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Water SA
versión On-line ISSN 1816-7950
versión impresa ISSN 0378-4738
Water SA vol.34 no.5 Pretoria oct. 2008
Biological responses to a resumption in river flow in a freshwater-deprived, permanently open Southern African estuary
Paul D VorwerkI; P William FronemanII; Angus W PatersonI; Nadine A StrydomIII; Alan K WhitfieldIII, *
ISouth African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) Elwandle Node, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
IIDepartment of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
IIISouth African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
The Kariega Estuary is a freshwater-deprived system due to numerous impoundments in the catchment. This system has had little or no horizontal salinity gradient over the last 15 years, with hypersaline conditions sometimes predominating in the upper reaches. Following high rainfall events in the catchment during the spring of 2006, including a flood event (approximate 1:10 year) in August 2006, a series of riverine pulses entered the estuary and a horizontal salinity gradient was established. This study examined the influence of this freshwater pulse on four components of the biota within the estuary, namely the zooplankton, and larval, littoral and demersal fishes. The study demonstrated that in three of these components elevated densities were recorded following the riverine input, with only the littoral fishes retaining an almost constant density. In addition, changes in the relative contributions of the estuarine utilisation classes for all three fish groups examined indicated that freshwater input into these systems positively influences the abundances. This has significant implications for water managers as it demonstrates the importance of an Ecological Reserve (defined as 'the water required to protect the aquatic ecosystems of the water resource') for this system.
Keywords: biotic response, freshwater pulse, river inflow, Kariega Estuary
South Africa has a semi-arid climate with the average precipitation being 497 mm compared to the world average of 860 mm (DWAF, 1986). This, in addition to growth of the South African economy, has led to increased demand for freshwater which has resulted in the establishment of impoundments for the retention of surface water resources (DWAF, 2004; Jezewski and Roberts, 1986). Additional freshwater loss occurs in the form of invasive alien trees which have been reported to negatively impact flow volumes from river catchments (DWAF, 2004). The various forms of water usage have modified the river flow patterns entering estuarine ecosystems. Base flows into estuaries are often considerably reduced or removed altogether, while minor flood events may be entirely removed or considerably attenuated, depending on various factors (Davies and Day, 1986). These factors include the magnitude of the flood event, available storage capacity in impoundments, and the proximity of the impoundments to the head of the estuary (Davies et al., 1993; Davies and Day, 1986).
Several summary publications exist in the South African scientific literature describing the effects of freshwater deprivation on estuaries (e.g. Grange et al., 2000; Whitfield and Bruton, 1989; Whitfield and Wooldridge, 1994). These effects include reduced nutrient input, lack of salinity gradients and a reduction in land-based olfactory cues entering the coastal environment, all of which affect the biology in these systems. A number of studies have demonstrated that natural river flow variations are required to allow estuarine biotic communities to function optimally (Froneman, 2002; Garcia et al., 2003; Kibirige et al., 2006; Ter Morshuizen et al., 1996). Indeed, recent research has demonstrated strong links between freshwater flow volumes entering estuaries and the biota in the adjacent near-shore environment (Vorwerk, 2006).
The Kariega Estuary is a freshwater-deprived Eastern Cape system, primarily due to numerous impoundments within its relatively small catchment. Monthly rainfall in the Port Alfred region ranged between 0 mm·month-1 and 149 mm·month-1 for the period 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2005, with only 3 months exceeding 90 mm· month-1 during this period. Higher-than-average rainfall was recorded in August and September 2006 (205 mm·month-1) in the Eastern Cape that has resulted in comparatively large river volumes in all estuaries along the coastline. In the Kariega Estuary the high rainfall led to the establishment of a horizontal salinity gradient in the system for the first time in 15 years (Allanson and Read, 1995; Ter Morshuizen and Whitfield, 1994; Vorwerk, 2006; Whitfield and Paterson, 2003). A combined study was initiated between researchers at Rhodes University, the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity and the Elwandle Node of the South African Environmental Observation Network to establish the impact of this freshwater pulse on the biology of selected components in the Kariega Estuary. The biota were sampled shortly after the freshwater pulse in 2006 and compared to those recorded under modified low-flow conditions in 1991, 1996, 1999 and 2005.
Materials and methods
Study area
The Kariega Estuary (Fig. 1) is a marine-dominated, permanently open system on the south-east coast of South Africa (33º 40' 46.6" S; 26º 40' 57.9" E) (Whitfield, 2000). The marine-dominated nature of the estuary arises due to several impoundments within its catchment that have restricted river flow to such an extent that the ratio of tidal prism volume to river volume is 106:1 (Grange et al., 2000). Restricted freshwater inputs have resulted in marine or hypersaline conditions being recorded in the upper reaches since 1991 (Allanson and Read, 1995; Strydom et al., 2003; Ter Morshuizen and Whitfield, 1994; Vorwerk, 2006; Whitfield and Paterson, 2003). The estuary is approximately 18 km long and varies between 40 m and 100 m in width, with an average channel depth of 2.5 m to 3.5 m (Bate et al., 2002; Bate and Adams, 2000). The sampling dates are indicated below for each biotic component.
Chlorophyll a
Total chlorophyll a concentration for the surface and bottom waters was calculated from 200 mℓ water samples collected at the time of zooplankton sampling. Chlorophyll a was determined according to the method of Holm-Hansen and Riemann (1978) by filtering the samples through GF/F filters (<5 mm Hg), before extraction in 90% acetone for 24h at -20ºC. An A10 AU-Turner fluorometer was then used to measure the chlorophyll a before and after acidification.
Zooplankton were collected nocturnally from 10 stations along the length of the Kariega Estuary (for station localities see Fig. 1) in three replicate tows using a WP2 net (100µm mesh) fitted with a General Oceanics Flow Meter. All samples were stored in 10% buffered formalin for later counting in the laboratory. Zooplankton density is expressed as a mean of three replicate samples and is presented as individuals·m-3.
Surface temperature and salinity were measured at each site at the time of sampling, with temperatures expressed in degrees Centigrade (ºC) and salinity in terms of practical salinity units (PSU). Low flow data were collected in November 2005 while high flow data were collected in November 2006.
A Horiba U10 water sampler was used to determine the salinity and temperature conditions for all biotic components during the high flow (2006) sampling, while a hand-held thermometer and optical refractometer were used during all the low-flow samples (except for larval fishes where a YSI multi-parameter probe was used during both the high- and low-flow periods).
Larval fish
Two replicate surface tows were conducted at five stations in the middle and upper reaches of the Kariega Estuary using WP2 plankton nets (57 cm mouth diameter, 500 µm mesh) with calibrated flow meters. The nets were fitted to a boom on the bow of a small boat and sampling was conducted after nightfall around new moon. The tows were conducted at a speed of 1 to 2 knots and were 3 min in duration. All samples were stored in 10% buffered formalin for later identification and counting in the laboratory. The low-flow data were collected in January 1999, while the high- flow data were collected in November 2006. Salinity and temperature at each station were determined in situ and expressed in the units outlined above.
Demersal fish
The demersal fishes were collected using an otter trawl at 30 stations along the length of the Kariega Estuary (see Fig. 1 for station localities). The otter trawl had a 2 m mouth width with a 6 mm stretch mesh net. Tows covered a distance of 100 m at a speed of approximately 2 knots. All fish were stored in 10% formalin for later identification and measuring in the laboratory. Low-flow sampling was conducted in November 1996, while the high flow survey was undertaken in November 2006. Water temperature and salinity at each station were measured at the time of sampling at the bottom of the water column. The fish catch per unit effort and water quality parameters were averaged across three adjacent stations for comparative purposes with the other data sets.
Littoral fish
Fish sampling occurred at 60 littoral stations (for locations see Fig. 1), mainly in Zostera beds, along the length of the Kariega Estuary using a 5 m x 1 m fry seine net (0.5 mm bar mesh). Sampling was conducted during daylight between mid-water spring and low water neap tides, which ensured that no transitory or pelagic species were in the Zostera beds. All fish were identified, measured and counted. The first survey was conducted in November 1991 which corresponds to a typical period of impounded river flow for the Kariega Estuary (low or zero flow), while the high flow survey took place in November 2006. Temperature and salinity were determined in situ from mid-water within the littoral zone. The water quality parameters and fish densities were averaged across 6 stations to enable comparison between data sets.
Statistical analyses
All statistical analyses were conducted using the STATISTICA software package (Statsoft Inc., 2004). To compare high and low flow volumes, salinity values, Chlorophyll a concentrations and biotic densities, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed. Prior confirmation that the data was normally distributed was undertaken using a Lilliefors test for normality and homogeneity of variance was tested using Levene's Test. Where appropriate, non-parametric tests were used. A Spearman rank correlation was utilised to compare salinity for each sampling period relative to the flow volumes. For comparative purposes the fish caught during the larval, demersal and littoral fish surveys were categorised according to the estuary-association categories presented in Whitfield (1998).
