text:
Meu SciELO
Serviços Personalizados
- Citado por SciELO
- Acessos
Opción (Maracaibo)
versão impressa ISSN 1012-1587
Opción (Maracaibo) v.1 n.se Maracaibo 2006
Comparative constructions in Guajiro/Wayuunaiki*
Construcciones comparativas en guajiro/wayuunaiki
José Álvarez
Universidad del Zulia. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Replicated from Opción (Maracaibo), Maracaibo, v.21, n.47, p.9-36, Aug 2005.
We describe comparative structures like Müliashi ma'i Luuka nuulia Kamiirü 'Lucas is poorer than Camilo' in Guajiro/Wayuunaiki within a typological approach. Dixon (2004) proposes a prototypical comparative scheme using the notions of (in the English translation): COMPAREE Lucas, STANDARD OF COMPARISON Camilo, PROPERTY or PARAMETER (is) handsome, INDEX -er and MARK than. In the basic comparative construction of Guajiro, the PARAMETER is commonly a stative verb (and less frequently active verbs and adverbs) with the COMPAREE as subject. Although the INDEX can be zero, its presence frequently ensures a comparative reading with active verbs, where it can even have two exponents (in the verbal morphology and as an adverb). The INDEX is thus a discontinuous property with several exponents, one of which may even be suffixed to the MARK. The direct object can be the COMPAREE, while another object is the STANDARD. The subjective conjugation seems to be employed more often than the objective conjugation in comparative structures. The comparison of equality requires a biclausal construction where the PARAMETER is expressed as the verb of a clause with the COMPAREE as subject, and the verb maa heading a second clause with the STANDARD as subject. The comparison of inequality is formed by simple negation of the predicate. The expression of superlativity uses three strategies: a comparative construction with the STANDARD specified as a large/total set, a cleft construction, or the mere absence of the STANDAR but presence of INDEX (for absolute superlatives). When comparing two PARAMETERS in one PARTICIPANT, the INDEX is suffixed to the MARK. Finally, we examine correlative comparisons.
Key words: Comparison, comparative, superlative, typology, Arawak languages.
Se describen las estructuras comparativas como Müliashi ma'i Luuka nuulia Kamiirü 'Lucas es más pobre que Camilo' en guajiro/wayuunaiki dentro de un acercamiento tipológico. Dixon (2004) propone un esquema comparativo prototípico que utiliza las nociones de (en la traducción española): COMPARADO Lucas, ESTANDÁR DE COMPARACIÓN Camilo, PROPIEDAD o PARÁMETRO(es) pobre, ÍNDICE más y MARCA que. En la construcción comparativa básica del guajiro, el PARÁMETRO es comúnmente un verbo estativo (menos frecuentemente verbos activos y adverbios) con el COMPARADO como sujeto: Aunque el ÍNDICE puede ser cero, frecuentemente su presencia asegura una lectura comparativa con verbos activos, donde puede incluso tener dos exponentes (en la morfología verbal y como adverbio). EL ÍNDICE es así una propiedad discontinua con varios exponentes, pudiéndose sufijar a la MARCA. El objeto directo puede ser el COMPARADO, siendo otro objeto el ESTÁNDAR. La conjugación subjetiva parece emplearse más a menudo que la conjugación objetiva en estructuras de comparación. La comparación de igualdad utiliza una construcción biclausular donde el PARÁMETRO se expresa como verbo de una cláusula cuyo sujeto es el COMPARADO, con el verbo maa encabezando una segunda cláusula cuyo sujeto es el ESTÁNDAR, formándose la comparación de desigualdad mediante simple negación del predicado. Para expresar superlatividad se usan tres estrategias: una construcción comparativa con el ESTÁNDAR especificado como conjunto grande/total, una construcción hendida, o la simple ausencia de el ESTÁNDAR pero presencia de el ÍNDICE (superlativos absolutos). Al compararse dos PARÁMETROS en un PARTICIPANTE, el ÍNDICE se sufija a la MARCA. Finalmente examinamos las comparaciones correlativas.
Palabras clave: Comparación, comparativo, superlativo, tipología, lenguas arahuacas.
Guajiro or Wayuunaiki is an Arawak language spoken by about 400,000 people in the northernmost tip of South America, in Venezuela and Colombia. The Arawak language family is one of the most widespread groups in South America, having members as far as Brazil and Peru. Within the family, Guajiro is closely related to near-extinct Paraujano/Añú, and a little less closely related to Lokono (or Arawak proper). Although it is also related to the Arawakan languages of the Río Negro basin (Baniwa, Piapoko, Yavitero, Warekena, Kurripako, Baré, etc.), the differences in morphological and syntactic structures are striking. Some of these differences are probably due to areally diffused patterns (Cf Aikhenwald 1999, 2002) in these languages. Guajiro has various dialects, with almost non-existent problems of mutual intelligibility. The Guajiro people seem to have had great mobility in the past, and this mobility is increasing due to migration to urban centres like Maracaibo. The main dialect division is between Abajero and Arribero dialects, the main difference being the shape of the ubiquitous 3rd person feminine prefix (sü- versus jü-), as well as the corresponding pronoun (shia versus jia). There are also minor differences in the vocabulary. The traditional Guajiro society has had a stratified, pastoralist backbone for around five centuries (from cattle originally stolen from the Spaniards). Wealth is traditionally measured on the basis of the numbers of heads of cattle in the herds, and cattle, along with precious and semi-precious stones, has been used to make payments for offence compensation and brides 1.
Guajiro is a polysynthetic language with head-marking morphology. Guajiro is agglutinating with little fusion, but in most cases such 'fusion' seems to be explainable in terms of transparent phonological processes. It only has 11 prefixes. Of these, 7 are person/number/gender prefixes which can be used with active verbs, nouns and prepositions: ta-ya'lajü-in 'I bought it', ta-japü 'my hand', ta-maa 'with me'. They also appear in personal pronouns ta-ya 'I/me'. These prefixes always cross-reference the object of a preposition in a prepositional phrase: nü-maa Luuka 'with Lucas', and the possessor in a possessive noun phrase: nü-tüna Luuka 'Lucas' arm'. There is also 1 person/number/gender prefix a- used for zero or unspecified. There are 2 productive derivational prefixes ka- 'ATTRIBUTIVE' and ma- 'NEGATIVE' which are mainly used to derive (positive and negative) possessive verbs from nominal themes, and a fossilised one pa- 'DUAL'. There are dozens of suffixes. The verb can exhibit a very particularly complex morphological structure, where one or more of the following categories can be represented: arguments, tense, valency (passive, causative), modality, and an impressive array of other categories such as desiderative, collaborative, permansive, untimely, counter-expectancy, immediacy, here/there, celerity, excess, additional, augmentative, diminutive, fiction, transient, etc. Due to this complexity, in Guajiro any transitive verb can literally have thousands of forms, and very complex forms are not rare. Guajiro verbs can also have dozens of infinitives, which are not just citation forms, based on themes of increasing complexity.
The open classes are nouns and verbs. Loanwords are generally adapted to the phonology and morphology of the language. In Guajiro there does not seem to be a class of adjectives. There are around 6 adjective-like words (laülaa 'old', mulo'u 'big', etc.) that do not take a verbal suffix when used in the general tense, but which take normal verbal morphology elsewhere. There are no verbless clause complements. Nouns used in the predicative slot behave as stative verbs and take all the appropriate elements of verbal morphology. There is no copula, although there is a verb eewaa 'be, exist' which behaves like any other stative verb and has no special functions in the language. As there is no copula, no copula complement structure is possible.
Nouns are divided into two neat classes: alienable nouns and inalienable nouns. The latter are basically body-parts and kinship terms, as well as some cultural items and most deverbal nouns. They are always possessed and do not need additional morphology to indicate possession other than the indication of the possessor (even in an indefinite form): tatüna /ta-tüna/ [1S-arm] 'my arm'. With alienable nouns the possessor is also indicated with the person/number/gender prefixes, but an additional lexically-specified possessive suffix -se ¥ -in ¥ -ya, the first being the most productive: tachajaruutase /ta-chajaruuta-se/ [1S-machete-POSS] 'my machete'. There is not an absolute or unpossessed form for inalienable nouns, as in other Arawak languages. However, Guajiro has developed a very singular procedure for indicating impersonal/indefinite possession, which is parallel to the formation of infinitives for verbs, with the root preceded by the indefinite prefix: a-japü-ü ´(someone's) arm'.
Grammatical relations are marked by means of one set of 7 person/number/gender prefixes (ta- 1S, pü- 2S, nü- 3SM, jü-/sü- 3SF, wa- 1P, jü-/ja- 2P, and na- 3P) or by means of several sets (used according to tense/aspect) of 3 gender/number suffixes (for example: -shi M, -sü F, -shii P for the general tense). Verbs can be divided into two neat classes: active verbs and stative verbs. The former are always prefixed, the latter are never prefixed. This means that stative verbs cannot participate in constructions where the prefixes are required. All stative verbs are intransitive and can be equated with inaccusative predicates. Active verbs can be further divided into transitive and intransitive verbs. But active intransitive verbs are easily transitivised through causativisation or incorporation. It is important to stress that the same verbal roots can show up in stative, active intransitives and active transitive verbs.
There are two conjugations: subjective and objective. The subjective conjugation can be used with all types of verbs (stative, active intransitive and active transitive), in both transitive or intransitive clauses. This conjugation only marks the subject, be it A, or S with one of the gender number suffixes in agreement with it: Atunkeechi Piipa. 'Pipo will sleep'; Aya'lajeechi Piipa awarianta. 'Pipo will buy booze'. The objective conjugation behaves more or less as in Finno-Ugric languages, as it requires that the object be specific. In this latter conjugation, the prefix will refer to A and the suffix will refer to O: Jüya'lajeechi [Tareesa]A [chi kaa'ulakai]O. 'Teresa will buy the goat'.
The order of the clause constituents is basically one in which the verb is initial, while the order of the other constituents varies: VS, VAO, VOA. In pragmatically-marked contexts, both S and A, as well as O, can be fronted, with the corresponding intonational break. However, it seems to be the case that due to the influence of Spanish, the rigid verb-initial pattern is loosing its obligatoriness.
For the description of Guajiro comparatives, we shall be following the model suggested by Bob Dixon, who has presented a prototypical comparative scheme (Dixon, 2004:2-3) in which there are Participants (the Comparee and the Standard of Comparison), a Property or Parameter, an Index and a Mark, as illustrated in [01]:
John is more handsome than Felix
3.1. The Parameter
Following Dixon's classification of schemes of comparison, Guajiro has a basic Type A2 comparative construction. The properties expressed in some languages by adjectives are expressed in Guajiro by words going into the same slot as verbs 2. In most cases, the parameter is a stative verb [02]. This stative verb, in many respects, behaves in the same way as any active verb in a non-comparative construction [03].
poor M
Lucas is poorer than Camilo.
0-dance -M
Lucas dances with my sister.
They exhibit almost all the morphological and syntactic properties of verbs: they will be clause-initial, exhibit all the inflection as in [04], be negated in the same fashion [05], etc.
[04] Mülieechi Luuka nuulia Kamiirü.
mülia-ee-chi Luuka nü-ulia Kamiirü
poor FU-M Luuka 3M-from Camilo
Lucas will be poorer than Camilo.
[05] Nnojoleechi müliain Luuka nuulia Kamiirü.
nnojolu-ee-chi mülia-in Luuka nü-ulia Kamiirü
not.be FU-M poor CS Lucas 3M-from Camilo
Lucas will not be poorer than Camilo.
When pragmatic conditions arise, as the comparee is the subject, it can be fronted [06] and given the appropriate intonational contour.
wayuu -ka-li
poor -M
As for this man, he is poorer than Camilo.
