text:
As harvest begins, it is important to identify fields that may have ear rots to ensure timely harvest and proper storage of moldy grain.
By Kiersten Wise, Purdue University Extension
Weather conditions are favorable for several different ear rots of corn in Indiana and other parts of the Midwest this year. As harvest begins, it is important to identify fields that may have ear rots to ensure timely harvest and proper storage of moldy grain. There are several economically important ear rots to watch for, including Diplodia ear rot, Gibberella ear rot, Fusarium ear rot, and Aspergillus ear rot. A different fungus causes each of these rots, and the environmental conditions at and just after silking influence which ear rot may be problematic in a given year. Additionally, some of these fungi are able to produce mycotoxins as a byproduct of the infection process. Mycotoxins can be toxic to humans and livestock, and are carefully regulated in food and feed. Proper identification of ear rots is key for managing affected grain.
Aspergillus Ear Rot
Aspergillus ear rot is caused by the fungus Aspergillus flavus, and is one of the most concerning ear rots due to its associated mycotoxin, aflatoxin. This fungus infects during hot, dry weather after pollination occurs, and was particularly problematic in 2012. Drought stressed areas are most affected by the disease. Aspergillus ear rot is typically identified by an olive green, dusty mold that is often at the tip of the ear, but can be scattered on kernels throughout the ear. Symptoms usually appear first in fields with dry soils or other issues, such as nutrient deficiencies, or insect damage. The mycotoxin aflatoxin is a potent carcinogen, and is regulated in feed and silage. FDA has established action thresholds for various end uses of grain. Aflatoxins are of concern to dairy producers in particular because the FDA regulations require aflatoxin residues in milk to be less than 0.5 ppb. To prevent the carry over of aflatoxins into milk, silage and other feed components should not contain greater than 20 parts per billion (ppb) aflatoxin.
Diplodia Ear Rot
Diplodia ear rot is caused by the fungus Stenocarpella maydis, and is very common in cornfields across the Corn Belt. This fungus survives in residue and infects plants approximately two weeks after pollination. Humid weather and rains prior to and after pollination will favor disease development. Diplodia ear rot is identified by white fungal growth on the cob, often forming a mat of fungus across the ear. Infected kernels may also be brown-gray in appearance. Small, black fungal structures called pycnidia may form on the kernels or the cob. The fungus is reported to produce a mycotoxin called diplodiatoxin in South America and South Africa, however, no reports of toxic effects of grain on livestock or humans due to Diplodia ear rot have been reported in the United States. Grain dockage may still occur, however, due to moldy grain.
Fusarium Ear Rot
Fusarium ear rot is primarily caused by the fungus Fusarium verticilliodes. This fungus infects corn after pollination, and often overlaps with Aspergillus ear rot since infection is favored by warmer temperatures. Fusarium-infected ears may have white fungal growth on the cob, or symptoms may appear as discolored kernels scattered throughout a cob or associated with insect feeding. Visible fungal growth may not be obvious on the cob, but a white "starburst" pattern in kernels can sometimes be observed on ears infected by this fungus. The mycotoxin fumonisin is associated with Fusarium ear rot.
Gibberella Ear Rot
Gibberella ear rot, caused by the fungus Gibberella zeae, is common during cool, rainy years. The fungus infects during early silking and pollination, and is favored by cooler temperatures than the previously described ear rots. This fungus produces a fungal mat on the ear, similar to Diplodia ear rot, but often with a pink or reddish color to the mold. Gibberella zeae produces the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), commonly referred to as vomitoxin. This mycotoxin can be extremely harmful to swine, and is carefully regulated according to the FDA action levels.
Mycotoxins are a by-product of fungal infection, and are not living organisms themselves. Often farmers or crop advisors incorrectly believe that they can kill or remove mycotoxins from grain, which is not the case. Mycotoxins are extremely stable in grain and plants, and heat, freezing, and chemicals will not degrade these compounds. Mycotoxins are at higher levels in fines and foreign material in grain and it is possible to screen or clean grain to remove these smaller particles containing mycotoxins. Coring bins can also help reduce mycotoxins if affected grain accumulates in this area. None of these practices remove mycotoxins directly from grain, but remove grain affected by mycotoxins.
Testing for Mycotoxins
Sample collection and preparation are extremely important to get an accurate test for mycotoxins in silage or grain. A sample submitted for analysis should be made up of several samples combined and taken from different areas within the silage mass or grain. Sampling several different times from a moving stream of grain while the grain is loaded or unloaded is the preferred method for sample collection. The USDA Grain Inspection Handbook has specific recommendations and methods for sampling to ensure that the sample to be tested represents the grain population accurately.
Mycotoxin production in silage represents a particular challenge. Mycotoxins will occur in the area of silage exposed to air, so samples from moldy silage should also be submitted for analysis. If sampling moldy silage for analysis, it is important to take a separate sample from an area that is not moldy and submit that also. Care should be taken with handling samples to assure that mycotoxins do not accumulate in the sample during shipping. Drying the sample below 15% moisture will slow fungal growth and mycotoxin production. Freezing the sample and shipping on ice by a one-day delivery service is another option. It is important to test silage for mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin, since chemicals such as nitrates can cause similar animal symptoms to those caused by mycotoxins.
Mycotoxins can be assessed by using several different chemical and immunocapture technologies, but analyzing mycotoxins can be a challenge due their complex nature. It is important to not rely solely on visual methods, such as the blacklight test, for confirmation of mycotoxins. Visual test results can be inconsistent, and therefore samples should be sent to professional laboratories for analysis.
Ear Rot Management
Preventative management of ear rots is critical, and can be accomplished by selecting less susceptible hybrids and reducing the amount of corn residue that can serve as a source for the fungus to overwinter. This is accomplished through crop rotation and tillage. In-season management of ear rots is limited at this point, with few fungicides and anti-fungal products available for specific ear rots. Efficacy data for these fungicides are limited.
If conditions in-season are favorable for ear rot development, farmers should scout fields prior to harvest and determine the level of incidence of any ear rot in the field. If ear rots are observed in a field, affected areas should be harvested early and grain segregated to avoid mycotoxin contamination of non-infected grain. Silage and grain harvested with suspected ear rots should be dried to below 15% moisture. If grain or silage (with kernels present) is kept above this moisture content, mycotoxin can continue to accumulate in grain. All grain contaminated by any ear rot fungus should be stored separately from good grain, and if stored long term, stored below 13% moisture to prevent further growth of fungi.
First Thing Today (VIP) -- September 18, 2013
Jim's Morning Markets Report--September 18


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Renewable energy provides Americans with jobs, clean air, and energy security. However, continued growth of the wind energy industry depends on the expansion of the U.S. electric transmission grid. The United States has some of the best renewable resources in the world, but they are predominantly located far from large population centers. The challenge lies in connecting these rich resources to communities that need the power.
An effective transmission solution requires the appropriate technology. The Grain Belt Express will deliver approximately 4,000 megawatts of low-cost wind power from western Kansas to Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and neighboring states that have strong demand for clean, reliable energy. The clean energy will be transported via an approximately 780-mile overhead, direct current (DC) transmission line. DC is the most efficient and cost effective technology to move large amounts of power over long distances, due to its lower electricity losses and smaller footprint than comparable alternating current (AC) lines.


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A paper released by PNAS yesterday but not yet available (it will eventually appear here), has been making the rounds in the general news as a story about wine tasting. The authors themselves present it as a revealing indication of the power of marketing. It's probably a little bit of both, plus a few more things, so it's worth looking in detail at what the authors did, and the limits of the experiments.
The short description of their work was that they recruited 20 volunteers willing to sit in MRI tubes and proceeded to lie to them. They told the subject that they were studying a specific aspect of wine tasting, and would serve them five wines, only identified by price. In reality, they were actually exploring the impact of perceived value (as reflected in that price) and taste perception. And to do that, they actually only served three wines: they simply served two of them twice, and inflated or deflated the price.
Specifically, they took a $5 bottle of wine and served it at both that price and $45. They also served a $90 bottle of wine at its normal price and at $10. A $35 bottle served at only its real price acted as a control, and a saline solution helped them identify functional MRI signals associated with the basic act of tasting. They also served them the same wines without price information several weeks later.
When it came to their subjective experience, users ranked the five wines simply according to price. The $90 wine won the taste contest hands down when served at its real price but, when served at $10, came in at a statistical dead heat with the $5 bottle. That same $5 bottle edged out the $35 control when it was stated that it cost $45. Afterwards, when wines were presented without price information, the subjects expressed a weak preference for the cheaper wine.
The authors themselves note a potential problem with these subjective results: "A potential concern with these behavioral results is they might exhibit 'experimenter demand' effects. In particular, some subjects might deem it inappropriate to report to the experimenter that a cheaper wine tastes better." That's where the fMRI results are intended to help out.
According to the researchers, activity in brain areas involved with the actual process of tasting were consistent across all the different wines. Differences in activity were detected in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, which the authors indicate is associated with pleasant perceptions, and two other regions of the brain. The strength of the response in these locations roughly correlated with the ultimate rating the user gave the wine (although there were some significant outliers).
The authors propose that the actual experience of taste is actually a combination of "top down" expectations (in this case based on price) plus the actual sensory input—similar to what has been found with other sensory experiences. It's a non-controversial conclusion, but I'm not sure that the results support it that strongly. The remaining problem I see is that most brain regions are involved with a number of processes, so it's possible that some of the signals that were detected are associated with a process different from a simple linear input based on expectations. Still, the study lays the groundwork for a further exploration of the topic.
I'd also like to see the work repeated with people who write wine reviews.
PNAS, 2008. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706929105


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Erika & Eric - Burnaby Lake Pavillion Wedding
I'm so excited to finally show you some highlights from Erika & Eric's wedding from earlier this season. Their wedding took place at Burnaby Lake Rowing Pavilion. To add a meaningful touch to their photos, we decided to photograph their portraits at UBC, where they first met! Thank you Erika & Eric for trusting me to be your photographer on your amazing wedding day!


