text:
Top sellers!
|www.Aviapress.com > Books > Archives-Press/Major Publ. >
ARX-003 Tupolev Tu-95 Story book
Special order
ARX-003 Tupolev Tu-95 Story book
As soon as the World War II finished, new war began. It was the «cold war» between the USSR and Western world. This world meant USA first of all. Both the USSR and USA was preparing to attack the foe with assistance of nuclear weapon. That time the USA had B-36 Peacemaker bombers, which could carry A-bomb. Long range B-36 nuclear bombers could reach the USSR territory, if Europian, Asiatic and North African air bases had been destroyed even.
Developing Tu-4 line, Tupolev design bureau proposed Tu-85 piston engined strategic nuclear bomber. But it wasn't adopted because of weak performance, compared to Convair B-36. Nevertheless, Tu-85 became the first step to new plane projecting.
New aircraft had to have sweptback wing. It allowed to place large bomb-bay after wing rear spar. The plane had maximum warload of 151, and normal one of 51. Defence armament consisted of 5 paired NR-23 cannons. The powerplant incorporated four turboprop engines. In 1951 the first pair of 2TV-2F was built under guidance of N.D. Kuznetsov. These engines were paired TV-2 turboprops which were created on the basis of German Jumo-012.
On 11 July 1951 new plane projecting decrees were signed CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) Central Committee, Counsil of Ministers and Minaviaprom (Aviation Industry Ministry) wished to have new bomber, which would be able to reach the USA territory and to retern in the USSR without refuelling built by OKB-156 (Tupolev design bureau). The main new aircraft warload was one nuclear bomb.
Signed on 11.07.51 decrees forsaw to have the first experimental plane created by September 1953. The plane had to have four 2TV-2F turboprops. The second experimental bomber equipped with TV-12 turboprops had to be built in a year. New «95» plane projecting was begun on 15.07.51 under guidance of S.M. Eger. The aircraft had to get serial name «Tu-20».
New bomber had the wing with following data: aspect ratio — 8.7; leading edge sweep 33°30'; 1/4 chord line sweep — 35°. Furthermore, to provide higher aerodynamic efficiency the wing had leading edge «turn», geometrical warping and aerodynamic warping. Thanks to dynamic load relief by engine nacelles, «95» wing was rather light and strong. Main fuel quantity was placed in wing soft tanks. Large fuselage single bomb-bay had heat setting and pressurization to provide early A-bomb versions radio and mechanical equipment functioning.
«95» bomber could carry nuclear and conventional bombs, mines and torpedoes. Furthermore, it had to use guided bombs too. This weapon had been creating by Min-selchozmash (Agriculture machinery industry ministery) Design Bureau Na 2 (KB-2) since 1949. KB-2 began UB-2000F and UB-5000F radio-guided bombs projecting in 1950. The defence equipment incorporated 3 turrets with paired AM-23 cannons, PRS-1 radar sight «Argon» and three PS-48MM sight station. However the «Argon» monitor had tail gunner — turrets commander only. He could fire
from all the turrets, using «Argon» data. PRS-1 «Argon» had operational sectors less, then turrets operational one.
«95» had the richest navigation equipment. It consisted of: long range radio navigation and instrument landing system, radio-compass, astrocompass, magnetic compass, flight gyroscope, large number of flight and navigation instruments, connected with bomb-sight autopilot and RPB-4 «Rubidiy MM» bomb radiosight.
Aircraft control system wasn't advanced. It incorporated mechanical elevators control. Directional and lateral control systems had reversable boosters. Airplane had control system ground locking. It was connected with engine control system to prevent take off with locked aircraft control.
«95» hadn't ejection seats. Emergency exit performed through the nose gear bay hatch and hatches in fuselage tail section.
New aircraft production accepted a lot of advanced technologies. It provided reducing experimental bomber creation time and it made serial production rather simple.
The full-scale model was adopted by State commission on 31 October 1951. N.I. Bazenkov became «95» leading designer. The first flying aircraft and static test speciment building had begun of plant Ms 18 in Kuibyshev by the full-scale model adoption moment.
The first pair of new planes (NsNs 5800001 and 5800002) had been built by the end of summer 1952. The first aircraft went to LliDB (flight tests station) OKB-156. Flight tests began on 20.09.52. The second aircraft was passing tests in TsAGI «static hall».
«95» maiden flight was performed on 12.11.52. It took 50 min. The crew chief was A.D. Perelet. 15 flights were carried out, when the 16th one yielded propellers blades pitch control failure. The flying tests were gone on in a year only. The 17th flight was fulfilled on 11.05.53. The tragedy occured then. The plane was crashed because of the third engine fire. 4 men were killed.
The reason of the disaster was one of the main gearbox wheel fatique failure. The first tests period gave negative results generally. The plane hadn't performance which were declared.
In order to get necessary data, improved aircraft «95-2» was created. The wing aspect ratio became — 8.8. Therefore, the plane weight was increased. But it had already been exceeded at the first prototype. New current strength standarts were adopted, to solve the problem. So, the maximum service normal load factor equal 2.00 was adopted, instead 2.55, A lot of structural units were redesigned to reduce their weight. New alloys were used in aircraft structure. Thanks to these steps, «95-2» weight excess was about 3 % only. TV-12 engines were improved too. They passed flying test programme with Tu-4 flying lab.
The engines were installed on «95-2» in December 1954. The aircraft was taken to flying tests on 21.01.55. «95-2» first flight was carried out on 16.02.55 by the crew under guidance of M.A. Nyuchtikiv. In spite of different problems, the plant test programme was completed on 8.01.56.
On 31 May 1956 three airplanes began to take Official state test programme. There were: «95-2» (the second prototype), a/c Ns 5800003 (serial plane) and a/c Ns 5800101
(serial plane). The state tests had completed by August 1956.
The airplanes showed low performance, so that a/c Ne 5800101 was taken for rebuilding. It received new engines TV-12M with power of 12500 ehp, and many other improvements. A/c Ns 5800101 began to take tests one's more in February of the next year. The bomber yielded fine results. So, this version was adopted for serial production.
But Myasischev M-4 strategic bombers had already been existing by that time. Furthermore, the arocket boom» was begining that years. So, Tupolev design bureau had to hurry up, and the decision to build equipped with old power plants bombers was taken. The planes got some avionics modernization only. New PS-53 radiosight was used, for example.
The new bomber designation was «Tu-95», and it was adopted by WS (Soviet Air Force) on 27.09.57. The first airplanes was like «95-2», but they got a lot of changes in future. The 31st aircraft was the last in the first production batch. This batch production was finished in 1957.
The first «Tu-95» airdivision (106th TBAD (Heavy Bombardment Air Division)) creation was begun in 1965. The division commander was twice Hero of the Soviet Union A.G. Mo-lodchii. The 106th TBAD incorporatedthe 409th TBAP (Heavy bombardment Air regiment (wing)) (commander — colonel M.M. Charitonov) which was created late in 1956 and created in 1956 the 1006th TBAP (commander — colonel V.P. Pavlov). The 106th TBAD base became Uzin town near Kiev. The 1223rd TBAP in Semipalatinsk (commander— Hero of the Soviet Union colonel V.M. Bezbokov) was created in 1957, The 1223rd TBAP was the part of 79th Air Division (commander — twice Hero of the Soviet Union major-general M.P. Taran).
The 1223rd TBAP target were: North of the USA, Canada, Western and Southern directions.
The first Tu-95 weapon «lvan» was 3 Mt nuclear bomb (product 6sd»). Improved «20 Mt» nuclear bombs had appeared by early 60-s, but they had huge dimensions. It made some difficulties, when they were hanged under Tu-95 bombers. Tu-95 had conventional weapon too. They were different types of bombs with calibre of 1500, 3000, 5000, 6000, 9000 rg. Naval weapon wasn't used practically.
The main first batch bombers problem was engines NK-12 with power of 1200 ehp. This shortcoming was eliminated, when more powerful NK-12M engines (1500 ehp) had appeared. New Tu-95 bomber had improved bomb-armament system. Bomber performance became better. Tu-95M were build at plant N2 18 till 1958. There were 19 Tu-95M created. But new engines weren't rather reliable. They hadn't autofeathering system. On 24,11,56 a/c N9 5800310 was crashed because of the system lack. The crew was short in ime during take-off after an engine failure with turbine destruction. They couldn't perform manual feathering, and the plane was lost.
Tu-95M service wasn't simple. Bomber could be in flight up to 20 hours. But the cockpit was uncomfortable and it made crew work very hard. The ground service brought a lot of problems, especially in winter, because of required oil viscosity oil lack. But in the course of time, aircraft was getting many improve-
ments. It increased the reliability and serviceability,
A lot of Tu-95 pilots and navigators performed flights with Civil Aviation (Aeroflot) crews to know different airports and routs better. Night flights and difficult weather conditions flights were important too. There were planes, which took part in nuclear weapon using test squadron. They had names Tu-95A or Tu-95MA, and they weren't differ from Tu-95 and Tu-95M respectively. The planes were used in three Soviet firing grounds till early sixties. One of Tu-95MA dropped nuclear bomp with power of 20 Mt in Sary-Chagan firing ground in the spring of 1960.
There was the single Tu-95V bomber, which was specially built for thermonuclear bomb earring. It was created for 100 Mt power bomb using. The bomb was named «Van-ya» (product 700) and it was made at Min-sredmash KB-11 (Design Bureau Ns 11 of Medium Machinery industry Ministery)..
Three superbombs were built and two bomb models were created too. Tu-95V leading designer was A.V. Nadashkevitch. The bomber was projected on the basis of Tu-95M. A serial bomber got special large bomb bay, which was equipped with superstrong bomb holder. On 30.10.61 the bomb drop was performed above Novaya Zemlya firing ground.
The power was determined as 58-65 Mt only, but it was the most powerful nuclear explosion in the world. This explosion had become one of the reasons, which led to making the treaty about nuclear tests prohibition in three spheres. The last nuclear explosive above Novaya Zemlya (New Land) firing ground took place on 1.08.62. The last of ten bombs series with power of 20 Mt was dropper then.
When missile-borne nuclears had appeared, Tu-95 get other tasks. Their targets became military bases, ports, aircraft carriers etc. Majority of the bombers got conventional heavy bombs, mines (ADM, MDM) and torpedoes 45-53. Some of Tu-95 remained nuclear weapon carriers only. Furthermore the bombers got one's more new task — long distance sea-patrol.
Late in sixties there was nesessary to equip the planes with new avionics and air refuelling system. In the middle of sixties Tu-95M were being improved with new radar «Rubidiy-ID», ADNS-4 long range navigation systems instesd of «Meridian», DISS-1 — Doppler drift and speed definder, RSBN-2 short range navigation system. From late sixties Tu-95M were equipped with more powerful NK-12MV turboprops with AV-60N propellers. The propellers had autofeathering system, and the engines had by far longer operational life.
Some Tu-95M got holder for 45 FAB-250 bombs earring. Their warload became 10935 kg.
Early in eighties 33 remaining Tu-95M were rebuilt into Tu-95V trainers to save the operational life of veny expensive modern Tu-95 versions.
But according to mutural treaty of the both sides the trainers were scrapped in period of «perestroika». It was the end of Tu-95 bomber versions age.
The government decree about transcontinental passenger and cargo planes built on the basis of Tu-95 was signed in 1955.
The cargo plane «95DT» project wasn't realised, because it hadn't advantages in com-
parison with specially created cargo planes. The passenger liner «114» project was by far more important, than «95DT» one. «114» had wider fuselage and it was the low-wing plane. It allowed to accomodate a lot of military load-es besides passengers. Furthermore Tu-114 had to prove, that Soviet airplanes were able to reach the USA. Exactly, using Tu-114 N.S. Chruschev visited the USA then. Tu-114 used by «Aeroflot». Because of Tu-114 creation delay, two serial Tu-95s were rebuilt in passenger version. The planes were named Tu-116. They were equipped with new avionics and NK-12M turboprops. They were used by Soviet air force till late eighties.
Strategic reconnaissance plane Tu-95MR had more successful fate. According to the Government order, which was signed in May 1960, different reconnaisance equipment had to be installed at Tu-95 during rebuilding process. The first Tu-95M (Nfi 0410) was rebuilt in 1962. The plane had special movable camera frames in the bomb-bay. There were 3 camera sets, which were differ in camera's composition. One of them was for night. It incorporated SAB (Luminous bomb) and FqtAB (photographic bomb) besides day and night cameras. Radio-reconnaissance station «Romb» and «Vishnya» were situated in the fuselage tail section instead cameras, which were on the staff at bomber version. The nose fuselage section was accomodated «Rubin-1 D» radar. The Tu-95M got air-refuelling probe and centralized ground refuelling system.
