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South African Journal of Science
versão On-line ISSN 1996-7489
versão impressa ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.107 no.9-10 Pretoria Out. 2011
Effects of internal heat generation, thermal radiation and buoyancy force on a boundary layer over a vertical plate with a convective surface boundary condition
Philip O. OlanrewajuI; Jacob A. GbadeyanI; Tasawar HayatII; Awatif A. HendiIII
IDepartment of Mathematics, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
IIDepartment of Mathematics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
IIIDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
In this paper we analyse the effects of internal heat generation, thermal radiation and buoyancy force on the laminar boundary layer about a vertical plate in a uniform stream of fluid under a convective surface boundary condition. In the analysis, we assumed that the left surface of the plate is in contact with a hot fluid whilst a stream of cold fluid flows steadily over the right surface; the heat source decays exponentially outwards from the surface of the plate. The similarity variable method was applied to the steady state governing non-linear partial differential equations, which were transformed into a set of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations and were solved numerically by applying a shooting iteration technique together with a sixth-order Runge-Kutta integration scheme for better accuracy. The effects of the Prandtl number, the local Biot number, the internal heat generation parameter, thermal radiation and the local Grashof number on the velocity and temperature profiles are illustrated and interpreted in physical terms. A comparison with previously published results on similar special cases showed excellent agreement.
Boundary-layer flows over a moving or stretching plate are of great importance in view of their relevance to a wide variety of technical applications, particularly in the manufacture of fibres in glass and polymer industries. The first and foremost work regarding boundary-layer behaviour in moving surfaces in a quiescent fluid was performed by Sakiadis.1
Subsequently, many researchers2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 worked on the problem of moving or stretching plates under different situations. In the boundary-layer theory, similarity solutions were found to be useful in the interpretation of certain fluid motions at large Reynolds numbers. Similarity solutions often exist for the flow over semi-infinite plates and stagnation point flow for two-dimensional, axisymmetrical and three-dimensional bodies. In special cases, when there is no similarity solution, one has to solve a system of non-linear partial differential equations. For similarity boundary-layer flows, velocity profiles are similar. But this kind of similarity is lost for non-similarity flows.10,11,12,13,14 Obviously, the non-similarity boundary-layer flows are more general in nature and are more important, not only in theory but also in application.
The heat-transfer analysis of boundary-layer flows with radiation is also important in electrical power generation, astrophysical flows, solar power technology, space vehicle re-entry and other industrial areas. Extensive literature that deals with flows in the presence of radiation effects is now available. Raptis et al.15 studied the effect of thermal radiation on the magnetohydrodynamic flow of a viscous fluid past a semi-infinite stationary plate. Hayat et al.16 extended the analysis of reference15 for a second-grade fluid.
Convective heat transfer studies are very important in processes involving high temperatures, such as gas turbines, nuclear plants and thermal energy storage. Recently, Ishak17 examined the similarity solutions for flow and heat transfer over a permeable surface with convective boundary condition. Moreover, Aziz18,19 studied a similarity solution for laminar thermal boundary layer over a flat plate with a convective surface boundary condition and also studied hydrodynamic and thermal slip flow boundary layers over a flat plate with a constant heat flux boundary condition. Very recently, Makinde and Olanrewaju20 investigated the buoyancy effects on a thermal boundary layer over a vertical plate with a convective surface boundary condition.
In this study, the recent work of Ishak17, Aziz18 and Makinde and Olanrewaju20 was extended to include the effect of thermal radiation and internal heat generation. The numerical solutions of the resulting momentum and the thermal similarity equations are reported for representative values of the thermophysical parameters embedded in the fluid-convection process. The objective of this paper was to explore the effects of thermal radiation and internal heat generation on the fluid under a convective surface boundary condition. The non-linear equations governing the flow were solved numerically using a shooting technique together with a sixth-order Runge-Kutta integration scheme, which gives better accuracy than a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Graphical results are first reported for emerging parameters and then discussed.
Mathematical formulation
We considered a two-dimensional steady incompressible fluid flow coupled with heat transfer by convection over a vertical plate. A stream of cold fluid at temperature T∞ moved over the right surface of the plate with a uniform velocity U∞ whilst the left surface of the plate was heated by convection from a hot fluid at temperature Tf , which provided a heat transfer coefficient hf . The density variation as a result of buoyancy force effects was taken into account in the momentum equation and the thermal radiation and the internal heat generation effects were taken into account in the energy equation (the Boussinesq approximation). The continuity, momentum and energy equations describing the flow are, respectively:
where u and v are the x (along the plate) and the y (normal to the plate) components of the velocities, respectively. T is the temperature, υ is the kinematics viscosity of the fluid, α is the thermal diffusivity of the fluid, β is the thermal expansion coefficient, Q is the heat released per unit per mass, g is the gravitational acceleration, qr is the radiative heat flux and k is the thermal conductivity. The velocity boundary conditions can be expressed as
The boundary conditions at the plate surface and far into the cold fluid may be written as
The radiative heat flux qr is described by the Rosseland approximation such that
where σ* and K are the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and the mean absorption coefficient, respectively. Following Chamkha21, we assume that the temperature differences within the flow are sufficiently small such that T 4 can be expressed as a linear function after using the Taylor series to expand T 4 about the free stream temperature T∞ and neglecting higher-order terms. This result is the following approximation:
Using [Eqn 8] and [Eqn 9] in [Eqn 3], we obtain
We then introduce a similarity variable η and a dimensionless stream function f(η) and temperature θ(η) as
where the prime symbol denotes differentiation with respect to η and Rex = U∞x/υ is the local Reynolds number. [Eqn 1] to [Eqn 7] reduce to:
Bix is the local Biot number, Pr is the Prandtl number, Grx is the local Grashof number, Ra is the radiation parameter and λx is the internal heat generation parameter. For the momentum and energy equations to have a similarity solution, the parameters Grx, λx and Bix must be constants and not functions of x as in [Eqn 16]. This condition can be met if the heat-transfer coefficient hf is proportional to x-½ , the thermal expansion coefficient β is proportional to x-1 and the heat-release coefficient Q is proportional to x-1. We therefore assume
where c, d and m are constants. Substituting [Eqn 17] into [Eqn 16], we get
Bi, λ and Gr defined by [Eqn 18] are the Biot number, the internal heat generation parameter and the Grashof number, respectively. The solutions of [Eqn 12] to [Eqn 15] yield the similarity solutions. However, the solutions generated are the local similarity solutions whenever Bix, λx and Grx are defined as in [Eqn 13].
