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Ok, MIL is getting some Hadley time, so here is your birth story!!! :) Sorry, my kitty dying is intermingled with this story because it's part of the day's events.
On the morning of Black Friday (November 26th), I woke up around 2:30 AM with contractions. They weren't painful, but were coming at regular intervals between 7-20 minutes apart. I went downstairs and watched TV, etc so I wouldn't keep Gregg up. After a bit, I realized that I hadn't yet seen my kitty that day - she was not looking good the night before (breathing funny & just not being herself) & I actually cried at that time (Thanksgiving night) because something in me just told me it was the beginning of the end. I checked her usual spots & couldn't find her anywhere. I laid back down on the couch for a while, read, watched TV, etc & for some reason, though to check for her in the basement. As soon as I saw her lying on the concrete (something she would never normally do) and she didn't respond when I said her name (I didn't get close enough), I knew that she was gone. I was so, so sad. She was only 7 years old & she was a dating anniversary gift from Gregg for our 2nd anniversary. It was around 4:30 AM at this time & I ran upstairs to Gregg & woke him up: "Baby - um, two things...I think Faithy died and I'm in labor" - according to him, that was not the way he had planned on waking up that morning.
He went down into the basement and confirmed that she was gone & then texted his mom & dad so that they would call when they woke up. I continued with contractions throughout the morning until his dad called back. They were shocked at the news of Faithy passing & his Dad came over to take care of her. I wanted to see her to get some closure, but her eyes were open (according to G) and they could not be shut again, so I didn't get to see her. We drove over to G's parents' house & she was buried in their "pet cemetary" behind their house. G had basketball practice, so I stayed at his parents' house and continued laboring while he was gone (yeah, I know, I told him to go to practice...LOL). His mom and one of his sisters (Mel) timed my contractions all morning/afternoon. They were continuing to get stronger throughout the day & definitely becoming more regular. When they were about 7 minutes apart, I texted my mom and told her that I thought it was the real thing (after G's mom felt my contractions in my stomach and confirmed that this was most likely true labor).
We went home & I got showered & then we called the doctor around 3:30 when my contractions were about 5 minutes apart. Gregg had to take the call from the doctor when she returned our call (it goes to the answering service first) because I was busy throwing up. Despite the fact that my contractions were 4-5 minutes apart at this time, they told us to wait an hour and then leave for the hospital. My contractions were definitely stronger at this point & I was SO upset that we weren't able to go to the hospital yet. I was face-down on my exercise ball with a heating pad on my back, or with G rubbing my back constantly. We determined that my parents were about an hour away, so we waited for them to get there & then we left immediately.
The car ride was not a fun one & it seemed to take forever with lots of curvy, windy roads, despite the fact that it was only about 25 minutes. When we got there around 5PM, we went to L&D to get checked in & they told me that I needed to wait in the waiting room because they didn't have room for me. I was SO upset, I'm surprised I didn't cry. I ended up kneeling on the floor in front of one of the waiting room chairs, with my face in the chair, while mom or G rubbed my back and I breathed through all of the contractions, which were gaining in strength and frequency. To make matters worse, there were some annoying kids in the waiting room and I think I remember telling my mom that I was going to kill them - LOL.
After FORTY FIVE MINUTES (5:45pm) of laboring in the waiting room (there were about 4 other pg women there, but none as obviously into labor as I was), I was finally taken back into a triage room. A midwife came in to check me and immediately said, "whoa! We've got an active one - she's 8cm!" We were shocked! I knew the contractions were strong, but I was breathing through them and didn't think they were THAT awful. The doctor came in and I pretty much had to decide on the spot whether I wanted an epidural or not. I told her that I felt really good, but I was worried about the pushing part. She said, "I won't lie, the pushing is intense, but you're really going to feel that part either way" so I decided to tough it out (which is good since the anesthesiologist never got around to seeing me anyway, which they're supposed to do either way). They moved me to an L&D room & checked me again maybe half an hour later (6:30) and I was 9cm. The doctor broke my water & an hour later, I was 10 cm. I really didn't notice a difference in the strength of my contractions until the very end (right before I was checked at 10cm) - the nurse told me that if I felt the urge to push, I should take a deep breath in and breathe out in spurts like I'm blowing out candles - those were the hardest ones by far.
Once I was able to push, it was actually a great relief - fighting the pushing was definitely the worst part of labor. I began pushing around 8:15pm. There was definitely a learning curve in learning how to push, but the doctor and nurse were both great with encouragement & G was there the whole time with my ice chips, rubbing my back. After about an hour of pushing, I started to get really frustrated because I felt like I was doing it wrong or that it should be going faster, but the dr. assured me I was doing an amazing job. I remember both she & the nurse saying that they seriously should have made an educational video about laboring on me because they never ever would have guessed that I didn't have an epidural - I was one of the best "breathe through it" patients they ever saw! They encouraged me to change pushing positions (on my side) and those really helped to bring her down. Just before 2 hours, they switched me back to my back and I knew it must be time because they took off the bottom of my table, put up the stirrups & the dr. put on her gown. About 5 pushes later, I felt her head come out & another push or two came her shoulders & she was out! I did not even feel the "ring of fire" that so many women talk about - I honestly don't remember any pain during the pushing process - it was just exhausting...I think my nerve endings must be dead down there or something! :) And I was so proud of Gregg, he watched the whole thing and didn't pass out or get sick or anything (HUGE accomplishment for him)! Hadley Rebecca Scholl was born at 10:08PM, 19 inches long! They put her on my chest and it was all just so surreal - I almost felt like it was happening to someone else - some kind of out-of-body experience.
H was whisked away to the nursery (G went along) because they wanted to check her breathing (she was "grunting" a bit), but everything was fine. I delivered the afterbirth & was stitched back up for my 2nd degree tear & then I ended up watching What Not To Wear on TV alone in the room for 45 minutes while G was gone, even though I had asked the nurse to go get my family, which they never did. Our parents, G & H all ended up coming back at the same time and stayed with us until about midnight. I was so glad that both sets of parents could be there to see her right away. Though we hadn't planned on it, we ended up sending H to the nursery that night because we were both so exhausted and needed to get some sleep...of course I couldn't sleep anyway due to worrying about her, plus being on the adrenaline high, but that's a whole different story!
My doctor was amazing throughout the whole thing - before coming to me, she had only had an emergency c-section & then I was her only patient. She sat on the bottom of my bed the entire time - there are about 10 doctors at the practice and if I could have chosen, she would have been the one that I wanted, so I was SO happy when I knew she would be with me.
We texted Becki to tell her the good news and she cried when she heard the name - she said it was just perfect and she couldn't wait to meet her!
In the end, we said it's almost as though Faithy (our kitty) was like our filler baby - one angel left us just as the other came into our lives...


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Electoral college or popular vote?
Re: "Electoral college is outdated," April 10 editorial
I take extreme exception with your assertion in this editorial, as will anyone who has read transcripts from the Constitutional Convention that produced our form of government, the Electoral College, and the Constitution.
At that convention there were several impasses that almost prevented our ever becoming a nation, and the biggest impediment was how to give smaller states some level of representative equality with the larger ones. That we have both a "House of Representatives" based solely on a state's population that favors the larger states, as well as the "Senate" where every state has equal representation regardless of size is the most obvious compromise needed to get by that impasse. The other major part of this compromise is the Electoral College that you say is "outdated". It too exists to prevent the larger states from dominating the choice of President just from their sheer superiority of population numbers. And the continued need for the Electoral College was explicitly borne out in the 2004 presidential results.
In that election it was not the "blue states" that voted for John Kerry, it was the "blue" cities, as seen in the map depicting counties that voted either "red" or "blue". Specifically, President Bush won 2,540 counties to John Kerry's 583. In land mass, the counties George Bush won comprise 2,540,000 square miles of the country whereas John Kerry's amount to only 592,000. But John Kerry won every city having a population of 500,000 or more. Specific implications of this can be seen in the following examples:
Illinois voted almost completely Republican except for Chicago, which voted for Kerry and in sufficient numbers to give the entire state to him. Michigan voted almost completely Republican except for Detroit, Kalamazoo, and Lansing, which voted for Kerry, and whose numbers were adequate to overwhelm all the votes of the rest of the state. The entire West Coast of the country voted almost entirely Republican except for the cities Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco, Portland, and Seattle, that voted for Kerry and in sufficient numbers to overwhelm the rest of all the votes in those states.
Surely this exemplifies how, and why, the Electoral College and our bicameral form of government are needed to prevent most of the country from being dominated by the cities whose populations exceeded 500,000 people. If the Electoral College is abolished, the largest 35 to 60 cities in the country will determine who the President will be and national level politics dominated by voters who want more services provided in major cities by the government supported with taxes form most of us who will never have access to those benefits.
Our Constitutional Convention participants established a Republic, and not a democracy, explicitly to avoid this "tyranny of the majority", which is the desired outcome of the National Popular Vote campaign. Think of it: if this campaign is successful, the votes by residents of only the 50 or so largest cities will determine who governs the entire country.
