text:
Serviços Personalizados
Links relacionados
- Citado por Google
- Similares em Google
SA Journal of Industrial Psychology
versão On-line ISSN 2071-0763
versão impressa ISSN 0258-5200
SA j. ind. Psychol. vol.35 no.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2009
Prediction of Type A behaviour: a structural equation model
René van Wyk; André B. Boshoff; Gideon Nieman; Jurie van Vuuren; Marius Pretorius
Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa
The predictability of Type A behaviour was measured in a sample of 375 professionals with a shortened version of the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS). Two structural equation models were constructed with the Type A behaviour achievement sub-scale and global (total) Type A as the predictor variables. The indices showed a reasonable-to-promising fit with the data. Type A achievement was reasonably predicted by service-career orientation, internal locus of control, power self-concept and economic innovation. Type A global was also predicted by internal locus of control, power self-concept and the entrepreneurial attitude of achievement and personal control.
Keywords: coronary-prone behaviour; stress-linked disease; locus of control; Type A behaviour; structural equation model
The cardiology researchers Friedman and Rosenman (1959) coined the concept of Type A behaviour when they discovered a typical behaviour pattern in most cardiology patients, namely an intense drive towards (1) poorly defined goals, (2) competitiveness, (3) persistence in the pursuit of advancement and recognition, (4) involvement in multiple tasks, (5) working at an accelerated mental and physical rate and (6) high physical alertness.
Since the identification of Type A behaviour by Friedman and Rosenman (1959), inconsistent results have been reported concerning the relationship between Type A behaviour and coronary heart disease (CHD) (Catipovic, Glavas, Kristek & Sram, 2001; Denollet, 2004).
Opposing views on Type A
On the one hand, there is some evidence that Type A behaviour is not really very toxic and that it does not necessarily lead to CHD (Ben-Zur, 2002; Dembroski & Costa, 1988; Dembroski, MacDougall, Costa & Grandits, 1989; Haynes & Matthews, 1988; Huysamen, 1994; Lutz, Holmes & Cramer 1987; Williams, Barefoot, Haney & Harrell, 1988).
On the other hand, sufficient evidence indicates that Type A behaviour should not be ignored, owing to its significant relationships with various physical and psychological symptoms, such as:
CHD (Del Pino Perez, Meizoso & Gonzalez, 1999; Gallacher, Sweetnam, Yarnell, Elwood & Stansfeld, 2003; Jin-Fu, De-Sen & Shui-Yuan, 2005; Sehgal, 2000), such as a modest increase in coronary stenosis (Yoshimasu et al., 2000), high cardiac reactivity with slow recovery (Palmero, Diez & Asensio, 2001), elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure (Omura, Saito & Sasaki, 2005, atherosclerosis (Suls & Sanders, 1989) and hypertension (Yan et al., 2003).
Deterioration of health (Birks & Roger, 2000; Jamal, 2005; Jamal & Baba, 2003; Sumi, 1998), for instance: burn-out (Idemudia, Jegede, Madu & Arowola, 2000; Jamal, 2005; Jamal & Baba, 2001; Law, 2004), upper respiratory-tract infections (Stout & Bloom, 1982), stress-linked diseases (Hicks, Lingen & Eastman, 1979; Hicks & Pellegrini, 1982), sleep problems (Hicks & Pellegrini, 1982), headaches (Hicks & Campbell, 1983; Martin, Nathan & Milech, 1987), migraines (Rapport, McAnulty & Brantley, 1988), duodenal-ulcer symptoms (Ayzenberg, 1983), stomach disorders (Hicks & Pellegrini, 1982), ischaemic stroke (Kim et al., 1998), work-related problems such as high work involvement and workaholism (Roodt, Bester & Boshoff, 1994), workplace aggression (Baron, Neuman & Geddes, 1999), and psychiatric sick-leave (Moriana & Herruzo, 2005).
Negative psychological symptoms (Nakano & Kitamura, 2002; Sumi, 1998), hostility (Sebregts, Falger, Appels, Kester & Bär, 2005), negative emotions (Fukunishi et al., 1992; Martin et al., 1987; Mellam & Espnes, 2003) and accident prone behaviour (Suls & Sanders, 1989).
Reduced social support (Furchner, 1999; Jamal & Baba, 2001; Sumi, 1998), an increased road-traffic accident risk (Nabi et al., 2005) and a significant positive relationship between Type A aggression and pessimism (Hasan, 2002), which, according to Seligman (1998), is the primal cause of learned helplessness leading to a decrease in psychological health.
Overall, it seems that Type A behaviour has a number of negative health effects.
Possible reasons for differences in Type A relationships
Gastorf and Teevan (1980) and Nowack (1987) explain differences in findings related to Type A behaviour as being due to reluctance by Type A individuals to report symptoms as a self-defensive pattern motivated by a fear of failure, by ignorance and by the suppression of somatic and psychological symptomatology. Inconsistencies could also relate to sampling methods (Strümpfer, 1993b). These differences in relationships in Type A behaviour are explained by Alkhadher (1999) as being due to the measurement of Type A as a global construct, whereas the separation of individual sub-constructs leads to some differentiation in relationships.
With the separation of the Type A sub-constructs, it seems that it is especially the Type A components of anger (Northam & Bluen, 1994), achievement in interaction with high optimism (Begley, Lee & Czajka, 2000), impatience (Nakano & Kitamura, 2002; Siu, Cooper & Leung, 2000), enthusiasm (Yoshimasu et al., 2001), competitiveness (Furchner, 1999; Yoshimasu et al., 2001), enthusiasm and competitiveness (Yoshimasu et al., 2002) and hostility (Furchner, 1999; Williams, Barefoot & Schneiderman, 2003), as well as the social isolation caused by this behaviour (Furchner, 1999; Jamal & Baba, 2001) that relate to the severity of coronary atherosclerosis and other health risks. Although Type A achievement did not relate to burn-out in a sample of 329 Swedish information-communication technology consultants, burn-out significantly related to the irritability and impatience construct of Type A behaviour (Hallberg, Johansson & Schaufeli, 2007).
Opposing views on advanced performance due to Type A behaviour
Notwithstanding this negative view of Type A behaviour, some profitable outcomes do relate to this behaviour pattern: Type As are seen as having a heightened sense of self-efficacy, mastery and personal competence (Bryant & Yarnold, 1991). Although Strümpfer (1980) argues that Type A behaviour does not necessarily equal occupational and educational competency, there is some evidence indicating that Type As are significantly higher performers than Type Bs (Bryant & Yarnold, 1991; Roskies, 1987). There are, however, some inconsistencies concerning the performance of Type A individuals compared with that of Type Bs. Keinan and Koren (2002) argue that the contradictions in some findings indicating that Type As do not perform significantly better than Type Bs may be due to differences in the challenges presented in the research design. A study comparing the performance of Types A and B indicates that teams consisting mainly of Type A were consistently more productive than their Type B team counterparts when performing both competitive and non-competitive tasks (Keinan & Koren, 2002).
Therapeutic intervention in the Type A behaviour pattern
Although Type A achievement and global behaviour seem to be rewarding for some professionals as things seem to get done through achievement and through hard driving and competitiveness, the negative health indications related to this behaviour pattern should not be ignored, since treatment seems to achieve a definite decline in the occurrence of coronary blockage (MacLennan, 1994) and notable statistical and clinical reductions in the recurrence of myocardial infarction (Friedman & Thoresen, 2001; Thoresen, Friedman, Powell, Gill & Ulmer, 1987). Type As should be made aware that typical Type A behaviour is not a prerequisite for occupational and educational achievement and that similar successful accomplishments are achieved by Type Bs (Strümpfer, 1980). Type As should be further sensitised to the fact that the negative health consequences associated with Type A behaviour outweigh the superficial attractiveness of this kind of behaviour (Kirkcaldy, Shephard & Furnham, 2002), which is especially prevalent in managerial positions in South Africa (Strümpfer, 1993a). It is therefore argued that therapeutic intervention for even healthy Type A behaviour is ethically justified.
Roskies (1987) declares that the provision of new and better ways of coping with daily irritations the everyday hassles of life should be the purpose of stress-management training for healthy Type A behaviour. She proposes that the aim of treatment for healthy Type A behaviour should be to reduce stress-related factors by increasing the individual's awareness and control of her or his perceptions of and reactions to stress. The individual can therefore become more skilled in pursuing personal goals with a minimum cost in terms of personal upset and disruption in interpersonal relations.
According to MacLennan (1994), a prerequisite for successful intervention in Type A behaviour is the ability to grow in self-knowledge. She states that intervention itself leads to an increase in congruency and thus psychological-mindedness. Type A individuals should be taught to adopt healthier behaviour patterns with similarly successful outcomes (Price, 1982). Meaningful intervention should be aimed at helping individuals live active, productive lives without paying a price in terms of physical tension, mental turmoil and disturbed relations with others (Roskies, 1990). The high stress levels caused by Type A behaviour can be moderated through exercise, as indicated in a study by Siu et al. (2000) among Hong Kong managers, provided that individuals do not see exercise situations as competitive, which could lead to further negative effects of anger, depression and anxiety (Masters, Lacaille & Shearer, 2003).
Taking into account the high prevalence of Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) Type A behaviour measured in South Africa (Strümpfer, 1993a), it is important that management make employees aware that Type A behaviour can be detrimental to their health and that preventive actions can be taken. Psychological distress, measured by the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist: HSCL-10, for example, is significantly higher among men with Type A behaviour than among men without Type A behaviour at the 95% confidence interval (Søgaard, Dalgard, Holme, Røysamb & Håheim, 2008). Employers can enhance the overall well-being of employees who have been identified as displaying Type A behaviour through stress management (Idemudia et al., 2000). The presence of reactive systolic and diastolic blood pressure in Type A individuals, for example, can be effectively decreased through training and intervention, moderating their typical excessive cardiovascular responses (Dion, Gerrard, Ready & Dyck, 1992; Omura et al., 2005) and the cognitive aspects of Type A, in particular the conduct of hostility (Sebregts et al., 2005).
Ayzenberg (1983), however, warns that an attempt to change the Type A behaviour pattern might prove insufficient if the needs associated with the behaviour are not also addressed. Intervention focused on behaviour only is therefore only palliative, as the underlying personality structure is not addressed. She even believes that the modification of Type A behaviour without a change in core emotions could prove dangerous, as it does not allow the discharge of some emotional drives and denial thereof could have pathological effects.
Pace et al. (1986) propose an ecological approach to the treatment of Type A behaviour in the workplace, given that the syndrome arises from different intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional and cultural sources. Treatment would include that of elements surrounding the system of the individual, namely the ecological system. For this reason and in the light of the argument by Byrne (2000) that it is the interaction between Type A behaviour and work circumstances that leads to health-risk factors, it is important to investigate the possible occupational variables that could lead to Type A behaviour.
Variables in an occupational situation that seem to cause Type A behaviour
It is important to notice that the classifications of Type A and B entities are not mutually exclusive - the one is not the counterpart of the other (Thoresen et al., 1987); it is possible for individuals to display both Type A and Type B behaviours to different degrees (Webster, 1994).
What, in fact, causes Type A behaviour? Price (1982) explains Type A behaviour on the basis of a cognitive social-learning model. She argues that Type A behaviour cannot be seen as a personality type but rather as a set of socially learned behavioural responses. Her argument is based on work by Friedman and Rosenman (1959; 1974), which indicates that Type A behaviour is produced and maintained in interaction with behavioural, environmental, cognitive and physiological factors, with certain antecedents and consequences enhancing or discouraging the maintenance of the behaviour pattern. The proposed cognitive social-learning theory model developed by Price (1982) is shown in Figure 1.
Williams et al. (2003) point out that there does not seem to be one single behavioural pathway that causes cardiovascular disease. Byrne (2000) expresses a concern that it could also be the interaction between Type A behaviour and occupational situations that leads to health-risk factors.
Evidence of the prevalence of Type A behaviour in South Africa
It seems important to explore predictive factors further, especially as there is some evidence to indicate a high tendency of Type A behaviour in South African organisations (Cox, 1983; Kahn, 1968; Strümpfer, 1980, 1990, 1993a, 1993b). This high prevalence of Type A in South African businesses suggests that cardiac disturbances can be predicted in both white and black South Africans (Els, 1987). The Type A tendency was also predominant in a sample of white South African students (Spangenberg, Shuda & Robbertze, 1997).
This phenomenon can possibly be explained by the high demands that Western society makes in terms of individual achievement (Spangenberg et al., 1997) and personal performance in the work situation, which could lead to a high level of strain in professional activities (Byrne, 1987). The high occurrence of Type A could also be due to the shortage of high-level human resources in South African business and industry (Strümpfer, 1990).
Relationship between Type A behaviour and occupational variables
Although research concerning the Type A concept has decreased in the last decade, this does not mean that all relationships have already been answered. It is for this reason that this study investigated the possible cognitive organisational factors that could cause Type A behaviour (as depicted in Price's model given in Figure 1). The cognitive organisational factors under investigation were the locus of control, career orientation, self-concept and entrepreneurial attitude of individuals.
The element of control seems to be an important characteristic of the Type A behaviour pattern (Benight & Kinicki, 1988; Clark & Miller, 1991; Glass, Snyder & Hollis, 1974). It does, in fact, play an important role in emotional reactions that lead to tension or anxiety (Glass et al., 1974). Glass (1977) is of the opinion that a Type A behavioural style is activated when an individual's sense of control is threatened. Clark and Miller (1991) report that a desire for control potentially gives rise to anger, which is a component of the more 'toxic' Type A behaviour in terms of the development of coronary-artery disease. Many studies indicate generally weak associations between Type A behaviour and locus of control (Begley, 1995; Feather & Volkmer, 1988; Furnham, 1983; Glass, 1977; Gomez, 1997; Morrison, 1997; Norden, 1995; Spector & O'Connel, 1994; Wolf, Hunter, Webber & Berenson, 1981). Kirkcaldy et al. (2002) demonstrate that an external locus of control in combination with Type A personality characteristics point towards significantly lower work satisfaction in a sample of 332 German managers.
Certain career orientations, as identified by the career anchors of Schein (1978), seem to be a further potential construct related to Type A behaviour. Studies by Burke (1983, 1985) identify a low but significant positive correlation between Type A behaviour (measured by JAS scores) and the career orientations (in terms of Schein, 1978) of self-investors and careerists and a significant negative correlation Type A behaviour and the career orientations of artisans (Jenkins, Zyzanski & Rosenman, 1979).
According to Anastasi (1990), an individual's self-concept can be seen as the collective effect of self-evaluation on cognitive and emotional traits and as either directly or indirectly influencing the functioning of an individual. In studies by Wolf et al. (1981) and by Lobel (1988), the relationship between a positive self-concept and Type A behaviour was found to be significantly negative.
Entrepreneurs are generally seen as achievers in society. At present, the study of entrepreneurship is attracting considerable attention. The relationship between Type A behaviour and entrepreneurial attitudes has not, as far as could be established, previously been studied and seems to be an important area for investigation (Van Wyk, 1998).
It is not clear how the constructs of locus of control, career orientation, self-concept and entrepreneurial attitude as independent variables would predict the prevalence of Type A behaviour as the dependent variable in a structural-equation model. This study therefore conducted a comprehensive investigation into the predictability of different personality variables in combination with Type A behaviour in a sample of professionals.
The sample was selected from two occupational groups, namely accountants and pharmacists (Van Wyk & Boshoff, 2004), as these professionals have an important role to play in symbolising service to society (Gamble & Matteson, 1992; Schein & Kommers, 1972). The public accounting and pharmaceutical professions are also seen as highly stressful occupations in terms of workload and role stressors, leading to job exhaustion in the case of accountants (Law, 2004).
The goal of this paper was to investigate the predictability of Type A behaviour through the personality constructs of locus of control, career orientation, self-concept and entrepreneurial attitude by means of structural-equation modelling.
Research approach
A non-experimental, cross-sectional survey was done on two professional groups with mutually exclusive profiles on the Holland Hexagon (Holland, 1985), namely pharmacists and accountants (Van Wyk & Boshoff, 2004). Two probability sampling methods were used, namely stratified sampling (where members of a specific professional society were used) and systematic sampling (where the total professionals registered were divided by 60 and individuals were selected at given intervals) (Kerlinger & Lee, 2000). Questionnaires were mailed to individuals, together with pre-addressed and pre-stamped return envelopes. Follow-up letters were sent one week later. The participants took part voluntarily and anonymously. The completed questionnaires were personally coded.
Research method
The sample consisted of 375 professionally registered pharmacists (N = 200) and accountants (N = 175). The mean age of the sample was 41.6 years (SD = 12.46). The respondents spoke mainly Afrikaans (N = 158) or English (N = 211) as their home language, with a few speaking Tshivenda (N = 1), isiZulu (N = 2) and North Sotho (N = 2).
The number of participants employed in organisations was N = 201 (53.6%) and the number working as private practitioners was N = 169 (45.1%). Five participants did not indicate whether they were employees in someone else's company or working as private practitioners. The number of jobs held by the participants prior to this study varied between one and eight; 93% had held five or fewer jobs during their careers prior to this study. The number of years' work experience held by the respondents up to the time of this study varied between one and sixty; the mean number of years worked was 18.7 (SD = 12.56). The mean number of organisations worked at was 2.83 (SD = 1.56) before participation in this study.
The majority of the participants (N = 295 or 78.7%) were married, 62 (16.5%) were divorced, ten were widowed, six were cohabiting and two did not indicate their marital status. Most of the participants (77.6%) grew up in an urban environment. The majority (56.8%) of the participants grew up in the Gauteng province of South Africa, with a more or less even spread over the other eight provinces for the rest of the participants.
Measuring instruments
The demographic information that was gathered on the participants concerned their gender, occupation, home language, employment, marital status, area of birth, province of birth, age, number of jobs held, number of years worked and number of organisations to which they had been attached.
Because the primary purpose of this study was to determine the predictability of Type A behaviour, this construct was measured by means of a shortened form of the JAS as developed by Spence, Helmreich and Pred (1987). Exploratory factor analysis yielded three factors with rather low alpha coefficients for the three scales (0.65, 0.52 and 0.49 respectively), possibly due to the low number of items. However, confirmatory factor analysis showed a satisfactory fit between the measurement model and the data, with a goodness-of-fit index (GFI) of 0.93, an adjusted GFI of 0.90 and a root mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) estimate of 0.07, which rendered the instrument acceptable. The three factors were 'achievement' (five items), 'hard driving/competitiveness' (four items) and 'speed/impatience' (three items).
The Locus of Control Instrument developed by Schepers (1995) was used to measure locus of control. Exploratory factor analysis led to a three-factor solution containing 38, 14 and 5 items respectively, with Cronbach alphas of 0.91, 0.78 and 0.84 respectively. These factors were 'internal locus of control', 'external locus of control' and 'vicissitudes of life'.
Career orientation was measured with the Career Orientations Inventory (Schein, 1995). The exploratory factor analysis on the responses of the sample indicated four identifiable factors, with Cronbach alpha coefficients of 0.86, 0.81, 0.80 and 0.72 respectively. These factors were 'service dedication' (eleven items), 'job security' (five items), 'entrepreneurship' (five items) and 'lifestyle integration' (three items).
The six-factor Self-concept Scale of Stake (1994) was used to measure the self-concept of the participants. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a three-factor solution, with Cronbach alpha coefficients of 0.85, 0.84 and 0.84 respectively. The factors were identified as 'power' (14 items), 'task accomplishment' (12 items) and 'likeability' (6 items).
The Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Scale developed by Robinson, Stimpson, Huefner and Hunt (1991) was used to measure entrepreneurial attitude. A three-factor solution based on the responses was accepted for the exploratory factor analysis, which contained 29, 21 and 12 items respectively. The three factors were identified as 'attitude towards economic innovation', 'achievement/personal control' and 'self-esteem'. The Cronbach alphas were 0.90, 0.80 and 0.77 respectively.
Random stratified sampling was done in two main economic areas of activity in South Africa (Gauteng and the Western Cape) on professionally registered pharmacists and accountants. A total of 418 completed questionnaires was received out of the 1 100 questionnaires distributed by mail in Gauteng and the 100 in the Western Cape. Questionnaires were left out of the analysis where any of the psychometric instruments had no response to one or more of the items. A total of 375 questionnaires was used in the final statistical analyses. The questionnaire consisted of biographical variables and questions measuring Type A behaviour, locus of control, career orientation, self-concept and entrepreneurial attitudes.
Statistical analysis (analysis of data)
Factor analysis was done on all the personality instruments to confirm construct validity and to limit error-variance measurements (Cavusgil & Das, 1997). Principal factor analysis was performed with direct quartimin rotation, followed by confirmatory factor analysis that assessed the quality of fit between the measurement model and the data (Van Wyk, Boshoff & Owen, 1999). Statistical analyses concerning the relationship between Type A scores and personality variables were investigated by means of Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple-regression analysis (Van Wyk, 1998; Van Wyk & Boshoff, 2000).
On the grounds of the significant relationships indicated by the Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple-regression analysis of a previous study (Van Wyk & Boshoff, 2000; Van Wyk, Boshoff & Bester, 1999), two structural-equation models were investigated, with the prediction of achievement and global Type A as outcome variables. Structural-equation models were not built to predict hard driving and competitiveness, and speed and impatience, as these variables are not predicted well by means of multiple regression (Van Wyk & Boshoff, 2000). The predictions of achievement and global Type A are illustrated in Figures 2 and 3. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to evaluate the strength of the model fit, as indicated in Tables 1 and 2.
With the exception of the internal locus of control economic innovation path coefficients, as indicated in Figure 1 (a value of 0.16), the other coefficients are all satisfactory (above 0.30).
Taking into account the values of the indices as indicated in Table 1, the causal model as shown in Figure 2 indicates a promising fit with the data according to the criteria set out by Hair, Anderson, Tatham and Black (1998). The basal metabolic rate (RMR) and RMSEA values are close to zero and the other relevant fit indices approach 1.0.
The path coefficients, given in Figure 3, are at an acceptable level, with the exception of the path coefficients between internal locus of control, Ent 2 and global Type A behaviour, which are below 0.3. Consequently, these causal relationships are low. The fit between the data and the model shown in Figure 3 is promising (Hair et al., 1998), with the RMR and RMSEA values approaching zero and the other relevant fit indices being around 0.9.