It is not clear whether we should postulate verbless clause complements, as the very few unsuffixed 'adjectives' like laülaa 'old', mulo'u 'big', etc., as well as nouns in the predicative slot, show up without gender/number suffixes only in the general (present/past) tense, as seen in [07-08]. In the remaining tenses, all other elements of morphology suitable for stative verbs will be present [09].
[07] Laülaa taya nuulia Luuka.
laülaa taya nü-ulia Luuka
old I 3M-from Lucas
I am older than Lucas.
[08] Wayuu ma´i Kamiirü juulia jiakana.
wayuu ma´i Kamiirü jü-ulia jia-ka-na
person much Camilo 2P-from ye -SP-PL
Camilo is more Guajiro than you all.
[09] Laülaajeechi Kamiirü juulia Jusepiina.
laülaa-ee-chi Kamiirü jü-ulia Jusepiina
old -FU-M Camilo 3F-from Josefina
Camilo will be older than Josefina.
3.2. The Index
The index in Guajiro comparative constructions can be zero. But although optional, it is frequent and sometimes crucial when choosing between a comparative and a non-comparative reading. It can even be double, appearing as a modifier within the predicate, both in the morphological structure of the verb (the suffix lee ~ -le'e 'TOTALLY') and as the independent adverb ma'i ~ ma'in 'much/very', as in [10]. Other elements, such as emphatic ya can accompany the predicate in the verb morphology [11]. It is probably better to analyse the index as a discontinuous property having several exponents, rather than as a modifier within the predicate. In fact, in Guajiro it can even be suffixed to the MARK [12].
poor TOT-M
Lucas is poorer than Camilo.
bog -TOT-EMP
Lucas is bigger than Camilo.
chi nuwalakai.
chi nü-wala -ka-li
0-grow -M
DEM.M 3M-sibling-SP-M
Lucas has grown up more than his brother.
This suffix lee 'TOTALLY' is not restricted to this function, as it shows in a number of non-comparative structures [13-15] to indicate completeness (full achievement) of the predicate.
[13] Atunkaleejeenaya waya piichipa'amüin.
a-tunka-lee-ee-na-ya waya piichi-pa'a-müin
0-sleep-TOT-FU-PL-EMP we house-area-to(wards)
We will sleep at home finally.
[14] Wattaleeshia o'unuin atpanaakai.
watta-lee-shi-ya a-'una-in atpanaa-ka-li
distant-TOT-M-EMP 0-go-CS rabbit SP-M
The rabbit went away completely.
[15] O'unusu wayuukoluirua; taya makataleeka alijunama'ana.
a-'una-sü wayuu -ka-lü-irua taya makata-lee-ka alijuna-ma'ana
0-go-F person-SP-F PLU I remain-TOT-SP creole -among
The Guajiros went away; it was me the one who remained among creoles wholly.
This adverb ma'i 'much/very' is also frequent in non-comparative structures [19]. One of the most common uses of ma'i is that of reinforcing of the augmentative suffixshaana, which is commonly attached to verbs of all types [17-19].
[16] Kamaneesü ma'in tü talüinyuukolu.
ka-manee-sü ma'in tü ta-lüinyuu-ka-lü
AT-kindness-F much DEM.F 1S-sister.in.law-SP-F
My sister-in-law is very kind.
[17] Jashichishaanashi ma'in jümüin samutkoo.
jashichi-shaana-shi ma'in jü-müin samulu -ka-lu
angry -AUGMEN-M much 3F-to(wards) vulture-SP-F
He was indeed very angry with the vulture.
[18] Talatashaanashi taya aka te'rüichipain pia.
talata-shaana-shi taya aka ta-'ra-i-chi-pa -in pia
happy AUGMEN-M I as 1S-see-I-M-TER-CS you
I am very happy indeed because I have just seen you.
[19] Ni'rashaanain piichikalü jümaa lumakalü.
nü-'ra-shaana-ni piichi-ka-lü jü-maa luma-ka-lü
3M-see-AUGMEN-CS house -SP-F 3F-with shelter-SP-F
He saw the house and the shelter very well.
3.3. The Mark
The STANDARD alongside its MARK constitutes a prepositional phrase in which the preposition ouliaa 'from' has a person/number/(gender) prefix which agrees with the following NP if there is any: 1S toulia, 2S puulia, 3M nuulia, 3F suulia/juulia, 1P woulia, 2P joulia/juulia, 3P noulia. But the NP, that is, the STANDARD, need not be expressed by means of a full NP, as in [20]. However, the STANDARD is always present in this prefix (even if it takes the indefinitive form ouliaa 'from/than someone'). In this case, STANDARD and MARK can be interpreted as being amalgamated in the same word.
poor TOT-M
Lucas is poorer than him.
This preposition is amply used outside the comparative construction, where ouliaa can have a wide range of meanings mostly within the ablative range [21-23] 3.
[21] Nnojoishi yalejeeyaain juulia ja'waliirua.
nnojolu-shi yala-jee-yaa-ni jü-ulia ja'wali-irua
not.be -M there-from-IRR-CS 3F-from night-PLDR
He didn't go away from his wife during the nights.
[22] Jamüshi pu'luwajakalaka kaa'ulakana juulia Jusepiina?
jama-shi pü-'luwaja-kalaka kaa'ula-ka-na jü-ulia Jusepiina
how-M 2S-steal-CONSEC goat-SP-PL 3F-from Josefina
Why did you steal the goats from Josefina?
[23] Akanajünüsü nuulia Luuka süpüshi tü nünneetshekalü.
a-kanaja-na-sü nü-ulia Luuka sü-püshi tü nü-nneerü-se-ka-lü
0-win-PASS-F 3S-from Lucas 3F-part DEM.F 3S-money-POSS-SP-F
Part of his money was won from Lucas (by someone).
Ouliaa can also be used with more idiosyncratic meanings, including a negative meaning of exclusion, in certain contexts [24-26].
[24] Ko'utushi wayuukai nuulia.
ko'uta-shi wayuu -ka-li nü-ulia
silent-M person-SP-M 3S-from
The man become quiet before him. (ie He didn't speak to/before him.)
[25] Mojune'e pia, tayeechi washitka puulia!
moju-ne'e pia taya-ee-chi washirü-ka pü-ulia
poor-LIMI you I-FU-M rich-SP 2S-from
You just stay poor, I will be me the one to become rich (leaving you behind in poverty)!
[26] Ojo'looichi taya juulia ashajaa.
a-jo'laa-i-chi taya jü-ulia a-shaja-a
0-cease-I-M I 3F-from 0-write-INF
I have just stopped writing. (I have just desisted from writing.)
These various meanings of ouliaa can be found alongside the comparative use in [27].
[27] Ma'aka müle'uyuule toulian, taka'inraa oulialü,
ma'aka müle'u-yuu-le ta-ulia-n ta-ka'inraa a-ulia-lü
be.thus big-COL-HYP 1S-from-PR 1S-retreat 0-from-F
If they were bigger than me, I would keep them away,
onjulaashi taya juulia.
a-njulaa-shi taya jü-uulia
0-hide-M I 3F-from
I would hide from them.
One of the most important functions of ouliaa is that of introducing subordinate final clauses in the negative (like English LEST). In this case, the third person feminine form suulia/juulia 'from it' is used. When both clauses have the same subject (S1=S2), an infinitive form is used in the subordinate clause [28]. If they have different subjects (S1¹S2), then a subordinating suffix in is used and the verb of the subordinate clause must have a person/number prefix if it is an active verb [29].
[28] Waraitüshi taya waneepia jotpünaa wopukolu,
waraita-shi taya waneepia jü-tpünaa wopu-ka-lü
walk-M I always 3F-border road-SP-F
I always walked along the edge of the road,
juulia e'nnaa jutuma wayuu.
jü-ulia a-'ra-na-a jü-tuma wayuu
3F-from 0-see-PASS-INF 3F-by person
so as not to be seen by the people. (S1=S2)
[29] Kakulaatsesü juulia jikerojüin mürülü julu'upünaa.
Ka-kulaala-se-sü jü-ulia jü-keroja-in mürülü jü-lu'u-pünaa
AT-fence -POSS-F 3F-from 3F-enter CS animal 3F-inside-TRANS
It had a fence so that the animals couldn't get inside. (S1¹S2)
3.4. An Active Verb as Parameter
We have seen that in Guajiro the PARAMETER is normally a stative verb. But the PARAMETER can also be an active, both intransitive [30] and transitive [31].
[30] A'tunkaleeshi ma'in Kamiirü nuulia Luuka.
a-tunka-lee-shi ma'in Kamiirü nu-ulia Luuka
0-slep-TOT-M much Camilo 3M-from Lucas
Camilo slept more than Lucas.
[31] Ekaleeshia ma'in taya jime nuulia Jusee.
a-ka lee-shi-ya ma'in taya jime nü-ulia Jusee
0-eat-TOT-M-EMP much I fish 3S-from José
I ate more fish than José.
As the preposition ouliaa can also have a negative meaning, in certain contexts the construction can be ambiguous between a comparative reading and a non-comparative reading. Thus, the above sentences could also be interpreted as: [30] 'Camilo slept without Lucas./Camilo slept, but Lucas didn't'. and [31] 'I ate fish and left José nothing./I ate fish but José didn't.'
As both verbs proper and adjective-like verbs can function as predicate heads expressing the PARAMETER, the possibility of being the parameter in a comparative construction cannot be used a criterial property for distinguishing between verbs and adjectives as different word classes, as it is in other languages.
However, active verbs, and in particular transitive ones, seem to require the presence of the (single or multiple) expresion of the index in order to disambiguate (not fully) in favour of a comparative reading [32]. Moreover, the subjective conjugation seems to be preferred over the objective conjugation for expressing comparison.
[32] Eküsü ma'i Jusepiina nuuliale'eya chi wayuukai.
a-ka-sü ma'i Jusepiina nü-ulia-lee-ya chi wayuu-ka-li
0-eat-F much Josefina 3M-from-TOT-EMP DEM.M person-SP-M
Josefina eats more than the man.
3.5. Comparison with Implicit Standard
We have seen that following Dixon's classification of schemes of comparison, Guajiro has a basic Type A2 comparative construction. But Guajiro also has a Type A2-si comparative construction. In Guajiro the STANDARD need not be stated because it can be implicit in the comparative construction if its identity can be retrieved from information already present in previous clauses in the discourse. The presence of the discontinuous INDEX makes this reading straightforward [33-35].
[33] Analeeshi ma'in liiwurokai chi.
ana-lee-shi ma'in liiwuro-ka-li chi
good-TOT-M much book-SP-M DEM.M
This book is better (than the others we are talking about).
[34] Mulo'ule'eya ma'in tepia.
mulo'u-lee-ya ma'in ta-pia
bigTOT-EMP much 1S-house
My house is bigger (than Camilo's house).
[35] Cho'ujaashi tamüin wanee ama eekai kakuwaleein ma'in.
cho'ujaa-shi ta-müin wanee ama eekai ka-kuwalee-in ma'in
necessary-M 1S-for one horse which AT-speed-TOT-CS much
I need a faster horse (than the one I have now).
3.6. A Marginal Type of Comparison
Guajiro also has a marginal Type E comparative construction. This is due to the fact that in Guajiro there is a general, almost unrestricted process of noun/preposition incorporation whereby the head of a possessive noun phrase, the possessee noun [36], or the head of a prepositional phrase, the preposition [37], can be incorporated into the verb. In the first case, we will have cases of the so-called 'possessor raising', as the complement of the possessee noun phrase (the possessor left behind) has ascended from constituent of the phrase to constituent of the clause or argument of the verb (as an object, inheriting the grammatical relation of the original phrase), as in [38]. In the second case, we will have cases of the so-called 'applicative', as the complement of the prepositional phrase has gone up in the grammatical hierarchy. It was an oblique in an intransitive clause, but now it is the object of a transitive clause (the valency of the verb has increased), as in [39].
