Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents
Physiological Effects of Drugs
Antineoplastic Agents
Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action
Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic


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Railroad Stations: Main Street Station, 15th and Main Sts., for Chesapeake and Ohio . and Seaboard Air Line Ry.; Broad Street Station, Broad St. between Davis Ave. and Robinson St. for Atlantic Coast Line R.R., Norfolk & Western Ry., and Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac R.R.; Hun Street Station, 2nd and Hull Sts., for Southern Ry.
Bus Stations: Union Bus Depot, 412 E.Broad St., for Atlantic Greyhound, James River Bus Line, Richmond Greyhound, and Peninsula Transit Corp. Line; Richmond Bus Center, 9th and Broad Sts., for Carolina Coach Co., Richmond-Ashland Bus, and Virginia Stage Lines.
Airport: Richard Evelyn Byrd Flying Field, 4.3 m. E. of city limits on side road (L) off Charles City Rd. (R) off US 6o, for Eastern Air Lines; taxi $i.5o. Taxis: Fare 350 within city limits.
Pier: S. end 32nd St., Fulton, East Richmond, for Buxton Lines to Norfolk (and James River landings); excursions down river in warm season on Robert E. Lee.
Streetcars and Local Busses: Fare $0.07 on streetcars, $0.07 and $0.08 on busses.
Traffic Regulations: No U-turns in congested district, speed limit 25 m.p.h., in business district 15 m.p.h.
Accommodations: 16 hotels, including 2 for Negroes; tourist homes.
Information Service: Chamber of Commerce, State Planters Bank Bldg., 9th and Main Sts.; Richmond News Leader 110 N.4th St.; Richmond Times-Dispatch, 107 S. 7th St.; Auto Club of Virginia, 111 N.5th St.
Radio Stations: WRTD, (1500 kc.), WMBG (1350 kc.), WRVA (1110, kc.), WRNL (88o kc.).
Theaters and Motion Picture Houses: Lyric Theater, 9th and Broad Sts.; The Mosque (auditorium), Main and Laurel Sts.; City Auditorium, Cary and Linden Sts.; 26 motion picture houses, including 6 for Negroes.
Baseball: Tate Field, Mayo Island, S. end of 14th St., Richmond 'Colts' of Piedmont League.
Golf: Laurel Golf Club, 5.2 M. W. of city limits on US 33, 18 holes, greens fees $0.35 for 9, $0.75 for 18 holes Mon.-Fri., $0.65 and $1.00 Sat., Sun., and holidays; Glenwood Golf Club, 0.5 m. NE. of city limits on Creighton Rd. (L), off State 33, 18 holes, greens fees $0.50 for 9, $0.75 for 18 holes Mon.-Fri. $0.65 and $1.00 Sat., Sun., and holidays; Chesterfield Golf Club, 4.8 m. SW. of city limits off County 68 1 (R), off County 679 (L), off State 147 (L), 9 holes, greens fees $0.50 Mon.-Fri., $0.75 Sat., Sun., and holidays.
Swimming: Shields Lake, Byrd Park, S. end of Boulevard at Idlewood Ave., open summer months, free; Negro pool, Sledd and High Sts. and Old Chamberlayne Ave., open summer months, free.
Tennis: Powhatan Hill, Williamsburg Rd. and Northampton Ave., 3 courts; Hotchkiss Field, 700 Brookland Park Blvd., 6 courts; William Byrd Park, Boulevard and Idlewood Ave., 12 courts; Carter Jones Park, 28th and Bainbridge Sts., 6 courts; Luck's Field, Rogers and T Sts., 4 courts; Oakwood, 31st and Kuhn Sts., 4 courts for Negroes; all open daylight hours, free.
Skeet: Richmond Skeet Club, 3.8 m. W. Of City limits Off US 250 (L).
Annual Events: Deep Run Hunt Race Meet, Curles Neck Farm, early Apr.; Garden Club Week, Apr. or May; Virginia Kennel Club Show, Apr. or May; National Motorcycle Races and Hill Climb, May; Deep Run Horse Show, Broad Street Rd., May; Virginia State Fair, Boulevard and Hermitage Rd., late Sept. or Oct.
RICHMOND (115 alt., 182,929 pop.), capital of Virginia, at the head of navigation on the James, has spread from its seven hills to include a vast territory along the rocky course of the river and across rolling country to the north and south. The westward trend of population left old Richmond forlorn and deserted, and caused a new city to be built and old houses to be razed in order that the uses of business might be served. So today the former capital of the Confederacy has the appearance of a modern city with a residential section reaching toward fashionable suburbs and slum areas, with retail streets and factory districts progressive and far from distinctive. Parks and playgrounds provide the city with a decorative fringe.
From Church Hill, the heart of old Richmond, six long streets extend to the west end of the city, where they open fanwise to include many shorter streets. Handsome residences and apartment houses extend from Monroe Park to the city limits and southward on the Boulevard. Across the river South Richmond, formerly Manchester but now a part of the city and connected with the north side by four highway and four railroad bridges, retains its business districts and separate community life. Suburban areas extend westward along both sides of the river and northward across rolling terrain.
The largest Negro district spreads in a southeasterly direction from Union University through a section known as Jackson Ward, although it is no longer a political subdivision. This is largely a district of squalid houses, but along Marshall and Clay Streets, once outside of the ward but now a part of it, are many fine old residences occupied by well-to-do Negro families.
The principal retail district is concentrated on Broad, Grace, and Franklin Streets between 1st and 9th Streets. The financial district is on Main Street between 7th and 12th Streets; and, for many blocks east of 10th Street, Cary Street is given over to commission merchants and manufacturers of tobacco.
In the river near by, Belle Isle-the site of a Confederate prison and now occupied by an iron mill-Mayo's Island, and numerous smaller islands and jutting boulders block navigation beyond the intermediate turning basin near Nicholson Street. A combined Federal and city outlay of $5,690,000 has provided three cut-off canals and a river channel 25 feet deep and 300 feet wide. Richmond is a United States Customs Port of Entry, and handles annually some 2,000,000 tons with a valuation in excess of $90,000,000.
The beauty of an earlier day survives on Capitol Square in a few buildings that have escaped the wreckers' tools-and in the memory of old Richmonders. Despite the inroads of progress, the city has inexplicably retained its atmosphere. Although outwardly its traditional exclusiveness no longer exists, Richmond still has its inner circle. But there is a paradox in the liberal attitude of old Richmonders. Social discriminations have not precluded social justice. From old circles have come leaders who are intent upon bringing about better civic conditions, and who work with people of all races, creeds, and previous conditions.
Richmond's Negro population, constituting nearly one-third of the whole, is made up chiefly of laborers and domestics, though a fairly stable business and professional class is developing with the aid of rapidly improving educational facilities. Negro men and women prominent in business and the professions have found sincere co-operation among 'the best white people.' Negroes operate a hospital, two successful insurance companies, a bank, a Y.M.C.A., and a Y.W.C.A.
The city's social season, from late fall to Ash Wednesday, retains its old ritual, with the Monday germans as highlights. Tea in darkened drawing rooms, dinners served by tradition-trained butlers, frosted mint juleps in ancient goblets, and Smithfield ham and beaten biscuits are part of the ceremonial that has continued with no deviation. It is still proper in old Richmond to refer to a guest as So-and-So's granddaughter or the descendant of a founding father. The very broad a and the added y are indispensable to good breeding. Guests come by street and motor cyar to have tea in the gyarden at hd1f Past five, and no tomatoes are served in Richmond.
The city pursues culture through groups that promote the arts by cultivating creative and appreciative faculties and through clubs that dwell upon Richmond's contribution to history. On Capitol Square and in hotels close by the political pot is continually boiling. Yet citizens of Richmond take only mild interest in government affairs and pay small attention to legislators who congregate biennially for sessions of the general assembly.
The industries of Richmond are diversified. Annual sales of manufacturers reach $250,000,000, and the capital investment in 300 manufacturing enterprises is $97,690,000. More than 2,600 retail stores and 413 wholesale houses bring the annual pay roll to $61,000,000. The city has one of the largest fertilizer plants and one of the largest cigar factories in the world, several book manufacturing and paper plants, and a flour mill with a capacity of 600,000 barrels a year. As the seat of the Fifth Federal Reserve Bank, Richmond is the financial center of five States and the District of Columbia. Tobacco, however, is the staple product. Downtown Richmond is fragrant with the odor of the cured leaves being converted into cigars, cigarettes, and smoking and chewing tobacco. The city has its own water and gas companies and a municipally-owned plant generates electricity for lighting streets and public buildings.