Results and discussion
The ordinary differential equations ([Eqn 9] and [Eqn 10]) subject to the boundary conditions ([Eqn 11] and [Eqn 12]) were solved numerically using the symbolic algebra software Maple.22 Table 1 presents a comparison of the values of -θ' (0) and θ(0) with those reported by Aziz18, Ishak17 and Makinde and Olanrewaju20, which show an excellent agreement for Pr = 0.72. Table 2 shows the values of the skin-friction coefficient f ''(0) and the local Nusselt number -θ'(0), for various values of embedded parameters. From Table 2, it can be seen that the skin friction and the rate of heat transfer at the plate surface increased with an increase in the local Grashof number, the convective surface heat transfer parameter, the internal heat generation parameter and the radiation absorption parameter. However, an increase in the fluid Prandtl number decreased the skin friction but increased the rate of heat transfer at the plate surface. Figures 1-6 depict the fluid velocity profiles. Generally, the fluid velocity is zero at the plate surface and increases gradually away from the plate towards the free stream value satisfying the boundary conditions. It is clearly seen from Figure 1 that the Grashof number had profuse effects on the velocity boundary layer thickness. It is interesting to note that an increase in the intensity of the convective surface heat transfer (Bix) produced a slight increase inthe fluid velocity within the boundary layer (Figure 2). The local internal heat generation parameter, the Prandtl number and the local Biot number had little or no influence on the velocity profiles (Figures 3-4 and Figure 6), which could be justified by [Eqn 12], which had a small value for the Grashof number. When Ra = 0.1, the Prandtl number effected the velocity profile (Figure 5) and the negative part could have been caused by the value of the Grashof number used (see [Eqn 12]) and the value of the radiation parameter used (see [Eqn 13]). Figures 7-12 illustrate the fluid temperature profiles within the boundary layer. The fluid temperature was at a maximum at the plate surface and decreased exponentially to zero away from the plate, thus satisfying the boundary conditions. From these figures, it is noteworthy that the thermal boundary layer thickness increased with an increase in Bix,λx and Ra and decreased with increasing values of Grx and Pr. Hence, the convective surface heat transfer, the internal heat generation parameter and the radiation parameter enhanced thermal diffusion whilst an increase in the Prandtl number and the intensity of buoyancy force slowed down the rate of thermal diffusion within the boundary layer. Figure 13 shows the influence of Prandtl numbers on the thermal boundary layer, as obtained by Aziz18.
We analysed the effects of internal heat generation, thermal radiation and buoyancy force on the laminar boundary layer about a vertical plate in a uniform stream of fluid under a convective surface boundary. A similarity solution for the momentum and the thermal boundary layer equations is possible if the convective heat transfer of the fluid heating the plate on its left surface is proportional to x-½ and if the thermal expansion coefficient β and the heat released per unit per mass Q are proportional to x-1. Numerical solutions of the similarity equations were reported for the various parameters embedded in the problem. The combined effect of increasing the Prandtl number and the Grashof number tended to reduce the thermal boundary layer thickness along the plate whilst the effects of increasing the Biot number, the internal heat generation parameter and the radiation absorption parameter enhanced thermal diffusion.
O.P.O. wishes to thank Covenant University, Ogun State, Nigeria for its generous financial support. A.A.H., as a VP, appreciates the support of King Saud University, Saudi Arabia (KSU-VPP-117).
1. Sakiadis BC. Boundary-layer behavior on continuous solid surfaces. I. Boundary-layer equations for two-dimensional and axisymmetric flow. AIChE J. 1961;7:26-28. doi:10.1002/aic.690070108 [ Links ]
2. Crane IJ. Flow past a stretching plate. Z Angew Math Phys. 1970;21(56):1-37. [ Links ]
3. Gupta PS, Gupta AS. Heat and mass transfer on a stretching sheet with suction and blowing. Can J Chem Eng. 1977;55:744-746. doi:10.1002/cjce.5450550619 [ Links ]
4. Carragher P, Crane IJ. Heat transfer on a continuous stretching sheet. Z Angew Math Mech. 1982;62:564-565. doi:10.1002/zamm.19820621009 [ Links ]
5. Danberg JE, Fansler KS. A nonsimilar moving wall boundary-layer problem. Quart Appl Math. 1976;34:305-309. [ Links ]
6. Chakrabarti A, Gupta AS. Hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer over a stretching sheet. Quart Appl Math. 1979;37:73-78. [ Links ]
7. Vajravelu K. Hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer over a continuous moving porous, flat surface. Acta Mech. 1986;64:179-185. doi:10.1007/BF01450393 [ Links ]
8. Dutta BK. Heat transfer from a stretching sheet with uniform suction and blowing. Acta Mech. 1986;78:255-262. doi:10.1007/BF01179221 [ Links ]
9. Lee SL, Tsai JS. Cooling of a continuous moving sheet of finite thickness in the presence of natural convection. Int J Heat Mass Transfer. 1990;33:457-464. doi:10.1016/0017-9310(90)90181-S [ Links ]
10. Wanous KJ, Sparrow EM. Heat transfer for flow longitudinal to a cylinder with surface mass transfer. J Heat Transf ASME Ser C. 1965;87(1):317-319. [ Links ]
11. Catherall D, Stewartson K, Williams PG. Viscous flow past a flat plate with uniform injection. Proc R Soc A. 1965;284:370-396. doi:10.1098/rspa.1965.0069 [ Links ]
12. Sparrow EM, Quack H, Boerner CJ. Local non-similarity boundary layer solutions. J AIAA 1970;8(11):1936-1942. [ Links ]
13. Sparrow EM, Yu HS. Local non-similarity thermal boundary-layer solutions. J Heat Transf ASME. 1971;93:328-334. [ Links ]
14. Massoudi M. Local non-similarity solutions for the flow of a non-Newtonian fluid over a wedge. Int J Non-Linear Mech. 2001;36:961-976. doi:10.1016/S0020-7462(00)00061-5 [ Links ]
15. Raptis A, Perdikis C, Takhar HS. Effects of thermal radiation on MHD flow. Appl Math Comput. 2004;153:645-649. doi:10.1016/S0096-3003(03)00657-X [ Links ]
16. Hayat T, Abbas Z, Sajid M, Asghar S, The influence of thermal radiation on MHD flow of a second grade fluid. Int J Heat Mass Transfer. 2007;50:931-941. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.08.014 [ Links ]
17. Ishak A. Similarity solutions for flow and heat transfer over a permeable surface with convective boundary condition. Appl Math Comput. 2010;217:837-842. doi:10.1016/j.amc.2010.06.026 [ Links ]
18. Aziz A. A similarity solution for laminar thermal boundary layer over a flat plate with a convective surface boundary condition. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat. 2009;14:1064-1068. [ Links ]
19. Aziz A. Hydrodynamic and thermal slip flow boundary layers over a flat plate with constant heat flux boundary condition. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat. 2010;15:573-580. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.04.026 [ Links ]
20. Makinde OD, Olanrewaju PO. Buoyancy effects on thermal boundary layer over a vertical plate with a convective surface boundary condition. J Fluids Eng. 2010;132:044502-0044505. doi:10.1115/1.4001386 [ Links ]
21. Chamkha AJ. Hydromagnetic natural convection from an isothermal inclined surface adjacent to a thermally stratified porous medium. Int J Eng Sci. 1997;37:975-986. doi:10.1016/S0020-7225(96)00122-X [ Links ]
22. Heck A. Introduction to Maple. 3rd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2003. [ Links ]
Correspondence to:
Philip Olanrewaju
Postal address: Department of Mathematics, Covenant University, Ota
Ogun State
PMB 1023, Nigeria
Email: email@example.com
Received: 14 Oct. 2010
Accepted: 03 May 2011
Published: 07 Sept. 2011
© 2011. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.


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We actually cant throw the Truth here at worlds, it hasnt been approved by the PDGA for long enough (something like that) anyway I'd love to trade over to you. Cya when we're back, and yes GO KC!
