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A Minimal Set of Tags for Marking Up Encyclopaedias
by Jens Østergaard Petersen, May 2010.
For additions and recent changes, see pages accesible on the left.
Why mark up texts?
Mark-up and formatting
Mark-up technicalities
Chunk-based mark-up
Contents-based mark-up: Names and titles
Soft Hyphens
Character variants
Dictionary-type information
Why mark up texts?
The function of mark-up is to describe the structure of a document. A document "as such" is just a string of letters, all on the same level, but when we read it, we interpret it in terms of structures, giving each element a function in relation to the whole. By using mark-up, we can make explicit the structure that we "read into" a document. We can note, e.g., that some parts of a document are chapters with a heading and a body and that other parts are personal names consisting of given and family names. By marking up a document, we enrich it semantically, not by writing about it in some other document, but by lodging semantic information inside it, inside the tags that surround the elements of the text that we are interested in. A document can become quite complicated and information-heavy in this way. Using a database that understands the structure, it is possible to search in a very detailed manner in the document, treating it as a database. The "added" information can also be displayed in the form of informative formatting when displaying the document on the web or printing it.
Our task is to mark up the encyclopaedia documents in a manner that all can accept with a degree of detail that makes sense in terms of the effort involved. We should basically mark up things we will want search for, things that are relevant to the project aims.
The mark-up scheme we will use is based on TEI (Text Encoding Initiative), the most comprehensive mark-up standard available in the humanities. Our are encouraged to download the TEI Guidelines and look through them; these guidelines have been formulated by a great number of people in the humanities over several decades and contain much of interest to a student of the humanities. The guidelines contain "A gentle introduction to XML" which is recommended.
Special TEI modules have been made for many different kinds of text, but not for encyclopaedias, so we will have find the tools in TEI that work for us.
Each selection of encyclopaedia entries will have bibliographical metadata in what is called the (TEI) header. Here title, language, time of publication and so on will be noted. This is not the mark-up discussed here: here I will present a set of tags to mark up the body of the text itself.
Marking up a text is often an iterative process. You go though the text several times, each time marking up things you have only just discovered were important. It will probably be the case that we will want to mark up more features than those in the list below, and if you find any features that you think it would be a good idea for all to use, we should discuss it. The ability to add features to a document without having to restructure it is very valuable, allowing many people to work on one document over a long period of time, continually enriching it.
All mark-up is interpretative, but "real" interpretations, in the form of individual research contributions, will not be stored in the form of mark-up, but such interpretations can be linked to the sections of the text that it discusses.
Since the Cluster is concerned with concepts, one might think that concepts were the things we would mark up in a detailed way. However, since there is no organised structured corpus of concepts that is generally agreed upon, we will not do this, at the most marking up where central concepts occur in the text.
Mark-up and formatting
Mark-up is added to "pure text", i.e. text without any formatting. Pure text is what you see e.g. in Notepad in Windows and in TextEdit (with Plain Text turned on) in Mac OS: just letters, punctuation and carriage returns and so on in a row. All word processing programs allow you to save a document as "pure text" or "plain text," but be aware that this usually means that all headers and footers, as well as all endnotes and footnotes disappear (or lose their link with the text itself). The text should be saved in UTF-8 format (if you have the option of saving it without a BOM (Byte Order Mark), do this). All 107,154 characters in Unicode can be used, except two: "<" must be represented as "<" (for "less than") and "&" as "&" (for "ampersand") – this is because these two characters play a special role in XML. TEI is a "dialect" of XML, so the document should have the extension ".xml".
Usually, we use formatting (large size, quotation marks, bold, italics, extra space between letters, underlining and so on) to signal that certain passages have a special meaning, but exactly which meaning this formatting have is not always very clear. Tagging is about making things like that explicit, as explicit as is reasonable.
When one marks up text one may choose to convert formatting to tags before one saves it as pure text and starts working with it as XML. In Chinese texts, for instance, titles and proper names are marked up by different kinds of underlining and it makes good sense to try to preserve this information. If one has a document in a European language where all titles are marked with italics, one should convert the formatting to title tags in a word processing program before saving it as pure text. If you have documents where a large investment has been made into formatting features with precision, you should contact me and I will see how much of this can be converted automatically into mark-up tags.
Mark-up technicalities
Mark-up consists of tags put around strings of texts. Every mark-up is "opened" and "closed." It opens by having the name of the tag with "<" and ">" around it and it closes by having the name of the tag with "</" and ">" around it. It's that simple.
As an example we will take the following piece of text:
Monty Python's Life of Brian, also known as Life of Brian, is a 1979 comedy film written, directed and largely performed by the Monty Python comedy team. It tells the story of Brian Cohen (played by Graham Chapman), a young Jewish man who is born in the same era and location as Jesus Christ, and is subsequently mistaken for the Messiah.
One could here choose to mark up all names and titles.
<title>Monty Python's Life of Brian</title>, also known as <title>Life of Brian</title>, is a 1979 comedy film written, directed and largely performed by the <name>Monty Python</name> comedy team. It tells the story of <name>Brian Cohen</name> (played by <name>Graham Chapman</name>), a young Jewish man who is born in <name>Judea</name>, and is subsequently mistaken for <name>Jesus Christ</name>.
Tags must never overlap, but they can nest in each other. One can e.g. elaborate on the first tag and write "<title><name>Monty Python</name>'s Life of Brian</title>", but it will not do to write "<name><title>Monty Python</name>'s Life of Brian</title>", since then the name and title tag do not nest, because "name" is not completely contained within "title". One can nest tags to any degree of depth.
A tag has a name; tags with capital letters are not identical to tags with minuscles, so <Name>Monty Python</name> is not valid, because </name> does not close <Name> – it would have to be written as "<name>".
Of course, one can also be more specific about which type of name is involved. This is typically done with an attribute. An attribute is written inside the opening tag and consists of a name followed by a value in quotation marks. Here capitalisation also matters. One can have only one attribute with the same name inside a tag and it can have only one value. Do not use smart (curly) quotations marks ("" or ''), only straight ones.
If one wishes to be more specific about which type of name is involved, one can do so by means of a"type" attribute that is entered into the opening tag. Names can e.g. by of type "person" or type "place" and so on, and the titles mentioned could be marked as being of type "film".
<title type="film">Monty Python's Life of Brian</title>, also known as <title type="film">Life of Brian</title>, is a 1979 comedy film written, directed and largely performed by the <name type="troupe">Monty Python</name> comedy team. It tells the story of <name type="person">Brian Cohen</name> (played by <name type="person">Graham Chapman</name>), a young Jewish man who is born in <name type="place">Judea</name>, and is subsequently mistaken for <name type="person">Jesus Christ</name>
Note that the closing tag never holds attributes – it simply consists of the name of the tag itself.
When the text is displayed in the browser, the tags are not directly visible. They can be made to show up as formatting – one might apply a different colour to each of the different name and title types – or they are discarded and only serve as aids in searching.
If we have a corpus of texts marked up according to these conventions, we will be able to make more exact searches for names and titles and we could easily list all names occurring in the text, which kinds of names were used, and so on.
Chunk-based mark-up
There is no one way to mark up a text: in a project like ours, there have to be some guidelines on which specific tags can be used, otherwise the tags will not be of general use.
There are different classes of mark-up. One class is concerned with reproducing the structure of the text, how it divides into books, chapters, sections and paragraphs. This happens on the level of what one might call a text "chunk". Another kind is concerned with marking up passages inside such chunks with tags like <name> and <title>, to make explicit their meaning. Such mark-up occurs on the phrase level. There is also mark-up that can occur in both classes: a list may occur instead of a paragraph or it may occur inside a paragraph (the same goes for figures and notes).
The standard chunk of text is a paragraph. It is marked by