As a newspaper, the Denver Post should be ashamed for supporting such an unfair, unrepresentative proposal. It can only harm most of the residents of this state, and in particular all of those who do not live in Denver.
Jerry C Hornbuckle, PhD, Leadville
This letter was not edited.

subset: commoncrawl


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Order of Adam Hall Books
Adam Hall is the best known pseudonym of British author Elleston Trevor [born Trevor Dudley-Smith] (1920-1995), who also wrote as Simon Rattray, Howard North, Roger Fitzalan, Mansell Black, Trevor Burgess, Warwick Scott, Caesar Smith and Lesley Stone. He wrote all sorts of different genres, including spy thrillers, adventure, children's books and more. He is best […]


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ATLANTA -- Christion Jones became the first Alabama player since at least the 1940s to have two returns for touchdowns, Vinnie Sunseri brought back an interception for another TD, and the top-ranked Crimson Tide overcame a sluggish offensive performance to beat Virginia Tech, 35-10, on Saturday.
Jones scored on a 72-yard punt return less than 2 minutes into the game, then scooted loose on a kickoff for a 94-yard touchdown that led the Crimson Tide (1-0) to a win that could've been much tougher to start its quest for an unprecedented third straight national title.
For good measure, the junior receiver also hauled in a 38-yard touchdown pass late in the third quarter to blow it open against the Hokies (0-1), who largely shut down AJ McCarron and Alabama's highly touted offense.
The Tide had just 97 yards total offense at halftime but were up 28-10. McCarron & Co. contributed only one of those TDs, and that came when they worked with a short field after a wobbly Virginia Tech punt.
Sunseri stymied a brief bit of momentum Virginia Tech had after Trey Edmunds broke off a 77-yard touchdown run, cutting Alabama's early lead to 14-7. The Hokies held on defense, but Logan Thomas telegraphed a pass over the middle, Sunseri stepped in to make the pick and, without breaking stride, took it all the way to the end zone for a 38-yard touchdown.
Virginia Tech's last glimmer of hope faded after Cody Journell booted a 39-yard field goal late in the first half. On the ensuing kickoff, Jones appeared to be stopped short of his own 30. Then, suddenly, he burst out from a pack of would-be tacklers and was gone. The return left Virginia Tech coach Frank Beamer — whose program was long known for its stellar special teams — waving his cap and shaking his head in disgust.
Alabama finally put together an impressive offensive series late in the third quarter, capped by McCarron's scoring pass to Jones. Still, the Tide managed just 206 yards on offense, far shy of its 445.5-yard average last season.
McCarron was photographed arriving in Atlanta wearing a boot on his right foot, reportedly because of an ingrown toenail, and he looked a bit off after being the nation's top-rated passer last season. There was an interception — he had only three all of last season — and also a penalty for intentional grounding. He finished 10-of-23 for 110 yards.
T.J. Yeldon rushed for 75 yards on 17 carries, but the Tide finished with just 96 yards on the ground.
No. 2 Ohio State 40, Buffalo 20
COLUMBUS, Ohio -- Second-ranked Ohio State got off to a quick start. After that, it was a bit scary.
Braxton Miller threw two touchdown passes before fighting leg cramps and Jordan Hall ran for two more scores to lead the Buckeyes to a 40-20 victory over Buffalo on Saturday in the season opener for both teams.
The Buckeyes, striving for a crisper start from coach Urban Meyer's debut in 2012, led 23-0 after the first quarter before the Bulls made things interesting. Joe Licata threw two TD passes and linebacker Kahlil Mack returned a Miller interception 45 yards to make it 30-20 in the third quarter.
Miller was sidelined a second time with cramps and sub Kenny Guiton promptly tossed a 21-yard TD pass to Chris Fields.
Hall had a career-high 159 yards rushing, scoring on runs of 37 and 49 yards.
Miller was 15 of 22 passing for 178 yards with TDs of 47 yards to Devin Smith and 7 yards to Chris Fields. He also ran for 77 yards on 17 attempts, although he twice went to the sideline with cramps.
Licata completed 19 of 32 passes for 185 yards and two scores with one interception, with Branden Oliver gaining 73 yards on 26 carries for the Bulls, who were playing Ohio State for the first time ever.
No. 3 Oregon 66, Nicholls State 3
EUGENE, Ore. -- Marcus Mariota threw a touchdown pass and ran for two additional scores and the No. 3 Oregon Ducks made easy work of lower-tier Nicholls with a 66-3 victory in the season opener on Saturday.
Mariota, who set an Oregon record with 38 touchdowns last season as a redshirt freshman, completed 12 of 21 passes for 234 yards before sitting after the third quarter when the Ducks had built a 45-3 lead.
Mariota also ran for 113 yards for his second career game with more than 100 yards rushing.
De'Anthony Thomas ran for 128 yards and two more touchdowns for Oregon in the debut of new head coach Mark Helfrich. Helfrich, the team's former offensive coordinator, was promoted when Chip Kelly left the Ducks in January for the NFL's Philadelphia Eagles.
No. 8 Clemson 38, No. 5 Georgia 35
CLEMSON, S.C. -- Tajh Boyd threw for three touchdowns and rushed for two others, Clemson's defense sacked Aaron Murray four times and the eighth-ranked Tigers stung No. 5 Georgia 38-35 Saturday night.
Boyd had scoring passes of 77 yards to Sammy Watkins, 24 yards to Zac Brooks and 9 yards to Stanton Seckinger. Boyd also added TD runs of 4 and 2 yards to win the lone matchup of top 10 teams in college football's opening weekend.
The Tigers took the lead for good, 31-28, on Chandler Catanzaro's 24-yard field goal in the third quarter. Georgia had a chip-shot try for a tying kick on its next possession, but couldn't get if off after Nathan Theus' bad snap .
Two series later, Boyd led a 12-play, 87-yard TD drive that ended with tight end Seckinger tip-toeing the sidelines to get in.
Georgia's Todd Gurley ran for 154 yards and two touchdowns.
No. 7 Texas A&M 52, Rice 31
COLLEGE STATION, Texas -- Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Manziel served his suspension for No. 7 Texas A&M in the first half on Saturday against Rice.
In the second half he hit the ground running — and apparently running his mouth, too — as he threw three touchdown passes and scrambled for 19 yards and the Aggies wrapped up a lopsided 52-31 win over the Owls.
He was suspended until halftime for what the school said was an "inadvertent" violation of NCAA rules involving signing autographs.
His first touchdown of the season came on a 23-yard pass to Mike Evans on A&M's next drive. Manziel scrambled for eight yards on third-and-7 on the play before the score and appeared to mimic a signing motion while talking to a Rice defender after getting up from the tackle.
He drew an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty after a touchdown throw in the fourth quarter when he was jawing with the defense again and then pointed at the scoreboard. He was replaced by Matt Joeckel on A&M's last drive.
Joeckel started at quarterback for A&M and threw for 190 yards and a touchdown to help the Aggies lead 28-21 at halftime. Manziel came in on Texas A&M's first offensive play of the second half and the Aggies capped his first drive with a 44-yard field goal.
Manziel was being investigated for allegedly accepting money for autographs from memorabilia brokers, a violation of NCAA rules that could have led to a much longer suspension.
No. 10 Florida 24, Toledo 6GAINESVILLE, Fla. -- Mack Brown had a career day, Jeff Driskel was efficient and No. 10 Florida opened the season with a 24-6 victory over Toledo on Saturday.
Brown ran 25 times for 112 yards and two touchdowns. Driskel completed 17 of 22 passes for 153 yards and a score. And Florida's defense, which ranked fifth in the country in 2012, looked every bit as good as last year's version despite losing eight starters and its coordinator.
The Gators controlled both lines of scrimmage, opening holes for Brown and keeping steady pressure on Toledo's experienced spread offense. It was exactly the style of play Florida has become known for under third-year coach Will Muschamp. No flashiness. Few highlight-reel plays. But a win in the end. It was Florida's 24th consecutive season-opening victory, the second-longest active streak in the country. Only Nebraska (27) has a longer current run.
No. 13 Oklahoma State 21, Mississippi State 3
HOUSTON -- J.W. Walsh threw for 135 yards and ran for another 125 and a touchdown to lead the No. 13 Oklahoma State Cowboys to a 21-3 win over the Mississippi State Bulldogs in the Texas Kickoff Saturday.
Walsh finished 18 of 27 after relieving starter Clint Chelf on the Cowboys' third series. Jeremy Smith rushed for 102 yards and two touchdowns on 15 carries for Oklahoma State (1-0), which piled up 432 yards on offense after struggling for most of the first half.
Tyler Russell 10 of 16 for 133 yards before being helped off the field and taken to the locker room in the third quarter after being brought down on a scramble. Dak Prescott replaced Russell, throwing for 89 yards on seven of 17 passing. LaDarius Perkins rushed for 50 yards on 16 carries and caught three passes for 52 yards for the Bulldogs (0-1).