Flow volumes
The monthly river flow in the four months preceding all low-flow surveys did not exceed 0.026 x 106 m3 (Fig. 2). During the high flow period, flow volumes were significantly higher than those recorded during the low flow period (P = 0.002; F = 13.31). In all of the four months prior to the November 2006 surveys (high flow), the flow volumes exceeded 0.01 x 106 m3, increasing from a minimum of 0.012 x 106 m3 in June to 4.45 x 106 m3 and 2.9 x 106 m3 in August and September, respectively (Fig. 2). This represents an increase of approximately three orders of magnitude from the late winter (August-September) prior to the low flow period to the late winter prior to the high flow period.
Physico-chemical parameters
The recorded water temperatures during each of the four studies demonstrated differences of up to 10ºC (Fig. 3). During the zooplankton and littoral fish surveys the temperatures were similar between the years, although a difference was recorded in the lower reaches for the zooplankton survey. During the larval and demersal fish surveys, a deviation between the years was apparent in the upper reaches, with the low flow period recording higher temperatures during the larval fish survey and the high flow period reporting higher temperatures during the demersal fish survey (Fig. 3).
The salinity during all the low flow period surveys demonstrated a significantly higher profile relative to the elevated flow period (Table 1, Fig. 3). All the high flow surveys indicated a horizontal salinity gradient, with higher salinities (range: 29.5 -35) recorded in the lower reaches and lower salinity values in the upper reaches (range: 2.3-9.8). The low flow salinity was always close to marine water (35), with the minimum recorded salinity being 29.7 and the maximum being hypersaline at 40.3 (Fig. 3). The slightly depressed salinity values recorded in the upper reaches during the low flow period larval fish survey corresponded to moderate river flow rates in the months preceding this particular sampling (Fig. 2). Overall, the recorded salinities demonstrated a significant negative correlation with the reported monthly river flow volumes (P<0.05; R = 0.84).
Biological parameters
Chlorophyll a concentration
The total surface Chlorophyll a concentrations recorded during the high and low flow periods demonstrated very different longitudinal trends (Fig. 4). The total chlorophyll concentration recorded during the low flow period was uniformly low throughout the estuary (0.25-0.6 µg ℓ-1). The high flow chlorophyll concentrations were significantly higher than those recorded during the low flow period (Table 1, P = 0.001; F = 15.21) and demonstrated an increasing longitudinal trend, with the minimum at the mouth (0.74µg ℓ-1) and the maximum (9.36 µg ℓ-1) recorded in the upper reaches of the estuary (Fig. 4).
Zooplankton density
The zooplankton densities recorded during the low flow period ranged between 1 864 individuals m-3 and 5 780 individuals m-3 (Fig. 4). The high flow zooplankton densities were significantly higher than those recorded during the low flow period (Table 1: P = 0.02; F = 6.39), with most values exceeding 18 000 individuals m-3 in the lower and middle reaches of the estuary (Fig. 4).
Larval fish density
Similar mean larval fish densities were recorded in the surface waters of the middle and upper reaches of the Kariega Estuary during the high and low flow periods. The range of densities observed for larval fishes was greater during the high flow period. In particular, densities 12 km upstream from the mouth in the high flow period were four times greater than during the low flow period (Fig. 4). Larval fish densities recorded during the low flow period ranged between 297 and 623 individuals 100 m-3, while the high flow densities ranged from 110 to 1950 individuals 100 m-3.
Demersal fish catch per unit effort (CPUE)
The demersal fish demonstrated a significantly higher CPUE during the high flow period relative to the low flow (Table 1: P = 0.002; F = 12.50). Almost uniform demersal fish CPUE was recorded throughout the estuary during the low flow period, with densities ranging from 10-21 individuals tow-1. Conversely, during the high flow period a longitudinal pattern emerged, with the lower reaches stations having reduced CPUE (3-27 individuals tow-1) relative to those recorded in the middle and upper reaches (43.3 - 102.7 individuals tow-1) (Fig. 4).
Littoral fish density
No significant differences were evident in the littoral fish densities between the low and high flow periods (Table 1: P > 0.05). The densities recorded during the low flow period ranged from 2.6-9.7 individuals m-2, while those recorded during the high flow period ranged between 0.5 and 7.7 individuals m-2 (Fig. 4). Both periods demonstrated a longitudinal trend in littoral fish abundance with slightly elevated densities in the upper reaches of the estuary (Fig. 4).
Estuarine utilisation category contributions to fish catches
Shifts in estuarine utilisation categories amongst fishes were observed in the estuary between wet and dry years. The contribution of both category I (estuarine residents) and category II (estuarine dependent marine) species to the total larval fish densities increased from the low to high flow periods (Fig. 5). Similarly, the number of larval fish species from both category I and II increased from the low to high flow periods, although the net increase in category II species was greater than category I species. Similarly, the number of demersal fish species in all represented categories (I, II and III) increased from the low to high flow periods (Fig. 5). The trend in demersal fish CPUE in each estuarine utilisation category was reversed from low to high flow, with estuarine dependent marine species dominating during the low flow period, and higher CPUE of estuarine resident species during the high flow period (Fig. 5). The littoral fish densities and species numbers were greater in all categories during the low flow period relative to the high flow period, with the only exceptions being identical densities and an additional species in category II during the high flow period (Fig. 5).
Freshwater flow and biological interactions
The significant negative correlation between the mean salinity reported during surveys and the flow volumes highlights the fact that salinities are highly dependent on riverine flow volumes as demonstrated previously by several authors (e.g. Armor and Herrgesell, 1985; Bate et al., 2002; Grange et al., 2000; Grange and Allanson, 1995; Read, 1983). However, the formation of a horizontal salinity gradient is of more importance, as it infers an increase in available niches to biota within the estuary. The movement of horizontal gradients along the estuary depending on river flow is an acknowledged trend and is associated with the river-estuary-interface (REI) region (Bate et al., 2002). The REI is an important mixing zone in South African estuaries and has been identified as that region with an integrated vertical salinity of <10. The REI has been associated with higher phytoplankton production and zooplankton biomass and densities (Bate et al., 2002).
The results of this study indicate that highest Chlorophyll a concentrations were recorded in the REI region (salinity <10 PSU) during the high flow period, but the maximum high flow chlorophyll concentrations were recorded in the mesohaline (10-15 PSU) region just downstream of the REI. This may reflect water movement in a downstream direction, carrying the chlorophyll production towards the estuary mouth in the process. Higher chlorophyll concentrations have traditionally been associated with increased river flow volumes due to imported chlorophyll from the riverine environment, or increased in situ production due to imported nutrients (Grange and Allanson, 1995; Nozias et al., 2001).
Significantly greater zooplankton and demersal fish densities were reported for the high flow relative to the low flow period, despite only three months having passed since the onset of higher river flow into the estuary. Several authors have reported increased zooplankton density and biomass associated with higher river flow volumes (e.g. Froneman, 2002; Grange et al., 2000; Schlacher and Wooldridge, 1996). Grange et al. (2000) and Wooldridge (1999) have linked increased zooplankton density to increased food resources (mainly phytoplankton) as a result of elevated freshwater inflow, but have also reported that zooplankton distributions are influenced by salinity and temperature regimes. The maximum zooplankton densities during this study only slightly overlapped with the maximum chlorophyll concentrations, and were concentrated in the lower to middle reaches of the estuary where salinities were polyhaline (salinity 18-30). The possibility exists that zooplankton in these areas were feeding on both phytoplankton and particulate organic matter transported into the region by increased river flow (Jerling and Wooldridge, 1995a).
The maximum demersal fish CPUE occurred in the middle and upper reaches of the estuary during the high flow period (Fig. 4). The maximum CPUE in the upper reaches is primarily due to the dominance of estuarine resident species (Fig. 5), with Glossogobius callidus accounting for more than 50% of the total fishes sampled during the high flow period. Despite being considered as an estuarine resident in the Whitfield (1998) classification system, Glossogobius callidus also occurs in river systems (Skelton, 2001) and the increased abundance of this species in the Kariega Estuary may be a function of individuals being washed into the system from the adjacent catchment during river flooding.
It is interesting to note that absolute larval and littoral fish densities did not differ significantly between the low and high flow periods. The lack of a response in the littoral zone is likely due to a longer response time required for the species associated with these areas to recruit into the estuary (Whitfield, 1998). Similarly, in terms of the larval fishes, the catches were dominated by estuarine resident species during both high and low flow periods. However, the increase in the number of estuarine dependent marine species represented in the larval fish catches demonstrates an increase in recruitment into the estuary from the adjacent marine environment, possibly as a result of increased olfactory cues entering the coastal zone (Strydom, 2003). Larval fishes may also be targeting a low salinity nursery at the head of the estuary, where many predators are excluded. This phenomenon is not well studied, but larvae of marine fishes are regularly encountered in low salinity water in the extreme upper reaches of warm temperate estuaries (Strydom et al., 2003). Increased recruitment is also indicated by the increased dominance of estuarine-dependent marine species in the littoral fish survey during the high-flow period (Fig. 5). James et al. (2008) have demonstrated, using laboratory trials, that larval Rhabdosargus holubi respond positively to olfactory cues related to both estuarine and freshwater sources.