The primary contribution of this study is the construction of a structural-equation model to determine the prediction of Type A achievement and global behaviour in two groups of professional people. The results indicate that Type A achievement and global behaviour can be explained by means of certain types of career orientation, locus of control, self-concept and entrepreneurial attitudinal variables, as measured in this study.
The study has broadened the view of causal relationships between different variables and Type A behaviour in the work environment. The structural-equation models indicate that different forms of self-perception - such as locus of control (internal), self-esteem (power) and individual service career orientation - were involved in the development of the entrepreneurial attitude of economic innovation and, finally, the maintenance of Type A achievement behaviour. The global prediction of Type A is indicated by means of the power self-concept variable, internal locus of control and an achievement or personal-control entrepreneurial attitude. Seen in the light of the argument by Price (1982) that Type A is not a personality type but a set of socially learned behavioural responses, it is important for professionals in the pharmacy and accountancy careers to be aware of the influence of the need for internal locus of control, power, service and economic innovation, which could lead to increased Type A achievement behaviour. Global Type A was found to be especially influenced by the need for power, internal locus of control and a career orientation of achievement and personal control.
These findings confirm the argument of Pace et al. (1986) that Type A behaviour in the workplace is the result of different intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional and cultural sources and the concern of Byrne (2000) that it could be the interaction between Type A behaviour and occupational situations that leads to health-risk factors.
The results of this study can be used to help Type A individuals to grow in self-knowledge, suggested by MacLennan (1994) as a prerequisite for successful intervention in this behaviour pattern. The results shed more light on the occupational elements that lead to Type A behaviour, which can aid the treatment of this form of behaviour (Pace et al., 1986). Improved self-knowledge can empower Type A individuals to prevent or moderate their cardiovascular responses (Dion, Gerard, Ready & Dyck, 1992; Omura et al., 2005). It is important, however, that the needs of Type A individuals be addressed, as pure treatment without concern for personal needs can prove insufficient (Ayzenberg, 1983).
Limitations and direction for future research
The study has clear limitations. It was done on individuals in only two professional categories and the findings can therefore not be generalised to other occupational groups. The results of the low-path coefficients in the prediction of global Type A indicate a modest causality (Figure 3) supported by fair indices (Table 2).
Future studies should be aimed at professionals other than accountants and pharmacists and at non-professional groups. A broader measure of Type A behaviour (measuring more variables) would provide a better picture of the causalities of the different factors of this phenomenon. An examination of different variables from the ones measured in the current study should also be undertaken.
Future research should be aimed not only at the identification of Type A factors and the causal factors leading to this selfdestructive behaviour pattern (accompanied by the health problems indicated) but also at the alleviation of this kind of behaviour and at finding more constructive and healthier ways to reach success without the self-destructive behavioural tendencies of Type A's.
Individuals such as professionals should be alerted to the detrimental effects of Type A behaviour and to the need for control and achievement at various psychological, physical and psycho-social levels. The identification of Type A behaviour should be aimed at helping people to unlearn cognitive social-learning patterns and to form new, healthier behaviour patterns of positive behaviour as advocated by post-modern psychologists, such as Seligman (1998).
Knowledge gained through the current study sheds more light on the occupational variables that precipitate Type A behaviour. As far as could be established, the prediction of Type A constructs by means of the complex interaction effects that structural-equation modelling allows has not been done before. The findings therefore make an important contribution to the theory of Type A behaviour, specifically in the work context, which can lead to certain damaging Type A characteristics. Identification of the variables can fine-tune intervention strategies that can give Type A individuals more insight into behaviour that precipitates health damage.
Alkhadher, O. (1999). Association of Type A behavior and job performance in a sample of Kuwaiti workers. Psychological Reports, 85, 189-196. [ Links ]
Anastasi, A. (1990). Psychological testing. New York: Macmillan. [ Links ]
Ayzenberg, A. (1983). The Type A behaviour pattern and its associated personality variables in CHD, ulcer, asthma, non-psychosomatic patients and healthy controls. Master's dissertation. Cape Town: University of Cape Town. [ Links ]
Baron, R.A., Neuman, J.H., & Geddes, D. (1999). Social and personal determinants of workplace aggression: Evidence for the impact of perceived injustice and the Type A behavior pattern. Aggressive Behaviour, 25(4), 281-296. [ Links ]
Begley, T.M. (1995). Using founder status, age of firm, and company growth rate as the basis for distinguishing entrepreneurs from managers of smaller businesses. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(3), 249-263. [ Links ]
Begley, T.M., Lee, C., & Czajka, J.M. (2000). The relationships of Type A behaviour and optimism with job performance and blood pressure. Journal of Business and Psychology, 15(2), 215-227. [ Links ]
Benight, C.C., & Kinicki, A.J. (1988). Interaction of Type A behaviour and perceived controllability of stressors on stress outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 33(1), 50-62. [ Links ]
Ben-Zur, H. (2002). Associations of Type A behavior with the emotional traits of anger and curiosity. Anxiety, Stress and Coping: An International Journal, 15(1), 95-104. [ Links ]
Birks, Y., & Roger, D. (2000). Identifying components of Type A behaviour: 'Toxic' and 'non-toxic' achieving. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(6), 1093-1105. [ Links ]
Bryant, F.B., & Yarnold, P.R. (1991). The impact of Type A behavior on subjective life quality: Bad for the heart, good for the soul. In M.J. Strube (Ed.), Type A behavior (pp. 339- 379). Newbury Park: Sage. [ Links ]
Burke, R.J. (1983). Career orientations of Type A individuals. Psychological Reports, 53(3), 979-989. [ Links ]
Burke, R.J. (1985). Career orientations and Type A behavior in police officers. Psychological Reports, 57, 1239-1246. [ Links ]
Byrne, D.G. (1987). The behavioral management of the cardiac patient. Norwood: Abex. [ Links ]
Byrne, D.G. (2000). The frustration of success: Type A behavior, occupational stress and cardiovascular disease. In D.T. Kenny & J.G. Carlson (Eds.), Stress and health: Research and clinical applications (pp. 441-437). Amsterdam: Harwood Academic. [ Links ]
Catipovic, V.K., Glavas, B., Kristek, J., & Sram, M. (2001). Components of Type A behavior and two-year prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Psychological Reports, 89(3), 467-475. [ Links ]
Cavusgil, T.S., & Das, A. (1997). Methodological issues in empirical cross-cultural research: A survey of the management literature and a framework. Management International Review, 37(1), 71-62. [ Links ]
Clark, L.K., & Miller, S.M. (1991). Self-reliance and desire for control in the Type A behavior pattern. In M.J. Strube (Ed.), Type A behavior (pp. 375-388). Newbury Park: Sage. [ Links ]
Cox, J.J. (1983). Coronary-prone behaviour and its relationship to stress in a South African environment. Master's thesis. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand. [ Links ]
Del Pino Perez, A., Meizoso, M.T.G., & Gonzalez, R.D. (1999). Validity of the structured interview for the assessment of Type A behavior pattern. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 15(1), 39-48. [ Links ]
Dembroski, T.M., & Costa, P.T. (1988). Assessment of coronaryprone behavior: A current overview. Annals of Behavioral Medicine Psychology, 10(2), 60-63. [ Links ]
Dembroski, T.M., MacDougall, J.M., Costa, P.T., & Grandits, G.A. (1989). Components of hostility as predictors of sudden death and myocardial infarction in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51(5), 514-522. [ Links ]
Denollet, J. (2004). Type D personality in perspective. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 56(6), 184. [ Links ]
Dion, P.R., Gerrard, J.M., Ready, A.E., & Dyck, D.G. (1992). Aerobic fitness level (V-sub[0]-sub[2max]) moderates the increased cardiovascular function and basal thrombosis formation of young healthy Type A males. Behavioral Medicine, 18(1), 33-39. [ Links ]
Els, N.J.S. (1987). Gedragskorrelate van koronêre hartsiektes by swartes. Master's dissertation. Johannesburg: Rand Afrikaans University. [ Links ]
Feather, N.T., & Volkmer, R.E. (1988). Preference for situations involving effort, time pressure, and feedback in relation to Type A behavior, locus of control and test anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(2), 266-271. [ Links ]
Friedman, M., & Rosenman, R.H. (1959). Association of specific overt behavior pattern with blood and cardiovascular finding: Blood cholesterol level, blood clotting time, incidence of arcus senilis and clinical coronary artery disease. Journal of American Medical Association, 169(12), 1286-1296. [ Links ]
Friedman, M., & Rosenman, R.H. (1974). Type A behavior and your heart. New York: Knopf. [ Links ]
Friedman, M., & Thoresen, C. (2001). Alteration of Type A behavior and its effect on cardiac recurrences in post myocardial infarction. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 17(1), 2-59. [ Links ]
Fukunishi, E., Hattori, M., Hattori, H., Imai, Y., Miyake, Y., Miguchi, M., & Yoshimatsu, K. (1992). Japanese Type A behavior pattern is associated with typus melancholicus: A study from the sociocultural viewpoint. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 38(4), 251-256. [ Links ]
Furchner, A.L. (1999). Type A behavior pattern and social support. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 59(9-B), 5064. [ Links ]
Furnham, A. (1983). The A Type behaviour pattern, mental health and health locus of control beliefs. Social Science and Medicine, 17(20), 1569-1572. [ Links ]
Gallacher, J.E.J., Sweetnam, P.M., Yarnell, J.W.G., Elwood, P.C., & Stansfeld, S.A. (2003). Is Type A behavior really a trigger for coronary heart disease events? Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(3), 339-346. [ Links ]
Gamble, G.O., & Matteson, M.T. (1992). Type A behavior, job satisfaction and stress among black professionals. Psychological Reports, 70, 43-50. [ Links ]
Gastorf, J.W., & Teevan, R.C. (1980). The Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern and fear of failure. Motivation and Emotion, 4(1), 71-76. [ Links ]
Glass, D.C. (1977). Behavior patterns, stress, and coronary heart disease. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum. [ Links ]
Glass, D.C., Snyder, M.L., & Hollis, J.F. (1974). Time urgency and the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4(2), 125-140. [ Links ]
Gomez, R. (1997). Locus of control and Type A behavior pattern as predictors of coping styles among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 23(3), 391-398. [ Links ]
Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th edn.). London: Prentice Hall. [ Links ]
Hallberg, U.E., Johansson, G., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2007). Type A behaviour and work situation: Associations with burnout and work engagement. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48(2), 135-142. [ Links ]
Hasan, H.J.T.M. (2002). Relations of the Arabic Type: A behavior scale with measures of optimism and pessimism. Psychological Reports, 91(3,Pt2), 1043-1051. [ Links ]
Haynes, S.G., & Matthews, K.A. (1988). The association of Type A behavior with cardiovascular disease: Update and critical review. In: B.K. Houston & C.R. Snyder (Eds.), Type A behavior pattern: Research, theory and intervention (pp. 51-82). New York: John Wiley. [ Links ]
Hicks, R.A., & Campbell, J. (1983). Type A-B behavior and selfestimates of the frequency of headaches in college students. Psychological Reports, 52(3), 912. [ Links ]
Hicks, R.A., Lingen, S., & Eastman, P.C. (1979). Habitual variable sleep and Type A behavior. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 14(6), 469-470. [ Links ]
Hicks, R.A., & Pellegrini, R.J. (1982). Sleep problems and Type A-B behavior in college students. Psychological Reports, 51(1), 196. [ Links ]
Holland, J.L. (1985). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments. (2nd edn.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. [ Links ]
Huysamen, G.K. (1994). Die rol van Tipe-A-gedrag en sigaretrook by die voorspelling van koronêre hartsiektes. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Sielkunde, 24(2), 62-68. [ Links ]
Idemudia, S.E., Jegede, A.S., Madu, N.S., & Arowola, F. (2000). Type A behaviour and burnout among bank managers in Nigeria. Journal of Psychology in Africa South of the Sahara, the Caribbean and Afro Latin America, 10(2), 189-196. [ Links ]
Jamal, M. (2005). Personal and organizational outcomes related to job stress and Type-A behavior: A study of Canadian and Chinese employees and health. Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 21(2), 129-137. [ Links ]
Jamal, M., & Baba, V.V. (2001). Type A behavior, job performance, and well-being in college teachers. International Journal of Stress Management, 8(3), 231-240. [ Links ]
Jamal, M., & Baba, V.V. (2003). Type A behavior, components, and outcomes: A study of Canadian employees. International Journal of Stress Management, 10(1), 39-50. [ Links ]
Jenkins, C.D., Zyzanski, S.J., & Rosenman, R.H. (1979). Jenkins activity survey: JAS manual. New York: The Psychological Corporation. [ Links ]
Jin-Fu, Z., De-Sen, Y., & Shui-Yuan, X. (2005). The relationship between behavior types and plasminogen activation system in patients with coronary heart disease. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 19(4), 237-239. [ Links ]
Kahn, S.R. (1968). The role of anger in managerial effectiveness. Master's dissertation. Cape Town: University of Cape Town. [ Links ]
Keinan, G., & Koren, M. (2002). Teaming up Type As and Bs: The effects of group composition on performance and satisfaction. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51(3), 425-445. [ Links ]
Kerlinger, F.N., & Lee, H.B. (2000). Foundations of behavioral research. (4th edn.). London: Harcourt. [ Links ]
Kim, J.S., Yoon, S.S., Lee, S.I., Yoo, H.J., Kim, C.Y., Choi-Kwon, S., & Lee, B.C. (1998). Type A behavior and stroke: High tenseness dimension may be a risk factor for cerebral infarction. European Neurology, 39(3), 168-173. [ Links ]
Kirkcaldy, B.D., Shephard, R.J., & Furnham, A.F. (2002). The influence of Type A behavior and locus of control upon job satisfaction and occupational health. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(8), 1361-1371. [ Links ]
Law, D.W. (2004). An examination of personality traits as moderating factors of exhaustion in public accounting. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 64(7-A), 2549. [ Links ]
Lobel, T.E. (1988). Personality correlates of Type A coronaryprone behavior. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(3), 434-440. [ Links ]
Lutz, D.J., Holmes, D.S., & Cramer, R.E. (1987). Hard-driving and speed-impatience components of the Type A behavior pattern as predictors of physiological arousal, subjective arousal and challenge seeking. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 31(6), 713-722. [ Links ]
MacLennan, N. (1994). Psychological mindedness and Type A behaviour change in coronary heart disease. Master's dissertation. Johannesburg: Rand Afrikaans University. [ Links ]
Martin, P.R., Nathan, P.R., & Milech, D. (1987). The Type A behaviour pattern and chronic headaches. Behaviour Change, 4(2), 33-39. [ Links ]
Masters, K.S., Lacaille, R., & Shearer, D.S. (2003). The acute affective response of Type A behaviour pattern individuals to competitive and non-competitive exercise. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 35(1), 25-34. [ Links ]
Mellam, Q.C., & Espnes, G.A. (2003). Emotional distress and the Type A behaviour pattern in a sample of civil servants. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(7), 1319-1325. [ Links ]
Moriana, J.A., & Herruzo, J. (2005). Type A behavior pattern as a predictor of psychiatric sick-leaves of Spanish teachers. Psychological Reports, 96(1), 77-82. [ Links ]
Morrison, K.A. (1997). Personality correlates of the fivefactor model for a sample of business owners/managers: Associations with scores on self-monitoring, Type A behavior, locus of control, and subjective well-being. Psychological Reports, 80, 255-272. [ Links ]
Nabi, H., Consoli, S.M., Chastang, J.F., Chiron, M., Lafont, S., & Lagarde, E. (2005). Type A behaviour pattern, risky driving behaviours, and serious road traffic accidents: A prospective study of the GAZEL cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161(9), 864-870. [ Links ]
Nakano, K., & Kitamura, T. (2002). The relation of the anger subcomponent of Type A behavior to psychological symptoms in Japanese and foreign students. Japanese Psychological Research, 43(1), 50-54. [ Links ]
Norden, B. (1995). Type A components, perceived control and related outcomes. Master's dissertation. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand. [ Links ]
Northam, S., & Bluen, S.D. (1994). Differential correlates of components of Type A behaviour. South African Journal of Psychology, 24(3), 131-137. [ Links ]
Nowack, K.M. (1987). Health habits, Type A behaviour and job burnout. Work and Stress, 1(2), 135-142. [ Links ]
Omura, K., Saito, Y., & Sasaki, Y. (2005). Psychophysiological effects of autogenic training on Type-A behavioral pattern. Japanese Journal of Autogenic Therapy, 24(1/2), 46-57. [ Links ]
Pace, L.A., Suojanen, W.W., Bessinger, R.C., Lee, H., Frederick, R.P., & Miller, R.E. (1986). Type A manager as addict. Employee Assistance Quarterly, 2(2), 47-63. [ Links ]
Palmero, F., Diez, J.L., & Asensio, A.B. (2001). Type A behavior pattern today: Relevance of the JAS-S factor to predict heart rate reactivity. Behavioral Medicine, 27(1), 28-36. [ Links ]
Price, V.A. (1982). Type A behavior pattern: A model for research and practice. New York: Academic Press. [ Links ]
Rapport, N.B., McAnulty, D.P., & Brantley, P.J. (1988). Exploration of the Type A behavior pattern in chronic headache sufferers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 621-623. [ Links ]
Robinson, P.B., Stimpson, D.V., Huefner, J.C., & Hunt, K.N. (1991). An attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 15(4), 13-31. [ Links ]
Roodt, G., Bester, C.L., & Boshoff, A.B. (1994). Die graad van werkbetrokkenheid: 'n Bipolêre kontinuum?. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 20(4), 12-16. [ Links ]
Roskies, E. (1987). Stress management for the healthy Type A. New York: Guilford Press. [ Links ]
Roskies, E. (1990). Type A intervention: Where do we go from here? Journal of Social Behavior, 5(1), 419-438. [ Links ]
Schein, E.H. (1978). Career dynamics: Matching individual and organizational needs. Boston: Addison-Wesley. [ Links ]
Schein, E.H. (1995). Career orientations inventory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. [ Links ]
Schein, E.H., & Kommers, D.W. (1972). Professional education. New York: McGraw-Hill. [ Links ]
Schepers, J.M. (1995). Locus of control inventory. Unpublished report, Johannesburg. [ Links ]
Sebregts, E.H.W.J., Falger, P.R.J., Appels, A., Kester, A.D.M., & Bär, F.W.H.M. (2005). Psychological effects of a short behavior modification program in patients with acute myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass grafting: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(5), 417-424. [ Links ]
Sehgal, M. (2000). Anger, anxiety and Type A behaviour as determinants of essential hypertension and coronary heart disease. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 26(1/2), 33-39. [ Links ]
Seligman, M.E.P. (1998). Learned optimism. New York: Pocket Books. [ Links ]
Siu, O., Cooper, C.L., & Leung, T. (2000). Three-wave trend study of managerial stress in Hong Kong: The role of Type A behavior and exercise. International Journal of Stress Management, 7(2), 153-157. [ Links ]
Søgaard, Q.J., Dalgard, O.S., Holme, I., Røysamb, E., & Håheim, L.L. (2008). Associations between Type A behaviour pattern and psychological distress. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(3), 216-223. [ Links ]
Spangenberg, J.J., Shuda, S., & Robbertze, U.C. (1997). Type A behaviour and hostility in final-year South African students. South African Journal of Psychology, 27(1), 30-36. [ Links ]
Spector, P.E., & O'Connel, B.J. (1994). The contribution of personality traits, negative affectivity, locus of control and Type A to the subsequent reports of job stressors and job strains. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67, 1-4. [ Links ]
Spence, J.T., Helmreich, R.L., & Pred, R.S. (1987). Impatience versus achievement strivings in the Type A pattern: Differential effects on students' health and academic achievement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(4), 522-528. [ Links ]
Stake, J.E. (1994). Development and validation of the six-factor self-concept scale for adults. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54(1), 56-72. [ Links ]
Stout, C.W., & Bloom, L.J. (1982). Type A behavior and upper respiratory infections. Journal of Human Stress, 8(2), 4-7. [ Links ]
Strümpfer, D.J.W. (1980). Higher level manpower shortage, stress and coronary heart disease. South African Mechanical Engineer, 30, 2-21. [ Links ]
Strümpfer, D.J.W. (1990). The distribution of the Type A behaviour pattern in a South African financial institution. Cape Town: University of Cape Town. [ Links ]
Strümpfer, D.J.W. (1993a). An overview of Jenkins survey data in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 23(3), 134-144. [ Links ]
Strümpfer, D.J.W. (1993b). The validity of the Jenkins activity survey in terms of illness and work. South African Journal of Psychology, 23(3), 120-131. [ Links ]
Suls, J., & Sanders, G.S. (1989). Type A behavior as a general risk factor for physical disorder. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11(3), 201-226. [ Links ]
Sumi, K. (1998). Type A behavior, social support, stress and physical and psychological well-being among Japanese women. Psychological Reports, 83(2), 711-717. [ Links ]
Thoresen, C.E., Friedman, M., Powell, L.H., Gill, J.J., & Ulmer, D. (1987). Altering the Type A behaviour pattern in postinfarction patients. In D.S. Krantz & J.A. Blumenthal (Eds.), Behavioural assessment and management of cardiovascular disorders (pp. 97-115). Sarasota: Professional Resource Exchange. [ Links ]
Van Wyk, R. (1998). The Type A behaviour pattern in professionals. Doctoral dissertation. Pretoria: University of Pretoria. [ Links ]
Van Wyk, R., & Boshoff, A.B. (2000). The relationships of Type A behaviour, organisational and personality variables in pharmacists and accountants: A further analysis. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 3(2), 189-211. [ Links ]
Van Wyk, R., & Boshoff, A.B. (2004). Entrepreneurial attitudes: A distinction between two mutually exclusive groups on the Holland hexagon of occupations. South African Journal of Business Management, 35(2), 33-37. [ Links ]
Van Wyk, R., Boshoff, A.B., & Bester, C.L. (1999). Correlates of Type A behaviour in professionals. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 2(2), 315-334. [ Links ]
Van Wyk, R., Boshoff, A.B., & Owen, R. (1999). Monograph: Factor structure and internal validity of psychometric instruments developed in the USA among professionals in South Africa. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, SS1(November), S1-S72. [ Links ]
Webster, S. (1994). Type A behaviour, values and coronary heart disease. Master's dissertation. Johannesburg: Rand Afrikaans University. [ Links ]
Williams, R., Barefoot, J.C., Haney, T.L., & Harrell, F.E. (1988). Type A behavior and angiographically documented coronary therosclerosis in a sample of 2289 patients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50(2), 139-152. [ Links ]
Williams, R.B., Barefoot, J.C., & Schneiderman, N. (2003). Psychosocial risk factors for cardiovascular disease: More than one culprit at work. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(16), 2190-2193. [ Links ]
Wolf, T.M., Hunter, S., Webber, L.R., & Berenson, G.S. (1981). Selfconcept, locus of control, goal blockage, and coronary-prone behavior pattern in children and adolescents: Bogalusa heart study. The Journal of General Psychology, 105, 13-26. [ Links ]
Yan, L.L., Liu, K., Matthews, K.A., Daviglus, M.L., Ferguson, T.F., & Kiefe, C.I. (2003). Psychosocial factors and risk of hypertension: The coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(16), 2138-2150. [ Links ]
Yoshimasu, K., Liu, Y., Kodoma, H., Sasazuki, S., Washio, M., Tanaka, K. et al. (2000). Job strain, Type A behavior pattern, and the prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in Japanese working men. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1, 77-83. [ Links ]
Yoshimasu, K., Washio, M., Tokunaga, S., Tanaka, K. Kiu, Y., Kodoma, H. et al. (2001). Relation of Type A behavior pattern and job-related psychological factors to nonfatal myocardial infarction: A case-control study of Japanese male workers and women. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(5), 797-804. [ Links ]
Yoshimasu, K., Washio, M., Tokunaga, S., Tanaka, K., Liu, Y., Kodama, H. et al. (2002). Relation between Type A behaviour pattern and the extent of coronary atherosclerosis in Japanese women. International Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 9(2), 77-93. [ Links ]
Correspondence to:
René van Wyk
Postal address: Department of Business Management, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of Pretoria
0002, Pretoria, South Africa
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Received: 14 Oct. 2008
Accepted: 16 Oct. 2008
Published: 07 May 2009
This article is available at: http://www.sajip.co.za
© 2009. The Authors. Licensee: OpenJournals Publishing. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.