No. 14 Notre Dame 28, Temple 6
SOUTH BEND, Ind. -- Tommy Rees threw a pair of 32-yard touchdown passes to DaVaris Daniels, a 66-yard scoring pass to Troy Niklas and Notre Dame had three quick scoring drives en route to a 28-6 victory over Temple on Saturday.
The 14th-ranked Irish jumped to a 14-0 lead on a pair of three-play drives on its opening two possessions and appeared headed for a blowout. But when the Notre Dame offense stalled, Temple squandered a pair of scoring chances, with Jim Cooper Jr. missing a pair of field goals. An unsettled feeling settled in at Notre Dame Stadium when Kenny Harper scored on a 1-yard run to cut the lead to 14-6. The Irish regained control, however, with Niklas' TD with 43 seconds left in the half.
The victory by the Irish (1-0) was the 200th career win for coach Brian Kelly. The Owls (0-1) fell to 2-76 all-time against ranked opponents.
No. 15 Texas 56, New Mexico State 7
AUSTIN, Texas -- David Ash threw four touchdown passes and ran for another as the No. 15 Texas shook off a slow start to roll over New Mexico State, 56-7, on Saturday night.
Ash threw two interceptions in the second quarter and the Longhorns' new up-tempo offense stalled as the Aggies took a 7-0 lead. Ash then connected on touchdown passes of 54 and 66 yards to John Harris and Daje (duh-jay) Johnson in the final two minutes of the first half.
In the third quarter, Ash turned a scramble into a 55-yard touchdown and passed to Malcolm Brown for a 74-yard score. After falling behind, Texas (1-0) scored 35 points on 15 snaps and finished with a school-record 715 total yards with Ash accounting for 434.
Andrew McDonald was 32-of-46 passing with one touchdown, but also had two turnovers for the Aggies (0-1), who went 1-11 last season.
No. 16 Oklahoma 34, Louisiana Monroe 0
NORMAN, Okla. -- Trevor Knight rushed for 103 yards on 13 carries and threw three touchdown passes - two to Jalen Saunders - in his first start and No. 16 Oklahoma beat Louisiana Monroe, 34-0, on Saturday night.
Oklahoma gave Coach Bob Stoops his 150th career win, putting him seven behind Barry Switzer on the Sooners' career coaching wins list. Oklahoma is 5-0 under Stoops in August games and 14-1 in home openers, having lost only to Texas Christian in 2005.
Knight became the first Oklahoma quarterback to rush for 100 or more yards in a game since Jason White had 117 yards rushing against Kansas on Oct. 13, 2001.
Louisiana Monroe upset then-No. 8 Arkansas on the road to open the 2012 season, but the Warhawks didn't get untracked offensively against a revamped Oklahoma defense. The Warhawks crossed midfield only twice and recorded only nine first downs and 166 yards of offense.
No. 17 Michigan 59, Central Michigan 9
ANN ARBOR, Mich. -- Devin Gardner ran for two touchdowns and threw for another in the first half as No. 17 Michigan went on to beat Central Michigan, 59-9.
It was the highest-scoring opener for the Wolverines (1-0) since 1905, when they beat Ohio Wesleyan 65-0. They will face a tougher test against No. 14 Notre Dame next week at home in a prime-time game.
The Chippewas (0-1) fell behind 35-6 at halftime Saturday. After they gave up five straight TDs, Ron Coluzzi's third field goal made it 56-9 with 3:12 left in the game. Gardner was 10 of 15 for 162 yards with a 16-yard TD pass to Jeremy Gallon and two interceptions. He ran for a 22-yard score midway through the first quarter when Michigan led by just four points and had a 4-yard TD on the ground late in the first half.
No. 18 Nebraska 37, Wyoming 34
LINCOLN, Neb. -- Ameer Abdullah and Imani Cross each ran for more than 100 yards, Taylor Martinez passed for three touchdowns and 18th-ranked Nebraska survived two late turnovers to defeat Wyoming, 37-34, on Saturday night.
The Cornhuskers, who won their nation-leading 28th straight opener, scored on four of five possessions after trailing 14-10 early in the second quarter and then had to hang on as Wyoming made it a game to the end.
The Cowboys converted two late Nebraska turnovers into touchdowns to pull within 37-34 with 1:32 left. Nebraska recovered the onside kick after Brett Smith's 47-yard TD pass to Robert Herron. Wyoming's defense held, and the Cowboys got the ball back on their 6 with 1:07 to play, but time ran out on them before they could even get to midfield.
No. 23 Wisconsin 45, Massachusetts 0
MADISON, Wis. -- Melvin Gordon ran for 144 yards, James White added 143 and No. 23 Wisconsin's revamped defense pitched a shutout in coach Gary Andersen's debut for a 45-0 win Saturday over Massachusetts.
Gordon and White padded their totals by each running for touchdowns of at least 51 yards for the Badgers, who didn't stray far from their trademark rushing attack with the defensive-minded Andersen now pacing the sideline.
Joel Stave overcame a slow start at quarterback to connect with Jared Abbrederis for two long touchdown passes in the second half.
UMass was simply overmatched against the Big Ten's three-time defending champion. The Minutemen are only in their second year as a major college program, and they had to play Saturday with running back Jordan Broadnax and tight end Rob Blanchflower out with injuries.
Stacey Bedell finished with 70 yards on 19 carries for UMass.
Eastern Washington 49, No. 25 Oregon State 46
CORVALLIS, Ore. -- Vernon Adams passed for 411 yards and ran for 107 and the go-ahead score with 18 seconds left as Eastern Washington upset No. 25 Oregon State, 49-46, on Saturday to become the third FCS team to beat a ranked FBS team.
Adams overwhelmed the Beavers in a performance sure to attract attention around the nation. He threw for four touchdowns and ran for two, completing 23 of 30 passes despite leaving the game twice — once with cramping and a second time after taking a hard hit near the sideline.
Adams returned, though, and scored on a 2-yard run to put the Eagles up 49-46. It was the first time a team from the Football Championship Subdivision has defeated a ranked team from the Football Bowl Subdivision since James Madison beat Virginia Tech in September 2010.
Sean Mannion threw for 422 yards and Brandin Cooks had 13 catches for 196 yards for the Beavers.
Northern Illinois 30, Iowa 27
IOWA CITY, Iowa -- Mathew Sims hit a 36-yard field goal with four seconds left and Northern Illinois rallied to beat Iowa, 30-27, on Saturday in the season opener for both teams.
Jordan Lynch threw for 275 yards and three touchdowns for the Huskies, who scored 10 points in the final 5:05 to record their first win over the Hawkeyes.
Northern Illinois cornerback Jimmie Ward intercepted Iowa's Jake Rudock with 1:17 left. He brought it to the Hawkeyes 30-yard line, setting up the game-winning kick from Sims.
Rudock threw for 256 yards, a touchdown and two picks in his debut for Iowa, which lost its seventh straight game dating back to last season.
The Hawkeyes also lost their first opener since 2000.
Northern Iowa 28, Iowa State 20
AMES, Iowa -- David Johnson ran for a career-high 199 yards and two touchdowns and caught passes for two more scores to lead Northern Iowa past Iowa State 28-20 on Saturday night.
Northern Iowa, seeking a return to the FCS playoffs after a rare losing record in 2012, jumped to a 21-7 lead on a steamy Midwest evening and handed Iowa State its first season-opening loss in five seasons under coach Paul Rhoads. It was just the fifth victory for the Panthers in 28 games with the Cyclones, who are coming off two straight bowl appearances.
Iowa State drew to 21-20 on Cole Netten's third-quarter field goals of 23 and 38 yards, the first of his career. But Johnson caught a short pass from Kollmorgen, slipped through three defenders and went 29 yards for a touchdown early in the fourth quarter for an eight-point lead that held up.
Penn State 23, Syracuse 17
EAST RUTHERFORD, N.J. -- Christian Hackenberg threw two touchdown passes in his first college game and the freshman led Penn State to 23-17 victory against Syracuse on Saturday.
Hackenberg went 22 for 31 for 278 yards with two interceptions and became the second freshman to start a Penn State opener at quarterback since 1910.
The 18-year-old blue chip recruit hit Eugene Lewis with a deep pass down the middle and the receiver reached into the end zone for a 54-yard score that made it 23-10 with 11:39 left in the fourth quarter. Hackenberg also hooked up with Allen Robinson on a 51-yard touchdown in the third quarter.
Robinson, Penn State's leading receiver last season, unexpectedly did not play in the first half, but finished with seven catches for 133 yards.
Oklahoma transfer Drew Allen got the start at quarterback for new Syracuse coach Scott Shafer, and finished 16 for 37 for 189 yards.
Air Force 38, Colgate 13
AIR FORCE ACADEMY, Colo. -- Broam Hart and Jon Lee each went over 100 yards and scored twice to help Air Force open the season with a 38-13 win over Colgate on Saturday.
