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At Insider Monkey, we track the equity portfolios of more than 450 hedge funds and other prominent investors. Once a quarter, this data is updated in accordance with SEC 13F filings, allowing us to provide insight into which companies have fallen in and out of the smart money's favor.
Historically, bullish consensus among hedgies has been used to beat the market, but it's important for investors to pay attention to bearish sentiment as well.
The easiest way to measure this phenomenon is by thinking of it as a type of "capital flight," which is the common Econ 101 term used to describe an outflow of assets from a country or region. In this particular case, we've found that at the end of the fourth quarter, a little more than 1,500 stocks saw at least one dollar's worth of hedge fund-style capital flight in comparison to the previous quarter.
Within this group, which represents about 45% of the Smart Money's total equity universe, exists a pretty startling conclusion: nine of the top 20 companies lie within the consumer services sector. The next highest sector is tech with five companies, followed by energy, with four.
Focusing on the nine consumer-service stocks that have experienced a decline in aggregate hedge fund capital, major retailers Sears US:SHLD, Wal-Mart WMT, -0.03%, Costco COST, +0.99%, Target TGT, +20.43% and J.C. Penney JCP, -1.59% are all present. Listed in order of largest to smallest, this unfortunate quintet saw an average capital flight of $704.1 million among the hedge funds we track, with Sears hitting a high above the $1 billion mark.
In percentage terms, Target was the retailer hit the hardest by this trend, losing nearly 50% of hedgies' capital in the fourth quarter compared to one quarter earlier. J.C. Penney, Costco and Sears, meanwhile, saw capital flight of about 30%, while Wal-Mart saw 9.8% of hedge funds' capital diminish.
While this is a lot of data to take in at once, there are a couple key conclusions we can draw.
The first is that Wal-Mart should still be viewed as the Smart Money's best bet in this space. In addition to the fact that it has seen less capital flight — in percentage terms — than its aforementioned peers, Wal-Mart is the retail industry's only stock that had bullish interest from more than 50 of the hedge funds we track last quarter. The next highest is Dollar General DG, +1.15% with 44, followed by Dollar Tree DLTR, +2.62% and Costco, both in the upper-30s. The remaining members of the "unfortunate quintet" described above all sport an average of just 26 hedge funds invested.
Equally as important, it's worth mentioning that the quality of hedgies devoted to Wal-Mart is top-notch; mega-managers Warren Buffett (see Buffett's top picks), Ken Griffin, Jim Simons and Israel Englander, to name a few, all hold long positions. Prem Watsa and Ray Dalio are also bullish.
Despite the fact that on the whole, the retailer experienced hedge fund capital flight in the fourth quarter, there are reasons to be optimistic about Wal-Mart's future because of how this data favorably stacks up against its key peers.
Disclosure: This article is written by Jake Mann and edited by Meena Krishnamsetty. They don't own shares in any of the stocks mentioned in the article.


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Swimming Pool Blog
by Sean Griffin, February 28, 2010
Clogged Pool Pump Impellers
Older pumps use a brass or bronze impeller. These older style impellers were known for their heavy duty nature. Although they were subject to corrosion due to water chemistry, they are very difficult to clog due to their open face design. I compare them to a wood chipper. Anything that made it through your skimmer basket and pump strainer would surely be broken down and end up in the filter. As the industry leaned toward constructing pool equipment using heavy duty ABS plastics these older units became less common.
Proper preventative measures are in place to prevent clogging but you should be aware of the signs and symptoms and how to correct if need be. Additional to avoid clogging remember to inspect all baskets and filtering devices before pump, and make sure when changing out a dirty pump basket to remove any debris that might fall behind pump strainer (usually can be scooped out with your hand), and if you find you are subject to small debris or hair use filter savers.
I have known homeowners to use leggings or panty hose during the spring, in either the skimmer basket or the pump basket. For manual pool vacuuming, it helps to utilize a vacuum plate on the skimmer basket or an in-line vacuum leaf trap so you don't clog plumbing and overload your pump basket which can eventually result in impeller clogging.
- Lower than normal filter pressure.
- Noisy pump, straining noise or caviatation noise.
- Slow, swirling, air filled motion inside pump basket, viewed thru clear lid.
- Reduced action at the skimmers and returns.