[36] [Tachotooin]aVo [nukuluutse Luuka] O.
Ta-chotoo-ni nü-kuluulu-se Luuka
1S-cut -CS 3M-textile-POSS Lucas
I cut Lucas' fabric.
[37] [Ayonnajüshi]V [taya]S [jümaa Jusepiina]OBL.
a-yonnaja-shi taya jü-maa Jusepiina
0-dance -M I 3F-with Josefina
I danced with Josefina.
[38] [Tachotoo akuluutsechi]aVo [Luuka]O.
ta-chotoo a-kuluulu-se -chi Luuka
1S-cut 0-textile-POSS-M Lucas
I cut Lucas' fabric.
[39] [Tayonnaja amaalü]aVo [Jusepiina]O.
ta-yonnaja a-maa -lü Jusepiina
1S-dance 0-with-F Josefina
I danced with Josefina.
Being an unrestricted process, preposition incorporation can also happen in prepositional phrases headed by ouliaa. This takes place mainly with active intransitive verbs, which become transitive due this incorporation, as in [41], [43] and [45], related to [40], [42] and [44], respectively. In this case, we would expect that the PARAMETER would be the head of the predicate with the mark (the incorporated ouliaa) being integrated with it. However, in theses cases the favourite reading will always be one in which the second term is excluded, rather than a comparative one (> = is the preferred meaning over):
[40] Awataashi ma'i Jusee nuulia(le'eya) chi ka'lairakai.
a-wataa-shi ma'i Jusee nü-ulia-lee-ya chi ka'laira-ka-li
0-run -M much José 3M-from-TOT-EMP DEM.M tiger-SP-M
José ran more than the tiger.
[41] Nuwataa__ouliachi Jusee chi ka'lairakai.
nü-wataa a-ulia-chi Jusee chi ka'laira-ka-li
3M-run 0-from-M José DEM.M tiger-SP-M
José ran and/but the tiger didn't. > José ran more than the tiger.
[42] Atunkushii ma'i naya woulia(le'eya).
a-tunka-shii ma'i naya wa-ulia-lee-ya
0-sleep-P much they 1P-from-TOT-EMP
They slept more than us.
[43] Natunka__ouliachii waya.
na-tunka a-ulia-chii waya
3P-sleep 0-from-P we
They slept and/but we didn't. > They slept more than us.
[44] Ayonnajüshi ma'i taya juulia(le'eya) Jusepiina.
a-yonnaja-shi ma'i taya jü-ulia-lee-ya Jusepiina
0-dance -M much I 3F-from-TOT-EMP Jusepiina
I danced more than Josefina.
[45] Tayonnaja__oulialü Jusepiina.
ta-yonnaja a-ulia-lü Jusepiina
1S-dance 0-from-F Jusepiina
I danced and/but Josefina didn't. > I danced more than Josefina.
The reason for this preference of a non-comparative reading may due to the fact that it is not possible to insert any material between the initial person/number prefix and the closing gender/number suffix when the preposition ouliaa (or indeed any other preposition) is incorporated (indicated here by the underscore ___). This means that it is also not possible to have the expression of the INDEX ma'i, which tends to block a non-comparative reading with transitive verbs. This matter needs further investigation.
Guajiro also has a Type F comparative construction, that is, a bi-clausal comparison. In Guajiro three homophonous verbs maa exist. The first maa is translated as 'say', the second maa is an untranslatable auxiliary which takes the inflection certain verb themes cannot take, the third maa is the stative verb 'be thus/such/in this manner'. This third verb maa is used in various combinations with what appears to be a fossilised form of the preposition aka 'with (INSTRUMENTAL)' in the expression of comparison of equality. These are bi-clausal constructions because the PARAMETER is expressed as the predicate of a first clause with the COMPAREE as its subject, while the verb maa heads the second clause with the STARDARD as its subject, as illustrated in [46]. This construction, used only in what traditional grammars call 'comparative of equality', is the inverse of Pilagá (Vidal, 2001:350-352), where there is a verb -ena'am 'be like' which has the COMPAREE as its subject.
Clause 1
Clause 2
ma -shi
fat -M
Lucas is as fat as Camilo. (Lucas is fat, Camilo is like this.)
As in the majority of languages, a difference is made in Guajiro between a grammatical construction for 'more than' and a grammatical construction for 'the same as'. For the former, Type A2 is regularly used. For the latter, some form of the stative verb 'be thus' is used in various combinations with aka. The comparatives where the verb maa is used are the so-called 'comparatives of equality'. This verb maa and the erstwhile preposition aka are very frequently contracted to ma'aka and müinka. It deserves to be mentioned that these contracted forms (with müleka) are also the ones which are equivalent to if in conditional clauses.
fat -M
Lucas is as fat as Camilo.
However, both parts will recover their independent status if the verb has to be used with tensed forms other than the general tense, or having other suffixes [48]. This verb maa also shows up accompanying the coordinating conjunction oo'ulaka 'and'.
[48] Koisü nüto'uta oo'ulaka müsüya tü nu'upünaautakalü,
ka-oli -sü nü-ta'uta oo'ulaka ma-sü-ya tü nü-'upünaauta-ka-lü
AT-hair-F 3S-skin and be.thus-F-EMP DEM.F 3S-complexion-SP-F
His skin and his complexion were hairy,
mashaanasü aka joi wüchii.
ma-shaana-sü aka jü-oli wüchii
Be.thus-AUGMEN-F as 3F-hair bird
very much like the hair (feather) of birds.
Comparatives of inequality are formed by simple negation of the predicate. This negation can be accomplished either with the auxiliary negative verb nnojoluu and the main verb receiving the common subordinating suffix in [49, 50], or with derived negative verbs using the prefix ma-.
[49] Nnnojoishi ma'in mamainain Luuka müin aka Kamiirü.
nnnojolu-shi ma'in mamaina-in Luuka ma-in aka Kamiirü
not.be M much insane -CS Lucas be.thus-CS as Camilo
Lucas is not so insane as Camilo.
[50] Luuka nnojoishi ma'in mulo'usheyuuin müinka Kamiirü.
Luuka nnojolu-shi ma'in mulo'usheyuu-in müinka Kamiirü
Lucas not.be M much tall-CS be.thus.as Camilo
Lucas is not so tall as Camilo.
In elicitation and in texts, no examples were found in which an equivalent of 'less' could be pinpointed. All the forms with 'less X than' were given as Type A2 comparatives in which the predicate is a negative one (that is, instead of the STARDARD being 'fast', it is rather 'slow'):
[51] Makuwasai püliikü nuulia ama.
ma-kuwa -sa-li püliikü nu-ulia ama
NG-speed-NA-M donkey 3M-from horse
The donkey is less fast than the horse. (The donkey is slower than the horse).
In English, although the comparative and superlative forms seem to belong to the same morphological paradigm (and their analytic versus synthetic shapes appear to be decided by the same phonological restrictions), their syntactic behaviour is different. One of the main elements of the superlative is the inclusion of the definite article in the construction which expresses it. But European languages differ on whether the INDEX in the superlative is the same (Spanish, Italian, French, etc.) or different (English) from the INDEX used in the comparative. It is clear that both constructions are semantically very close, and it is common for languages to have a common construction for both, the standard in the superlative specified as 'all' (Dixon, 2004:25).
Three strategies appear to be in use in Guajiro. One of them, illustrated in [52-54], is just the same comparative construction with the STNADARD somehow specified as a large (perhaps total) universe/set, with the same MARK ouliaa. This is roughly equivalent to the relative superlative of Romance languages.
[52] Jutpunale'eya Kamiirü juulia jupushuwa'a wayuukoluirua.
jutpuna-lee-ya Kamiirü jü-ulia jü-pushuwa'a wayuu-ka-lü-irua
tall-TOT-EMP Camilo 3F-from 3F-totality person-SP-F-PLU
Camilo is the tallest among all the Guajiro. (Camilo is taller than all the Guajiros.)
[53] Anasü pünülia, anasü suulia anüliee eekai eein.
Ana-sü pü-nülia ana-sü sü-ulia a-nülia-a eekai ee-in
Good-F 2S-name good-F 3F-from 0-name-INF whatever exist-CS
Your name is good, it is the best name there is.
[54] Pülashi ma'i Jesucristo suulia eekai eein.
püla-shi ma'i Jesucristo sü-ulia eekai ee-in
mighty-M much Jesus-Christ 3F-from whatever exist-CS
Jesus is the most powerful of all.
A second strategy implies a cleft construction. This strategy clearly mirrors the strategies of European languages using the definite article. In Guajiro the article appears as the specifier without gender/number as ka [55, 56], or marked for masculine, feminine and plural as -ka-i, -ka-lü, -ka-na, respectively [57]. This set of three complex forms is known in Guajiro grammars as 'the article' (the feminine form has several variants: -kalü ~ -kat ~ -kaa ~ -kolu ~ -koo). This strategy can be used for both absolute and relative superlatives.
[55] Nia mulo'usheyuuka ma'in Luuka.
nia mulo'usheyuu-ka ma'in Luuka
he tall-SP much Lucas
Lucas is the tallest. (The one who is very tall, that is Lucas.)
[56] Nia nütünajutuka ma'i Luuka, Kamiirü.
nia nü-tünajutu-ka ma'i Luuka Kamiirü
he 3M-friend-SP much Lucas Camilo
Camilo is Lucas' best friend. (The one who is Lucas' [best] friend, that is Camilo.)
[57] Jierü anasüchonkaa, jia Tareesa.
jierü ana-sü-chon-ka-lü jia Tareesa
woman good-FDIMI-SP-F she Teresa
Teresa is the most beautiful woman. (The woman who is the pretty one, that's Teresa.)
For relative superlatives, the STANDARD can be specified in terms of spatial relationships, most commonly with the help of prepositions such as alu'uu 'inside' [58] and a'akaa 'among' [59].
[58] Shiaja'a tü jierü ku'lamiakalü anasüchonkoo ma'in
shia-ja'a tü jierü ku'lamia-ka-lü ana-sü-chon-ka-lü ma'in
she-EMPH DEM.F woman yougster-SP-F good-F-DIMI-SP-F much
She is the most beautiful young lady (= She is the beautiful young lady)
sulu'u shipishuwa'a reinokoo.
sü-lu'u sü-pishuwa'a reino-ka-lü
3F-inside 3F-totality kingdom-SP-F
in the whole kingdom.
[59] Kamiirü nia mulo'usheyuukai ma'in na'akajee wayuu nepishuwa'a.
Kamiirü nia mulo'usheyuu-ka-li ma'in na-'aka-jee wayuu na-pishuwa'a
Camilo he tall-SP-M much 3P-among-from person 3P-totality
Camilo is the tallest among all the Guajiro. (Camilo, he is the tall among all Guajiros.)
Finally, when no STANDARD is expressed but an INDEX is present [60], it is common to obtain readings as absolute superlatives.
[60] Jutpanale'eya Luuka.
jutpuna-lee-ya Luuka
tall-TOT-EMP Lucas
Lucas is the tallest.
What can be a parameter in Guajiro? We have seen that the most common case of parameter involves a stative verb with an adjectival-type meaning. However, as seen above in Section 3.4, the other verb types, active intransitives and active transitives, are also attested in this function.
Sometimes the object of a transitive verb can be the COMPAREE with another object (perhaps with some sort of ellipsis assumed) acting as the STANDARD, as in [61].