During one month new plane was tested, and the first Tu-95MR was taken by Soviet air force late in 1964. Other three Tu-95MR had been received by the end of sixties. They were differ from the first «MR» slightly. They could have reconnaissance radio-station SRS-6 «Romb-4A», SRS-7 «Romb4B» (in the tail) and SRS-1 (in the fuselage nosepart). The last Tu-95MRs had another aerials layout and another nose cabin glazing. One of the planes hadn't air-refuelling system.
Tu-95MR saw very extensive service. They operated from Hvalynka, Horol, Severo-morsk airfields and performed missions from Kamran and Danang airbases (Vietnam) late in seventies, which meant USA Pacific fleet and Pacific nuclear firing grounds observation. The planes had many modernizations during the service.
According to signed in 1952 Counsil of Ministers order airborne a/c control and warning system projecting was begun in sixties under guidance of A. Meletsky at Nil-17 (Scientific Research Institute) (MNIIP «Vega» from 1967). The system had to be based on Tu-114 airplane.
The radar aerial was accomodated in large fairing and was installed above the fuselage with mighty pilon. New «Liana» complex had early warning, electronic warfire, a/c control, airborne and ground command posts data interchange capability. Furthermore, the complex was able to search sea targets and move their position data out for Soviet navy ships and command posts.
The first experimental plane Tu-126 with «Liana» complex was built in 1961. Its maiden flight was performed in January 1962. Tu-126 was adopted in 1965. There were 8 Tu-126 built at plant Ns 18 in Kuibyshev, which were differ from the 1 st specimen and had air-refuelling probe and additional avionics. The planes saw wide service during many large combat trainings. One of Tu-126s took part in
war between Indaia and Pakistan. According to Western data, it based in India. Tu-126 used for the USSR Southern border patrol during Iran-Iraq was too. Tu-126 was in service till late eighties. They were changed by A-50 later.
In accordance with order which was signed on 21.07.59, OKB-156 had to create naval reconnaissance and submarine based missiles target indication plane on the basis of Tu-95. New plane had to find the target, to send its coordinates for submarine and to control missile with submarine jointly.
Created complex was named «Uspech» (Success) and had to serve «project 651» and «project 675» submarines. They carried 4 and 8 P-6 nuclear missiles respectively. Missiles range was 500 km. New Tu-95 version was equipped with missile guidance radiostation and powerful observation radar. Its aerial was placed instead bomb-bay. The version had radio reconnaissans stations only. They were «Romb», «Vishnya», «Kvadrat» station. There was standart ECM equipment too.
The first flight was performed on 21.09.61. The complex was named «Us-peh-1 A», and the plane got name «Tu-95RC». The first series production was begun at plant Ns 18 in Kuibyshev in 1963. Tu-95RC got full equipment set and air-refuelling system in serial production. ECM radio station SRS-151 was installed in tail section to replace gun turret later.
Tu-95RC was adopted by Soviet navy on 30.05.66. The navy got about 40 Tu-95RC totally. The planes based not only in the USSR, but they were in Cuba, Angola, Libyan, Vietnam, Ethiopia. Tu-95RC crews studied the majority of the Earth territory. So, soviet submarines became very efficient.
In 1974 P-6 missile was replaced by P-500 nuclear missile from naval complex «Ba-zalt». Its speed was in two times more, than P-6 had. The P-500 control system «Argon» operated with Tu-95RC jointly.
There were experiments with cooperation Tu-95RC and P-100 complex late in eighjties P-100 complex incorporated 3M40 «Moskit» anti-ship missile. Tu-95RC worked with guided missile carriers Tu-22M. It highly increased Tu-22M efficiency.
Russia had had 24 Tu-95RC by 1992.
There were other auxiliary Tu-95 versions: ECM plane for strategic aviation operation providing, flying lab for new engines stud-ing, flying lab with nuclear power plant on board Tu-95LAL and special plane for descending space modules searching. All of them weren't built in serial production.
Late in forties — early fifties anti-aircraft missile weapon was being developed quite quickly. So, strategic bombers couldn't reach target to attack it with bombs. It was necessary to equip bomber with missile, which could be launched without target anti-aircraft area passing. Such missiles (cruise missiles) were projected in USA since 1946. The USSR had cruise missile service experience at Tu-4 and Tu-16 bombers.
On 11 March 1954 Counsil of Ministers ordered to create long range cruise missile «Comet-20» for Tu-20 bomber («Tu-2Q» was presumable «95» bomber designation before it serial production). The order had to be performed by OKB-156 (missile carrier, test programme); A.I. Mikoyan OKB-155 division in Dubna (cruise missile); VM. Shabanov KB-1 of Glavspetcmash (Special machinery industry department of Medium machinery industry
Ministry) (missile control and it test programme).
The missile was projected under guidance of M.I. Gurevich. It was named X-20 and had to have RDS-6 thermo-nuclear charge. «Product-6» bomb had the same one. Cruise missile X-20 airframe was similar M-g-19 fighter one. Missile control was combined and had programmed autopilot, X-20 missile maximum launch distance was about 270-360 km.
Tu-95 lost some electronic equipment, got «YaD» radio station in fusrelage nose part and it operator's working place; special BD-206 missile launcher in bomb-bay; auxiliary petrol tanks for missile AL-7F engine start fuel and missile pre-start check equipment.
The first flight of new plane was made on 1.01.56. It got designation Tu-95K. There were two experimental Tu-95K (rebuilt Tu-95Ms NaNs 59210105, 50210425). Experimental missile X-20 appeared in test programme since 6.06.57. The first launch was made on 17.03.58, but it wasn't succesful because of X-20 engine failure.
New cruise missile complex Official State test programme was performed from 15.10.58 till 1.11.59. 18 launchers were made then. «Comet-20» (M-20) missile system was adopted on 9.09.60.
Tu-95K production was started an plant Na 18 in 1958. The first production batch at 4 bombers was completed in 1959. Some improvements were introduced in Tu-95K design since early sixties. Furthermore, bomber got NK-12V turboprops, equipped with propeller automatic feathering system.
Plant Ms 86 in Taganrog began cruise missile serial production, but X-20M version with improved RDS-6s nuclear warhead was introduced. Tu-95K was in serial production was 40 missile carriers. The total Tu-95K production till 1962.
The first Tu-95Ks arrived in Uzin on 29.08.59 and 1006th TBAD began new aircraft mastering. 1228th AP (79th AD (air division)) began to study new planes late in 1959, and in 1962 the missile carriers were studied by 409th AP (air wing). But Tu-95K service didn't lead to fine results. The complex had weak performance.
On 2.07.58 K-20 complex modernization order was signed. All of the project participants began it earlier.
QKB-156 equipped serial Tu-95K (Ms 2103) with centralized ground fuel filling system and «lstok» tanker searching and communication radio system. Rebuilt M-4 bombers were used as tankers. They were charged by II-78 afterwards. The new version was named Tu-95KD, and it was tested from 5.07.61 till 30.01.62. The first Tu-95KD was built at plant N° 18 (KuAZ) in the same year. There were 25 Tu-95KD. Furthermore, all the earlier Tu-95K got air-refuelling system. Tu-95 production was stopped at KuAZ in 1965. The plant began planes Tu-142 and passenger liners Tu-154 family production.
Cruise missile modernization and repair were performed at plant Na 123 of Defence Ministry.
Some airplane equipment was added and replaced by improved one. The following equipment was installed: 1 RSB-70 command radio station, RSIU-5 communication radio station or R-832 one (later), ARK-11 radio compass, RV-UM radio altimeter, PV-17 high-
altitude radio altimeter, KS-6D directional system and «Put-1B» navigation equipment. «YaD» radio station performances were improved too. So, target detection range was increased up to 600-660 km, and fire accuracy became higher.
Engeneers of 1006th TBAD created meteorological radio station «Tucha» on the basis of RPB-3 radar. «Tucha» had working range up to 420 km. It aerial was installed in front of nose landing gear bay. All of Tu-95K and KD were equipped with «Tucha» by permission of Tupolev design bureau later. Navigation tasks were solved with assistance of the radio station too.
Tu-95KD defence equipment was modernized with PRS-4 «Kripton» radar installation to replace tail gun turret radiosight. But not everyone got «Kripton». Airplane received SPS-3 ECM station and SPO-3 «Sirena-3» warning system. Furthermore radio reconnaissance station SRS-6 «Romb~4A» was added to «YaD» station to perform reconnaissance tasks.
The first plane was modernized in the middle of sixties. Ail of Tu-95KD had been improved by the end of decade. They were named Tu-95KM.
The planes, which weren't equipped with air-refuelling system, were rebuilt into Tu-95KU trainers. Tu-95KM were in service till late eighties.
In 1963 OKB-156 studied the possibility to equip Tu-95 with new missiles complex K-22,. The complex incorporated supersonic cruise missile D-2. It had liquid-propellant rocket engine and 200 kt nuclear warhead or convention one. D-2 range was more, than 500 km and cruise altitude was 20 km. But new complex tests met a lot of problems. In the course of time the project was postponed.
On 31.01.73 serial Tu-95KM arrived at KuAZ. The government order was signed in February 1973. According to the order, OKB-156 and KuAZ had to provide Tu-95KD and KM armament improvmeni with new missile complex installation. The third D-2 missile generation was existing that time. There were: «active» X-22 missile, «independent» X-22 missile and «passive» X-22MP one.
The first Tu-95KM rebuilding was started in May 1974. «YaD» radar was replaced with PNA-B one. «Kurs» antiradarX-22MP missile version control system aerials were installed on airplane boards. ECM 3PS-M1 «Siren» station aerial was mounted above main radar cowl; ECM SPS-153 «Reseda» station was used to replace tail turret. BD-206 launcher was equipped with made on the basis of Tu-22M BD-45F launcher adapter. Two pylons with Tu-22M BD-45K launchers were installed under wing.
Tu-95 K-22 tests began on 30.10.75, but the first launch was performed in 1981 only. Tu-95KD and KM rebuilding was started early in 80-s. There were 65 rebuilt planes. The complex was adopted in 1987 only, but Tu-95K-22s were received by strategic aviation wings since early 80-s. Russia had had 23 Tu-95K-22 by 1992. Today remaining Tu-95K-22 are based in Magadan and Anadyr. They perform sea patrol missions and haven't nuclear armament.
In the winter of 1976 universal long range cruise missile projecting order was signed. MMZ «Opyt» (Moscow mechanical plant «Opyt» (Experience)) had to create carrier for aviation versions of new missile. The version was named X-55. Tu-95M-5 was given for the test programme. It was Tu-95M version for KSR cruise missile which wasn't seen serial production. Rebuilt at TMZD (G. Dimitrov Taganrog machinery plant (former plant Ms 86)) plane got new equipment for X-55 missile using and it was named Tu-95M-55. The version Leading Designer became D, Antonov, which led Tu-95 since 1976. Tu-95M-55 maiden flight was performed in 1977. The revolver missile launcher was tested with Tu-95M-55. Launches were begun in 1978.
Serial cruise missile carrier version had to be built on the basis of Tu-142MK, which had had improved wing, dauble-slotted flaps and spar-box fuel tanks instead soft tanks. Bottom and upper gun turrets were removed, a lot of aerials were installed in line of fuselage skin level. Plane got new gear and wheels with other dimentions.
New plane was equipped with NK-12MP turboprops, which had power of 15000 ehp. NK-12MP engines had increased reliability and longer operational lite. They had reinforsed generators drives. For next test programme period was taken Tu-142MK, which was rebuilt from 1978 till 1979. The plane began tests in September and it was adopted in 1983 with name «Tu-95MS».
Tu-95MS serial production was begun in 1982 at TMZD. Tu-95MS got 1 revolver missile launcher in bomb-bay and the most advanced radar complex, which probably was similar Tu-160 one. Furthermore new aircraft received the latest Tu-142 version equipment. It incorporates modern Doppler drift and speed indicator, short and long range celestial and radio navigation complexes, satellite communication system and very powerful ECM equipment. Tu-95MS has such powerful ECM equipment, that the most advanced interceptor fighter MiG-31 couldn't «shoot it downs with mis-sites during tests. So, TU-95MS is equipped with pair of GSh-23 cannons in the fuselage tail section. Tu-95MS has navigation system for formation flights, which was designed for «KD» versions. The control system has non-reverced boosters. The main AC power network has 400 Hz frequency. Cabins interior got a lot of improvments.
Tu-95MS was produced at KuAZ. There were two versions: Tu-95MS-6 and Tu-95MS-16. The first one had 16 X-55 missiles in bomb-bay on revolver missile launcher, and the second one had 16 X-55 missiles. Six of them were in bomb-bay, and the rest were situated on underwing pylons.
New complex mastering was very quickly. Tu-95MS were received by 1026th TBAP (Semipalatinsk), 1006th TBAP (Uzin), 128th TBAP (Mozdock).
In the middle of eighties X-55 improved versions were introduced. They were X-55OK and X-55M/SM missiles. But X-55M/SM had increased weight, and there were only 8 missiles on external launchers.
After numerous soviet-american negotiations Tu-95MS lost external missile lounch-ers. Today Russia has about 60 Tu-95MS. Their serial production was stopped in 1992. Nevertheless, Russian Tu-95MS and Tu-160 is very powerful force today and it will be the same in XXI century.