subset: commoncrawl


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W.H.O. 29 October 2010
Also available at http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/12/09-072975/en/
Globally, 30% of men are circumcised, mostly for religious reasons.1 In many African societies, male circumcision is carried out for cultural reasons, particularly as an initiation ritual and a rite of passage into manhood. The procedure herein referred to as traditional male circumcision is usually performed in a non-clinical setting by a traditional provider with no formal medical training. When carried out as a rite of passage into manhood, traditional male circumcision is mainly performed on adolescents or young men. The self-reported prevalence of traditional male circumcision varies greatly between eastern and southern Africa, from 20% in Uganda and southern African countries to more than 80% in Kenya.2
Randomized controlled trials have shown a substantial protective effect of male circumcision with respect to female–to–male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).3–5 In these studies, complications following male circumcision ranged from 1.7% to 7.6% and were mostly of minor clinical significance.6,7 However, serious complications and even deaths have been reported from traditional male circumcision carried out on adolescents.8,9 While medical male circumcision is increasingly being incorporated in comprehensive strategies for the prevention of HIV infection10, traditional providers will continue to be an important source of circumcision for many males in eastern and southern Africa and will not easily be replaced by male circumcision performed in a clinical setting for reasons that are both cultural and linked to health service capacity. Our aim in this systematic review was to evaluate traditional male circumcision in eastern and southern Africa in terms of its prevalence, the age at which the procedure is undertaken and the complications arising from it.
Search strategy
An initial search of African Healthline and African Index Medicus using the terms "traditional circumcision" and "traditional circumcisers" brought up no studies; we therefore excluded these databases from the subsequent search. We searched for primary studies in MEDLINE, Web of Science, Popline and African Journals OnLine using the terms "male circumcision AND traditional", "traditional circumcisers", "male circumcision AND anthropology", "male circumcision AND complications", "male circumcision AND history", "male circumcision AND manhood/masculinity/rite of passage". The search was limited to the period from January 1980 to February 2008 and covered articles published in any language. Additional reports were provided by key researchers and members of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS Working Group on Male Circumcision, and the East and Southern Africa Inter-Agency Task Team on Male Circumcision. We also searched all the references listed in the articles identified during the initial search.
Selection criteria
To be included in the review, articles had to describe original research studies from eastern and southern Africa that reported on the prevalence or complications of traditional male circumcision (as defined in the introduction) performed on youth 10–24 years of age, either specifically or in the context of a larger study. For assessing prevalence and age, we included cross-sectional, cohort and register studies; for assessing complications, we also included intervention studies. Studies reporting on male circumcision provided through medical facilities were excluded, as were studies focusing on newborn and infant circumcision.
Evaluation of studies
Two medically trained reviewers (AW, TK) independently evaluated identified studies in terms of methods, study design and representativeness of the study population. The reviewers then extracted the data relating to prevalence, age and complications of traditional male circumcision. Any discrepancies in the evaluation were resolved by consensus.
The review identified 11 articles reporting on 12 studies (Fig. 1). Of the included articles, six reported on the prevalence of traditional male circumcision,11–16 eight on age at the time of the procedure 11–18 and six on complications following the procedure.14,17–21
Fig. 1. Study selection in systematic review of the literature on traditional male circumcision in eastern and southern Africa
Only one study reported national prevalence estimates of traditional male circumcision (Table 1). In that study, from Namibia, 21% of the males in the sample had been circumcised, and one-quarter of them indicated that they had been circumcised by a traditional provider.15In the remaining studies that provided information on the prevalence of traditional male circumcision, the information was collected at the district level.11–14,16 The percentage of men reportedly circumcised varied from 52% in an urban setting in Mbale district, Uganda,13 to 80% in rural areas of the Southern Rift Valley in Kenya,11 and 99% in rural and urban areas of Tarime district, in the United Republic of Tanzania.16 Rates of circumcision performed by traditional circumcisers in districts where male circumcision is widely practised were up to 90% in Uganda,13 74% in Kenya11 and 63% in the United Republic of Tanzania.16 In the townships of the Gauteng province of South Africa, 10% of males aged 14–24 years and 22% of those aged 19–29 years were reportedly circumcised, in 58–65% of cases by traditional circumcisers.12,14 The choice of providers depended on the affiliation to different ethnic groups; for example, 86% of Xhosa participants were circumcised by traditional providers compared with only 37% of Tswana men.12
- Table 1. Studies on the prevalence and/or age of traditional male circumcision in eastern and southern Africa, as identified through a systematic review of the literature
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Age at traditional male circumcision varied both within and among countries and ranged from 13 to 20 years (Table 1).11–14,17,18 In the United Republic of Tanzania, the period prevalence of circumcision was 86.5% at 18 and 99% at 21.5 years of age.16 In Namibia, 84% of boys were circumcised before the age of 13 years: in Omaheke and Kunene districts, most boys were below 2 years of age, and in Kavango district they were generally between 9 and 12 years of age.15
Overall complication rates
Only two out of six studies reported overall complication rates following traditional male circumcision; rates were 35% in Kenya (83% for 12 directly observed study participants)18 and 48% in South Africa (Table 2).14
- Table 2. Studies on the complications of traditional male circumcision in eastern and southern Africa, as identified through a systematic review of the literature
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Types of complications
Two studies used direct observation to assess complications after traditional male circumcision.17,18 Infection and delayed wound healing were the most common complications. No severe bleeding occurred in the Kenyan (n = 12),18 and the South African study (n = 192).17 Excessive circumcision was reported as a primary complication after traditional male circumcision in the South African study17 and as a secondary result of incomplete initial circumcision in the Kenyan study.18 Re-circumcision resulted in excessive removal of skin and a deepened wound with prolonged wound healing, excessive scarring and loss of penile sensitivity. Delayed wound healing and keloid scarring were also associated with the use of a powder containing penicillin and talc that is used for wound care by traditional providers in Kenya.18 Fatalities did not occur in the South African study17 and one death was prevented by the research team in the Kenyan study.18
One study assessed complications based on recall by participants (n = 108).14 In contrast to results from direct observation, bleeding (26%) and severe pain (43%) were reported as being major adverse results, whereas delayed wound healing was not mentioned and local infections were reported in only 4% of cases.14
According to hospital admission records, infection was the most common reason for admission in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa.19,20 In the South African study, two-thirds of the cases presented with systemic infection requiring treatment with antibiotics.19 Four of the 45 admitted patients had lost the glans of the penis and two patients lost the entire penis. In this study, 93% of the 45 subjects presented with some form of penile injury resulting not necessarily from the circumcision procedure itself but from poor post-operative wound care. Such care included tight bandages (traditionally believed to improve wound healing), which constricted the blood supply of the penile skin, in some cases causing occlusion of the deep dorsal arteries and leading to gangrene.19 The study from Kenya and Nigeria reported loss of the penis in 6% of all admitted cases.20 Dehydration was a frequent cause of death, due to fluid being restricted after the circumcision as a further test of the initiates' endurance.19
Another study analysed circumcision-related complications from register data for 10 609 young men circumcised in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa, in June 2005.21 Of these, 3% were admitted for circumcision-related complications. Amputations or mutilations occurred in 0.1% of the cases and 0.2% of the 10 609 young men died. Septicaemia, pneumonia and dehydration were the most frequent causes of death.
Complications after circumcision by traditional versus medical providers
Three studies compared complications following circumcision by traditional and medical providers.14,18,20 Medical providers included surgeons,20 surgeons and general practitioners,14 and clinical officers,18 although "medical" circumcisions in the study by Bailey also included circumcisions by uncertified practitioners with little or no formal training in health care.18 In this study, directly observed complications occurred in 11 of 12 boys circumcised by a medical provider and in 10 of 12 boys circumcised traditionally (Table 2).18 However, more severe permanent adverse sequelae, such as loss of erectile function, persistent swelling and extensive scarring (n = 4), occurred in the traditionally circumcised group, whereas in the medical group, adverse sequelae were mostly cosmetic (pronounced torsion, jagged cut line with massive foreskin remaining, n = 3).18 Based on self-reporting by 445 medically circumcised boys, the overall rate of complications following male circumcision by medical providers was 18%, with infection and ruptured sutures being the most common acute complications. Among the 1007 study participants, infection was equally common among those circumcised traditionally and medically (data for 709 participants from self-report). Traditionally circumcised boys were less likely to access post-operative care (odds ratio: 0.67; 95% confidence interval: 0.45–0.99).18 Direct observation of 298 subjects on day 62 (median) after male circumcision revealed significant differences between the traditionally and medically circumcised groups.18 In the study of hospitals in Nigeria and Kenya, complete or partial amputation of the penis had occurred in 14% of the 50 hospital admissions after traditional male circumcision, but not once after medical male circumcision by surgeons (n = 249). The types of complications leading to admission after traditional male circumcision were not common after medical male circumcision, with rates of 3% for serious wound infection, 1% for severe bleeding and 0% for incomplete circumcision.20 In the study in the Gauteng township of South Africa, self-reported healing time (median: 3 weeks) did not differ among those who were circumcised traditionally or medically.14 However, the frequency of self-reported pain differed significantly between the two groups: 86% after traditional male circumcision and 61% after medical male circumcision.14
None of the studies reported on the assessment of confounders potentially related to the complications seen after traditional male circumcision, such as diabetes or coagulopathies.
Main findings
National prevalence of traditional male circumcision is unknown for most countries in eastern and southern Africa. Data were available for Namibia, however, and indicated that one in four circumcisions is done by a traditional circumciser. Studies reporting on providers of male circumcision at district level were available from Kenya, South Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania and Uganda, with the prevalence of circumcisions performed by traditional circumcisers ranging from 37% to 90%.
The median age at circumcision ranged from 13 to 20 years, with considerable variation within and among countries, depending on the traditions of different ethnic groups.12,15 In some settings, circumcision may take place at an earlier age, especially when parents have their sons circumcised in a clinical setting in anticipation of fewer complications.18
The best available evidence on the complications following traditional male circumcision comes from a large cohort study in Kenya that reported a complication rate of 35%.18 Other studies were methodologically poor (e.g. retrospective assessments, lack of control group and self-reporting of complications) and most were cross-sectional.14,17,19–21 The included studies showed significantly higher rates of complications after traditional male circumcision than after male circumcision provided in a clinical setting. However, complications were also high for the clinical setting, perhaps because this type of circumcision was sometimes undertaken by untrained and underequipped health workers (18–25%).14,18
A comparison of the frequency of complications across studies was hampered by different research methods and lack of standardization in reporting. In general, poor postoperative wound care seemed to account for more complications than the circumcision itself,17–19 a finding that has important implications for the training of traditional circumcisers. Suturing the wound after traditional male circumcision is not a routine practice, but different traditional techniques (e.g. certain herb preparations) are being used to establish haemostasis.23 Analysis of hospital records in Kenya and Nigeria showed severe haemorrhage in 16% of the cases admitted after traditional male circumcision,20 but no severe bleeding was reported from the studies based on direct observation.17,18 More than 10% of males admitted to hospitals in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa after traditional circumcision had partial or complete amputation of the penis, a condition that has serious life-long implications when it cannot be remedied through reconstructive surgery.19,20
Little information was available on the factors that may have contributed to the occurrence of complications, such as the technique, the setting (e.g. the initiate's or the traditional circumciser's home, an initiation school or mass circumcision at a public place), the instruments used or the methods of cleaning them. The exception was the study by Peltzer, which evaluated the impact of a training intervention for traditional circumcisers in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.17 The authors reported continuous use of the traditional assegai (spear) by more than half of the traditional circumcisers in initiation schools, despite having been trained in safer techniques and provided with surgical blades. Similarly, one-third of the traditional nurses did not wear gloves for postoperative wound care, although the practice was recommended in their training.
Study limitations
Relevant studies may have been missed if they were not included in the databases searched for this review. Additional studies in the published literature were found, however, by contacting experts on male circumcision and by hand-searching for unpublished studies in the reference lists of all the publications identified in the initial search. We restricted our review to eastern and southern Africa because of the high prevalence of HIV infection in this region and the potential role traditional male circumcision providers could play in this context, especially in performing circumcision where access to formal health services is limited. The increasing demand for services by the population could generate a new "market", with fly-by-night, self-declared "traditional circumcisers" with no training whatsoever seizing the opportunity to earn money.
Another possible limitation of our study is the exclusion of all Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) reports except for the one from Namibia, which was alone in providing prevalence estimates relating specifically to traditional male circumcision. The small sample sizes of some of the studies on the prevalence of traditional male circumcision limit the generalizability of the reported results. For all prevalence estimates of male circumcision, the calculated 95% confidence intervals were narrow. Subnational prevalence estimates vary considerably within most eastern and southern African countries. Therefore, district-level data cannot be interpreted as nationally representative, whatever the sample size.
Prevalence estimates based on data from self-report may lack validity; for example, up to 20% of the men in one study falsely reported having been circumcised.24Comparability of the results across studies may also be hampered by the use of different terminology. Some languages lack a specific word for male circumcision and phrases such as "being a man", or "having been initiated into manhood" are used instead (personal communication at regional consultation on young people and male circumcision in eastern and southern Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2008). Men who report having been circumcised may be referring to the cultural initiation rites, with or without the surgical removal of the foreskin. No details have been provided about the techniques used to remove the foreskin partially or completely,25although complication rates and the effectiveness of the procedure in preventing HIV infection vary with the type of surgical technique employed.
Implications for research and public health
Randomized controlled trials are the best sources of evidence on the safety of interventions. However, in the cultural context of traditional male circumcision, this type of study design is not feasible and carefully planned cohort studies are probably the best alternative.
More information on the providers of male circumcision is needed to improve the safety of the procedure. Male circumcision performed as a rite of passage is not necessarily carried out by a traditional circumciser; for example, half of the young men medically circumcised in Nigerian and Kenyan hospitals indicated "cultural initiation into manhood" as their reason for having been circumcised.20 Nevertheless, in most eastern and southern African countries, circumcisions are still carried out primarily by traditional circumcisers, although these vary in type from those whose role is handed down from generation to generation to health workers without specific training in male circumcision.26
One approach to minimizing complications following traditional male circumcision is to strengthen collaboration with the traditional sector by training traditional circumcisers.17 Further research is warranted to assess the feasibility and impact of such training interventions. Another alternative, practised in Kenya, is to carry out circumcision in hospitals, followed by a "modern" period of seclusion for receiving education on health, life skills and religious and cultural issues. In keeping with accepted traditions, these hospital programmes mostly adhere to male-only care throughout the operation and the period of instruction.27–29 In 2006, such programmes accounted for 4% of all boyhood circumcisions during the circumcision season in Kenya (every other year during a specific period of the year),27 where their high acceptability has reduced the stigmatization of boys not circumcised in traditional settings.29 In South Africa, the integration of medical male circumcision with traditional manhood initiation rituals still lacks acceptability; 70% of men fear being stigmatized if they are circumcised medically.30 Studies should be conducted on the acceptability of medical male circumcision in communities where male circumcision is carried out for traditional ritualistic purposes.
Prospective studies of better quality (e.g. with larger samples and a thorough assessment of outcomes and potential confounders) are needed to systematically assess the frequency of complications following traditional male circumcision in adolescents and young men. While hospital admission records can provide information on severe complications following the procedure, population estimates of complications cannot be calculated from studies based on hospital admission data. Furthermore, many initiates may not be able to seek post-circumcision care in medical facilities because dropping out of initiation school is regarded as shameful in some contexts.31 Initiates stay at these retreats or "initiation schools" not only for wound care after circumcision, but because this period of seclusion constitutes a very important part of the ritual for transmitting sociocultural norms and preparing for adult life.32 Also, contact with women is forbidden during the period of seclusion after traditional male circumcision, and going to a hospital would be likely to involve contact with female health workers.33
This is the first reported systematic review of studies on the prevalence and complications of traditional male circumcision. Most studies available from eastern and southern Africa were inadequate for assessing the prevalence or safety of traditional male circumcision in that region. Prevalence data should be collected in conjunction with information on providers of circumcision (e.g. through DHSs). High-quality prospective studies in different settings are urgently required to assess the complications of traditional male circumcision. Research on traditional male circumcision practices would also be useful to develop ways of strengthening collaboration with the medical sector, improving the safety of traditional male circumcision, and assessing the efficacy of training programmes for traditional circumcisers. Finally, studies should be conducted on the acceptability of medical male circumcision in communities where traditional circumcision is practised, and on how acceptability can affect the scaling up of medical male circumcision in such communities.
Competing interests:
None declared.
- Weiss H, Polonsky J. Male circumcision: global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability. Geneva: World Health Organization & United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS; 2007.
- Drain PK, Halperin DT, Hughes JP, Klausner JD, Bailey RC. Male circumcision, religion, and infectious diseases: an ecologic analysis of 118 developing countries. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172- doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-172 pmid:17137513.
- Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Sitta R, Puren A. Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Med 2005; 2: e298- doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020298 pmid: 16231970.
- Bailey RC, Moses S, Parker CB, Agot K, Maclean I, Krieger JN, et al., et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 369: 643-56 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60312-2 pmid: 17321310.
- Gray RH, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, Makumbi F, Watya S, Nalugoda F, et al., et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet 2007; 369: 657-66 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60313-4 pmid:17321311.
- Weiss HA, Halperin D, Bailey RC, Hayes RJ, Schmid G, Hankins CA. Male circumcision for HIV prevention: from evidence to action? AIDS 2008; 22: 567-74 doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f3f406 pmid: 18316997.
- Muula AS, Prozesky HW, Mataya RH, Ikechebelu JI. Prevalence of complications of male circumcision in Anglophone Africa: a systematic review.BMC Urol 2007; 7: 4- doi: 10.1186/1471-2490-7-4 pmid: 17335574.
- Sidley P. Botched circumcisions lead to arrest for murder. BMJ 1996; 313: 647- pmid: 8811755.
- Ncayiyana DJ. Astonishing indifference to deaths due to botched ritual circumcision. S Afr Med J 2003; 93: 545- pmid: 14531099.
- New data on male circumcision and HIV prevention: policy and programme implications. Geneva: World Health Organization & United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS; 2007.
- Shaffer DN, Bautista CT, Sateren WB, Sawe FK, Kiplangat SC, Miruka AO, et al., et al. The protective effect of circumcision on HIV incidence in rural low-risk men circumcised predominantly by traditional circumcisers in Kenya: two-year follow-up of the Kericho HIV Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45: 371-9 doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e318095a3da pmid: 17558336.
- Rain-Taljaard RC, Lagarde E, Taljaard DJ, Campbell C, MacPhail C, Williams B, et al., et al. Potential for an intervention based on male circumcision in a South African town with high levels of HIV infection. AIDS Care 2003; 15: 315-27 doi:10.1080/0954012031000105379 pmid: 12828151.
- Bailey RC, Neema S, Othieno R. Sexual behaviors and other HIV risk factors in circumcised and uncircumcised men in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr1999; 22: 294-301 pmid: 10770351.
- Lagarde E, Dirk T, Puren A, Reathe RT, Bertran A. Acceptability of male circumcision as a tool for preventing HIV infection in a highly infected community in South Africa. AIDS 2003; 17: 89-95 doi: 10.1097/00002030-200301030-00012 pmid: 12478073.
- Namibia, Ministry of Health and Social Services. Demographic and Health Survey 2006. Available from:http://www.measuredhs.com/hivdata/surveys/survey_detail.cfm?survey_id=482[accessed 15 January 2008].
- National Institute for Medical Research. Situation analysis for male circumcision in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare; 2009.
- Peltzer K, Nqeketo A, Petros G, Kanta X. Traditional circumcision during manhood initiation rituals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: a pre-post intervention evaluation. BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 64- doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-64 pmid: 18284673.
- Bailey RC, Egesah O, Rosenberg S. Male circumcision for HIV prevention: a prospective study of complications in clinical and traditional settings in Bungoma, Kenya. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86: 669-77 doi:10.2471/BLT.08.051482 pmid: 18797642.
- Crowley IP, Kesner KM. Ritual circumcision (Umkhwetha) amongst the Xhosa of the Ciskei. Br J Urol 1990; 66: 318-21 doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1990.tb14936.xpmid: 2207550.
- Magoha GAO. Circumcision in various Nigerian and Kenyan hospitals. East Afr Med J 1999; 76: 583-6 pmid: 10734511.
- Meissner O, Buso DL. Traditional male circumcision in the Eastern Cape–scourge or blessing? S Afr Med J 2007; 97: 371-3 pmid: 17599221.
- Newcombe RG. Two-sided confidence intervals for the single proportion: comparison of seven methods. Stat Med 1998; 17: 857-72 doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8<857::AID-SIM777>3.0.CO;2-E pmid:9595616.
- Mogotlane SM, Ntlangulela JT, Ogunbanjo BG. Mortality and morbidity among traditionally circumcised Xhosa boys in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Curationis 2004; 27: 57-62 pmid: 15974020.
- Weiss HA, Plummer ML, Changalucha J, Mshana G, Shigongo ZS, Todd J, et al., et al. Circumcision among adolescent boys in rural northwestern Tanzania.Trop Med Int Health 2008; 13: 1054-61 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02107.xpmid: 18564352.
- Brown JE, Micheni KD, Grant EM, Mwenda JM, Muthiri FM, Grant AR. Varieties of male circumcision: a study from Kenya. Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28: 608-12 doi: 10.1097/00007435-200110000-00007 pmid: 11689759.
- Peltzer K, Nqeketo A, Petros G, Kanta X. Evaluation of a safer male circumcision training programme for traditional surgeons and nurses in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2008; 5: 346-54 pmid: 20161956.
- Brown J, Micheni KD. Male adolescent circumcision in Kenya: teaching activities sponsored by FBOs in 2006. Report to the Catholic Medical Mission Board; 2007. Available from:http://www.cmmb.org/What/MaleAdolescentCircumcisioninKenya2006-Brown-Reportwith4annexes.pdf.pdf [accessed 26 October 2010].
- Grant E, Brown J, Michen K, Grant A, Manuthu E, Njeru J. "Seizing the day": right time, right place, and right messages for adolescent male reproductive sexual health: lessons from the Meru of Eastern Province Kenya. Int J Mens Health 2004; 3: 189-96 doi: 10.3149/jmh.0303.189.
- Catholic Medical Mission Board. Meeting summary report of the Eastern and Southern Africa Faith-Based Organization Male Circumcision Consultation, Limuru, Kenya, 20 to 21 September 2007. Available from: [accessed 17 June 2010].
- Peltzer K, Kanta X. Medical circumcision and manhood initiation rituals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: a post intervention evaluation. Cult Health Sex2009; 11: 83-97 doi: 10.1080/13691050802389777 pmid: 19234952.
- Kanta XGM. Traditional male circumcision and initiation into manhood: legal, health and environmental perspectives. Gonubie: Impilo Ya Bantu Health and Development Projects; 2004.
- Vincent L. 'Boys will be boys': traditional Xhosa male circumcision, HIV and sexual socialisation in contemporary South Africa. Cult Health Sex 2008; 10: 431-46 doi: 10.1080/13691050701861447 pmid: 18568868.
- Mayatula V, Mavundla TR. A review on male circumcision procedures among South African blacks. Curationis 1997; 20: 16-20 pmid: 9496032.