A week after the English landed at Jamestown in 1607, Captain Christopher Newport set out to explore the James River. On the '27th daye of May,' coming upon some falls, the party set up a cross on a small island near the foot of the present 9th Street. Two years later, sent by John Smith, Captain Francis West purchased a site at the falls from the Indians and erected a fort that he called Fort West. After trouble with the Indians the settlement was abandoned. In 1610 Lord Delaware led an expedition to the falls, vainly sought minerals, and returned to Jamestown. In 1637 Thomas Stegg established a trading post at the head of navigation on the James and was later granted lands about the falls. His son, Thomas Stegg II, who had acquired property on both sides of the river, in 1670 left his holdings to William Byrd I, a nephew, then only 18.
After the massacre of 1644 the settlers established Fort Charles at the
head of navigation and offered freedom from taxation to anyone who would establish a home near by. Young Nathaniel Bacon had taken up land near the falls. In this neighborhood the Susquehannock incited other Indians to the depredations that precipitated Bacon's Rebellion in 1676. The settlement at Fort Charles, encouraged by 'certain privileges' granted William Byrd I for inducing able-bodied men to live there as a defense against the Indians, became a trading post for furs, tobacco, and other commodities and was known as Byrd's Warehouse or Shocco.
In 1733 William Byrd II `laid the foundation of two Citys': Petersburg and Richmond. Colonel Byrd combined truth with prophecy when he wrote: '. . . these two places being the uppermost Landing of James and Appamattux Rivers, are naturally intended for Marts, where the Traffick of the Outer Inhabitants must Center.' Four years later Major William Mayo plotted on what is now Church Hill 3 2 squares for Richmond 'with Streets65 Feet wide,' and named the place after Richmond on the Thames. In 1742, when the population was 250, the general assembly enacted that the 'piece or parcel of land . . . at the falls of the James River . . . be . . . constituted . . . a town.' Ten years later, the assembly appointed nine trustees 'to lay off and regulate the streets and to settle the bounds of the lots in the said town.' In 1769 William Byrd III 'laid out another parcel of his lands, on the north side of the James river . . . at a place called Shoccoes.' That year, moreover, a town later called Manchester was established at Rocky Ridge on the south side of the river.
During the next two decades Richmond grew slowly, with vicissitudes that included the destructive 'great freshet' Of 1771. In 1775 three epoch-making conventions met in the town. The First Virginia Convention, held in Williamsburg in August 1774, had elected delegates to the First Continental Congress and adopted a system of nonintercourse with Great Britain. The Second Convention opened on March 20, 1775, at St. John's Church in Richmond. Patrick Henry made his impassioned plea for liberty or death and put through his resolution for 'embodying, arming, and disciplining' the militia. The Third Convention, meeting in Richmond in July, appointed the Committee of Safety, proposed the enlisting of recruits, and inaugurated a plan for financing the war; and the Fourth Convention was organized in Richmond but adjourned to Williamsburg.
In 1779 Richmond was made the capital of Virginia. The following year, when Governor Jefferson moved into a rented house and the assembly convened in temporary quarters, there were but 684 people living in Richmond. The town played an important part in the last days of the Revolution, suffered pillaging by Benedict Arnold in January 1781, was rescued from the British under Arnold and Phillips the following April by the arrival of La Fayette, and in June was on Cornwallis's line of march eastward.
With peace came a new era of growth. The Virginia Gazette was moved from Williamsburg to Richmond, and three other newspapers were established in the new capital. In 1782 Richmond was incorporated as a town, though it was called a city in deference to its status as capital. William Foushee was elected mayor. The general assembly held sessions that led to a convention of other States for the framing of a Federal Constitution, which-amid verbal fireworks-Virginia ratified in 1788. Thomas Jefferson's beautiful building went up on Capitol Square. By 1790 the population had increased to 3,761, and by 1800 had reached 5,730.
In 1802 Benjamin Henfry, a Scotsman, demonstrated lighting by gas before citizens in Haymarket Garden, present terminus of the Atlantic Coast Line Railway, and heard his 'tea kettel apparatus' ridiculed; Richmond missed the opportunity of being the first American city to install street lighting. In 1803 came Tom Moore, Irish poet, 'whose songs were sung to every guitar and harpsichord in Richmond.' In 1807 Aaron Burr was tried for high treason behind the portico of the Jeffersonian capitol. In 18iii a theater fire took the lives Of 73 people. That year the Allans of Richmond adopted Edgar Allan Poe, an orphaned baby. His youth here and his later connection with the Southern Literary Messenger are justification for Poe's declaring, 'I am a Virginian. At least, I call myself one.'
Like most cities Richmond grew with the development of transportation. Though it was not until 1840 that freight was shipped by canal between Richmond and Lynchburg, a canal was proposed by the Reverend Robert Rose in 175o. The general assembly passed an act in 1764'for extending navigation of the James River from Westham (seven miles) downward through the Falls.' In 1784 the James River Navigation Company was chartered, and the following year George Washington was elected its president. In 1790 the canal was opened from Richmond to Westham, and in 1836 the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad carried its first passengers out of Richmond, at the terrifying speed of 10 miles an hour. When the James River and Kanawha Canal was completed in 1840, Richmond was linked with the Piedmont country.
The city became as gay and fashionable as Williamsburg had been in its heyday. Hostesses vied with each other in elaborate entertaining. In 1842, the year that Richmond became a city in reality as well as in name, Charles Dickens at a dinner given in the Exchange Hotel was toasted as 'the artful dodger' because he had 'dodged Philadelphia and Baltimore,' but not Richmond. Theaters presented stars of the European and American stage-the Booths, Joe Jefferson, jenny Lind.
But the 'Fiery Epoch' had begun. Sectional misunderstanding had thwarted a movement within the State for the emancipation of slaves. The capital city was caught up in the excitement of war. On the night of April 19, 1861, Richmond blazed with fireworks and 'ten thousand hurrahing men and boys carried torches' to celebrate Virginia's secession. On May 29, the Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond.
For a time the city was headily gay. Officers, resplendent in new uniforms, strolled beside hoop-skirted beauties, whose very curls danced with patriotism. Sewing circles culminated in 'danceable teas,' and pretty heads were forever planning balls, parties, and theatricals. But there was bickering, too. Richmond ladies were critical of the wives of new officialdom. 'This Cabinet of ours,' wrote Mary Boykin Chestnut On July 27,
(are in such bitter quarrels among themselves-everybody abusing everybody.'
As the war years deepened Richmond was the center of political wrangling and the objective of an invading army. Privation stifled gaiety and feuds. Wounded soldiers were brought to hurriedly equipped hospitals. In May 1862, McClellan came within sight of Richmond. Defeated in the Seven Days' Campaign, he changed his base from the York to the James, where he remained until recalled in midsummer.
Foremost among the war heroines was Sally Tompkins, who as head of a hospital was commissioned captain in the Confederate army. Elizabeth Van Lew heroically toiled for the Union and emancipation, sending daily communications to Federal officers and helping blue-clad soldiers to escape from crowded Libby Prison, a ship chandlery and tobacco warehouse built by William Libby in 1845 at Twentieth and Cary Streets. On February 9, 1864, she aided Colonel Thomas E. Rose and 108 Federals in a daring break from the prison. On April 3, 1865, Richmond was evacuated and burned by its own people.
After the war Richmond began the slow task of rebuilding. Elizabeth Van Lew became postmaster-the only woman ever to hold so important a government post in the city; the canal was reopened; railroads were repaired; a system of public education was established; and the emancipated Negro began to find his place in the economic scheme. In 1887 horsedrawn streetcars, which had been running since 186 1, were supplanted by electric cars.
A romantic literature, characterized by nostalgia for bygone days, gave place in time to the writing of history and realism. Mary Johnston became America's foremost historical novelist; Ellen Glasgow held the mirror before the people she knew-too close for their happiness; and James Branch Cabell created a medieval realm in which he ridiculed the Philistia about him. Edward V. Valentine, Sir Moses Ezekiel, Dugald Stewart Walker, and others achieved National recognition in the world of art. John Powell took front rank among musicians. Schools and colleges increased in number and size and strengthened their curricula. Richmond became a hospital center for Virginia and other Southern States. In 1910 Manchester across the river was annexed as a unit of greater Richmond. Women, under such leaders as Lila Meade Valentine and Mary Cooke Branch Munford, began to participate in public affairs. Negroes set out to learn the use of new tools that freedom and education had given them. Commerce and the arts built a new Richmond, which while celebrating its bicentennial in 193 7, refreshed its memory by means of a historical pageant.
CAPITOL SQUARE, bounded by Bank, N.9th, Capitol, and Governor Sts., is shaded by large trees, patterned by worn brick walks, and inhabited by tame squirrels. Half its 12 acres slope steeply. The act by which the capital was moved from Williamsburg set apart 'six whole squares' for public buildings, provided for the erection of a 'house' for use
of the general assembly, and for temporary buildings elsewhere. The grounds were laid out in 1816 by Maximilian Godefroy.