The return of the pipefish Syngnathus watermeyeri to the Kariega Estuary after local extinction in the 1980s and 1990s was also an important indicator of environmental change. The local extinction of this species was suggested to be due to reductions in its zooplankton food source, especially for the juveniles of this species which rely on the small size classes of zooplankton (microzooplankters) that predominate following periods of increased river flow (Whitfield, 1995; Whitfield and Bruton, 1996). The return of this species following two months of elevated riverine input (Fig. 2) reinforces the reliance of this species on freshwater pulses for successful recolonisation and reproduction within this ecosystem (Vorwerk et al., 2007).
Management implications
The results from this study emphasize the effect that freshwater inflow has on selected physico-chemical variables and the biota within a permanently open estuary. The measured change in salinity was significant from the low- to high-flow periods, with the formation of a strong horizontal salinity gradient during higher river flow conditions. Other associated variables were not measured but their effects can be seen in the biotic components of the estuary, namely increased nutrient and autochthonous primary production as well as increased allochthonous input from the river. The increase in nutrients or imported chlorophyll can be inferred from the significantly higher chlorophyll concentrations measured during the higher river flow conditions, while an increase in allochthonous input (particulate organic matter) may have resulted from the higher densities of zooplankton recorded during the high flow study.
The influence of freshwater inflow in structuring estuarine ichthyofaunal and zooplankton communities has been documented in a number of local and international studies (e.g. Armor and Herrgesell, 1985; Bate et al., 2002; Gillanders and Kingsford, 2002; Jerling and Wooldridge, 1995b; Paterson and Whitfield, 1997; Potter and Hyndes, 1994; Schlacher and Wooldridge, 1996; Strydom et al., 2002; Ter Morshuizen et al., 1996; Whitfield, 2005). Strydom et al. (2002) suggested that the required monthly flow rates for larval fishes are between 1 and 12 x 106 m3 dependent on the morphology of the estuarine system. It has been difficult to identify exactly how freshwater flow volumes influence the biotic communities within estuaries, and the current understanding is that freshwater inflow has secondary impacts on a number of environmental variables which in turn combine to alter communities within estuaries (Whitfield, 2005). The milieu of environmental factors influenced by freshwater inflow includes changes to estuarine morphometry, allochthonous inputs, turbidity, nutrient status, temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen concentrations (Grange et al., 2000; Grange and Allanson, 1995; Whitfield, 2005; Whitfield and Wooldridge, 1994). Secondary environmental effects of freshwater inflow include alterations to the mouth status and tidal prism of estuaries, increased habitat diversity, and primary and secondary production (Grange and Allanson, 1995; Perissinotto et al., 2003; Schlacher and Wooldridge, 1996; Whitfield, 2005).
In South Africa, due to the arid nature of the country, water entering estuaries and the marine environment has for a long time been considered a waste of a valuable resource (Burman, 1970; Morant and Quinn, 1999). This perception has recently changed, primarily due to the new National Water Act of 1998 (Act 36), which established the requirement that all river systems should have an Ecological Reserve amount (water quantity and quality) set aside; as the new act recognised that the environment was a legitimate and necessary water user. Both the river and estuary are considered as resources that must be protected as they provide goods and services. The Ecological Reserve relates to "the water required to protect the aquatic ecosystems of the water resource", including both rivers and estuaries.
Recent research has indicated that freshwater influences the productivity of the marine environment adjacent to estuaries, with increased biological productivity associated with estuaries with higher freshwater flow volumes (Vorwerk, 2006). Ecological Reserve determinations have already been completed for some South African systems (e.g. Adams et al., 2002) but many still require attention. There is also an increasing focus on the role that rivers and estuaries play in the functioning of coastal waters around South Africa, e.g. the Thukela Banks.
Considering the marked effect that an increase in flow volumes had on the zooplankton and fish resources within the Kariega Estuary and thus the health of the system, water managers should strongly consider establishing an Ecological Reserve for this and other similarly freshwater-deprived estuaries. When major dams on the Kariega and its tributary rivers were built more than three decades ago (Settlers Dam in 1962), a water release policy was instituted for downstream agriculture. However, no water allocation was provided for the environmental requirements of either the river or estuary and there is an urgent need to redress this oversight. An operating schedule allowing for the release of freshwater will likely result in positive changes for the estuary and encourage a resurgence of the aquatic biota in both the river and estuary.
Of particular importance is the re-establishment of what appears to be a breeding community of S. watermeyeri within the estuary, most likely due to the increased food resources available following the higher river flow volumes (Vorwerk et al., 2007). Should an Ecological Reserve be established for the Kariega, two crucial considerations would be the timing and flow volumes of future water releases from impoundments on this system. Timing is essential due to the potential effect of olfactory cues on recruitment of estuarine dependent marine species and any water releases should coincide with the spring peak in breeding and recruitment of estuarine dependent marine species (James et al., 2008; Strydom, 2003). The benefits of different flow volumes of any potential water releases would also have to be considered due to the potential scouring benefits of a single large release relative to a series of smaller releases (Baird and Heymans, 1996; Bate et al., 2002; Reddering and Rust, 1990).
The authors would like to thank the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa and the South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) Elwandle Node for financial assistance during this study.
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STRYDOM NA (2003) Occurrence of larval and early juvenile fishes in the surf zone adjacent to two intermittently open estuaries, South Africa. Environ. Biol. Fish. 66 349-359. [ Links ]
STRYDOM NA, WHITFIELD AK and PATERSON AW (2002) Influence of altered freshwater flow regimes on abundance of larval and juvenile Gilchristella aestuaria (Pisces: Clupeidae) in the upper reaches of two South African estuaries. Mar. Freshwater Res. 53 431-438. [ Links ]
STRYDOM NA, WHITFIELD AK and WOOLDRIDGE TH (2003) The role of estuarine type in characterizing early stage fish assemblages in warm temperate estuaries, South Africa. Afr. Zool. 38 29-43. [ Links ]
TER MORSHUIZEN LD and WHITFIELD AK (1994) The distribution of littoral fish associated with eelgrass Zostera capensis in the Kariega estuary, a southern African system with a reversed salinity gradient. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 14 95-105. [ Links ]
TER MORSHUIZEN LD, WHITFIELD AK and PATERSON AW (1996) Influence of freshwater flow regime on fish assemblages in the Great Fish River and estuary. S. Afr. J. Aquat. Sci. 22 52-61. [ Links ]
VORWERK PD (2006) A Preliminary Examination of Selected Biological Links Between Four Eastern Cape Estuaries and the Inshore Marine Environment. Ph.D. Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. 1-268. [ Links ]
VORWERK PD, FRONEMAN PW and PATERSON AW (2007) Revival of the critically endangered river pipefish, Syngnathus watermeyeri, in Eastern Cape estuaries. S. Afr. J. Sci. 103 199-201. [ Links ]
WHITFIELD AK (1995) Threatened fish of the world: Syngnathus watermeyeri Smith, 1963 (Syngnathidae). Environ. Biol. Fish. 44 152-152. [ Links ]
WHITFIELD AK (1998) Biology and Ecology of Fishes in Southern African Estuaries. Ichthyol. Monogr. of the JLB Smith Inst. of Ichthyol. 2 1-223. [ Links ]
WHITFIELD AK (2000) Available Scientific Information on Individual South African Estuarine Systems. WRC Report No. 577/3/00 1-137. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa. [ Links ]
WHITFIELD AK (2005) Fishes and freshwater in southern African estuaries A review. Aquat. Living Resour. 18 275-289. [ Links ]
WHITFIELD AK and BRUTON MN (1989) Some biological implications of reduced fresh water inflow into eastern Cape estuaries: a preliminary assessment. S. Afr. J. Sci. 85 691-694. [ Links ]
WHITFIELD AK and BRUTON MN (1996) Extinction of the river pipefish Syngnathus watermeyeri in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Zool. 92 59-61. [ Links ]
WHITFIELD AK and PATERSON AW (2003) Distribution patterns of fishes in a freshwater deprived Eastern Cape estuary, with particular emphasis on the geographical headwater region. Water SA 29 (1) 61-67. http://www.wrc.org.za/archives/watersa%20archive/2003/january/11.pdf [ Links ]
WHITFIELD AK and WOOLDRIDGE TH (1994) Changes in freshwater supplies to southern African estuaries: some theoretical and practical considerations. In: Dyer KR and Orth RJ (eds.) Changes in Fluxes in Estuaries: Implications from Science to Management. Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg. 41-50. [ Links ]
WOOLDRIDGE TH (1999) Estuarine zooplankton community structure and dynamics. In: Allanson BR and Baird D (eds.) Estuaries of South Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 141-166. [ Links ]
* To whom all correspondence should be addressed.
+2746 6035829; fax: +2746 6222403;
e-mail: email@example.com