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Tag Archives: Kimberly Dunlap
Store Profits to be Donated after Bothell Fire
July 22, 2016 As a descendant of one of Bothell, Washington's earliest pioneer families (the Ericksens), I was shocked and deeply saddened to learn about the fire that destroyed a number of buildings along Main Street early this morning. Although … Continue reading
Celebrate Woodinville Festival ~ August 15th
My fine art photography booth will be set up in the parking lot of Wilmot Gateway Park from 12:00pm – 5:00pm on Saturday, August 15th, for the Celebrate Woodinville festival! Address: 17301 131st Avenue N.E., Woodinville, WA 98072 At the … Continue reading
Mill Creek Festival ~ July 11th & 12th
You are cordially invited to the 2015 Mill Creek Festival! Be sure to stop by my fine art booth, Kimberly Dunlap Photography, and say hello! This year's event will include 50 juried artisan booths which feature only handcrafted items, neighborhood business booths, … Continue reading
Spring Boutique ~ May 2nd
Come find the perfect gift for Mother's Day at the Spring Garden Boutique! This special event is being held at the IUOE Union Hall – 18701 120th Ave NE in Bothell. It runs from 10:00am – 6:00pm on Saturday, May … Continue reading
Spring Art Show ~ April 25th & 26th
Our fine art photography will be on display at the first ever "Homespun Spring Bazaar" at the Evergreen State Fairgrounds in Monroe, Washington! Come visit our booth and take a look at our landscape and wildlife photography. Just in time … Continue reading
Birthday Party ~ "Hearts" Theme
Today on the blog, I thought I would share some images from our daughter's first birthday party with you! Hold on, did I really just type that? How is it possible that an entire year has passed since we brought … Continue reading
Wedding ~ Chelsey & TJ (Part 2)
Gorgeous flowers surrounded the outdoor ceremony area and filled the reception tent on Chelsey and TJ's wedding day. The picture below shows Chelsey's white bridal bouquet along with her bridemaids' dreamy lavender arrangements. Some pretty flowers like these would really … Continue reading
Wedding ~ Chelsey & TJ (Part 1)
Cowboy boots, gorgeous flowers, and a lodge in the mountains made for a perfect wedding day for Chelsey and TJ! I met this happy couple after their photographer's circumstances changed and he had to cancel his services for their wedding. … Continue reading
Food Photography ~ Cougar Gold Cheese
Today, I thought I would share with you a few photos of my most favorite cheese. Folks who understand terms like Palouse, Wazzu, Butch, and Beasley will know exactly what I'm talking about, but for the rest of you, please … Continue reading
Engagement Session ~ Sara & Blake
I met mother of the bride, Kim, during a bridal expo and learned that she was searching for a wedding photographer for her daughter, Sara, who lived in Arizona. Well, I suppose I may be a little biased, but every person I … Continue reading