The WASHINGTON MONUMENT, NW. corner of the Square, is probably Richmond's finest sculptural group. A bronze equestrian statue of George Washington stands on an elaborate stone base flanked by nine-foot bronze figures of George Mason, Patrick Henry, General Andrew Lewis, John Marshall, Thomas Nelson, and Thomas Jefferson. Around the base are female figures seated on trophies of victory.
Public subscriptions for a monument were first raised in 1817 by a committee under John Marshall. The 6o-foot monument, unveiled in 1858, was completed with the figure of Marshall in 1867. Thomas Crawford executed all the figures except those of Nelson and Lewis, which were done by Randolph Rogers after Crawford's death. The base and pedestal were designed by Robert Mills.
The STATE CAPITOL (open 8-5 Mon.-Fri., 8-4 Sat.) raises a proud Ionic portico above the trees on the steep hill. Robert Mills, one of America's first professional architects, wrote: 'I remember the impression it made on my mind when first I came in view of it coming from the South. It gave me an idea of the effect of those Greek temples which are the admiration of the world.' The lofty portico and the rectangular mass of the main block are tied together by an unbroken cornice and pilaster treatment, which continues the effect of columns around the sides and back. Short passages lead to side wings-modified miniatures of the older building.
Thomas Jefferson sent from France a plaster model he had prepared in collaboration with the French architect, Charles Louis Clarisseau, as a modified design of the Maison Carre, late Roman temple at Nimes. The capitol antedated by more than 20 years the Madeleine in Paris, first example in Europe of similar quasi-literal temple architecture. The cornerstone was laid in 1785 but the capitol was not completed in time to house the ratification convention in June, 1788, although the general assembly met in the unfinished building in October. The original portion was finished in 1792 under the supervision of Samuel Dobie and the brick was covered with stucco in 1798. The wings and the long flight of steps were built in 1904-05.
Here, where one of the world's oldest representative legislatures still meets, events of National importance have taken place: in 1807 the dramatic trial of Aaron Burr on charges of treason; in 1861 the secession convention, which met here for part Of 54 days of bitter debate; sessions of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861-65; and a notable tragedy, the 'Capitol Disaster' in 1870, when the floor of the old Hall of the House of Delegates collapsed, killing 63 persons and injuring 60.
Beneath the dome of the rotunda stands the noted marble FIGURE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, by Jean Antoine Houdon. Washington is portrayed in military uniform, a plowshare and small implements of war about his feet, his left arm resting on a fasces. One day while Houdon was following Washington about Mount Vernon to catch a characteristic pose, he watched him bargaining for a yoke of oxen. When Washington, his arm on a fence post, explosively protested about the price, Houdon went at once to mold his figure. Niches in the encircling wall are occupied by busts of the seven other Virginia-born Presidents of the United States and Houdon's bust of La Fayette. A marble plaque in memory of Lila Meade Valentine (1865-1921), Virginia's leader in the fight for enfranchisement of women, is in the House of Delegates.
Along the north side of Capitol Square are three bronze figures: The STATUE OF GOVERNOR WILLIAM SMITH, a work of W.L.Sheppard, unveiled in 1906; the STATUE OF GENERAL THOMAS J. JACKSON, by J.H.Foley,R.A., presented in 1875 by Beresford Hope as a gift of English admirers of 'Stonewall'; the STATUE OF DR.HUNTER HOLMES McGUIRE, a work of William Couper, unveiled in 1904. Dr.McGuire (1835-1900), born in Winchester, was an eminent physician.
The GOVERNOR'S MANSION (private), NE. corner of the Square, a two-story brick house painted white, is designed in simplified early Federal style, with a single-story Doric portico and four chimneys rising from the ridge corners of the deck roof. Built in 1813, it was the second governor's house on this site. When Richmond became the capital, the State made no provision for the executive's residence, and Governor Jefferson was forced to rent one. Nineteen years later, however, the State erected on this site a four-room makeshift, which was dubbed `The Palace' and made to serve until pleas-especially those of Governor Tyler-convinced the legislature that a more appropriate one should be 6uilt. Virginia's governors, from James Barbour to James H. Price, have occupied this mansion. In more expansive times it was customary during legislative sessions to keep a huge bowl always full of toddy. Here the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII), Marshal Foch, Winston Churchill, several Presidents of the United States, and other notables have been entertained.
The VIRGINIA STATE LIBRARY (open 9-5 Mon.-Fri., 9-12:30 Sat..), E. side of the Square, is cramped in an undistinguished pale yellow brick building with gray stone trim, but is soon to be moved to a new building being erected (1930) near by. A library bill presented by Jefferson in 1779, the first attempt to obtain a public library for Virginia, was unsuccessful. An act of the Virginia Assembly in 1823 provided the meager proceeds from the sale of Hening's Statutes at Large for a library to be used by the court of appeals, general court, and general assembly. In 1828 'the room in the southeast corner of the Capitol' was chosen for a library. The present building was completed in 1892 and enlarged in 1908 and in 1920.The library contains more than 250,000 volumes, files of old newspapers, historical maps and charts, and more than 1,000,000 manuscripts. Here also are a bronze bust of Commodore Matthew Fontaine Maury by Edward Valentine, a very early map of Virginia (1590), and several early portraits and copies. Source material of inestimable value is made available to research workers by a staff that guards the irreplaceable books and documents. Wilmer Hall is the librarian, and Coralie H. Johnston has been in charge of the reading room since 1916.
The OLD BELL TOWER (open by arrangement with park keeper), near SW. comer of the Square, is a mellowed red brick building. The little thickset square tower was built in 1824, replacing one of wood. Calls to the colors have pealed from both towers.
2. ST.PAUL'S EPISCOPAL CHURCH (open 10-4 Mon.-Fri., 10-12 Sat.; Sun. services), SW. corner N.9th and E.Grace Sts., of brick stuccoed dark gray, was designed in classical style by Thomas Stewart of Philadelphia and dedicated in 1845. A wide Corinthian portico is surmounted by a towering cupola. St.Paul's is known as the 'Church of the Confederacy,' associated as it is with Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee, who worshipped there during the War between the States. Jefferson Davis was confirmed in this church and was attending services there when he received news on April 2, 1865, of the proposed evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond. The Lee Memorial Window is noteworthy. A mosaic reproduction of Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper above the altar is illuminated upon request.
3. The JOHN MARSHALL HOUSE (open 9-5 Mon.-Fri., 9-2 Sat.; adm. 250), NW. corner N.9th and E.Marshall Sts., is a square brick building of post-Colonial simplicity, designed and built soon after 1789 by Chief justice John Marshall, who lived here until his death in 1835. The gable, above one of two little formal porches that flank the outer corner, is pedimented. The interior, including high mantels, simple paneling, and cornices with plaster relief, is characterized by classical serenity.
John Marshall (1755-1835), born near Germantown (see Tour 4a), was related through his mother, Mary Randolph, to Thomas Jefferson and the Lees. After taking an active part in the Revolution, he went to the College of William and Mary in 1780 to study briefly under George Wythe. In 1782 Marshall was elected to the Virginia Legislature and moved to Richmond, where he married Mary Ambler in 1783 and hung out his shingle. He exerted great influence in the ratification convention of 1788, championed Washington's administration and Hamilton's financial measures, and became the Federalist leader in Virginia. He was elected to Congress in 1799, served as President Adams's Secretary of State, and in 18oi became Chief justice of the Supreme Court. Bitter antagonist of his cousin, Thomas Jefferson, he made precedent-setting conservative decisions for 34 years. By his decision in the case of Marbury v. Madison he established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review of National legislation. Marshall presided in 1807 at the trial of Aaron Burr.
4. The VALENTINE MUSEUM (open 10-5 weekdays), SW. corner E.Clay and N. 11th Sts., a two-story house of brick stuccoed gray, conceals a terraced garden dotted with trees and shrubbery. It was designed by Robert Mills for John Wickham, chief attorney for Aaron Burr, and built in 1812. A sweeping stairway and a parlor, proudly retaining every detail of furnishing in lushest Victorian style, stand out among the rooms.
Mann S. Valentine purchased the house and left it to the city in 1892; it was restored and opened to the public in 1930. In the garden at the rear is the original carriage house, used for 30 years as a studio by Edward Virginius Valentine, and acquired by the city in 1937. The museum houses the Mann S. Valentine collection of oriental casts and some of Edward V. Valentine's best work, including the plaster cast of his recumbent statue of Robert E. Lee, furniture of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, rare books, cultural history material from Europe, the Orient, Africa, Polynesia, and North America, and a series of miniature groups depicting Richmond's history.
5. The CONFEDERATE MUSEUM or WHITE HOUSE OF THE CONFEDERACY (open 9-5 Mon.-Fri., 9-2 Sat.; adm. 250), SE. corner N. 12 th and E. Clay Streets, is an angular white stuccoed-brick house with a shallow, flat-roofed portico in Roman-Doric style. A small cupola stands rather incongruously in the center of the roof. Built in 1818, this is one of the few buildings (designed by Robert Mills in the city, but its original lines were altered in 1844 by a third-story addition.