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Tweet Defense HD, the iPad version of the popular iPhone game, looks as fun as the original. The only difference is that now the zombie-filled tower defense game is made specifically for the iPad. And a bit pricier.
Keep in mind that you don't actually need a Twitter account to play the game. But if you do have one, then you can use a "Booster" function that lets you use follower and tweet counts to slaughter more of the undead.
The game is $8 and available in the App Store now. [iTunes]

subset: commoncrawl


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Honors & Awards
- Three-Time Academic All-Big Ten (2011, 2012, 2013)
- Defensive Scout Team MVP (2011)
- Nebraska Scholar-Athlete Honor Roll (Fall 2012, 2013; Spring 2012, 2013)
- Big 12 Commissioner's Fall Academic Honor Roll (2009)
- Big 12 Commissioner's Spring Academic Honor Roll (2011)
Wil Richards was a regular on the Huskers' special teams throughout his Nebraska career, including the first half of the 2013 season. Richards suffered an ankle injury in early November against Northwestern and was lost for the season, ending his Nebraska career. Despite missing the final five games, Richards was again among the Huskers' top special teams tacklers this fall.
A walk-on, Richards was awarded a scholarship prior to the start of his senior season. He was one of 19 Husker seniors who made the bowl trip as a graduate after earning his degree in December. Richards was one of 30 Huskers to earn Academic All-Big Ten honors this fall, marking his third straight year on the team.
2013 (Senior)
Richards played in seven of the first eight games on special teams. He tallied five special teams tackles, including three solo stops. His play helped Nebraska rank fourth in the Big Ten in net punting and among the conference leaders in kickoff coverage.
2012 (Junior)
Richards played in all 14 games on special teams and added depth in the secondary. Richards finished with five assisted tackles, with three of those coming on special teams. He also had a pass breakup against Idaho State.
2011 (Sophomore)
Richards played in 10 games, primarily seeing special teams action. He finished with five tackles (four solo), all on special teams. All of his tackles came in the final five games, including two at Penn State.
2010 (Redshirt Freshman)
Richards added depth in the secondary and appeared in games against Texas and Iowa State, but did not have a tackle.
2009 (Redshirt)
Richards sat out his first season as a redshirt.
Before Nebraska (Lee's Summit West HS)
Richards came to Nebraska from Lee's Summit West High School in the Kansas City area, where he had a standout senior season for Coach Royce Boehm. Richards recorded 80 tackles and intercepted nine passes, including two that he returned for touchdowns. His play earned him first-team Class 5A all-state selection by the Missouri Coaches Association, and he was a first-team All-Metro pick by the Kansas City Star.
Richards also earned first-team all-state honors from the state coaches association during his junior season. Richards turned down a scholarship offer from Air Force to walk-on with Nebraska.
Wil is the son of Dan and Sandy Richards, and he was born on Jan. 25, 1991. Wil is majoring in business administration and has earned spots on the Nebraska Scholar-Athlete Honor Roll in the spring of 2012 and the fall and spring of 2012-13. He was also a two-time Big 12 Commissioner's Academic Honor Roll selection.
Richards' Career Statistics
» Games Played- 33 (2 in 2010; 10 in 2011; 14 in 2012; 7 in 2013)
» Tackles- 8 solo, 7 assisted, 15 total (4-1-5 in 2011; 1-4-5 in 2012; 3-2-5 in 2013)
» PBU- 1 vs. Idaho State (2012)


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Old MacDonald
Wheels on the Bus & 35 More Nursery Rhymes
By learningstation on June 3, 2015
Wheels on The Bus plus 35 more popular nursery rhymes that make learning FUN! Your children will enjoy our delightful collection of music videos that bring their favorite nursery rhymes to life. Nursery rhymes accelerate phonemic awareness improving children's word comprehension, reading and writing skills. Also, nursery rhymes with actions teach children basic skills including boosting […]
Posted in Nursery Rhymes, Videos | Tagged ABC Song, Apples and Bananas, Baa Baa Black Sheep, Bingo, Down By the Bay, Finger family, Five green and speckled frogs, Five Little Ducks, Five Little Monkey, Hokey Pokey, I Know an Old Lady who Swallowed a Fly, Itsy Bitsy Spider, nursery rhyme collection, nursery rhyme songs for children, nursery rhymes, nursery rhymes lyrics, nursery rhymes videos, Old MacDonald, popular nursery rhymes, Rain Rain Go Away, ten on the bed, Wheels on the Bus | 1 Response


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Biden goes after Ryan in VP debate
DANVILLE, Ky. – Vice President Joe Biden delivered an extraordinarily aggressive, top-to-bottom attack on the Romney-Ryan ticket Thursday, repeatedly interrupting and even laughing at Wisconsin Rep. Paul Ryan during the lone vice presidential debate of the 2012 campaign.
The debate was a head-snapping role reversal from last week's first presidential debate in Denver, which featured a subdued Barack Obama and a combative, insistent Mitt Romney.
Story Continued Below
( Also on POLITICO: 7 takeaways from the VP debate)
Here on the campus of Centre College, it was Biden who seized control of the event early and assailed Ryan with a stream of caustic one-liners and emotionally charged accusations against both members of the 2012 GOP ticket. He set the tone for the evening early, when Ryan rebuked the White House for not securing a U.S. diplomatic outpost in Libya.
"With all due respect, that's a bunch of malarkey. Not a single thing he said is accurate," Biden said, proceeding to blast Ryan for having "cut embassy security in his budget."
When Ryan criticized the administration's approach to Iran, warning of a "nuclear arms race in the Middle East," the vice president could barely keep his response safe for broadcast television.
( Also on POLITICO: Vice presidential debate transcript)
"This is a bunch of stuff," he said. Later, when Ryan cited John F. Kennedy's tax policies, Biden slashed: "Oh, now you're Jack Kennedy?"
Ryan, seated across a table from Biden and frequently smiling calmly amid Biden's bombast, was comparatively restrained. He focused on a narrower set of message points that have defined the Romney-Ryan message: accusing the White House of pursuing a foreign policy of weakness and a domestic policy based on mathematically questionable tax policies anchored in class warfare.
"What we are watching on our TV screens is the unraveling of the Obama foreign policy," Ryan said, referring to violence in Libya and across the Middle East.
Faced with a heated attack from Biden on Romney's infamous "47 percent" comments, Ryan anchored his answer in a big-picture economic argument: "Look, did [Obama and Biden] come in and inherit a tough situation? Absolutely. But we're going in the wrong direction. Look at where we are. The economy is barely limping along."
( PHOTOS: Scenes from the VP debate)
The stakes for the debate were high on both sides: Biden has been under pressure to deliver a powerful general-election message after Obama's limp performance against Romney. Ryan, meanwhile, had never performed under a spotlight as bright as this one, or faced off against a rival as potentially aggressive as Biden. The 42-year-old House Budget Committee chairman is known in Washington as an articulate defender of conservative fiscal policy, but is still in the process of introducing himself to a national audience.


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Brace yourselves. Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez are together again.
Honestly. This isn't a joke. E! News reported Friday that the on-again, off-again couple were spotted eating and shopping together in McAllen, Texas.
But really, should we be surprised?
The news comes only four days after Bieber called Gomez the "most elegant princess in the world" on Instagram. And earlier this week, Bieber stormed out of a deposition in the civil case against his bodyguard when questions turned to Gomez. A source told E! News that when her name came up, Bieber left the room and returned only after his lawyers told him not to answer questions about his ex-girlfriend.
Gomez will perform Saturday at the nearby Hidalgo State Farm Arena.


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In Stock In production Next Day Order Only
In just a few short years Angel Forever by Elegancia uk ltd has become one of the leading brand in uk and europe for red carpet, pageant, designer prom dresses, special occasions and much more. Offering exceptional value for money and incredible quality designer dresses, our customers know they're getting first-class dresses and exciting accessories when they choose us as their dress and jewellery wholesalers in the uk.
Based in London, Angel Forever has a huge stock of dresses- all hosted at our wholesale showrooms in Finsbury Park, ready for shipping direct to you. We've gathered a massive selection of accessories to complement any of our prom dresses to pageant dresses jewellery in uk. we can offer you extremely attractive prices on earrings and necklaces, tiaras or eye-catching wedding jewellery. At Angel Forever we take great pride in the quality and construction of everything we offer, and make sure you don't have to compromise on quality to get the best prices. With a growing list of customers who've chosen us for our commitment to price, quality and customer service - we're able to supply prom dresses or any special occasion dress throughout the UK and around the world.
As we continue to grow we're constantly adjusting and improving our stock to bring you the very best styles and designs , and we'd love to hear your ideas and suggestions for product lines or feedback on any of the dresses we currently have available. It's quick and easy to start shopping with Elegancia, just register for an account now and you'll be able to start browsing one of the best dress and jewellery wholesalers in the uk.
But, don't take our word for it - see for yourself, click through to our designer prom dresses, ball gowns or special occasion dresses now, and order online quickly and easily with our secure shopping process.
No review found for this product.