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Emergency Dentist in Allison Park, PA 15101 | (855) 263-4605
Local Dental Emergencies in Allison Park, PA 15101
If you have a dental emergency in Allison Park, PA 15101, please call us or set an online appointment immediately. Surveys show that dental problems are common in all age groups from children to the elderly. It also pointed out that most of the problems are rising in the children. Some of the common dental problems are broken teeth, cavities, enamel erosion and dry mouth.
Emergency Services: Today, aka right now, is the time to call, we are reachable 24/7, at (855) 263-4605, and you can talk to our emergency dentist in Allison Park, PA 15101. You have an unexpected dental emergency and a dentist is right here to help you. We have evenings and five days a week to serve you. If you feel like you are in a crisis situation you can call and get an appointment as soon as possible
Common dental problems and Emergencies Treated in Allison Park, PA 15101
Dental Cavities:
A common dental problem is tooth decay or cavity. It is mainly caused by a bacterial infection. The bacteria which form on the teeth after having a meal demineralise the solid materials and destroy the living matter on the teeth. The reason for this is due to the food we consume.
Bad Breath:
Bad breath is also called Halitosis, one of the common dental problems. Bad breath comes if you already suffering from the cavities, gum diseases, dry mouth and bacteria which is formed on the tongue. Bad breath may be caused due to various reasons e.g. because of the diet you take. To avoid bad breathe you can use mouthwash and if the problem is still persistent, then it is better consult a good dentist to diagnose the actual cause of the problem. Never ignore bad breath.
Periodontal Gum Diseases:
Many adults suffer from this type of dental problem. The mouth is full of bacteria and some other particles which are adhesive on teeth. With proper brushing this type of stickiness called plaque is removed from the teeth. If the plaque is not removed from the teeth for a long time then it results in tartar, this tartar which is formed on the teeth cannot be cleaned by the normal brushing, it requires expert cleaning by the dentist. The reasons for gum diseases are illness diabetes, smoking, hormonal changes.
Oral Cancer:
A cancer starts in a cell, which actually blocks the tissues growth. Generally cells grow and divide and form new cells, it is normal process, but in case of the cancers this division is very rapid and cannot be stopped. Theses oral cancers are also called the head and neck cancers. They develop in the oral cavity. Oral cancers start on the tongue. These cancers may also spread to other parts of the body. Oral cancers may also lead to the lung cancer. To diagnose the problem initially a biopsy is done, after knowing the stage or level of the cancer treatment is given. If it is in the primary stages radiation is given to the treat the cancer, if it is in the advanced stages then doctors may suggest for chemotherapy or the combination of the both.
We Treat all of These Major Issues, and Many More. Call us at : (855) 263-4605


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OHIO Expert
Erin Murphy, Ph.D
- Associate Professor of Bacteriology
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine
- firstname.lastname@example.com
- 740-597-3061
- Faculty Website
Areas of Expertise:
Bacterial Pathogenesis, Biomedical Sciences, Diarrheal Disease, RNA Molecules, Shigellosis
Dr. Erin Murphy's research focuses on understanding the regulatory mechanisms governing the expression of genes encoding bacterial virulence determinants. In other words, Murphy's research centralizes around bacterial pathways - investigating how bacteria regulate the expression of specific genes in response to environmental conditions encountered within the human host.
"We have more bacteria in and on us than we have human cells," the assistant professor of medical microbiology says. "We rely on these bacteria to help us digest our food and synthesize vitamins, so we are benefiting from bacteria most of the time."
It is the "other" times that Murphy targets, specifically focusing on the bacteria that causes acute diarrheal disease, shigellosis, which kills millions worldwide annually. She is particularly interested in gene expression controlled by non-coding ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules in response to environmental signals.
"More and more people are learning that these RNAs have a function that's not to encode a protein," Murphy says. "But instead - and this is the case with small RNAs - they act to control the production of other factors. They're regulatory molecules that allow adaptation."
When Shigella bacteria invade a human host, environmental conditions - such as changes in temperature - stimulate a genetic expression pathway within the bacterium that allows it to survive and cause disease. Central to this genetic pathway are certain proteins that promote the production of factors that increase the bacterium's virulence, or its ability to cause illness in its host.
"It's like a domino effect," Murphy says, noting the disease is much more deadly outside the United States, where access to clean food and water is not always available.
"In the United States, if we get severe diarrhea we can go to the store and get Gatorade," Murphy says. "But if you're already starving to begin with because you don't have access to good food and clean water, then you shigellosis on top of that. And if you don't have good water to rehydrate yourself, that's when the deaths happen."
That's not to say that Americans are not affected. Shigellosis causes a reported 14,000 cases in the United States each year as well. The Centers for Disease Control suggests that the actual number may be 20 times higher, as mild cases often aren't diagnosed or reported.
Media Contacts
E-Mail monitored by University Communications and Marketing Team
After hours on-call media specialist: 740.593.2200
Featured Experts
Ryan Fogt
In addition to his focus on Antarctica and the Southern Hemisphere, Dr. Fogt is available to discuss the broad impact of climate change on winter weather and how it might impact the United States.Read More
Jana Houser
An atmospheric scientist specializing in the study of supercells and tornadoes, Dr. Jana Houser's meteorological expertise provides her with the insight to discuss all types of winter weather, weather radar and severe weather.Read More


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Powerful performance shouldn't be reserved for the biggest databases—or the biggest budgets.
Oracle Database Appliance X7-2S is a fully integrated solution optimized to run single-instance databases, and is the lowest-cost Oracle engineered system. It simplifies deployment, maintenance, and support, saving you time and money—all while delivering exceptional performance at an outstanding price.
Combines software, server, storage, and networking—all coengineered and optimized specifically to run Oracle Database and applications.
Deploys in as little as 30-90 minutes and simplifies maintenance with automated quarterly patching.
Supports Oracle Database Standard Edition, Standard Edition One, Standard Edition 2, and Oracle Database Enterprise Edition.
Reduces costs by adjusting your database software spend to be in line with your business growth without the need for hardware upgrades.
Backs up and archives your data in Oracle Public Cloud, and easily moves your workloads.
We had over 6x performance improvement in our data processing and gains in the security of our systems.
—Leonardo Sant'Anna Gomes, IT Infrastructure Coordinator, Data Traffic
Find out why you should consider running Oracle Database on Oracle to obtain the full scope of IT and business benefits.
See how Oracle Database Appliance is easy to deploy and maintain, and is designed for Oracle Database.
Find out how Oracle Database Appliance decreased time to market and created a high-availability environment while increasing performance.
Learn more about the challenges faced by today's IT leaders and database managers, and see how Oracle Database Appliance can help overcome them.
See why Oracle Database Appliance is the best system to run Oracle Database and applications.
Engage a Sales Expert>


text:
We don't make a photograph just with a camera, we bring to the act of photography all the books we have read, the movies we have seen, the music we have heard, the people we have loved. (Ansel Adams)
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- Home
- Sales & Specials
- Lilly Fields / Shaladons - Changes / We Can Do it - 7" Vinyl
Current Top Sellers
Please check out our used vinyl selecton on discogs!View Now
How was your experience on the new Ear Candy Music?Let us know!
Lilly Fields / Shaladons - Changes / We Can Do it - 7" Vinyl
Other Details
Product Description
Lilly Fields appearance on the "GWP, NYC, TLC" CD has wowed everyone, and the demand to have it on vinyl is huge. It has already been well received at the 100 Club all nighters and it's from the legendary Detroit Pied Piper production team too and was cut in that city. 'We Can Do It' is a fabulous Larry Banks production on this mystery but inspired male vocal group. - See more at: http://acerecords.co.uk/changes-we-can-do-it#sthash.PdBaHwT8.dpuf
1. Lilly Fields - Changes
2. Shaladons - We Can Do It
Product Reviews
Custom Tab
To edit this page simply login to the control panel, click the Website Content tab and choose the View Web Pages option. Click Edit next to the Shipping & Returns page and you can change this text. A sample returns policy is shown below which you can edit as needed.
Returns Policy
You may return most new, unopened items within 30 days of delivery for a full refund. We'll also pay the return shipping costs if the return is a result of our error (you received an incorrect or defective item, etc.).
You should expect to receive your refund within four weeks of giving your package to the return shipper, however, in many cases you will receive a refund more quickly. This time period includes the transit time for us to receive your return from the shipper (5 to 10 business days), the time it takes us to process your return once we receive it (3 to 5 business days), and the time it takes your bank to process our refund request (5 to 10 business days).
If you need to return an item, simply login to your account, view the order using the "Complete Orders" link under the My Account menu and click the Return Item(s) button. We'll notify you via e-mail of your refund once we've received and processed the returned item.
We can ship to virtually any address in the world. Note that there are restrictions on some products, and some products cannot be shipped to international destinations.
When you place an order, we will estimate shipping and delivery dates for you based on the availability of your items and the shipping options you choose. Depending on the shipping provider you choose, shipping date estimates may appear on the shipping quotes page.
Please also note that the shipping rates for many items we sell are weight-based. The weight of any such item can be found on its detail page. To reflect the policies of the shipping companies we use, all weights will be rounded up to the next full pound.


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StubHub is an online ticket marketplace where anyone can buy or sell any ticket to any event nationwide. StubHub is the largest ticket marketplace in the world, based on sales, and the Official Fan to Fan Ticket Marketplace of MLB.com. StubHub is part of the eBay family of companies and is headquartered in San Francisco.
You can also visit StubHub's help center to ask a question or to read more about a particular topic.