As they customarily do, the Falcons relied heavily on their ground game, amassing 409 yards. Lee finished with 130 yards and Hart added 101, becoming the first Air Force tandem to eclipse the 100-yard mark since 2009.
Backup quarterback Jaleel Awini was solid in relief of injured starter Kale Pearson as Air Force improved to 7-0 in openers under coach Troy Calhoun.
A young Air Force squad trailed the Raiders by a touchdown early, before scoring 38 straight points to take command of the game. Pearson was effective in running the option offense in his first career start, only to suffer what appeared to be a right knee injury on a running play late in the second quarter.
North Carolina State 40, Louisiana Tech 14
RALEIGH, N.C. -- Freshman Matt Dayes ran for 84 yards and three touchdowns to help North Carolina State beat Louisiana Tech 40-14 on Saturday in its first game under coach Dave Doeren.
Tony Creecy also scored for the Wolfpack (1-0), who scored the first 24 points with Doeren's no-huddle offense and led comfortably all afternoon.
Still, an early left foot injury to starting quarterback Brandon Mitchell put a damper on the afternoon. Mitchell, who beat out Pete Thomas for the job during training camp, directed N.C. State to touchdowns on its first two possessions before leaving midway through the opening quarter.
Mitchell returned to the sideline late in the first half on crutches and wearing a protective boot.
Kenneth Dixon ran for 118 yards and a touchdown for the Bulldogs (0-1), who lost their first game under new coach Skip Holtz.
West Virgini 24, William & Mary 17
MORGANTOWN, W.Va. -- Wendell Smallwood scored on a 2-yard run with 3:22 left and West Virginia needed a second-half comeback to beat William & Mary 24-17 on Saturday.
Houston transfer Charles Sims rushed for 120 yards and a score in his West Virginia debut and the Mountaineers mustered enough offense to earn their 10th straight win to start a season.
William & Mary's Michael Graham threw for one touchdown and ran for another. The Tribe built a 17-7 lead but were held out of the end zone after halftime.
West Virginia's Paul Millard made his first start at quarterback and threw a 69-yard touchdown pass to Ronald Carswell late in the third quarter that tied the score at 17-17. After Smallwood's touchdown, Darwin Cook intercepted Graham at the William & Mary 40, and West Virginia ran out the clock.
Boston College 24, Villanova 14
BOSTON -- Alex Amidon had 13 catches for 146 yards and a touchdown as Boston College recovered from a slow start to beat Villanova 24-14 on Saturday and win its first game under coach Steve Addazio.
Andre Williams ran for 114 yards on 23 carries for the Eagles (1-0), who won just twice last season and fired coach Frank Spaziani.
John Robertson ran for 94 yards and passed for 158 more for Villanova (0-1). Jamal Abdur-Rahman caught one TD pass and had a 47-yard touchdown run on a fake punt on the game's opening drive. The Wildcats, a top 10 team in the Football Championship Subdivision, also led 14-7 before Boston College scored the next 17 points. The Eagles took the lead for good on a two-play drive that included a 36-yard pass to Bobby Wolford and a 24-yard run by Williams to make it 21-14.
Cincinnati 42, Purdue 7
CINCINNATI -- Munchie Legaux regained his job as the starting quarterback and had a solid showing on Saturday, throwing for a touchdown and running for another in Cincinnati's 42-7 victory over Purdue — the Boilermakers' worst opening loss in 17 years.
Legaux's dual-threat performance highlighted a game featuring new coaches and a new league — Cincinnati (1-0) in the American Athletic Conference. The Bearcats were sharp their first time under Tommy Tuberville.
Legaux was back at quarterback because incumbent Brendon Kay has been limited by a sore passing shoulder. He was 13 of 20 for 146 yards. Purdue (0-1) got a whole new offense under Darrell Hazell, and it didn't work. The Boilermakers took their most lopsided defeat since a 52-14 loss at Michigan State in 1996.


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Top Mount Barn Door Hardware Kit - Single Door
- Description
With a minimalist approach, the Top mount barn door hardware leaves the door face exposed and is fastened from the top of the door, allowing for your door to be the feature.
Top Mount Barn Door Hardware Kit Contents
- (2) Door Hangers
- (1) Track - choose your length*
- (2) Stops
- (2) Door Guides - channel guide and concealed guide
- All necessary fasteners for mounting door and track
- Installation Instructions
*The track does not come pre-drilled. Any track size over 9 feet will be a two piece track.
- Installation Information
Traditional Bent Hanger and Modern Flat Barn Door Hardware Install
Tools required for sliding door hardware installation
- drill
- 1/4 inch drill bit (used to drill into your wall)
- 3/8 inch drill bit (used to drill the track and your door) note: preferably standard HSS or cobalt Bit
- Phillips head drill bit
- tape measure
- pencil
- level
- socket wrench and sockets
- hammer
- metal Punch or any type of Nail
- painters Tape (recommended for kits with a powder-coated finish)
- circular saw (used for cutting groove in the bottom of your door. This is optional depending on choice of floor guide)
1- track
2- pre Assembled door hanger
4 -2 inch bolts along with washers and nuts. (for hanger wheel attachment to door)
6- 1 1/2 in spacers (to space track from wall)
6- 5 in lag screws (to anchor track to wall)
2- track stops (to stop the door from rolling off the track)
2- 3/4 inch bolts along with washers and nuts (for attachment of track stops to track)
1- concealed door guide (wood screws for installation)
1- channel door guide
Determining placement *Before track installation you will need to identify secure points to attach your door track. For typical wall installation it is imperative that you install your track by securing your lag screws into the wall studs.
Determine the positioning of your sliding door. Set the door in place and space your door 1/2 inch off the floor (a 1/2 inch piece of leftover building material i.e. plywood / drywall works best. The track you have purchased should be at least two times the size of your sliding barn door. At this point you will need to designate which side you want the door to slide and favor that side when hanging the track. Have an assistant help you hold your track above the door and place one of the door hanger wheels along the track in order to determine the height of the track placement relative to the door. Please note there must be at least 2 1/2 inches of space between the wheel bottoms and the top of the door. Ensure that the track is level and make a faint line at the bottom of the track with a pencil at this height mark (your pilot holes for your lag screws will be placed 3/4 inch above this line) Now you can install.
Track Installation
- Locate the positioning of the lag bolts. Along your height line, mark the locations of your studs. Be sure to make your marks 3/4 inch above this line. This is the location of the pilot holes. Please know that stud locations will vary according to installation.
- Temporarily hold the track above the door. Mark the track with corresponding marks to your pilot hole marks. These marks should be in the center of the track.
- With a 1/4 inch drill bit, drill holes in your wall where your pilot hole marks have been made.
- With a 3/8 inch drill bit, drill the holes in the track where the bolts will be installed, then drill a 3/8 in. hole on the end of each track. (this will be for the track stops). If your metal track has a powder-coated finish, be sure to tape the surrounding areas where your drilling points will be with painters tape in order to prevent shards of metal from scratching the finish.
Tip: Before drilling through the metal use a nail/screw and hammer to make a punch mark at your points where you will drill. This will help avoid "walking" of the drill bit when drilling through the track. Also, be sure to use adequate pressure and a slower drill speed.
5. Once the holes are drilled, use a socket wrench to attach the 4 1/2 inch lag bolts to the wall through the drilled holes and the 1 1/2 inch spacers.
6. Place the track stops at the end of both sides of the track, with the angle outward, by using the 3/4 inch bolts, washers and nuts.
Door Installation
1. Locate the desired position of your door hangers on your door. Ensure there is enough clearance for the track. Please note there must be at least 2 1/2 inches of space between the wheel bottoms and the top of the door.
2. Make appropriate markings. Drill through your door with a 3/8 inch drill bit at these marks.
3. Before hanging the door you will need to prepare the door for the bottom door guide. There are two methods of installation. Choose one method a or b.
a. Concealed door guide installation - (this is the L-shaped piece that has two small recessed holes) Cut a groove in the bottom of the door using your circular saw. The groove should be 3/16 inch wide and 3/4 inch deep. You will likely need to make two passes with the saw. Place the door gently on the track. Ensure your door is of equal clearance from the wall at both the top and bottom of the door. Steady the door. Line the door guide up with the groove in the door at the corner of the door to the side in which it will be sliding. Before determining the door guides final resting point make sure you open and close the door to ensure the door remains on the guide at all times. Hold the guide in place, remove the door, then screw the piece into the floor with the provided screws.
b. Channel door guide - (this is the U-shaped piece that has two recessed holes) Place the door gently on the track. Ensure your door is of equal clearance from the wall at both the top and bottom of the door. Steady the door. Line the door guide up with the groove in the door at the corner of the door to the side in which it will be sliding. Before determining the door guides final resting point make sure you open and close the door to ensure the door remains on the guide at all times. Hold the guide in place, remove the door, then screw the piece into the floor with the provided screws.