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- 36,386,802 total downloads
- last updated 8/15/2019
- Latest version: 3.3.0-beta2-final
.NET Compilers package. Referencing this package will cause the project to be built using the specific version of the C# and Visual Basic compilers contained in the package, as opposed to any system installed version. This package can be used to compile code targeting any platform, but... More information


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James Franco: I Didn't Sleep During Class
Chronically masturbating actor James Franco has finally responded to reports he slept through class at Columbia: "It was this extra thing, it was 10 at night, it wasn't a class." Sounding a little cranky—maybe Jimmy needs a nap?
James Franco's snoring ruins events that are supposed to be fun, not just ones that are boring, OK? [ShowBiz411 via NYO]


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- Home
- News
- Sports
- Opinion
- Obituaries
- Features
- Special Sections
- Classifieds
- Public Notices
Across this country, citizens have proclaimed loud and clear that they want to be heard–all the way from town hall to the U.S. Capitol. Many feel that personal agendas have gotten in the way of representing the views of the people.
Residents of Williston have important choices to make March 1 as they head to the polls to elect leaders who will be their voice in city government.
With a few days beyond five weeks until that day, we are urging voters in Williston to do your homework, research all the candidates, ask questions that you believe are relevant and when you head into the voting booth, to mark ballots with the names of the people who you think will speak for you on issues that the city faces.
Cast aside personal feelings. Take friendships out of the equation. Your vote is too important to take lightly.
Get educated. Be informed. Vote. It's your duty and your responsibility.
Add new comment
Read and share your thoughts on this story


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Shipping Policy
Free Domestic Shipping
- All US orders to the lower 48 states are 100% free
- Free shipping to AK and HI on orders over $100
- Free shipping will be sent either FedEx Ground or USPS
All International orders over $125 will be eligible for free shipping
Do you ship to my country?
- If you don't see your country listed CONTACT US. We ship around the world
When will my order ship?
- Orders received by 12 PM PST will ship the same day
- All other orders will ship by the following day
- Orders are not processed on the weekends
- Friday after 12 PM PST is considered weekend orders
How can I track my order?
- Tracking numbers will be emailed to you at the time of the shipment
- You will be sent to our tracking page where you can also receive text or Facebook messenger updates on your shipment
Return Policy
Free returns within 30 days
- If you are not satisfied with your online purchase you may return items free of charge within 30 days of original purchase
- To qualify for a refund, items must be returned in original, unused condition with original tagging
- A return label will be provided with your order
- After 60 days if your item is defective for any reason we will exchange it for free up to 60 days from the time of the purchase
Please contact us at 1-844-786-8619 with any questions regarding your order or email us at email@example.com


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Node.js sample for Azure App Service - Express
This is a Node.js web app built on the Express framework that you can deploy to Azure App Service.
This code is the default app as generated by the Express application generator.
To learn how to deploy this starter web app to App Service in a few minutes, go to Get started with web apps in Azure App Service.
See LICENSE.


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Please read the rules before postingOffer Or Find Services For JHO Members
There are currently 1 users browsing this forum. (0 members & 1 guests)
Use this control to limit the display of threads to those newer than the specified time frame.
Allows you to choose the data by which the thread list will be sorted.
Order threads in...
Note: when sorting by date, 'descending order' will show the newest results first.
Forum Rules


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IM+: Instant Messaging
v. 10.5.2 Changelog
Always-on IM communication across all public messaging systems.
If you are registered user of older version, you can update for free. To update, download and install the latest version. You don't need to uninstall the older version before update.
To download over-the-air, open wap.shape.ag with your mobile browser.
Note: Check OS of your BlackBerry (Options -> About) and choose the correct version for your BlackBerry model from the list below. If unsure, you may download over-the-air and you will be offered the right installation for your device.
|RDM+: Remote Desktop


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Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk
Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk
98 v6 camaro y87, k&N filter, SLP CAI, ngk iridium plugs, taylor 10.2mm blue wires, corvette servo, transgo hd-2 shift kit, lsd posi 3:23 gay rear!!!!,moog rear lca bushings, moog front upper and lower control arm bushings, moog upper and lower ball joints, new bigger 32mm front sway bar and 19mm rear bar with poly bushings, new poly torque arm bushing, new aluminum lower intake gasket from zzp, pacesetters headers
The one in my sig.
Pic is too small….part #? I never could find it using the pn I found.
Daniel1997 Firebird - Powerdyne'd - Sold2011 Dodge Ram 3500 CCLB2008 Jeep Commander Limited 5.7 w/QDII2013 A/C M1100 Turbo 153"2005 A/C M7 153"
It seems I should have subscribe to Rockauto`s newsletter for quite some time.
I was always getting their discounts codes from forums just like this. Since much easier with the newsletter.
I come back here to get that code for 3 other cars. The reference is all that matters...I assume.
06 Jetta 2.5 M5
99 Firebird 3.8 M5


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|Search Results (44 videos found)
|ACM CHI 1995 - Synergies: A Vision of Information Products Working Together
SYNERGIES is a vision of how information products designed for everyday use will serve people in extraordinary situations. The underlying premise of SYNERGIES is that the most valuable information...
Genre: Educational
Keywords: CHI; future; vision; video; interface; earthquake; information appliance
Duration: 00:13:55
Popularity (downloads): 469
|CoMedi: Using Computer Vision to Support Awareness and Privacy in Mediaspaces
Video demonstration from the 1999 CHI conference. CoMedi is a mediaspace prototype that uses computer vision to provide new solutions to the problems of visual discontinuity and privacy. CoMedi...
Genre: Educational
Keywords: CHI; computer mediated communication; mediaspace; awareness; privacy; computer vision; fovea; eigen-space
Duration: 00:07:54
Popularity (downloads): 452
|How You See It
How persistence of vision makes motion pictures possible.
Genre: Ephemeral
Keywords: Perception: Vision;Automobiles: Stunts;Motion pictures: Apparatus;
Duration: 00:07:55
Popularity (downloads): 1151
|NASAKSNN - Vision
Vision. This segment describes the research at NASA that will help pilots land in foggy conditions.
Genre: Educational
Keywords: NASA Kids Science News Network; KSNN; R. J.; Jessica; Fog; Landing Airplanes in Foggy Conditions;
Duration: 00:01:00
Popularity (downloads): 765
|ACM CHI 1995 - The Tablet Newspaper: A vision for the Future
The Tablet Newspaper: A Vision for the Future overviews tomorrow's portable information appliances and the ways in which we may interact with information. It explores the role a newspaper...
Genre: Educational
Keywords: CHI; electronic publishing; newspaper interface design; tablet; information appliance; information interface
Duration: 00:13:22
Popularity (downloads): 651
|How the Eye Functions
Beautifully animated explication of human eye and eyesight.
Genre: Ephemeral
Keywords: Perception: Vision;Animation;
Duration: 00:11:21
Popularity (downloads): 1817
|NASADestinationTomorrow - DT20 - Advances In Medical Tech
Second segment of episode 20 contains the TechWatch segment which describes how NASA research has been the driving force behind new medical technology. The second segment of episode 20 begins...
Genre: Educational
Keywords: NASA Destination Tomorrow; Kera O'Bryon; TechWatch; Medical Techology; ARTEMIS; X ray; X-ray; Cat scan; Vishant Shahnawaz; X ray vision; X-ray vision; Minimally Invasive Surgery;ÊEpisode 20; DT20;
Duration: 00:06:13
Popularity (downloads): 1252
|Fitting Faces
Light short subject on eyeglass fashions.
Genre: Ephemeral
Keywords: Fashion;Perception: Vision;Gender roles;
Duration: 00:08:30
Popularity (downloads): 127
|Report #262, complete video
The films: "Greenland Ice," "Search and Rescue Radar," "Sounding Rockets," "Low Vision System."
Genre: Documentary
Duration: 00:07:06
Popularity (downloads): 1194
|Eyes and Their Care (An Introduction), The
Animated drawings explain physiology of sight; how eyeglasses work.
Genre: Ephemeral
Keywords: Perception: Vision;Animation;
Duration: 00:10:04
Popularity (downloads): 341


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Follow Our Adventures on
Facebook, Twitter, Google+, Instagram, or
#WhyScouting YouTube Channel!
The resources in this section provide an overview of Cub Scouting, the basic facts about the program, its history, values, purposes, and more.
The Values of Cub Scouting Cub Scout leaders should strive to use Cub Scouting's 12 Core Values throughout all elements of the program—service projects, ceremonies, games, skits, songs, crafts, and all the other activities enjoyed at den and pack meetings.
Purposes and Methods of Cub Scouting All the activities leaders plan and children enjoy should relate to one or more of the purposes of Cub Scouting, using the seven specific methods to achieve Scouting's aims.
The Cub Scout Pack This organization chart shows the structure of a Cub Scout pack. It also includes descriptions for all leadership positions.
The Pack Trainer [PDF] The pack trainer's main objective is to have 100 percent of the pack leaders trained in their position responsibilities.
Frequently Asked Questions Here are the answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about the Cub Scout program.
Purposes and Methods of Cub ScoutingAll the activities leaders plan and children enjoy relate to one or more of the purposes of Cub Scouting, using the seven specific methods to achieve Scouting's aims.
History of Cub ScoutingHere is a brief overview of the history of the Cub Scout program, from its origins in 1930 to the present day.


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Boffins develop Terminator-vision goggles
Acid trips without the... er... acid
If you've ever wondered what it's like to trip on acid or experiencing life through the eyes of the Terminator, then a team of Russian inventors may have the gadget for you. The team has created a pair of virtual reality goggles that enables users to experience the world from a completely different perspective.
Matrix Glasses
The goggles, dubbed the Matrix Glasses, essentially apply Adobe Photoshop-esque filters to the feed from a front-mounted camera in real-time. The purpose, apparently, is to convert the reality of the mundane world around the user into some sort of virtual reality.
An online video explains that the user's goggles are connected to a processing and battery box, which the creator says is designed to be strapped around the user's waist, although little else is said about how the device works.
Users will look a little like Star Trek's Geordi La Forge
However, he claims that it doesn't include a processing unit, giving it the advantage of being able to operate as soon as it's switched on – though the 'blue screen of death' would probably be considered an positive experience in this case.
One pair of specs, different experiences
It also incorporates a radio transmitter, so that the user's experience can be shown on a projector screen. Using it inside, though, can't be half as much fun as walking around outside, while the buildings change colour and streets take on a sort of Matrix film effect.
No word has been given about the availability or cost of the virtual reality kit - assuming it even becomes a real product - but if the inventors would like to send us a set for review then we'd be extremely pleased to give our professional opinion.
Thanks to Register Hardware reader Steve for the tip.