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Latest Jobs in University of Balochistan 2018 for Teaching Faculty
Applications are invited for Teachers Posts in University of Balochistan 2018. Here various seats for eligible candidates with relevant experience.
How to Apply
- Applications Form Duly signed on the form along with Latest CV, Attested copies of CNIC and All academic certificates with mark sheets, or equaling certificates should submit at the link given below.
- Download Application Form and Online Apply Click Here
- By hand Submission of applications will not consider.
- The Last date is 29 Dec 2017.
- No TA/DA will be admissible.
- Upper age limit is up to 55 years.
- Incomplete Applications are not Consider.
- At the time of interview must bring original documents.
- For Latest Educators Jobs Online Apply Click Here
- For Drivers Jobs Click Here
For Latest PPSC Government Jobs Click Here


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deep dive 2020 Elections
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Popular IM client Digsby goes open source, Motorola fails to bring Ice Cream Sandwich to Atrix users, Apple shuts down Chomp, and iTunes Ping finally goes to the grave.
- Digsby Gets Open Sourced Digsby, one of our favorite instant messengers for Windows, went free and open source last week. That means Tagged, the company that bought it, won't be adding new features, but the community will be able to take over—and get rid of those pesky ads that make it so annoying. Unfortunately, it also means video chat will no longer be supported. [Digsby Blog]
- Motorola reneges on Ice Cream Sandwich software update Despite promises to bring Android 4.0 to the popular Motorola Atrix, an revised upgrade chart shows that Motorola has abandoned plans for the Atrix, putting yet another Android phone in the club of out-of-date phones. [Ars Technica]
- Apple Removes Chomp Website and App, Shuts Down Existing App Installs Chomp, the app that helped you find other cool apps on iOS and Android, has finally been shut down. Apple bought the service and used it to create the new iOS 6 App Store interface, shut down the Android app, and now has finally gotten rid of the webapp and iOS app. If you have the app on yoru phone, it will no longer function. [MacRumors]
- Apple's Ping officially closes, disappears from within iTunes As announced, Apple has shut down the Ping social networking service from iTunes. If you click on Ping in iTunes, you'll be greeted with an error, and future versions of the software will not include a button for the now-defunct social network. [CNET]
- Netflix "Just for Kids" Now on iPad Netflix's "Just for Kids" service, which provides access to movies and TV aimed at 12 year old children and under, is now available on the iPad. Currently, it's only available on the iPad 2 and above. Netflix says versions for Android and the first-gen iPad are in the works. [Netflix Blog]


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How could so many have survived Okla. monster tornado?
Timing, faith, heroics, preparation and a bit of luck spared thousands.
MOORE, Okla. — Viewers glued to TV following Monday's tornado that hit here with the destructive force of an atomic bomb very likely expected to wake up Tuesday to a death and injury toll in the thousands.
How could anyone have survived the apocalyptic destruction of a worst-of-the-worst EF5 category storm? Miraculously, most did, despite an official warning coming just 16 minutes before the twister cut a 17-mile war-zone-like path through this city of 56,000.
STORY: Okla. man tells the tale of surviving two EF-5 twisters
Local, state and federal officials credit luck, happenstance, timing, faith, heroics, preparation and the seasoned experience that comes with living in the heart of Tornado Alley for the relatively low victim count.
"If they say there's a chance of severe tornadoes, people take it really seriously," said Tyler Porter, who lives in Oklahoma City, 10 miles north of Moore. "They pretty much know when it's time to take cover."
The death toll stands at 24 — revised from an initial 51 — plus 237 injured. Late Tuesday, about 200 rescue workers were rechecking scores of homes, businesses and schools already marked by a bright orange security "X" a second and third time. But by late afternoon, Moore City Fire Chief Gary Bird said he was "98% sure" there were no more victims or survivors to recover.
"This was a ferocious monster. When I saw it on TV, I thought (victims) could easily be in the triple digits," said Rep. Tom Cole, a Republican congressman who was raised in Moore and has represented the district since 2003.
Meteorlogists contacted by the Associated Press used real-time measurements to calculate the energy released during the storm's life span of almost an hour. Their estimates ranged from eight times to more than 600 times the power of the Hiroshima bomb.
But Cole, 64, said the people in his district were hardened and battled-tested from previous twisters.
"We've gone through this four times in the past 15 years," he said Tuesday evening after arriving in Oklahoma and surveying the damage. "People may only have minutes, but there is nothing else on radio or TV when these things are coming. People know to move toward shelter or literally get in their cars and drive away."
To be sure, the latest tornado — just one of only 58 EF5s to hit the USA since the early 1950s — was 40 minutes of sheer terror followed by long hours of numbing shock. Damages could exceed $2 billion, making it one of the most destructive twisters ever. About 20,000 residents have been displaced. But countless lives were likely saved because "people took the necessary precautions," says J. Marshall Shepherd, a research meteorologist at the University of Georgia.
Porter's wife, Mandy, grew up here and remembers the horrific twister that ravaged the area in 1999, influencing how many residents rebuilt and respond to storm warnings. That EF5 storm, with wind speeds at more than 300 mph, killed 36 while carving a 41-mile path through the region. Many families now have a safe rooms in their garages or tornado-proof shelters underground or bolted to concrete pads.
As Monday's tornado bore down "sounding like a diesel engine truck," Porter says, he hunkered down at his in-laws' home instead of their third-story apartment. Mandy Porter rode out the storm at Red Oak Elementary, where she is a substitute teacher.
The school notified parents of severe weather warnings about an hour before the tornado hit. Some parents managed to get their kids. With the tornado closing in, teachers gathered remaining children in an administration building hallway, he said. "They did the best they could. They don't have a safe room," Porter said.
No one at Red Oak was injured. Moore's Plaza Towers Elementary wasn't as fortunate.
Seven students — nearly one-third of Monday's known fatalities — were killed after the school's roof was ripped off and walls crumbled. First responders managed to pull out several other students from a collapsed wall and heaps of mangled debris, passing survivors down a chain of parents and volunteers. Congressman Cole, who used to work as a groundskeeper in his youth near the school, said Plaza Towers was directly in the path of the tornado.
Students had been instructed to go to the cafeteria and wait for their parents to pick them up, but then the tornado alarm sounded.
"All the teachers started screaming into the room and saying, 'Get into the hallway! We don't want you to die!' and stuff like that," said sixth-grader Phaedra Dunn. "We just took off running."
Sixth-grader Antonio Clark said a teacher shoved him and others into the three-stall boys' bathroom.
"We were all piled in on each other," the 12-year-old said. Another teacher wrapped her arms around two students and held Antonio's hand.
Twenty seconds later he heard a roar that sounded like a stampede of elephants. It stopped almost as suddenly as it started. Crouched down, his backpack over his head, Antonio looked up. The skylight and the ceiling were gone, and he was staring up into a cloud filled with debris.
Antonio and a friend were among the first to stand. They climbed over debris where their classroom had been just moments earlier. Students and teachers were struggling to free themselves from the debris. Some had bleeding head wounds; blood covered one side of someone's eyeglasses, Antonio said.
"Teachers and administrators made the right decision," Cole said of Plaza Towers' staff. "It's the safest building in that neighborhood. Not many structures above ground can stand up to that kind of tornado."
Claudia Todd, past president of the district Parent Teacher Association in Moore, said most local schools conduct extreme storm drills at least once a month. Students practice filing into interior classrooms, and incoming high school freshman are sent home with books that carefully explain drills.
"You take those precautions seriously, especially in Oklahoma," said Todd, a secretary at Southmoore High School.
After the 1999 tornado, drills were practiced with more intensity. "When you hear those warnings, you don't just go, 'It's just another warning,'" Todd said. "You take them seriously."
Other survivors emerged from homes with harrowing accounts of the storm's wrath as they shielded loved ones.
Chelsie McCumber grabbed her 2-year-old son, Ethan, wrapped him in jackets and covered him with a mattress before they squeezed into a coat closet. She sang to Ethan when he complained it was hot inside the small space.
"I told him we're going to play tent in the closet," she said, beginning to cry. "I just felt air so I knew the roof was gone," she said Tuesday, standing under where her roof should have been. The home was littered with wet, gray insulation and family belongings.
Tornado shelters helped save others. As the twister approached, Jalayne Jann dashed into the underground concrete shelter she installed after the 1999 tornado decimated her brother's house. She emerged from the shelter to war-zone-like scene of crushed cars, flattened homes and downed trees.
"We've lived here a long time. We're used to tornadoes," Jann said as she surveyed her ruined home. "But they always go around or over. Nothing ever like this."
Jon Johnson says his 6-year-old daughter, Abigail, and his mother-in-law escaped harm by waiting out the storm in an underground concrete bunker in the back yard of his home, which is now a mangled pile of bricks, wood studs and sheet rock.
"That saved their lives," he said. "If they were above ground, they wouldn't have made it."
The bunker was there when he bought the home in 2001. "If you live in Oklahoma, you have to have one of these," said Johnson, 44.
Four Oklahoma City residents were killed by the tornado. But Mayor Mick Cornett said the death toll may have been tempered by the timing of the storm. Many area residents were still at work or reinforced school buildings when it the tornado hit.
Cornett also credited the news media. "This was the storm of storms," he said. "The fact that so many lives have been saved is a testimony to the technology of media. No doubt, the media saved hundreds of lives."
Jervis reported from Moore. Strauss, Leger and Rice reported from McLean, Va.
Contributing: Trevor Hughes in Moore and the Associated Press.