4. Re-hang your sliding door. Test. Admire.
- Reviews


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Inspired by "Peace Out" from designer Kelly Alford of Iota
Project maker: Judy Sams Sohn
4—16" square butterfly panel sections or 1 yard theme print (pillow top)
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Finished pillow: 37" square
Quantities are for 44/45"-wide, 100% cotton fabrics.
Measurements include 1/2" seam allowances. Sew with right sides together unless otherwise stated. {C}


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Harry D. Wedel
Harry D. Wedel, 87, of Durham died Monday. He was born Feb. 14, 1925, to C.C. and Helen (Ratzloff) Wedel in rural Moundridge.
He was a farmer and road maintenance worker. He married Lela Jantz on Dec. 21, 1947, in Livingston, Calif.
He is survived by his wife, Lela Wedel of Durham; six daughters, Sheryle Rhodes of Tampa, Jane Unruh of Lehigh, Donita Rhodes of Tampa, Jenalee Becker of Canton, Karleen Koehn of Galva, and Karletta Wiebe of Tampa; a brother, Arthur Wedel of Tampa; 21 grandchildren; and 37 great-grandchildren.
Services are scheduled for 10:30 a.m. Friday at Morning Star Church, rural Tampa. Burial will be in Logan Township Cemetery, rural Tampa. Visitation will be 5 to 7 p.m. Thursday at the church.
Last modified Dec. 19, 2012


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Kevin Becker
Research & Publications
Patient Care
I attended the State University of New York at Stony Brook where I obtained a B.S. in Pharmacology and was a member of the first graduating class in the Pharmacological Science Program. While attending Stony Brook I began basic science research in the area of lipid-dependent signaling. My work led to fellowships from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Sciences Foundations, and American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. After graduation I entered the Medical Scientist Training Program (M.D.-Ph.D) at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleson. I obtained my Ph.D. under the mentorship of Dr. Yusuf Hannun in the area of lipid biochemistry and molecular biology. This work led to two funded fellowships and ten publications of which five were first author. After graduation in 2005, I entered into an internship in medicine at Yale-New Haven Hospital and completed a residency in Neurology in 2009. I then entered a fellowship in Neuro-Oncology at Yale-New Hospital under the mentorship of Dr. Joachim Baehring. I was appointed Clinical Instructor in Neurology, January 2011. I was promoted to Assistant Professor of Neurology, Division of Medical Neuro-Oncology July 2011. My faculty recruitment to the Division of Neuro-Oncology is part of a larger plan spear-headed by Yale-New Haven Hospital, the Smilow Cancer Center, and Department of Neurology to establish the Division of Medical Neuro-Oncology as a major referral center for patients with primary brain tumors. As part of my hiring, my role will be to develop the clinical trials program for the Division of Neuro-Oncology focusing on novel therapeutics.
Education & Training
- MDUniversity of South Carolina College of Medicine (2005)
- BSSUNY at Stonybrook (1995)
- FellowshipYale University School of Medicine
- ResidencyYale-New Haven Hospital
- Board CertificationAB of Psychiatry & Neurology, Neurology (2010)


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October 08, 2007
LOS ANGELES - As a second year doctoral student at MIT, Felipe Caro began having regular discussions with Jeremie Gallien, an associate professor at the Sloan School of Management, about the unique supply chain challenges faced by the Spanish clothing retailer Zara. The discussions became more frequent and Gallien eventually became Caro's advisor.
"Zara is well-known in the operations management field," says Caro, who is now an assistant professor at UCLA Anderson. "They represent what is called Fast-Fashion. Zara can move an item from design to the shelves in four to six weeks while traditional retailers can take six or nine months."
That speed allows Zara to introduce more products during the selling season. The company is reported to stock some 11,000 items during a season compared with just a few thousand items at most stores. Zara takes items off the shelves just as fast. If a key size, typically medium, sells out, the item goes to the back room so that customers are not disappointed to find their size missing.
Caro says there was a gap in the operations management literature since most research in the field dealt with traditional apparel retailers whose long lead times force them to guess what will be selling many months later. "With reduced lead times," says Caro. "Zara has real-time sales information they can use to modify the product assortment. If they see that certain colors are selling better, or customers are buying a round neck instead of a v-neck, they can quickly make adjustments."
So Caro set about developing a mathematical model that uses sales data and other inputs to determine the optimal assortment of products to place on a store's shelves. The project resulted in his doctoral thesis. "My thesis was about what we called the 'dynamic assortment problem,'" continues Caro, "and I was very interested in seeing if it would actually work in practice. I established contact with a Zara representative named Jose Antonio Ramos and sent him my thesis."
Caro, who is from Chile, quickly received a reply in his native language inviting him to make a presentation to company executives and the distribution team. So he and Professor Gallien from MIT traveled to Spain in July, 2005. "Zara has information systems and procedures to ship garments," says Caro, "but they had never used optimization models. We showed them the impact of these models in other industries and described the possible benefits for them."
Zara executives told Caro that their immediate need was to determine the quantities of items to be shipped each week from the firm's two main warehouses in Spain to the network of stores. "They were very good at deciding what items to put on the shelves," he says, "but they were facing more urgent challenges in terms of quantities. So, given the products in the warehouses, we started looking into all the details that come into play and finally developed an inventory allocation model."
The Zara allocation model was developed after Caro became an assistant professor at UCLA Anderson. During this time, Mr. Ramos continued to serve as Caro's liaison with Zara and as the champion of the project.
Implementation involved coding the model and linking it to databases containing sales data, orders from store managers, warehouse inventory and a variety of other inputs. Much of this work was done by a student intern named Juan Correa who became a key contributor to the project. "Models like this are very objective," says Caro. "In this case, our model maximized the sales of the entire network and not just the sales of a specific store. It looks for the global optimum rather than having each store manager trying to optimize locally."
At first, the completed model was used in just one of the main warehouses to allocate a few representative products. The other warehouse was unchanged to serve as a control. "Then, using a well-established statistical methodology," says Caro, "we were able to document a three to four percent sales increase using our model with almost no additional costs." For Zara, this is pure profit that goes directly to the bottom line.
Based on these results, Zara executives decided to implement the model at a full scale. This took place in early 2007. Now, every item in all Zara stores is shipped using this model.
Caro believes the model offers great potential for many other retailers -- particularly those trying to make complex decisions in short time frames. But for now, there is more work to be done at Zara where executives have asked Caro and Gallien to develop a mathematical model to determine the timing and magnitude of price markdowns during clearance sales. "That's a work in progress," he says, "but we hope to have a model by the end of this year."
Click here to read Felipe Caro's paper, "Inventory Management of a Fast-Fashion Retail Network."
About UCLA Anderson School of Management
UCLA Anderson School of Management, established in 1935, is regarded among the very best business schools in the world. UCLA Anderson faculty are ranked #1 in "intellectual capital" by BusinessWeek and are renowned for their teaching excellence and research in advancing management thinking. Each year, UCLA Anderson provides management education to more than 1,600 students enrolled in MBA, Executive MBA, Fully-Employed MBA and doctoral programs, and to more than 2,000 professional managers through executive education programs. Combining highly selective admissions, varied and innovative learning programs, and a world-wide network of 35,000 alumni, UCLA Anderson develops and prepares global leaders.


text:
Information guide for exchange students
IMPORTANT: We have noticed a problem with sending emails to HOTMAIL domain. The MUW server has no influance on the issue. For proper communication with the International Relations Office we encorege you to use other email domain!
Erasmus code: PL WARSZAW06
Institution website www.wum.edu.pl
On-line REGISTRATION and On-line COURSE APPLICATION
To make the application process as easy as possible, we have introduced ONLINE APPLIACTION. It consists of 1) online registration, 2) online course application and 3) preparation of the individual course timetable. All necessary information on the application process is available on the university website: http://www.wum.edu.pl/en/international-cooperation/llp-erasmus/application-procedure-incoming-exchange-students
NOTE: number of available places per course is limited. Therefore, the following report may appear while applying:
'waiting list' means that due to limited number of places per course, the course might be available provided that we manage to organize a special group. You should be aware of possible rejections and necessity of modifications of your study program."
Course catalogue
The university has long tradition of medical education in English. There are two medical programs: 6-year and 4-year program. Both of them are available for exchange students. Courses can be chosen from different years of study.
NOTE: To receive full credit and a grade, students are obliged to fulfill the reqirements (including final exams) stated in the Rules of Studies of the Medical University of Warsaw. Rules of Studies - an extract
NOTE: Due to clinics commitment in the didactic process, clerkships and clinical rotations are impossible during the whole academic year.
NOTE: In addition to the online registration (Learning Agreeemnt), each exchange student creates his/her individual timetable where selects courses again. The individual course timetables are prepared according to the English Division timetables which are sent to the exchange students by email before beginning of the semester. The indiv. timetable is a basic tool to apply for particular courses at the departments responsible for teaching. Therefore, the proposed study program (Learning Agreement) is only provisionally approved before arrival in Warsaw as there may be possible modifications of the learning agreement caused by overlaps, unavailability of courses etc. In this case you have to consult the coordinator of home university about necessary Changes to Learning Agreement. The final appoval of the plan of study is made based on acceptance/refusal of the department responsible for teaching.