, so you have:
(text of paragraph 1)
(text of paragraph 2)
There will not necessarily be several paragraphs in each encyclopaedia entry, but even if it consists of only one paragraph, it will have to be marked with

 as well.
Indentation is disregarded. Indentations (made with tabs) are a kind of white space, just like carriage returns, regular spaces and so on. To the program that processes the XML document, these are all the same and they are all collapsed, meaning that if you have any number of these in a row, the program automatically regards them as a single space. A single space is a single space, and therefore significant, but several carriage returns, tabs and spaces are also a single space. This is quite important when you work with the text in an XML editor, because it means that you can make the structure of the text visually clear by adding as many spaces, tabs and carriage returns as you want. An XML editor can do this automatically for you, adding one indentation (four spaces) for each time the document nests one level, but you can also do it by hand.
In encyclopaedias, paragraphs "lodge" within entries. Such entries are marked by a
. A
 is a general terms for any kind of division, so if one wishes to specify which kind of division one is talking about, one will have to type the
. This happens by supplying it with an attribute. Attributes occur inside a tag – the attribute name is written after the tag name, followed by an =, after which the attribute value is written in quotation marks.
The entry as such will thus be marked "
 and it will be closed by "
" (from now on, there will be no mention of closing tags).

(text of paragraph 1)
(text of paragraph 2)
An entry is of course made up of a headword and the entry itself. We will use  for the header. Possibly, there will be alternative headwords, in the form of a small dictionary-like entry, in some of the more modern encyclopaedias.  can be used for this purpose.
The good thing is that
s can nest inside
s, meaning that you can create a hierarchy of such divisions. This can also be a little confusing, if you have several layers of nesting, and one should always see to it that the
s one has opened are closed in the right place.
The main part of the encyclopaedia entry we will mark with also with a
, but this time with a different attribute, as
. This makes the core structure of an encyclopaedia entry look like the following:

(some headword)

(some alternative headword)

(text of paragraph 1)
(text of paragraph 2)
Note that her are two
s at the end. The inner one closes
 and the outer one closes
.
If you have headers inside the entry, you just write the  information above the
 or
s that it corresponds to.
Other "chunks" include figures and tables/lists. These may occur instead of
s.
Figures may be referred to on this model:
Emblemi d'Amore
<figDesc>A pair of naked winged cupids, each holding a
flaming torch, in a rural setting.</figDesc>
The description inside <figDesc> is from the your hand, the  is what is actually written.
No effort should be made to replicate the layout of the page at this stage, but the approximate position of the figure should be indicated by its position in relation to a paragraph. In practice this means that a figure should be placed after the paragraph containing it. The same goes for lists and tables.
Lists are made up according to this pattern:
(first item)
(second item)
There are more variations on this: consult me if you come across a list that does not fit in here.
Tables are more complicated. They contain an optional header and one or more columns and rows; each intersection of a column and a row is a cell:

Poor Man's Lodgings in Norfolk (Mayhew, 1843)
<row role="label">
<cell>Dossing Cribs or Lodging Houses</cell>
<cell>Needys or Nightly Lodgers</cell>
<cell role="label">Bury St Edmund's</cell>
<cell role="label">Thetford</cell>
Note that the first cell is empty, since there is nothing between the tags <cell> and </cell>. This is to ensure that the column labels are correctly aligned with the data below.
Above I wrote that each tag must be opened and closed, but this is not quite true: one can also have empty tags. In our case, they will only be used for noting page breaks. Page breaks are of course not at all a "chunk," quite the opposite, since it often breaks up logical chunks in arbitrary ways, but it might as well be introduced here. We want to be able to display the encyclopaedia text as an image beside the text, and images come one per page, so therefore we will want to note the position (even in the middle of a word) of a page break. A page break is noted in the following way:
<pb n="5"/>
"5" is of course the page number: the notation says that a new page, page 5, begins where the mark is. Note that an empty tags opens and closes itself, using the closing notation "/>". (This of course means that the empty cell could have been written "<cell />" as well as <cell></cell> - the two are equivalent - but whereas something can occur between "<cell>" and "</cell>", nothing can occur between "<pb n="5"/>" and itself.)
The semantic structure of the text and its physical structure of course overlap to some degree (a chapter starts on a new page), but because in XML one can only have a single hierarchy, with elements nesting completely inside each other, it is not possible to represent the two structures inside the same XML document.
If the following started on page 4 and ran over into page 5 in the middle, we would have the following mark-up.
<pb n="4"/>
<title>Monty Python's Life of Brian</title>, also known as <title>Life of Brian</title>, is a 1979 comedy film written, directed and largely performed by the <name type="troupe">Monty Python</name> comedy team. It tells the story of <name type="person">Brian Cohen</name> (played by <name type="person">Graham <pb n="5"/>Chapman</name>), a young Jewish man who is born in <name type="place">Judea</name>, and is subsequently mistaken for <name type="person">Jesus Christ</name>.
If we gather all "chunk" tags introduced into one entry and add in the <pb> tag, we will see something like the following nonsense passage.

Monty Python's Life of Brian

Life of Brian

<pb n="4"/><title>Monty Python's Life of Brian</title>, also known as <title>Life of Brian</title>, is a 1979 comedy film written, directed and largely performed by the <name type="troupe">Monty Python</name> comedy team. It tells the story of <name type="person">Brian Cohen</name> (played by <name type="person">Graham <pb n="5"/>Chapman</name>), a young Jewish man who is born in <name type="place">Judea</name>, and is subsequently mistaken for <name type="person">Jesus Christ</name>.