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June 19, 2013
Contact: Chuvalo Truesdell
Phone Number: (571) 362-3517
Seven Drug Traffickers Charged In Oxycodone Distribution Ring
More than 25 defendants face tribal and state drug charges
ASHEVILLE, N.C. - - A criminal indictment charging seven defendants with drug trafficking conspiracy and related charges was unsealed today in U.S. District court, announced Anne M. Tompkins, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of North Carolina. The federal indictment was returned by a grand jury sitting in Asheville on June 4, 2013, and remained sealed until today, following yesterday's arrests of the named defendants by law enforcement.
U.S. Attorney Tompkins is joined in making today's announcement by Harry S. Sommers, Special Agent in Charge of the Atlanta Field Division of the Drug Enforcement (DEA), which oversees the Charlotte District Office; Jason O'Neal, Deputy Associate Director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Division of Drug Enforcement; Wayne L. Dixie, Special Agent in Charge of the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and (ATF), Charlotte Field Division; Chief Ben Reed of the Cherokee Indian Police Department; Sheriff Curtis Cochran of the Swain County Sheriff's Office; Sheriff Mickey Anderson of the Graham County Sheriff's Office; Sheriff Greg Christopher of the Haywood County Sheriff's Office; and Sheriff Jimmy Ashe of the Jackson County Sheriff's Office.
The indictment is the result of a large scale two-year joint federal, tribal and state investigation targeting the distribution of narcotics, with a focus on prescription drugs, on and around the Cherokee Indian Reservation.
The defendants named in the indictment are charged with one count of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute controlled substances, including oxycodone, cocaine, marijuana and alprazolam. According to the indictment, the alleged conduct took place between January 2007 and December 2012 in Swain and Jackson Counties. Those charged are:
Jackie Lee Rattler, 54, of Cherokee, N.C.
Jacob Hunter Rattler, 21, of Cherokee.
Evan Thomas Norris, Jr., 54, of Robbinsville, N.C.
Taryn Krista Elizabeth Toineeta Rattler, 25, of Cherokee.
Timothy Leroy Rattler, 50, of Cherokee.
Justina Nacole Rattler, 31, of Cherokee.
Mark Allen Winstead, 26, of Cherokee.
Jackie Lee Rattler also faces six additional counts of possession with intent to distribute controlled substances, and one count of being a controlled substance user in possession of firearms. Jacob Hunter Rattler is also charged with one additional count of Possession with Intent to Distribute a Controlled Substance.
The indictment includes a notice of forfeiture, which gives notice that the defendants must forfeit to the United States all of the property and currency involved in the offenses charged in the indictment, and all property and currency which are proceeds of such offenses, including approximately $48,900 in cash, 44 firearms, three vehicles and two Harley Davidson motorcycles seized during the course of the investigation.
Six of the seven defendants charged in the indictment are in custody. Taryn Rattler remains a fugitive. Those arrested will remain in custody pending their detention hearings, which have been scheduled for Friday, June 21, 2013. Each drug offense carries a maximum prison term of 20 years, a $1 million fine, or both. The user of narcotics in possession of firearms offense carries a maximum prison term of 10 years, a $250,000 fine, or both.
The charges contained in the indictment are allegations. The defendants are presumed innocent unless and until they proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt in a court of law.
Tribal and state law enforcement officers have arrested and charged more than 25 defendants on tribal and state drug offenses.
Those facing tribal drug charges are: Deborah Smith, Charles Taylor, Austin Gunter, Humberto Corral, Deanna (not arrested), Kevin Smith, Shenna Crowe, Lisa Toineeta, Sam Thompson, Mike (not arrested), Annie Cucumber, Robert Tramper, Ashley (not arrested), Chadwick Feather, Walter Bradley, Thomas Rickman, Victoria (not arrested), Delores Cabrera, Sally Bryson, Raymond Whitecotton, Rachel Taylor and Regan Parton.
Those facing state drug charges are: Alea Ohmart, James Murphy, Ceegee (not arrested), Clyde Taylor, Rogelio Cabrera, Eric Dossett, Anthony (not arrested), Frankie Dyer and Christin (Not arrested).
U.S. Attorney Tompkins thanked all the law enforcement agencies involved in this investigation for their continued cooperation and assistance. The prosecution for the case is handled by Special Assistant U.S. Attorney John Pritchard, of the U.S. Attorney's Office in Asheville.The DEA encourages parents, along with their children, to educate themselves about the dangers of legal and illegal drugs by visiting DEA's interactive websites at www.justthinktwice.com, www.GetSmartAboutDrugs.com and www.dea.gov.


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In this era of patriotism when we are encouraged to show our patriotism, support and respect to our troops and nation, I am appalled at the way some people desecrate and disrespect our flag.
With a modicum of patriotism they run a flag up their pole and forget it. It stays raised day and night, rain or shine until it is a tattered rag. Once it blows away or people take it down, I'm not sure how they dispose of it. I doubt they go to the effort of proper disposal – either through the Boy Scouts of America or the Veterans of Foreign Wars.
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I wish to get rid of the Lion 10.7.5 AddressBook book-like interface a.k.a. leather appearance a.k.a. skeuomorphic design.
Usually this kind of setting can be change from the debug menu.
$ defaults write com.apple.AddressBook ABShowDebugMenu -bool true does not enable the debug menu in AddressBook.
How to enable this debug menu or make addresbook look like 10.6 Addressbook?


text: NEW YORK (MarketWatch) -- U.S. stocks ended lower for a fourth session Thursday as Wall Street expressed its distress over the still-unresolved fiscal cliff. However, the benchmark indexes erased the bulk of what had been steep losses after word the U.S. House would convene Sunday night as lawmakers try to reach a deal to break the budget impasse before the end of the year. After a 150-point fall, the Dow Jones Industrial Average DJIA, +0.93% closed at 13,096.31, down 18.28 points, or 0.1%. The S&P 500 index SPX, +0.82% lost 1.73 points, or 0.1%, to 1,418.10. The Nasdaq Composite COMP, +0.90% retreated 4.25 points, or 0.1%, to 2,985.90.


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text: Project Rental Assistance Overview Webinar email This item has expired. Click here to view more events. × PAautism.org PA Autism - ASERT Website visit the Project website × Philadelphia Autism Project The Philadelphia Autism Project is a citywide initiative led by Philadelphia Councilman-At- Large Dennis M. O'Brien and conducted in partnership with the Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual disAbility Services (DBHIDS). The goal of the Philadelphia Autism project is to examine the services and supports for individuals and families who are living with Autism in Philadelphia. visit the Project website × ASDNext.org (TAC)


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Heading ? Make Model from £xxx per month
Was £7469 Save £570 Now £6899 (If applicable else delete)
Ride away from £86.66 per month
0% Finance Available (Subject to status) (Delete if not applicable)
OTR £6899 Deposit £300 Amount of Credit £6599 36 x £86.66 Final payment £3479.11 TAP £6899 Representative APR 0% Annual mileage 4000 Excess mileage charge 2.69ppm Fixed interest 0% (Delete annual mileage & charge if HP)
[ Paste in here a paragraph describing the bike]
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Katy Perry Wearing Bikini at Raging Waters | Pictures
Katy Perry Sports a Bikini During a Day at a Water Park
Katy Perry Sports a Bikini During a Day at a Water Park
Katy Perry spent yesterday afternoon in her bikini at Raging Waters in San Dimas, CA, with a group of friends. Katy is enjoying some downtime after wrapping a worldwide tour to promote her movie, Part of Me, which most recently took her to Brazil. John Mayer and Katy Perry have been spotted out together on a couple of dates recently, and went to a house party together on Saturday night, but he didn't join her at the water park. Neither she nor John have commented on their relationship, which is one of Katy's first since her split from Russell Brand. She was also linked to the guitarist of Florence + the Machine earlier this year, but the pair apparently cooled off early this Summer.