[61] Te'raajüin niikat Lucas nuulia nüshikai.
ta-'raaja-in nü-i-ka-lü Lucas nü-uulia nü-shi-ka-li
1S-know-CS 3M-mother-SP-F Lucas 3M-from 3M-father-SP-M
I know Lucas' mother more than (I know) her father.
An adverb can also be the parameter, as in [62, 63].
[62] Atunkamaatüshi pia maalü woulia.
a-tunka-maata-shi pia maalü wa-ulia
0-sleep-IMMED-M you early 1P-from
You went so sleep earlier than us.
[63] Ekatüjülia taya palajana puulia.
a-ka-tüjü-li-ya taya palajana pü-ulia
0-comer-ANTIC-M-EMP I firstly 2S-from
I had already eaten earlier than you.
In all the cases examined thus far, a single property is evaluated in terms of the different degrees it shows in minimally two participants. But there are instances of two properties being compared in terms of the different degrees they show in just one participant. The second property, being the complement of the preposition, exhibits the common suffix -in rather than gender/number suffixes. Notice also that in the examples we have in [64, 65], the MARK has the manifestation of the INDEX suffixed to it (juuliale'eya) 4.
[64] Anashi ma'i Luuka juuliale'eya washirüin.
ana -shi ma'i Luuka jü-ulia-lee-ya washirü-in
good-M much Lucas 3F-from-TOT-EMP rich-CS
Lucas is more honest than (he is) rich.
[65] Wayuu ma'i Luuka juuliale'eya alijunain.
wayuu ma'i Luuka jü-ulia-lee-ya alijuna-in
person much Lucas 3M-from-TOT-EMP creole-CS
Lucas is more Guajiro than creole.
There are also instances of two properties expressed clausally being compared in terms of the different degrees they show in just one participant. However, the tendency seems to be for the second clause to show up in a nominalised form, in the infinitive [66] or in the deverbal instrumental noun with -ya [67].
[66] Yootüshi ma'i Luuka juuliale'eya tü naa'inrakaa.
yooto-shi ma'i Luuka jü-ulia-lee-ya tü nü-a'inra-ka-lü
talk-M much Lucas 3F-from-TOT-EMP DEM.F 3M-do/make-SP-F
Lucas speaks more than he does (Lucas speaks more than what he does/his doing).
[67] Nike'eja___aa'inchi ma'i taya Luuka juuliale'eya nükaliijia.
nü-ike'eja a-a'in-chi ma'i taya Luuka jü-ulia-lee-ya nü-kaliija-ya
3M-bother 0-soul-M much I Lucas 3F-from-TOT-EMP 3M-help-NLR
Lucas bothers me more than he helps (me) (literally: his help).
Another possibility is to have both clauses nominalised, as in [68], where the notional subject as the possessor.
[68] Anasü jiyonnajia Jusepiina juulia ji'yataaya.
ana -sü jü-yonnaja-ya Jusepiina jü-ulia jü-'yataa-ya
good-F 3F-dance-NLR Josefina 3F-from 3F-work-NLR
Josefina dances better than she works (Josefina's dancing is better than her working).
Ambiguity can arise whenever the comparison involves some sort of ellipsis, as the reduced element can have different readings. This happens particularly when the object of a transitive verb can be interpreted as the COMPAREE as well as the STANDARD, as [69] illustrates.
[69] Te'raajüin niikat Lucas nuulia nüshikai.
ta-'raaja-in nü-i-ka-lü Lucas nü-uulia nü-shi-ka-li
1S-know-CS 3M-mother-SP-F Lucas 3M-from 3M-father-SP-M
IA know [Lucas' mother]O more than (IA know) [her father]O OR [his father]A (does).
The ambiguity tends to disappear in those cases where the gender/number of the object is marked on the verb, as is the case in [70], where the feminine object marker -rü makes us expect the feminine object 'Lucas' mother', rather that 'Lucas' father'.
[70] Te'raajeerü niikat Lucas nuulia nüshikai.
ta-'raaja-ee-lü nü-i-ka-lü Lucas nü-uulia nü-shi-ka-li
1S-know-FU-F 3M-mother-SP-F Lucas 3M-from 3M-father-SP-M
IA will know [Lucas' mother]O more than (IA will know) [her father]O.
Correlative comparisons, where the same comparative morphology is present, occur in English, where more/-er can appear with the article in two clauses as in The more I run, the healthier I feel; or in Spanish, where the first clause is introduced by mientras 'while' and the second clause has the comparative más 'more' as in Mientras más corro, más saludable me siento. Constructions equivalent to the correlative constructions of Indo-European languages have been detected, where the same comparative morphology is present (use of maa 'be.thus', -lee 'TOTALLY', ma'i 'much', etc.). Notice that in one strategy the suffix -yaa 'IRREALIS' accompanies the verb maa 'be.thus' (71-73].
[71] Mayaasü nikashaanain Luuka, kaüsüleeshi ma'in.
ma-yaa-sü nü-ka-shaana-in Luuka, kaüsü-lee-shi ma'in
be.thus-IRR-F 3M-eat-AUGMEN-CS Lucas fat-TOT-M much
The more Lucas eats, the fatter he gets.
[72] Mayaasü ma'in piyonnajüin, mariaawashaanaleesü pia.
ma-yaa-sü ma'in pü-yonnaja-in mariaawa-shaana-lee-sü pia
be.thus-IRR-F much 2S-dance-CS dizzy-AUGMEN-TOT-F you
The more you dance, the more lightheaded you get.
[73] Mayaasü te'rüin ma'in pia, aisü ma'in pia tapüla.
ma-yaa-sü ta-'ra-in ma'in pia ali -sü ma'in pia ta-püla
be.thus-IRR-F 1S-see-CS much you dear-F much you 1S-for
The more I see you, the more I love you.
However, alternative forms occur which are introduced by wanaa jümaa 'whenever, simultaneously with' (literally 'equal/simultaneously with it'), as the examples in [74-76] show.
[74] Wanaa jümaa niküin ma'i Luuka, kaüsishi ma'i.
wanaa jümaa nü-ka-in ma'i Luuka, kaüsi-shi ma'i
equal 3F-with 3M-eat-CS much Lucas, fat-M much
The more Lucas eats, the fatter he gets.
[75] Wanaa jümaa piyonnajüin ma'i, mariaawashi ma'i pia.
wanaa jü-maa pü-yonnaja-in ma'i, mariaawa-shi ma'i pia
equal 3F-with 2S-dance-CS much dizzy-M much you.
The more you dance, the more you get dizzy.
[76] Wanaa jümaa te'rüin ma'i pia, müliashi ma'i taya pii'ree.
wanaa jümaa ta-'ra-in ma'i pia, mülia -shi ma'i taya pü-i'ree
equal 3F-with 2S-see-CS much you suffer-M much I 2S-cause
The more I see you, the more I love you.
Yet another construction, illustrated in [77], involves a conditional clause (usually the first) as one of the clauses.
[77] Teküle ma'i juriicha, jemetüsü ma'i jaa'in tamüin.
ta-ka-le ma'i juriicha, jemeta-sü ma'i jü-a'in ta-müin
1S-eat-HYP much friche tasty-F much 3F-soul 1S-to(wards)
The more I eat friche, the more tasty it seems to me. (If I eat friche, )
In Keenan & Comrie (1977) a proposal was presented of an Accessibility Hierarchy (AH) in relative clauses. Languages were said to vary in terms of which grammatical relations could be relativised. Taking > as it is more accessible than, this AH predicts SUBJECT > DIRECT OBJECT > INDIRECT OBJECT > OBLIQUE > GENITIVE > OBJECT OF COMPARISON. It also predicts that a given language will relativise a continuous stretch of this AH.
In Guajiro, noun phrases having all sorts of grammatical functions exhibit a surprising capacity for being relativised. Thus is due to the fact that incorporation moves noun phrases up in the scale, so that they end up in one of the two positions which can be directly relativised, namely, SUBJET and OBJECT. All positions in the hierarchy other than subject and object are formally expressed by means of a phrase whose head can be incorporated to the verb, as shown schematically in [78].
[78] INDIRECT OBJECT: nü-müin Kamiirü 'to/for Camilo'
OBLIQUE: nü-maa Kamiirü 'with Camilo'
GENITIVE: nü-shi Kamiirü 'father of Camilo'
OBJECT OF COMPARISON: nu-ulia Kamiirü 'than Camilo'
Thus, all the positions in the AH can be relativised in Guajiro (discussion and additional examples can be found in Álvarez 1994), even the object of comparison, that is, the STANDARD of comparative constructions, as in [79, 80].
[79] Te'raajüin chi wayuu [mamainakai ma'in oulia Jusepiina]RC.
ta-'raaja-in chi wayuu mamaina-ka-li ma'in a-ulia Jusepiina
1S-know-CS DEM.M person insane -SP-M much 0-from Josefina
I know the man [that Josefina is more insane than him].
[80] Te'raajüin chi wayuu [jutpünakai ma'in oulia Jusepiina]RC.
ta-'raaja-in chi wayuu jutpüna-ka-li ma'in a-ulia Jusepiina
1S-know-CS DEM.M person tall-SP-M much 0-from Josefina
I know the man that Josefina is taller than him.
Perhaps because it is pragmatically very marked, this type of relativisation is difficult to arise and we have obtained them only through elicitation. This difficulty has nothing to do with the possibility of incorporating ouliaa to the verb and using the complex verb it in relative clauses. I must be remembered that this preposition is amply used outside comparative constructions, where ouliaa can have a wide range of meanings mostly within the ablative range. The examples in [81-83] illustrate this interplay of incorporation and relativisation where ouliaa is involved.
[81] Awataashi Jusee nuulia chi ka'lairakai.
a-wataa-shi Jusee nü-ulia chi ka'laira-ka-li
0-run-M José 3M-from DEM.M tiger-SP-M
José is running away from the tiger. [no incorporation]
[82] Nuwataa__ouliachi Jusee chi ka'lairakai.
nü-wataa a-ulia Jusee chi ka'laira-ka-li
3S-run 0-from José DEM.M tiger-SP-M
José is running away from the tiger. [INCORPORATION OF ouliaa]
[83] Pu'uta__naa'in chi ka'laira [nuwataakai oulia Jusee]RC.
pü-'uta nü-a'in chi ka'laira nü-wataa-ka-li 0-ulia Jusee
2S-kill 3M-soul DEM.M tiger 3S-run-SP-M 0-from José
Kill the tiger from which José is running away. [INCORPORATION+RELATIVISATION]
In [81] we have one such use of ouliaa, with 'the tiger' as oblique, while in [82] the preposition has been incorporated to the verb and 'the tiger' has become the object. In [83] we have a relative clause 'from which José is running away' modifying 'the tiger'. Thus, most of these cases are interpreted as being used in the other senses of ouliaa.
The lexical components used in the comparative constructions encountered in Guajiro are clearly related to other components of the language and used in non-comparative constructions. However, it should be stressed that, although Guajiro has both an augmentative suffix -shaana and a diminutive suffix -chon, these seem to play no special role in comparative constructions. Particularly interesting is the use of the preposition ouliaa as mark. This preposition is used, beyond the ablative range of meaning, as a kind of general negator (as in final clauses). It is as if the STARDARD of comparison did always imply negative evaluation, even absence of the property. This creates a certain level of ambiguity in a good number of comparative constructions.
The Guajiro comparative constructions do not seem to involve elements borrowed from Spanish, the national language with which it is in contact. Spanish forms like más, menos, que, etc. do no seem to have ever been used to that effect. If calque has been the source of some of these constructions, we cannot ascertain that this has been the case. The fact that the verb maa and the erstwhile preposition aka are very frequently contracted to ma'aka and müinka may be due to Spanish influence, where invariable como 'as' exists.