Poor Man's Lodgings in Norfolk (Mayhew, 1843)
<row role="label">
<cell>Dossing Cribs or Lodging Houses</cell>
<cell>Needy or Nightly Lodgers</cell>
<cell role="label">Bury St Edmund's</cell>
<cell role="label">Thetford</cell>
(text of paragraph 2)
(first item)
(second item)
(text of paragraph 3)
Contents-based mark-up: Names and titles
The contents we are concerned about are ideas, but ideas are not that easy to mark up. However, ideas are expressed by persons in books and articles, and we would want to be able to search for all mentions of a certain person, e.g. Rousseau, and all mentions of a certain documents, e.g. The United States Declaration of Independence, in encyclopaedias written in different languages. But if one searches for "Rousseau", one will obviously not find "盧梭" or "ルソー" or "Жан-Жак Руссо". Something more than <name> is needed – this something is called a key, an externally defined means of identifying the thing being
named, by reference to something usually called an authority file. However, to make up and maintain such a file is a lot of work, therefore we use one of the services available for that purpose, subj3ct. The web site <https://subj3ct.com/> has registered (as of 3 Dec. 2009) 15,681,217 different subjects, i.e. "things", things that we can only talk meaningfully about if we can be more or less sure that we are talking about the same thing. The question of the identity of "things" can, as we all know, be a problem in human communication, but for a computer it is of crucial importance, since a computer is not able to draw the context of a statement into consideration when evaluating an expression.
If you look up "Jean-Jacques Rousseau" on subj3ct.com, you will get to the page <https://subj3ct.com/subject?si=http%3A%2F%2Fdbpedia.org%2Fresource%2FJean-Jacques_Rousseau>. This page gives what is intended to be a unique identifier to the philosopher, etc., Jean-Jacques Rousseau. If one mentions a name, in whatever language, and notes that one means to refer to the subject referred to on this page, no one should be in doubt about who is being mentioned.
On the page you will find a short description, but also "Representations", that is resources on the subject in question, and "Equivalent Subjects", that is other services that identify what is probably the same subject.
At the bottom of the page it says:
To create a section on a page that is about this subject, paste the following snippet into the document body:

We use this for <name> keys, transforming it into
<name type="person" key="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau">
Жан-Жак Руссо
<name type="person" key="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau">
If a subject cannot be found on subj3ct.com, one can add one; more about this later.
The same mechanism can be used for titles; if we have a reference to The United States Declaration of Independence in German, we could write:
<title key="http://dbpedia.org/resource/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence">
Unabhängigkeitserklärung der Vereinigten Staaten
and it we wish to refer to Hegel's Phänomenologie des Geistes in Japanese, we could write
<title key="http://dbpedia.org/resource/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" >
I think most of Wikipedia's articles have been "harvested" by subj3ct. If one finds the name of a person or a title in one language in Wikipedia, one can fairly reliably find the corresponding name or title in one of the other Wikipedia languages, simply by changing language on the left. Here one can find that the title is "Fyrirbærafræði andans" in Icelandic, "Феноменология духа" in Russian and so on.
How many types of names are there? I think we have to discuss this, but at least we will use the following:
By "people" are meant a people, i.e. an ethnic group. We also need to refer to spiritual beings, but I suggest that we type all gods and spirits as "persons" for the time being.
Titles also come in different types, but I don't think it would serve any purpose to identify them; titles should, however, be keyed to a subject identifier.
If there are cross-references in the encyclopaedia articles, it is very important to maintain them. They can be marked in the following way:
<ref key="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Marxism">Marxism</ref>
Quotation marks are one of the fairly clear forms of "pre-modern" mark-up, one that also survives in "pure text". Quotations marks can, however, be used for a multitude of purposes: report of speech, ironic "scare quotes", mentions of words – and for quotations. I suggest that we use two different tags for this: one for quotations from texts, <quote>, and one for all other cases, <q>. In the case of quotations from texts, there will usually be given some sort of bibliographical reference - more about this below. The concrete marks in the texts, """'' and so on, I suggest we leave as they are. The tags go on the "inside" of the quotation marks, in the following way:
<name type="person" key="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel">Hegel</name> wrote in his <title key="http://dbpedia.org/resource/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" >The Phenomenology of Spirit</title> that <quote>"the spiritual condition of self-estrangement exists in the sphere of culture as a fact"</quote>. However, I do not believe this to be the case; clearly, <q>'culture'</q> is not a fact.
This is of course a citation and I think we will want to mark up citations. This will be the most complicated mark-up I propose. It has the following structure:
The order of the elements is immaterial. If we wrap up the above inside these tags, we get the following:
<name type="person" key="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel">Hegel</name>
wrote in his
<title key="http://dbpedia.org/resource/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit">The Phenomenology of Spirit</title>
<quote>"the spiritual condition of self-estrangement exists in the sphere of culture as a fact"</quote>.
However, I do not believe this to be the case; clearly, <q>'culture'</q> is not a fact.
Often, there are just bibliographical references, not author and title, and one can then make do with:
You shall know a word by the company it keeps.
(Firth, 1957)
People who are into TEI love such constructs, but I can see why it looks confusing and over-elaborate. Such constructs will help us, however, in making the web site do it's job: pointing to ideas expressed by certain persons in certain publications.
Later on, we can perhaps use a more specified way of marking the other uses of quotation marks, one that represents the meaning of the text, not it appearance.
There is one other area where I am tempted to cut corners: that is the many different ways of highlighting a passage of text: italics, bold, underlining, spacing, colouring - all kinds of methods are used to set off one passage of text from its surroundings. This formatting disappears from a word processing document when you save it in pure text format: if one has such formatting in one's text, one should capture them be means of explicit tags before saving in pure text format. I do not think we should make a big fuzz about these, but simply mark all of these different forms of highlighting with the tag <hi>. If there are some who (rightly) feel that we are actually subtracting from the value of the text, they are free to use the following attributes on this tag to indicate how the highlighting is rendered:
<hi rend="italic">
<hi rend="bold">
<hi rend="wavy underline">
<hi rend="dotted underline">
Soft hyphens
Hyphens can be an orthographic part of how an expression is rendered (as in "cross-reference" and "twenty-three"), but it can also occur inside a word at the end of a line, or a page, breaking a word in two in order to achieve a more aesthetically spacing of the lines. Whereas orthographic hyphens are "hard," such hyphens are "soft." They break up words that would be one if they occur near the end of a line, but hide themselves elsewhere. Soft hyphens are difficult to work with, for in word processing applications they will normally be completely invisible, but they will show up in pure text. Your word processing application will have an option to show all spaces and carriage returns; this function should also display soft hyphens. Soft hyphens are difficult to work with, because there are cases in which one cannot know for sure if a hyphen is soft or hard. Use your knowledge of the text and its language and delete all the hyphens that you know are soft, leave hard hyphens as they are, and mark all doubtful occurrences with <g ref="#shy"/>, as in "re<g ref="#shy"/>creation" (both "recreation" and "re-creation" are possible).
Encyclopaedias do not, as a rule, have many footnotes, but if there should be some, mark them up in the following manner. Where the reference to the footnote occurs, insert the text of the footnote inside <note>, deleting the reference. The following text
This is a span of text.¹ This is another span of text.
1 This is a footnote.
This is a span of text.<note>This is a footnote.</note> This is another span of text.
All notes that are untyped are authorial, i.e. the stem from the source itself. If you wish to insert your own notes for everybody to see, use <note type="editorial"> instead. Use this like you were editing a book for publication and wished to make the book more understandable.
If you are uncertain about the transcription or the tagging of a piece of text, you write a <note>immediately after it.
<name type="person">Elizabeth</ name> went to <name type="place">Essex</name>. She had always liked <name type="place">Essex</name>.<note type="uncertainty" resp="#jens.petersen">It is not clear here whether "Essex" refers to the place or to the nobleman. –Jens Østergaard Petersen</note>
The attribute "resp" notes who has the responsibility for the note in question. After "#", you write your Cluster username. In the note itself, you can refer to yourself by your real name.
This can be seen as a special kind of an "editorial" <note>.
Notes to yourself
When you do mark-up, you may want to leave notes for yourself. Such notes can be written in the following way: you start out with "". In between, you can write whatever you want (except "--"): your note will not be displayed. Use this as a way to record whatever observations you may have on the mark-up, such as doubts, ambiguities – things you want to take up later.
Character variants
If a letter or a character is used in your text that is not the one commonly used, the orthographic representation of that letter or character, you may use the following formula:
<g rend="鎮">鎭</g>
Inside the <g> tag, you write what you see in the source after "rend=" and between the opening and closing tag, you write what you believe to be a standard representation of the same thing. This mechanism may be used for other scripts than Chinese.
Each group should come to an agreement about what is to be considered orthography for their texts. This is not easy, but will improve the seachability of the texts. In the search function of the database, we will attempt to cover systematic variants, meaning that if you search for "鎮" or "Straße", you will find "鎭" and "Strasse" as well.
If letters, symbols or characters occur that you think are not in Unicode, please contact Jens Petersen.
Many encyclopaedia entries have proper bibliographies. The bibliography should be inserted in a
.
For bibliographies, there are several formats: we use the looser <bib> structure that we also use within citations (see above).
Generally speaking, there are two kinds of publications: independent ones and dependent ones. The typical example of an independent publication is a book that does not appear in a series or suchlike and typical examples of dependent publications are articles in periodicals and contributions to anthologies. In a dependent publication, a publication is lodged inside another publication; the place within this publication (periodical/anthology) is then generally noted and of course the "host" publication must be described as well.
Bibliographies can thus be quite complicated, but since we are using the loose <bibl> format, just marking titles and authors/editors inside the bibliographic entry is enough.
A book entry might be as simple as the following:
<author>Nelson, T. H.</author>,
<title>Replacing the printed word: a complete literary system.</title>
London: Thames and Hudson, 1988.
One can also be slightly more elaborate and add tags indicating place of publication (<pubPlace>), publisher and date as in the following:
<author>Nelson, T. H.</author>,
<title>Replacing the printed word: a complete literary system.</title>
<pubPlace>London</pubPlace>: <publisher>Thames and Hudson</publisher>, <date>1988</date>.
All the punctuation that occurs in the text you mark up should be retained. A way to format a reference to an article in a periodical would be like this:
<author>Thaller, Manfred</author>
<title>A Draft Proposal for a Standard for the Coding of Machine Readable Sources</title>;
<title>Historical Social Research</title>
Vol. 40 (<date>1986</date>), pp. 3-46.
If you want to go a little further, you can add information about where in the periodical the article occurs, its bibliographical scope (<biblScope>):
<author>Thaller, Manfred</author>
<title>A Draft Proposal for a Standard for the Coding of Machine Readable Sources</title>;
<title>Historical Social Research</title>
<biblScope>Vol. 40</biblScope> <date>(1986)</date>, <biblScope>pp. 3-46</biblScope>.
Of course, the two <biblScope>s do not have the same meaning, but this is as far as we will go.
If the same publication were in an anthology, we would have the following:
<author>Thaller, Manfred</author>
<title>"A Draft Proposal for a Standard for the Coding of Machine Readable Sources"</title>;
<title>Modelling Historical Data: Towards a Standard for Encoding and Exchanging Machine-Readable Texts</title>, ed. by
<editor>Daniel I. Greenstein</editor>,
(<pubPlace>St. Katharinen</pubPlace>:
<publisher>Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte</publisher>,
<biblScope>pp. 3-46</biblScope>.
This is more than enough for our purposes, but if you wish to format more elaborate bibliographies, you should consult the TEI Guidelines (Section 3.11). If you come across any info that you cannot mark up with the tags introduced thus far, you may simply leave the text unmarked. I have not done so in the above, but if anything is rendered in italics or bold, as is quite common, you may, if you wish, add the appropriate <hi> mark-up.
If a short pointer to an entry in a bibliography that is contained in the article itself is found, the pointer should be in a ref tag containing a target attribute pointing to an xml:id contained in the bibliographical entry. This xml:id attribute must be unique; please construct one yourself. We may thus have a reference in the body of the text itself, like the following
Nelson claims <ref target="#NEL80">(ibid, passim)</ref>
Nelson claims (<ref target="#NEL80">Nelson [1990]</ref> pages 13–37)
Elsewhere, presumably at the end of the article, there is a proper bibliographical description. We use the format described above, but with an xml:id attribute in <bibl>:
<bibl xml:id="NELSON1988">
<author>Nelson, T. H.</author>,
<title>Replacing the printed word: a complete literary system.</title>
<pubPlace>London</pubPlace>: <publisher>Thames and Hudson</publisher>, <date>1988</date>.
Now, a link from the pointer to the bibliographical entry can be constructed automatically on the web page. If the bibliographic entry referred to is not in the article itself, the passage is simply to be marked up with <bibl>:
Nelson claims (<bibl>Nelson [1980]</bibl > pages 13–37)
The bibliography as a whole is wrapped up in the <list> element; this may have a  (e.g. "Bibliography" or whatever appears in the text). It would have a structure like this:
 Bibliography
(Book 1)
(Book 2)
This will seem a little overelaborate, but if you have text (including punctuation as here) in between the individual <bibl> entries, you have to wrap each <bibl> element inside <item>. There is a consecrated <listBibl> element, but it does not allow contents between <bibl> elements.
If poetry occurs in an encyclopaedia article, it can be marked up in the following way.
Each line of verse is enclosed in <l> and </l>. Lines are "full lines"; in poetry, a line may break, but this is not noted here.
A group of lines is enclosed in <lg> and </lg>. A stanza would be marked as a line group in this may; one may type the <lg> as appropriate. A <lg> may nest inside another <lg>.
A division of verse may be wrapped in a suitably typed
 and supplied with a  (if there is one).