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Message Board
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Talk about the novels, new and used books that Barton has written!
Author Barton's Book Reviews
Dead Crowd
Dunne, May 2002, 23.95, 272 pp. ISBN: 0312290349 Only five years ago Flugelhorn's Comedy Cabaret was the hottest ticket in Hollywood but then owner Mel Sikorsky retired. Now the place is quieter than a funeral hall with few patrons and no comedy superstars ever showing up like they once did. Biff Kincaid knows how far the place has fallen by the fact that he is the middle comedian at the joint similar to Richie Ashburn's comment about making ba...


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AKRON, NY -- Since 1934, Ford Gum has produced more than three million pounds of gumballs a year. That's a total of 234 million pounds, so far. This converts into 50 billion gumballs, or seven gumballs for every person on earth.
This year, Ford Gum & Machine Co. is marking its 100th year in business. While it is rare to find a company with that kind of longevity, it's more uncommon to find one that has achieved the level of consistent innovation exhibited by Ford Gum. Its story has been punctuated by remarkable vending industry milestones that extend from its start to the present day.
The origins of this 100-year-old business are the stuff of bulk vending legends. Ford S. Mason, a roofing salesman from upstate New York (near Buffalo), traveled to Manhattan to attend a conference at the newly constructed Flatiron Building (175 Fifth Ave.). It was in the Big Apple that Ford first encountered bulk vending machines; he saw in them a way to supplement his income during the cold winter months, when work in the roofing business traditionally tapered off.
Starting out modestly with 102 penny gumball venders, Mason began building a route in western New York. "It was fun to try to figure out which locations would be the most productive," he would recall years later.
A few years later, he quit the roofing business entirely, in order to devote full time to bulk vending. The concept was solid, but Mason quickly learned that the machines he operated were flawed. The mechanisms not only were overly complicated, but also susceptible to malfunction, especially in bad weather conditions. Broken coin mechanisms and rusted springs not only shortened the life of the machines, but also cut into sales.
It was the early part of the 20th century, the era of the largely self-taught inventor, when Henry Ford and Thomas Edison were celebrated heroes. A brainstorming session with his father, W.N. Mason, a Baptist minister in Lockport, NY, led to the Masons' decision to develop a better bulk vender. The resulting design employed only a single sturdy, rust-resistant spring; the patent was assigned to W.N. Mason. The new machine, which began hitting the streets in 1917, was the first in a long line of improvements and initiated a tradition of innovation for the company.
In 1923, Mason formed the Ford Vending Machine Co. to sell his venders. The problem, of course, was that well-built, reliable machines naturally meant that their operators would require fewer replacement machines and parts. The future, Mason discovered, wasn't solely in manufacturing and marketing machines, but largely would depend on the product the machines vended. By the late 1920s, he began producing his own line of ball gum. Adopting the same strategy as he had applied to his machines, he sought to improve the quality of the gum in order to improve sales. Over time, this led him to seek out a printing company that could invent a method for printing the brand name on the curved surface of a gumball. That company was R.W. Hartnett (Philadelphia). The "Ford"-imprinted gumballs were another industry first -- and Hartnett went on to become a specialist manufacturer of printing equipment for confectioners and pharmaceutical firms. Today, Ford still has the first two Hartnett machines, which date back to the end of World War II.
Insisting on quality and innovation in bulk products, as in equipment, was again successful for Ford. By 1934, at the height of the Great Depression, Mason began marketing the penny venders as charity machines. The concept was simple: Charitable organizations and operators placed machines on location, splitting the profit between the client and the operator.
For Mason, charitable enterprises were not unfamiliar. As the son of a pastor, he had always been generous with charities, particularly his church. It was reasonable for him to include charities in his business plan. And, as one who thought big, Mason marketed the concept nationwide.
He hired solicitors to travel the country selling the charity venders. Once a territory had a sufficient number of machines, he would then sell the route to an operator under a distributorship agreement. For bulk vending, which had always been a mom-and-pop business, the concept was far ahead of its time, establishing Ford as the first nationwide bulk vending concern. Ford machines became a standard feature in stores, on pipe-rack stands and countertops; they are estimated to have numbered more than 500,000 at their peak.
This distribution concept carried the company from the 1930s to the 1960s. In 1970, after more than half a century in bulk vending, Mason retired and sold the firm to Automatic Service Co., which also owned a chain of Canteen distributorships, vending companies and a 7-Up bottling operation.
Ford was sold again in 1985 to Leaf Inc. (Lake Forest, IL), a gum and candy manufacturer which also acquired Carousel Industries (Morton Grove, IL) a few years later. Leaf then was purchased by Hershey Holdings, bringing Ford and Carousel along with it. In 1997, Ford's management bought back the company (and Carousel, too); the bulk business once again was independent.
Today, the company known as Ford Gum & Machine is headed by George Stege, who has served it in a variety of capacities since 1980. It's headquartered in a 100,000-sq.ft.facility on six acres in Akron, NY; it maintains a 40,000-sq.ft. branch office in Lincolnshire, IL, and a smaller 6,000-sq.ft walk-in facility in Bell Gardens, CA, a suburb of Los Angeles.
According to Stege, Ford continues to prosper. It is the only ball gum manufacturer in the U.S. Its lines include Carousel, Big League Chew and Smarties gum; it plans to introduce several new flavors in 2013.
"There have been a lot of changes in the business," Stege said. "But every business changes; nothing stays the same. Those who survive are those who adapt to those changes. You can't stay with the same model forever."
Stege pointed to his own time at Ford to illustrate the changes bulk vending has undergone. Since joining the company more than 30 years ago, the traditional Ford vender has been replaced by a newer version that was adapted to quarter vending. More recently, the company took on the Tomy line, supplying equipment, parts and product for the $1 capsule vender that features such licensed products as Hello Kitty and the download sensation Angry Birds.
Stege sees big changes ahead for Ford, and the entire bulk vending industry. "I think the industry is going to become more adept at marketing in and to locations; that means maximizing revenue per location rather than just putting in the standard mix," he explained. "I do see continued strength in licensing, as well as in toys with significant play value. I think gum will continue to be there and I think candy will continue to be there, but [gum and candy] will continue to play a secondary role to capsule vends. But I think that that there will continue to be a market for all three -- gum, candy and toys."
If longevity has been the hallmark of Ford, it has spread to the company's operators. According to Stege, the active customer with the longest history of involvement is located in Wisconsin and can trace its Ford roots back three generations, to the 1920s. Hundreds of 20- and 30-year customers are not uncommon. Stege added that many employees have worked with the company for 25 or 30 years.