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Deb McAvoy
Photo courtesy of: University Communications and Marketing
Nov 13, 2013
From staff reports
With more than 200 million drivers on U.S. roads, you have to figure that not everyone understands or plays by the same rules of the road. But with more than 10 million motor vehicle crashes per year, improving road safety is critically important.
Deborah McAvoy, associate professor of civil engineering in the Russ College of Engineering and Technology, will deliver her Science Café discussion, "Roadway Design for Dummies," at 5 p.m. Wednesday, Nov. 20 in the Baker University Center Front Room.
During the talk, she will turn the Front Room into a test driver laboratory, complete with video displays and tests of the reaction times of drivers.
"Different drivers have different needs and we need to know how to better accommodate those needs," McAvoy said.
McAvoy added that when some people see a "stop" sign in the distance they slow down in preparation, while others do not react to the sign until the last minute. Through research and testing, she comes up with alternative roadway designs that will accommodate a wider variety of drivers and their perceptions.
The talk is free and open to the public.
Science Cafés and Cafe' Conversations are venues for students interested in informally sharing their interests during a conversational exchange with faculty, staff and the community in a friendly setting.


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Today, Steven Adair from Shadowserver imformed us about a new piece of malware that looks like a new version of the infamous Storm Worm. Storm was one of the first serious peer-to-peer botnets, it was sending out spam for more than two years until its decline in late 2008. Mark Schloesser, Tillmann Werner, Georg Wicherski, and I did some work on how to take down Storm back then, so the rumors about a new version caught our interest. Mark, Tillmann, and me started to take the sample apart, and it looks very much like Storm indeed. It even uses the same configuration file, stored under C:\WINDOWS\herjek.config (the same filename as used by the last Storm version), but as the command-and-control channel has been replaced with an HTTP based version, there is no peer list included anymmore. When we looked at it, just contained two lines:
Just like Storm, this new malware decompresses itself into a heap section and jumps to the unpacked code. We just dumped the heap section to a file and fixed the imports to get an executable we can analyze conveniently.
Although this is already pretty good evidence that the two specimens are related, the question remains whether this is really a new Storm version, so let's have a look at the actual functionality. We compared the last version of storm to the new samples. Around 2/3s of the functions in the new sample are simply copy&paste from the last storm code base. Since the source code of storm has never been public, the same team of developers has finally created a new variant or sold it's code.
The original version was rather large, having more than 800 function. A large portion of this was the P2P code. This is missing completely in the new version and the actual command protocol is based on HTTP instead of plain TCP connections. We wonder if they don't rely on P2P anymore because of the attack implemented in Stormfucker.
The HTTP request looks like this:
All parameters and responses are base64 encoded and gzipped. Just like in the original Storm C&C protocol. The IP address of the server is hardcoded in the binary. Well, not really in the code but appended in encrypted form. The encryption is XTEA - the same cryptor used in early versions of Storm's packer.
The new version runs as "asam.exe". So, the authors have changed the executable's filename, but they either didn't look in the source code or were too lazy to change the name of the config file.
One method of command & control is implemented via HTTP requests. While looking at those requests we found another clue that this is actually a spinoff of Storm. The User-Agent is set to "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windoss NT 5.1; SV1)" which includes the (intended?) typo "Windoss" instead of "Windows" (this has already been mentioned by Steven, also). The requested path on the server consists of three random letters concatenated with a random choice from gif, jpg, htm extensions.
Also notable is the use of nginx as the web server as revealed by "Server: nginx/0.7.65" in the response. This is probably then relaying the request to upper tier servers in the C&C structure.
The actual command protocol is identical to the original Storm protocol. It consists of a handshake with two phases.
Stage 1 looks the following:
Sent is the command "1", the machine name, operating system version, and an ID which identifies the machine in the further communication. It's like a session key used in HTTP application. The reponse is a reverse lookup of the public IP address of the host, the public IP itself, and other servers, like a Google MX.
Stage 2 looks the following:
Many people thought that this stage is useless. Actually, we found an "update" command in this stage of the handshake, which we used in our "Stormfucker", two years ago.
After this initial handshake, different requests for Spam (command 3) and DDoS attacks (command 6) are sent to the server.
The request for DDoS target is shown in the following. The response is empty (IP address: 0.0.0.0). In case of active DDoS targets, the IP address can be seen here.
The spam part looks the following. The client sends the spam-request command and the server returns the spam-templates, including faked mail server versions, subjects, receipients, target-domains, ...
Mark took some time to write a command fetcher and decoder. Have fun with it :)


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Torre starred in many positions with Cardinals
Joe Torre and Major League Baseball have often been one and the same.
From his 17-year playing career and his 29 managerial campaigns to his five-plus years in the broadcasting booth and his current position as MLB's executive vice president of baseball operations, Torre has been immersed in the game for nearly all of his adult life.
Joe Torre and Major League Baseball have often been one and the same.
From his 17-year playing career and his 29 managerial campaigns to his five-plus years in the broadcasting booth and his current position as MLB's executive vice president of baseball operations, Torre has been immersed in the game for nearly all of his adult life.
"I know very few ballplayers who have ascended in the game as comfortably as Joe Torre has," said Tim McCarver, one of Torre's former Cardinals teammates. "His ascendency in the game was as natural as a staircase that went one step at a time, and he mastered every part of the game with which he was involved."
And while it's only one piece of Torre's distinguished baseball pedigree, his time with St. Louis was nonetheless significant. Torre played six seasons with the Cards from 1969-74, winning the National League Most Valuable Player Award in 1971, the year he led the NL in batting with a .363 average, and he managed the club from 1990-95.
And now the upcoming Cooperstown inductee -- he'll go into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in July -- is in the running for a place in the new Cardinals Hall of Fame gallery, located in Ballpark Village. Fans can go to cardinals.com/HOF to vote for up to two of the eight candidates: Torre, Ted Simmons, Jim Edmonds, Willie McGee, Bob Forsch, Keith Hernandez, Mark McGwire or Matt Morris.
Voting ends Tuesday at 11:59 p.m. CT.
The two leading vote-getters will be enshrined during an Aug. 16 ceremony at Ballpark Village, joining the 22 Cardinals who received automatic induction because they are either already in the National Baseball Hall of Fame or have had their uniform number retired by the club.
Torre arrived in St. Louis shortly before the 1969 season via a trade with the Braves, for whom he'd been a five-time All-Star catcher, and it was there where he enjoyed some of the best statistical seasons of his career. Playing primarily at first base in 1969, then catching again before moving permanently to third base in 1970, he drove in more than 100 runs in each of his first three seasons with the Cards.
In Torre's MVP season, he led the Major Leagues in hits with 230 and RBIs with 137. He also hit 24 homers. Torre batted .308 with a .382 on-base percentage in 918 games with St. Louis, and he was an All-Star four straight years from 1970-73.
"Anytime you play with the Cardinals, I always had a sense that you were regarded as royalty," Torre said. "There's such a respect in that city for members of the Cardinals. It was just such a cool feeling going there."
More important to Torre was that St. Louis was where he matured into the person he is today. Growing up in an abusive home took a toll on his confidence, Torre said, but his time with the Cards went a long way toward remedying that.
"My self-esteem wasn't very high; I didn't have the confidence that I probably should have," Torre said.
In his second or third season with the Cardinals, he remembers being caught off-guard when he was selected as a captain alongside Lou Brock.
"Evidently somebody recognized something in me that I didn't necessarily recognize myself," Torre said. "The fact that I was named captain certainly made me feel that I had to basically be a role model for other players and take on a little more responsibility."
Though his time playing in St. Louis lasted just six seasons, Torre would return years later as manager, taking over for Whitey Herzog midway through the 1990 season. In his first full season as skipper, his Cards, projected by many for a down year, defied expectations with an 84-win, second-place season.
"It was a club that just battled their tails off," Torre said, "I learned from [longtime coach] George Kissell a long time ago that that's the type of ballplayer that the city would embrace."
Torre's St. Louis teams never reached the postseason, and he was dismissed after the 1995 season as the Cardinals soon transitioned into a rebuilding phase under new ownership. He felt incomplete for what he never accomplished as a player or a manager -- winning a World Series.
"I always thought there was something missing out of my resume," Torre said. "I went to St. Louis [as a player] and the one thing that always caught my attention was walking through the office in there and seeing all the celebrations of all the championships."
Torre would later fill that championship void, leading the Yankees to the postseason in each of his 12 seasons as manager and winning the World Series four times, in 1996, '98, '99 and 2000.
"The only guy who was surprised initially with his managerial success with the Yankees was Joe, not his friends," McCarver said. "Everybody made a big deal about Joe not winning, not ever being in a World Series, but anybody who knew Joe, anybody who knows anything about the game, knew that it was only a matter of time. If given the right circumstances as a manager, Joe Torre wasn't going to screw it up."
Chad Thornburg is a reporter for MLB.com.