<lg type="octet">
<l>Thus speaks the Muse, and bends her brow severe:—</l>
<l>"Did I, <name>Lætitia</name>, lend my choicest lays,</l>
<l>And crown thy youthful head with freshest bays,</l>
<l>That all the' expectance of thy full-grown year</l>
<l>Should lie inert and fruitless? O revere</l>
<l>Those sacred gifts whose meed is deathless praise,</l>
<l>Whose potent charms the' enraptured soul can raise</l>
<l>Far from the vapours of this earthly sphere!</l>
In cases where an article is signed, one should mark the author in the following manner.
<byline>J. H. S.</byline>
The byline belongs inside the
, i.e. just before the last
.
One can mark up central concepts with the <term> tag. Lemmata to other places in the encyclopaedia can be marked up in this way too. <term> contains a single-word, multi-word, or symbolic designation which is regarded as a technical term. If the term is not marked by highlighting or quotation marks, this should be noted in an attribute: <term rend="unmarked">. Just as with names and titles, one can add a key attribute to a term:
The element <term> is intended for use with words or phrases identified as terminological in nature;
where words or phrases are simply being cited, discussed, or glossed in a text, it will oen be more appropriate to use the <mentioned> element.
Dictionary-type information
Many encyclopaedia entries begin with a dictionary-like passage, i.e. a passage which does not tell facts, but analyses a word semantically and syntactically. If such a passage is separated from the article proper by having one or more paragraphs unto itself, it should be enclosed in a
. There are formats for marking up dictionaries, but these are very elaborate. Enclosing such a passage in its own
 and marking up <hi> is all we will do.
If one wishes, one can mark up passages which contain a term and its gloss in the following way.
The term is enclosed with <term> and given an xml:id attribute with a value that is unique inside the document (very often, just repeating the term will be enough). The explanation of the meaning of the term is wrapped in <gloss> and a target attribute is added, pointing to the unique xml:id of the term.
We may define <term xml:id="TDPv" rend="sc">discoursal point of view</term> as <gloss target="#TDPv">the relationship, expressed through discourse structure, between the implied author or some other addresser, and the fiction.</gloss>.
If a dictionary-like passage occurs in the beginning of an entry, one can use this pattern.
<term xml:id="empire">EMPIRE</term>

 <gloss target="empire">(<foreign xml:lang="la">imperium</foreign>), commandement, domination, et, dans une signification secondaire, état gouverné par un empereur (<hi rend="italic">voy.</hi>).</gloss> Dans ce dernier sens …
If the gloss is not marked by highlighting or quotation marks, this should be noted in an attribute: <gloss rend="unmarked">.
A <term> does not have to have a <gloss>.
In cases where this makes sense, one can add a language attribute to a tag.
Diet, <term xml:lang="grc">diaitotiku</term>, <term xml:lang="la">victus</term> or living
All elements can have this attribute. Find the abbreviations at <http://rishida.net/utils/>.
<note rend="parenthesis">不自矜夸</note>
<foreign xml:lang="la">subsequently</foreign>


text:
Many people take issue with Christians meddling in their affairs, whether in one's private individual life or the public sphere. And while Christians (like others) can certainly be busybodies, John Stott makes a more disturbing point: Jesus is the ultimate meddler, and we really don't like it.
[Jesus] is still, as C.S. Lewis called him, 'a transcendental interferer.' We resent his intrusions into our privacy, his demand for our homage, his expectation for our obedience. Why can't he mind his own business, we ask petulantly, and leave us alone? To which he instantly replies that we are his business and that he will never leave us alone.
So we too perceive him as a threatening rival, who disturbs our peace, upsets our status quo, undermines our authority, and diminishes our self-respect.
We too want to get rid of him.
—The Cross of Christ, p. 54 (Emphases and line breaks mine.)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Contribution by Terrance Kirby.
I've always loved California, especially Los Angeles. Two years ago, I spent an entire year living in L.A. and loved everything about it. While, I am glad I moved there are many aspects of the city that I miss so much. Aside from the fabulous weather and the great shopping, I definitely miss going to see the Lakers play. My friends and I would catch as many Lakers games as possible and grew to become huge fans of the team. Watching Kobe play was one of the most exciting aspects of the games and always kept me coming back game after game.
Not only did we love going to the games, but we loved the excitement of getting ready for the game and going out afterwards. Since we usually made big events out of the games, we would get ready, set our home security alarm (Nashville Adt home security specials) and head out for a night in the fabulous city. No matter how great or bad our seats were, we always managed to have a fabulous time. The Staples center is a great place to watch a game and the atmosphere is always so much fun. Since moving, I have visited a few times, and each time, I make sure to schedule my trip around getting to see the Lakers play.
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Loving the Lakers
Posted by Bless at 5:04 PM
Labels: Entertainment, Guest Posting, Security, Sports, Technology
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Crafting and singing lyrical tales of murder, addiction, and lost love that are wrapped in a happy twist, Grace & Tony honed their newfound brand of music on the sidewalks of downtown Nashville with no idea where their music might lead them. Showcasing an ability to create emotionally connective music, they built a solid fan base of dedicated listeners the old-fashioned way… one by one.
Working with Lloyd Aur Norman and Stephen D. Jones of Villain Place in Nashville, Grace & Tony released the acoustic EP, Inside A 7-Track Mind, in 2011. Since then, doors have opened and they have succeeded in their goal to be heard by bigger audiences by headlining the historic Crockett Theater (Lawrenceburg, TN), appearing at the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC, and performing twice on the legendary "Daytrotter Sessions," as well as performances for Balcony TV, "Jimmy Lloyd's Songwriter Showcase," and Knoxville's "Blue Plate Special" programs. In addition, two of their videos ("Let You Down," "November") are being played in regular rotation on The Country Network. They've also scored airplay on CMT Edge and GAC.