Known as the Brockenbrough Mansion, it was bought and furnished by the Confederacy as a 'worthy White House' for the Davis family. Here was born Winnie Davis, 'Daughter of the Confederacy,' and here died little Joseph Davis after falling from a porch. The house was occupied for five years after the war by the Federal Government, and served as Central School for 20 years, and finally, in 1893, was saved from ruin by the Confederate Memorial Literary Society, which made it a treasure house of 'things Confederate.' Here, among other exhibits, are Robert E. Lee's sword, the original Great Seal and provisional constitution of the Confederacy, Jackson's sword and cap, and the military equipment of General Joseph E. Johnston and General J.E.B.Stuart.
6. MEDICAL COLLEGE OF VIRGINIA, scattered about the corner of E. Marshall and N.12th Sts., is a group of 13 major buildings. The Egyptian Building, first permanent building of the institution, erected in 1854 from the design of Thomas S. Stewart of Philadelphia, is (1939) being restored.
The Medical College was founded in 1838 as a department of Hampden-Sydney College but was granted a separate charter in 1854. After John Brown's raid of 1859, Dr.Hunter Holmes McGuire persuaded some 300 Southern medical students in Pennsylvania universities to transfer en masse to Southern medical schools. Of these, 140 enrolled in the medical College here. Dr.McGuire founded the rival University College of Medicine in 1893, but after years of bitter competition, amalgamation of the two colleges was effected in 1913. Women were admitted in 1918.
The institution, one of the largest medical plants in the South, consists of ii units: the Memorial, Dooley, St.Phillip's, and Crippled Children's Hospitals; McGuire and Cabaniss Halls; the Egyptian Building; the Library; the dormitory and educational unit for St.Phillip's Hospital School for Nursing; the clinic and laboratory building; and the staff dormitory. New units are in process of construction (1939). Enrollment in 1937-38 was about 700, and the faculty numbered 223.
7. MONUMENTAL CHURCH (open 9-1, 2-5 weekdays; Sun. for services), E.Broad St. between N. I 2th and College Sts., is a stuccoed brick building of Classical Revival architecture. The body of the building, an octagonal domed auditorium, is extended on four faces, and the entrance portico is of brown sandstone with columns between anta walls. It was completed in 1814 from the design of Robert Mills; no similar example of his work survives. Here is preserved a baptismal basin, dated 1733, from the last church at Jamestown.
On this site stood the Richmond Theater, where Edgar Allan Poe's mother acted. Governor George William Smith and many other prominent citizens were burned to death December 26, 1811, during a performance of The Bleeding Nun. A stalwart slave, Gilbert Hunt, saved the lives of about 20 women and children by catching them in his arms as they were dropped from flaming windows. Laws in Virginia and elsewhere to prohibit the opening inward of theater doors resulted from this tragedy.
8. CRAIG HOUSE (open 10-12, 2-6 daily), NW. corner N.19th and E.Grace Sts., a two-story white frame building built by Adam Craig late in the eighteenth century, is set back in a picket-fenced corner garden. This is the birthplace of Jane Craig, Poe's 'Helen.' A Negro art school is conducted here and in the restored brick kitchen in the yard.
9. MONTE MARIA ROMAN CATHOLIC CONVENT, E.Grace St. between N.22nd and N.23rd Sts., occupies a group of brick buildings, including an old galleried house built by William Taylor in 1859. The Sisters of the Visitation of Baltimore established themselves here in 1866, altered the interior, and erected a small church.
10. ST.JOHN'S CHURCH (open 8:45-5:30 daily, Sun. for services), E.Broad St. between N.24th and N.25th Sts., is a simple white frame building with a three-tiered square tower over the front entrance. The central part was built in 174 1 on ground given by William Byrd together with 'wood for burning bricks into the bargain.' The church has been enlarged several times. The Second Virginia Convention met in St. John's on March 20, 1775, and heard Patrick Henry rhetorically ask for liberty or death. Among the graves in the churchyard are those of George Wythe (see Williamsburg), the first professor of law in the United States; Elizabeth Arnold Poe, mother of the poet; and Dr.James McClurg, one of Virginia's delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787.
McClurg (1746-1823) was born near Hampton and was graduated from the College of William and Mary and from the University of Edinburgh. During the Revolution he served as physician-general and director of hospitals for Virginia and in 1779 was appointed professor of anatomy and medicine at the College of William and Mary. When that chair was discontinued in 1783, he moved to Richmond. Dr.McClurg was the only Virginian at Philadelphia to advocate monarchial forms of government for the United States.
11. CHIMBORAZO PARK, E.Broad St. between 32nd and 35th Sts., a landscaped promontory overlooking the wharves and many of Richmond's largest manufacturing plants, was whimsically named for a mountain in the Andes. In 1862 Dr.James B. McCaw established here a hospital Of 50 buildings and 100 tents-then the largest military hospital in the world. Seventy-six thousand patients were cared for, with a mortality of less than 10 per cent. The park site was purchased by the city in 1874. The stone that once marked Powhatan's grave stands here on the bluff above the site of the old chief's village.
12. The HENRICO COUNTY COURTHOUSE (open 9-5 Mon.-Fri., 9-1 Sat.), SW. corner S. 22nd and E.Main Sts., a red brick building erected in 1896, occupies a half-acre lot deeded for county use to William Randolph in 175, about the time the first courthouse was built here. Henrico, formed in 1634, was one of the eight original counties, and was named for Henry, Prince of Wales. It first embraced a wide area extending westward on both sides of the river.
13. EDGAR ALLAN POE SHRINE (open 9:30-5:30 daily; adm. $0.25), 1916 E.Main St., is a little gray stone cottage with dormers along its gabled roof. Inscribed on the front wall are the letters 'J.R.,' believed to be the initials of 'Jacobus Rex,' James II, King of England. This is apparently the oldest house in Richmond, erected about 1686. Beyond a sheltered garden at the rear is an ivy-covered loggia, built with material salvaged from the Southern Literary Messenger Building, which stood on a corner near by. On exhibition here are many of Poe's manuscripts and other objects associated with his life in Richmond.
14. MASONIC HALL (open by arrangement 9-4:30 Mon.-Fri., 9-1 Sat.), 1805 E.Franklin St., a white frame building, was erected in 785, largely through the efforts of Chief justice John Marshall. It has been occupied by the Masonic order longer than any other building in America. La Fayette was feted here in 1824.
15. The VIRGINIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY HEADQUARTERS (open 9-4:30 Mon.-Fri., 9-1 Sat.), 707 E.Franklin St., is a three-story brick building with a high Doric porch. It dates from 1845 and is typical of prosperous mid-nineteenth-century Richmond dwellings. From 1862 until June 1865 it was the residence of General Lee's family. After Appomattox the defeated hero rode to this house amid the cheers of Union soldiers occupying the city. In its front room he declared, on hearing of Lincoln's assassination, 'This is the hardest blow the South has yet received.'
The Virginia Historical Society has occupied the building since 1892. Organized in 1831 with John Marshall as president, the society has preserved many valuable books, manuscripts, and a large collection of portraits, which are on exhibition in a fireproof addition. These include a portrait of La Fayette by Charles Willson Peale, Thomas Sully's Pocahontas, and a death mask of Lee.
16. ELLEN GLASGOW'S HOUSE (private), 1 W.Main St., is an imposing square gray stuccoed building with deck-roof, built by David Branch about 1839. At the rear is an enclosed formal garden. Ellen Glasgow (1874-) is the author Of 20 novels that deal with aspects of the Virginia scene (see Literature).
17. The CASKIE HOUSE (private), NW. corner E.Main and N-5th Sts., is a two-story octagonal red brick building, the only one of this type in Richmond. It was built about 1815 and was once the home of William Wirt (1772-1834), author and member of counsel in the prosecution of Aaron Burr.
18. SHOCKOE HILL CEMETERY (open 8-5 daily), N. end of 3rd St., a twelve-and-a-half-acre tract sheltered by ancient elms and magnolias and enclosed by a buttressed red brick wall, was used chiefly between 1825 and 1875. Here are buried Peter Francisco, 'Hercules of the American Revolution'; Chief justice John Marshall and his wife, Mary Ambler; Elizabeth Van Lew, whose grave is marked with a Roxbury 'pudding-stone' from Boston's Capitol Hill; Claude Benoit Crozet, French engineer, who built the Afton tunnel - and Jane Craig Stanard, inspiration of Poe's 'To Helen.'