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[Washington, D.C.., May 5. Image via Getty]
WASHINGTON - MAY 5: (AFP OUT) First Lady Michelle Obama attends a Cinco de Mayo reception May 5, 2010 in the Rose Garden of the White House in Washington, DC. Cinco de Mayo, May Fifth in Spanish, celebrates the unlikely victory of 5,000 ill-equipped Mestizo and Zapotec Indians led by General Ignacio Zaragoza over the the much better-equipped French forces at the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862 in Puebla, Mexico. In the US, Cinco de Mayo is often mistakenly equated with Mexican Independence which was on September 16, 1810. (Photo by Olivier Douliery-Pool/Getty Images)


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In the early 1960s, the civil rights movement struggled for the equality of African-Americans in the American South. Jim Crow laws, having governed Southerners way of life for nearly 100 years, mandated a separation between blacks and whites in virtually all aspects of people's lives.
"Separate but Equal" was anything but. White children had top-notch educations; black children were barely taught to read. White passengers on municipal buses rode up front; black passengers were packed in the rear. Jim Crow laws maintained separation between the races, but ensured little was equal.
Alabama, with its commercial hub in Birmingham, was at the centre of the civil rights movement. White residents felt compelled to maintain their way of life, which included the relegation of blacks to second-class status. During the early to mid 1960s, however, numerous black leaders led non-violent sit-ins, demonstrations and "freedom rides" in the city. Their efforts eventually resulted in full racial integration and the enactment of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which effectively ended the Jim Crow laws.
Founded in 1871 after the U.S. Civil War, Birmingham quickly became the industrial centre of the South. The city was fortunate to be founded at the intersection of several major railroads and surrounded by large deposits of coal, iron ore and limestone – all key ingredients in the production of steel. Its dramatic population growth earned it the nickname "the Magic City" in 1904.
As steel production steadily increased, so did Birmingham's population – both white and black. The stringently segregated city grew steadily until it became the largest city in Alabama. As the city approaches the 50th anniversary of the civil rights movement, the Birmingham of today still bears the scars of its violent past, yet has morphed into a model city for harmony and integration.
Our first stop in Birmingham was the city's Civil Rights Historic District and Civil Rights Institute. Opened in 1992, the institute differs somewhat from other civil rights museums in the United States. Whereas the focus of other museums, most notably the National Museum of Civil Rights in Memphis, is on the history of American racial inequality and segregation, the Birmingham Institute primarily concentrates on the experience within Alabama.
Through numerous displays – including model white and black school classrooms, public restrooms and water fountains, municipal buses and restaurant lunch counters – the institute dramatically illustrates the inequality of "Separate but Equal." Graphic videos of newsfeeds, mostly from 1963, show vicious dogs and powerful water cannons turned onto crowds of demonstrators determined to end segregation. Brutal beatings by police with batons and mass arrests of everyone present were commonplace. Hundreds of children (some as young as eight years old) were arrested and thrown into prison during one demonstration in May of 1963.
Across the street from the Civil Rights Institute is Kelly Ingram Park. Designated as the meeting place and staging ground for numerous sit-ins and demonstrations during the '60s, it was renovated and rededicated in 1992 as "A Place of Revolution and Reconciliation." In addition to the numerous statues, plaques and fountains in the park, visitors are encouraged to follow the Freedom Walk trail through the area and surrounding buildings.
Diagonally across the street from Kelly Ingram Park is the infamous 16th Street Baptist Church. Established as "The First Colored Baptist Church" in Birmingham in 1871, it was the site of the horrific September 1963 Ku Klux Klan bombing that left four young black girls dead. The attack followed a string of bombings within the city, which left an indelible scar on Birmingham and led to the city's disdainful 1960s nickname, "Bomingham."
Birmingham's industrial history is glorified on nearby Red Mountain at the city's Vulcan Center and Museum. Shadowed by the world's largest cast iron statue, that of Vulcan, the Roman god of the forge, the centre is situated at the top of a hill offering majestic views of the city. The museum is a testament to the history of the Magic City's dynamic, late 19th-century growth due, in large part, to the "red vein" of iron ore discovered within the hills surrounding the city.
Birmingham's Jewish community grew quickly during the South's post-Civil War recovery. Attracted by the rapid growth of the city, many Jewish immigrants chose Birmingham as their home in the 1880s. Although never attaining the numbers of larger cities to the north, Jews in Birmingham maintained a close-knit society, usually relating well to the larger community. As was typical of many Southern Jewish communities, Jewish identity in Birmingham often took a backseat to blending in with Southern society.
Tensions grew, however, during the civil rights era, as many Jewish organizations lent their support to desegregation, raising the ire of Alabama whites. Attacks on Jewish organizations increased, including several attempted Ku Klux Klan bombings of local synagogues. Today, Birmingham's Jewish community numbers about 1,500 families. The community is mostly centred in nearby Mountain Brook, rustically nestled within the hills surrounding Birmingham.
Located along popular winter snowbird driving routes to Florida, Birmingham is a modern and scenic destination with something for everyone.
Michael Stavsky acknowledges the assistance of the Greater Birmingham Convention and Visitor's Bureau in arranging his family's trip to Birmingham.


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Kim Kardashian Brings Out Fans, Protesters in Middle East
(NEW YORK) -- Kim Kardashian draws a crowd everywhere she goes, and a three-day visit to the Middle East proved to be no exception, bringing out fans and protesters alike.
The reality television star visited Kuwait and Bahrain to help launch new Millions of Milkshakes shops in the two countries.
Throughout her visit, Kardashian received a riotous outpouring of affection from fans, and the feeling seemed to be mutual.
OMG I just got to Bahrain! Can I move here please?" the star tweeted. "Prettiest place on Earth!"
Bahrain's foreign minister retweeted the message and said "Thank you."
But the warm welcome wasn't being extended by everyone.
While Kardashian appeared inside a Millions of Milkshakes shop on Saturday to adoring fans, outside riot police fired tear gas into a crowd to disperse more than 50 hard line Islamic protesters denouncing her presence.
If Kardashian was aware of the protests, it certainly didn't seem to put a damper on her visit.
Posing in front of a camel, she tweeted: "Such a fun day in Bahrain!"
Copyright 2012 ABC News Radio