text:
The Behavioral Center of Michigan (BCOM) is a 42-bed psychiatric
care facility located in Warren, Michigan. The entire staff at the
BCOM is dedicated to high standards of personal care for adults 18
years and older suffering from acute psychiatric conditions.
The Behavioral Center of Michigan delivers assessments and
services 24-hours per day, 7-days per week to help individuals
integrate themselves back into their everyday life routine. The
BCOM offers the following range of programs designed to suit the
specific needs of each patient.
Acute Inpatient
Partial-Day Treatment
Specialized Clinical Track for Closed-Head Injuries
Dual Diagnosis Track
Affective Disorder Track
Geriatric Track
Crisis Intervention
These programs are led by a staff of psychiatrists, consulting
physicians, doctors of psychology, registered nurses, licensed
practical nurses, social workers, activity therapists, mental
health technicians, and other necessary support staff members.
This team works together closely to provide professional,
compassionate treatment to each person admitted to the hospital.
At the BCOM, an individualized treatment plan is created based on
the specific needs of each patient. The staff also begins a
discharge summary the first day of a patient's stay to ensure a
smooth transition to the next level of care, whether it is
partial-day treatment or outpatient therapy.
Patients receiving treatment at the BCOM are provided high levels
of personal safety and granted full respect to their privacy.
Please review our privacy policy (see link at bottom of this
page). In addition, comprehensive assessment and treatment is
provided without regard to race, color, national origin, religion,
disability, age or political beliefs.
For additional information call 586-261-BCOM (2266).
Need Help?
We are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Call our toll-free number: (866) 673-3100
Privacy Policy |
Copyright ® 2007 |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
WASHINGTON, DC -- First lady Michelle Obama announced today the launch of the Let's Move campaign aimed at combating childhood obesity.
Speaking at the White House, Obama outlined details of the campaign, which will encourage more physical activity for children as well as healthier food in schools and more visible food labeling. The Food and Drug Administration, the American Academy of Pediatrics and media companies Disney, NBC and Viacom as well as the National Football League are among the organizations joining forces on Let's Move.
The goal of the campaign is to solve the epidemic of childhood obesity within a generation.
The first lady spoke of her own family's dealing with health issues, specifically, daughters Sasha and Malia.
"It wasn't that long ago that I was a working mom, struggling to balance meetings and deadlines with soccer and ballet," Obama said today. "And there were some nights when everyone was tired and hungry, and we just went to the drive-thru because it was quick and cheap, or went with one of the less healthy microwave options because it was easy. And one day, my pediatrician pulled me aside and told me, 'You might want to think about doing things a little bit differently.' That was a moment of truth for me. It was a wake-up call that I was the one in charge, even if it didn't always feel that way."
Earlier in the day, President Barack Obama signed an executive order setting up a task force that included federal agencies and the Departments of Agriculture, Education, Labor and Health and Human Services to tackle the obesity problem.
"We think that this has enormous promise in improving the health of our children, in giving support to parents to make the kinds of healthy choices that oftentimes are very difficult in this kind of environment,'' President Obama said.