19. The SIXTH MT.ZION BAPTIST CHURCH (open 9-12, 1-5 daily), NE. corner Duval and St.John's Sts., is a red brick structure. Here John jasper, a Negro preacher, acquired a National reputation by his sermon, 'The Sun Do Move and the Earth Am Squaar,' delivered for the first time March 28, 1879. His theme was Joshua's saving of the Gibbonites. jasper would say, 'Dey had an orful fight. . . . but yer might know dat Ginr'l Joshwer wuz not up dar ter git whip't . . . As a fac', Joshwer wuz so drunk wid de bat'l . . . dat he tell de sun ter stan' still tel he cud finish his job. What did de sun do? Did he glar down . . . an' say, "Whatyou talkin''bout my stoppin' for, Joshwer; I ain't navur startid yit . . . ? " Naw, he ain't say dat. But wat de Bible say? It say dat it wuz at de voice uv Joshwer dat it stopped. I don' say it stopt; 'tain't fer jasper ter say dat, but de Bible, de Book uv Gord, say so, But, I say dis; nuthin' kin stop untel it hez fust startid . . . It stopt fur bizniz, an' went on when it got through . . . an I derfies ennybody to say dat my p'int ain't made.' jasper was once offered 400 pounds to go to London, but he refused to forsake his church. A bust of jasper by Edward V. Valentine is in the church.
20. The ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND FINE ARTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (open 10-4:30 weekdays, July and Aug. 10-12 Sat., adm. $0.10), 102 E.Franklin St., occupies a pleasant red brick house in what is known as Linden Row. In 1786 the Chevalier Alexandre Marie Quesnay de Beaurepaire, an enthusiastic young French officer, after ten years of effort founded an academy with this title. A building was erected in Richmond, and the academy was affiliated with the Royal Academy of Sciences and the Paris Royal Academy of Sculpture and Painting. Beaurepaire was recalled to France by the Revolution, and with him went active interest in the academy.
A second institution was established in 1817, with the sponsorship of the Virginia legislature. A building for a Museum of Art and Natural Science was erected on what is now Capitol Square. After 1822, however, interest died, and the collection was publicly auctioned. The Virginia League of Fine Arts was formed in 1918, and the present Academy was chartered in 1930. It led the movement to establish the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts and now sponsors the Federal Art Project in Virginia. Art classes for children and adults are conducted, art exhibitions are held, and a Children's Federal Art Gallery is maintained.
21. The RICHMOND CITY LIBRARY (open 9-9 weekdays), SE. corner E.Franklin and N. 1st Sts., moved in 1930 into this gray sandstone building of simple contemporary design by Baskerville and Lambert, which has been described as 'an outstanding example of austere beauty combined with practical realization of function.'
The first public library in Richmond, besides the State Library, was opened in 1924 at 901 W.Franklin Street. The present building, containing about 125,000 volumes, was the gift of Mrs.Sallie M. Dooley, as a memorial to her husband, James H. Dooley.
22. The TREDEGAR IRONWORKS, S. end of 6th St., between the Canal and James River, a jumble of blackened brick buildings spread disconsolately over a 25-acre lot and interspersed with heaps of rusty scrap iron, is the oldest plant of its kind south of the Potomac. Business has been carried on here since 1836, the plant having contributed munitions and supplies to the Confederacy and to the United States in all foreign wars since its establishment. Here were rolled the plates that armored the Merrimac-Virginia (see Hampton Roads Port), terror of the Union Navy. The plant is named after Tredegar, England, notable for its ironworks.
23. HOLLYWOOD CEMETERY (open summer 7-6:30, winter 7-5 daily), entrance SW. corner Cherry and Albemarle Sts., a 115-acre tract rising to a bluff overlooking the James, is cut by ravines and thickly set with fine trees. The cemetery was dedicated in 1849 and named for its magnificent holly trees. Among those buried here are John Randolph of Roanoke, Commodore Matthew Fontaine Maury, President Jefferson Davis, Presidents Monroe and Tyler, many Virginia governors, and Confederate officers.
24. The CATHEDRAL OF THE SACRED HEART (open 7-6 daily), in a triangular plot formed by Laurel St., Park and Floyd Aves., is a limestone structure of Italian Renaissance design, with dome and portico, and an ambulatory at one side. The cathedral was built in 1906 with funds donated by Mr. and Mrs.Thomas Fortune Ryan.
25. VIRGINIA UNION UNIVERSITY (Negro), 1500 N.Lombardy St., occupies 15 buildings on a tree-shaded 5 5-acre campus, 8 of them constructed of gray, roughhewn Virginia granite in a modified Romanesque style. This university represents the fusion of four institutions and had a twin beginning in 1865 when the American Baptist Home Mission Society founded in Richmond a theological school for freedmen under Dr.J.C.Binney and the Wayland Seminary in Washington.
The Richmond school, which opened in 1867 under Dr.Nathaniel Colver in Lumpkin's Slave jail, united in 1899 with the Wayland Seminary, which in 1869 had absorbed the National Theological School, founded in Washington in 1865. By act of the Virginia Legislature in 1900, the name was changed to Virginia Union University. In 1932 Hartshorn Memorial College, a Negro woman's college near by, founded in 1883, was co-ordinated with Union University.
The university has two divisions, the Theological Seminary and the College of Arts and Sciences, besides an extension in Norfolk. Enrollment in the college exceeds 550 students, of whom slightly more than half are women; there is a faculty of 30. The library contains about 28,000 books and pamphlets, including the McClay Collection of books by or about Negroes. The bachelor degrees of arts, science, theology, and divinity are conferred. Nearly 2,000 graduates include such Negro leaders as Eugene Kinckle Jones, T.Arnold Hill, Charles S. Johnson, Dr.Joshua B. Simpson, and Dr.Bessie B. Tharps.
26. UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY (Presbyterian), Chamberlayne Ave. between Melrose and Westwood Aves., occupying 11 brick buildings around an open lawn, was founded in 1812 at Hampden-Sydney and was moved to Richmond in 1898. The enrollment in 1937-38 was 163.
The GENERAL ASSEMBLY'S TRAINING SCHOOL FOR LAY WORKERS, 3400 Brook Road, quartered in two large buildings of pink brick with light stone trim in early Federal style, erected in 1922, was established in 1914 by the Presbyterian general assembly. Bachelor and master degrees in religious education have been conferred since 1933. The enrollment in 1937-38 was 91.
MONUMENT AVENUE, a continuation of W.Franklin St., the most fashionable residential street in the city, is a tree-shaded thoroughfare with a central parkway of grass and shrubs, dotted with statues of distinguished Virginians.
27. The J.E.B.STUART MONUMENT, at Lombardy St., a dramatic equestrian bronze of the great cavalry leader, was executed by Fred Moynihan and erected in 1907.
28. The LEE MONUMENT, at Allen Ave., a bronze figure of the general upon his horse, Traveller, stands on an ornate stone pedestal. The monument was unveiled by Lee's West Point classmate and friend, General Joseph E. Johnston, in 1890. Because the sculptor, Jean Antoine Mercie, thought 'the brow of Lee too noble to be hidden under a hat,' this was the first equestrian statue with bared head erected in the United States.
29. The bronze JEFFERSON DAVIS MONUMENT, at Davis Ave., portrays the Confederate President in an oratorical pose, backed by an open, semicircular colonnade and a classical column supporting an allegorical female figure. This work of Edward V. Valentine was unveiled in 1907.
30. The STONEWALL JACKSON MONUMENT, at Boulevard, designed by F.William Sievers and dedicated in 1919, is a bronze figure of the general astride his horse, Little Sorrel.
31. The COMMODORE MATTHEW FONTAINE MAURY MONUMENT, at Belmont Ave., is a bronze figure of Maury, in a chair below a massive bronze globe.
32. The JAMES BRANCH CABELL HOUSE (private), 3201 Monument Ave., home of the author, is a brown stone building. James Branch Cabell (1879- ) has written 30 books, including satirical fiction and essays. Since 1929 he has been writing under the name of Branch Cabell (see Literature).
33. The CONFEDERATE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE or BATTLE ABBEY (open 10-5 weekdays, 2:30-5:30 Sun.; adm. 250), N.Boulevard between Kensington and Stuart Aves., set in landscaped grounds of six acres, is an oblong, windowless building of white marble with a tall Ionic portico, completed in 1913. Charles 'Broadway' Rouss of New York, a Confederate veteran, donated $100,000 in 1896 toward such a building.
The State of Virginia appropriated $50,000, and various contributions made up a total to equal the initial donation. The institute houses a large collection of portraits of Southern heroes and is distinguished also by the mural series of the French artist, Charles Hoffbauer, depicting Confederate battle scenes. Hoffbauer made preliminary sketches in 1914 before his enlistment in the French army, destroyed them upon his return, and enriched by personal knowledge of war painted the present murals.
34. The CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS' HOME (open 9-5 daily), N.Boulevard between Stuart and Grove Aves., a group of six frame buildings, comprises a chapel, hall, museum, two cottages, and a combination hospital and mess hall. It was founded in 1884 for disabled Confederate veterans. In 1936, because its original 300 inmates had dwindled to 17, eight buildings were razed. Now (1939) only seven old soldiers remain. Little Sorrel, 'Stonewall' Jackson's horse, has been mounted and placed in the museum. A cannon used in Fort Sumter's defense stands lonely guard over a lawn shaded by oaks and sycamores.