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Philippines: Official flag of Bangsamoro in Mindanao adopted
UN says Myanmar uses sexual violence as weapon of war
Jammu & Kashmir: Blockade in Kashmir a 'collective punishment', says UN
Bangladesh: Fearful, Rohingya Muslim refugees reject repatriation
Palestine: Fires still engulfing Al-Aqsa Mosque
US Muslims fundraise $125,000 for detained migrants
Yemen: UAE-backed separatists withdraw from Aden
Palestine: Israeli forces kill 3 Palestinians near Gaza fence
Afghanistan: 63 killed in suicide bombing at Shia Muslim wedding party
Pakistan: Blast at mosque after Friday prayers killed kills 4 in Quetta
Palestine: Palestinian killed by Israeli police in Jerusalem
Kashmir in lockdown a military prison, children detained, activists report
Subdued Eid in Jammu and Kashmir amid clampdown by India
Palestine: 1,700 Jewish settlers storm the Al-Aqsa mosque during Eid al Adha prayers
Norway: Police launches terror probe on mosque attack
Palestine: Israeli forces attack Palestinian worshipers in Al-Aqsa
Weekly Report: Israeli Human Rights violations in Occupied Palestinian Territory (1– 7 Aug)
Jammu & Kashmir: One killed, hundreds injured in brutal clampdown by India
Germany's Muslims call for an Islamophobia commissioner
Yemen: 335 Yemeni children killed, 600 injured in past year in attacks
By Shadi Khan Saif KABUL, Afghanistan (AA): A major roadside landmine blast in Farah, western Afghanistan, bordering Iran, killed at least 34 people on Wednesday morning, an official confirmed. A passenger bus coming from the neighboring Herat province hit … Continued
Over 120 people attended a landmark conference on the media reporting of Islam and Muslims. It was held jointly by The Muslim News and Society of Editors in London on September 15.
The Muslim News Awards for Excellence 2015 was held on March in London to acknowledge British Muslim and non-Muslim contributions to the society.
The Muslim News Awards for Excellence 2015 was held on March in London to acknowledge British Muslim and non-Muslim contributions to the society.


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ENGLEWOOD, Colo. -- Tracy Porter wants to play. At this point, though, the Denver Broncos cornerback knows it's his health, not his opinion, that counts.
Porter missed practice Friday and still was waiting to hear if doctors would clear him to play Sunday against his former team, the New Orleans Saints, after he experienced symptoms similar to those he felt before having a seizure earlier this year.
Porter wasn't allowed to fly to Denver's last game, at San Diego on Oct. 15, after he began experiencing light-headedness and a racing heart -- similar to the symptoms he felt before his seizure in August.
"I want to play," Porter said in the locker room after practice Friday. "I've been out long enough with this. But the coaches, the training staff and the doctors are going to make a decision that's best for me. If they say I can't play, I've got to deal with it and look forward to playing next week. But if they say I can play, I'll be ready to play."
Broncos coach John Fox said Porter's status was "day to day."
"It's nothing to mess around with, but I'm not going to deny him the right to play if he's healthy enough to play," Fox said.
Tony Carter and Chris Harris are the backups, and both were listed as such on lineup cards printed by the team for Sunday's game.
This would be Porter's first game against his ex-teammates. He said the medical issues have not hindered him physically, even though he has not been cleared to practice.
"I've been preparing all week as if I'm playing -- watching film, studying these guys," Porter said. "The only thing is, I wasn't physically out there at practice. Mentally, I'm ready to play, but if they say I'm not ready, then I'll just have to wait."
Copyright 2012 by The Associated Press


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Strategic Plan
Strategic Plan Download
See the current strategic plan.
The Dearborn Strategic Plan was developed during the 2015-16 school year. More than 70 people participated in the development of the plan. Participants included teachers, administrators, support staff, community members and partners, university professionals, PTA members, and students. Dr. Mike Wilmot from the Michigan Leadership Institute was hired as the facilitator for the development of the plan. Here is a Link to the MLI website http://www.mileader.com/
Our Mission
Dearborn Public Schools will provide an exceptional learning environment that empowers every student to succeed in life today and in the future.
Our Vision
Students First – Inspire, Educate, Celebrate
Additional Strategic Plan Information
OUR COMMITMENT (what we will do)
Dearborn Public Schools will ensure:
- a safe and nurturing environment for all students
- a rigorous and challenging instructional program designed to meet the unique needs/interests of all learners
- dynamic and individualized instruction rooted in research and established best practices – every hour, every day
- attention to the development of the whole child
- strong, collaborative partnerships with families and the community that enhance opportunities for student success at every level
- an openness to new technologies, approaches and structures that enable the District to remain a leader of educational change
- Consider student needs as the first priority when making any decision.
- Differentiate instruction to meet the needs of every learner.
- Honor accomplishments through celebrations.
- Promote an attitude of lifelong learning.
- Develop strong partnerships within the community to support a culture of learning for all.
- Provide job embedded professional learning to enhance student success.
- Implement My Learning Plan (MLP) as an integral part of the daily lives of students.
- Provide a safe learning environment so every failure is a new opportunity to learn.
- Invest in staff at all levels to produce a caring and nurturing environment for students.
- Strive for best effort-everyday
Honesty – To demonstrate honesty, we need to …
- Be truthful.
- Treat all people fairly.
Respect for Self and Others – To demonstrate respect for self and others, we need to …
- Be courteous and polite.
- Be an upstander - advocate for the rights of others
- Embrace, value and celebrate diversity
- Show kindness toward others.
- Accept others and be fair to all
- Treat others as we wish to be treated
Responsibility – To demonstrate responsibility, we need to …
- Be transparent
- Think before we act.
- Make informed decisions.
- Be accountable for our actions.
- Admit mistakes and plan corrections.
Integrity – To exhibit integrity, we need to …
- Be trustworthy.
- Keep our promises.
- Do our own work.
- Know and do the right thing.
- Make the right choice even when not popular.
Citizenship – To exhibit good citizenship, we must …
- Respect the guiding principles of our country
- Respect authority/obey the law.
- Be an informed citizen.
- Volunteer within our community.
- Be environmentally responsible.
- Pursue life-long learning.


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St. Claude Ave is at the heart of the St. Claude neighborhood in the Bywater/Upper 9th Ward. The street is a stretch of music venues, art galleries and community centers that cater mostly to locals, but visitors are starting to learn about and explore the area more and more.
There are now about a dozen galleries on St. Claude Ave, featuring artists and works of varying styles and genres. The street is especially known as a hub for contemporary and experimental art, so if you're looking for modern additions to your collection—or simply love walking through the galleries and exhibitions—St. Claude Ave is a prime destination.
In terms of music venues, St. Claude Ave has several unique offerings up and down the street, though there are a few clustered just off Elysian Fields Ave. One of these just off Elysian Fields is the AllWays Lounge and Theatre, which is a hotspot for local, modern theatre productions as well as music of varying types. You can find anything from jazz and experimental to indie rock and brass bands. The Hi Ho Lounge also serves up a wide variety of musical genres, including everything from bluegrass and singer-songwriters to blues and rock. Siberia mainly caters to the rock, punk and metal scenes, and Kajun's Pub has widely popular karaoke selections. Down the way, you'll also find the Saturn Bar, which is mainly known for their Mod Night dance parties on Saturday nights.
If you're looking for more alternative, off-the-beaten-path adventures, St. Claude Ave in the Bywater is a great destination for you. You'll find a different crowd than a lot of other parts of the city, particularly the more touristy areas, but if you love unique, modern art and music, there's a good chance you'll enjoy the experience.


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Financial Opportunity
Financial Opportunity 2019
After everything was said and done, if you had held onto your shares from the 2008 crash and then added more as the market tanked incrementally, you would have made a fortune ten years later. Let's look at some random examples. To simplify matters we are going to assume that one lot of each stock was purchased roughly at the highest price during the 2007-2008 top and an equal amount was purchased at roughly at the lowest price in 2009. However, any person employing a bit of TA and Mass Psychology would have achieved a better average entry price, even though they did not purchase at the top or the exact bottom.
The top players use words like bear market, stock market crash, etc, to trigger a Pavlovian type reaction. They know when these words are used the masses will do precisely the same thing they have done for generations, sell everything and throw the baby out with the bathwater. What follows after that? Miraculously the markets start to bottom, and this is the same playbook that has been used over and over again.
If one looks at the above chart, the stock market crash of 1987 appears as a blip and even the deadly crash of 2008, proved to be a buying opportunity. Pull up any long term chart and one thing becomes painfully obvious if you can determine the trend, a stock market crash is nothing but an early retirement gift from heaven. Buy the noise and sell the B.S. It is quite easy to spot bottoming action; The masses are in panic mode and the markets are trading in the extremely oversold ranges.