text:
Call us at (785) 554-9435
Put something in, put something else in, take something out, shift things around, check my list, throw my hands up, I need a volunteer!......this is me this morning, trying to pack my bags for a Sisters on the Fly "soiree" this next week. Now the dictionary says a soiree is "a party or reception held in the evening"....let me tell you something, these ladies will be partying from the crack of dawn until way past midnight every night! Though you usually think of partying being just alot of drinking (or so we did when we were younger), that is only part of the week long activities that are planned for the annual Giddy Up event in Branson, Missouri. Zip lining, fly fishing and fly tying classes, loads of shopping, cigar smoking, swap meets, story telling, martini drinking, a trip to Eureka Springs for the Blues Festival and our own private concert by the Cates Brothers (yea....love them!!), dutch oven cooking demonstrations, a night on the Branson Belle, bingo, block party with a band, and the ever exciting VINTAGE TRAILER TOUR!! These trailers have been painstakingly restored and then stamped with the personality of each of their owners. Honestly, I'd make the trip just for the tour!
If you aren't familiar with the Sisters on the Fly group, oh boy, have you missed something!! Hurry, run over to their website at Sisters on the Fly right now! I'll let the website speak mostly for itself, but I will share three things about them....their motto is "We have more fun than anyone" (and I can attest to that!)...there are only a few rules (1. No men, 2. Be nice, 3. No kids or pets...though my daughter is a member and will be coming with me too!) and these ladies love to run around in boots and petticoats (I call mine a tutu, cuz I'm a city girl turned country). A girl like me who is a bootaholic and also loves to dress up...once I heard about it, I was in!! Just call me Sister 2012...yes, there are over 2,500 of us! I don't have my own trailer yet, but I'm gonna. When I camp with the group now, I stay in a cabin but I get to hang out with the 'big girls' who do and live vicariously through them. My plan is still the airstream for Old Sole Boot Company, so I'm still trying to figure out how to combine being able to sell out of it and also camp in it. But, the campers these ladies have are phenominal...make sure you check out the pictures in the gallery section of the Sisters on the Fly website....you'll fall in love with all of them, just like I did!
Well, I better get back to my packing cuz it isn't getting done on it's own. Oh, and the volunteer I was looking for will be sitting on my suitcases so I can shut them......tutus take up alot of room, let me tell ya!
Stay tuned for details of my SOTF adventure...I might even leave in the sinful details!
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A Gathering of None & More
Live Show Review
July 14, 2018
By Nina McCarthy, Senior Music Journalist
Boston Rock Radio
Mindy had covered A Gathering of None in an album review and interview. When we saw they would be playing Saturday, July 14th at The Cove in Worcester, MA we made immediate plans to be in attendance. I don't think we were fully prepared for what took place that night!
Arriving early to catch up and have a drink together, AGON frontman TB noticed us and asked if we had any trouble getting in. I recognized him but it wasn't until later that it all came back to me. The Negans, yes, named after The Walking Dead character, opened the night, bringing fast punk tinged rock n' roll and we could not sit any longer. In Season 4 of TWD, Mika, Lizzie's sister, calms her down by telling her to "look at the flowers." I think the highlight of The Negan's set was the song "Lizzie's Lament...look at the flowers."
Damnation is a band I've seen a couple times before at this same venue. This handsome trio combines the melodic punk sound with a love of horror and dark romance. I enjoyed their set, as always. I have to admit that when art-rock band Potsy hit the stage, I was overheated from the humidity and had to step outside. The great thing about The Cove is that you can still hear the bands clearly from the sidewalk right outside the door, so that's where I enjoyed most of their songs. I saw a group of guys walking around with black and white painted faces, which turned out to be the Casket Creatures, also known as Atlanta's drunkest horror rock band and they were a great addition to this horror themed night. They have a new album coming out in May 2018. We'll have to get our hands on that for review.
Fans of Blitzkid (1997-2012), horror punk band out of West Virginia are well aware of who bassist singer, and songwriter Argyle Goolsby is. Playing this night with his electric band, The Roving Midnight. This was actually my first time seeing Goolsby in his solo project and they were fantastic. He presented with a vampire-like presence, representing the monster we all have within. My knee was killing and I wanted to sit but sitting is just not an option I when I hear good punk. I was pleasantly surprised to see that the guitarist in The Roving Midnight was none other than Michale Graves' current guitarist and road manager, Carlos "Loki" Cofino, who I had the pleasure of chatting with the last time Graves played The Cove. Ending the set, Goolsby perched himself on the front monitor reminding me of a perched vampire bat in search for its next victim.
A Gathering of None, the reason we stumbled across this sensational lineup of a show, took the stage at last. We loved them from our very first listen of their third album, One Last Grasp at Hope which was released in March. Initially, AGON started as a one person project by TB but now is a quintet uniquely with the members being located all over the country that work together remotely. Together on stage they played and harmonized like a well oiled machine - smooooooth! Speaking of Blitzkid, AGON frontman and guitarist TB, was also a member along with Goolsby and that's where I had recognized him from, my earlier punk years. AGON's songs were dark, but with an underlying positive message, "a slightly haunting yet emboldened musical trip"[1] Mindy and I thoroughly enjoyed their set, especially Mindy, being the most familiar with the songs, as she had listened repeatedly in order to writing her review and interview questions for TB. Impressive harmonies, heavy guitars, skillful drumming, and thumping bass had the crowd engaged. I was glad I finally caught A Gathering of None live. They did not disappoint.
Blitzkid members Goolsby and TB not only impressed me with their respective bands but gave the audience a treat, ending the night by playing a few Blitzkid songs together. As Goolsby stated, "I haven't played these songs since we were both in a room together playing these songs," most likely that was in 2012 when Blitzkid disbanded. Despite a couple rough starts and discussion of what to play, which for not playing together for six years was expected, they killed it. The crowd was going wild, moshing and fighting their way to singing along in the microphone. Smiles abounded. A perfect ending to a punk fueled night. Thank you Worcester.
My only regret of the evening was not being able to speak to the various band members, but when it was finally quiet, I could think of nothing but the dreaded ride home at 2am. I can honestly say, I completely enjoyed this entire lineup from start to finish and it was one of the most enjoyable nights I've had in a long time. I hope these bands come back again soon.
© Boston Rock Radio 2018
[1] Mindy Stevenson, Review of One Last Grasp at Hope for Boston Rock Radio
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Indiana state treasurer Richard Mourdock Richard Mourdock (R-IN) lost the election in November to Sen.-elect Joe Donnelly (D-IN) by around 6 percent. Early in the race, most polls showed Mourdock ahead, but voters seemed to abandon the candidate after he made a controversial comment about rape. "I struggled with myself for a long time but I came to realize life is that gift from God," Mourdock said, "even when life begins in that horrible situation of rape. It is something that God intended to happen."
Now that he's lost, Mourdock isn't blaming the comments themselves; instead, he faults the "liberal media" for making him look bad. In an email asking supporters for money, obtained by The Hill, Mourdock's campaign blamed the media for making him look bad:
"After a bitter, hard-fought campaign, many Republicans all over the country were forced to accept defeat rather than celebrate victory. In our case, we found our campaign caught in the liberal media crosshairs. Never has Indiana seen a more obvious example of media bias by reporters more interested in defeating conservatives than reporting the news," Mourdock Finance Director Ashlee Walls writes in a fundraising plea to supporters.
"We fought back and invested heavily in a last-minute push to combat the slew of false accusations Democrats and the liberal media churned up to distract voters."
Mourdock's rape comments were made at a debate — he was in no way trapped by the media when he chose to call a baby born of rape a "gift from God." And, though there's no way to enumerate explicitly why he lost female voters, his loss can largely be attributed to the number of women who opposed him. Exit polls in Indiana showed that 52 percent of women supported Donnelly, while only 42 supported Mourdock.


text:
This picture was taken last Thursday. I just wanted to leave you with a cute picture of a cute boy!
Life is not the way it's supposed to be. It's the way it is.
The way you cope with it is what makes the difference.
Sunday, March 15, 2009
Prayer Request...
4 comments:
- Anonymous said...
Cute boy sitting up so straight! He's so proud of himself...I am praying for this precious child that the God that formed him and has healed him and sustained him through all of the doomsday moments would again heal him and give him and his family many more proud and joyful moments and I pray this in Jesus' name. Amen and Amen. I pray his peace upon you, Denise and Craig. Love, Janet
- March 16, 2009 at 12:00 AM
- oda41143 Missy said...
I'm sure your heart almost stopped when you saw that crash cart sitting by his bed. I promise to say a HUGE prayer for Mr. Burns today!!! Keep us updated when you can. Love and hugs.
- March 16, 2009 at 4:56 AM
- Anonymous said...
thanks for asking us to be a part of your lives. I am honored to pray for Fletcher and your family. Rest in knowing others are praying. love,KeriJo
- March 16, 2009 at 8:28 AM
- Mayhem And Miracles said...
I have been just AWFUL about balancing my time lately, but I did remember that it is Spring Break and thought I'd drop by to see what you are up to. I will be praying for Fletcher, for you, and the whole family. I hope things improve for him soon!
- March 16, 2009 at 11:03 AM