text:
Endangered sharks win international protection
Date created : Latest update :
Several shark species won international trade protection on Monday at a wildlife conference in Bangkok in a move hailed by conservationists as a breakthrough in saving them from being wiped out by overfishing.
An international conference voted on Monday to ban trade in some shark species whose populations have fallen to crisis levels due in part to demand from China, the world's biggest consumer of shark fins for use in soup.
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) agreed to ban international trade in the oceanic whitetip, the porbeagle and three types of hammerhead sharks unless shipments are accompanied by documentation showing they were caught legally.
Around 7 percent of sharks are killed each year, according to a paper in the Marine Policy journal this year, an unsustainable amount that is threatening certain populations with extinction.
Governments will have 18 months to comply with the restrictions, agreed by a two-thirds majority of the countries at the CITES conference in Bangkok.
If countries are found to be non-compliant, they may be subject to sanctions that can cover trade in all CITES-listed species.
Japan and China, major consumers of shark products, opposed the listing, citing difficulties in identifying the specific species' fins.
They also said regional fisheries management bodies should manage marine issues, rather than CITES, but most countries, including the original proponents in Latin America and the European Union, and environmental NGOs rejected that view.
"In reality we need fisheries management bodies managing the fishing and CITES managing the trade," said Elizabeth Wilson, manager for global shark conservation at The Pew Charitable Trusts, an NGO.
The vote will require final approval at a CITES plenary on March 14, the final day of the meeting, which is likely given the large majority in favour.