The traditional Guajiro society has had a stratified, pastoralist backbone for around five centuries. Wealth is measured on the basis of the size of the herds, and cattle, along with precious and semi-precious stones, has been used to make payments for offence compensation and brides. A well-developed numbering/counting system has evolved, although it is being eroded by the Spanish number system. It is assumed that these comparative mechanisms have been in use in the Guajiro language for a long time.
* A first version of this paper was presented in the Workshop on Comparative Constructions, Research Centre for Linguistic Typology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, July 28, 2004. I thank Bob Dixon and Sasha Aikhenvald for comments and suggestions. A second version was presented in the XVII Jornadas Lingüísticas de la Asociación de Lingüística y Filología de la América Latina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, December 9-12, 2004.
1. The phonemic inventory of Guajiro is relatively simple, with values very similar to those of Latin America Spanish (the special cases are indicated in parentheses): VOWELS: a, e, i, o, u, ü (central high vowel); CONSONANTS: p, t, k, ' (glottal stop), j (glottal fricative), s, sh (voiceless alveopalatal fricative), ch (palatal affricate), m, n (realised as velar before velar consonants and word-finally), l (lateral flap), r (trill), w (as in English), y (as in English). Double vowels represent long vowels, while double consonants are hetero-syllabic. The assignment of stress is fully predictable. The stressed syllable is the second syllable if the first syllable is light: a.pá.la.si.raa 'to lay down', ka.shá.ja.laa 'to have writings'. If the first syllable is heavy (that is, it has a long vowel, a diphthong, or is checked), then this very initial syllable receives stress: áa.sha.ja.waa 'to speak', éi.sa.la.waa 'to lie down', ón.ju.laa.sü 'she hid herself'. If at the beginning of a word there is a short vowel followed by a glottal stop, the syllable containing such vowel does not count for stress assignment and the two former rules are applied from the second syllable: (sha').wa.táa 'to be standing', (a').la.ká.jaa.sü 'she cooks'.
2. For the interlinear glosses I have used the following abbreviations:
0: zero person/indefinite
DE: desiderative
INTE: intentional future
1P: 1 plural
DEM.F: demonstrative feminine
IRR: irrealis
1S: 1 singular
DEM.M: demonstrative masculine
LIMI: limitative
2P: 2 plural
DEM.P: demonstrative plural
M: masculine
2S: 2 singular
DIMI: diminutive
NA: negative augment
3F: 3 singular feminine
ECCE: presenter 'behold'
NG: negative derivative
3M: 3 singular masculine
EMP: emphatic
NLR: nominaliser
3P: 3 plural
EMPH: emphasis
PASS: passive
ANTIC: anticipative
EXCLAM: exclamation
PL: plural
AT: attributive
F: feminine
PLDR: pluraliser
AUGMEN: augmentative
FU: future
POSS: possessive
AUX: auxiliary
HABI: habitual
RC: relative clause
CAU: causative
HYP: hypothetical
SP: specifier
COL: collective
I: imminent
TER: terminated
CONSEC: consecutive
IMMED: immediate
TOT: total
CS: common gender/number
INF: infinitive
TRANS: transient
3. In Jusayú & Olza (1986:282) we read that ouliaa: indica rechazo, exclusión. Sirve para indicar comparación no unitiva sino distanciadora. Ana'sü tepi'a júlia pipi'akalü mi casa es mejor que la tuya (mi casa es buena la tuya no)... el término que sigue a júlia queda excluido de lo que se afirma del primero.
4. No inherently comparative lexemes, thatis, lexemes in which there is fusion of PARAMETER and INDEX, have been detected in Guajiro. The verb alataa '(sur)pass', in its forma alanawaa [61, 62] very often requires ouliaa.
Nuu'ulakajüin numüralu'uirua alanaasü suulia pütchikaa.
nü-u'ulakaja-ni nü-müla-lu'u-irua a-lanaa-sü sü-ulia pütchi-ka-lü
3S-imitate-CS 3S-throat-inside-PLUR 0-surpass-F 3F-from word-SP-F
He imitates voices which surpass words. (Verse from José Ángel Fernández's Iitakaa)
Alanaasü sujutu suulia piama shikii woliiwarü.
a-lanaa-sü sü-jutu sü-ulia piama sü-kii woliiwarü
0-surpass-F 3F-value 3F-from two 3F-head bolívar
Its price surpasses the twenty bolivars.
1. AIKHENVALD, A. 1998. Warekena. In Handbook of Amazonian Languages. Vol. 4. Derbyshire, Desmond & Geoffrey Pullum (eds.), 225-435. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
2. AIKHENVALD, A. 1999. The Arawak language family. In The Amazonian Languages. Dixon, R. M. W. & Alexandra Aikhenvald (eds.), 65-106. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
3. AIKHENWALD, A. 2002. Language contact in the Amazonia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4. ÁLVAREZ, J. 1994. Estudios de Lingüística Guajira. Maracaibo: Secretaría de Cultura del Estado Zulia.
5. DIXON, R.M.W. 2004. Comparative Constructions. Position Paper. RCLT. La Trobe University.
6. EHRMAN, S. 1972. Wayuunaiki: A Grammar of Guajiro. Ph D dissertation. New York: University of Columbia.
7. JUSAYÚ, M.A. & OLZA, J. 1988. Diccionario Sistemático de la Lengua Guajira. Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello.
8. KEENAN, E. & COMRIE, B. 1977. Noun Phrase Accessibility and Universal Grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 8:63-99.
9. MANSEN, R. & MANSEN, K. 1984. Aprendamos Guajiro. Gramática Pedagógica de Guajiro. Bogotá: Editorial Townsend.
10. MOSONYI, E.E. & MOSONYI, J. 2000. Manual de Lenguas Indígenas de Venezuela. Caracas: Fundación Bigott.
11. OLZA, J. & JUSAYÚ, M.A. 1986. Gramática de la Lengua Guajira (Morfosintaxis). San Cristóbal (Venezuela): Universidad Católica del Táchira.
12. OLZA, J. 1985. Los Nombres Relativos un Idioma Aruaca o Maipure, el Guajiro. Montalbán (Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Caracas): 16:227-276.
13. VIDAL, A. 2001. Pilagá grammar (Guaykuruan family, Argentina). Ph D dissertation. Eugene: University of Oregon.
Recibido: 10 de enero de 2005 Aceptado: 18 de mayo de 2005


text:
I was in Charlotte the weekend of Sept. 21 and 22. I was a groomsman, sporting a snazzy Vera Wang tuxedo, in my cousin's wedding.
I was in Charlotte the weekend of Sept. 21 and 22. I was a groomsman, sporting a snazzy Vera Wang tuxedo, in my cousin's wedding.
It was a beautiful event, one I was blessed to be apart of, in the incredible Queen City � one of my favorite places.
While in town, I wanted to see this year's version of the Carolina Panthers.
I've never had an interest in the Panthers before, but I've never had anything against them. To me, they were just another team in the National Football League.
I received press credentials for their home game against the New York Giants, the same G-Men led by quarterback Eli Manning and are two seasons removed from a Super Bowl Championship.
What I expected to see was the winless Giants wake up from their early-season futility and pound the Panthers.
What I actually saw was a Panthers' team with potential, really good defense, big-time playmakers and a quarterback with unlimited talent.
Carolina defense recorded seven sacks, forced three turnovers and pitched a shutout in a 38-0 drubbing over New York.
�The front four, those guys are doing awesome,� said Panthers' second-year linebacker Luke Kuechly. �I felt like Eli never really had a chance to get comfortable back there.
�When they get that pressure on the quarterback, it makes the guys in the back's job much easier.�
The Panthers haven't been to the playoffs since 2008. In fact, over the past three seasons, they have a record of 14-36.
After opening the season with back-to-back losses to Seattle and Buffalo, by a combined six points, I convinced Carolina was on its way toward another sour year.
The Panthers next four games are against Arizona (1-2), Minnesota (0-3), St. Louis (1-2) and Tampa Bay � all winnable match-ups.
�I like the team and I like where we are headed,� said Panthers' wide receiver Domenik Hixon, who played five seasons with the New York Giants. �People ask me why I went to Carolina, and I say I see a team that plays together and plays well.
�That's what I want to be apart of.�
The Panthers will make the playoffs, and here is why:
1. The Panthers are led by former Heisman quarterback Cam Newton. Newton can crush opponents with his arm strength and his legs.
Newton passed for three touchdowns and ran for another against the Giants. The former No. 1 draft pick has back-to-back seasons in which he passed for more than 3,800 yards.
This season, he has six touchdown passes to just two interceptions.
�This is just one step,� Newton said. �I think the bar has been set, as far as our capability. It's up to us to live up to those expectations each and every week.�
2. Carolina is loaded with offensive weapons. At wide receiver, Steve Smith is a legitimate No. 1. Brandon LaFell, who grabbed two touchdown receptions against the Giants, is a solid No. 2 option. Ted Ginn Jr., who has two touchdowns of 40-plus yards, is a big-play threat.
�(Cam) gave me a chance and that's all we ask for is to give each other a chance,� Ginn said. �Whether it's Brandon, Steve, Armanti (Edwards) or (Domenik) Hixon, we all can do it.
�We have to go out everyday and continue to get better and play as a team.�
The Panthers also have running back DeAngelo Williams and tight end Greg Olsen as key offensive playmakers.
3. The defense is playing lights out. Aside from their shutout against the Giants, they limited Seattle to 12 points.
Kuechly, a second-year linebacker, was the Associated Press Defensive Rookie of the Year last season. Add him to linebackers Jon Beason, Thomas Davis and Chase Blackburn, as well as linemen Charles Johnson, Greg Hardy and Star Lotulelei, and the defense is sturdy.
�The d-line is hunting. They are coming off the ball. They are hungry,� Blackburn said. �When you can do that with the front four and not have to blitz a lot, it makes the job a lot easier.�
4. The Panthers are looking good on the offensive line. They have former first-round draft pick Jordan Gross and former second-round selection Ryan Khalil.
They've allowed eight sacks in three games.
The Panthers have a schedule in which they could win 10 games and challenge for one of the two Wild Card positions.
From here on out, they have my attention.
�We have to keep getting better,� Newton said. �When our defense is playing lights out, our offense has to put up points. We have to keep that mentality that we can win and we will win.�
Adam Thompson can be contacted at 252-635-5669 or at email@example.com. Follow Adam on Twitter @Adam_matic.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
China mine disasters point to poor safety record
BEIJING – Rescuers sought Wednesday to reach 36 coal miners trapped underground after two separate fatal incidents. Twenty-five miners remain inside an east China mine after an explosion early Tuesday caused a tunnel collapse and killed two. Eleven other miners are missing after a northeast China mine flooded last Thursday, killing five men.
The deadly accidents highlight the perils of mining in China. Despite recent safety gains, China remains home to the world's deadliest coal mines, resulting in more than 1,000 deaths last year.
The blast Tuesday occurred at the Dongfang coal mine near Huainan city in east China's Anhui province. Thirteen miners were lifted out mostly unhurt, and two bodies were retrieved Wednesday from 1,300 feet and 1,650 feet below ground.
The cause of the explosion remains under investigation, according to Xinhua, China's state-run news agency. The privately run mine had flouted an order seven weeks ago by the Huainan city government to suspend coal mine production because of flood season, Xinhua reported.
Bai Fafu, a conveyor belt operator inside the Dongfang mine, told Xinhua he ran when he realized there was smoke around him. "There was no time for panic. I just ran as fast as I could. The smoke thickened quickly," Bai said.