The number of English Division study groups ranges between 1 and 5 depending on the course and program of study (6-year or 4-year program). Please be aware that it affects also the number of available places for exchange students.
We regret to inform you that due to the construction works starting at the student house in July 2018, there will be no possibility to stay at the university dorm in the winter semester 2018/2019. Neither double or triple rooms will be available to exchange students. We are sorry for the inconveniences.
Information for the second semester 2018/2019:
Reservation of places in the university student house (dormitory) is made within the on-line application. 'First come first served' rule is applied based on the order of the online registration.
The university provides fully furnished and equipped double rooms with kitchen and bathroom in the university residence - Dom Studenta BIS 2, ul. Karolkowa 84. However, the number of rooms for exchange students is limited. The university can assist in searching for private accommodation in Warsaw in case of problems with getting a room in the student residence.
There is no need to pay a deposit in advance. The first payment will be required upon arrival in Warsaw. It is paid to the bank account defined by the dormitories administration after check in. Accommodation cost in 2015/2016 is – 570 PLN / person / month (double room).
Contact and email housing confirmation: firstname.lastname@example.com; email@example.com
Insurance & Student Card
Each exchange student is obliged to posses health insurance. For EU/EFTA citizens European Health Insurance Card is required. The students from non-EU/EEA countries should purchase health insurance in their home country, before departure. According to state health regulations foreigners (except the EU/EEA citizens, see above) have to pay for a medical consultation. The cost is then reimbursed by the health insurance company. Apart from academic and public medical care system there is also a well-developed private sector. The costs of private medical care may be reimbursed if a student has purchased a health insurance policy in his/her country before departure.
For non EU/EFTA citizens (e.g. Turkey) a private health insurance is necessary. Make sure that the agreement with insurance company ensures reimbursement of costs of treatment abroad.
Student Card
ISIC – International Student Identity Card is recommended. It covers additional insurance – liability, accident – and gives 50% of discount for Warsaw public transport. ISIC card can be obtained in the home country.
The Student Card of the Medical University of Warsaw entitles to discounts of 50% for public transport and demonstrates all rights that students of our university posses. We need one photograph of a student in order to prepare it. The card is issued several days upon registration at the MUW International Relations Office. The student can not use student tickets without one of the above mentioned student cards. In this case a normal ticket should be purchased.
University health centre
The university outpatient clinic is open every day, holiday and at night. The student has to possess European Health Insurance Card or private health insurance while registering for doctor appointment – see above.
Address: Centrum Medyczne Warszawskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego
ul. Banacha 1a, Blok F, 1st floor
- connection by tram number 1 from the student residence – 'Żytnia' stop to 'Banacha' stop.
- Monday to Friday 8 am – 6 pm by phone: 22 250 28 01 extension 2 or at the registration desk; from 6 pm directly at the registration desk
- Saturday, Sunday, holiday, night by phone: 22 250 28 01 extension 2 or at the registration desk
- e-mail: email@example.com
- map: http://www.cmwum.pl/index.php?page=kontakt
Arrival in Warsaw
The incoming student should send detailed information about arrival (date, time, number of the flight, place of departure and arrival) at least 2 weeks in advance to: firstname.lastname@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com
Students from the Erasmus Student Network will meet the incoming student at the place of arrival and guide her/him to the place of residence.
Other practical information
For general information about Poland, its geography, customs, climate etc visit the website: www.poland.travel/en
Warsaw: www.warsawtour.pl/en
Public transportation in Warsaw - travel planner, bus, tram, metro timetables, tickets – ZTM www.ztm.waw.pl
Public transport journey planner in Warsaw: www.warszawa.jakdojade.pl
Public holidays
New Year's Day 1st January
Three Kings Day 6th January
Easter Sunday and Monday in March/ April
Labour Day 1st May
Constitution Day 3rd May
Corpus Christi Thursday in May/ June
Feast of Assumption Day 15th August
All Saints' Day 1st November
Independence Day 11th November
Christmas 25th - 26th December
University Student Residence:
Dom Studenta BIS 2
ul. Karolkowa 84
01-193 Warszawa
The nearest Post Office
Urząd Pocztowy 137
ul. Wolność 7
phone: (+48 22) 862 43 03
The nearest Police Station
Komenda Rejonowa Warszawa IV
ul. Żytnia 36
phone: (+48 22) 603 72 55
Emergency phone calls
If you have a serious problem use the free emergency numbers to call for help. Please note – there are not many English speaking operators.
Police - 997
Fire Brigade - 998
Ambulance - 999 When using a mobile phone dial - 112
Legalization of stay / Visa
EU/EEA citizens
Temporary residence permit
An EU citizen can enter Poland with his/her ID document (a valid travel document e.g. passport, or another document certifying his/her identity and citizenship).
For stay up to 3 months no legalisation of stay will be necessary. For stays exceeding 3 months, an EU citizen will have to obtain a temporary residence permit (Karta pobytu obywatela UE). In case of students, the residence permit is issued for one year. The residence permit - once issued - will also entitle its bearer to take up work. The residence permit and the right to work also extends to the immediate family - i.e. spouse and children.
This document will be issued by the Department of Citizens Affairs of the Voivodeship Office (province administration, in Polish Urząd Wojewódzki).
Temporary Residence Card will allow you to cross the Polish border as many times as you wish.
Note: In order to prolong your stay, you need to apply for a Temporary Stay Card 45 days before your visa expires.
What documents do I need to submit?
- 3 copies of the application for a temporary residence permit completed in accordance with the instructions;
- 4 recent colour photographs, undamaged, size 45x35 mm, made in the last six months on a plain white background, with good focus, clearly showing the eyes and face from the top of the head to the top of the shoulders; the face should occupy 70-80% of the photograph; the photograph should show the person looking straight ahead with their eyes open, not covered by hair, with a natural facial expression and mouth closed:
Foreigners with congenital or acquired vision defects may attach a photograph showing them wearing glasses with dark lenses. In such a case, the application must be accompanied by evidence of disability, and in its absence, the foreigner's statement of having a disability.
Foreigners wearing a headdress in accordance with the principles of their religion may attach a photograph in the headdress, as long as the face is fully visible. In this case, the application must be accompanied by the foreigner's statement of belonging to a religious community.
- A valid travel document (2 photocopies);
- Confirmation from the university of acceptance for studies or continuation of studies, or a certificate of participation in training course;
- Proof of payment of the required tuition/course fee, if they are payable;
- Documents confirming having health insurance or coverage by the insurer of the cost of treatment in Poland;
- Evidence of sufficient funds to cover the costs of living and return travel to the country of origin or residence and the cost of tuition/ training course.
Citizens of the EEA countries are subject to the same conditions as the EU citizens.
The citizens of Switzerland can enter Poland only on the basis of a valid passport.
See also the web site of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, international version, or the Polish Embassies in Europe - www.msz.gov.pl
Non-EU/EEA citizens
A citizen of a non-EU/EEA country can enter the territory of Poland on the basis of a valid travel document (passport) and a visa (if required). A citizen of a non-EU country has to obtain the visa from the consulate of Poland in his/her country of residence. The short-term visa entitles to stay in Poland up to 3 months, the long-term visa - up to 1 year. The prolongation of visa in Poland is only possible in case of a force majeure or situation impossible to foresee while applying for the visa in the consulate. The visa can be prolonged only once.
It is therefore necessary to apply for a visa in a consulate for the whole planned period of stay in Poland.
For details please contact the Polish Embassies in Europe - www.msz.gov.pl
Persons who have received a visa for the whole period of stay in Poland are not obliged to apply for a residence permit for their stay in Poland.
Note: In order to prolong your stay, you need to apply for a Temporary Stay Card 45 days before your visa expires.
Term/semester dates
Winter semester: beginning of October – the end of January
Summer semester: middle of February – the end of June
Application deadlines
15 May for Winter semester, full academic year
25 November for Summer semester
Prof. Anna Barańczyk-Kuźma, MD, PhD – Institutional Erasmus Coordinator
Ms. Lidia Przepióra-Dziewulska, MA - Head - International Relations Office
Phone: +48 22 57 20 219, Fax.+48 22 57 20 455; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Contact for incoming students
Ms. Hanna Wojtasik e-mail: email@example.com Phone: +48 22 57 20 370
Ms. Katarzyna Szałapska-Kręcioch e-mail: email@example.com; Phone: +48 22 57 20 348
Contact for outgoing students
Ms. Marta Rutkowska e-mail: email@example.com; phone: +48 22 57 20 360
Ms. Agnieszka Wroczyńska-Gulik e-mail: email@example.com ; phone: +48 22 57 20 312
Contact for university staff exchange
Ms. Dorota Niewczas e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; phone: +48 22 57 20 379
Address / fax.