text:
If you are having problems with logging into the site, please email us on firstname.lastname@example.com. Or alternatively use the contact form - especially if you don't hear back from us, or you didn't get the registration email when you tried to sign up.
This is a category in the "Helpful for" category list.
Uses a picture exchange method of communication.


text:
THE ONE proudly presents to you THE ONE: FL Future House, coming with an FL Studio template + additional files, all tailored for your Future House productions.
With this template you'll instantly get right to work, without having to deal with a lot of practical tasks and worry about technical things - things that can kill your inspiration and creativity.
So by getting THE ONE: FL Future House, you can be sure that you will feel a dramatic increase in how quickly you may get started and make good music, instead of mousing around until you forget your origina idea.
How is this possible?
The template feature powerful mixer routing, and ready sampler tracks and audio clips, already routed to different mixer tracks - all you have to do is add a sound and you're good to go!
Likewise you have 4 different reverb sends already setup so you may quickly blend in some sweet room sounds.
These are only 2 examples of how THE ONE: FL Future House enhances your workflow.
Why should you buy this template?
- It's crafted by a well experienced producer who knows what a good workflow is
- It feature innovative techniques that the professional producers won't talk about in the first place
- It's really good looking, which enhances your joy in making music
- It's made in such a way that it's easy to maintain good gainstaging
The short demo song shows you what great audio quality you can achieve with this template due to its strong workflow, in no time!
Full specifications:
- 1 template for FL Studio 12.0.2
- 13 Mixer Presets from the template
- 11 Plugin Presets from the template
- 4 Synth presets from the template
- 1 Ghostkick sample from the template
- Manual to get the most out of the template
- 4 MIDI loops from the demo
- 2 Xfer Serum bass presets used in the demo
- 4 Mb Contenido Pack Completo.
- PC/MAC Compatible (Fruity loops)
- FL Studio
All of the content is 100% royalty-free. Once purchased, you can use these audio loops in your music releases, both commercial and underground, with no restrictions.
How to Order:
Simply click BUY "Add to Cart". When you finish your order, click "checkout". If you are a new costumer you need create an account, if you are a returning costumer only fill up the form. Your Download Link will be sent in you account in Loophunter immediately after your payment has been received.
For any problem send a email email@example.com
*Note: The previews are low resolution MP3s. The quality of the files you will receive will of course be much higher, uncompressed WAV-AIFF, stereo, 44k, 16-24 bit.
Producer: The One