Although 25 men are trapped underground in Anhui and 11 remain unaccounted for after the mine flooding in Jixi in northeast Heilongjiang province, China's state television broadcaster CCTV gave very little coverage to either tragedy.
CCTV focuses on positive news that reflects well on Chinese authorities and emphasizes negative news about foreign countries. Significant airtime was spent Wednesday on the protests in Ferguson, Mo., over the killing of a young black man by a white policeman.
Some Huainan residents expressed anger at the mine's management and lax supervision by officials. "This mine broke the stop-production rule; they ignored people's lives. I hope the government punishes them severely, or other mines may follow their bad example," said Wang Yue, a hotel receptionist in Huainan's Xiejiaji district, where the mine is located.
"The miners are poor people, who have to choose this dangerous job to make a living," she said. "The government and companies must guarantee their safety."
Last year, 1,049 coal miners died or were reported missing, according to government figures. The number of fatalities has fallen in recent years because of better government regulation of the industry and the forced closure of thousands of small, mostly private mines, where the majority of accidents occur. But tragedies remain commonplace, as do coverups, partly because of China's ban on independent trade unions and the lack of free media.
Last week, a court in northern China sentenced five people to death for faking coal mine accidents to claim compensation, Xinhua reported. Their crime, like a series of cases in recent years, mirrored the plot of the 2003 movie Blind Shaft by Chinese director Li Yang. The five led a gang that killed four people with hammers in coal mine shafts, then faked accidents to secure money from mine owners in the name of the victims' relatives, the news agency said.
Chinese police confirmed Saturday they had detained two managers of the flooded Jixi mine last week for their role in an attempted coverup, Xinhua reported. Although 25 miners remained trapped in the shaft after the accident, management told authorities that only nine were trapped. Rescue efforts continued Wednesday to free the 11 miners still trapped underground after five bodies were recovered and nine miners were rescued alive.
Contributing: Sunny Yang


text:
please refer this beginner to some sites or books that will expand his inventory of tricks. not lazy, just don't know where to look.
Last edited by Gh0s7r1d3r; 09-23-2014 at 02:41 PM.
please refer this beginner to some sites or books that will expand his inventory of tricks. not lazy, just don't know where to look.
Last edited by Gh0s7r1d3r; 09-23-2014 at 02:41 PM.
~ David
Perception of reality is a selection of reality which results in a distortion of reality.
Buy Tarbell... But you won't find your answer until you study it.
Sorry for the deep answer but your question was shallow.
Welcome to the forums. I would strongly suggest you rephrase your question. It portrays that you are lazy and wanting to be spoonfed. Instead, let us know a bit more about yourself, what kind of magic you perform, what you are looking to perform, any specific conditions and why. The more information you share, and the better the questions you ask, the better responses you will get.
An artist makes the difficult look easy and a showman makes the easy look spectacular.
Ellusionist Lead Moderator
"I just don't have time" is an excuse, you're right. Unfortunately, it's an excuse. Every has a few moments within a day to practice a little, magic is an art where nothing is "instant." It's like learning Guitar, you may be able to understand it quickly but you'll need to put in the time for people to want to hear it.
I very truly wish you the best of luck.
At Ellusionist, we have one goal: to give you the power to perform magic beyond belief. We want to make you the life of any party. We want to make you into a performer. Composed of 12 individuals, we barely sleep, and we will do anything necessary to bring you the best magic, the best talent, the best training and playing cards possible.
We manufacture many of our own magic supplies, tricks, effects, and custom playing cards. We strive to create the very best magical products the world has ever seen. We work with the United States Playing Card co and have produced 14 lines of playing card decks that are repeatedly acclaimed by top industry pros and magic enthusiasts all over the world.
© 2001-2014 Ellusionist.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Powered by vBulletin® Version 4.1.6
Copyright © 2019 vBulletin Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
Feline Science Symposium 2017
Feline Science Symposium 2017
Saturday, November 4, 2017
9:30am to 4:30pm
The San Francisco SPCA
243 Alabama Street94103 San Francisco, CA
See map: Google Maps
Please join us for the first annual Feline Science Symposium this fall!
Researchers and experts from around the country will present on the latest in feline behavior and welfare science - relevant to cat owners, shelter and rescue workers and volunteers, and cat care professionals of all varieties.
- Click here to view the day's agenda and presentation overviews
Distinguished Presenters will include:
- Tony Buffington, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVN - Enrichment for our Feline Friends
- Monique Udell, PhD - Exploring Cat-Human Attachment
- Mikel Delgado, PhD, CCBC - Peaceable Kingdom: Using Feline Science to Increase the Success of Multi-Cat Households
- Jeannine Berger, DVM, DACVB, DACAW, CAWA - Thinking Inside the Box: Troubleshooting Inappropriate Elimination from a Veterinary and Behavioral Perspective
- Sara Bennett, DVM, MS, DACVB - Feline Behavior Modification and Training
- Valarie Tynes, DVM, DACVB - Dealing with Feline Destructive Scratching
Registration is now closed - thank you!
Registration Fee: $95
IAABC CEUs available
Morning coffee, bites, and a vegetarian lunch will be provided
Generously sponsored by:


text:
Please login first to complete purchase/ quotation request, view custom order reports, or create favorites list.
Don't have an account with us yet? Please set up an account to place order or obtain customer services.
HiLyte Fluor 405 is a blue fluorescent dye with Ex/Em = 404/428 nm, spectrally similar to Alexa Fluor 405 and DyLight Fluor 405 dyes. Conjugates of HiLyte Fluor 405 are well excited by the 407 nm spectral line of the Krypton laser and the 408 nm line of the violet laser diode. HiLyte Fluor 405 acid, SE is an amine reactive reagent for labeling peptides, proteins and antibodies. Extinction Coefficient (M-1cm-1):35,000 Fluorescence quantum yield: 0.54


text:
Yangshuo Morning
Donna La Mattino Pagakis December 15, 2006Wow~ Jill, what an awesome scene. Great colors and light. Love this!!!!!! #572848
Mary Clarke December 15, 2006What a fantastic image Jill!!! #3706588
Kay Beausoleil December 15, 2006Breathtaking, Jill -- a superb composition! #3706837
Cindy Harter December 15, 2006AWESOME IMAGE!! The blue is so beautiful... Your composition is like a painting.. Wow... #3707118
Jane M December 15, 2006Great image Jill! #3707276
Donna W. Neal December 16, 2006This is a Winner in my eyes for sure Jill! Stunning! #3707887
Graeme yew Chow December 17, 2006Wow, great perspective from those we seen from post cards, Jill. Did you go to Xingping as the landscapes even better. If I go again , I will go to another village , Yang Ti which just open up for tourists. Xingping and Yang Ti are nearby and not far from Yang shou, 100km. #3712845
Noel Baebler December 18, 2006Beautiful, beautiful, Jill. Beautiful... #3716089
Sylvia Rossler December 19, 2006Jill this is an amazing capture !!!I'm definately jalous of these fishermen, seeing those cormorans setting so close and fearless near them !!! #3720036
Deborah Sandidge December 21, 2006Exceptional image, Jill, so much detail to take in! I like the blue shades and those cormorants! #3725452
Pamela Shane December 21, 2006Hi Jill!! How are you???? Merry Christmas to you, & yours!
Terry L. Ellis December 22, 2006Exquisite color, detail and composition, Jill! Absolutely magnificent! #3730412
Bobbie Davis December 24, 2006WOW!!!! That's all I can say! #3737993
Jill Odice January 03, 2007I have missed seeing your work, time to catch up :-) This is mysterious, and wonderful...Love the BLUE!!! #3778044
Paula Showen January 13, 2007This is amazing! Beautiful image! #3816870
Peter R. Hammer January 24, 2007This is a stunning image Jill. I wish I had seen something like this when I was there last year. What lens did you use for the image? Were you on a boat when you took this? #3860421
Sylvia Rossler January 24, 2007So happy to see this one again Jill :O) Big congrats on all your wonderful finalists :O) #3860604
Terry L. Ellis January 24, 2007Congratulations, again, Ms. Jill on this stunning finalist! Love this one and I know how far you had to go to get it! LOL! #3861043
Donna La Mattino Pagakis January 24, 2007I absolutely LOVE this image Jill, and hope it goes all the way!!! Congratulations on your finalist win!!! #3862922
Graeme yew Chow January 24, 2007Glad to see this again and congrat to you for this wondeful work during your trip, Jill. #3862947
Pamela Shane January 24, 2007Congratulations Jill on your beautiful
Cyn Valentine January 24, 2007Congratulations Jill..beautiful!! #3863115
Robert R. Goodman January 24, 2007A very big congratulations,Beautiful capture Jill!!!! #3863429
Jill Odice January 24, 2007Glad to see this wonderful image come around again! Looks like a winner ! #3864365
Su Sana E. P January 24, 2007Congratulations again, Jill!! #3864626
Cathy Stancil January 24, 2007Just amazing !! What a beautiful image, so deserving of a win... good luck on the next round, Jill !! #3864653
Laurence Saliba January 24, 2007Jill, congratulations on your finalist. #3865327
Paula Dwyer January 25, 2007Congratulations Jill. :) #3866642
Stephanie Laird January 25, 2007Excellent Jill! Congratulations! #3868653
Tom Andersen January 25, 2007Superb image, Jill! I love the color and mood. Congratulations on your finalist! #3869757
Kristi A. Howson January 25, 2007Congratulations Jill on another wonderful finalist and best of luck in the next round! Love the mood with the blue! #3870343
Bill Wyatt January 25, 2007Congratulations on your beautiful win, Jill!! #3871698
Su Sana E. P January 25, 2007Jill, huge Congratulations on this Awesome Winner!! #3871743
Peter K. Burian January 25, 2007Absolutely fabulous, Jill!
The epitome of the perfect travel photo.
www.peterkburian.com #3871789
Dibyo Gahari January 25, 2007Congratulations !
Linda Proctor January 25, 2007Congratulations on your winner Jill!! Incredible beauty!!! #3871965
Paula Showen January 25, 2007Gorgeous image...congratulations! #3872031
Stephanie Thibaudeau January 25, 2007Yeah Jill! I am so happy to see this here! This is just so amazing and is one of my all time favorites! :-) #3872057
Lucia De Giovanni January 25, 2007Fantastic Win, my Friend!!! Many congratulation, your work is awesome! #3872061
Jill Odice January 25, 2007I Knew It! :-) Yippee! #3872079
Pamela Shane January 25, 2007Congratulations Jill on your beautiful
Kristi A. Howson January 25, 2007Congratulations Jill on this awesome winner. It just says so much...great to see it here! #3872451
Graeme yew Chow January 25, 2007Well deserved winner Jill. The judges must be really like the Guilin fishing photo alot. #3872577
Deborah Sandidge January 25, 2007I loved this the moment I saw it Jill, congratulations on your win!! #3872620
Sue L. Cullumber January 25, 2007Jill, Congrats! Tremendous and powerful! You have an amazing gallery! #3872725
Kay E. Mahoney January 25, 2007Congratulations on your second place winner. #3872745
Cathy Stancil January 25, 2007YES ! Congratulations Jill !!! (1st place winner in my book) #3872955
Marie Fields January 25, 2007Congratulations on this AWESOME WIN, Jill!!! #3873002
Sylvia Rossler January 25, 2007A huge congraz on this wonderful winner Jill !! WTG !! #3873048
Darryl Wilkinson January 25, 2007Out of this world, Jill! Congratulations on your beautiful win! #3873205
Cora Miller January 26, 2007The blue light adds such an evocative mood to this outstanding composition. Congratulations, Jill, on this well deserved win. #3873338
Peter R. Hammer January 26, 2007Congratulations on your second place Jill. It is a fabulous image and I thought it would have made first place. I didn't see anything like this on my cruise down the Li and there wasn't the opportunity to hire a boat either. I would be interested in more details on how you took the image. #3873771
Tom Andersen January 26, 2007I just knew this was going to win! Congratulations, Jill!!! #3873838
Terry L. Ellis January 26, 2007Jill, congratulations on your excellent Second Place win! This one is truly amazing. #3874518
Paula Dwyer January 26, 2007Congratulations Jill!!! :) #3874850
Charlene Taylor January 26, 2007Outstanding Jill!! Congratulations!! #3874923
Donna La Mattino Pagakis January 26, 2007I fell in love with this image the moment I saw it, an outstanding winning image Jill!! Congratulations, I am very happy for you!! #3875262
Tonya R. Boles January 26, 2007Congrats Jill.