International Relations Office
Medical University of Warsaw
61 Żwirki i Wigury St. 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
Fax.+48 22 57 20 455


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text:
Cuba Population: 11,179,99510 VISITORS FROM HERE!
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|The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the European discovery of the island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru. Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement and occasional rebellions that were harshly suppressed. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 assisted the Cubans in overthrowing Spanish rule. The Treaty of Paris established Cuban independence from Spain in 1898 and, following three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba became an independent republic in 1902 after which the island experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his authoritarian rule held the subsequent regime together for nearly five decades. He stepped down as president in February 2008 in favor of his younger brother Raul CASTRO. Cuba's communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. The country faced a severe economic downturn in 1990 following the withdrawal of former Soviet subsidies worth $4-6 billion annually. Cuba at times portrays the US embargo, in place since 1961, as the source of its difficulties. Illicit migration to the US - using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, air flights, or via the US's southern border - is a continuing problem. In FY 2014, the US Coast Guard interdicted 2,111 Cuban nationals at sea, the highest number since FY 2008. Also in FY 2014, 24,289 Cuban migrants presented themselves at various land border ports of entry throughout the US. As a result of efforts begun in December 2014 by President OBAMA to re-establishment diplomatic relations with the Cuban government, which were severed in January 1961, the US and Cuba reopened embassies in their respective countries on 20 July 2015. Over the past decade, there has been growing communication with the Cuban Government to address national interests.
Largest country in Caribbean and westernmost island of the Greater Antilles
|Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, 150 km south of Key West, Florida
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 110,860 sq km
land: 109,820 sq km
water: 1,040 sq km
Size comparison: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
|Land Boundaries:
| total: 28.5 km
border countries: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 28.5 km note: Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and remains part of Cuba
|3,735 km
|Maritime claims:
| territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
|tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)
|mostly flat to rolling plains, with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast
|Elevation extremes:
|Natural resources:
|cobalt, nickel, iron ore, chromium, copper, salt, timber, silica, petroleum, arable land
|Land use:
| agricultural land: 60.3% arable land 33.8%; permanent crops 3.6%; permanent pasture 22.9% forest: 27.3%
other: 12.4% (2011 est.)
|Irrigated land:
|8,700 sq km (2012)
|Natural hazards:
|the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to November (in general, the country averages about one hurricane every other year); droughts are common
|Current Environment Issues:
|air and water pollution; biodiversity loss; deforestation
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
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| noun: Cuban(s)
adjective: Cuban
|Ethnic groups:
|white 64.1%, mestizo 26.6%, black 9.3% (2012 est.)
|Spanish (official)
| nominally Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant, Jehovah's Witnesses, Jewish, Santeria
note: prior to CASTRO assuming power
|11,179,995 (July 2016 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 16.7% (male 960,832/female 905,904)
15-24 years: 12.44% (male 721,390/female 669,960)
25-54 years: 44.95% (male 2,526,467/female 2,498,882)
55-64 years: 11.27% (male 610,190/female 649,656)
65 years and over: 14.64% (male 751,621/female 885,093) (2016 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 43.4%
youth dependency ratio: 23.4%
elderly dependency ratio: 20%
potential support ratio: 5% (2015 est.)
|Median age:
| total: 41.1 years
male: 40 years
female: 42.2 years (2016 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|-0.3% (2016 est.)
|Birth rate:
|10.8 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Death rate:
|8.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-5.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
| urban population: 77.1% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 0.07% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|HAVANA (capital) 2.137 million (2015)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|39 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births male: 5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 78.7 years male: 76.4 years
female: 81.1 years (2016 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|1.71 children born/woman (2016 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|74.3% (2010/11)
|Health expenditures:
|11.1% of GDP (2014)
|Physicians density:
|6.72 physicians/1,000 population (2010)
|Hospital bed density:
|5.3 beds/1,000 population (2012)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 96.4% of population
rural: 89.8% of population
total: 94.9% of population
urban: 3.6% of population
rural: 10.2% of population
total: 5.1% of population (2015 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 94.4% of population
rural: 89.1% of population
total: 93.2% of population
urban: 5.6% of population
rural: 10.9% of population
total: 6.8% of population (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|0.31% (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|21,900 (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|200 (2015 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|27.2% (2014)
|Education expenditures:
|12.8% of GDP (2010)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.8%
male: 99.9%
female: 99.8% (2015 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 14 years male: 14 years
female: 14 years (2014)
|Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
| total: 6.1% male: 6.4%
female: 5.6% (2010 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: Republic of Cuba
conventional short form: Cuba
local long form: Republica de Cuba
local short form: Cuba
etymology: name derives from the Taino Indian designation for the island "coabana" meaning "great place"
|Government type:
|communist state
| name: Havana
geographic coordinates: 23 07 N, 82 21 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November; note - Cuba has been known to alter the schedule of DST on short notice in an attempt to conserve electricity for lighting
|Administrative divisions:
|15 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial); Artemisa, Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Mayabeque, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara
|20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898 to 1902); not acknowledged by the Cuban Government as a day of independence
|National holiday:
|Triumph of the Revolution (Liberation Day), 1 January (1959)
|several previous; latest adopted by referendum 15 February 1976, effective 24 February 1976; amended 1978, 1992, 2002 (2016)
|Legal system:
|civil law system based on Spanish civil code
|16 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (president since 24 February 2008); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (since 24 February 2013); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (president since 24 February 2008); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (since 24 February 2013)
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president of the Council of State, appointed by the National Assembly or the 28-member Council of State, and elected by the assembly to act on its behalf when it is not in session elections/appointments: president and vice presidents indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (no term limit); election last held on 24 February 2013 (next to be held in 2018)
election results: Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (PCC) reelected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 100%; Miguel DIAZ-CANEL (PCC) Bermudez elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote- 100%
|Legislative branch:
| description: unicameral National Assembly of People's Power or Asemblea Nacional del Poder Popular (614 seats; members directly elected by absolute majority in a modified two-round vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - the National Candidature Commission submits a slate of approved candidates who must obtain 50-percent of valid votes to be elected; if not, a byelection may be held or the seat remains vacant
elections: last held on 3 February 2013 (next to be held in 2018)
election results: Cuba's Communist Party is the only legal party, and officially sanctioned candidates run unopposed
|Judicial branch:
| highest court(s): People's Supreme Court (consists of court president, vice president, 41 professional justices, and NA lay judges); organization includes the State Council, criminal, civil, administrative, labor, crimes against the state, and military courts) judge selection and term of office: professional judges elected by the National Assembly to serve 2.5-year terms; lay judges nominated by workplace collectives and neighborhood associations and elected by municipal or provincial assemblies; lay judges appointed for 5-year terms and serve up to 30 days per year
subordinate courts: People's Provincial Courts; People's Regional Courts; People's Courts
|Political parties and leaders:
|Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Raul CASTRO Ruz, first secretary]
|Political pressure groups and leaders:
|Cuban Commission for Human Rights and National Reconciliation Damas de Blanco (Ladies in White) Patriotic Union of Cuba other: political dissidents and bloggers
|International organization participation:
|ACP, ALBA, AOSIS, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since 1962), OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
|royal palm; national colors: red, white, blue
|National anthem:
| name: "La Bayamesa" (The Bayamo Song)
lyrics/music: Pedro FIGUEREDO
note: adopted 1940; Pedro FIGUEREDO first performed "La Bayamesa" in 1868 during the Ten Years War against the Spanish; a leading figure in the uprising, FIGUEREDO was captured in 1870 and executed by a firing squad; just prior to the fusillade he is reputed to have shouted, "Morir por la Patria es vivir" (To die for the country is to live), a line from the anthem
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Jose Ramon CABANAS Rodriguez (since 17 September 2015)
chancery: 2630 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 797-8518
consulate(s) general: NA
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Jeffrey DELAURENTIS (since 20 July 2015)
embassy: Calzada between L & M Streets, Vedado, Havana
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [53] (7) 839-4100
|^Back to Top
The government continues to balance the need for loosening its socialist economic system against a desire for firm political control. In April 2011, the government held the first Cuban Communist Party Congress in almost 13 years, during which leaders approved a plan for wide-ranging economic changes. Since then, the government has slowly and incrementally implemented limited economic reforms, including allowing Cubans to buy electronic appliances and cell phones, stay in hotels, and buy and sell used cars. The government has cut state sector jobs as part of the reform process, and it has opened up some retail services to "self-employment," leading to the rise of so-called "cuentapropistas" or entrepreneurs. Approximately 476,000 Cuban workers are currently registered as self-employed. The Cuban regime has updated its economic model to include permitting the private ownership and sale of real estate and new vehicles, allowing private farmers to sell agricultural goods directly to hotels, allowing the creation of non-agricultural cooperatives, adopting a new foreign investment law, and launching a "Special Development Zone" around the Mariel port. Since late 2000, Venezuela has provided petroleum products to Cuba on preferential terms, supplying nearly 100,000 barrels per day. Cuba has been paying for the oil, in part, with the services of Cuban personnel in Venezuela, including some 30,000 medical professionals.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $128.5 billion (2014 est.) $126.9 billion (2013 est.) $123.5 billion (2012 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $77.15 billion (2013 est.) note: data are in Cuban Pesos at CUP 1 = US$ Official Exchange Rate
|GDP - real growth rate:
|1.3% (2014 est.) 2.7% (2013 est.) 3% (2012 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $11,600 (2014 est.) $11,500 (2013 est.) $11,200 (2012 est.)