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Biden wins VP debate on Xbox Live
Current vice president Joe Biden won last night's VP debate, according to Xbox Live poll respondents.
Last week, the Xbox Live debate polls unsurprisingly backed up the common impression that Republican candidate Mitt Romney won the first debate against President Barack Obama. This week's vice-presidential debate between current VP Joe Biden and contender Paul Ryan has pundits and politicos more divided on the outcome, but Biden came away the clear winner among Xbox Live users.
While the winner was split sharply along party lines, undecided voters gave the win to Biden at 44.1% to 22.9% for Ryan. According to Major Nelson, those who strongly support a third-party candidate called Biden the winner by a 52.6% to 26.4% margin.
Both the undecided and third-party voters also viewed Biden as more truthful, by a split of roughly 72-27 in both groups. 53.7% of undecided voters thought Biden is better prepared to step into the presidency if necessary, as opposed to only 21% for Ryan. One question not necessarily related to declaring a winner came up when the candidates were asked about their religion, and 70.1% of voters say they do not consider religion as a factor when deciding on their vote.
Microsoft brags that these were culled among 800,000 individual responses to questions, with more than 30,000 responses to each of the questions. The election hub will also be adding content from BBC and Comedy Central soon, so you can see what our friends across the pond think of our politics or just watch The Daily Show and Colbert Report mock them.
The next debate is scheduled for Tuesday, October 16. It will be a town-hall style debate on domestic and foreign policy. The final debate, on foreign policy alone, will be held October 22. Hopefully you've watched at least one of them on Xbox Live, because you need to see at least three for your free Avatar armor.
Steve Watts posted a new article, Biden wins VP debate on Xbox Live.
Current vice president Joe Biden won last night's VP debate, according to Xbox Live poll respondents.


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So, you're a writer.
But are you writing in summary when you should be in scene?
Note: You can read along with the example below the video and link to the RSP podcasts.
Get the recording of the Rocking Self-Publishing webinar here.
Get the Rocking Self-Publishing interview here.
Follow along with the example writing.
In Summary:
Sara bit her tongue, because she didn't want to get in the middle of her parents' fight again. Last time she tried to speak up, it didn't go so well for her. She was trying to not hate her dad, but since the divorce began, he seemed like such a jerk.
In Scene:
Sara's parents were yelling again. She didn't know how long they'd been at it this time, because she'd just got home. She dropped her back pack and kicked the door shut, ensuring it would slam loudly enough to rattle the walls.
Her parents stopped yelling long enough to shift their glares from each other to her. Sara felt the back of her neck turn pink under such heated stares.
"I can hear you outside, you know. The whole neighborhood can hear you," she shouted.
Her mother dropped her gaze. Was that shame? Sara had never seen her mother look so undone.
"Sara," her father began.
"No! I don't want to hear it." She hadn't meant to borrow his favorite line; it slipped out. "You're a liar and a cheater and…" Sara had no idea how her father managed to cross the great room so fast. She hadn't even registered his approach. She registered the slap across her face, and a moment later her mother, still across the room, bug-eyed with both hands over her mouth. Sara grabbed up her back pack and did an about face.
This time she didn't bother closing the door.
Tell me what you think. Put your questions & comments below.
Happy Writing,
P.S. Watch for the next video, in which I'll tell you how to write in scene.
Get Your FREE Guide to ReVision
Join hundreds of Word Essential writers to receive inspirational writing tips and advice.


text:
Joe DiNapoli
|"The challenge of the market place – the promise of being my own boss. Being able to work and live where I please without the need for employees."
Background Info / Introduction
Q. Can you please start by making a few comments about yourself to include your trading style and what products you trade, your experience in years, and what other things of a trading nature take your time on a regular basis (e.g. writing trading books/contributing to forums/coaching/speaking engagements)?
Regarding extra curricular trading activities, I'm involved in all of the above and I thoroughly enjoy the interactions with my clients. I've been at this about 40 years. I've been a registered CTA for over 20 years and I've traded almost everything under the sun. I traded the S&P futures index since it started in 1982 and the value line index before that. The list of what I've traded is just too long to include in this. Suffice it to say, I trade all time frames… from three minute to quarterly and damn near anything that moves.
Q. It is fair to say that most people are initially attracted to trading by money. Is this what initially attracted you or was it something else?
These days, most people are attracted by the lure of easy money propagated by the sharks in the industry. Make 1832% on your money in just three weeks! If we get past that layer, I think money is the excuse. The challenge and the risk are the real attractions. Figuring out the puzzle was a big motivator for me.
Q. What are some of your good and bad memories of your early trading days?
Well, some good memories have to do with making more money than I knew what to do with. And some of my bad memories had to do with being plugged into a heart monitor due to excess stress reactions brought about by trading too many markets on an absurd schedule. I've mellowed with age.
Q. How would you describe a couple of your biggest mistakes in your early trading days?
Well, you have to realize that we're going back about 40 years, 1967 to be specific. Back in those days, I thought that buying on heavy margin was the right thing to do. I was working at a defense contractor in Southern California, fresh out of college with very little capital. The Credit Union, in their wisdom, was willing to loan 70% of the asked value of the stock and they weren't sophisticated enough to know a highly speculative stock from something that was stable. This story is part of the Trading Course I offer. I managed with limited skills, to parley a very small amount of money into a considerable amount of money and lost about half of it back in a very short time. Excess margin was a mistake, one that I have never repeated.
Q. Looking back to the beginning, in the face of the usual challenges, what motivated or inspired you to learn to trade well?
The challenge of the market place – the promise of being my own boss. Being able to work and live where I please without the need for employees. It's worked out as I planned but it was far from easy.
Q. On reflection, was there a single moment in time or situation that ultimately had the greatest influence on your trading?
Well, I met some people along the way who gave me a helping hand. This was confined to five to fifteen minute meetings where these people pointed me in the right direction. In the 70's, we didn't have any organized ways of learning this game. I spent years poking around a black closet. Fortunately, I ran into some sympathetic people who had a flashlight and they pointed it in the right direction. The understanding, use and development of effective leading indicators are what really turned me into a professional trader.
Read more from Joe in the Trading Plan section …
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Other available options
A handsome black leather watch from Tissot. The watch is set with a contrasting round white chronograph dial. The black leather strap is styled with crisp white stitching, offering with contemporary style with sports inspired functionality.
With over 150 years' Swiss watchmaking heritage, Tissot offers sports, classic and trend timepieces using innovative technology.
- Brand
- Tissot
- Case material
- Stainless Steel
- Face colour
- White
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- 4.2 cm
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- Round
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- Quartz
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- Black
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Delivery & Returns
At Ernest Jones we provide the following range of delivery options:
- Free Standard Delivery available on orders over £100.
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*We cannot refund or exchange pierced jewellery, e.g. earrings, if they have been removed from the original sealed packaging due to hygiene reasons.
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How to contact us