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In the current project I am doing, I implemented AJAX technique and using one instance (yes, you heard it right, only one instance) of XMLHttpRequest object without abort calls and I use IE 6, XP SP2. There is one little trick that you have to use to reuse one instance. I'll take the same example developed by the author in the blog Reusing XMLHtpRequest - dilema and show you how to reuse XMLHttpRequest object.
The code developed in the article uses the javascript statements
req_fail_IE.onreadystatechange = processReqChange_fail_IE;
req_fail_IE.open("GET", url, true);
where it assigns the callback handler to the XMLHttpRequest, open the request and send the request which actually transmits the request.
Instead of this piece of code, just try using the following code and it will do the trick. Believe me and it's worth trying.
req_fail_IE.open("GET", url, true);
req_fail_IE.onreadystatechange = processReqChange_fail_IE; //changed the position of callback handler
I worked on two examples. One that is originally created by Eric,
http://www.geocities.com/keelypavan/Non_Working.html .
and the code I changed (just changed whatever I mentioned above and nothing else, that's why you still see button names as "bad-test1" and "bad-test2", but don't care, both buttons still work even if they are named "bad"). http://www.geocities.com/keelypavan/working.html .
Note: Please bear with those Yahoo geocities ads and if you have pop-up blocker, you may get Javascript errors and these errors are from geocities ads code, please ignore them.
One more important point that I observed is, the request is getting fired even in the first example for the second button, which is not showing up any alert, but the callback handler is not getting called. So, it has to do with assigning callback handler to the XMLHttpRequest's onreadystatechange.
If it doesn't work, please let me know, because I only tested in IE 6, Mozilla Firefox 1.0.7 and no other versions.
Have a great reuse of XMLHttpRequest object and stop memory leaks ( update: I haven't demonstarted this piece).
For demonstration purposes, I created one example which creates a XHR object when loading and issues 5 requests immediately one after the other in a loop upon a click of "Get Data" button. If you have any TCP probe tools like HTTPWatch or anything like that, please see the requests being fired from the browser. Except for the last call, all previous 4 calls will be "abort"ed. ( There is a basic free version of HTTPwatch available if you don't have one.).
link to the example: http://www.geocities.com/keelypavan/Request_abort_test.html
Probably, this is one of the best practices to call open before setting onreadystatechange and may be calling abort if the request is in process.


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Rheumatoid arthritisTreatment
Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis can help reduce inflammation in the joints, relieve pain, prevent or slow joint damage, reduce disability and enable you to live as active a life as possible.
Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis can help reduce inflammation in the joints, relieve pain, prevent or slow joint damage, reduce disability and enable you to live as active a life as possible.
Although there's no cure for rheumatoid arthritis, early treatment and support (including lifestyle changes, medication, supportive treatments and surgery) can reduce the risk of joint damage and limit the impact of the condition.
Your treatment will usually involve care from your GP and a number of different specialists.
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has produced guidance on the management of rheumatoid arthritis in adults.
There are a number of medications available that can be used to help stop rheumatoid arthritis getting worse and reduce your risk of further problems.
These are often divided into 2 types of medication: disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biological treatments.
Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
If you have been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, you'll normally be offered a combination of DMARD tablets as part of your initial treatment.
These medications are particularly effective at easing symptoms of the condition and slowing down its progression.
DMARDs work by blocking the effects of the chemicals released when the immune system attacks the joints, which could otherwise cause further damage to nearby bones, tendons, ligaments and cartilage.
There are many different DMARDs that can be used, including:
- methotrexate
- leflunomide
- hydroxychloroquine
- sulfasalazine
Methotrexate is normally the first medicine given for rheumatoid arthritis, often alongside another DMARD and a short-course of corticosteroids to relieve any pain.
It may also be combined with the biological treatments mentioned below.
Common side effects of methotrexate include:
The medication can also sometimes have an effect on your blood count and your liver, so you'll have regular blood tests to monitor this.
Less commonly, methotrexate can affect the lungs, so you'll usually have a chest X-ray and possibly breathing tests when you start taking it to provide a comparison if you develop shortness of breath or a persistent dry cough while taking it. But most people tolerate methotrexate well.
It can take a few months to notice a DMARD working. It's important to keep taking the medication, even if you don't notice it working at first.
You may have to try 2 or 3 types of DMARD before you find the one that's most suitable for you.
Once you and your doctor work out the most suitable DMARD, you'll usually have to take the medicine in the long term.
Biological treatments
Biological treatments are a newer form of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.
They include:
- etanercept
- infliximab
- adalimumab
- certolizumab
- golimumab
- rituximab
- abatacept
- tocilizumab
- sarilumab
They're usually taken in combination with methotrexate or another DMARD, and are normally only used if these medications alone haven't been effective.
Biological medications are given by injection. They work by stopping particular chemicals in the blood from activating your immune system to attack your joints.
Side effects from biological treatments are usually mild and include:
- skin reactions at the site of the injections
- infections
- feeling sick
- a high temperature (fever)
- headaches
Some people may also be at risk of getting more serious problems, including the reactivation of infections such as tuberculosis (TB) if they have had them in the past.
Want to know more?
- National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society (NRAS): treatment
- Arthritis Care: taking medication
- NICE: golimumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
- NICE: tocilizumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
- NICE: adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, rituximab and abatacept for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Jak inhibitors
A new type of treatment (Jak inhibitors) is now available on the NHS for people with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis.
This medicine is taken as a tablet once or twice a day, and usually in combination with methotrexate.
These medicines include:
- tofacitinib
- baricitinib
These medicines are for adults who have already tried taking DMARDs or biologicals, but these haven't been effective or they can't take them.
These medicines can also be taken on their own in adults who can't take methotrexate.
Want to know more?
- National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society (NRAS): Jak inhibitors
- NICE: baracitinib for moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis
- NICE: tofacitinib for moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis
Medication to relieve pain
In addition to the medications used to control the progression of rheumatoid arthritis, you may also need to take medication specifically to relieve pain.
Some of the different medicines that may be used to relieve pain are outlined below.
In some cases, you may be advised to use painkillers, such as paracetamol or a combination of paracetamol and codeine (co-codamol), to relieve the pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
These medications don't help treat the underlying inflammation of your joints, but they can sometimes be helpful in relieving pain.
For example, they may be recommended while you're waiting to see a specialist or during periods where your symptoms are particularly bad (flare-ups).
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
In addition to, or instead of, the painkillers mentioned above, your doctor may prescribe a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
This may be a traditional NSAID (such as ibuprofen, naproxen or diclofenac) or an alternative type called a COX-2 inhibitor (such as celecoxib or etoricoxib).
These medications can help relieve pain while also reducing inflammation in the joints, although they won't stop rheumatoid arthritis getting worse over time.
Your doctor will discuss with you what type of NSAID you should take, and the benefits and risks associated with each of them.
Although uncommon, taking an NSAID tablet can increase the risk of serious stomach problems, such as internal bleeding.
This is because the medications can break down the lining that protects the stomach against damage from stomach acids.
If you're prescribed an NSAID tablet, you'll often have to take another medicine, such as a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), as well.
Taking a PPI reduces the amount of acid in your stomach, which greatly reduces the risk of damage to your stomach lining.
Corticosteroids are powerful medications that can help reduce pain, stiffness and inflammation.
They can be used as:
- a tablet (for example, prednisolone)
- an injection directly into a painful joint
- an injection into the muscle (to help lots of joints)
They're usually used to provide short-term pain relief – for example, while you're waiting for DMARD medication to take effect or during a flare-up.
Corticosteroids are normally only used in this way because long-term use of corticosteroids can have serious side effects, such as:
- weight gain
- osteoporosis (thinning of the bones)
- easy bruising
- muscle weakness
- thinning of the skin
Want to know more?
- National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society (NRAS): symptom control
Supportive treatments
Your doctor may also refer you to other services that might be able to help you with your rheumatoid arthritis symptoms.
A physiotherapist may help you improve your fitness and muscle strength, and make your joints more flexible.
If your hands or wrists are affected, you can try a tailored hand exercise programme. This involves face-to-face sessions with a trained therapist and carrying out the exercises yourself at home.
A physiotherapist may also be able to help with pain relief using heat or ice packs, or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).
A TENS machine applies a small pulse of electricity to the affected joint, which numbs the nerve endings and can help ease the pain of rheumatoid arthritis.
Occupational therapy
If rheumatoid arthritis causes you problems with everyday tasks, occupational therapy may help.
An occupational therapist can provide training and advice that will help you to protect your joints, both while you're at home and at work.
Some type of support for your joints, such as a splint, may also be recommended, or devices that can help open jars or turn on taps.
If you have problems with your feet, a podiatrist may be able to help.
You may also be offered some type of support for your joints or shoe insoles that can ease pain.
Want to know more?
- Arthritis Care: managing arthritis
- Arthritis Research UK: rheumatology team
- Arthritis Research UK: therapies
- National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society (NRAS): who can help me?
Sometimes, despite medication, damage to your joints may occur. In such cases, you may need surgery to help restore your ability to use your joint.
Surgery may also be recommended to reduce pain or correct deformities.
Finger, hand and wrist surgery
There are different types of surgery to correct joint problems in the hand.
Examples include:
- carpal tunnel release (cutting a ligament in the wrist to relieve pressure on a nerve – see treating carpal tunnel syndrome for more information)
- release of tendons in the fingers to treat abnormal bending
- removal of inflamed tissue that lines the finger joints
Arthroscopy is a procedure to remove inflamed joint tissue.
During the operation, a thin tube with a light source and camera (arthroscope) is inserted into the joint through a small cut in the skin so the surgeon can see the affected joint.
Special surgical instruments are inserted through other small cuts in the skin to remove the damaged tissue.
You usually don't have to stay overnight in hospital for this kind of surgery, but the joint will need to be rested at home for several days.
Joint replacement
Some people with rheumatoid arthritis need surgery to replace part or all of a joint, such as the hip, knee or shoulder joint.
This is known as a joint replacement or arthroplasty.
Replacement of these joints is a major operation that involves several days in hospital followed by months of rehabilitation.
The latest joints have a limited lifespan of 10 to 20 years. They're not perfect and some function may not be restored after the damaged joint is replaced by a new one.
Read about knee replacement and hip replacement.
Want to know more?
- Arthritis Care: surgery
- Arthritis Research UK: arthritis surgery
- National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society (NRAS): surgery
Complementary and alternative therapies
Many people with rheumatoid arthritis try complementary therapies, such as:
- acupuncture
- chiropractic
- massage
- osteopathy
In most cases, there's little or no evidence these are effective in the long term, although some people may experience a short-term benefit from them.
Nutritional supplements and dietary changes
There's no strong evidence to suggest that specific dietary changes can help improve rheumatoid arthritis, although some people with rheumatoid arthritis feel their symptoms get worse after they have eaten certain foods.
If you think this may be the case for you, it may be useful to try avoiding problematic foods for a few weeks to see if your symptoms improve.
But it's important to ensure your overall diet is still healthy and balanced.
There's also little evidence supporting the use of supplements in rheumatoid arthritis, although some can be useful in preventing side effects of medications you may be taking.
For example, calcium and vitamin D supplements may help prevent osteoporosis if you're taking steroids, and folic acid supplements may help prevent some of the side effects of methotrexate.
There's some evidence to suggest that taking fish oil supplements may help reduce joint pain and stiffness caused by rheumatoid arthritis.
Want to know more?
- Arthritis Research UK: complementary and alternative medicines
- National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society (NRAS): diet
Page last reviewed: 12/08/2016
Next review due: 12/08/2019