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Influenza, or simply the flu, is a serious respiratory infection that makes hundreds of thousands of Americans ill each year. It can cause many complications for people with damaged immune systems, including people living with HIV. Despite improved prevention and treatment, the flu still causes 36,000 deaths in the US each year. This publication provides an overview of the disease with a focus on preventing the illness.
What Is the Flu?
The flu virus is quite common, highly contagious and very prone to changing itself. There are three categories of flu viruses: type A, B and C. All three can change into new strains, though type A mutates often and causes most of the illness in the US.
Two important proteins on the surface of the virus readily change, or mutate. These are called haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Strains of type A are named by the different versions of these proteins. For example, the avian flu virus is called H5N1, because it has haemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1 on its surface.
You cannot develop a lifelong immunity to influenza. Even if you are protected against a flu virus one year, you may not be protected from a new strain the next year.
The flu virus originates in birds and often infects pigs, where it mutates into new strains. This is why new flu shots are required each year. Most Americans get flu shots in October and November. However, the flu season can last as late as May, so getting vaccinated later is a wise choice for some.
Each year researchers try and predict the most likely strains of influenza to hit the US. Sometimes, different strains show up rather than what was predicted. Depending on how serious an illness they produce, new vaccines may be rushed into production. For 2007-2008, the vaccines for the following three strains are available:
- Type A: Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like (new for this season)
- Type A: Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like
- Type B: Malaysia/2506/2004-like antigens
How Do You Get the Flu?
The flu virus is highly contagious, which means it's easy to get from someone else. The virus is passed from person to person by breathing in droplets that contain the virus from the air. Other ways include having direct contact with infected fluids from the mouth, nose and eyes or handling items touched by an infected person. This includes kissing, drinking from someone else's glass or sharing hand towels, among many others.
Who Is At Risk For the Flu?
Everyone is at risk for getting the flu. However, people with certain medical conditions, such as heart disease or weakened immune systems or those with respiratory problems, are more at risk. These individuals also have a greater chance for having more severe symptoms. People who have frequent contact with others, such as in rest homes, hospitals, day cares or schools, are also at higher risk.
What Are the Symptoms?
Many people talk about having the flu when in reality it's just a cold. (The term stomach flu is somewhat inaccurate because the flu virus doesn't affect the stomach, though some people may feel it does.) Both illnesses are caused by viruses. Here are some ways to help tell the difference between them.
Colds tend to be less severe than the flu, come on slowly and last only a few days, usually less than a week. Common symptoms are sore throat, sneezing, coughing, runny nose and congestion. Older children and adults rarely get more than a mild fever, if at all.
Flu symptoms usually come on suddenly. They may include a high fever, body aches, extreme fatigue, headache, cough, sore throat and chills. Symptoms start to develop from one to four days after being infected with the virus and often last 1-2 weeks or longer. Headaches may appear at the start of a fever. Stomach problems are rare, but they may occur in young children.
Since the flu can lead to other respiratory illnesses like pneumonia, it's important to seek medical help if your symptoms become worse. This includes having an extremely high fever, a fever lasting more than three days, trouble breathing, symptoms that do not improve or become worse, or a severe headache or stiff neck. Also, if your mucus (the fluid from your nose or chest) becomes bloody or changes color, this may indicate a new condition that needs to be looked at.
How Do You Diagnose the Flu?
In most cases, doctors diagnose the flu simply by the symptoms you have, especially when they occur during a peak flu season. Blood tests (rarely used) and cultures from the throat or nose can be used to identify the virus. Cultures may take up to two days for a result, which may not help your doctor decide on the proper treatment. The rapid flu test gives results in a half an hour, though the test is not 100% accurate.
How Do You Prevent the Flu?
Getting vaccinated against the flu before the flu season starts is one of the best ways to help prevent specific strains of the illness. However, some people choose not to get flu shots for various reasons. Even if you do get one, there are many ways to reduce your chances of getting the flu. For more information, read the section What about flu shots? below.
One simple and effective way is to wash your hands with soap and warm water regularly. If they're not available, using hand sanitizers with alcohol can keep your hands clean. Since the flu is passed through the air, avoiding crowds and contact with people who have the flu will help. Also, avoid people who sneeze and cough.
Keeping your hands away from your face will also help reduce the number of infections. Infections often occur when you touch your hands to your mucus membranes, like those in your mouth, nose and eyes.
Another way to prevent infection is by not coming into contact with surfaces that others have touched, especially in public areas like a bus or restroom. Handling toys, handrails, doorknobs, phones, counters and even money that was touched by someone with the flu can expose you to the virus. Some people go as far as using a paper towel to turn off the tap and open a public restroom door.
How Do You Treat the Flu Virus?
Taking medicine to prevent or reduce the severity of the flu is called chemoprophylaxis. Two drugs are used this way, called neuraminidase inhibitors: Relenza (zanamivir) and Tamiflu (oseltamivir). Relenza is inhaled through the mouth. Tamiflu is taken by mouth as a capsule or as a powder for drinking. Relenza has been safely tested in older children and adults. Tamiflu has been studied in adults and infants over one year of age.
Very little data exist on using either drug in people with HIV. However, using them may help control the spread of the flu during an outbreak. One six-week nursing home study of Tamiflu found the flu was reduced by 92% among its residents. In other studies, the risk for getting bacterial or viral pneumonia -- common and dangerous complications of the flu -- was reduced by half for those taking Tamiflu compared to placebo. Symmetrel (amantadin) and Flumadine (rimantadine) have also been used this way.
It's important to work with your health care provider to decide if and when chemoprophylaxis is right for you. The CDC recommends close monitoring while taking these medicines. And, if a person has frequent contact with the public, a doctor may prescribe this type of drug during the two weeks after being vaccinated. This helps protect a person while the vaccine creates antibodies to the flu.
How Do You Treat Flu Symptoms?
Treating the flu also means reducing your symptoms and making yourself feel comfortable. Taking medicines will not rid your body of the virus, but they can help improve your symptoms both for how much and for how long you feel them.
If you think you may have the flu, stay home, get enough rest, and check with your health care provider as needed. If you go to a clinic, emergency room or doctor's office, tell the receptionist that you may have the flu and ask for a mask. This helps reduce passing it onto others.
Getting enough rest is important for recovering from the flu. Drinking plenty of fluids will help replace those lost from a fever. Drinking various drinks like water, fruit juice, and clear soups or warm drinks like tea with lemon are all good choices.
To relieve fever, body aches and headache, taking acetaminophen or ibuprofen helps. Sponging your body with lukewarm water can also help reduce fever. For a stuffy nose, breathing moist air from a hot shower can help. Using a decongestant or nasal spray with phenylephrine in it can help clear or dry up a stuffy nose. If your nasal drainage is thick, the ingredient guaifenesin may help keep it thin. Antihistamines are discouraged as they do not treat flu symptoms and may even make your drainage thicker. As with all medicines, follow the directions for their use or talk to a pharmacist.
Cough drops or plain, hard candy can help ease coughing. Over-the-counter medicines with dextromethorphan in them can help ease a dry, hacking cough. Beware of cough medicines since some have a high content of alcohol. If you have difficulty sleeping, raise your head at night with an extra pillow if coughing or stuffy breathing keeps you awake. Avoiding smoking and breathing secondhand smoke will also help you breathe.
Some people believe taking antibiotics will help treat their symptoms or cure the flu. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, not viral infections like the flu. However, they may be used to treat a bacterial infection at the same time as the flu.
Concerns For People Living With HIV
HIV kills or damages cells in the body's immune system. This impairs the body's ability to fight infections, like the flu or common cold. People with HIV are more likely to get complications from the flu, such as pneumonia. They are also at higher risk of dying from the flu. Therefore, people living with HIV are considered a priority group to get a flu shot in order to prevent or lessen complications from the flu, particularly heart and lung problems. HIV levels may increase during the four weeks after getting a flu shot. If you're living with HIV, plan your routine blood draws and flu shots carefully.
Concerns For Pregnant Women
It's important to prevent the flu during pregnancy, as it can last three times longer in pregnant women. Being pregnant can also increase your risk for getting other complications from the flu, such as pneumonia. However, catching a cold or the flu during pregnancy rarely causes birth defects.
The best way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu shot, and by following the personal habits described in How do you prevent the flu? above. The flu shot is safe to get while you're pregnant, though it may be wise to get it before becoming pregnant since some women feel fatigue and muscle aches from the shot. The flu shot is also safe to get while you're nursing. However, getting the nasal flu vaccine is not recommended as it's a live virus and has not been tested in pregnant women.
Many flu and cold medicines have not been well studied in pregnant women. Some flu medicines to avoid during pregnancy include Tamiflu, Flumadine, Relenza or Symmetrel. These drugs may cause a small increase in the risk of birth defects. Taking aspirin may cause bleeding. Taking ibuprofen hasn't been studied in pregnant women. Acetominophen is the recommended medicine for pain and fever. Women should check with their doctors before taking any over-the-counter or prescription medicine when they're pregnant.
Concerns For Children and People Over 50
Both influenza type A and B have been linked to Reye's Syndrome, a possibly fatal complication that usually affects children under 18. The risk for the condition is increased when taking aspirin. It's strongly recommended that children should not take aspirin products during a viral illness like the flu or chickenpox.
Children under 6 months of age should not get the flu vaccine. Cough and cold medicines should not be given to children younger than two unless a doctor has said so. If your child's doctor tells you to give a medicine, be sure to follow what he or she tells you to do.
What About Flu Shots?
Getting a flu shot will help protect and/or reduce the symptoms of specific strains of the flu. It takes about two weeks for your body to become protected by making antibodies to it. Some people may feel fatigue and muscle ache from the shot. Flu shots do not give you the flu.
People with CD4 cell counts below 200 may have a weaker antibody response to a flu shot. However, many experts still recommend those at high risk for flu complications get vaccinated.
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends flu shots for the following people at high risk for complications from the flu:
- children six months to six years old;
- pregnant women or women who are planning a pregnancy during flu season;
- people with chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, asthma, heart disease and HIV/AIDS;
- people 50 years and older;
- people who live, work or volunteer in health care facilities; and
- people with close contact with someone in a high-risk group
Some people are not recommended to get a flu shot, such as those with a severe allergy to hens' eggs or a history of onset of Guillain-Barre Syndrome shortly after getting another vaccination. It's recommended that people living with HIV (or other immune suppression) should not get the live virus flu vaccine sold as FluMist. Although no firm data exist, some recommend avoiding close contact for two weeks with those who have taken FluMist to avoid possible exposure to the live virus. In general, healthy people between 5 and 49 years of age can use FluMist.
A flu vaccine clinic locator is available online from the American Lung Association. Visit www.flucliniclocator.org to enter your zip code and date and then receive information about clinics scheduled in your area. For more information about the flu and living with HIV, call Project Inform's HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Hotline at 1-800-822-7422.