text:
I'm Happy to share my knowledge with anyone who ask a question about their broken sewing machines. I will try my best to solve your machine or ovelocker problems. I can help you with Brother, Janome, Elna, Pfaff, Husqvanrna, Bernina Sewing machines and overlockers or Sergers. You can also find Sewing machine or Serger user manuals and service manuals.
Sewing machine service and repair tips
BM-3600 2700 Manuals
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
SEO Professionals At the forefront of SEO, you'd love help to find potential clients, compile pitches, manage your portfolio, audit websites and report on your successes. We can do this.
Media Analysts Discover what's out there, and who's influencing whom. We'll analyse your huge URL lists and help you to find the gold.
Entrepreneurs We can help you to prepare for new-business opportunities, keep track of your SEO or Social Media team, and measure success.
Developers When you are a developer you want to know that you can develop rapidly, using the most accurate and largest amount of data, just like Majestic.
Fresh Index
|Unique URLs crawled:
|Unique URLs found:
|Date range:
|26 Apr 2019 to 25 Aug 2019
|Last updated:
|2 hours 4 minutes ago
Historic Index
|Unique URLs crawled:
|Unique URLs found:
|Date range:
|13 Oct 2013 to 15 May 2019
|Last updated:
|23 Jul 2019
Site Explorer lets you explore a domain/url in great detail. Users on Lite, Pro and API subscription plans get access to the full tool.
If you register and log in, the summary page is available for the Home Page of the domain.
Our Backlink History tool allows SEOs to determine the number of backlinks detected by our sophisticated web robots for given domains, subdomains or URLs.
Registered users can compare up to 5 domains simultaneously, allowing SEOs to compare our backlink discovery growth rate for competing domains!
Search our index for a Keyword or more and see the page title and URL where it appears, as well as getting the Search Score for the URL.
Click here to use the Search Explorer.
We are the ultimate custodians of the data behind world's most advanced link intelligence map. We take that responsibility seriously and know that sometimes you need to bring our raw data into your own applications. Our robust and fully documented API lets you do this at a variety of price and points and licensing levels.
Want technical details? visit our developer site.


text:
A Sandwich a Day: Smoked Polish Sausage at Polka's Sausage & Deli
Reviews of Chicago sandwiches.
I've mentioned this before elsewhere, but it bears repeating: The Polish sausage ($4.45) at Polka's Sausage & Deli may be one of the best in the city. The casing is crisp, the insides are smoky and juicy, and it's all housed in a wonderful soft onion-studded roll. The only way to improve it is to smear on some of the housemade mustard.
Of course, what do you expect from a deli that has been in operation for almost 70 years? Sure, this Lincoln Park location is relatively new, but Polka's first opened on the South Side in 1945.
Polka Sausage & Deli
2401 N Clybourn Ave, Chicago, IL 60614 (map)
This post may contain links to Amazon or other partners; your purchases via these links can benefit Serious Eats. Read more about our affiliate linking policy.


text:
About NIJ
What's New
All Topics A-Z
Contact Us
Text size:
Print this page
E-mail this page
In 2012, NIJ awarded the Vera Institute of Justice a multiyear grant to conduct the first-ever systemwide evaluation of video visitation technology for prisons. The study is using a mixed-methods design to better understand how to create policies about family-inmate contact, inform investment decisions and policies related to video visitation technology, and to understand video visitation's role in reducing recidivism.
The Washington State Department of Corrections started rolling out its video visitation program in January 2013 with the goal of setting up operational systems at every state facility. At the same time, the Vera Institute began conducting its systemwide analysis of the video visitation program by initiating interviews with offenders, visitors and correctional staff.
The Vera Institute is combining administrative data, surveys, and information from focus groups and interviews to determine whether access to video visitation improves the nature and frequency of inmates' contact with their families and others who support them. The study is also exploring whether these contacts improve inmates' compliance with custodial rules and outcomes after their release from prison.
If the data analysis shows that the program has a positive impact, the Vera Institute also will assess the program's effect on corrections culture, operations and budgets. This information will help determine whether and how the program could be replicated in other jurisdictions. Vera will also assess the cost effectiveness of the technology.
The final report is expected in 2015.
To learn more about the grant, see
A New Role for Technology: The Impact of Video Visitation on Corrections Staff, Prisoners, and Their Families.
National Institute of Justice, 810 Seventh Street, NW, Washington, DC 20531


text:
"I love working for iMedX! Since the day I got hired, the HR personnel, the trainers, my manager and coworkers, have all been so kind, professional, supportive and encouraging in helping me reach my potential! I am so grateful to be a part of this company. :)"
– Melanie Ciarrocchi
"I have only been with this company a couple months and truly enjoy it. I LOVE the fact that they celebrate MT Week with fun contests and videos and recipes."
– Rebecca McGrew
"I've been with iMedX for 1 year now and it's the best company I've ever worked for, absolutely LOVE it. I've worked for 3 other companies and wish I would've found iMedX a LONG time ago! I do my best and I LOVE being appreciated for it! :-)"
– Janice Martinez
"A career with iMedX has seen me expand my skills and given me the freedom to enjoy my family at the same time."
"I LOVE working for this company and doing transcription from home! Far exceeded my expectations of a "big company" when I transitioned from being an independent contractor."
– Linda Baumann
"I have been with iMedX for 2 years and love working for a company that appreciates their employees. We have great communication and teamwork. I enjoy being able to come to work every day knowing through providing quality documentation I am helping to provide excellent patient care! I am thankful to be a part of the best of the best :)"
– Ginger Freelen
At iMedX we believe in Service Excellence. Our team supports clients with 24/7/365 service and technical team access. Please contact us by phone or email with any concerns.
1300-727-423 · firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Detail Images
Current Color
Free 2-Day shipping on orders over $50. Learn More
Select a Size:Select options
Select a Color:Select options
12 Reviews
A game changer.
The Bern Watts EPS Thin Shell Visor Helmet is that rare breed that blends both form and function, and transcends divisions within the world of mountain sports. When first released, the Watts could be found in the terrain park being worn by skiers and snowboarders alike, but now, you'll easily spot this lightweight lid looking down backcountry lines and crawling out of helis in the Chugach.
The Watts starts with Bern's Thin ABS hard shell, then adds EPS foam, a lightweight, single-impact foam that sacrifices its life to save yours. Bern's Signature Shape allows the Watts to be up to 35% lower in profile than standard snow helmets, and the Boa fit system allows for on-the-fly adjustments to the helmet's size. Several large vents allow air to flow through the helmet to keep you from burning up, and a micro-adjust ratchet at the back of the liner lets you dial in the perfect fit on the fly. All told, the Watts weighs just over seventeen ounces and fits like a glove, so you won't be thinking about your helmet while you shred. And, unlike other helmets, you can take the liner out when it warms up for spring-skiing comfort.
- ABS hardshell with EPS foam
- BOA liner
- Top vents
- Audio-ready ear pads
- Winter liner included
- Item #BRN001Y
Tech Specs
Gearhead Help
Tech Specs
- Reviews
What do you think about this product?
Have questions about this product?
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
For the price, this has got to be the best helmet you can buy, I have been using is backcountry skiing and the weight and feel is perfect, I can't wait to use it biking when the weather warms up!
True to Size
I checked out some other helmet brands and this is the only one I found that was true to my regular size. Itâs also comfortable and lightweight. This is the first helmet Iâve used for snowboarding and Iâm pretty pleased with it. The price was good and the product is great!
Love the fit. Great price!
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
You know how sometimes you wear a helmet and it feels like it is just resting on top of your head? No more! This Watts helmet is like slipping into a nice fitting pair of shoes for your noggin. I removed the inner lining and use a hood underneath the helmet to stay warm. The visor loos great and keep my gaper gap under control. I have a large head and a lot of hair so I went for the large and it fits great. I use it for snowboarding but it seems like the helmet would be used for summer activities as well.
Ordered 1 size UP
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
Bern makes a solid helmet. This is no exception! I am usually a size Medium in any helmet. My summer helmet is a Smith Optics forefront and I wear a M in that. I ordered the Large in this helmet and I am able to size it down using the adjustment in the back to fit my head perfectly. Especially on super cold days where I will have a Balaclava on as well. My advice would be to order a size up. This helmet is comfortable and looking forward to riding even more with it in the winter temps.
Boyfriend loves it! Stylish like a baseball helmet, comfy and warm!
My Brain Still Works
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I can remember all the times I hit my head with this helmet. It's a lot so it's working!
Pretty good look too
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
I bought the L/XL for my over-sized noggin (59 cm) and I can barely put my head in the thing. I don't know how a human with a larger brain container could wear it at this size.
That said, I'm very happy my head fits and although I haven't been able to take it out skiing yet, I'm pretty sure it will work out great. Also looking forward to possibly using this guy as an MTB helmet for the shoulder seasons.
Very poor fit
- Familiarity: I returned this product before using it
As other reviewers noted, this helmet tends to run small. I am a med or large in other helmets, but got the L/XL in this helmet. It fits but is not shaped well and creates a pressure point on my forehead. Tried it on and in about 60 seconds realized there is no way it will ever feel comfortable on my head. I am out the 6.99 to send it back to backcountry.
So Great
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
Wear a helmet ya knuckle head! Safety should be everyone's concern on the mountain and this helmet can keep those brains safe. A hard but light plastic shell helps prevent punctures and keeps the foam underneath it dry.
Drop in chips are compatible and highly recommended to keep the tunes pumping while you're shredding.
The winter liner is removable so you can use this for cycling in the warmer months. I really dig the visor on it too!
Solid Choice
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I've been using the Bern Watts EPS for 2 snowboarding seasons now and it has not let me down. I don't wear a beanie under it but it still keeps my head warm. The speaker setup is easy to use and the sound quality is pretty decent. I've had a couple spills and hit my dome and the helmet kept me safe. The sizing is pretty nice as well as there is an adjuster in the back so you have a bit of wiggle room. It does fit pretty true to size. I wear Spy Doom goggles with it and they fit well with the helmet.
Bottom line is that it's a good helmet for the price, it looks dope and keeps your noggin in tact.
Good looks, bad fit.
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
Solid construction and good looks but ODD FIT and runs very small. I wanted to like this really bad. I've seen them for years and always liked the styling but upon getting my own the fit is bizarre. I'm on the bigger side but never had trouble sizing a helmet before. I rock a large in pretty much every other brand I've tried. I had to get an XXL to get anywhere close to comfortable and this thing still has weird pressure points. Makes the back of my head go numb after an hour or so no matter how much I play with it. Have to take it off periodically to get comfortable again. And this is wearing it without the winter liner and just a balaclava. Almost feels like it's more of an Asian fit helmet because of the strange shape of the back. I definitely didn't get an Asian fit and I'm white so I don't know what the deal is. Might work for some people just not what I was hoping for at all. At least I got it cheap. Lesson learned.
Loved it
Great helmet! As expected. Had some problems with the description, but it easy solved. Best costumer service i have ever seen.