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DetailsThe TV Support is the lowest support in the 6mm Support range with a hardwood leg height of 375mm, there is adjustment offered to the nearest 25mm for internal shelves, one shelf is supplied as standard with the TV Support but more may be added if necessary. TV Support - low level adjustable support for your crt , plasma or lcd TV The 6mm range can accomodate equipment measuring up to 530mm wide. All of Stands Unique's ranges are supplied with M8 sized independently adjustable spikes which are bright nickel plated for a resilient, attractive finish. This gives the added security and also assurance of higher performance from the Support range. Use of the 10mm thick stressed glass on Stands Unique's supports optimises sonic performance these supports can carry 500kilos even load (rated to British Standards BS6206A). Internal shelves can be adjusted to the nearest 25mm, more shelves can be added as necessary or taken away as systems change. When combined with optional energy management products such as the Shelf Support Uprades and Carbon Fibre Isolators the results are highly beneficial for the most discerning of audiophiles and videophiles. Isolation Platforms and Floor Slabs will also help in this area. Tip: Spike feet can be used to protect delicate hardwood floors. All hardwood used on Stands Unique supports is farmed from sustainable sources and is manufactured in the UK. One size of solid hardwood upright is offered with these elegant supports at 45 x 45mm. All Stands Unique supports are flat packed for ease of shipment, all come with comprehensive instructions and all assembly tools such as allen keys and spanners. The fittings used in the construction are all machine screw based allowing the furniture to be taken apart and reassembled with no detrimental effect on the overall rigidity of the unit. This is particularly useful when moving house. The equipment supports are strong enough to be lifted with equipment inside but be aware the overall weight of such a unit is very heavy, so take care. Use of the Spike Feet to gently slide the furniture on a hard floor is a useful feature also.
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Simulating the Art of Swing Bowling in Cricket
Phil Kinnane November 5, 2015
Cricket is the second most popular sport in the world, but it's also considered an art. This is seen in the technical abilities required by the batsman to protect his wicket and go on to score runs. It's also due to the type of bowling used to get the batsman out, which depends on a myriad of physical factors. Here, we investigate one of these techniques — the art of swing bowling.Read More
Phil Kinnane February 21, 2014
It must be an impressive sight. For people driving through the Mojave Desert from Los Angeles to Las Vegas, the world's largest solar-based thermal power plant can be seen on the way. The Ivanpah Solar Electric Generation System consists of almost 350,000 garage door-sized mirrors, all pointing the sun's rays to large boilers at the top of three 33-story tall towers. The result is a 390 MW power station — about a fifth the generation capacity of the Hoover Dam.Read More
Phil Kinnane December 6, 2013
The Mixer Module provides ready-made interfaces for describing the difficult problem of laminar and turbulent flows in rotating machinery with free liquid surfaces. COMSOL has been developing different techniques for modeling CFD, moving geometries, and free surfaces during the past few years for a number of different applications. This has now culminated in the new Mixer Module that was released with version 4.4, and it clearly showcases the improved CFD capabilities of COMSOL.Read More
Phil Kinnane November 6, 2013
The COMSOL Conference 2013 Rotterdam was well-attended and highly informative. The keynotes were the high point of the event, and they were excellent examples of multiphysics applications. The sophistication of the modeling work presented by Alwin Verschueren of Philips Research Laboratories in Eindhoven, the Netherlands, and Holger Ernst and Christian Schröder of mieletec FH Bielefeld, Germany, was truly spectacular and kept all the attendees enthralled.Read More
Phil Kinnane October 14, 2013
On Thursday evening of the COMSOL Conference 2013 Boston, winners of the top papers and posters were presented with their awards. Reading through their papers and posters, I noticed a common theme: they all included experimental validation of their simulation results. While modeling provides crucial insight and understanding, as well as the opportunity to design and optimize your applications and processes, its credibility often depends on whether results test well against known results. The award winners at the multiphysics conference […]Read More
Phil Kinnane June 12, 2013
My colleague, Edmund Dickinson, recently blogged about cyclic voltammetry, and how this can be modeled. It was a fantastic blog entry, as it really described the application, and how to implement such models in COMSOL Multiphysics. While Edmund has a background in electroanalysis, where cyclic voltammetry, potentiometry, and electrochemical impedance are important tools, I had a different but similar life before COMSOL, working within industrial electrolysis. For both of us, the new Electrochemistry Module would have been the perfect tool […]Read More
Phil Kinnane April 18, 2013
It's always been hard to place the field of electrochemistry into a more traditional engineering field. Departments and institutions that focus on electrochemical applications can be found within the faculties of Chemical Engineering, Physics, Materials Science, Physical Chemistry, and even Civil Engineering and Electrical Engineering. I believe this is because electrochemistry is heavily involved in applications that are quite varied — and in some ways quite new. Electrochemical applications need to be studied before they can be understood and optimized, […]Read More
Phil Kinnane March 25, 2013
Dr. Raj Thiagarajan is a prolific producer of interesting research articles ranging from waste-water treatment to acoustics metamaterials, and lots in between. As the Managing Director at ATOA ("Atom TO Application") Scientific Technologies, a COMSOL Certified Consultant, Raj has had to simulate all types of applications. Now he will show you how to use multiphysics simulations in multimaterial and composite product design.Read More
Phil Kinnane March 14, 2013
About 13% of the world's power is nuclear. During the 1990's, this figure was almost 18%. This trend may continue to decline or undergo a renaissance, but in the meantime nuclear waste disposal remains a hot topic among engineers and governmental agencies. Safe procedures for the disposal of nuclear waste have been in place for decades, and continued improvement of these techniques remain in discussion today.Read More
Phil Kinnane February 22, 2013
"The Bumblebee Flies Anyway" was a book by Robert Cormier that I read as a young teenager. In it, Cormier describes how bumblebees are natural anomalies as they seemingly do not have the aerodynamic capability to actually fly. Their wing span and flapping speed should not provide enough lift to allow flying, and this is a fact that I have always associated with bumblebees since. Yet, this has been proven not to be true, as a closer investigation of the […]Read More
Phil Kinnane February 21, 2013
Having used COMSOL Multiphysics for over six years now, we are pleased to have Dr. Jon Ebert, Director at SC Solutions, join us in the next Mechanical Engineering Magazine Webinar Series titled "Heat Transfer in Solid and Fluids". On March 7th, he will co-host an instructional webinar together with COMSOL's John Dunec. Dr. Ebert will discuss SC Solution's simulation activities within a wide span of heat transfer-related applications, particularly with respect to semiconductor manufacturing. As a long-time user of COMSOL […]Read More


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May 19 will see the release of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ for birds on the Birdlife International website. Occurring every four years, this full update is a global assessment of every bird species on earth: a complete inventory of the conservation status of the world's avifauna.
For birds, the IUCN Red List is maintained by BirdLife International for IUCN, and with one in eight of the world's 10,000 species at risk of extinction, compiling an accurate and fully documented list is time consuming but vital for planning conservation action. But what goes into an IUCN Red List update?
"BirdLife staff have had to assimilate and sift through a huge amount of data. These assessments cite a total of 12,500 references, and include information from 2,800 new published sources as well as from 3,000 unpublished reports", says Jez Bird, BirdLife's Global Species Officer.
"We have also received input from a huge number of scientists, conservationists and birdwatchers, both in the BirdLife Partnership and a broader network of collaborating organisations and IUCN specialist groups, with 1,400 reviews received from over 1,000 species experts," Jez adds.
One means of collating information is through BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums (www.birdlifeforums.org). More than 1,500 people are registered contributors to these and they have provided crucial up-to-date news on several hundred species for which IUCN Red List category revisions had been proposed.
This has been an enormous task and it is crucial as the IUCN Red List is the benchmark used to set priorities for conservation policy and planning. BirdLife International, as the world's authority on the conservation and status of birds, is best placed to carry out this necessary work.
"Completing the IUCN Red List update has been a massive undertaking and would not have been possible without the global network of individuals and organisations who have provided vital information," said Dr Stuart Butchart. "We are extremely grateful for their continued support."
But what will this year's changes be? Have any species been brought back from the brink of extinction? How many will have edged even closer to oblivion?
Find out on May 19.


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A Portable Wireless-N HomePlug In Any Power Outlet in Any Home, Office or Hotspot
The Aztech HL113EW is a HomePlug AV 200Mbps + 150Mbps Single-band(2.4G) WiFi. HL113EW embarks on a concept of No New Wires data communications, and it transforms your in-house powerline into a networking infrastructure. It successfully reduce ""blind spot"", increase throughput and increase network coverage within a home. Surf the Internet and share data at the speed up to 200Mbps PHY rates through powerline, 150 Mbps via Wireless in any outdoor environment and rest assured with the best security from eavesdroppers through encryption on the power circuit and WLAN.
HL113EW HomePlug engine is a Qualcomm Atheros QCA6410 chipset. It features faster processing power, Fast Ethernet host interfaces and an enhanced analog front end. The solution is compliance with IEEE1901 and Homeplug AV, hence allowing hassle free compatibility with existing Homeplug AV devices and other suppliers of IEEE1901 PLC (Powerline Line Communication) devices. As for the Wireless, it is using Qualcomm Atheros AR9331 2.4 GHz Wireless N SoC chipset.
Enhanced Quality of Service (QOS) also provides the guaranteed bandwidth reservations for multimedia payloads including TV over IP (IPTV), higher data rate broadband sharing, Online-Gaming, VoIP Calls, extending Wireless LANs coverage, Audio-Video transmission across the network as well as Network camera connectivity.
Fuss-free Set-up with Simple Connect
No configuration or software is required to pair Aztech HomePlugs. The ""Simple Connect"" button doubles as a security feature supported with 128-bit AES Hardware encryption, ensuring the network communications is free from eavesdroppers and hackers.
Protocol/Standards HomePlug
Data Transfer Rate HomePlug
Modulation Support HomePlug
Security Support HomePlug
Memory HomePlug
Hardware HomePlug
Protocol/Standards Wireless
Data Transfer Rate Wireless
Modulation Support Wireless
Security Support Wireless
Memory Wireless
Hardware Wireless
Protocol/Standards Ethernet
Quality of Service (QoS)
Diagnostic and Management Interface
Platform Support
Power Supply
LED Indicators
External Connectors
Push Button/Switch
Resin/Plastic Casing
Power Consumption
Operating System
1. Please DO NOT upgrade your device over wireless connection.
2. If the unit is working properly with the existing firmware, do not upgrade.
3. Firmware release depends from country to country, download the firmware only if you're living in the country/region.