note: data are in 2014 US dollars
|Gross national saving:
|6% of GDP (2015 est.) 12.5% of GDP (2014 est.) 13.3% of GDP (2013 est.)
|GDP - composition, by end use:
| household consumption: 55.9%
government consumption: 34.2%
investment in fixed capital: 9.6%
investment in inventories: -0.1%
exports of goods and services: 17.5%
imports of goods and services: -17.1% (2016 est.)
|GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
| household consumption: 55.9%
government consumption: 34.2%
investment in fixed capital: 9.6%
investment in inventories: -0.1%
exports of goods and services: 17.5%
imports of goods and services: -17.1% (2016 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|sugar, tobacco, citrus, coffee, rice, potatoes, beans; livestock
|petroleum, nickel, cobalt, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, construction, steel, cement, agricultural machinery, sugar
|Industrial production growth rate:
|-0.2% (2016 est.)
|Labor force:
|5.117 million note: state sector 72.3%, non-state sector 27.7% (2016 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 18%
industry: 10%
services: 72% (2013 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|2.5% (2016 est.) 2.4% (2015 est.) note: these are official rates; unofficial estimates are about double the official figures
|Population below poverty line:
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
| revenues: $52.37 billion
expenditures: $58.59 billion (2016 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|67.9% of GDP (2016 est.)
|Public debt:
|32.7% of GDP (2016 est.) 34.6% of GDP (2015 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (2016 est.) 4.6% (2015 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$145.7 million (2015 est.) $1.996 billion (2014 est.)
|$3.428 billion (2016 est.) $3.903 billion (2015 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|petroleum, nickel, medical products, sugar, tobacco, fish, citrus, coffee
|Exports - partners:
|Canada 17.7%, Venezuela 13.8%, China 13%, Netherlands 6.4%, Spain 5.4%, Belize 4.7% (2015)
|$12.34 billion (2016 est.) $13.48 billion (2015 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|petroleum, food, machinery and equipment, chemicals
|Imports - partners:
|Venezuela 31.8%, China 17.6%, Spain 10%, Brazil 4.8% (2015)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$13.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $12.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$26.32 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $26 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$4.138 billion (2006 est.)
|Exchange rates:
|Cuban pesos (CUP) per US dollar - 1 (2016 est.) 1 (2015 est.) 1 (2014 est.) 22.7 (2013 est.) 1 (2012 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|18 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - consumption:
|15 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|0 kWh (2013 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|0 kWh (2013 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|6.6 million kW (2014 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|99.3% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|0.7% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|0.1% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|50,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|74,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|111,200 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|124 million bbl (1 January 2016 es)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|98,480 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|178,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|19,690 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|26,560 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|900 million cu m (2014 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|900 million cu m (2014 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|70.79 billion cu m (1 January 2016 es)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|26 million Mt (2013 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Cellular Phones in use:
|total: 3.335 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (July 2015 est.)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: fixed-line and mobile services still under the monopoly of state-run ETESCA; mobile-cellular telephone service is expensive and must be paid in convertible pesos; Cuban Government has opened Internet cafes around the island, which are expensive and offer
domestic: fixed-line density remains low at about 10 per 100 inhabitants; mobile-cellular service expanding but remains only about 30 per 100 persons
international: country code - 53; the ALBA-1 fiber-optic submarine cable links Cuba, Jamaica, and Venezuela; fiber-optic cable laid to but not linked to US network; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) (2015)
|Broadcast media:
|government owns and controls all broadcast media with private ownership of electronic media prohibited; government operates 4 national TV networks and many local TV stations; government operates 6 national radio networks, an international station, and man (2007)
|Internet country code:
|Internet users:
|total: 3.432 million percent of population: 31.1% note: private citizens are prohibited from buying computers or accessing the Internet without special authorization; foreigners may access the Internet in large hotels but are subject to firewalls; some Cubans buy illegal passwords on the black market or take advantage of public outlets to access limited email and the government-controlled "intranet" (July 2015 est.)
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|133 (2013)
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 64
over 3,047 m: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 16
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 27 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 69
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 58 (2013)
|gas 41 km; oil 230 km (2013)
| total 8,285 km
standard gauge: 8,125 km 1.435-m gauge (105 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 160 km 1.000-m gauge
note: 82 km of standard gauge track is not for public use (2014)
| total 60,858 km
paved: 29,820 km (includes 639 km of expressways)
unpaved: 31,038 km (2001)
|240 km (almost all navigable inland waterways are near the mouths of rivers) (2011)
|Merchant marine:
| total 3
by type: cargo 1, passenger 1, refrigerated cargo 1
registered in other countries: 5 (Curacao 1, Panama 2, unknown 2) (2010)
|Ports and terminals:
|major seaport(s): Antilla, Cienfuegos, Guantanamo, Havana, Matanzas, Mariel, Nuevitas Bay, Santiago de Cuba
|^Back to Top
|The collapse of the Soviet Union deprived the Cuban military of its major economic and logistic support and had a significant impact on the state of Cuban equipment; the army remains well trained and professional in nature; the lack of replacement parts for its existing equipment has increasingly affected operational capabilities (2013)
|Military branches:
|Revolutionary Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias, FAR): Revolutionary Army (Ejercito Revolucionario, ER, includes Territorial Militia Troops (Milicia de Tropas de Territoriales, MTT)), Revolutionary Navy (Marina de Guerra Revolucionaria, MGR, includes Marine Corps), Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Forces (Defensas Anti-Aereas y Fuerza Aerea Revolucionaria, DAAFAR); Youth Labor Army (Ejercito Juvenil del Trabajo, EJT) (2013)
|Military service age and obligation:
|17-28 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year service obligation; both sexes subject to military service (2012)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the facility can terminate the lease
|Illicit drugs:
|territorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zone for US- and European-bound drugs; established the death penalty for certain drug-related crimes in 1999 (2008)
|^Back to Top
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Source: CIA - The World Factbook


text:
NBC's Myers, CNN's Ensor falsely suggested that NSA has access only to Americans' phone numbers and call records through call-tracking program
NBC's Lisa Myers and CNN's David Ensor both asserted that data collected by the National Security Agency through a just-exposed program include only "phone calls made and received, but not customers' names and addresses." But they failed to inform viewers about a key point made by USA Today, which broke the story -- that the NSA can easily obtain this information through other databases.
NBC senior investigative correspondent Lisa Myers and CNN national security correspondent David Ensor both asserted that data collected by the National Security Agency through a just-exposed program include only phone calls "made and received," but not names and addresses. But in asserting that the data on "tens of millions of Americans" collected from major phone companies was limited to phone numbers, Myers and Ensor left out a key point made in the May 11 USA Today article exposing the program -- phone customers' names, addresses, and "other personal information" can "easily" be obtained by cross-referencing their phone numbers with other databases.
From the USA Today article:
[D]omestic call records - those of calls that originate and terminate within U.S. borders - were believed to be private.
Sources, however, say that is not the case. With access to records of billions of domestic calls, the NSA has gained a secret window into the communications habits of millions of Americans. Customers' names, street addresses and other personal information are not being handed over as part of NSA's domestic program, the sources said. But the phone numbers the NSA collects can easily be cross-checked with other databases to obtain that information.
From the May 11 broadcast of NBC's Today:
MYERS: According to USA Today, NSA has been secretly collecting phone records of tens of millions of Americans, creating, what one official calls, "the largest database in the world." The data provided by AT&T, Verizon, and Bell South reportedly includes phone calls made and received but not customers' names and addresses. The call records reportedly are analyzed by computers to detect patterns that might reflect terrorist activity. This program does not involve the NSA listening to or recording domestic calls.
From the May 11 edition of CNN International's Your World Today, also featuring co-anchor Jim Clancy:
CLANCY: In layman's terms -- and we just heard from the president a short time ago -- in layman's terms, there seems to be a disconnect. Is this getting just phone records or eavesdropping? The president says it's not eavesdropping.
ENSOR: He says it's not eavesdropping. He says that -- he doesn't say much about what the program is, exactly. USA Today says that its sources in the telephone companies tell it that they -- that several of the top telephone companies are providing the records of -- people's telephone records. In other words, the phone numbers they call -- not the names, not the addresses of the people they called, and certainly not eavesdropping on the actual conversations -- but the phone numbers that they called. And this is everybody in the country, with the exception of one major telephone company that, according to the newspaper report, declined to cooperate.