text:
House price data produced by the
This material was last updated on 05 August 2019.
|Semi-Detached, Freehold, Residential
|16 Nov 2007
|3 bedrooms
|Terraced, Freehold, Residential
|22 Jan 1998
|Detached, Freehold, Residential
|15 Dec 1995
Source acknowledgement: House price data produced by Land Registry
This material was last updated on 05 August 2019. It covers the period from 01 January 1995 to 28 June 2019.
© Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of Land Registry under delegated authority from the Controller of HMSO.
Show Disclaimer Close Disclaimer
If you have found an error with the data please contact Her Majesty's Land Registry (HMLR)
Permitted Use: Viewers of this Information are granted permission to access this Crown copyright material and to download it onto electronic, magnetic, optical or similar storage media provided that such activities are for private research, study or in-house use only. Any other use of the material requires the formal written permission of Land Registry which can be requested from us, and is subject to an additional licence and associated charge.
Simply select from the local agents listed, provide your details and the agents will be in touch to book an appointment for your free, no-obligation market appraisal


text:
Hi folks,
I've been running a variation of the Appleseed and GL1 day process, which should be more economical to run and safer to use.
The 'GL 1 day' thread has become gi-normous, so I've tried to condense much of what we've learned from that thread into this new process.
I like processing with this new system, as there are no methanol fumes, the pump never gets air in it when you inject methoxide, you don't need to water wash, you don't need to pressurise your system. You'll never get an emulsion either.
You can quickly de-water your oil in the processor too, AND collect the water you removed - you may like to know what % water your oil had.
Plus there are a few ideas on how to control your pump and heater to reduce the risk of an in-tank fire.
The original (obsolete) description is here.
My latest version is here, added 22 April 2007...
Let me know if you find any errors, and feel free to ask if I've not explained anything clearly.
The description is still in progress, photos to follow.
Hope it helps,This message has been edited. Last edited by: GrahamLaming,
Rover 75 + Skoda Fabia on B100
Bicycle on G100 12,000 miles p.a. ( http://uk.virginmoneygiving.com/GrahamLaming )
Thank you for your continued work-you are quite right about the other thread. It is nice to see all of these ideas coming together in one place.
You are still doing a one-stage process, correct?
Hello Graham,
Yes, definitely thanks for keeping the research going and on starting a new thread on this. The old thread was like a major chore to read and keep up with....Wondering if there is an easy way to convert this for the ones of us that use hot water heaters as their reactors? I like the idea of a waterless wash, and not having the extra expense of Amberlite, etc. To be safe and re claim as much methanol as possible is definitely the best way to make BD..I don't know if the little HF pumps that most people use will be strong enough to use the venturi on the outlet side..Forgot to pick up a tee when I went to Lowes this mornign to make my own venturi as a test...
99 GMC Turbo Diesel
Hi fatkid,
Yes, I use a one-stage process, and it passes the 23/7 test [Edit - should be 27/3 test]. Could be adapted to 2 stage or to acid-base, especially as it is ideal for removing water created after the acid stage.
Hi vaman4215,
The "Apple Turnover" would allow you to use a water heater and get good glycerol draining - that's what I use, but it's an upside down English water heater, made from copper.
Rover 75 + Skoda Fabia on B100
Bicycle on G100 12,000 miles p.a. ( http://uk.virginmoneygiving.com/GrahamLaming )
Very cool stuff. I see some things I'll certainly be incorporating into the still ongoing design and build process of the 55 gallon drum processor.
Also, I'm getting access to a lathe, so we're going to try making up a "true" venturi with the better angles on the inlet and outlet: 30 degrees inlet and 5 degrees outlet, if I recall correctly from the other thread. The little basic ones didn't work well at all with the static mixers, barely any pulled vacuum and not enough to draw up a liquid, so maybe this will work better.
--There is no Magic Bullet.--
If bigger is safer, buses are safest.
Save yourself, use Transit.
Thank you for the excellent tutorial--
Have you considered adding heat to the glycerol collection vessel so as to simultaneously collect the rest of the surplus methanol ?
2004 Motorhome CatC7
1987 Mercedes 190D 2.5 Turbo(possibly for sale)
1983 VW Pick-up (Caddy) 1.6 Turbo
Southern Oregon
? Is this anything like the Jan Warnqvist's Conversion Test, the 27/3, test?
I haven't been able to locate the brass tee on this side of the pond yet. Where have others found it?
Hi fatkid,
Ooops! Yes, exactly the same, should be 27/3 !
Hi ReM,
That's a great idea, may as well do it while it's still hot and liquid. Some extra effort needed in the beginning to add the extra heater / controls etc, but will pay off quickly in time saved and less hassle every time thereafter. Thanks!
Rover 75 + Skoda Fabia on B100
Bicycle on G100 12,000 miles p.a. ( http://uk.virginmoneygiving.com/GrahamLaming )
Do you think you will be able to use the reactor to distill the methanol from the glycerol while still liquid (rather than reheating), or will the larger tank head space significantly reduce the vapour pressure, making it more difficult to achieve efficient operation? (Making it a better option better to aggregate your glycerol)
How much tank head space do you have when processing methanol removal from your BD? My thoughts are that the side inlet on your tank would also be more efficient at creating a spray than a top inlet tank that I have.
This is very interesting, but have you abandoned your work on electrostatic settling?
Hi nzunimogger,
I have around 12 litres of vapour space with my normal load of oil + methanol. The smaller the airspace, the more you can squeeze out but I suppose a bigger sapce would be workable. 50 litres of vapour space is the equivalent of about 1 litre of liquid methanol.
My element wouldn't be covered by 1 load of glycerol, either - I need at least 3 past reaction loads of glycerol.
ReM's idea of heating in the glycerol collection vessel is a nice one - I need some beer kegs....
Hi Bill,
The electrostatic separator is still in progress, not abandoned at all.
It's just that the main processor has been in various stages of bits and pieces over the past 6 weeks, while I've been working on the reactor.
The reactor has been my main focus, as it probably applies to more folks than the electrostatic work. And I need a working reactor to test the separator on , no stuff to separate, no separator!
I really need to retire with a nice big pension (dream!) so I can spend more time on this stuff.
I could be quite happy as a full-time tinkerer...
In the mean-time, the need to 'appear' each day at my 'proper' job, the fun of being with a young family, and a bicycle that needs regular peddling keep me variously occupied in other stuff.
More to come, it just takes time...
Rover 75 + Skoda Fabia on B100
Bicycle on G100 12,000 miles p.a. ( http://uk.virginmoneygiving.com/GrahamLaming )
Oh, come on. That just sounds like some excuse to me. This is not supposed to be about your needs, what about us, what about our needs??? (just kidding)
I would also like to say THANK YOU for this wealth of knowledge, but it hardly seems adequate.
Thank you again for sharing your experience.
P.S. You have a full time job AND you accomplish this as a hobby? Do you ever sleep?
How would you setup your GL's Eco-System using an Apple Turnover? If you could post a drawing like you have for your systme it would be great. I really like your approach to making biodiesel with no inpact on the environment.
I had to make sure as things move quickly and I don't want to get left behind!
Hi vorvon46 - I'll see what I can do.
Rover 75 + Skoda Fabia on B100
Bicycle on G100 12,000 miles p.a. ( http://uk.virginmoneygiving.com/GrahamLaming )
Hi Graham, I've taken great interest in your Eco-system and produce one for myself. I looked at your venturi design (great) and thought of another simple design, two 15mm x 22mm reducers soldered 15 to 15 with a small linking 15mm pipe inside. One 2" lenght of 5/16 copper tube (caravan gas tube) soldered at 90deg. onto the 15mm section and drilled through after fixing. so far I have achieved a 6feet lift of water, never found total lift cos I ran out of tube. I'll take a photo and post it later with my triple inline mixer.
I am working on this myself. I greatly appreciate the wealth of knowledge on this site and the willingness to share it.
Any pictures of this yet? I am having trouble with pounding out GL's latest gadget!
re electrostaic seperation of the glycerol. Does this remove ALL of the glycerol with the methanol still in place? Including the portion normally dissolved in the methanol?
mathematical elegance -- desired result achieved with minimal complication
|Powered by Social Strata
|Page 1 2 3 4 ... 19


text:
"Minimi is a dance theatre: their productions are a dialogue between dance and drama. Minimi's trademarks are humanism, humour and beelines into Finnishness. The group produces physical performances out of what may be dramatic, or on the surface even undramatic, components. This limber little group borrows material both from different genres of dance as well as from the canon of high-brow drama literature.
Minimi's implicit mission has been to examine Finnish identity, with its agrarian roots and antennae that reach out towards the Western cultural empire, unified by global marketing. Minimi's productions, however, can never be neatly labelled.
Minimi manages a fine balancing act between the deep and the shallow, never falling flat from the heights nor tripping over the low. The Association of Finnish Theatres chose Minimi as their Theatre of the Year in 2007."
Eeva Kauppinen
Arts journalist
18th August 2009, in Oulu, Finland
Leave a Reply
- Lahti, Antti
Classical Ballet / Artistic Director
- Puumalainen, Riikka
Classical Ballet / Dancer


text:
The Good: Absolute total confidence that a good swing will bring the desired result because the club will deliver. These clubs look good and feel good and produce what they promise.
The Bad: They are not going to give you much help on bad swings, and in fact, may expose some swing flaws that others do not. High handicappers would be better off with a more forgiving set. Also, lofted pretty high so you may lose some distance from this set compared to others you have hit.
Overall: The highest compliment I can give a set of clubs is to carry it in my bag. These are what I hit. 'Nuff said.