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Colour Block Suede and Neoprene Sneakers
€490.00 €490.00
€250.00 €250.00
All orders will be fulfilled by Burberry Limited and shipped from the UK. When you place your order, you accept Burberry's Terms and Conditions and confirm that you have read our Privacy Policy.
Size Guide
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- Our chunky sneaker in a colour-block suede and neoprene mix, set on an accentuated, curved sole.
- Upper: 32% calf suede, 29% polyamide, 16% calf leather, 13% polyester, 10% elastane
- Lining: 100% sheep leather
- Sole: 100% rubber
- Lace-up and Velcro tab closure
- Printed Burberry lettering on tongue
- Made in Italy
Item 80086171
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Honey Pecan Glaze
- 2 sticks of Land O'Lakes unsalted butter
- 1/2 cup of honey
- 1/2 cup pecans, chopped coarsely
Melt the butter over a medium low simmer and whisk in the honey. Add the pecans and simmer for about 15 minutes, stirring occasionally.
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Add a little fresh or dried rosemary. Even better over fried chicken.ReplyDelete
Great suggestion Diana, thanks! Check this one out too: Honey Mustard Meat Sauce for PorkReplyDelete
Thanks for taking the time to comment - I love hearing from readers and I read every single comment and try to respond to them right here on the site, so stop back by!
From time to time, anonymous restrictions and/or comment moderation may be activated due to comment spam. I also reserve the right to edit, delete or otherwise exercise total editorial discretion over any comments left on this blog. If your comment serves only to be snarky, mean-spirited or argumentative, it will be deleted. Please mind your manners.
Mason Jar Shaker
One of my favorite kitchen tools, I use this handheld vacuum sealer everyday for deli meats, cheeses, veggies and more! Love, love!
Love these measuring cups from Oxo. Read measurements right from the top, no bending, stooping or eyeballing - they're another favorite!


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ATLANTA (AP) - A year ago at this time, when Trey Burke decided to come back to Michigan for his sophomore season, the star point guard immediately started talking about a national championship.
It was certainly a possibility - Burke's return put the Wolverines near the top of the preseason rankings - but expectations like that are still hard to live up to. That's why Michigan's run to the Final Four has been so rewarding.
'It was just a matter of putting all the pieces together - everybody understanding their role,' Burke said. 'Now that we're here, it's definitely surreal. It feels really good to be here. We're having a lot of fun.'
After considering a jump to the NBA, Burke has made the most of another season in college. On Thursday, he was named national player of the year by The Associated Press - the first Michigan player to win that award since 1966. Now the focus turns to Saturday's national semifinal against Syracuse, when Burke will try to move the Wolverines to within one win of that NCAA title.
'My teammates and coaching staff, you know, they put me in this position,' he said. 'I wouldn't be able to receive those awards without them.
'It would be great to get a win on Saturday, to have the opportunity to play on Monday and cut down the nets would definitely be a great feeling.'
When Burke first arrived at Michigan, he was immediately under pressure. Point guard Darius Morris had left after his sophomore season to go to the NBA, and Burke's performance as the replacement would go a long way toward determining if the Wolverines could take another step forward after reaching the NCAA tournament in 2011.
The result: a share of the 2012 Big Ten title - the school's first in 26 years.
Burke averaged 14.8 points per game as a freshman, and his perimeter shooting made him a nice fit for Michigan's offense. One of the best compliments a point guard can receive is that he's an extension of his coach on the court. That was true right away.
'I think in the first couple months, he was reading me,' Wolverines coach John Beilein said. 'He was putting deposits in my trust bank more and more every time. That's really important. The more deposits he made, the more I knew I could trust him.'
All that success made Burke a candidate to leave Michigan after only one season, but he decided to stay following what was admittedly a stressful decision-making process.
With a weight seemingly lifted from his shoulders, Burke returned this season looking a little stronger. His stats improved almost across the board - from 14.8 points per game to 18.8, 5.1 assists to 7.7, 35 percent 3-point shooting to 38 percent.
Burke's contributions, of course, extend beyond numbers. Although he's only a sophomore, he's one of the leaders on a team that includes three freshman starters.
'I really grew up last year,' Burke said. 'I played with two great seniors in Zack Novak and Stu Douglass. I was able to learn from them, learn certain leadership skills. Coming in to this year, I tried to be more of the voice out there - be the Zack Novak that this team needs. It is my job to stay poised.'
The Wolverines would not be in the Final Four without major contributions from freshmen Glenn Robinson III, Nik Stauskas and Mitch McGary. Those newcomers have looked comfortable this season, in part because of Burke.
'Being on the court with him, he sees a lot of things that other guards don't see and he knows when it's time to score or pass it and finds easy drop-offs,' McGary said. 'That's why I've been playing so well in the tournament. It is purely off his play.'
At their best, the Wolverines have a balanced offense with several talented options, but when they're in a tight spot, they turn to Burke. His steal and dunk in the final minute helped Michigan to a win over Michigan State last month.
Then in the regional semifinals against Kansas, his long 3-pointer in the final seconds sent the game to overtime, and the Wolverines eventually won.
Burke added the Wooden Award to his 2013 haul Friday. The only other Michigan player to win AP national player of the year was Cazzie Russell. He went on to play more than a decade in the NBA, and Burke's future looks bright as well.
Beilein was asked Friday to compare Burke to NBA star Chris Paul, whose college career actually ended with a loss to Beilein's West Virginia team in the 2005 NCAA tournament. Paul and Burke are both 6 feet tall.
'There certainly are many similarities because he can hit the in-between jump shot, he's got a great pace to his game,' Beilein said. 'Chris Paul has worked so hard at his game, he's elevated, like we hope that Trey can one day.'
Two more wins, and Burke would become one of the best embodiments of Bo Schembechler's old saying at Michigan: 'Those who stay will be champions.'
No matter what happens over the next few days, Burke's career with the Wolverines has already been a memorable one.
'As a team, we've had one goal all year, and that was to get to Atlanta and win the national championship,' Burke said. 'Now that we're here, we just have to make the most of our opportunity.'


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Why is the US Navy's ultra-modern Littoral Combat Ship a failure after five years? Wired's David Axe has the answer.
The Littoral Combat Ship was supposed to be a light, disposable ship that could operate on the coastal waters where most modern naval fighting happens. It was going to change the fleet from lead-footed bruisers into a collection of fast-acting commando ships that could re-outfit on the fly. In practice, "instead of compact, brute-simple coastal brawlers" we got "over-inflated, gas-guzzling, gutless ships dependent on ultrahigh-tech gizmos." Not good.
Navy brass couldn't or wouldn't settle on what they wanted the ship to be, and it ended up drowned in a morass of half-realized ambitions. [Wired]


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Oh Homie.
Margaret Groening, wife of Homer, and mother of Patty, Matt, Mark, Lisa and Maggie, died on March 23 in her Portland, Ore., home, according to an obituary in The Oregonian.
Do some of those names sound familiar? They should. Matt Groening created "The Simpsons," which featured parents Homer and Marge (short for Margaret, yes?), and children Lisa, Maggie and, well, Bart (don't know where that came from).
Another Simpsons connection: Margaret Groening's maiden name was Wiggum, as in Chief Wiggum and son Ralph.
Margaret's parents, Matt and Ingeborg Wiggum, met on the boat coming to America from Norway and settled in Everett, Wash., according to the obituary.
Margaret was high school valedictorian, Miss Everett and May Queen of Linfield College. She married Homer "because he made her laugh the most," according to the obituary.
Homer certainly has made us laugh, as well. Bon voyage, Marge.


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Historical Standard: ASTM A912/A912M-04 Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Amorphous Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method with Toroidal Specimens
SUPERSEDED (see Active link, below)
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers tests for various magnetic properties of amorphous materials at power frequencies [25 to 400 Hz] using a toroidal test transformer. The term toroidal test transformer is used to describe the test device reserving the term specimen to refer to the material used in the test. The test specimen consists of toroidally wound flat strip.
1.2 This test method covers the determination of core loss, exciting power, rms and peak exciting current, several types of ac permeability, and related properties under ac magnetization at moderate and high inductions at power frequencies [25 to 70 Hz].
1.3 With proper instrumentation and specimen preparation, this test method is acceptable for measurements at frequencies from 5 Hz to 100 kHz. Proper instrumentation implies that all test instruments have the required frequency bandwidth. Also see Annex A2.
1.4 This test method also provides procedures for calculating impedance permeability from measured values of rms exciting current and for calculating ac peak permeability from measured peak values of total exciting current at magnetizing forces up to about 10 Oe [796 A/m].
1.5 Explanation of symbols and brief definitions appear in the text of this test method. The official symbols and definitions are listed in Terminology A 340.
1.6 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A 34/A 34M.
1.7 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
ASTM Standards
A34/A34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials
A340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic Testing
A343/A343M Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Test Frame
A901 Specification for Amorphous Magnetic Core Alloys, Semi-Processed Types
C693 Test Method for Density of Glass by Buoyancy
amorphous; core loss; exciting force; exciting power; impedance permeability; peak permeability; specific core loss; specific exciting power; tape wound core; toroidal test specimen; toroidal test transformer; waveform distortion: A-C (alternating-current) magnetic properties; Alternating-current permeability; Amorphous magnetic material; Core loss--alternating-current; Exciting force/power; Impedance permeability; Magnetic properties; Peak permeability; Specific core loss; Tape wound core; Toroidal transformer; Waveform distortion;
ICS Code
ICS Number Code 77.040.99 (Other methods of testing metals)
ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.


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Look at this simple room makeover I found over at House and Home.
A bit of wallpaper, a new rug, bedside and bed linen (with styling)... some funky lights and 'Bob's Your Uncle'. It's not rocket science.
I love 'Before And After's' like this.... proves that if you break it down, step by step, you can achieve a room with 'wow' factor... or in this maybe 'awww, isn't this sweet factor'...
.... and as much as I don't like the wallpaper on it's own... it works for this room. What do you think?
PS. I bet those lights were highly affordable, accessible and in plentiful supply.... unlike said hemisphere.
Just sayin'.