1913-2013 Ford Gum & Machine Co.
1913: Ford S. Mason, 20, meets man who introduces him to the gum vending business. Takes loan and leases 102 vending machines he services during winter months. Gumballs vend for a penny.
1951: Entertainer Phyllis Daye, 24, is named Miss Fordway.
1916: Ford Mason quits roofing job and pursues gumball profession. Mason's father, a Baptist minister, creates new gumball machine.
1960: Ford Gum moves all operations to Akron. Begins contract manufacturing of tablet chewing gum for private-label brands.
1916: Church building becomes headquarters of gum business.
1970: Automatic Service Co. acquires Ford Gum.
1917: Mason manufactures and introduces gumball vending machine designed by his father. Company becomes Ford Vending Machine Co.
1980: Ford Gum division of Automatic Service acquires Astro Operators Vending Machines & Supply Co.
1919: Patent No. 1,316,492 for "certain new and useful Improvements in Vending Machines" is issued to Wallace N. Mason on Sept. 16.
1980: Adds toys and capsules to vending line.
1927: Ford Vending Machine Co. names Norris Rowbotham of Walworth, WI, its first distributor.
1985: Leaf Inc. purchases Ford Gum. Relationship between Ford Gum and Carousel Industries begins. (Carousel had been a Leaf customer.)
1934: Changes name to Ford Gum & Machine Co. and moves to Lockport, NY. New HQ houses R&D, vending machine assembly and gumball production.
1989: Ford S. Mason dies on Aug. 18 in Delray Beach, FL. He was 95.
1939: The Fordway Profit Sharing Plan (later, Fordway Plan) begins in Columbus, OH, raising money for children's hospital. The plan, aligned with charitable and civic organizations, still exists today.
1996: Ford Gum and Carousel are purchased by Hershey Holdings.
1940s: Believing his is the best gum on the market, Mason begins branding "Ford" on every gumball.
1997: Ford Gum and Carousel are purchased in a management buyout by John Kennelly, Steve Greene, Steve Gold, Warren Clark and George Stege; Ford Gum is again privately owned. Enters retail.
1945: Purchases two DC-3 transport planes to speed deliveries of gumballs and machines around the country. (Orders were on backlog due to wartime shortages of metal and sugar.)
1997: Opens office in Vernon Hills, IL, near Chicago.
1947: Backlogs begin to diminish.
1998: Ford Gum and Machine Co. unveils new logo. Redesigns Carousel packaging.
1948: Lockport plant now produces six gumball flavors at rate of 187,500 per hour, using 10,000 lbs. of sugar a day.
2001: Moves Chicago-area office to Lincolnshire.
1948: Mason is elected president of the National Automatic Merchandising Association.
2003: Ford becomes only manufacturer of gumballs in U.S.
1950: Ford Gum opens a branch gumball plant in Puerto Rico, giving it closer access to raw sugar. This is the first gum plant on the island.
2010: Acquires Big League Chew from Wm. Wrigley Co. Moves production from Mexico back to U.S.
1950s: Mason hires Ronald Reagan to record radio spots promoting charitable Ford Gum's machines. "This is a real American way of serving our needy neighbors," Reagan's script read. "Keeping our nation great with people getting satisfaction from doing and chewing."
2010: Becomes Tomy distributor.
1950s: Acquires and renovates dairy in Akron, NY; moves HQ and gum production there. Machine manufacturing remains in Lockport.
2013: Ford Gum and Machine Co. turns 100.
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We're right where we should be..............................the markets took a day to rest and compose themselves and found support at logical levels.......................Now we deal with the impending South American bean and corn harvest and despite the recent inclement weather and possibility of yield loss there's still a huge crop coming.........Wheat just won't go it alone on a rally and needs corn and beans to stabilize............................Despite the partial government shutdown/shakedown there's no chaos in the streets.....yet.....................might get a Reichstag moment at any time.................Hopefully, a solution will be find to address the situation at our border and a new trade agreement with China..................The market might still be fluttering for a few more sessions as support might be expected atv 512-514 WH and selling at 524 to 527 with CH parameterized at 375 to 395 and SH at 900 to 920..............Still sensing that bean and corn spreads stay on the defensive in a very slow and laborious way while wheat spreads might perform with a little more passion and excitement..............
The information contained on this site is the opinion of the writer and obtained from sources cited
within the commentary. The impact on market prices due to seasonal or market cycles and current news events may already be reflected in current market prices.
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Debt Management
Debt Management
Debt management refers to strategies state and local governments use to manage their debt. There is a variety of debt management strategies state and local governments employ. Common strategies include adopting policies on debt, such as limits, structure practices, issuance practices, and general management practices. Debt limits are acceptable levels of debt and may be determined by legal restrictions, internal standards, and/or financial restrictions. Debt structuring practices refers to the term, maturity, and debt service payments. Debt issuance practices relates to determining the sale method and investment of proceeds and use of credit and bond services and ratings as well as professional service providers to assist with such matters. General debt management practices refer to disclosure and compliance practices associated with debt issuance as well as investor relations efforts.
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BabyCurlsDelivery Options
UK Delivery:
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- US Delivery £5.99 (Royal Mail Air Mail 7-14 Days)
- Europe Delivery £9.99 (International Tracked 5-10 Days)
- Rest Of World £9.99 (International Tracked 5-10 Days)
Doidy Cup - Azure Blue Pearl
By Doidy
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With Free UK delivery
The Doidy Cup from Bickiepegs is designed to teach your child to drink from the rim of a cup rather than a spout or teated bottle. The special slanted design makes it easy for little ones to sip rather than pour, as they can see what they're drinking without tilting their head too much.
Babies as young as 6 months find the two‐handled Doidy cup easy to hold and use, but with Mum's help the cup can be used from birth.
- The Doidy Cup is designed to teach your child to drink from the rim of a cup
- Unique slanted cup design
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- Made in the UK
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Motorcycle Manufacturer Model Guides
2016 Yamaha Kodiak 700 EPS - Yamaha
Yamaha Motorcycles Brand Story To Today
Additional Details
- Year: 2016
- Make:Yamaha
- Model:Kodiak 700 EPS
- Type:UTV/Utility
- Class:All Terrain Vehicle
- Location: Crossville, TN
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2016 Yamaha Kodiak 700 EPS, 2016 Yamaha Kodiak 700 EPS ALL-NEW KODIAK 700 EPS Work, hunt or explore virtually anywhere, all day long with the all-new, soon-to-be-class-leading Kodiak 700. Features May Include: High-Tech Engine, Built for the Real World The 2016 Kodiak 700 has an all-new 708cc, 4-valve, fuel-injected engine with optimized torque, power delivery and engine character ideal for smooth, quiet operation all day long. Ultramatic® The Industry s Most Durable CVT Transmission Kodiak 700 s Ultramatic® transmission features a gated shifter, dual-range (Hi/Lo) drive plus reverse gear, and is the most advanced drive system available plus, the gear ratio and Kodiak-specific CVT settings are designed to lower engine RPM and provide a smooth, easy-to-use power character. An automatic centrifugal clutch maintains constant belt tension for reduced belt wear and a sprag clutch provides natural all-wheel engine braking. Compact, Comfortable Chassis The Kodiak 700 features a compact and comfortable new chassis with fully independent suspension, exclusively-designed 25-inch Maxxis® tires and wide arc A-arms providing optimum terrainability, comfort and handling. Sharp Styling The Kodiak 700 s styling features bright halogen headlights with a handlebar-mounted auxiliary light, large storage compartments and large-diameter front and rear racks with class-leading load capacity. Advanced Instrumentation New digital instrument panel boasts a multifunction LCD display with speedometer, odometer, dual tripmeter, hour meter, 4WD status, transmission position, clock and fuel gauge. Class-Leading Power Steering Yamaha s Electric Power Steering provides the industry s best balance of steering assist and positive feedback from the trail, providing maximum comfort and confidence. Work-Ready Tow Capacity Center-mounted, heavy-duty two-inch receiver comes standard and can tow more than 1300 pounds.