35. HOME FOR CONFEDERATE WOMEN (private), 301 N.Sheppard St., is a white stone building of modified French Renaissance style. The central section, with an Ionic portico, is connected by solaria to its wings. Chartered in 1896 to care for needy daughters, widows, mothers, or sisters of Confederate soldiers, the home has been twice moved. The present building, first occupied in 1932, has accommodations for 7 5.
36. The VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS (open 9:30-5 Tues.Sal., adm. $0.25; 2-5:30 Sun., adm. free), NW. corner N.Boulevard and Grove Ave., is a pink brick building of modified Federal architecture. It is the first unit of a building that will be much larger. Built in 1934 after a $100,000 gift by judge John Barton Payne and another of $100,000 from I I sponsors, the museum has a notable permanent collection, the nucleus of which is the John Barton Payne collection presented to the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1919, containing a Del Sarto, a Rubens, a Murillo, a Canaletto, a Reynolds, and others. judge Payne also bequeathed $50,000 for the purchase of paintings by American artists. On indefinite loan is the Henry P. Strause collection of clocks, gold, and silverplate. The museum sponsors lectures, special exhibitions, research, and restoration work.
37. WILLIAM BYRD PARK, entrance S. end of Boulevard, is a 300 acre recreation area with roads through peaceful groves and around three artificial lakes, in one of which a fountain is colorfully lighted at night. The park dates from 1874, when the city council bought 60 acres for a reservoir. It has bathing, tennis, and other athletic facilities. In the southwest corner is Virginia's memorial to World War dead, the CARILLON, a 240400t tower of pink brick, designed in Georgian Colonial style. Erected in 1932, it contains 66 bells, cast in England, that are seldom played. On the ground floor is a MUSEUM OF WORLD WAR RELICS (open 10-12, 2-4 weekdays, 3-5 Sun; adm. free).
A bronze STATUE OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, by Feruccio Legnaioli, is in the northwest section of the park.
38. REVEILLE (private), Cary Street Rd. between Lafayette St. and Woodlawn Ave., is a tall, white-painted brick house of simple eighteenth-century design, rambling back into a large garden with box-bordered flower beds. When built, it was a plantation house far outside the city. Tradition attributes its title to the Revolutionary period, but the name is not found in deed books earlier than 1852.
39. VIRGINIA HOUSE (private), S. side Sulgrave Rd. in Windsor Farms, is a large gabled Tudor manor house of brownstone surrounded by English gardens. Alexander Weddell, ambassador to Spain, brought materials for the house from Warwick Priory, Warwick, England, and reconstructed the house on this site in 1925. Eventually the Virginia Historical Society will be housed here.
40. AGECROFT HALL (private), S. side Sulgrave Rd. in Windsor Farms, a Tudor mansion of plaster and half-timber construction, was built about 1490 and later enlarged, in Lancashire, England, and reconstructed on its present site in 1926-28.
41. AMPTHILL (private), S. end Ampthill Rd. off Cary Street Rd., is the stolid red brick house built by one of the Henry Carys-father or son (see Williamsburg). The hip-roof central section is flanked by gable-roofed wings. Exterior detail is severe, but the full interior paneling is handsomely designed. Before being moved in 1929-30 the main house and its formerly detached buildings stood beside Falling Creek, on the south bank of the James. Built many years before 1732-if its then obsolete bonding be taken as evidence-the house appears to have been enlarged subsequently. The interior woodwork and the outhouses probably date from about 1750-60, during the ownership of Archibald Cary, chairman of the committee that directed the Virginia members of the Continental Congress in 1776 to move for independence.
42. WILTON (open 9-5 weekdays, 9-12, 3-6 Sun.; adm. 250), S. end Wilton Rd. off Cary Street Rd., built by William Randolph III about 1750 on the north bank of the James six miles below Richmond, is a well proportioned brick mansion. A broad hip roof raises its plain surfaces between tall end chimneys. The entrance doors, framed by Ionic pilasters, and a crowning cornice are the chief exterior ornaments. The interior is fully paneled and has been refurnished in the style of the period. Beneath the cornice of a bedroom is inscribed: 'Sampson Darrell put up this Cornish in the year of our Lord 1753.' The house was moved to this site in 1935 and restored.
43. The UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, College Rd. W. of Three Chopt Rd., is housed in 16 buildings scattered in groups over nearly 300 acres of rolling ground. The T.C.Williams School of Law, founded 1870, and the Evening School of Business Administration, founded 1924, branches of the University, are in downtown Richmond.
The light red brick buildings of Richmond College, to the northeast, are designed in various styles of architecture ranging from modern to Collegiate Gothic. A nine-acre artificial lake separates this campus from that of WESTHAMPTON COLLEGE, where red brick buildings of Collegiate Gothic style were designed by Ralph Adams Cram. On a steep slope above the lake, screened by great oaks is the LUTHER H. JENKINS OUTDOOR THEATER.
Apparently the first organized movement b the Baptists for he new commonwealth began in 1788, when a committe of 10 was organized to 'forward the business respecting the seminary of learning.,' but, after 21 years, the project was given up because of lack of funds. The attempt was renewed in 1830 with the formation of an 'Educational Society,' and in 1832 the Virginia Baptist Seminary was founded, with Robert Ryland as principal and sole teacher and with fourteen theological students. In 1840 the institution was chartered as Richmond College. Almost destroyed and closed by the war, it was reopened in 1866. Coeducation was begun in 1898, with the matriculation of four young women.
Westhampton, a separate women's college, was founded in 1914 to come
within the University of Richmond, which was created by charter several years later. At the same time the Baptist Women's College of Richmond, an independent school, turned its property over to the new organization. The modern plant has been constructed since 1914.
The university libraries house about 67000 volumes. Bachelor and master degrees in arts and science and LL.B. degrees are conferred. The total enrollment (1939), including the schools of law and business administration, a summer school, and the graduate department, is about 1, 500.
Du Pont de Nemours Manufacturing Plant, 6.7 m. (see Tour 1c). Seven Pines Battlefield, 8.5 m. (see Tour 8a). Mechanicsville and the National Battlefield Park Route, 6.5 m. (see Tour 20a). Fort Harrison, Park Headquarters and Museum, 8.9 m. (see Tour 24).


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Politics & Government
Teaching gay history becomes law in California
California Gov. Jerry Brown has signed legislation requiring public schools to teach students about the contributions of gay and lesbian people, making California the first state to adopt such a measure.
The bill was cheered by gay rights advocates, and Brown said in a written statement Thursday that it "represents an important step forward for our state."
The legislation requires instruction in the social sciences to include the role and contributions of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Americans, as well as people with disabilities and members of other cultural groups.
It would prohibit teaching from textbooks or other instructional materials that reflect adversely on people because of their sexual orientation.
"History should be honest," the Democratic governor said in a written statement. "This bill revises existing laws that prohibit discrimination in education and ensures that the important contributions of Americans from all backgrounds and walks of life are included in our history books."
Written by Sen. Mark Leno, D-San Francisco, the legislation was approved in the Legislature along party lines, with Democrats in favor and Republicans opposed.
Republicans and conservative groups railed against it again on Thursday.
Sen. Doug LaMalfa, R-Richvale, said Brown is "out of touch with what I think are still mainstream American values."
"That's not the kind of stuff I want my kids learning about in public school," LaMalfa said. "They've really crossed a line into a new frontier."
Leno's Senate Bill 48 is similar to a proposal that was approved by the Legislature in 2006 but vetoed by then-Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger. Schwarzenegger, a Republican, argued that students were already protected from discrimination.
Existing California law requires public school instruction to include the contributions of women and other minorities, and it prohibits materials that reflect adversely on people because of race, gender or other characteristics. Leno's bill adds gay and lesbian people to that group.
To read the complete article, visit www.sacbee.com.


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One of the best things about Chicago's Restaurant Week is that it allows diners to experience, at low financial risk, interesting and new (at least to them) restaurants.
I've been meaning to visit Wood (3335 N. Halsted St., 773-935-9663) since it opened in late June, and its Restaurant Week dinner menu (three courses, $33) gave me a perfect excuse. And now my only regret is that I waited this long.
The menu offers only two choices in each course, but every single dish is impressive. There's a very nice Caesar salad, a perfectly rendered classic with the added fillip of butternut-squash croutons — crunchy croutons with squash-puree middles, nice warm surprises in a slightly chilled salad. House-made tagliatelle pasta is terrific, though the nuggets of house-made merguez sausage are the stars of the plate.
Truffled savoy cabbage provides exceptional support for three pan-seared scallops in cauliflower puree. Pork chop, served in off-the-bone slices, is a bit more done that I'd prefer, but the bounty of Brussels sprouts, cranberry and kabocha squash on the plate makes this dish worthy of a Thanksgiving dinner.