text:
To the U.S. Army Garrison-Pōhakuloa (USAG-P),
Thank you for the opportunity to submit this letter of concern regarding your military training.
You opened up this space for community members to express their concerns related to "noise." Therefore, I'd like to take a moment to comment on the noise and hope that these words will not be met with silence but with a swell of voices and actions, chorusing together for justice.
Noise, as you are well aware, refers to sounds: loud and sometimes-disturbing sounds, confused and sometimes-violent sounds.
Noise disrupts.
Noise destroys.
Noise, also has origins in Old English, in the sense that it was applied to quarreling. And in Old French and Latin, it comes from the word "nausea," meaning seasickness.
Noise causes disagreement and argument.
Noise causes sickness.
In Hawaiian, we refer to noise as "hana kuli," something that makes us deaf, something that can make us close our ears, our eyes, and eventually our minds, to injustice.
I'm afraid that so much noise may result in the loss of an ability to listen, to really hear us, to hear the earth, to hear our collective cries. I'm afraid that so much noise will result in silence, your silence…
…or the ultimate tragedy: our silence, our complacency, and our ultimate demise.
Last night I lay awake listening to the noise, feeling the noise. Each bomb shook my body. Each bomb shook my heart. And my thoughts shifted to my two-month old nephew, sleeping "peacefully." I wondered about "peace."
What kind of world is he growing up in? What kind of world am I to introduce him to when there have been more bombs than days he's been alive and he cannot sleep without feeling them: his tiny body being impacted by the noise, his future being destroyed by noise, his home being bombed by your noise? When did his life, and the life of all of our children, become so un-important, so un-significant, so un-valuable that you would dare to bomb his home, threatening his resources, his livelihood, his chance to live in true peace?
As I write this I watch him drink, sucking at the source of sustenance that feeds him and I wonder, what about his mother? The earth? What about her? Who will feed him when she is too tired to deal with the noise, the disruptions, the desecration, the sounds that make us deaf?
Our mother lays exposed at Pōhakuloa. And you rape her; you take advantage of her, penetrating her with your phallic bombs, as if trying to show off your own masculinity, your own power, your own control. And all the while, I hear her screaming. I feel her screaming.
There. Is. So. Much. Noise.
And we are expected to be quiet, to be quiet-ed by the noise. We are expected to cower in the face of your supposed strength and force. We are expected to be rendered deaf, blind, and heartless.
We are expected to forget:
To forget that you seized 84,000 acres of our land at no cost.
To forget that Pōhakuloa is larger than the islands of Kahoʻolawe and Lanaʻi combined.
To forget that bombing any piece of land is unjust, but that bombing land that people live on is an act of war.
To forget that you used Depleted Uranium on our mother, letting it seep into her skin, our skin.
To forget that you destroyed historic sites, attacking the physical and spiritual center of our livelihood.
And to forget that you threatened—and continue to threaten—our health in every imaginable way.
But you forget. You forget that we are connected to our mother, to Papa, to the very land that we call home. And as long as she makes noise—voicing her discontent, voicing her anger, voicing her pain—we will be here to listen and we will speak, chant, shout, pray and sing until you hear us.
Do not feign deafness. This noise, our noise, cannot be ignored.
I will continue to be noisy: to speak noisily, to type noisily, to raise my voice with volume and intensity until you can hear me, until you can hear us, until you can hear the earth, and until you are moved and shaken enough to care.
Like a bomb to your heart, you will feel this. You must feel this and act.
So, I ask, what will you do to stop the noise?
Hear us and do not respond with silence.
Emalani Case (making noise for all the protectors of this land)
Here are some of them:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
About Dylan and Rebecca
Dylan Munro
Dylan's passions in life are family, friends, food, exercise and technology.
Until relatively recently Dylan has never been known as an "exercise guy". Whilst he always supported and appreciated his wife Rebecca with her passion for running and exercise he never got involved and was always happy to stand on the sidelines.
It was only after the birth of their son, and tipping the scales at 114kg's that overnight he decided at 30 years of age it was time to make significant changes.
Through intense up/down hill one hour daily walks with his son either in the pram or on his back, and portion control (no fad diets) Dylan was ultimately able to shave off 30 kg's and most importantly maintain it.
The geeky side of him was also motivated heavily by "gamifying" the weight loss and daily activity using the FitBit One activity tracker and the FitBit Aria scales. The scales helped monitor his weight loss and body fat over time he lost the weight and the FitBit ensured he had a clear picture of whether he had done enough exercise for the day.
Over the time he lost the weight he recognised that maintaining a healthy lifestyle wasn't just a matter of walking once a week and doing a short term fad diet, it was really about eating a balanced diet, maintaining portion size and exercising each and everyday. Making a real and significant lifestyle change and making exercise and fitness part of who he was ultimately was the key to ongoing success.
Dylan's daily routine now consists of 3-4 one hour intense super-circuit training sessions at LifeCycle Fitness in Bronte at 5am before each day walking his son and dog down to Bronte to take in beauty our Sydney beaches have to offer.
It's his passion for technology and fitness that has come together in work with Chris, Greta and wife Rebecca in bringing Run With Us Online to life. He hopes that this site will help bring the tools needed to maintain a healthy lifestyle to everyone.
Rebecca Munro
Rebecca's two greatest passions in life are running and cooking.
Rebecca started running in high school representing her school at cross country. After school she ran for the ACT cross country club becoming part of the Talent Identification squads which were training groups to search for talent for the Sydney Olympics. She mainly ran trails through Stromlo Forest and all around Canberra where she grew up.
Rebecca had a break from running for a few years, but after moving to Sydney 10 years ago she started running again and has gone from strength to strength. She found Rejoov 7 years ago and through the inspirational coaching and motivation of Greta and Chris she has achieved a huge repertoire of races including marathons, trail races, half marathons and plenty of 10km events.
2014 has been her best year yet for running doing a 3.20 marathon in Melbourne, finally breaking 90 mins for a half marathon (87mins) and also achieving 57mins for Sydney's City to Surf 14k. She is looking forward to challenging herself in 2015. Running daily for Rebecca is very important to keep mentally strong as well as physically fit.
Growing up Rebecca was fortunate enough to have been raised on a completely unprocessed, raw diet, learning a love for cooking healthy and delicious meals from her mother. Now as an adult she loves to cook healthy meals for her friends and family as part of her daily life. She enjoys sharing her recipes and knowledge on cooking.
Rebecca is a big believer that sustainable, healthy, fresh and quick meals should be part of our everyday life by following the food pyramid, portion control and no 'fad diets'. Success has come to Rebecca by developing a lifestyle of exercise everyday and eating well, without depriving herself of occasional treats if she reaches her racing and fitness goals.
Rebecca works for a children's food company which manufacture 100% healthy pre packaged dinners for children. She has a passion for creating a healthier next generation.