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997 St. Sebastian WayAugusta, GA 30912706-721-6597
1446 Harper StreetAugusta, GA 30912706-721-5437 (KIDS)
1003 Chafee Ave.Augusta, GA 30912 706-721-2426
1447 Harper StreetAugusta, GA 30912-5536706-721-CARE (2273)
1120 15th StreetAugusta, GA 30912706-721-2273 (CARE)
1411 Laney Walker Blvd.Augusta, GA 30912706-721-6744
821 St. Sebastian WayAugusta, GA 30912706-721-2971
1220 West Wheeler PkwyAugusta, GA 30909
6135 Roosevelt Highway Warm Springs, GA 31830
2011 Westend DriveGreensboro, GA 30642
Your health – and the health of your family and loved ones – can be the most important, complex and potentially unforgiving part of life.
At Augusta University Health, our goal is to help you stay healthy and thrive! We provide meaningful health information, for audiences of all ages, to inspire a more proactive approach to improving your health.
Let us help you simplify the sometimes complicated health information - through health tips, inspiring advice and useful resources. Learn how small changes to daily living can significantly impact your health.
Read Augusta University Health's Your Health Today Blog for helpful information on topics for the entire family, including:
Children's Hospital of Georgia (CHOG) provides helpful information for parents from safety tips to how to talk to your kids about childhood health issues. Read more about the CHOG Blog on a range of topics, including:
If you have questions or blog ideas – we want to hear from you! Please use our convenient online form to submit your thoughts for the Your Health Today Blog or the CHOG Blog.
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How To Login To Flash Media Server, Connect To Flash Media Administration Console
Recently I was tasked by a client with figuring out how to connect to their Flash Media Server for administration purposes. I personally have not ever used FMS so I didn't even know where to begin. After trying to bring up the admin console in a browser on port 1111 and receiving an error as noted below I finally figured out that you must install a package from Adobe and make the connection through that software. I describe below the steps I took to make the connection to the clients Flash Media Server or more correctly the Flash Media Administration Console.


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Watched Back to Back Blockbuster Movies, Krrish-3 and Ram-Leela:
Day before Yesterday I have watched two Blockbuster Movie of this year.1st I have watched record breaking movie Krrish-3 and then after Ramleela. Both movies were totally different from each other, Krrish-3 first movie which counts as real superhero movie of India with competent enough to fight with Hollywood movies and Ram-leela a movie with full desi tarka with 10 sexy songs in the movie.
The role of Hrithick Roshan and Kangna Ranawat in the movie Krrish-3 was remarkable, the hard work of all the actors in movie Krrish-3 was visible and it's encouraged audience a lot of time to put their hands together. This is first time the action in the movie was similar to Hollywood action movie. Awesome move I watched very late but happy to see the first full proof Hollywood movie.
Our second movie was on the gap of only one our- Ram-leela, It was also good movie, but very long. Our generation does not have so many patients to watch such a long movie. Acting wise every actor, Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone have done magnificent. But the Director Sanjay Leela Bhansali has shown his Leela in the movie and not able to edit the picture and make it shorter. A lot's of songs without any meaning without any timing.
But friend with mine has liked more to Ram-Leela than Krrish-3. This is called every one test is different. In all I can say both movies were paisa wasul movies.
Krrish 3
Produced and directed: Rakesh Roshan
Stars: Hrithik Roshan, Vivek Oberoi, Priyanka Chopra, and Kangna Ranaut.
Total Earning: 236.61 Crore
Directed and produced: Sanjay Leela Bhansali
Stars: Ranveer Singh & Deepika Padukone
Earning: 79 crore after first weekend


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Explore Rotorua Culture
Be sure to experience the many cultural offerings during your visit to Rotorua.
Rotorua is a world-renowned cultural destination. One glance at the iSite or a hotel's pamphlet board and any visitor can be quickly overwhelmed by the myriad options for taking in Rotorua's rich cultural heritage.
Dating back from Aotearoa's first people through early European settlers and on to today's modern eclectic influences, Rotorua offers extensive opportunity to develop a deeper understanding of the area's unique cultural history. From past to present, these are some popular favourites.
One of the cornerstones of Rotorua's cultural significance literally lies in the lay of the land. Geothermal activity in the area drew and shaped the culture of the first Maori people with its utility in cooking, heating and shaping the earth. Take in astonishing sites and learn about the ancient geological foundation of Rotorua's long-term cultural history at one of Rotorua's many excellent geothermal attractions. Excellent options include Waiotapu Geothermal Wonderland, Waimangu Volcanic Valley and Te Whakarewarewa Thermal Valley at Te Puia.
Utilizing Rotorua's unique landscape, the first people to occupy the area wove an intricate cultural tapestry. Through generations, these Maori settlers developed unique practices in dance, arts and crafts, warfare, farming and more. Centuries later, many of these same ancient practices have been passed through generations and are now preserved and celebrated. At Whakarewarewa Thermal Village, you can get a glimpse of the Maori way of life, lived today as it was generations ago. Explore the impressive breadth and quality of Maori arts and crafts at Te Puia, home to New Zealand's national weaving and carving schools. Finally for an entertaining and comprehensive look at ancient Maori life, spend an evening at the Tamaki Maori Village and share in a traditional Maori feast.
The same geothermal wonders that drew and shaped the lives of early Maori people also had a strong influence on the first European settlers and tourists. At the Buried Village Museum, learn about the lives of early European settlers and re-discover Rotorua's world-famous Pink and White Terraces that were destroyed in the 1886 Mt. Tarawera eruption. Follow it up with a visit to the Rotorua Museum, located in Rotorua's iconic Bath House building, for a comprehensive look at the area's culture from ancient times to the present.
Over the years, Rotorua's varied cultural influences have mixed and mingled to make up the uniquely Kiwi lifestyle seen today. Agriculture is still alive, well and celebrated throughout Rotorua's emerald green landscape. Watch live sheep shearing and get a first-hand tour of a working organic farm at Rotorua's Agrodome. You can also enjoy a modern twist on Rotorua's legacy of healing, geothermic waters at the popular Polynesian Spa, which offers options for adult, family and private bathing in the mineral-rich waters.
For a truly educational cultural experience, Rotorua will not disappoint. Take the time to explore Rotorua and steep yourself in the rich history that makes this extraordinary place what it is today.