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Not all investment strategies and products offered by Gluskin Sheff are available to non-Canadian investors. By entering the Canadian Investor section of the Gluskin Sheff website, you acknowledge and represent that you are an investor resident in Canada. If you do not meet this qualification, please select the U.S. & International Investors link. Falsely certifying that you are a Canadian Investor may result in Gluskin Sheff being unable to provide services to you and/or you may be subject to legal or regulatory consequences.
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Nearly every business day since 1997, David Rosenberg has been distilling his latest economic insights into an incisive report, which is emailed to readers around the world as Breakfast with Dave. Since he joined Gluskin Sheff in early 2009, Breakfast with Dave's following has grown significantly.
Subscribe to Gluskin Sheff Research and access all editions of Breakfast with Dave, which includes the daily Main and Summary editions, occasional Special and Free editions, and the Weekly Buffet with Dave; a summary of Dave's top insights from the week released every Friday.
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2018/2019 YEAR of HELP and SAVINGS
Nonprofits receive $10 from each Savings Card purchased with $10 to our local Representative. Businesses enlist by offering a Discount(s) to Cardholders with a $49 Annual Administration Fee with $25 of that to a selected participating nonprofit.
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We're seeking a local Representative for our Community-oriented, Charity-focused, Business-driven Savings Card and Coupon Fundraising Program as a liaison between Charities, Businesses and Chambers as a home-based business opportunity.
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This is an excerpt from The Art of Running Faster by Julian Goater and Don Melvin.
Often on the roads you see runners who are barely moving their arms at all. They don't lift their knees very much, either. They don't develop much strength that way. But at times, cross country can be like running with a weight on your back. You really have to work with your legs. They can feel like they're about to buckle underneath you! Whereas on the road you can usually just patter along. Your legs might start to feel dead, but they don't buckle.
Sometimes in cross country, you do a jump or you're running up a hill, and you're not sure if you're going to stumble. Or maybe you've picked up a lot of mud on your shoes and they feel as heavy as rocks. Either way, you're building enormous strength: The hills and mud develop power and resilience in your calves, hamstrings, and quads. The uneven ground strengthens your feet and ankles.
Keeping your balance through all the twists and turns and dips is tremendous for your core strength. The challenging terrain makes you lift your knees, and that works your abdominal muscles and improves your technique, or your skill—another of the five S's. And the remorseless cycle of stress and recovery as the hills roll by will do wonders for your stamina—yet another of the Ss.
Beyond that, the soft, forgiving, even sticky surfaces, not only increase resistance, making you stronger, they also reduce the jarring effect on your body. When something makes you work harder yet reduces your risk of injury, that's a good workout.
Because you're forced to work much harder in cross country, you get more out of breath than you do on the roads. Your heart rate goes up more, too. And that's a huge benefit. Off-road racing is a very effective way to develop your cardiovascular system, producing a powerful heart, an efficient set of lungs, and a dense network of capillaries to transport oxygen to the muscle fibres.
And it makes you stronger upstairs, too.
Cross country racing is a superb way to develop determination and stickability, pushing back against that final limiting factor—psychology. The mental strength that cross country develops will help you in any kind of race you try.
Just as the physical stresses are tougher in cross country racing, so are the mental stresses. Many's the time you'll say to yourself, 'If I can just get up this hill without stopping!' At this stage you're not even thinking about whether you can finish the race. Maybe you'll think about that when you get to the top of the hill. For now, you're just seeing if you can make it up this one hill without walking. That's really quite tough—you don't usually get that feeling in a road race!
But you adapt to psychological stresses just as you do to physical ones—by getting stronger. When you do make it to the top of that god-awful endless hill, you will have reinforced and improved your toughness. With every success you'll become more confident. When you experience those feelings where it all hangs in the balance and you're in danger of losing heart, but in the end overcome that nagging voice urging you to give up, your self-esteem gains a real boost. The battle's against yourself and the conditions, not just your rivals: It's good character-building stuff!
I think runners who've done cross country have the sort of strength necessary to cope when the going gets tough on the roads or the track. Because endurance running is largely about how you cope with these feelings. Mental strength is not about being fitter than the other guy; it's about stickability and learning to suffer and dig deeper. When you overcome these hardships, you develop the confidence, the drive, the fierceness, and the aggression to really get the most out of all the physical training you've done.
And I think that's brilliant! The sense of achievement and the satisfaction you get from having strained sinews and limbs to the limit is fantastic.
In all those ways and more, cross country helps you improve, whatever your goals. Unfortunately, there are people—some of them, I'm sorry to say, involved in British athletics—who don't seem to recognise the enormous value of cross country, and consider it to be a bit of a sideline to 'real' athletics. Britain used to have a great cross country heritage: After all, splashing through the mud is a very English sort of sport. But unfortunately, over the last 25 years or so, the sport's administrators and coaches seem to have conspired to devalue its importance.
A lot of the coaching has been done by people who never ran cross country themselves. And the perceived wisdom has been that cross country running develops plodders, not track runners. 'To beat the best runners and run fast on the track', they say, 'you shouldn't practice running on slippery, soft, slow surfaces.'
And they'd point to people like Dave Bedford, Dave Black, Steve Jones, Bernie Ford, and me and say we were all plodders. Well, that's quite a put-down. If we were plodders, we were extremely fast plodders!
Part of the problem was the hectic schedule of races, which delayed our preparations for the track season. The National Cross Country Championships, then held in the first week of March, was a very important race—one most runners couldn't afford to miss. It was the race used to select the team for the World Cross Country Championships three weeks later.
And getting to the World Cross was a big deal. It was arguably the hardest title of all to win. Because among the entrants you had all the 5,000-metre runners, all the 10,000-metre runners, all the marathon runners, all the steeplechasers, and all the cross country specialists—all competing in that one race. In the Olympics, they're spread out between five events. So the World Cross was absolutely the world championship of distance running.
But if you got to the World Cross, it probably did distract you and delay your preparations for the track. It really entailed trying to peak twice, once in March and then again in June or July. And to fight your way onto the British track team, which was very difficult in those days, meant you had to be pretty fit by the end of May, as well. That left a quite a short time to make the transition.
However, the World Cross is generally run on a smooth, fast course and the answer, really, was to train for it like a track race.
But of course Britain has a bit of a problem with its weather, and even if we hadn't been preoccupied with cross country races, it would have been too cold here to do hard, fast speedwork. Preparing for a track-type race in March is difficult if you're in Britain. Warm-weather training camps can be very beneficial. I know they were for us. Otherwise, it can be hard to compete with the Kenyans and the other Africans. They're undoubtedly training in warm weather, and they might be finding it easier to get that speed in their legs.
Read more from The Art of Running Faster by Julian Goater and Don Melvin.
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Google made quite the splash yesterday by announcing Chrome, a new stripped-down browser with some big aspirations for the web. Though Chrome is Windows-only for the time being, there are two particularly interesting things about it for the Mac community. The first is that Chrome uses the WebKit engine (also used in Safari) to render the web, and not Firefox's Gecko engine, which most assumed to be a shoe-in for an eventual Google browser. The second interesting thing is that Mike Pinkerton, one of the founders of the popular Mac browser Camino, is part of the Chrome project for Google.
On his Mozillazine blog yesterday, Pinkerton announced his involvement with Chrome (hat tip to MacUser) and offered some insight into what it means for the Camino project. In a nutshell, Pinkerton's involvement doesn't affect Camino "at all." He says "plans for Camino 2.0 based on the Gecko 1.9 are underway and unchanged." Pinkerton also says a 2.0 alpha may be on the way soon after some reviews he has to do tomorrow.
Beyond Camino 2.0, however, Pinkerton is less clear. The rest of his blog post speaks of excitement about getting involved with WebKit and a realization that his involvement with Camino is "really just about building great software and being a part of a group of people who want to make the web better, faster, safer, and easier."
Pinkerton finishes his post by saying: "My goal (again, speaking for myself) is to build a first-rate, native Mac product for Chromium and make it so that other projects can stand on the shoulders of giants. That's what open source is all about."
We aren't exactly here to spell "doom" for Camino (in fact, Pinkerton specifically recommends against doing that in his post), but it's hard not to see his affinity for Chrome's potential, as well as the possibility that Google may require his complete attention on the project sooner or later. But that certainly doesn't mean that it's lights out for Camino. Thanks to its open source nature, plenty of other developers can step up to the plate in the (possible, but not inevitable) event that Pinkerton steps down.
For now, though, Camino's progress will continue unabated.