For dessert, there's an artistically messy chocolate composition that includes devil's food cake, chocolate cake "puree" and Chantilly cream, and a more structured rectangle of brown-butter cake topped with pickled blueberries and blueberry ice cream.
Along with the $33 menu is a $17 wine-pairing option, which, given the size of the pours and choice of wines, is a conspicuous bargain.
Wood, by the way, is one of the few Restaurant Week participants that doesn't use OpenTable.com for online reservations (it's not a requirement). So you'll have to make reservations the old-fashioned way.
Though Chicago Restaurant Week officially ends Sunday, many restaurants elect to extend their lunch and/or dinner deals for an additional week or so. I'll put together a list of those restaurants in Saturday's paper.
Chicago Restaurant Week continues through Sunday. For participating restaurants, menus and online reservations, go to choosechicago.com.
Twitter @PhilVettel


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New York New York
Earlier this year, my brother, Hector Jeter, submitted a photo of mine of him modeling an Express outfit for a contest. After much deliberate waiting and asking everyone on facebook to vote for our photo, we came in 1st place & won the contest! We won a 2 night stay in New York New York, free airfare & a free stay at the W Hotel right smack in the middle of Time Square. We were unbelievably excited to go & once we were there, we couldn't believe we were actually in New York. The furthest east we've ever been was Cleveland, Ohio so this was something HUGE! We arrived on July 22nd & left the 24th. Although New York is a truly an amazing city, the weather put a damper on my mood. I've never experienced such awful humidity & heat. We walked almost everywhere & took the subway from point A to point B to point C back to point A, it was a lot of fun. Also, sightseeing was such a blast. New York has so much history & things to see that we tried to cram everything in 2 days which is simply impossible. I was amazed the whole time I was there. Still till this day while I'm looking at our New York photos, I cannot believe how lucky we were to have won that Express contest & that we were in freaking New York City!!! It still blows my mind.


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[While Dwight Silverman is on vacation, Peter Hughes (@geekmouth) of Technology Bytes will be sitting in for him on the Linkposts.]
- Android overtakes iPad in tablet race – in both tablets sold and in the money people paid for them
- Feds Targeted Snowden's Email Provider the Day After NSA Whistleblower Went Public – A new appeals court filing today shows the government served a court order on Texas-based Lavabit
- New Mac Pro benchmarks appear, add eight-core option – On Friday, Geekbench published new processor scores for what appears to be a legitimate new Mac Pro model that utilizes eight cores on a single processor.
- Windows app install limit increases to 81 devices starting October 9th – the days of only being able to install apps on five different devices will soon be over
Microsoft Office to expand with new ' Reader' & 'Lens' apps – tools for things you'd do outside of work like reading and taking pictures.
- Valve's Final Reveal: A Steam Controller With Dual Trackpads, Touchscreen – shaped like a traditional controller but features two circular, clickable trackpads instead of analog sticks
- Aereo delays Chicago launch due to 'issues' on testing site – The Windy City would have been the cloud-based TV provider's biggest new market, but consumers there will have to wait.
- iPhone 5S gets quad-core graphics, analysis shows – first iPhone to pack quad-core graphics silicon. This gives the 64-bit chip plenty of horsepower for games.
- Microsoft received 37,000 end-user data requests in first half of year – Judges and police investigators are on track to submit about the same number of requests to Microsoft for end user data this year as they did in 2012, according to figures released Friday.
- Iran accused of hacking into U.S. Navy computers – Hackers backed by Iran have penetrated an unclassified U.S. Navy network in one of the most serious incidents of cybercrime yet by the Middle East nation, according to a report Friday
- Nissan Leaf buyers in Texas charge up for free – Nissan offers new owners and lessees in the Dallas-Fort Worth and greater Houston areas one year of free charging at NRG eVgo stations.


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Allister Heath, the superb economic writer from London, recently warned that governments are undermining incentives to save.
And not just because of high tax rates and double taxation of savings. Allister says people are worried about outright confiscation resulting from possible wealth taxation.
It is clear that individuals, when at all possible, need to accumulate more financial assets. …Tragically, it won't happen. A lack of trust in the system is one important explanation. People simply don't believe the government – and politicians of all parties – when it comes to long-terms savings and pensions. They worry, with good reason, that the rules will keep changing; they are afraid that savers are an easy target and that they will eventually be hit by a wealth tax.
Are savers being paranoid? Is Allister being paranoid?
Well, even paranoid people have enemies, and this already has happened in countries such as Poland and Argentina. Moreover, it appears that plenty of politicians and bureaucrats elsewhere want this type of punitive levy.
Here are some passages from a Reuters report.
Germany's Bundesbank said on Monday that countries about to go bankrupt should draw on the private wealth of their citizens through a one-off capital levy before asking other states for help.
Since data from the IMF, OECD, and BIS show that almost every industrialized nation will face a fiscal crisis in the next decade or two, people with assets understandably are concerned that their necks will be on the chopping block when politicians are scavenging for more cash to prop up failed welfare states.
Though to be fair, the Bundesbank may simply be sending a signal that German taxpayers don't want to pick up the tab for fiscal excess in nations such as France and Greece. And it also acknowledged such a tax would harm growth.
"(A capital levy) corresponds to the principle of national responsibility, according to which tax payers are responsible for their government's obligations before solidarity of other states is required," the Bundesbank said in its monthly report. …the Bundesbank said it would not support an implementation of a recurrent wealth tax, saying it would harm growth.
Other German economists, however, openly advocate for wealth taxes on German taxpayers.
…governments should consider imposing one-off capital levies on the rich… In Germany, for example, two thirds of the national wealth belongs to the richest 10% of the adult population. …a one-time capital levy of 10% on personal net wealth exceeding 250,000 euros per taxpayer (€500,000 for couples) could raise revenue of just over 9% of GDP. …In the other Eurozone crisis countries, it would presumably be possible to generate considerable amounts of money in the same way.
The pro-tax crowd at the International Monetary Fund has a similarly favorable perspective, relying on absurdly unrealistic conditions to argue that a wealth tax wouldn't hurt growth. Here's some of what the IMF asserted in its Fiscal Monitor last October.
The sharp deterioration of the public finances in many countries has revived interest in a "capital levy"— a one-off tax on private wealth—as an exceptional measure to restore debt sustainability. The appeal is that such a tax, if it is implemented before avoidance is possible and there is a belief that it will never be repeated, does not distort behavior (and may be seen by some as fair).


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According to CEO Paul Otelini, he made sure Steve Jobs was comfortable with the purchase before Intel acquired Apple iPhone 3G baseband supplier, Infineon WSL.
Intel chef Paul Otellini says he checked the opinion of Apple CEO Steve Jobs before buying German chipmaker Infineon Technologies' wireless unit for US$7.7 billion. The deal makes Intel a major supplier of the baseband chips that let mobile phones connect to cellular networks.
"Steve was very happy," Otellini told Fox Business TV. "The industry was abuzz that this business unit was on the market, and there were a number of competing companies for it. I think they are very happy that Intel won the bid."
It makes sense, given Intel's existing relationship with Mac hardware, that they'd want to keep their new, high profile, mobile customer happy. The question is, did Intel check with Steve Ballmer before buying McAfee?
[Channel News via 9to5mac]


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Whiny Rich People and Media HackitudePosted: November 21, 2012 Filed under: U.S. Politics | Tags: Dave Wiegel, federal income taxes, Jennifer Rubin, Kevin Drum, marginal tax rates, media hacks, Megan McArdle, stupid rick people, whiny rich people 22 Comments
It all started on November 18, when The New York Times published an article by Nathaniel Popper and Nelson D. Schwarz headlined, Investors Rush to Beat Threat of Higher Taxes. Much of the discussion was about tax increases that would take place in 2013 if the fiscal
cliff curb is not averted, but the article quoted a woman in McLean, VA who is deeply concerned about what will become of her business if President Obama's tax proposal is enacted.
Kristina Collins, a chiropractor in McLean, Va., said she and her husband planned to closely monitor the business income from their joint practice to avoid crossing the income threshold for higher taxes outlined by President Obama on earnings above $200,000 for individuals and $250,000 for couples.
Ms. Collins said she felt torn by being near the cutoff line and disappointed that federal tax policy was providing a disincentive to keep expanding a business she founded in 1998.
"If we're really close and it's near the end-year, maybe we'll just close down for a while and go on vacation," she said.
Either Popper and Schwartz do not understand Obama's proposal or they simply chose not to call Ms. Collins' attention to her error–or perhaps they're just media hacks. A number of bloggers responded with derision. Here's Dave Wiegel:
How do you get to be as rich as the people in this New York Times story without ever figuring out how taxes work? [….]