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Rotorua Superpasses
Rotorua Travel NZ Ltd. is a privately owned business based in Rotorua, New Zealand, specialising in packaging attractions and activities into sightseeing passes- a one stop shop for you to offer the best of Rotorua sights and activities.


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This powerful statement is among the most important findings made by research doctors Weindruch and Walford, based on the hundreds of animal experiments which they have conducted involving dietary modification and restriction (see Chapter 5). And, what is more, they believe that what they have found is available to all of us by simply applying the principles they have established from their studies.
As well as this, they point to another phenomenon, and that is that animals already ill with chronic disease at the start of the dietary restriction experiment frequently recovered full health, with the illness significantly improving or vanishing completely. They explain that a number of diseases arise 'spontaneously' (it might be more accurate to say they commonly arise, since they do not appear in everyone there is obviously a cause, and this cannot therefore be considered spontaneous) in humans as they age, including cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, dementia, cataracts etc. Some of these are clearly life-threatening, adding markedly to the likelihood of a reduced life span, while others increase the chances of accidents as well as reducing the quality of life.
The animal studies that the two researchers conducted showed that not only are these diseases far less likely to occur when diet is modified, but that if they do occur it will be at a far later stage in the life of the animal. Thus 'spontaneous' diseases of old age are reduced in animals that live on a diet which contains a full complement of nutrients (vitamins, protein etc.) but which has a lower than usual level of calorie content.
A longer life, less chance of developing serious disease and even recovery from such disease if it already exists. These are quite astounding and revolutionary claims.
Different patterns of dietary restriction
The ways in which animals are induced to achieve a restricted diet varies. In some instances they are allowed to eat whatever they wish of a fully balanced diet for a restricted amount of time; often this is for 12 hours every other day. In other instances they are fed a known amount of food which represents between 40 and 70 per cent of what similar animals would eat when offered the chance to feed whenever they wish. In some experiments these restricted amounts are boosted by supplements of nutrients to ensure that no deficiencies occur. Diets which contain an identical amount of nutrients (apart from calories) to those given to non-restricted animals are called isonutrient diets.
The animals were started on a restricted diet both very early in life, and later in life to compare the effects brought about by early and late changes. In each case the diet, when used experimentally, produced similar results in increased life span and reduction of disease, but it was found that when the diet restriction was started early in life it could have particularly harmful side effects through changes in the development of the animal, unless nutrient intake was kept at levels of absolute excellence.
These two research pioneers say that they decided to introduce adult animals to dietary restriction with the express purpose of learning more about the improvements in the disease patterns commonly seen in human ageing. Such eating patterns, they believe, can plausibly be usable in humans. But, in responding to the two searching questions which they had posed-'Can adult dietary restriction slow down the onset of late-life disease in humans? and 'Can human adult dietary restriction forestall the progression of, or aid in curing, ongoing diseases?' - their answer included what can only be a mistaken assumption because they said: 'Although human data are unavailable, results of adult dietary restriction studies in rodents, although much less extensive than early life dietary restriction studies, also show favourable effects on late-life disease patterns.'
The assumption that no data exists to support human results following dietary restriction ignores much research into therapeutic fasting and naturopathic treatment methods which include dietary restriction. I will outline these methods later in this chapter and in other chapters.
Fasting patterns
On Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays Weindruch and Walford had fed their experimental animals an isonutrient diet (that is, all the nutrients that a free feeding animal would receive but with calorie restriction), and they reported equal success in terms of life extension and disease reduction with animals fed every day but in reduced quantities. Whichever regimen, their overriding rule was that the animals were never malaourished and always received their total requirement of protein, vitamins and minerals whilst calories were restricted. The pattern of feeding, therefore, was one of 'undernutrition without malnutrition'.
If you or I were eating on alternate days only, we would be fasting on the others, and even if we ate just once daily, we could be said to be fasting for the rest of the day. It is in the variations of patterns of eating and fasting that we should look to find our personal strategies, for it is the effects of periodic fasting which might hold the key to the door to life extension and disease reduction. The benefits seem always to be the same whatever variation in pattern used, as long as the basic principle of calorie restriction is kept to.
Reduction in disease levels
From strains of rats and mice specially bred for experimental it is possible to select types which are more than commonly prone to particular diseases. These may involve different types of tumour (lung, breast, leukaemia etc.) or a variety of other chronic degenerative diseases. When such prone types were used in the dietary restriction experiments of Weindruch and Walford the development of a wide array of diseases was seen to be delayed and the overall incidence was dramatically reduced. As the dietary restriction programme was intensified the disease prevention effects became greater and this was most marked in the case of cancers of many types. On top of this, research also shows that despite the dietary restriction normal physiological function is maintained and in many instances improved.
Weindruch and Walford's experimental work is recent and ongoing. Another man's efforts in researching the nutrition health link dates back to earlier this century, but it is no less valid and important today than it was when he carried it out.
McCarrison's Indian observations
During his many yeas in India, the famed medical researcher into nutrition, Sir Robert McCarrison, observed the varying patterns of health current amongst different groups on the subcontinent. He was fascinated by the different levels of health and physical efficiency, and found that the single factor that had the most profound influence on these characteristics was not the climate, endemic disease or race, but food. His first observations were of the decline in stature, body weight, stamina and efficiency of the people as he traveled from the north to the south of India. He compared this with the local diets and found a direct and constant correlation in that there was a fall in nutritive value of the commonly eaten food, from north to south. He makes the following statement in his book Nutrition and Health (McCarrison Society, London, 1982):
This is not to say that in these parts [the south] there are not
people of good physique nor that in the north of India there
are not many whose physique is poor. But speaking of the
generality of the people, it is true that the physique of northern races of India is strikingly superior to that of southern, eastern and western races. This difference depends almost entirely on the diminishing value of the food . . . with respect to the amount and quality of proteins, the quality of the cereal grains forming the staple article of the diet, the quality and quantity of the fats, the minerals and vitamin contents, and the balance of the food as a whole.
What were the diets?
In northern India at that time grains such as wheat were eaten, usually as whole grains. Whole wheat has a high protein content,
McCarrison observed, especially when eaten freshly ground, with the grain retaining much of its high levels of minerals and vitamins. Also, in the north, the diet included milk products such as clarified butter (ghee), buttermilk and curds, as well as pulses (lentils mainly, eaten as dhal) and fresh vegetables and fruit. Meat was eaten sparingly if at all, although some groups such as the Pathans ate it in abundance.
By comparison the southern diet was based on white rice (mainly milled, polished or parboiled [often all threel, following which it was washed in many changes of water and finally boiled, reducing its nutritional value to virtually nil). Little milk protein was consumed in the south and meat was largely proscribed for religious reasons, and there was only a poor intake of vegetables and fruit.
McCarrison's experiments
Just as and longevity research is based on animals because human experiments are impossible, having made his observations amongst humans, set out to prove his thesis by applying to laboratory rats - all of which started from the same level of well-being - the various patterns of diet he had seen. Rats mature about 30 times faster than humans, making an experiment lasting 140 days equivalent to roughly 12 years in human terms.