text:
For my first review, we decided it was time for a treat and headed straight from work last Friday to Bluewater. We'd never been to Giraffe before so decided to give it a try, particularly since they have two different veggie burgers on the menu. We started off with a Bruschetta Bites sharing platter.
Half of the bites are olive, and half are pesto, and they were delicious – especially the pesto ones. They were quite crumbly, but went down nicely. I also had the refreshing cloudy lemonade with mint, which went very nicely with the whole meal – especially the spicy dip, which I will get on to in a moment! Overall there was a nice atmosphere with great quirky music, mostly in Spanish, with some interesting covers thrown in for good measure.
Now to the really interesting part: the veggie burger! I went for the Falafel Deluxe Burger, and it was definitely a good choice. There is another veggie burger on the menu, which will have to wait for another time! I also took the upgrade to sweet potato fries for £1, which were well worth it. Not only are they just as delicious as expected, but also a great addition to the overall taste of the burger. The plate came with a spicy dip called harissa as well – it was great for dipping the fries, although perhaps a bit spicy for me. I tried the barbecue dip which comes with one of the other burgers (as eaten by my boyfriend, Jared), and much preferred it!
Now, the burger itself was far too large to eat with your hands, which is always something I'm conflicted about. Of course I love the fact that there is more food, but I also really love the feel of picking up the burger to take bites out of it. For me, that's often part of the whole experience. Anyway, I ate this one with a knife and fork, and what it did mean was that I was able to take different bits of the burger at different times and really analyse the way all of the different flavours worked together.
I was initially thinking that I wouldn't like the beetroot, but it was actually not too strong and therefore I really liked it. The cheese in the burger is also not too strong – it does have a sharp taste, but it does not overpower the other flavours of the burger, despite being a huge block (which I am not criticising – I love cheese!). I normally expect halloumi to be a bit stronger, and it didn't quite have the expected texture either, but with a block this big I can see that the normal taste and texture may not have worked very well. The zingy flavour of the rocket bounced off everything well, though I would maybe have preferred a little less leaf – when you look at the burger, you can see that half the reason for the height is the rocket, and it was not something that was absolutely necessary in my opinion.
One big disappointment was not really being able to taste the houmous on the bun. I LOVE houmous and this was one of my big reasons for choosing the burger, but even when I scraped a bit off the bun with my fork I could only vaguely taste it. On the other hand, I normally dislike tsatziki, but in the case enjoyed it because it was not too strongly flavoured. I could taste the sauce throughout the bite even when I had everything else on my fork in one go, but it was still a nice flavour that I could enjoy.
There was not too much grilled pepper either, which was good news, and the bread was very soft so it went well with the interior. The falafels tasted just as expected and were very nice, although with four of them on the bottom of the burger it was actually quite hard to get a bite or even a forkful of them without bits flying everywhere. They were a bit too heavy for the burger to retain its shape! Overall it was a very nice meal and you could have a different flavour in every single bite, which made it quite exciting. At £9.85, it wasn't a bad effort.
On the Vegburge scale, I give this…
Taste – 7/10
Price – 6/10
Rest of experience – 8/10