Janine Russell January 26, 2007Jill, congratulations on your Second Place Win. #3875313
Ermanno Radice January 26, 2007Gorgeous scene, fantastic image, Jill!!
Dee Ann Young January 26, 2007Lovely image! Congrats! #3875598
Laura Clay-Ballard January 26, 2007big congrats on your winning image! totally awesome! #3875921
Nobu Nagase January 26, 2007Awesome image, Jill!!!
Claudia Kuhn January 26, 2007Just wonderful Jill, big congrats on your winning image! #3876715
Sherry S. Boles January 27, 2007Spectacular color!! Congrats on a gorgeous winner, Jill! #3877487
Rakesh Syal January 27, 2007Congratulations on your Second Place Win, Jill!
Sharon Day January 27, 2007Big congratulations, Jill!!! Awesome image! #3878629
Jenny Bosmans January 27, 2007Congratulations on this beautiful winner, Jill! :) #3878682
Donna W. Neal January 28, 2007Gorgeous Winner Jill...Congratulations #3881971
Jill Flynn January 28, 2007Thank you everyone for taking the time to comment. I appreciate it so very much. Peter - I took this from the shore with the Nikkor 12-24mm at 24, F/9, 1/50, +.7, ISO 400. #3883033
Joannie Bertucci January 28, 2007Jill, positively stunning in lighting, composition and color!
Shelly A. Van Camp January 28, 2007Congrats, Jill...this is beautiful! #3884505
Emile Abbott January 29, 2007Congratulations Jill on a most beautiful winner. #3886893
Jeff Robinson January 29, 2007Congrats Jill on your wonderful winning image! Jeff #3888534
AMALIA Veralli January 31, 2007Jill,
Beautiful image! Congrats on your win #3897163
Jeff Lovinger February 02, 2007Jill,
Danilo Piccioni February 09, 2007They all said it all....
Ross Throndson February 12, 2007Thought for sure you were in a boat....Awesome Capture, Jill....Congratulations on this Beautiful Winner!!! #3939106
Karen Bacon February 12, 2007A big and belated congratulations on this outstanding image Jill! #3941182
She-She Killough April 26, 2007Jill can't tell you how much I LOVE this!! And and as I have said before ONE DAY I will go to China! :) So how EARLY in the morning did you have to get up to capture this beauty??
Terrill Province May 03, 2007A beautifully blue, peaceful and exquisitely rendered image ~ you've done it again!
Bunny Snow May 09, 2007What a stunning image of the cormorant fisherman on or near the Li River in China!
When we saw the fisherman in China in 2005, it was in total darkness and I had only my 420EX to capture the scene. But my capture was nothing like yours.
Congratulations on the wonderful job you did and the reward for the result.
Judy V. Kennamer June 28, 2007Wonderful, wonderful capture Jill! Congrats on your win! #4453487
Uploaded on December 15, 2006
Copyright for this gallery photo belongs solely to Jill Flynn. Images may not be copied, downloaded, or used in any way without the expressed, written permission of the photographer. Contact photographer via gallery
Log in to follow or message this photographer or report this photo.


text:
Elody / Blue Eyed Girl
Age: 33
Height: 5.81
Country: UNITED STATES
City: Houston
Do you have any idea why my boyfriends say that with me it\'s just like \'waterland\'. Well, easy...my favourite place to make love is my bathroom. There, I got everything I need to reach the heights of pleasure. I love it when my lovers first wash me from tip to toe before I let them go any further...


text:
Charlie Zeleny releases Drumageddon Manhattan: The Ultimate Drum Solo Video via YouTube
Charlie Zeleny releases Drumageddon Manhattan: The Ultimate Drum Solo Video via YouTube
Virtuoso Drum Solo Artist Charlie Zeleny releases the much anticipated Drumageddon Manhattan as the follow up to the critically acclaimed Drumageddon Brooklyn drum solo video. Drumageddon Manhattan: The Ultimate Drum Solo Video (a.k.a. Drummer Solos All Times Square NYC in One Take) is viewable after Thursday May 24th, 2012 at 12 Noon EST via his YouTube channel www.YouTube.com/DrumDocZ.
Drumageddon Manhattan: Drummer Solos All Times Square NYC in One Take.
Drumageddon Brooklyn: One-Take Drum Solo Up Entire Brooklyn Building.
The Drumageddon Manhattan video takes the concept of the drum solo across multiple environments to the next level featuring tons of NYC culture, characters and over-the-top drumming on even more extreme drumsets all across Times Square NYC in one continuous 5 minute take. Filmed in conjunction with Charlie Zeleny & Drumageddon Productions, Chris Ott & Evil Dog Films, Bryan Kane & Bone Gunn, Brian Penny & Three Egg Studios, Jason Rutherford & Cablesmith, this video shows a new evolution of the art of the drum solo as a performance art form for the 21st century.
The previous Drumageddon Brooklyn video was a non-stop 8 minute drum solo up an entire Brooklyn Building from street to rooftop in which he played on 123 drums/cymbals/percussion items filmed in one continuous take. The Drumageddon Brooklyn video was featured on over 250 websites in over 125 countries & in New York Magazine, The Brigade, Viral Video Chart on Unruly Media, Wall Street Journal, CNN, World News, Metal Hammer Magazine, SMN News, Rock Overdose, Heavy Metal Buzz Radio, Spiked Nation, Voice in Finland, Metal Injection, Rhythm Magazine, Metal Sucks, Whiplash Brazil, Metal Underground and Melodic Rock among many others.
Connect with Charlie Zeleny here:
Drumageddon Brooklyn Reviews:
"We've seen some hell-a crazy drum solos in our time, but managing to take one up an entire Brooklyn Building from street-to-roof level might just take it...the Most Mental Drum Solo Ever."
Metal Hammer Magazine
"Drumageddon is the Ultimate Drum Solo. Charlie Z tears through a Brooklyn building drumming his way onto the roof."
New York Magazine
"A Drum Video that will make you want to quit drumming or never even start."
Metal Injection
"Zeleny's drumming has to be heard to even be believed."
All Music Guide
"Bored of drum solos? Check this guy out!"
Rhythm Magazine UK
"Charlie Zeleny has proven himself a drumming monster."
BNR Metal
"Charlie Zeleny plays an 8 minute drum solo while climbing up floors of a Brooklyn building in one continuous take (!!!). He really sells it...Really cool concept."
Metal Sucks
"Probably the coolest and most creative drum solo I've seen in a long time. Charlie Zeleny. Must watch even if you're not a drummer!"
Most drum solos are boring but Charlie Zeleny is simply amazing...the all time most insane drum solo."
Hymhuulet Finland
"The single most metal drum solo ever!"
Pulse of the Maggots
"Yeah, this is basically the best drum solo you'll ever see."
Movook Japan


text:
125 Alter Street
Directions Broomfield, CO 80020
Premium materials deserve excellent service. That's why Lincoln Black Label offers a host of benefits that are included with your vehicle.
Get every benefit of a maintenance plan that covers all recommended service.
Complimentary pickup, delivery and a Lincoln Loaner™ within 50 miles of your preferred dealer for service. Learn more about Lincoln Pickup & Delivery.
Keep your vehicle in pristine condition with complimentary car washes and annual detailing.3
Access to a curated list of exquisite restaurants from coast to coast with noted chefs providing an at-your-service dining experience, including a complimentary dinner for two for new members. Please call the Culinary Concierge at 1-844-685-5330 to make a reservation.*
*Complimentary experience must be claimed within one year of purchase. Must call Lincoln Black Label Restaurant Reservation Center to book your experience.
Lincoln Black Label membership provides access to the AVIS® President's Club, an exclusive invitation-only program. Benefits include a complimentary vehicle for up to seven days when traveling to Los Angeles, San Francisco, Phoenix, Orlando or Atlanta international airports,4 within the first year of ownership; a double upgrade, when available; a guaranteed rental with 48-hour advance reservation; a dedicated line for reservations and customer support; and a chance to earn 50% more points by opting in to Avis Preferred Points.5
Lincoln is working with CLEAR to offer our drivers a barrier-free experience that continues beyond the wheel. CLEAR uses a person's unique biometrics to let customers skip long security lines at the airport. New Lincoln drivers, and their spouse or significant other, receive a complimentary six-month membership. New Lincoln Black Label owners receive a full year membership.6 Take your first step around the line by redeeming your Lincoln benefits with CLEAR.
With a mobile showroom that comes to you, a dedicated concierge from start to finish, an in-dealership studio featuring a private fitting room and remote vehicle delivery shopping for a Lincoln Black Label is as effortless as owning one.
Explore the Lincoln Black Label themes below for Navigator, Nautilus, MKC and Continental.


text:
Moonstone Engagement Rings
You can reach (maybe the all kind of moonstone engagement ring models) these questions answers in this article;
- What is the design of moonstone in engagement rings shape?
- What is the meaning and history of moonstone engagement rings?
- What are the styles of moonstone engagement rings? What are the prices of these moonstone rings?
Its bright beauty and classic gray-white color, Moonstone for an engagement ring makes an unexpected yet elegant choice. Many even worthy of a special ring that iridescent moonstones to provide internal flashing are broken. These rings according to more traditional alternative to find a little more difficult, though, will have plenty of shopping options to choose from.
Moonstone Engagement Ring Styles
Moonstone rings are available in a wide range of styles. Handcrafted jewelry is a ring with love or romantic, antique-style, whether that's perfect for you, there's a circle there.
Some of the sets to be the star of the show is designed to allow the moonstone. This simple rings bride to be lovers of classic jewelers is ideal.
- Claire Gold Moonstone Ring-fig tree Jewelry from this simple and affordable option is gold plated sterling silver thin is beautiful. Slightly directional half an inch in a frame set and a thin protective Moonstone the band placed on top. This ring comes in size between five and seven of the approximately 50 $ price sold.
- Monhegan Moonstone engagement rings – TurtleLove.com from this handmade design recycled sterling silver prong-set has centimeter smooth Moonstone Cabochon. Center stone, blue and green iridescent flashes to indicate the highly polished and plain silver band offers a classical background. This ring is made of special sizes of six by nine and is sold for $ 250.
- Emily and Ashley Pearl and Moonstone Rings, Emily and Ashley 18 k Pearl and Moonstone Ring (pictured)-stone and Strand in this unique design is a non-traditional choice for an engagement ring, but it is simple and beautiful. Band 18 k Yellow Gold Pearl and moonstones offers an alternative to the frameset. These sizes are sold at rates four to nine revenue and about $ 2700.
Moonstone Rings With Diamond Accents
Diamond accented with eye-catching sparkle when the thin glow of the Moonstone looks great. I love wearing this type of ring will turn heads for you can be a great option.