In his first major experiment in this series he took seven different groups of the same strain of rat, with each group containing 20 rats, each having an even number of males and females, matched for body weight. They were kept in large cages under precisely the same conditions, each group being fed on a different pattern of diet, containing exactly the normal ingredients of either the Sikhs, the Pathans, Ghurkas, Mahrattas, Kanarese, Bengalis or the Madrasis. After 80 days and 140 days the animals were weighed and photographed, and their health was monitored throughout. The results proved precisely what McCarrison had anticipated, that the best diet of all was the Sikh (abundant in all nutrients) and the poorest the Madrasi (high in poor quality carbohydrate and deficient in protein and other nutrients).
This initial experiment so impressed McCarrison that he decided in future to keep his stock of rats (used for other experiments) on the Sikh diet. He had roughly 1,000 such animals to which he subsequently fed whole grain chappatis, fresh butter, sprouted pulses, raw fresh vegetables (cabbage, carrots) plus milk and water. Dry crusts were provided to keep their teeth healthy. Once a week a small amount of meat and bone was given. The rats were kept in these conditions for an average of two years - about 50 to 60 years in human terms, with young rats being taken periodically for experimental purposes and the older 1,000 being kept on the diet for breeding purposes.
Over a five year period McCarrison noted no case of illness, no death from natural causes, no maternal mortality and no infantile mortality amongst this group of rats. They were of course kept clean and had exposure to the sun daily and were generally well cared for, but the same conditions and care were given during these years to thousands of other rats fed deficiently on southern Indian diets, amongst which a wide variety of illness was observed. It was the altered diet which provided a disease-free environment for the rats, and this corresponded with a sturdier physique, just as McCarrison had observed amongst humans following these different dietary patterns.
He concluded that if attention is paid to three things cleanliness, comfort and food - it is possible to exclude disease from a colony of cloistered rats, and that it is possible greatly to reduce disease by the same means in human beings.
McCarrison's final experiments
Having found that the Sikh diet provided an ideal for good health and long life, McCarrison then took two groups of 20 matched rats and fed one on a Sikh diet and the other on a typical British diet (white bread, margarine, sweetened tea, a little milk, boiled potatoes and cabbage, tinned meat and tinned jam). The differences between the two groups of rats were dramatic and rapidly observable. The Sikh-diet fed rats were, as in previous studies, contented and healthy. The British-diet fed rats did not flourish:


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More details are being revealed about the recent $5 million lawsuit Jon Gosselin filed against the TLC network.
According to RadarOnline, Jon claims the reason he refuses to go out and get a regular job is simply because he is too famous. Yes you read that right. In an affidavit filed as part of the lawsuit, Jon states: "Now, I find myself unemployed and without the ability to secure non-entertainment related engagements because the enormous Media interest, cameras, reporters and public interest makes it impossible to carry on normal daily activities, let alone find, secure and maintain a job with an employer who is willing to be exposed to the daily Media intrusions that has impeded by life."
Other claims made by Jon in the lawsuit include his claims that TLC staged some of the scenes for Jon & Kate Plus 8. Staged scenes for a reality show? Shocking! Jon also claims TLC likes Kate more then they like him. He states the network enforced the contract, "strictly and harshly towards me, while leniently, if at all, applying them towards my wife."
In other news, the National Enquirer also published a story claiming Jon has a sex tape floating around. Stephanie Santoro, Jon's former babysitter with whom he slept with, said the following — "Tom told me that Jon was secretly videotaped having sex with a woman in Los Angeles in October, and he's seen the tape!" The Tom she is referring to is Thomas Meinelt, Jon's former bodyguard.
Jon's reps have however denied the story about the sex tape.


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In Kansas, candidates spar over NSA
As a member of the House Select Committee on Intelligence, Kansas Rep. Mike Pompeo had a front-row seat to the brouhaha that erupted in Washington last year over revelations that the government was secretly collecting Americans' data.
Todd Tiahrt, Pompeo's challenger in the upcoming Republican primary for Kansas' 4th Congressional District, has seized on the incumbent's proximity to the controversy _ and his voting record _ to attack him. Now Pompeo finds himself in the awkward position of defending the National Security Agency's surveillance program while campaigning as a tea party stalwart who sympathizes with voters' distrust of the federal government.
Tiahrt is vulnerable on the issue of privacy too. As a former congressman who also served on the intelligence committee, he voted in favor of warrantless wiretapping and the Patriot Act, which expanded the government's surveillance powers _ facts that the Pompeo campaign is quick to point out.
Pompeo says Tiahrt is mischaracterizing the NSA surveillance program for political gain.
"To say the U.S. government is targeting U.S. persons, to listen to their phone calls and read their emails, is just false," he told the Wichita Eagle's editorial board last week.
One anti-Pompeo ad, sponsored by a super political action committee called Kansans for Responsible Government, calls the National Security Agency's massive data collection efforts "an assault on the constitution" and shows Pompeo on the floor of the House, saying, "This is precisely the way our government ought to operate."
Tiahrt's campaign also put out a statement noting that a coalition of privacy advocates and civil liberty groups gave Pompeo an F grade in a scorecard of Congress on the NSA issue.
The statement slammed Pompeo for his votes against two amendments that would have limited NSA activities. One would have cut funding for the NSA's so-called "backdoor searches" that collect users' emails, browsing and chat history without a warrant. The second amendment would have defunded the NSA's surveillance program.
Tiahrt says Pompeo voted against "common sense" limits on NSA spying on Americans by rejecting the amendments.
Pompeo notes that he introduced his own amendment, which specifically directed the NSA to not listen to Americans' phone calls or read their emails. That amendment became law.
He says he has watched the NSA operations in action and is confident the agency is subject to sufficient oversight from the Justice Department, Congress, the White House and both political parties. Members of the House Intelligence Committee also are briefed frequently and receive quarterly reports, he says.
"That's as good as you can do from a Founding Fathers, Federalist Papers perspective on how a federal program ought to work," he said.
Pompeo's defense of the NSA "really does run against the whole libertarian frame of suspicion of government," said Burdett Loomis, a professor of political science at the University of Kansas.
"You do wonder on both sides if it's just politics because they're struggling to find differences between each other," Loomis said.
The sparring between Pompeo and Tiahrt has drawn the attention of right-wing foreign policy professionals and government officials, including several who served in the George W. Bush administration. They wrote an open letter defending the NSA's activities in The Weekly Standard, a conservative magazine.
"Supporting the NSA collection programs illegally compromised by Edward Snowden is politically difficult given the media frenzy that has inaccurately portrayed these programs as domestic spying," the letter reads. "We regret that too many politicians are taking a politically expedient position on this issue by siding with the news media on NSA programs in an effort to scare voters and win their support."
Despite Tiahrt's efforts to capitalize on voters' anger over NSA spying, the issue isn't likely to make a difference in the outcome of Kansas' primary on Aug. 5, political scientists say.
At town hall meetings in Kansas, the agency's surveillance activities pop up often in questions from voters concerned that the government is spying on them. But jobs, the economy, the Affordable Care Act and agriculture issues loom larger for most Kansas voters than the intrusions of the NSA.
"Look, lots of voters are concerned about the NSA, but I don't know they would end up blaming x, y or z other than the president," said Larry Sabato, director of the University of Virginia's Center for Politics.
The Wichita Eagle's Fred Mann contributed to this article.


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