text:
The food you love from Tangiers International Market is now available on wheels. The Baba Ghanoush Food Truck will be serving customer favorites including falafel wraps and salads, gyro wraps and salads, hummus, baba ghanoush, stuffed grape leaves, and of course, baklava.
Back to All Events
Earlier Event: August 16Farm and Truck Thursdays
Later Event: August 19Crepe Hut Food Truck


text:
Welcome to the world of academics at DePaul Cristo Rey High School, sponsored by the Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati. Since 1829, the Sisters of Charity have been dedicated to serving the people of Cincinnati, and we at DePaul Cristo Rey High School are honored to be a part of that tradition. As a member of the Cristo Rey Network of schools across the United States, we are one of 32 high schools that provide access to quality, Catholic, college-preparatory education to students from families with limited financial means.
Our college-ready goal is:
With this as our priority, students at DePaul Cristo Rey engage in coursework designed to prepare them for the demands of college. In consultation with numerous universities and college professors from across the United States, our curriculum focuses on the core subjects (reading, writing, science, mathematics, social studies, religious studies, world languages, and the arts) while emphasizing thinking strategies and lifelong learning behaviors.
At DePaul Cristo Rey High School:
Through the CWSP program, all students work in a professional setting, developing the knowledge and skills to prepare them well for college and the professional work environment. This amazing work experience not only provides our students with the opportunity to contribute financially to their education, but it reinforces in them the thinking strategies and lifelong learning behaviors emphasized in the classroom. The workplace experience allows students to apply and make connections from the classroom to the world of work. This unique combination of classroom and workplace learning prepares DePaul Cristo Rey students for success in high school, college and the years to come.


text:
Jot Magazine September Mood Board/
I am so excited to be the guest pinner for the Jot Magazine mood board this month!
I am really loving sunset colors and aztec patterns right now, and this mood board certainly reflects that. My layout started with a photo of my daughter and goddaughters on a walk through the woods.
Going through my stash, I began pulling patterned papers with the colors and patterns that reflected the mood board. My favorite image of the painted leaves, had to be used on my layout, so I grabbed a BlockWalla wood leaf stamp, along with my acrylic paints to fill in some of the spaces.
There is a lot of layering of colors and patterns on this page, and with all of the layers surrounding my photo, I kept my embellishment very simple, using a lot of old items from my stash, including this last piece of the Amy Tangerine fabric leaf border.
The Jot Girls projects inspired by this board are so amazing! Be sure to check them out and upload your own creation for a chance to win a fantastic prize!