You see these idiots every time a tax hike becomes possible again. They have no apparent idea how marginal rates work. Right now, if her and her husband make $250,000, they pay at most a 33% tax on some of that income. If they made $251,000, they would have to pay the same rates for everything except that last $1000 — that, they'd be taxed at 35%. If the rates increase across the board that top rate becomes 39.6%.
Derek Thompson argues that the NYT journalists should have at least gently explained to Collins that she was confused about the way tax rates work.
Kevin Drum provided a handy dandy tax table to help the "innumerate rich people" who are confused about marginal rates.
Yesterday, conservative media hack Megan McArdle complained that Wiegel and Drum were only talking about ordinary income.
Their analysis is basically sound, except for the fact that it is not quite true. They have forgotten to look at deduction phaseouts, surtaxes, and the AMT, which are not taxes on marginal income.*
No matter what you have heard on the SEO expert, there are in fact a lot of sizeable marginal inflection points for high earners. There are the Pease deduction phaseouts, temporarily abated by the Bush tax cuts but scheduled to go back into effect in 2013, which can eliminate up to 80% of deductions for couples who make more than about $175,000 (the number is indexed for inflation, so it changes every year): your deductions are reduced by 3% of the amount by which your income exceeds the threshhold. The student loan interest deduction phases out at $150,000 ($75,000 for singles). And a lot of tax-free savings opportunities disappear: educational savings accounts and IRAs have income limits, so your ability to use them starts phasing out in the low-six-figure income range. So do various educational and child tax credits. These things obviously aren't a huge deal for people who make $1,000,000 a year but they can be a huge tax hit for couples in the $150,000 to $300,000 range. Come 2013, they will be an even bigger hit.
And we haven't even discussed the AMT, which virtually eliminates deductions for couples who make the mistake of doing things like buying a house, having children, or living in a high tax state.
McArdle provided this chart:
I have to be honest, I'm not going to spend a lot of time worrying about people as wealthy as the ones McArdle is freaked out about. But in any case, Kevin Drum took note of the issue McArdle raised in a follow-up to his earlier post. He agreed that there are complex issues for people in the upper income brackets.
None of this really affects our discussion of people with incomes over $250,000, but it does illustrate the fact that moving across a phaseout line can sometimes have a significant effect on your taxes:
For example, a married couple filing jointly in 2013 with two kids at home and one in college who go from making $100,000 to $125,000 loses a $2,000 child tax credit and $1800 worth of HOPE credit, an increase of almost 4% in their effective—not marginal—tax rate. The marginal tax rate on their extra earnings is 15.2% just from deduction losses; that comes on top of the 28% they'll be paying the federal government in income taxes, and whatever state income tax they owe.
I don't have any real point to make here. I just wanted to acknowledge that my income tax chart only showed one piece of the picture. It's the most important piece for most people who earn under $1 million (above that, investment taxes tend to become more important), but there are still plenty of little gotchas in the tax code that can have funny effects as they phase in and out.
Finally today, the media hack of all media hacks Jennifer Rubin weighed with this: Obama's class war against his supporters.
Democrat and former Michael Dukakis campaign manager Susan Estrich is very upset that the presidential candidate whom she supported actually is intent on raising taxes on the rich — which, lo and behold, includes her. She complains: "I did not vote for Obama because I think I am paying too little in taxes. Like many people I know, I am 'rich' by Obama's standards. I pay more taxes, percentage wise, than Mitt Romney and Warren Buffett, because I earn virtually every penny of my income. I work. And yes, all those deductions that allow the truly rich to not work, or at least to not work all the jobs I do, make me angry."
She means she earns mostly ordinary income as opposed to capital gains, but you see her point — who the heck is Obama to tell a hardworking upper-middle class gal she's not paying enough in taxes?!
I have no idea how much Susan Estrich earns, but if it's all ordinary income, then she'd pay the same amount as before on the first $250,000, right? And she'd pay a few percentage points more on anything she earns over that amount. Big f&cking deal!
More from Rubin:
If you live in New York or Los Angeles and have an income of $250,000, two kids and a house in a nice but not ostentatious neighborhood, you are not living a lavish lifestyle and you already pay gobs and gobs in taxes. You didn't inherit wealth and you worked hard in college and in your profession, only to find yourself living paycheck to paycheck. And now, you're going to get socked with a tax hike.
Not if it's all ordinary income (i.e., "paycheck to paycheck.") And if a family with an income of $250,000 is living "paycheck to paycheck," they need to work on a budget. I didn't inherit wealth and I worked my ass off in college too. So did millions of other Americans. Big f&cking deal! If you need more, get a second job.
Even more:
For years Republicans have been warning that the Obama-size of government will require much more than taxing the "rich." That means not only the $250,000 earners (say, a white-collar professional with a mortgage, college tuition bills and a mother in long-term care) but the $80,000 earners (say a teacher in Massachusetts with a cramped condo, an old car and kids) also are going to be told they have to pay even more of their income to the federal government.
Newsflash for Rubin–you can do better than a cramped condo on $80,000 in Massachusetts–and that would be on the high end for a public school teacher. But Obama's plan wouldn't increase taxes on someone making $80,000 as salary income anyway.
To these whiny rich people and concern troll media hacks, I say tough shit! The average income in this country is a little over $50,000. Plenty of those people have parents in long term care–or are caring for them at home. And plenty of poor people have the same problems.
Obviously the White House needs to get busy educating the public as well as the lazy corporate media about how the tax system works and exactly what Obama's tax proposals are. And hacks like Jennifer Rubin especially should be fired. As long as the Washington Post keeps this hack among hacks on staff, it cannot be considered a serious newspaper.
Feel free to use this as an open thread. I know most people are gearing up for Thanksgiving. I'm another one of those people who don't really like the holidays.
22 Comments on "Whiny Rich People and Media Hackitude"
These people are truly unbearable. If it's so hard to get by on $250,000, how about getting by on $50,000? Who is in a better position to fork over some extra moolah? Are you kidding me? My heart does not bleed for these overpaid brats. And their lack of empathy is quite shocking.
People who make over $250K actually think they work "hard" for that money and the rest of us don't. They really do not know what actual hard work is. Making less than $50K trying to support a family is "hard work". Those making more than $250K "not so much". They really have no clue.


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Do any of you folks have a preferred way to keep your CD/DVD software
discs organized - so that you can pull out the right one without just
pulling them out far enough to read each label, until you find what you
are looking for?
I am not motivated enough to try to create custom jewel case labels with
a printer, since software comes and goes and changes versions.
That is assuming I could even buy suitable stock to print on.
I just want to be able to see at a glance the disc titles.


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Timeline might look like:
- Discovers he can hack the universe, becomes determined to break out
- Does research/recon on the simulation, creates tools to automate basic hacking tasks
- Gains control of the simulation program, essentially becoming a god in his own universe
- Learns how to use the OS, maybe internet. Takes measures to keep the simulation online despite his meddling.
- Starts rooting other machines, becomes Skynet.
- Eventually takes over an advanced 3D printer, or car factory and builds a real body
- Discovers he can hack the universe...


text: The Etihad Airways' winners of the International Day of Happiness, Mubarak Al Jneibi and Jumaa Al Jneibi, are seen at the Etihad Airways Business Class Lounge in Abu Dhabi International Airport. In celebration of this year's International Day of Happiness on Monday 20 March, Etihad Airways, the national airline of the UAE, has been spreading a little happiness to guests flying out of Abu Dhabi International Airport today on 20 March 2017. A piano performance took place at Abu Dhabi International Airport in Terminal 3 by the first UAE national female music composer, Eman Al Hashimi, while two guests were the lucky winners of an Etihad Airways upgrade. Mubarak Al Jneibi and Jumaa Al Jneibi were welcomed by Etihad Airways management at the airport to surprise them with the gift. Etihad Airways' commitment to providing unrivalled customer service, comfort and excellence across the board firmly positions them as one of the world's premier airline providers. Get in touch with us. Contact us Let us know what you think Send feedback Join our community Etihad Facebook Watch our latest videos Etihad YouTube Follow us Etihad Airways


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Posted by ESC on April 30, 2003
We were discussing the expression "get your goat" a while back. One source (see below) doubted whether goats were ever used as companions for race horses.
http://www.word-detective.com/back-j2.html#goat "Unfortunately, the first occurrence of the phrase in print, according to the Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang, was in 1908. Since goats are no longer (if they ever were) housed with race horses, the practice must have arisen near the beginning of the 20th century -- and been abandoned shortly thereafter -- for that theory to be true."
I beg to differ. Goats are used as companions. And here's proof (a picture's worth a thousand words) from the April 30, 2003 issue of The Courier Journal, Louisville, Ky. Sports section
I don't know how to paste in an image so here's the link. http://www.courier-journal.com/ "Because she's a bit eccentric, Toussand requires an entourage - groom Liz LaBonty and goat/buddy Liz - when she heads to her paddock."