- Moonstone Bea Ring-Anna Sheffield, this stunning design, choice of 14 k Yellow or white gold and prepared in the Centre of the rose, eight millimeter Emerald-cut directions Moonstone by six millimeters has. On both sides, 0.14 carats total white diamond cut reflects the Central gem hot beauty trillion. There is a thin belt, a knife edge and is held in place with the teeth of these gemstones. This remarkable ring sizes are sold at the price of three with 13 income and $ 2,500.
- Moonstone and diamond ring -Ross-Simons, this stunning design, a 14 millimeter 10-millimetre oval-cut Moonstone diamond surrounded by 0.23 carats. Designed as simple silver, Moonstone teeth are done securely in place with. This ring is available in six out of ten dimensions and sold for just under $ 200.
- Oval Moonstone and champagne diamond ring (pictured)-Zales enhanced champagne diamond 0.25 carats surrounded by six-millimeter oval Moonstone cabochon by eight millimeters features from this beautiful 10 k Rose gold ring. Diamond color and the cool glow of the Moonstone is a warm rose gold sparkle is offered. These sizes are approximately six nine revenue and sold for $ 430.
Best colorful engagement ring ideas from our web site… You can click here or the photo…
Rainbow Moonstone Engagement Ring
Technically a labradorit really type instead of the actual value of the Moonstone, Rainbow Moonstone is similar. This exceptional fire and makes a great choice for an engagement ring.
- Rainbow Moonstone and diamond ring-10 k Yellow Gold from disaster Gemporia approximately 6.5 carats very polished round Moonstone Cabochon is. A precision jewelry central band on the Rainbow Moonstone fork-set and more fire has tiny diamond accent to play. These dimensions are seven through nine, and are sold at about $ 200.
- Sterling Silver Rainbow Moonstone Ring-this is nice and simple design, a half-inch Rainbow Moonstone cabochon in a wide silver band fork-is set to be rounded. These sizes from five up to eight and is sold at the price of about $ 70.
- Moonstone and sterling silver ring (pictured)-A five-Carat polished Rainbow Moonstone cabochon Amazon applies to this beautiful design is set in a protective frame mounting. To illustrate this important support and gem silver ring a split shaft design. Ring sizes 12 to six, and sold at the price of around $ 60.
- Rosette Ring-Anna Sheffield – This extremely beautiful option, a rose-cut diamond surrounded by tiny black with Rainbow moonstone has. This attractive design perfectly complements the simple setting of silver. These sizes are sold at the price of three with 13 income and $ 600.
Understanding the Moonstones
When you see a Moonstone ring, before you add this gem, it is important to understand a few things. Its one-of-a-kind view as well as that might affect your choice of features, Moonstone has a number.
History and meaning
Because the light and luminous beauty, fine flashing, Moonstone is a popular jewelry for centuries has been the choice. This Art Nouveau movement has been during the 19th century. The last part was especially popular during the turn of the century. According to the Gemological Institute of America, throughout history people, these charming stone meanings associated with:
- A Hindu legend says the stone created moonbeams solidified with moonstone.
- Many cultures moonstone engagement ring for those who wear it, a sweet quality I believe brings good luck.
- Some moonstone if I feel that to see the future.
Variability of Fire
In the "fire" to see a Moonstone or flashes of color and light interior is created by layers of minerals and cracks. Each Moonstone is a means of buying without seeing can be problematic, is unique. There may be varying degrees of fire and Moonstones flashes of color, blue, green, purple, pink, and there may be many other tones. Before you settle on a specific public, personally feel there is enough fire or display or make sure you can return it to the store. The engagement ring should be perfect for you and that includes finding a moonstone ideal centerpiece.
About Durability Concerns
Moonstone only hardness scale is rated a 6.5 on a 6.0. This stone is very soft and easily scratched or is marred by many objects. Internal cracks with a feldspar, Moonstone is a fragile jewel also because. He's a sharp shot against a hard object could cause breakage.
Depending on your lifestyle, durability concerns the Moonstone can make a bad choice for an engagement ring. If you work with hands or if you plan to wear the ring every day, you might want to select a different Center jewels. If you want a more durable rings and Moonstone, instead of a protective frame environment, choose one of the teeth. Stone surrounds the metal support and can offer a buffer against damage.
Moonstone Engagement Rings Care
It is soft and fragile jewel, obsessed with cleanliness and Moonstone engagement rings; you need to be extra careful. If you will be using harsh chemicals or abrasive if you always remove the ring. To clear the ring, only use warm water and soft soap. Other chemicals are to abrade the surface or internal damage to the sensitive nature of the cracks.
It may not be the most practical choice for an engagement ring, even though it makes a charming and unusual jewelry that symbolize love Moonstone. Enjoy the history and the mythology that surrounds these stones and beautiful fire and if you love a soft sparkle will be a variety of options for shopping. It will bring you joy for years to come is to find an engagement ring a few try on styles.
Photo should be have description easily.


text:
Next Episode of Dallas is
not planed. TV Show was canceled.
The world's first mega-soap, and one of the most popular ever produced, Dallas had it all. Beautiful women, expensive cars, and men playing Monopoly with real buildings. Famous for one of the best cliffhangers in TV history, as the world asked "Who shot J.R.?" A slow-burner to begin with, Dallas hit its stride in the 2nd season, with long storylines and expert character development. Dallas ruled the airwaves in the 1980's.
Jack Scalia(Nicholas Pearce)
Patrick Duffy(Robert James "Bobby" Ewing)
Linda Gray(Sue Ellen Shepard Ewing Lockwood)
Larry Hagman(John Ross "J.R." Ewing, Jr.)
Charlene Tilton(Lucy Ewing Cooper)
Steve Kanaly(Ray Krebbs)
Ken Kercheval(Cliff Barnes)
Cathy Podewell(Cally Harper Ewing)
Sheree J. Wilson(April Stevens Ewing)
Susan Howard(Donna Culver Krebbs)
Lesley-Anne Down(Stephanie Rogers)
Victoria Principal(Pamela Barnes Ewing)
Looks like something went completely wrong!
But don't worry - it can happen to the best of us,
- and it just happened to you.
Please try again later or contact us.


text:
A homeless shelter in Burlington is raising money to help rebuild what it calls its day station.
The station was temporarily moved to the parsonage of a Burlington church after its original location was damaged by a summer flood.
Burlington's Committee on Temporary Shelter raised more than $70,000 throughout the summer and fall to replace the computers, appliances and furniture destroyed in the July 4 flood.
The Burlington Free Press reports during the time between the storm and the move to the parsonage of the Methodist Church, COTS provided reduced day station services in the flooded building's second story and at the overnight shelter on lower Church Street.
COTS spokeswoman Becky Holt says they're now working on raising money to rebuild the day station.
She says they also need volunteers.


text:
Leah Hyatt and other friends of Carrie Tracy Warren gathered on Saturday afternoon to distribute flyers announcing a benefit for Warren's two children and the rest of the Tracy family.
Leah Laughter Hyatt looked down at the pavement, her face revealing deep sadness, as the last few raindrops fell from a spring shower.
Hyatt and other friends of Carrie Tracy Warren gathered on Saturday afternoon to distribute flyers announcing a benefit for Warren's two children and the rest of the Tracy family.
"She was strong," Hyatt said, fighting back tears.
Warren, 30, and her parents, Theresa Russell Tracy, 49, and Richard Allen Tracy, 51, were killed Wednesday outside the Tracys' home at 297 Piney Ridge Drive in the Mountain Home community. Police say Warren's estranged husband, Ralph Robert Warren III, shot the trio, then fled the scene. After he was surrounded by law enforcement officers, Robert Warren took his own life Wednesday night.
Surviving the tragedy are the Warrens' 9-year-old daughter and 4-year-old son.
Carrie Warren's devotion to her friends and her strength of character motivated those who loved her to meet in the parking lot of Tarheel Lanes Saturday to pass out hundreds of flyers for distribution up and down Highway 25.
The benefit will take place at Fat Cat's at 2345 Hendersonville Road from 3 to 6 p.m. Saturday, May 18. The family-friendly event will feature a silent auction, a cornhole tournament and raffle drawings. On May 19, friends have planned a candlelight vigil at dusk at West Henderson High School.
A website has been set up to accept donations to help Warren's children and family going forward. At www.friendsagainstdomesticabuse.webs.com, donors may contribute via a Paypal account. Donations also are being accepted at all branches of TD Bank for the Tracy Family Fund.
Non-cash donations, such as toys and clothing, are being accepted at the Mills River and Fletcher fire departments and Egolf Motors in Hendersonville.
Though they are grieving, the dozen friends who gathered Saturday said they are focusing on the positive memories. They described Warren as a warm person who went to extreme measures to protect and love the people around her.
"She lost a lot of friends to protect us," Leah Hyatt said.
Though there were clouds in her life, Warren was a ray of sunshine to those around her. No matter what troubles her friends brought to her, "she would try to turn it around," Katie Fox said.
"She was positive," Jessica Juergens added. "She never had a negative thing to say about anyone."
Warren loved on the people around her, including her small children. A stay-at-home mom, Warren immersed herself in her children's lives, her friends said.
"She was a great mom," Juergens added.
The sadness of losing a friend was evident on the faces of grieving friends on Saturday. That grief, however, has been met with a tremendous outpouring of support from friends and strangers in the community and through social networks such as Facebook, Fox said.
That has been a source of comfort for friends grieving the warm, selfless person that they loved so much, she added.
"We just appreciate it so much," Fox said.
Reach Millwood at 828-694-7881 or at email@example.com.


text:
In accordance with the North Carolina Office of Economic Recovery & Investment policy regarding procurements utilizing American Recovery & Re-Investment Act funding, the Purchasing & Contracts Section of the NC Department of Public Instruction (NC DPI) will be posting a "Notice of Intent" to award a contract to Apple Inc. for the purpose of purchasing Apple Volume Vouchers for iPad Apps under State Term Contract 204N and classified as an Academic Purchase. An App can be defined as a code developed for an iPad to deliver a specific end-user experience by Apple Inc. This purchase request is for the NC Virtual Public Schools Virtual (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) STEM Project. These Apple Volume Vouchers for iPad Apps will be used exclusively by NC student and teachers. Apple Inc. is uniquely qualified for this Apple Academic Purchase request since Apple Inc. does not allow resellers for any Apple Academic Purchase requests, per their company guidelines. A "Notice of Intent" for this award will be posted on the NC Department of Administration, Division of Purchase and Contract's Interactive Purchasing System (IPS) on Wednesday, March 6, 2013. Questions resulting from this notice may be directed to Mike Beaver, Purchasing Agent III, Purchasing & Contracts Section, 919.807.3683; or , email@example.com.
About the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction:
The North Carolina Department of Public Instruction provides leadership to 115 local public school districts and 160 charter schools serving over 1.5 million students in kindergarten through high school graduation. The agency is responsible for all aspects of the state's public school system and works under the direction of the North Carolina State Board of Education.
For more information:
NCDPI Communication and Information Division, 919.807.3450.


text:
Corporate lunch
The charming and traditional Saltmarsh Rooms are ideal for corporate lunches. The three interconnecting rooms are fine examples of Georgian grace and proportions with ceiling-high sash windows giving views of the Chapel, Front Lawn and Webb's Court.
The Saltmarsh Study and Dining Room can be hired individually or all three rooms can be hired as a suite. The Dining Room will comfortably accommodate 30 guests, the Reception Room 16 guests and the study 12 guests.
For a slightly larger group, the Beves Room is the ideal solution. A spacious room over looking Webb's court, the Provost's Lodge and the library, the Beves offers dining for up to 50 guests.
The minimum number for these rooms is 10 guests.