text:
* Casual Connect USA 2014 – Indie Prize Showcase
* Tokyo Game Show 2014 – Indie Game Area
* Taipei Game Show 2015 – Indie Game Festa
BlocKing is a unique interactive work of art that mixes beautiful graphics well with fine music.
It is simple and easy to control, but requires quick prospective judgment of directions of falling objects according to changes in physics and gravity, so it is a strongly addictive casual arcade game in which the player gets immersed gradually.
- Attain scores by predicting the direction of objects falling irregularly.
- Falling objects may change direction if it meets an obstacle in the process.
- Tap to break objects that have a special function.
- You can be the best by acquiring the highest score.
- Unlimited play mode.
- Free to play
- Stunning 3D gaphics ( realtime light, pretty particles, fast shader )
- Gamecenter leaderboards
- Smooth physics
- Very simple and easy controls
- Various obstacles and special objects


text:
Please click anywhere to continue browsing our site.
5559 W. State Road 238Lake Butler, FL 32054Call (386) 752-6568 Mon, Tues, Wed, Fri - 7:30 - 5:30Sat - 7:30 - 2:30 | Thurs & Sun - Closed
166 West DuvalLake City, FL 32055Call (386) 752-2120Mon - Fri - 7:30 - 5:30Sat & Sun - Closed
Each year, road hazards leave thousands of vehicles stranded on the roadside. The Bridgestone DriveGuard is designed to keep vehicles moving for up to 50 miles when a puncture occurs, allowing drivers more time to reach a safe destination in town. Tested by the Today Show, the Bridgestone DriveGuard proves to be the perfect solution for anyone tired of stopping immediately for a flat tire.
Shop for Tires Contact Us
The Bridgestone DriveGuard is designed with driver safety in mind. Benefits include:
Bridgestone aims to keep drivers safe while providing maximum performance.
Bielling's Tire has the Bridgestone Driveguard for sale in many tire sizes for customers in Lake Butler, FL, Lake City, FL, Gainesville, FL, and surrounding areas. Our technicians are available to answer all questions, or you can learn more about the Bridgestone DriveGuard at our online tire inventory.
Contact Us for More Info on the Bridgestone DriveGuard
Search our tire catalog!
View our selection of wheels!
Save more with our coupons!
Lake Butler, FL
Lake City, FL


text:
Week from 18 to 24 October 2010 will be dedicated to Italian language in the world. The theme will be: A language for friend: ours Italian and the italian of others.
This international event takes place every year in October, at the initiative of the "Accademia della Crusca" with the Directorate General for Promotion Cultural Cooperation of the Minister for Foreign Affairs.
The event was founded in 2001 and it promotes throughout the
world the Italian language in its different facets.
The program of week will be published on site of the "Accademia della Crusca"
Read this news in italian on italiaculturale.it: La settimana della lingua italiana nel mondo 2010


text:
Wrap B Dress
Wrap B Dress
The Wrap B dress is a versatile and easy fit. This classic minimalist dress stands on it's own or works perfectly as a layering piece. It can be worn with or without the belt. The belt is not attached to the dress. 100% Wool.
Dry Clean Only.
Made in the USA. Available in size S/M (2,4,6) and M/L (8/10/12).


text:
GG's Holy Cross Project contribution to Solar Energy in New Orleans 9th Ward
Since Hurricane Katrina, the residents of the Lower 9th Ward of New Orleans, have been committed to rebuilding their community sustainably. Solar power has been an integral part of building back homes with a lower carbon footprint. Global Green's Holy Cross Project helped bring solar power to the Lower 9th Ward with five LEED Platinum single family homes. Our Visitor Center is net zero, meaning it produces as much electricity as it uses throughout the year, due to a rooftop solar array. A new report by the Sierra Club expands upon the proliferation of solar panels in the years since Hurricane Katrina. The report states that the Lower 9th Ward has more than 5 times as many solar energy systems per capita as the rest of the City of New Orleans! That adds up to a lot of savings: the average user stands to save about $45 per month on his or her electric bill and the Lower 9th Ward's total monthly solar energy production nets the community about $16,267 in savings.
The Lower 9th Ward in particular has welcomed solar energy with open arms. Here is an excerpt from the Sierra Club report by Casey Williams, to explain the numbers:
There were approximately 2594 permits for solar installations issued by the City of New Orleans between January 1, 2007 and March 31, 2013. As of December 31, 2012, 1345 of these solar installations had set up solar net metering systems with Entergy, and, based on conversation with residents and solar installers, we believe it is likely the hundreds more have set up net metering since that time. According to Entergy, the aggregate capacity of these installations is 6.4 MW – about 4.7 kW per array.
As of March 2013, there were 247 permits issued for residential solar systems in the Lower Ninth Ward. Assuming an average distribution of one solar array per home, approximately 12% of homes in the neighborhood have permits for solar panels. Based on the most recently available population data, 10% of the solar panel permits issued by the city were for residences in the Lower Nine, even though the area contains less than 2% of the city's population. Assuming each resident who received a permit successfully installed a solar system, the Lower Ninth Ward has more than 5 times as many solar energy systems per capita as the rest of the city.
Big things are happening here in the Lower 9th Ward- come visit us if you're in the area! link to http://www.globalgreen.org/articles/global/83