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This week has been golden for Windows Phone, especially those of us who enjoy pouring some hours into available games on the platform. Microsoft teased a number of upcoming titles yesterday, one being Ruzzle. If you're not familiar with the name, it's a Boggle-style word game with online multiplayer capabilities. Think of it as a 1- or 2-player version of Wordament.
Ruzzle features Facebook integration, a single-player Practice Mode, and support for numerous languages, so it's set to do well with those who enjoy being socially connected. It's also coming to Windows 8, though it's yet to be seen whether or not both versions will sport integration for players to battle against one another. Do note that Ruzzle is an indie title.
So who can find the most words in two minutes? You can download Ruzzle for $2.99 from the Windows Phone Store (Windows Phone 7.x and 8 devices, 512MB RAM devices are OK). It's reported that a freemium version will arrive in the future as well as the paid option that's presently available. via: WindowsPhoneItaly


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Arman Abadi-Vsa Vertical Solar Aircraft
At Design Interviews
Interview with arman abadi : Frank Scott: What is the main principle, idea and inspiration behind your design?. arman abadi : design an aircraft with ability to fly and landing in vertical direction anywhere and using the solar energy to be more Efficient in fuel consuming and easy steering .Frank Scott: What has been your main focus in designing this work? Especially what did you want to achieve?. arman abadi : engine rotation and open the rear engine gate to fly in vir and horz direction .Frank Scott: What are your future plans for this award winning design?. arman abadi : stronger and lighter engines, and improve it to use as an uav .Frank Scott: How long did it take you to design this particular concept?. arman abadi : 6 months .Frank Scott: Why did you design this particular concept? Was this design commissioned or did you decide to pursuit an inspiration?. arman abadi : it was my dream an aircraft with such abilities and every thing about including idea and Decision this project where on my own .Frank Scott: Is your design being produced or used by another company, or do you plan to sell or lease the production rights or do you intent to produce your work yourself?. arman abadi : it will be nice if could sell its right .Frank Scott: What made you design this particular type of work?. arman abadi : interest .Frank Scott: Where there any other designs and/or designers that helped the influence the design of your work?. arman abadi : vertical aircraft like jf23 and solar systems .Frank Scott: Who is the target customer for his design?. arman abadi : for ordinary guys and have usage to use as an entertainment .Frank Scott: What sets this design apart from other similar or resembling concepts?. arman abadi : no .Frank Scott: How did you come up with the name for this design? What does it mean?. arman abadi : vertical solar aircraft .Frank Scott: Which design tools did you use when you were working on this project?. arman abadi : photo impact and 3dmax .Frank Scott: What is the most unique aspect of your design?. arman abadi : rotation engines .Frank Scott: Who did you collaborate with for this design? Did you work with people with technical / specialized skills?. arman abadi : no body , no .Frank Scott: What is the role of technology in this particular design?. arman abadi : a computer sys to helping the pilot and solar panel to produce power and high performance electric engins .Frank Scott: Is your design influenced by data or analytical research in any way? What kind of research did you conduct for making this design?. arman abadi : research about birds wing Aerodynamics and solar panels working progress .Frank Scott: What are some of the challenges you faced during the design/realization of your concept?. arman abadi : design the gate of beck engine to protect the aerodynamic performance during horizontal fly .Frank Scott: How did you decide to submit your design to an international design competition?. arman abadi : to test myself and my idea in a real competition .Frank Scott: What did you learn or how did you improve yourself during the designing of this work?. arman abadi : knowledge about solar panels and small aircraft steering systems .Frank Scott: Any other things you would like to cover that have not been covered in these questions?. arman abadi : using the solar panel and high performance engines make this kind of aircraft able to use in many purposes .
Arman Abadi-Vsa Vertical Solar Aircraft Images:
End of the article, click here to go back to previous page, or alternatively go back to Distinguished Designer homepage.


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Billy Root, brother of the England captain Joe, has left Nottinghamshire for Glamorgan in search of more playing opportunities.
Root's departure continues a huge overhaul at Nottinghamshire which has seen three top-order batsmen - Joe Clarke, Ben Duckett and Ben Slater - arrive at Trent Bridge and Riki Wessels and now Root move on.
Despite having one year left to run on his current deal, Root's playing possibilities were limited in 2018, and the influx of three highly-rated batsmen, two with perceived England potential, suggested that was unlikely to change next summer.
"We're sad to see Billy go but understand that he wants more regular playing opportunities, something which has been hard to come by over the past year," said Mick Newell, Nottinghamshire's director of cricket.
"He has the ability to play in all three formats, as he has shown during his time with us and I am sure he will relish his new challenge with Glamorgan."
Root made over 1,100 runs in his time at the club, including centuries in both First Class and List A cricket. His 133 alongside Chris Read in the final game of the 2017 season against Sussex, helped secure promotion from Division Two of the Championship and saw the Sheffield-born batsman sign his first professional deal.
Glamorgan were attracted by the fact that he averages more than 30 in all three formats - albeit only just - as they sought to address a dismal 2018 campaign in which their homegrown players were not up to the task.
Glamorgan's director of Cricket, Hugh Morris, still retains faith in the advantages of giving opportunities to Welsh youngsters - indeed the Welsh Assembly expects it - and the introduction of Root is not remotely a signal that such a policy is about to be abandoned.
Root in many ways is a direct replacement for Aneurin Donald, who had encouraged such optimism in Wales but whose form declined before he left for Hampshire midway through last season.
"Over the course of the campaign it became apparent we needed to supplement our batting stocks and in Billy we have signed a player who is still young but has experience playing Division One cricket and is hungry to succeed," Morris said.
"He can play across all three formats which makes him an ideal signing for the club and he will be a fantastic addition to the dressing room."


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More health clubs are adopting diversified personal training programs, according to a survey by IDEA Health & Fitness Association. IDEA, a membership organization of health and fitness professionals in more than 80 countries, recently released the results of its 2004 IDEA Fitness Programs & Equipment Survey.
The survey also showed an increased use of small equipment, such as resistance tubing, stability balls and balance boards.
The ninth annual survey polled IDEA business and program directors across North America, representing a cross-section of large and small health clubs, personal training gyms, specialty studios, college campuses, corporate and hospital fitness centers as well as park and recreation programs. This year's survey data disclosed an increase in the number of facilities in small towns and suburban locations that provide a variety of equipment and programs tailored for beginner, intermediate and advanced clientele. Regardless of location, IDEA members report 71 percent retention of their clients/members for one year or more.
This annual survey provides a valuable barometer of the most effective programs and equipment used nationwide, said Kathie Davis, executive director and co-founder of IDEA Health & Fitness Association.
"The [survey] pinpoints rising trends and creative ideas employed by fitness professionals nationwide to help people incorporate regular exercise into their daily lives," she said. "As part of IDEA's ongoing mission to 'Inspire the World to Fitness,' it's critical that we take a leadership role in collecting important data on programs and equipment so we can offer useful insight and hands-on perspective on the driving forces in the ever-changing fitness industry."
Among the most noteworthy programming trends uncovered during this year's survey are:
-- Enhanced mind-body programs that combine yoga and Pilates with one another or with strength training. According to those surveyed, personal training is the ideal complement to these mind-body activities;
-- Diversified partner training involving three-to-five clients is also on the rise, with more than 65 percent of those polled engaging in partner or small group activities to improve social interaction, reduce customer costs and boost training efficiency;
-- Nutrition assessment and coaching is now offered by more than half of the survey's respondents in contrast to about a third who offer formal weight management classes. Overall, formal weight management training has been on a downward trend, dropping 32 percent since 1998;
-- Boot camps and outdoor exercise is an expanding trend, even though the number of classes is limited. These type of exercises are gaining acceptance according to 51 percent of those surveyed;
-- Shorter class duration is also becoming more popular with adoption of 45-minute sessions on the rise;
-- A steady increase in very slow strength training with slow eccentric and concentric repetitions is taking place at health clubs and corporate wellness centers;
-- Basic aerobic classes remain stable overall, despite a continuing focus on varied programs tailored for special populations and individuals with specific requirements. This includes kids, seniors and those with post-rehabilitation as well as pre- and post-natal training needs.