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Subscribe To Watch The Avengers Trailer Made Entirely Out Of Bloopers Updates
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Movie bloopers can be a mixed bag-- watching movie stars giggle together is usually a good time, but I usually can't help but wonder how much money is being wasted every time someone ruins a take by looking into the camera and winking. Whatever money got lost of the set of The Avengers when Chris Hemsworth couldn't catch his hammer, though, surely got made up at the box office-- which means you can watch this trailer, made up entirely of bloopers from the movie, with your conscience intact.
The slow-motion shot of Hemsworth bobbling his hammer while Chris Evans grabs the shield and goes into full Cap mode is probably my favorite, and the part of the video where the bloopers fit into trailer format the most seamlessly. Points to Cobie Smulders, though, for her goofy up-in-the-camera Maria Hill shouting "You will be avenged!" We've seen superhero movies with that level of acting, Cobie, and we appreciate you bringing something better to the table. For more of both those scenes, along with other silliness, here's the actual Avengers gag reel below:
You'll have to forgive us for still fixating on The Avengers even though we're nearly at the end of 2013. Even if you loved Iron Man 3 or even Thor: The Dark World, it's hard not to acknowledge that the year's big blockbusters have had a hell of a hard time living up to the legacy of The Avengers-- and not just in terms of cash. Next year looks a little more promising, with The Amazing Spider-Man 2, X-Men: Days of Future Past and Guardians of the Galaxy on the way, but it's going to be until 2015 when you can see your Avengers united again; The Avengers: Age of Ultron arrives May 1, 2015.


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Model Railroading - 007
by, July 18th, 2016 at 12:34 PM (53936 Views)
So the model railroading has taken a sideboard while we try to get a couple rooms painted in the house.
Saturday I went to an estate sale.
The homeowner had an HO-scale layout (what was left of it, anyway) in his basement.
They also had a large amount of HO-scale buildings and rolling stock left - but at the time I arrived (8am) they were unwilling to budge on the prices.
They also had dozens of years of Model Railroader and Railroad Model Craftsman magazines. I half wish I'd gone back to them later in the afternoon and given a blanket offer on the shelf. They were originally asking 4/$1... I would have offered 20/buck to start.
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I have been asked many times if sweeping actually makes a difference or if it's just a giant conspiracy to keep the players who aren't throwing or skipping busy. The truth is this – sweeping can make a huge difference if it is done with proper technique. Unfortunately sweeping is often dismissed as something not worth practicing and some players do not develop the skills needed to be truly effective.Read More
House Call: Six Ways to Be a Better Sweeper
January 23, 2013