text:
#0058 RRS Newsletter CSE/Hovind Special Edition for September 17, 2007
Well folks, given the recent upheaval aligned against the CSE Ministry and the Hovinds, this edition will be dedicated entirely to them. This issue has stirred a veritable tsunami of fervent activity in the internet community of atheists, free thinkers, and everyone who values free speech and scientific education.
I have spent much more time compiling this edition than any other edition to date. It includes quite a bit of personal commentary and citation of articles that were painstakingly dug up.
Since the RRS News section will be rather lengthy today, there will not be an Affiliate section, but there isn't much new that wasn't in the last newsletter anyway. So, without further adieu, let's see what the people of the world have to say.
Thanks for reading, if you have any comments or suggestions you can reach me directly HERE. Or on Myspace HERE.
Stay rational,
and the RRS MI team
Table of ContentsClick on a title to view the article.
Click HERE to find your local affiliate!
Rational Response Squad News
Operation Spread Eagle (a.k.a. "Operation Fucktard")
Video by Youtubes Sablechicken
Science News
CSE - Lies in the Textbooks Promo refuted
CSE - The Dangers of Evolution Promo refuted
CSE - The Age of the Earth Promo refuted
CSE - Eric Hovind Promo
CSE - Dinosaurs and the Bible
CSE - The Garden of Eden
CSE - Is the Bible Scientifically Accurate?
Illegitimate copyright flagging by CSE
False copyright flagging by CSE (Kent Hovind) MUST SEE!
Atheist Blood Drive
Atheists for Autism Research Charity!
Religious Victims of the day
A list of Blogs on the subject of the Hovinds and CSE
NEW SONG "Letter to the CSE"
Tribute to Kent Hovind LIVE
Richard Dawkins Defends His Supercilious Attitude w a Joke
CSE (Kent Hovind) PWNED!
Operation Spread Eagle
There are quite a few people, both inside and outside the RRS ranks, involved in this project. Most notably are prominent Youtubers Rabid Ape, Thunderf00t, Christopher Boe (the man responsible for the animation in the video for everyones favorite song, Tribute to Kent Hovind, (a.k.a. Your a Fucktard), and the webmaster to a Way of the Master watchdog site who also keeps close tabs on the Hovind clan and CSE. The latest victim of the complaint happy CSE appears to be the Rational Response Squad, too!
The proverbial "wasp nest" has been smashed, and and the residents are pissed! Many lawsuits will ensue, to be sure. If you would like to help out, forward the following message to:
Dear Sir, I write to inform you of the abuse of copyright claims by cseministry (Creation Science Ministries).
cseministry (Creation Science Ministries) have been flagging videos as their copyrighted material even though they contain no material whatsoever from cseministry. cseministry was founded by the young earth creationist and public figure, Kent Hovind who is currently serving a 10 year jail sentence for tax fraud. Videos that cseministry have claimed infringed their copyright include phone calls from various scientists to Kent Hovind, Hovinds phone calls from jails where he conspires to hide property from the IRS and completely original satirical animations of the likeness of the public figure Kent Hovind. cseministry are evidently making abusive use of the copyright claims system by making false claims against videos which reflect badly on cseministry or their founder Kent Hovind.
-This is an abuse of the systems that cseministry have been systematically using as a form of 'back door censorship' and needs to be addressed.
Further cseministry have made copyright claims on videos they have previously made. Yet cseministry have previously declared that all material produced by their ministry is public domain material (see video below). Public domain material cannot be copyrighted. Indeed it would appear that it is only within the last week that cseministry have changed their website (drdino.com) to falsely claim they have copyright protection on all the material they have previously put in the public domain (see video below), simply so they can falsely flag videos critical of them on youtube. No-one can claim the copyright for public domain material, not even cseministry.
And even IF cseministry did own the copyright for any of this material, all of the videos they have flagged as infringing their copyright would fall into the category of fair use.
The following video explains the abuse by cseministry
The following is a partial list of accounts that have had videos deleted by false copyright claims by cseministry.
rabidape, johnplex, Acorvettes, EGarrett01, Desertphile, qxdc, Chrisboe4ever, RationalResponse and ExtantDodo
Best wishes
Here is the video that Thunderf00t made to accompany this letter.
You can also help by going to the following link and downloading the video, then upload it across the internet. Any site that supports user videos!
This empire of Christian Fudamentalists has gone too far, and we at the Rational Response Squad WILL NOT take this lying down! Here is a copy of what Brian has to say on the matter, you can also find this on the front page of this site, www.rationalresponders.com
Download the latest RRS (banned) video and post it on your account on any site anywhere.
We wont even pretend later that we still own the copyright!
"Someone" (the lawyers will have to figure it out) flagged our video exposing the criminal actions of the Creation Science Evangelism Ministry, and had our account pulled. Unlike false copyright complaints, we're unsure currently how we can have this rectified at the youtube level. We may in fact decide to stay off youtube and do as Gisburne has done, having you repost thousands of our videos over and over.
Our suggestion for right this minute is to upload as many videos as you can all over the internet exposing the illegal activity that the CSE Ministry has currently been engaging in. They want to silence critics, that is clear, to ensure that this doesn't happen you must become more critical of them than you ever have. DO SOMETHING!
If you don't have a video serving that purpose merely uploading a video critiquing Kent Hovind would be good enough. If you feel like acting as childish as "they"do, feel free to flag their videos like it's your business all day long. We don't condone restricting free speech, but since nobody at youtube seems to care about these egregious and vile actions it's up to us to do anything we can to get youtubes attention. (this account is the main account causing the problems - users are reporting that they are flagging these videos left and right). That they would allow such activity after dozens of warnings from youtube members is extremely horrible mismanagement at best. There are dozens of videos and thousands of comments from angry youtube members who are pissed off that it takes 1 minute for someone to pull down a video if they're willing to claim ownership but it takes 14 days, tons of paperwork, and lawyers to reinstate what is rightfully ours. We are pissed. The Creation Science Ministries picked the wrong people to fuck with.
You have just as much right to CSE material as they do, as they've made their videos public domain. They changed their website recently to reflect a change that will never hold up in a court of law. You can't make videos public domain, and then rescind the copyright. Not only have there been countless fraudulent DMCA take down notices, but tracks have been covered with more illegal activity (by attempting to rescind free copyright usage).
Please keep in mind, Sapient wrote the above after being awake for 46 hours spending almost all of that time trying to defend all youtube atheists, only to have his own account removed. Please consider a paypal donation to help offset what will be lost.
Video by Youtubes Sablechicken
To see Brian's point by point shredding of this moronically jumbled pile of opinion, and transparently bad attempt at intelligence check out his forum post HERE!
Before you do that though, some advice from Brian on how to maximize the hilarity of his rebuttal:
*this post: kelly approved
As I went through youtube I found it funny that three of the counter responses to our work were overtly logically weak, riddled in strawmen, false assertions, and behavior even more childish than the kind I advocate. What follows is an extensive debunking, there was nothing really to debunk in the other two as they were strictly false caricatures. I highly suggest you do this in two screens, open the youtube video in a new window. Then go through the video pausing it as you read my points. The best I can do is promise laughter from our atheist constituency. And we deserve it right now. If you're reading from the homepage you can comment by being logged in and clicking the title above.
In the Science section today we will be examining a few of Kent Hovinds "scientific" claims, and presenting the real science behind the propaganda he's trying to spread under the veil of Christianity and biblical inerrancy. I am using only their promo material, since using a whole video would not only delay the release of this newsletter by about a week and cost me several IQ points from having to sit through it all again, but also there is plenty in these short clips for me to sink my godless teeth into. There will be a bit of editorial commentary in these reviews. Feel free to contact me with any grievances or agreement concerning those portions.
When viewing these videos, have a bucket ready, you'll thank me later...
CSE - Lies in the Textbooks Promo
He makes three claims in this promo for his propaganda, let's examine the first one, the creationist argument that the Grand Canyon was NOT carved by the Colorado River over a period of millions of years.
The principal consensus among geologists is that the Colorado River basin (of which the Grand Canyon is a part) has developed in the past 40 million years and that the Grand Canyon itself is probably less than five to six million years old (with most of the downcutting occurring in the last two million years). The result of all this erosion is one of the most complete geologic columns on the planet.
The major geologic exposures in Grand Canyon range in age from the 2 billion year old Vishnu Schist at the bottom of the Inner Gorge to the 230 million year old Kaibab Limestone on the Rim. Interestingly, there is a gap of about one billion years between the stratum that is about 500 million years old and the lower level, which is about 1.5 billion years old. That indicates a period of erosion between two periods of deposition.
Many of the formations were deposited in warm shallow seas, near-shore environments (such as beaches), and swamps as the seashore repeatedly advanced and retreated over the edge of a proto-North America. Major exceptions include the Permian Coconino Sandstone which was laid down as sand dunes in a desert and several parts of the Supai Group.
The great depth of the Grand Canyon and especially the height of its strata (most of which formed below sea level) can be attributed to 5,000 to 10,000 feet (1500 to 3000 m) of uplift of the Colorado Plateau, starting about 65 million years ago (during the Laramide Orogeny). This uplift has steepened the stream gradient of the Colorado River and its tributaries, which in turn has increased their speed and thus their ability to cut through rock (see the elevation summary of the Colorado River for present conditions).
Weather conditions during the ice ages also increased the amount of water in the Colorado River drainage system. The ancestral Colorado River responded by cutting its channel faster and deeper.
The base level and course of the Colorado River (or its ancestral equivalent) changed 5.3 million years ago when the Gulf of California opened and lowered the river's base level (its lowest point). This increased the rate of erosion and cut nearly all of the Grand Canyon's current depth by 1.2 million years ago. The terraced walls of the canyon were created by differential erosion.[4]
About one million years ago, volcanic activity (mostly near the western canyon area) deposited ash and lava over the area, which at times completely obstructed the river. These volcanic rocks are the youngest in the canyon.
Now, let's examine the second claim made in the video, the assertion that there is no such thing as the geologic column. This claim is so laughably absurd it almost doesn't warrant a mention, but here we go. To prove how science can accurately determine the age of a particular rock, thusly proving the geologic columns relevancy, I will now show you the information about how radiometric dating is conducted.
All ordinary matter is made up of combinations of chemical elements, each with its own atomic number, indicating the number of protons in the atomic nucleus. Additionally, elements may exist in different isotopes, with each isotope of an element differing only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. A particular isotope of a particular element is called a nuclide. Some nuclides are inherently unstable. That is, at some random point in time, an atom of such a nuclide will be transformed into a different nuclide by the process known as radioactive decay. This transformation is accomplished by the emission of particles such as electrons (known as beta decay) or alpha particles.
All ordinary matter is made up of combinations of chemical elements, each with its own atomic number, indicating the number of protons in the atomic nucleus. Additionally, elements may exist in different isotopes, with each isotope of an element differing only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. A particular isotope of a particular element is called a nuclide. Some nuclides are inherently unstable. That is, at some random point in time, an atom of such a nuclide will be transformed into a different nuclide by the process known as radioactive decay. This transformation is accomplished by the emission of particles such as electrons (known as beta decay) or alpha particles.
While the moment in time at which a particular nucleus decays is random, a collection of atoms of a radioactive nuclide decays exponentially at a rate described by a parameter known as the half-life, usually given in units of years when discussing dating techniques. After one half-life has elapsed, one half of the atoms of the substance in question will have decayed. Many radioactive substances decay from one nuclide into a final, stable decay product (or "daughter") through a series of steps known as a decay chain. In this case, usually the half-life reported is the dominant (longest) for the entire chain, rather than just one step in the chain. Nuclides useful for radiometric dating have half-lives ranging from a few thousand to a few billion years.
In most cases, the half-life of a nuclide depends solely on its nuclear properties; it is not affected[2] by external factors such as temperature, chemical environment, or presence of a magnetic or electric field. (For nuclides which decay by the process of electron capture, such as Beryllium-7, Strontium-85, and Zirconium-89, the decay rate may be affected by local electron density, therefore these isotopes are not used for radiometric dating.) Although decay can also be accelerated by radioactive bombardment, such bombardment tends to leave evidence of its occurrence. These issues aside, the half-life of any nuclide is believed to be constant through time. Therefore, in any material containing a radioactive nuclide, the proportion of the original nuclide to its decay product(s) changes in a predictable way as the original nuclide decays. This predictability allows the relative abundances of related nuclides to be used as a clock that measures the time from the incorporation of the original nuclide(s) into a material to the present.
Although radiometric dating is accurate in principle, the precision is very dependent on the care with which the procedure is performed. The possible confounding effects of initial contamination of parent and daughter isotopes have to be considered, as do the effects of any loss or gain of such isotopes since the sample was created. Additionally, measurement in a mass spectrometer is subject to isotopic interference of other nuclides with the same mass number. Corrections may have to be performed by measuring isotopic ratios of elements which interfere with the target isotope.
Mass spectrometers are sensitive to interference. Primary amongst these is the quality of the vacuum. Poor vacuum permits gaseous atoms to intercept ionised atoms prior to measurement. The resolution of the receptor is also a factor, but modern equipment is greatly improved on previous editions.
Precision is enhanced if measurements are taken on different samples from the same rock body but at different locations. Alternatively, if several different minerals can be dated from the same sample and are assumed to be formed by the same event and were in equilibrium with the reservoir when they formed, they should form an isochron. Finally, correlation between different isotopic dating methods may be required to confirm the age of a sample.
The precision of a dating method depends in part on the half-life of the radioactive isotope involved. For instance, carbon-14 has a half-life of about 6000 years. After an organism has been dead for 60,000 years, so little carbon-14 is left in it that accurate dating becomes impossible. On the other hand, the concentration of carbon-14 falls off so steeply that the age of relatively young remains can be determined precisely to within a few decades. The isotope used in uranium-thorium dating has a longer half-life, but other factors make it more accurate than radiocarbon dating.
Here is a list of the different types of radiometric dating used by archeologists and paleontologists:
This brings us to the final claim Mr. Hovind makes in the sample video, that is the claim that a zygote is a human at conception. Whereas this is true from the perspective of the genetic information that it contains, here he is twisting facts and distorting the information he is supposedly refuting in order to further impress upon the audience his previous claims of superior intelligence by stating the obvious against the highly out of context quote he has pulled up. He is refuting an argument that the article he used doesn't even make. He is telling the audience that the article states that a human embryo is not a human baby at the stage of 7 months. If he were to put it in context, the quote he used would take on an entirely new meaning. The article he uses here is not disputing the fact that the fetus in question is human, just that at 7 months the fetus' lungs and tepurature regulation system are not fully developed, therefore, it's not (despite outward appearance) a "normal" human baby. If the source in question had replaced the word "normal" with "fully developed" the intent and meaning of the passage would have been the same, but that's what Kent was preying on here, one single slip that he saw that he could exploit to further his own twisted agenda. Notice, I'm not even getting into the fact that for the first few months of developement a human embryo is, in form and functionality, completely indistiguishable from other species. In fact, up to the area of the 10th week, human and fish embryos are identical, and up to 16-17 weeks we are indistguishable in comparison with pigs.
I could continue my rantings on this, but I think it would start to get even further off topic than it already has. So, this concludes my rebuttal and refutation of the first CSE Ministry video we will be examining.
CSE - The Dangers of Evolution Promo
Ok, in this video Kent tries to imply that knowledge of Darwinian evolution could make one evil. He points to Stalin, the Columbine shooters, and Hitler (he left out Pol Pot, but that is immaterial). This one is an easy video to refute. I don't think it's difficult for any person to see that some people are just more prone to acts of violence than others. The fact that he brings up the same arguments that every other pro-god argumentation brings up tells me one thing. These seem to be the ONLY examples they can come up with to support their point, whereas the opposing argument can cite innumerable occurances, both past and present, to articulate the point, not just the same handful of cases that we hear repeated over and over by the creationist camp.
The main fact he is (purposfully) overlooking is that these people didn't commit these atrocities in the NAME of evolution or atheism, unlike the cases that could be cited in opposition.
To make this breif, I will evoke a quotes from Steven Weinberg:
"With or without religion, you would have good people doing good things and evil people doing evil things. But for good people to do evil things, that takes religion."
-Steven Weinberg
CSE - The Age of the Earth Promo
Wow, ok, first I'll tackle the population of the Earth at the time the flood supposedly occurred (you know, the one that left only 8 human survivors, and where a 600 y/o man singlehandedly bulit a boat big enough to house 2 members of every species on the planet). I'm not going to get into the reasons we know there were more than 8 humans on the planet in the year 2400 b.c.e., i already covered radiometric dating extensively two articles up.
First, I'd like to mention in passing the abundance of human artifacts recovered dating from 2400 b.c.e., I guess Noah made them all and dispersed them across the globe, or maybe the currents carried them. In either case, there are far too many, and in far too many styles to have been created by one man, or small group of men. The largest abundance of relics fom this time period seem to be concentrated in the areas of Egypt and Mesopotamia, in which there were thriving cultures, and no evidence of an abrupt end to them as indicated in the story of Noah.
For more on this, see this relevant Google search. There is more than enough evidence to refute this baseless, deluded claim.
Now, we will examine the claim Kent makes about the theorized origin of the universe. He states that humanists believe the universe was created from nothing. This is simply not true. The first law of thermodynamics (arguably the most important law of physics, and science as a whole) states that:
Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy and matter in the Universe remains constant, merely changing from one form to another. The First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation) states that energy is always conserved, it cannot be created or destroyed. In essence, energy can be converted from one form into another.
The most recent ideas about the origins of the universe are that the begining was a moment in time when a point of pure energy destabilized and exploded outward. The massive pressure involved condensed much energy into simple matter, hydrogen atoms, in a nutshell. You can read more on this theory HERE. Simply put, we have no conclusive scientific data to tell us what exactly happened at that monumentous moment, and we may never. Here is where the religious usually shout the all-to-familiar response, "God did it!", and to be truthfull, this may be the only case they have left. However, given the fact that they've been so incredibly wrong to date on each and every other claim, I highly doubt the validity of their assertion on this point. There is no more proof, or even evidence, to support them here as there is with any other claim to authenticity they might muster up.
CSE - Eric Hovind Promo
Ok, in this video, Eric Hovind (Kents Son) describes the Creation/Evolution debate. Watch the video (have a bucket handy, you'll wanna puke a few times) and after the video I will comment on several (non)points he has made.
00:11 seconds in; He says the Creation/Evolution debate is more intense now than it has ever been. Well, I can't really argue with that. Score one for Eric! He made a valid, and honest point! It's all downhill from here, though, folks.
00:26 seconds in; He claims their information has been researched for the past 30 years. Since when does reading ONE BOOK constitute "research"? Research is when you gather information from as many different relevant sources as possible to come to a conclusion. By saying this he implies that the only relevant resource we need is the Bible, and I'm sure he'd agree with that statement, sadly. Where in there does it mention physics, or electronics, or telecommunications? If it weren't for those three things, you wouldn't be watching the video he created to tell you that the Bible is the only relevant resource a human needs. So, obviously, it isn't.
00:32 He refer to the "stumbling block of evolution"? He should be reminded that there are several scientists that have been able to square evolution with their faith.
00:39 Recitation of the book of Genesis, I'm just not gonna touch this. I don't think I need to.
01:01 Refers to the age of the Earth as 6,000 years old. I've already covered that one in describing the methods of radiometric dating a couple of articles back, and how unlikely it is to be completely false. Next.
01:05 The image of a Neanderthal skull with the word "Lies" over it. To put it simply, bones discovered = an animal existed that contained those bones. Any child of more than 3 can tell you that.
01:11 Implies that evolution is bad science, well ain't that the pot calling the kettle black.
01:18 Images shown imply that a belief in evolution results in the atrocities commited by the likes of Stalin, Hitler, Pol Pot, ect... The same arguments you've heard over and over, and that have been refuted and chastised over and over. They must think these are the best arguments they can come up with to recycle them so much, and they suck, period.
01:35 Eric says evolution is not a science, but a world view, like Christianity. If evolution is not science, then neither is astrophysics, microbiology, paleontology, archeology, medicine, or electromagnetism! Uug, my brain hurts...
02:04 He reiterates that we are made in the image of God. Well, God must have several useless or unneeded parts then, like our gallbladder, tailbone, appendix, or floating ribs. Not a very intelligent design, I must say. I thjink George Carlin put it best when he said, "..if this is the best he can do, I'm not impressed. I'd expect these kind of results from an office temp with a bad attitude."
02:22 He says we were created for a reason. Just what might that be? Eternal servitude under a cosmic dictator, that watches your every move, and tries to convince you that you have free will when (if he is omnipotent, and all-seeing) he already knows what your going to do with your life? Why create something if you know before hand it's going to be evil? Why create a Hitler, a Grand Inquisitor, or a Jim Baker, for that matter, if you know it's going to turn people against you?
02:30 Eric tells us that a belief in evolution gives one no purpose to life. In my opinion (and I'm sure many of you will agree) it gives me a profound sense of purpose, the biggest difference being, that purpose wasn't handed down to me, it is my own. I choose my purpose in life, and that is much more satisfying than one any deity could IMPOSE upon me. I choose my destiny, I choose what is important to me, and I choose how to live my own life. He might say that that in and of itself could lead me to an "evil" path, and you've all heard the arguments for this, like the "social contract" and the principals of "do unto others", so I won't waste my breath (or your time) any further. Next.
02:43 If evolution is true, don't worry about what happens after you die, you got nothing to lose. However, we all know what he's getting at, you can be a total prick in this life and you'll get off scot-free! We all know the social, legal, and political ramifications of being a total prick, the consequences are real in the here and now. Being social animals, ostrisization is something no human wants, no matter how sociopathic. In fact, the sociopath craves acceptance, regardless of the face they show the world, but I digress.
02:53-03:37 Various testimonies from supporters. Notice how the only one they tell in full is from a child. They are, of course, the primary target of this propaganda.
03:43 He asks if you should study creation/evolution in your church. WTF?! If he were truely trying to educate in a non-biased manner he would suggest you go to a library or search online for information on evolution. That may be the biggest sign that he is NOT trying to support inquiry and education, but rather dogma and subserviance.
03:50 The public schools are indoctrinating children with (gasp) science! Wait a minute, he's accusing someone of indoctrination?! He also says the words "evolutionist philosophy". No joke.
03:56 Evolution is a serious stumbling block for non-believers? Ok, how?
04:02 He says the most intelligent thing in the entire video, unfortunately he's trying to present it as a horrible thing. "If you believe in evolution, then you believe that man created god, and that reduces the Bible to a collection of fables." At least you can't say he doesn't know our point, even if he doesn't get it.
The rest is yadda, yadda, yadda, outro.
CSE - Dinosaurs and the Bible
CSE - The Garden of Eden
CSE - Is the Bible Scientifically Accurate?
Illegitimate copyright flagging by CSE
False copyright flagging by CSE (Kent Hovind) MUST SEE!
Atheist Blood Drive
In an attempt to show the world that atheists are every bit as charitable as the religious of society, and that we need no "divine warrent" to be so, the RRS has set up a daughter organization called Atheist Volunteers. We hope you will all chip in. The most prominent of it's projects is the Atheist Blood drive.
Click HERE to get more info on this important project!
Atheists for Autism Research Charity!
Check these guys out, and donate if you can!
Religious Victim of the day
Those banned from Youtube
All those persons who were banned or censored by Youtube because of the fraudulent copyright claims sent in by the CSE. Including, but not limited to RabidApe, the RRS, desertphile, and all other victims of this abuse of the copyright laws to stifle our first amendment rights!
A list of Blogs on the subject of the Hovinds and CSE
A Great Big Thank You To All of You Who Have Blogged About This!
Sorry we can't list every blog but we wanted to give homepage exposure to a few of you, thanks for speaking out. You are our heroes.
If you want to keep up on the Hovind blogs and the firestorm that this has set off please view this relevant google search.
Open letter to YouTube video, Richard Dawkins
Kent Hovind going copyright crazy, Brian Flemming
Kent Hovind: creationist liar and evil, evil, evil, the Bad Astronomer
Hovind's Goons use Fraud to Remove Critical YouTube Videos
Operation FuckTard
YouTube Censors on Behalf of Hovind Crime Family
NEW SONG "Letter to the CSE"
Tribute to Kent Hovind LIVE
Richard Dawkins Defends His Supercilious Attitude w a Joke
CSE (Kent Hovind) PWNED!
Huge thanks go to everyone that has helped me out on this endeavor. Specifically, Zombie, head of RRS Ontario for multple article submissions, Voiderest of RRS Texas, my coding guru without whom many of the features of this newsletter (like the Table of Contents) would not be in place, Brian Sapient for his guiding hand and for the space in which this is published, and all of you who have contributed articles. Cheers go out to you all!!!
Operation Spread Eagle, Kent Hovind, Creation Science, Evangelism Ministries, Eric Hovind, Jo Hovind, Liar, Evolution, Copyright, Fraud, Youtube, Fair Use Law, EFF.
The darkness of godlessness lets wisdom shine.
- Printer-friendly version
- Login or register to post comments