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Please note. This product can be shipped only to United States.
Milo Unicorno Plush
- Material: 100% Polyester
- Measurements (approximate): 8" / 20 cm tall
- Hand wash, Air dry
- Suitable for all ages
Manufactured by Aurora World, a leading plush toy manufacturer in the world.
Meets or exceeds European Safety Standard (EN71 parts 1,2 & 3), United States Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA) as well as all other relevant elements of the European Toy Safety Directive.
All Aurora World plush toys are safe from birth upwards unless otherwise stated.
Related productsView all


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Join our new Alumni Network Platform by clicking here
Welcome! Thank you for visiting the Belmont Abbey College Alumni website.
Our hope is that your interaction on this site will help you maintain your connection with the College. If you are a registered user you have access to all the great new features including:
Dear Abbey Alumni:
We recently updated to a new website host. If you had access previously to the Alumni directory, you will need to reregister again. Click here for more information. We regret the inconvenience.
If for some reason we do not have your email address in our database, allow a few days for us to verify your information. We apologize for the delay in your access to all the website features but this is done to ensure the privacy of our Alumni's information. Once we have verified your registration you will receive a welcome email.
Thank you for taking the time to register. Your support of your alma mater is greatly appreciated!
God Bless,
Christine Goff PeelerAlumni and Community Relations Director email@example.com
Where are our Abbey Alumni located? The map below shows you where in the U.S. our alumni are living. It also shows that no matter where you may travel you may run into a fellow alum, except North Dakota.
This area is only for use by Belmont Abbey College alumni and Sacred Heart College alumnae.
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The Future of Heritage: Changing Visions, Attitudes, and Contexts in the 21st Century
This colloquium will provide a unique global forum for sharing predictions, projections, and innovative ideas about how the field of heritage will look in the coming decades.
As in previous years, the participants will include a wide range of scholars, heritage professionals, educators, and community leaders for three days of stimulating discussions and reflections on the current and future state of heritage.
Please note that the early registration fee will be available until 1st of March 2007.
This event is sponsored by the Province of East-Flanders and supported by the Provincial Archaeological Museum - Ename, the Ename Center for Public Archaeology and Heritage Presentation, in collaboration with: ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Interpretation and Presentation, the European Research Network EPOCH (Excellence in Processing Open Cultural Heritage), the Alliance of National Heritage Areas (USA) and Gent Congres.


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A drunken Athens man in May used a key to get into the apartment of the mother of his children. He then choked her after she refused to loan him her vehicle.
Franklin Johnson was arrested and charged with simple battery for the assault, and less than a month later he pleaded guilty to the misdemeanor offense and was sentenced to one year on probation.
A local prosecutor and Athens area domestic violence advocates are currently working to change state law so that people can be charged with a felony when they choke a victim.
In recent years, 36 states have enacted legislation to make choking a more serious offense, and Athens-Clarke County Solicitor General C.R. Chisholm said it's time for Georgia to get on board.
"When an abuser chokes his victim there is something much serious underlying. It's a lethality factor," Chisholm said. "When the abuser does that, he's saying, 'I have the ability to kill you.' "
A person can be killed by being choked just as easily as if they were shot or stabbed, said Chisholm, who prosecutes misdemeanor cases in State Court.
"The fact that many people are strangled and live doesn't make it any less of a felony than if I shoot someone and they live," he said.
Chisholm intended to meet with state lawmakers and domestic violence advocates to discuss the upcoming session of the Georgia General Assembly. He wants to change the language of the existing aggravated assault statute so that it includes choking with other forms of attempted murder, an offense punishable by up to 20 years in prison.
"It's important to make it what it really is, a felony case," he said.
Chisholm is currently serving as president of the Georgia Association of Solicitors General, which he said placed changing the law to make choking a felony on its legislative agenda.
Joining him in Atlanta on Friday was Joan Prittie, executive director of the Athens-based domestic violence agency Project Safe. She and other advocates are lobbying legislators for a change in the law.
"Strangulation is a common and typical tactic of domestic violence abusers and it's under reported because in about half of the studied cases it doesn't leave any physical injury that can be documented, which makes it harder to prove," she said.
Even though strangulation is defined as the act of choking someone until they are dead, Prittie and Chisholm don't want the word "choke" to appear in any legislation to describe what many domestic violence victims endure.
"We minimize it culturally by calling it choking," she said. "You choke on food, but when someone puts their hands on you they are strangling you."
Too often, Prittie said, the public, and even victims, undercut the serious nature of the act.
"The critical thing is, on the one hand it's an act that is very dangerous and potentially lethal, and on the other hand it's been so minimized that even our clients will tell us, 'Oh well, he did this and that to me, and I guess he choked me too,'" Prittie said.
Under current Georgia law, a person commits simple battery when he or she "intentionally makes contact of an insulting or provoking nature" with another, or "intentionally causes physical harm to another."
The maximum penalty for simple battery is a year confinement.
Abusers often are never charged with the misdemeanor because police officers are unable to see visible injuries, Prittie said.
"What's ironic is that strangulation is what's most likely to lead someone to dying, yet the black eyes is what gets prosecuted," she said.
In some states, police officers receive training on how to identify the more nuanced signs of strangulation, including a victim's raspy voice, bloodshot eyes and involuntary urination.
Victim's complaining about being choked in abusive relationships are commonplace in Athens.
Last week, for example, 21-year-old C.W. Hammond III was arrested for allegedly threatening to kill his ex-girlfriend while holding a knife to her throat and choking her.
Athens-Clarke County police said that while scuffling with the woman, Hammond knocked her onto a bed, pinned her down, held a knife to her throat with one hand and choked her with the other.
In addition to the legislative component to address the problem of domestic-violence choking, there's an educational one as well, according to Chisholm.
"If for some reason we are unable to get (a new law) enacted next year, it's important that we at least get the conversation going to make people in law enforcement, and members of the judiciary and community, aware of how serious strangulation is," the prosecutor said.
According to Prittie, choking can cause brain damage with as little as 4 pounds of pressure and death in under five minutes.
"It's a way the abuser communicates control and domination," she said. "When they're strangling someone they very often are face-to-face and looking them in the eyes, conveying the message, 'You're life is in my hands.' "
Anyone who is in an abusive relationship can seek advice and services by calling Project Safe's 24-hour hotline at (706) 543-3331, or by visiting http://www.project-safe.org
• Follow Criminal Justice reporter Joe Johnson at www.facebook.com/JoeJohnsonABH or www.twitter.com/JoeJohnsonABH.


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Three Ingredients Your Testing Program Needs For Success
Three Ingredients Your Testing Program Needs For Success
Welcome to Flintsnotes.com
Over the years, many business leaders, entrepreneurs and academics have requested easy access to the past and present work of Dr. Flint McGlaughlin. FlintsNotes.com has been set up to satisfy that request. Currently, this site contains more than 500 pages of observations, writings, and lectures on various topics.
Thank you for visiting the site. We trust that you find its content helpful. Check back often as the content changes 5 days a week. If you find any of it particularly thought provoking, please feel free to leave a comment.
Beniah Wilson
Curator, FlintsNotes.com


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At one time the family held Leighton in Cheshire as noted: "The manor belonged anciently to a family that took their name from the township, and by whom it was conveyed, by a deed without date, to the Oulton family. The Erdswicks acquired the estate in 1328, by exchange with the Oultons." [3]CITATION[CLOSE]
Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of England. Institute of Historical Research, 1848, Print. The Assize Rolls of Staffordshire in 1279 listed Alan de Oldeton and a few years later Nicholas atte Noulton was listed in Worcestershire in 1327. [4]CITATION[CLOSE]
Reaney, P.H and R.M. Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames. London: Routledge, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-415-05737-X)
Further to the north, Henry de Oulton was listed in the Feet of Fines of Yorkshire in 1328. In 1455, Earwaker's East Cheshire listed Thomas Olton as holding estates in Mottram, Cheshire and Richard Olton, of Congleton was listed in the Wills at Chester in 1588. The same source listed Blanch Oulton, of Bradley as a widow in 1629. [1]CITATION[CLOSE]
Bardsley, C.W, A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames: With Special American Instances. Wiltshire: Heraldry Today, 1901. Print. (ISBN 0-900455-44-6)
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Obama Wants It All...
...Because its all about HIM.
This is NOT a joke:
This is NOT a joke:
"Obama Event Registry
Got a birthday, anniversary, or wedding coming up?
"Let your friends know how important this election is to you—register with Obama 2012, and ask for a donation in lieu of a gift. It's a great way to support the President on your big day. Plus, it's a gift that we can all appreciate—and goes a lot further than a gravy bowl.
"Setting up and sharing your registry page is easy—so get started today."


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NEW YORK (AP) — Jason Collins spent part of his off day on Sunday shopping at Costco.
He was wise to stock up, since he'll be staying with Brooklyn for at least a little while longer.
The Nets plan to sign Collins to a second 10-day contract, a person with knowledge of the situation said Monday.
Collins signed his original deal on Feb. 23, becoming the NBA's first openly gay player, and it expires Tuesday.
The Nets then will re-sign him for another 10 days on Wednesday, the person told The Associated Press on condition of anonymity because the plans haven't been made public.
After that, the Nets would have to sign him for the rest of the season if they wanted to keep him.
Collins said before the Nets' game against Chicago on Monday that he wasn't aware of any deal, leaving those details up to his agent. Coach Jason Kidd said those discussions were between management and Collins' agent, but said his former teammate has been "great, on and off the court."
"Twin is a good friend of mine and he's a basketball player, but he's a great person and so that's why we wanted him on this team and we felt he could help us win," Kidd said, referring to Collins by the nickname he had during his original stint with the Nets from 2001-08.
The Nets still practice in New Jersey even after moving to Brooklyn before last season, so that's where Collins was Sunday after the Nets got back from their road trip that ended Saturday night in Milwaukee.
"It's kind of funny. Yesterday on my day off I'm driving around Jersey on Route 17 and bringing back a lot of memories from when I was here before," Collins said.
He's much more famous now after revealing he was gay in a Sports Illustrated article last April. He had been out of the NBA from then until signing with the Nets.
Collins said he had plenty of ticket requests from family and friends for Monday's game, and also saw a number of familiar faces from the old days. The pregame press conference and the overall media attention are new, and Collins believes it won't last, but understands that for now his sexuality makes him a big story.
"Over time it will go down, but as far as doing interviews and talking about it, I'm getting comfortable with the microphone or the camera on me," he said.
He's more comfortable on the court, even in the limited minutes he gets. Finally finished with his lengthy list of pregame obligations, he was looking forward to helping the Nets in whatever way he could.
"Now that that's all settled, I'll go out there and just try to focus as much as I can on the game," Collins said.