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- Read the latest issue of the ProbesOnline E-Newsletter.
APEX Antibody Labeling Kits
what they are
APEX Antibody Labeling Kits provide a convenient means to directly attach a fluorophore to very small amounts of IgG antibody (10–20 µg).
how they work
These kits use a solid-phase labeling technique that captures the IgG antibody on the resin inside the APEX antibody labeling tip. This enables you to covalently label antibodies that are supplied in solutions containing stabilizing proteins, such as BSA or other contaminants, that can interfere with the amine-reactive labeling reagents used to attach the fluorophore to the antibody. Any contaminants are simply eluted through the tip. After the amine-reactive label is applied, a fluorescent IgG conjugate is ready for use in an imaging or flow cytometry application in as little as 2.5 hr with very little hands-on time.
what they offer
- labeled antibodies ready for use in 2.5 hr (~15 min hands-on time)
- covalent attachment of the label
- labeling compatible with stabilizing proteins such as BSA
|Mitochondrial and Golgi complex labeling in HeLa cells. Fixed and permeabilized HeLa cells were treated with multiple mouse primary antibodies directly conjugated with APEX Alexa Fluor® Antibody Labeling Kits. The Golgi apparatus was detected with an anti–golgin-97 mouse monoclonal antibody labeled using the APEX Alexa Fluor® 555 Antibody Labeling Kit (Cat. no. A10470, orange fluorescence). Mitochondria were detected with an anti–OxPhos Complex V inhibitor protein mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibody labeled using the APEX Alexa Fluor® 488 Antibody Labeling Kit (Cat. no. A10468, green fluorescence). Nuclei were stained with blue-fluorescent DAPI (Cat. no. D1306, D3571, D21490).
|Cat. no.
|APEX Alexa Fluor® 488 Antibody Labeling Kit
|1 kit
|APEX Alexa Fluor® 555 Antibody Labeling Kit
|1 kit
|APEX Alexa Fluor® 594 Antibody Labeling Kit
|1 kit
|APEX Alexa Fluor® 647 Antibody Labeling Kit
|1 kit
|APEX Oregon Green® 488 Antibody Labeling Kit
|1 kit
|APEX Pacific Blue™ Antibody Labeling Kit
|1 kit
The Countess™ Automated Cell Counter
what it is
The Countess™ Automated Cell Counter brings automation into the cell culture lab, counting cell samples in just 30 seconds. The instrument also provides a percent viability calculation and cell size distribution data and includes a handy dilution calculator and data archiving functions.
how it works
After staining with trypan blue is completed, 10 µl of a cell sample is placed in a highly accurate chamber slide, which is then inserted into the instrument. The Countess™ instrument then uses a sophisticated image capture and analysis technology to count the number of live and dead cells in the sample and measure the size of each cell.
what it offers
- high accuracy and minimal subjectivity in cell counts and viability measurements
- improved downstream results from better counting
- possibilities for a wider range of experimental designs
|The Countess™ Automated Cell Counter. The kit includes the Countess™ instrument, one box of 50 chamber slides, 2 ml of trypan blue stain, and a USB drive.
|Cat. no.
|Countess™ automated cell counter
|1 kit
|Countess™ cell counting chamber slides *
|100 counts
|* Includes one box of 50 chamber slides and 2 ml of trypan blue stain.
For more information, visit www.invitrogen.com/countess.
Fluorescent and reactive azides and alkynes
what they are
The click chemistry product toolbox now includes azide- and alkyne-containing reagents for use in click chemistry reactions, including several of the best Alexa Fluor® azides for flow and imaging applications, and a larger unit size EdU for in vivo applications for detection of nascent DNA (S-phase) synthesis.
how they work
Click chemistry describes a class of chemical reactions that use bio-orthogonal or biologically unique moieties to label and detect a molecule of interest using a two-step procedure. The two-step reaction procedure involves a copper-catalyzed triazole formation of an azide and an alkyne. Unlike traditional chemical reactions using succinimidyl esters or maleimides that target amines and sulfhydryls—functional groups that are not unique—click chemistry–labeled molecules can be applied to complex biological samples and detected with unprecedented sensitivity, thanks to extremely low background.
what they offer
- the reaction between the detection moieties is efficient
- no extreme temperatures or solvents are required
- the reaction product is stable
- the components of the reaction are bioinert
- no side reactions occur—the label and detection tags react selectively and specifically with one another
Relative size of detection molecules commonly used in cellular analysis. Because the azide and alkyne moieties can be used interchangeably to optimize labeling configurations, R1 can be either the biomolecule of interest or the detection reagent. For biotin and the fluorophore, R2 is the biomolecule of interest.
|Cat. no.
|Alexa Fluor® 488 azide (Alexa Fluor® 488 5-carboxamido-(6-azidohexanyl), bis(triethylammonium salt)), 5-isomer
|0.5 mg
|Alexa Fluor® 647 azide, triethylammonium salt
|0.5 mg
|Alexa Fluor® 594 azide (Alexa Fluor® 594 carboxamido-(6-azidohexanyl), triethylammonium salt), mixed isomers
|0.5 mg
|Oregon Green® 488 azide (Oregon Green® 6-carboxamido-(6-azidohexanyl), triethylammonium salt), 6-isomer
|0.5 mg
|alkyne, succinimidyl ester (3-propargyloxypropanoic acid, succinimidyl ester)
|1 mg
|azide, succinimidyl ester (azido polyethylene glycol (PEG4), succinimidyl ester)
|1 mg
|EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine)
|500 mg
Learn more about Click-iT™ products at www.invitrogen.com/click.
WesternDot™ 625 Western Blot Kits
what they are
The WesternDot™ 625 Western Blot Kits combine the bright fluorescence properties of Qdot® 625 nanocrystals with the high-affinity streptavidin–biotin interaction to allow simple, highly sensitive detection of proteins immobilized on nitrocellulose (NC) or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. Eliminate the use and cost of photographic film, darkrooms, or developing reagents.
how they work
Incorporating a standard western blotting protocol, the detection step relies on a biotinylated secondary antibody, either goat anti–rabbit IgG or goat anti–mouse IgG, followed by the key component, the Qdot® 625 streptavidin conjugate. The fluorescent signal is compatible with the commonly used modes of fluorescence detection for DNA or protein gels, and does not require specialized emission filters. Blots may be imaged wet or dry, and by epi- or transillumination.
what they offer
- save time and hassle—no more frustrating ECL kit optimization
- reduce costs—eliminate the need for X-ray films and developer
- everything is included—ready to go out of the box
Comparison of WesternDot™ and ECL™ workflows. Both protocols have very similar steps and execution times. However, WesternDot™ detection is optimized right out of the box, whereas ECL™ blots (GE Healthcare) often require several rounds of detection to optimize film exposure and antibody concentrations.
|WesternDot™ 625 kits provide optimized detection right out of the box. (A) Typical WesternDot™ 625 detection result. (B) ECL™ detection (GE Healthcare) may require several different exposure runs to obtain the optimal result; as shown here, this may not be possible when wide ranges of protein concentration are present.
|Cat. no.
|WesternDot™ 625 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Western Blot Kit
|20 minigel blots
|WesternDot™ 625 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG Western Blot Kit
|20 minigel blots
Learn more at www.invitrogen.com/westerndots.
Fluorescent lectin conjugates
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that bind to specific configurations of sugar molecules, such as oligosaccharides, present in cellular proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. Oligosaccharides are abundant on the cell surface and sometimes attached to certain constituents within the cell. Because the exposed carbohydrates are often unique to a given cell type or structure, lectins can be used to identify cell types or label cellular components in much the same way that an antibody or organelle stain might be used. This property makes them versatile detection reagents for microscopy and flow cytometry, and in gels. Lectins can also be used to mark cancer cells, as those cells often display altered surface glycoproteins. These conjugates offer all the benefits of the Alexa Fluor® dyes, including brightness, photostability, and color selection.
Staining with fluorescent lectin conjugates. Capillaries in the hippocampal region of a mouse brain cryosection were visualized with the green-fluorescent Alexa Fluor® 488 conjugate of lectin HPA from Helix pomatia, which specifically binds to type A erythrocytes and α-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues. Nuclei were stained with nuclear yellow.
|Cat. no.
|wheat germ agglutinin, Alexa Fluor® 488 conjugate
|5 mg
|concanavalin A, Alexa Fluor® 488 conjugate
|5 mg
|lectin HPA from Helix pomatia (edible snail), Alexa Fluor® 488 conjugate
|1 mg
Wojcik, K. and Dobrucki, J.W. (2008) Cytometry 73A:555–562.
Do DNA-binding dyes alter the structure of their target? Nucleic acid–binding dyes are widely used to provide information about the local concentration and distribution of DNA in the nuclei of living cells. However, dye binding may involve structural changes in chromatin that could alter our view of its organization in vivo. To investigate the impact of dye binding on chromatin structure, Wojcik and Dobrucki examined changes in the chromatin of HeLa cells expressing eGFP-tagged linker (H1) and core (H2B) histones. Binding of DRAQ5—a DNA intercalator—was accompanied by chromatin aggregation, even in the presence of as little as 1 µM dye. Increasing the dye concentration to 3 µM led to further aggregation and gradual loss of chromatin organization; 7.5 µM DRAQ5 was sufficient to randomize the chromatin distribution to the point where heterochromatin and euchromatin were no longer discernible. Fluorescence microscopy also revealed the detachment of H1 and (to a lesser degree) H2B histones as a result of DRAQ5 binding. The team then examined the effect of Molecular Probes® SYTO® 17 dye—a minor-groove binder—on chromatin structure. At SYTO® 17 dye concentrations of up to 7.5 µM, only slight aggregation of chromatin was observed; no histone detachment was detected over this concentration range. The authors suggest that the observed loss of chromatin structure upon intercalator binding may impact future studies of the mechanism of action of drugs known to act through DNA intercalation.
View bibliography reference
Find popular products for cell counting and viability, cytotoxicity, and proliferation assays
Get your imaging questions answered at ASCB
If you're attending the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) meeting in San Francisco, CA, December 13–17, look for Molecular Probes' imaging scientists participating in a "Meet the Scientist" event at the Invitrogen booth (#617). Our scientific support team will be available to discuss your imaging questions throughout the exhibit, and one of our top scientists in signal transduction pathways and kinase biology tools will be available for several hours each day. While you're there, be sure to watch a demonstration of the new Countess™ Automated Cell Counter, and see just how fast and easy cell counting can be. We'll also be highlighting some proven performers, such as the Alexa Fluor® dyes and LIVE/DEAD® assays, and introducing innovative new technologies such as the Click-iT™ EdU cell proliferation assays, and Organelle Lights™ and Cellular Lights™ reagents for easy delivery and multiplexing with fluorescent proteins. Stop by and visit us at booth #617.
Putting the CyQUANT® NF assay to work in drug discovery
Rapid screening of compounds for toxicity—in particular, hepatotoxicity—is a goal for many drug developers. Abraham and coworkers at Abbott Laboratories have developed a means of scoring candidate compounds using a live-cell, multiparametric high-content screening (HCS) assay for hepatotoxicity (Abraham, V.C. et al. (2008) Application of a high-content multiparameter cytotoxicity assay to prioritize compounds based on toxicity potential in humans. J Biomol Screen 13:527–537). The authors used Molecular Probes® stains to assess eight indicators of cell health (see table). By adding measures of mitochondrial total mass and distribution and nuclear aspect ratio and texture, the researchers increased assay sensitivity. The authors were also able to correlate each compound's mechanism of action with changes in cellular morphology. For example, cell cycle inhibitors, DNA-damaging agents, mitochondrial poisons, and lytic agents can all be readily identified through nuclear swelling, changes in mitochondrial morphology, and plasma membrane permeability, respectively. Based on the HCS data, each compound was assigned a minimum cytotoxic concentration, or IC20 value. The Molecular Probes® CyQUANT® NF assay was used to measure cell proliferation. The researchers were able to prioritize the compounds for further development based on the ratio of minimum cytotoxic concentration to in vitro efficacy IC50/EC50 values. Finding the most sensitive cell health indicator to be cell proliferation, the group compared the higher-throughput CyQUANT® NF assay with a direct HCS measure of cell proliferation. Correlation of the CyQUANT® NF assay with the direct measure of proliferation was very high; thus, the authors recommended using the CyQUANT® NF assay to streamline analysis of cell proliferation.
Molecular Probes® stains used to assess cell health in the Abbott Laboratories' multiparametric HCS cytotoxicity assay.
|Cell health indicator
|YOYO®-1 iodide
|Plasma membrane integrity
|Signal change measured
|Mitochondrial function
|Total mass of functional mitochondria
|Average brightness of functional mitochondrial mass
|Projected area occupied by functioning mitochondrial mass
|Nuclear morphology
|Nuclear size
|Nuclear aspect ratio
|Nuclear texture
|CyQUANT® NF assay
|Cell proliferation
|Cell count


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Monday, November 14, 2011
A Parents Biggest Fear
Posted by californiadreamin at Monday, November 14, 2011 8 comments Links to this post
Saturday, November 12, 2011
Whats been happening
Posted by californiadreamin at Saturday, November 12, 2011 1 comments Links to this post
Monday, November 7, 2011
Workin on my Fitness, He's my Witness
Hey hey ladies! So lets discuss fitness, shall we? I'm really not having an issue with the working out. On average, I'm running about 3.5 miles 3 times a week. I shred before bedtime, etc. But food...FOOOOOOD is what my downfall is. It starts off great in the morning, later in the morning, lunch is superb, but when 3/4pm hit all the way through dinner time, all I want is crap. I want lots of ooey gooey crap. I never allow myself it, but what I do allow myself - a lot of veggies and hummus, I'll grab a couple 40 calorie rice cakes here and there, and then after T Man is in bed, I have a glass (maybe 2 depending on how he was that day) of wine. I have always said I run to eat. Its about 90% true. However, I'd like to lose a bit, tighten up a bit, rather than maintain.
I took some pictures this morning after my run of my progress. Of course I'm pretty impressed thus far, so hopefully by the end of my "The Body and the Baby 2012" program (ending sometime Spring/Summer 2012), I'll be one sexy mutha'.
When my madre decides to come back stateside (hey mom!), I'm going to be signing up for the gym and she can watch Troy. I need to tone up. It's pretty embarrassing how bad my thighs jiggle.
I'm not sure if y'all read Ravens post about going vegetarian or about Laura's clean eating, but it inspired me mucho! Before Troy was born, it was salads everyday for me for lunch. I LOVE salads, so it wasn't some "girly, oh she only eats salads and water" sorta deal. I loaded them up with every veggie, tossed in a few beans, some cottage cheese, it was all fair game. So after reading those two lovely ladies posts, I decided I needed to get with it again and eat more veggies. My veggie intake has gone way down lately, so I bought a ton of (organic - holla at your girl, Raven!) veggies and a bunch of spinach. I ate/eat spinach in my egg whites in the AM, a handful (or two) in my protein shakes, and would even have a huge salad for a pre dinner snack. Getting back into it ladies, I'm getting back into it.
Enjoy the rest of your Monday evening. Since my darling (<----- insert sarcasm here) son has decided to NOT take advantage of the extra hour of sleep we get, I wake up an hour earlier so I'm going to bed. At 8pm. Yup, I'm one crazy living on the edge woman.
Posted by californiadreamin at Monday, November 07, 2011 9 comments Links to this post
Friday, November 4, 2011
I interrupt your Friday...
To bring you some VERY large and in charge Kevin Federline.
So Confesh - I seriously had a thing for K Fed back in the Britney days. By "thing" I mean, "OOOO he's hot in a white trash/bad boy way". Not no more.
Okay, now back to tending to my 9 month old has found out how to throw tantrums. I don't care how cold it is here, once the monster, er baby, is down, Im hitting the bottle of skinny girl margarita.
Posted by californiadreamin at Friday, November 04, 2011 1 comments Links to this post
Thursday, November 3, 2011
Where have I been?
Seriously, I know sometimes my music tastes can resemble that of a 13 year old girl (Spice Girls, anyone?), but as of late, I'm loving Demi Lovato's song, Skyscraper. Never heard it? Check it out
This chick can belt it out to the point of goosebumps. When she scream/sings (is that a teqnique?) towards the end, Im in luuurve. How have I not been introduced to this girl before? Nick loves her hair. Figures - I cut mine and he is all swoony over long hair.
Another song that has made it on my *listen to as I browse the web first thing in the AM* list is Bruno Mars new song he did for Breaking Dawn "It Will Rain". * Total random, but I just realized Bruno Mars initials are BM.....? That sucks, right?*
Anyone else seeing Breaking Dawn? Im not, what they call a "Twihard", but I DO appreciate a good looking man, and that Taylor Lautner is
{Oh, my word}
So you can bet your last drink that I am going to the midnight showing with a group of girlfriends.
Posted by californiadreamin at Thursday, November 03, 2011 4 comments Links to this post
Wednesday, November 2, 2011
Halloween 2011
Posted by californiadreamin at Wednesday, November 02, 2011 1 comments Links to this post