text:
1. Support the 21st Century Glass Steagall Act of 2013
The new 21st Century Glass Steagall Act separates traditional banks from riskier financial services. Show your support and stand with Senator Elizabeth Warren, Senators John McCain, Maria Cantwell, and Angus King.
2. Get the Facts on Accountability, Fairness and Security in the Financial System
Sign up for updates from Americans For Financial Reform to get fact sheets, news and action on how we can work together to reform our financial system.


text:
Meeting to determine salvage plan for capsized Spirit of Sacramento
The Spirit of Sacramento capsized near Bethel Island
A meeting is planned later Tuesday to determine how best to get the big capsized fake paddlewheeler Spirit of Sacramento out of the water near Bethel Island.
The former excursion boat that once operated out of Sacramento began taking on water late Saturday night and went under early Sunday near Bethel Island in Contra Costa County.
Since then, the U.S. Coast Guard has been working with a private salvage company to find out the best way to remove the 87-foot boat. An afternoon meeting will be held between the Coast Guard and Global Diving and Salvage of Vallejo.
On Sunday, Global Diving and Salvage closed off vents and other possible routes that diesel fuel could get out and pollute Delta waters. An estimated 600 gallons of diesel fuel may be on board. So far, only a sheen of oil has been visible on the surface.
"We are going to be meeting with them today to discuss plans for them to salvage the vessel," said Coast Guard spokeswoman Lt. j.g. Nicole Emmons. "They are going to be looking at schematics of the vessel."
Emmons declined to speak on how the boat would be salvaged. The investigation into why the boat capsized is ongoing, she said.
"I'm sure we will know more once the vessel is out of the water when we can look at it," she said.
The Coast Guard has not yet been able to contact the vessel's owner or the two people who were on board when the vessel took on water. The two onboard escaped on a dinghy.
The Spirit of Sacramento once operated as a tour boat, taking passengers on trips up and down the Sacramento River and into the Delta.
In 2006, Sacramento Yacht Charters entered into a 10-year contract with the city of Sacramento to operate the faux paddlewheeler out of Old Sacramento. In 2008, the city began the process of terminating the contract because, it charged, the company's schedule was unreliable and its projected revenues fell short.
The company acknowledged problems but cited a drop in ridership due to the economy and the intractable negotiating positions of Sacramento city officials. Ultimately, Sacramento Yacht Charters went bankrupt, and its fleet was sold. The company was replaced in 2009 by Hornblower Cruises & Events, which is still in operation.
The Spirit of Sacramento paddlewheeler was not operating in any tour-boat capacity at the time that it sunk and was strictly a private vessel, Emmons said.
Bill Lindelof: 916-321-1079, @Lindelofnews


text:
12 Worst Flirting Mistakes Women Make
Flirting is an integral part of every young lady`s life. But if dealing with those who try to win your heart is easy, you may find it hard to win someone's heart yourself. Girls are so shy and often become nervous when flirting with hot confident guys. You just look into his amazing eyes and suddenly lose your head. Things seem to never be the same again and you can`t get control over yourself. Those moments are unforgettably beautiful but we often spoil everything and make a fake impression. If you want to stay calm with your future partner and make a stunning first impression, here are 12 terrible mistakes you should avoid when flirting…
1. Supposing he knows that you like him
Think the man is aware of your passion for him simply because you`re gorgeous today? No, ladies, that never works out. Take a first step to show your interest and to make him fall in love with you. Remember, no bees, no honey. He will never know you like him if you don't let him know. He will run away from you if you don't give any signs.


text:
Quick correction from the last post from J. Marty Paige:
Hi Sharon, Birders as you have mentioned are often thought of as Geeks. ( Geeks do rule the world, Bill Gates for instance). I just wanted to make a comment on your "chainsaw" post on Birdchick. I believe it is a Circular Saw and not a Chainsaw, not that it really matters. (I am just a stickler for details). Still odd though that it has been up there so long. Anyway, have a great spring birding season.
He is absolutely right. What was I thinking--and I'm someone who loves power tools. Sometimes, I get words crossed in my head. I have been known to call out peewee when the bird is actually a phoebe, and I know it's a phoebe but some kind of wiring is off in my brain that causes me to say peewee. I agree with Marty's assessment, chainsaw or circular saw--it's still weird that it has been up there for so long.
It's noisy in the education bird courtyard at The Raptor Center. Holy Cow! Every diurnal (active during the day time) bird is calling (more like squaking and screeching). The red-tailed hawks start whining back and forth to each other, which gets the golden eagle going (pictured above), who inspires one peregrine to start "per chupping", once one peregrines starts, the two have to scream back in response and, not to be left out, the kestrels periodically trill in their little territory calls. It's nuts. I was taking a peregrine out for program yesterday and as I was crating her, she was calling. It's a great call to listen to out in the wild, watching them from far away when they are on top of a cliff or skyscraper. When they are a few inches from your ear, it's not so fun.
When I was taking a group around for a tour, the group was very intrigued why this hawk (pictured right) was hunkered down on top of her hutch. She had laid an egg. She's housed by herself, so it's an infertile egg, but it just goes to show the power of hormones. Sometimes the birds will lay an egg, male or no male because their body is telling them that this is the time of year to do it. It's not as much fun to go in and get her for program during this time.
In the raptor world, males are smaller than females. With some species like peregrine falcons and Cooper's hawks it's very obvious, the male can look a third to even a half size smaller than females. With bald eagles and red-tailed hawks, it isn't always so obvious. You can just look up the feathers and check red-tailed hawks to find out the sex, you have to do it surgically. Since it really isn't that much of an issue for us to know the sex, we don't bother with the surgery and make an educated guess based on weight. Now, when the red-tails lay an egg, it's incredibly helpful because we know the sex.


text:
RoyalT Engagement Ring
In Stock | STYLE: ht2604rd10
Available in 7-10 Business Days
Eight flowering prongs with milgrain details create a striking view in the gallery of this round solitaire, with alternating round diamonds in the basket, and a ribbon style, pavé set diamond band. This ring from the "RoyalT" Collection features a 4 carat round center diamond. RoyalT designs are only available in platinum, 18kt rose gold, and 18kt yellow gold.... *Prices are subject to change based on fluctuations in metal prices and currencies
Spanning four decades, Tacori designs have fused classic elegance with modern inspiration, creating some of the world's most highly regarded and exquisite jewelry. The stunning beauty and intricacy of each piece of Tacori jewelry is the result of an uncompromising passion for artisanship. Handcrafted in California, these remarkably detailed rings and fine jewelry pieces become the timeless symbols of connection that join individuals and generations.


text:
Volkswriter 3 Early Popular Vintage Computer Word Processor
Volkswriter 3
Volkswriter 3 was an early very popular word processing program for early vintage computers.
Some authorities cite the exceptional service and support from the Wordperfect Corporation of Utah with the competitive Word Processor program " Wordperfect" for the loss of popularity of the Volkswriter product's popularity and eventual demise.
Vintage Computer Manuals


text:
Construction Lawyers In Sherman Oaks
The attorney you hire makes a difference. Experience in the construction industry enables the lawyers at The Horowitz Law Firm to view the whole picture, not just the narrow legal issues involved. We look for creative and cost-effective solutions to our clients' problems.
At our Sherman Oaks construction law practice, we represent contractors, subcontractors, material suppliers and property owners. We work to resolve construction disputes through negotiation, arbitration, mediation or by bringing a case to trial.
We offer personalized and aggressive representation to preserve our clients' rights and interests in courts in the greater Los Angeles area and throughout California. Contact a Sherman Oaks construction lawyer to discuss your needs.
Construction Law
We assist clients with a wide range of construction law matters relating to construction contracts, construction practices and transactions, and resolution of construction disputes through mediation, arbitration or construction litigation :
- Construction contracts: We provide preparation and legal review of construction contracts.
- The bid process and bid protest: We assist clients in navigating the bid process to obtain public and private construction projects and manage bid protest actions.
Surety bonds: A surety bond can offer protection to owners, general contractors, subcontractors, material suppliers or laborers in connection with payment and performance by the bonded contractor. A surety is liable to an obligee under a bond if the bond principal or primary obligor defaults in his construction or payment obligations.
With extensive knowledge in surety bond law, we can assist owners, contractors, subcontractors, suppliers or sureties, in all surety bond issues, including issues relating to performance bonds, payment bonds, license bonds, lien or stop-notice release bonds, and indemnity issues.
Liens and stop notices: Under California law, a contractor, subcontractor, supplier or laborer has a right to ensure they will be compensated for their work by filing a stop notice or mechanic's lien. Our construction lawyers assist clients who need help with mechanic's lien issues. There are many time-sensitive requirements and deadlines in this area of law.
Administrative law: We assist contractors and subcontractors facing administrative issues involving citations or the suspension or revocation of their contractor licenses.
Other construction law issues: Unfair competition, change orders, workmanship issues, misappropriation of customer lists and trade secrets, contractor collections, appeals and other construction issues.
Contact A Skilled Los Angeles Construction Law Attorney
If you have a construction law issue in California, trust in the experience, knowledge, skill and dedication of The Horowitz Law Firm. We work to protect your rights. Contact Sherman Oaks, CA, construction contract attorney Jeffrey D. Horowitz.