text:
A Jacksonville teenager has been charged with attempted murder for allegedly running over a police officer with a stolen patrol car and crashing the vehicle into an occupied home in the Brynn Marr area Wednesday morning.
Updated at 4:54 p.m. to include additional information, at 5:28 p.m. to include updated conditions for Summerlin and Wilson.
A Jacksonville teenager has been charged with attempted murder for allegedly running over a police officer with a stolen patrol car and crashing the vehicle into an occupied home in the Brynn Marr area Wednesday morning.
Thomas Robert Gibson, 17, of Welton Circle, was charged by the Jacksonville Police Department with first-degree attempted murder; two counts of assault with a deadly weapon on a law enforcement officer; assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill, inflicting serious bodily harm; two counts of hit and run; larceny of a motor vehicle; possession of a stolen vehicle; injury to real property; fleeing to elude arrest; resisting, obstructing and delaying police; larceny; and larceny of a firearm. His bond was set at $345,000.
Police officer Matthew Summerlin responded to a reported larceny at 801 Welton Circle at around 8:35 a.m. Gibson, who lives in the home, was believed to have stolen a firearm from the residence.
Summerlin took Gibson into custody. With a handcuffed Gibson in the backseat of his patrol car, Summerlin waited for traffic to pass so he could enter the driver�s side, according to JPD. Gibson is said to have climbed over the partition in the patrol car and kicked the car into gear. The patrol car struck Summerlin, according to police spokeswoman Beth Purcell who did not comment on the incident when initially asked about it.
The patrol car didn�t get far. The house where Gibson was apprehended sits close to the intersection Weldon Circle shares with Pine Valley Road and Welch Lane. The road sign at Weldon and Pine Valley was knocked over and tire marks indicate the patrol car crossed Pine Valley, struck the sidewalk and dropped into a culvert across Pine Valley Road � possibly causing the clearly seen damage on the rear end of the vehicle. The car continued across the lawn of 1000 Pine Valley Road and plowed into the front door of the two-story house.
The owner of the home, Carl Wilson, told reporters his wife Sandra was walking by the front door when the car crashed into their living room. Flying debris hit her in the face, knocking her unconscious.
Police said the woman was then trapped under falling debris.
Gibson got out of the patrol car and tried to run away before other police officers apprehended him, police said.
Carl Wilson�s three young grandchildren were eating their breakfast in the kitchen, near the front of the house, but were not injured.
Police said Summerlin and Sandra Wilson were taken to Onslow Memorial Hospital. Wilson was then transported to Vidant Medical Center in Greenville.
Summerlin was treated and released and Wilson has to undergo facial reconstruction surgery, according to hospital officials.
Neighbors said they were shocked something like that happened in their usually quiet neighborhood.
Tom Derrick who lives down the street snapped cellphone photos while a wrecking company removed the police vehicle.
Tom Cluen said he was walking his dog when he saw the incident. He said there was significant damage to the home and it looked like the patrol car was totaled.
The front of the house was boarded up by late morning and the debris, including a splintered door and shattered side windows, was stacked neatly in a pile in the front yard.
Contact Daily News Senior Reporter Lindell Kay at 910-219-8455 or email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter and friend him on Facebook @ 1lindell.
Updated at 2:14 p.m.
Authorities say that at approximately 8:35 a.m. a larceny suspect who was in the rear of a patrol car crossed the partition into the front seat, kicked the vehicle into gear and struck the arresting officer, Matthew Summerlin, who was waiting for traffic to pass to enter the vehicle.
Thomas Robert Gibson, 17, of Welton Circle,was charged by Jacksonville Police Department with first-degree attempted murder, two counts of assault with a deadly weapon on law enforcement officer, larceny of motor vehicle, larceny of firearm, resist, obstruct and delay, assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill, inflicting serious bodily harm, two counts of felony hit and run, fleeing to elude, possession of stolen vehicle, injury to real property and felony larceny.
Gibson allegedly drove the patrol vehicle for a short distance before losing control of the vehicle and crashing into a residence at 1000 Pine Valley Road, got out of the vehicle and attempted to flee on foot before being taken into custody by JPD.
An occupant of the Pine Valley Road residence was trapped under debris and injured in the crash. The occupant was transported to Onslow Memorial Hospital. Officer Summerlin was also transported to Onslow Memorial Hospital.
Bond was set at $345,000.
Police say the investigation is ongoing and no further information is available.
An apparently stolen police car crashed into a house on Pine Valley Road this morning, according to witnesses of the incident.
Jacksonville police have not responded to requests for information.
The car slammed into the front of the house, said Tom Derrick who lives down the street.
A female occupant was injured by flying debris, according to residents in the neighborhood.
Neighbors said a man in handcuffs climbed over the backseat of a patrol car that was stopped down the street and drove the car away from police and into the house.
Three young children were in the house, but were not injured.
Tom Cluen said he was walking his dog when he saw the incident. He said there was significant damage to the home and it looked like the patrol car was totaled.


text:
The foreign investment regulator gave conditional approval on Monday to a $379 million deal by Abu Dhabi's Etihad Airways to buy a stake in Jet Airways(JET.NS), paving the way for more acquisitions in the domestic aviation sector.
"We have approved with some conditions," Economic Affairs Secretary Arvind Mayaram told reporters after a meeting of the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB).
He did not elaborate.
Etihad's purchase of 24 percent of Jet is the first such deal since the government allowed foreign airlines to own up to 49 percent of Indian carriers last September.
It bodes well for more foreign investment into the Indian aviation sector where most carriers are burdened with heavy debts and rack up losses mainly due to the high cost of fuel.
For foreign investors, buying a stake in an Indian carrier grants access to one of the world's fastest growing domestic airline markets which has plenty of untapped potential, especially in services to smaller Indian cities.
Low-cost carrier SpiceJet (SPJT.BO) has received interest from various unidentified potential investors, while fellow budget airlines GoAir and IndiGo have also been identified as potential targets.
The Jet-Etihad deal still has to obtain the approval of the capital markets regulator as well as a ministerial investment panel before the airlines can proceed.
The deal provides Jet with a deep-pocketed global partner as well as cash to help pay off debts. Etihad, which is on an acquisitions drive, will benefit from Jet's Indian connections.
Ahead of Monday's announcement, Jet shares had jumped nearly 3.7 percent, taking their gains in the last two sessions to nearly 22 percent on speculation the deal would be approved.
Last month, the FIPB had said it wanted more details on who would be effectively in control of Jet Airways after the deal before making a decision.
The deal won regulatory approval after a revised shareholder agreement decreased Etihad's presence on the board of Jet, according to a document seen by Reuters, addressing government concerns that the Abu Dhabi carrier appeared to be taking control of the Indian airline.
Etihad will now take two seats on the board, which will have up to 12 members, one less than initially planned.
Jet's founder group will appoint four board members and will have the right to nominate the chairman, whereas Etihad will appoint a vice chairman, according to the document.
Opposition politicians have opposed the deal on grounds that a bilateral accord between India and the United Arab Emirates increasing number of seats per week favoured Etihad and also on security concerns.


text:
The passion of porn and the elegance of erotica blend together in these sexy movies. If you love the stills of a beautiful woman in all her naked glory, you'll absolutely the sight of the same woman in motion. The unveiling of her delectable curves takes on a stunning fluidity found only within these adult videos. Enjoy!
When Girls Play promises the best of girl on girl action in quality videos with the best looking babes on the web. There is a one minute introductory video that gives a perfect example of what you will get with membership. The sample is one scene with two hot Twisty's girls having smoking hot sex. The video quality and the models are of the highest echelon. They also promise to add original content every week, and if you look at the video titles you can see that every girl on girl sub-genre is available from toy play to groups of girls together.


text:
On Sale
Gold Butterfly Necklace, Butterfly Beauty
Write a review
Be like a butterfly, fly with grace and ease. Let yourself to be pretty to look at, hard to catch.
Every charm comes with its own unique message, this 14K Gold-plated charm and necklace is a classic princessy necklace you can wear all day, all time, as a perfect reminder necklace.
- Charm material: Brass charm with 14K Gold-plating
- Necklace material: 925 Sterling Silver material with 14K Gold-plating
- Packaging: Prepared on a gold-debossed card in our classic white gift box, hand-wrapped with a satin ribbon and a gift label of your choice (pick from the drop-down menu)
- Care: Avoid contact with water, sweat or any other chemicals. Always keep dry. The accessories may darken or lose its shine over time; can be easily polished with a dry, clean cloth. It is not possible to regain its shine if the gold layer is worn away
- Measurement:Available in short or long necklace. For a short and classic look, select 40 cm for a standard size or 45 cm for a more relaxed/looser fit. Long 84 cm necklace fits everyone, ideally below the chest. Charm is approximately 1.6 x 1.0 cm


text:
Choose a category for a selection of Quality Dog Guards, Dividers, Boot Mats, Bumper Protectors
Please note that the years referred to on the website when selecting your vehicle, are "model years" and this may vary from the date of registration. If in doubt, please check your VIN registration document which can be decoded online to give the model year.
Online Offer: Spend over £125 on two or more Travall products to receive a 10% discount (exc car mats)


text:
Design Master 704 Colortool Spray, Ice Blue
- Ideal for stenciling and delicate projects.
- The advanced formula holds stencils firmly in place, allows repositioning without respraying, and leaves no residue.
- Provides repositionable or permanent bonds with lightweight materials like paper, ribbon, delicate fabrics, and florals.
- Acid free for scrapbooking.
- Colortool is a fast drying, satin finish, semi-transparent pigmented spray
- Danger: Extremely Flammable.