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Evening Ink: Teen Writers' Workshop
2843 Washington Blvd
Cleveland Heights, OH 44118
Evening Ink is a weekly writers' workshop for teens in grades 6-12. Become part of this community of teen writers and explore writing genres, respond to creative prompts, write collaborative pieces, and share with one another in a small group setting. Register here.
Looking to share in a front of a larger audience? Check out our calendar of events for information on our Teen Open Mics.


text:
Top leadership of the Seventh-day Adventist Church voted yesterday to transfer administrative oversight of church operations in the Middle East from the church's Trans-European and Euro-Africa divisions to church headquarters.
The newly formed Greater Middle East Union Mission is home to 21 countries and more than 500 million people, and has 2,900 Adventists worshipping in 70 churches and companies.
Under the new organization, South Sudan becomes part of the church's East-Central Africa Division and the church's Southern-Asia Pacific Division will oversee the Pakistan Union. Culturally, Pakistan can better be served by the division that also serves Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, leaders said.
The church's Euro-Asia Division will absorb Afghanistan. The world church headquarters will directly oversee the Israel Field and the new Greater Middle East Union Mission. That union mission will also include the Trans-Mediterranean territories. South Cyprus will remain in the Trans-European Division.
Despite more than 100 years of outreach to the region, data indicates that the mission of the church is moving with challenges in the region, members of the church's Greater Middle East and Mediterranean Survey Commission said in an October 9 report to Annual Council delegates.
Attaching the "high priority" Middle East region directly to world church headquarters will enable quicker implementation of projects, commission members said in the proposal. "It would make movement of personnel, funding and ideas easier across what used to be different division boundaries," they said. The realignment would also group countries together that have similar cultures.
Commission members also said the Middle East "should be the focus of the entire church," citing another advantage for moving regional leadership to oversight by world church headquarters.
In 2010, the church tasked the commission with studying Adventist work in the Middle East, with the intent that a territorial realignment might be necessary. A study of historical, demographic and statistical evidence seems to indicate that the church grows best when overseen by a unified and geographically contiguous body, commission members said.
The Middle East is part of a region called the 10/40 Window, where two-thirds of the world's population lives, only one percent of which is Christian.
"I want you to think of the incredible challenges in the Middle East," world church President Ted N. C. Wilson told delegates. "We want to give full credit to the workers already there," he added.
Bertil Wiklander, president of the Trans-European Division said he and his team had some reservations about parts of the proposal but would fully support it if approved by the world body.
"We have personal ties to our people in this area, and we have spent much time in prayer with and for them. We have thoroughly enjoyed working in our attached fields and have poured our best time, talents and resources into it," Wiklander said.
Euro-African Division President Bruno Vertallier said that in recent years, the region has redoubled its work in the Middle East and that the administrative shift would be considered difficult for some people.
"Our recommendation is to strongly emphasize the training of local people," Vertallier said. "We have some wonderful people working there right now and we must add to them. The great challenge will be to train more people in local fields and give them the best tools possible to meet the needs of Adventists and community members."
Adventist Church President Ted N. C. Wilson said the move would signal that the region is a world priorty for the denomination.
"The Middle East is a unique place," Wilson said. "We have to take this area of world field as a special burden. We're also grateful for what the Euro-Africa and Trans-Europe have done to foster and nurture Adventist mission in those areas of Middle East."


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Big East Blog
(Player of the Week) Hot Player: Kemba Walker
Kemba Walker has been a one man army, scoring a ridiculous 30 points per game while single handedly launching his previous unranked Huskies into a spot in the top 10. Walker has shown off practically every facet of his game, finding ways to get off whatever shot he wants every trip down the court. The most impressive aspect regarding Walker's early domination is that defenses are zoning in on him and still can't find a way to contain the explosive guard. He's shooting the ball well from the outside, which allows him to be more aggressive in terms of getting to the rack. His 29 point second half against Wichita State was record breaking, playing practically one against five and coming out on top. If he keeps scoring at this rate and his team stays relevant, expect Walker to be in the talks for the National Player of the Year.
- Jonathan_Wasserman's blog
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Wow i really love this one....
Hope they make it to the NBA......
Good luck guys!!!!!
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text:
The ignorance of a nation appears to have finally sought knowledge, but the past remains, and it should be brought to light that future generations learn from those things that occurred. And lives of innocent are not in vain lost.
17 October 1891
Clifton Forge, Virginia
This is a photograph of the lynching that occurred in Clifton Forge, Virginia on 17 Oct 1891. My grandfather, John M. Bean, was living there at the time, and was a witness to much of this crime. Four black men, one of whom was only a 16-year old boy, were hung, dragged through the streets, and rehung, after a night of six of them drinking and carousing in the streets. The corpses were repeatedly shot by white passersby.
The Army National Guard was called in from Washington, D.C. to restore peace to the city.
The Washington Post described the travesty below:
From: THE WASHINGTON POST
18 October 1891
A Day and Night of Bloodshed and Excitement at Clifton Forge
A White Man and a Black Killed in the Affray and Three Blacks Afterward Taken Out of Jail and Hanged by the Populace.
CLIFTON FORGE, Va., Oct. 17. -- The inhabitants of Clifton Forge have been aroused to the utmost excitement to-day by one of the most tragic occurrences that has taken place in the town for many years, In fact never has there been such a fearful tragedy known in the history of the town, one white man and a negro being shot to death, and three negroes lynched.
This morning a gang of six armed, drunken negroes came into town from Big Hall mines, eight miles from here, and boasted loudly that they had come to take the place. This created confusion on the streets, as the negroes had pistols and other weapons which they exhibited freely. They walked about the streets insulting ladies and committing other outrages, and finally creating a riot.
A number of citizens decided to arrest them, but the negroes violently resisted arrest and breaking away from their would be captors, fled. A posse of town officers and citizens gave chase. When the negroes had nearly reached Iron Gate they turned and commenced firing upon their pursuers, and a battle between the posse and the rioters ensued. Philip Bolling of Albermarle county, a brakeman of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Company, was killed outright at the first fire, and Frederick Wilkinson, of Bedford county, was injured seriously. Bolling was married. Wilkinson will recover, it is thought.
The news of the shooting spread rapidly with excitement and in a short time fifty men were scouring the mountains, where the negroes took refuge, hunting them down. All of them were captured after several hours search and a second battle on the mountains between policemen and negroes. One of the negroes is supposed to be dead from his wounds, The other four were placed in jail here, three of them having been wounded before they were captured.
Threats of lynching were heard on all sides, and the mayor prepared to defend the jail against attack, saying he was determined to frustrate the mob.
Two large mobs, numbering in all about 500, formed in the town and met at Sweetwood's store at about 10 o'clock tonight. They fired salutes and then the two combined and marched to the jail, where the prsioners taken in the afternoon had been confined.
They attempted, after firing into the jail for some time, to break open the door with a ram, but it was too strong and resisted their efforts. They then procured axes and sledge-hammers and broke in.
They took out three prsioners, and taken them to a gully about half a mile from the jail, they strung two of them up to a tree and filled them full of bullets. The third prisoner, who was a boy sixteen years old, they brought back.
It is not likely that any arrests will be made, as public sentiment justifies the deed, the conduct of the negroes and the shooting of the two white men having roused the public to an uncontrollable pitch of fury.
All of this left a profound mark upon John. He kept a copy of the newspaper clipping until his death on 10 Apr 1955.


text:
instrengthentransitive verb
in·strengthen | \ ə̇nzˈt-, ə̇nˈst-\
Definition of instrengthen
: to give an inner strength to : strengthen in body or spirit
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a usually brief trip or an expedition
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