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The Officio Sabatorum is one of the Adepta Minoris that exists within the organisational structure of the Adeptus Terra. Agents of this particular organisation are adept at sabotage and the destruction of designated property ("hard targets") rather than the elimination of specified targets ("soft targets"). They are also highly adept in the art of terrorism, committing violent or brutal acts which are intended to create fear, deliberately targeting or disregarding the safety of civilians. Though certain leeway is given in regards to the deaths of innocent bystanders and additional collateral damage during the course of a mission, direct assassination is not the primary objective of Sabatorum agents. This sets them apart from the Adepts of the Officio Assassinorum. As experts in the art of sabotage and destruction, agents of the Officio Sabatorum specialise in the use of explosive ordnance, toxic poisons and poisonous gas rather than the use of more conventional weapons. Should an agent have to engage a target directly, the mission is already considered a failure. Agents of the Officio Sabatorum are employed throughout the realms of the Imperium of Man and have been positively identified as having been utilised during the Third War for Armageddon.
- Codex: Armageddon (3rd Edition), pg. 30
- Kill Team (Last Chancers Novel) by Gav Thorpe, pp. 14, 24, 98


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Khulu Ivory
About Khulu Ivory Lodge
Khulu Ivory - meaning "Grandfather of all Ivory". Khulu is the endearing name for their director Caddy, meaning "Grandfather". Khulu is a legend in this area, well known to the other lodges and to the rural community where he has spent many hours. He also commands a great deal of space on most social networks, but really he is a legend because of where he can be found right now, in the bush, sweating under the scorching heat of the Hwange sun, managing this building project.
Khulu Ivory had been created in this magnificent place where elephants have rubbed smooth the bark on a tree stump, left their 'dagga' mud on an overhanging teak branch. It's overlooking the elephant's own waterhole, made by incessant wallowing and digging for salt. It's here guides talk of leopard's lairs and hyena warrens. It is wild, yet carefully constructed so that people can cohabit with animals with minimal impact.
The Amalinda collection know about the love and passion needed in designing a safari camp to make it special, at Khulu Ivory they have had this opportunity to thoroughly and wholeheartedly reinvest their love and passion into the building f this brand new camp from scratch. We hope that you will share in the emotions of this remarkable private lodge, designed with love for Hwange, its wildlife and its ecology.
This Camp Opens 1st February 2013. Bookings are now being taken.
Designed for those who are looking for a real escape, Khula caters for no more than six guests at a time. This intimate camp comprises of three bespoke thatched safari-style suites built onto platforms. The rooms are well appointed and each designed in a modern contemporary style. Each suite has an indoor and outdoor shower, a balcony for game viewing and individual tea and coffee making facilities. There are twin beds that can be converted to super king size for double occupancy.
Khulu has been carefully designed to have minimal impact to its surroundings and the environment. Khulu's main area has a full bar and provides a wide variety of local and imported beverages. There is a plunge pool located on the deck of the main area, as well as, a raised fire pit for stargazing and night caps. All the camps water is from our borehole and there is an on site laundry service.
Khulu Ivory offers guests guided game viewing on our private concession and/or in the National Park. Activities on offer are; half or full day game drives, night drives, visits to the Painted Dog Conservation Centre, walking safaris, pan/hide sits and game counts (on request).


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If someone is trying to get Demi Lovato and Brad Paisley back in a room together, it doesn't look like either singer is going to put up much of a fight. The duo behind the track "Without a Fight" stood side-by-side on stage Tuesday night as part of the "Hand in Hand" benefit telethon for hurricane survivors in Florida and Houston, where Demi's been volunteering.
While Demi and Brad didn't join Justin Bieber, Joe Jonas and other stars on a soundstage, they did team up with Darius Rucker and CeCe Winans on stage at the Grand Ol' Opry. The quartet performed a soulful rendition of the classic Beatles track "With a Little Help from my Friends" as part of the evening's program. While the crowd had to watch their backsides so the TV cameras could get their good sides, Demi and her pals brought down the house.
Demi continued putting out home-wrecker vibes around Brad. The duo has crackling chemistry together, but maybe it's just their shared affinity for country music. Because that would explain how Demi ended up in a new selfie on Brad's Instagram account, right?
Hear the performance below and see posts from Brad and Demi together again.
(Photo credit: Brad Paisley Instagram account)


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Get Our App
The StorageMax App is now live on the iTunes App store as well as the Google Play Store. Download it today for FREE! Current customers can manage their unit, pay their bill, and even open the gate. Once your account has been created, you can pay your bill monthly using your fingerprint and two clicks. The StorageMax App is like a kiosk in the pocket of every customer. Reach out to your MaxManager for assistance with the App.
Our App Features:
- Rent a unit or additional units
- Pay your bill
- View gate code
- Open gate (coming soon!)
- Update customer information
- Report an issue
App Instruction Videos
(Double click to open video in full screen)


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FNS and Weight Support Treadmill Training for Gait Component Restoration
|The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details.
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00011596
Recruitment Status : Completed
First Posted : February 26, 2001
Last Update Posted : January 21, 2009
- Study Details
- Tabular View
- No Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
|Condition or disease
|Procedure: Gait Training
|Phase 2
Stroke is the third leading cause of disability in the United States. To date, conventional rehabilitation is not able to restore normal, safe, gait for many individuals with stroke. We have identified nine gait component deficits which respond to the FNS-IM intervention. This study will test a refined treatment protocol of 3 months duration to restore volitional gait by restoring those nine gait components simultaneously. In addition, we will incorporate into the treatment protocol a promising non-invasive technique of partial body weight-supported (BWS) gait training on a treadmill. BWS and FNS-IM have the potential to provide additive effects for the patient and restore volitional gait more quickly and more completely than would otherwise be possible with one technique alone. Therefore, our first hypothesis is HYPOTHESIS I: BWS combined with FNS-IM, simultaneously applied to nine critical gait components, will restore volitional normal, safe gait to patients with chronic stroke within 3 months. An advantage of BWS gait training is that it is non-invasive. Consequently, we must demonstrate the additive advantage of FNS-IM technique alone. Therefore the second hypothesis is: HYPOTHESIS II: FNS-IM plus BWS will restore volitional gait more quickly and completely for patients with chronic stroke compared with BWS alone.
A total of thirty six chronic stroke patients will be randomly divided into two treatment groups (1) FNS-IM plus BWS; (2) BWS alone. Outcome measures for hypothesis testing will be threefold : 1) Gait normality (kinematics of nine gait components); 2) Safety (number of falls); 3) Functionality (gait speed, walking endurance, and CHART, a handicap measure of mobility and activity level). Data will be collected every four weeks during the three months of treatment. Maintenance of gains will be monitored at two additional data collections at six months and one year following the end of the treatment period. Results of this study have the potential to provide the following clinically applicable information:
1. For patients with stroke, a refined treatment protocol of 3 months duration for restoration of normal, safe, volitional gait which is practical within the current healthcare milieu. 2. A definitive recommendation regarding the most effective treatment for chronic stroke patients: (1) BWS plus FNS-IM or (2) BWS alone.
- Build stimulators and electrodes.
- Obtain measures pre and post intervention for the two groups (FNS-IM + BWS; and BWS alone) to detect gains in: a) gait pattern; b) safety; c) functional capability; and d) quality of life.
Analyze data for the group receiving FNS-IM + BWS, in order to test
Hypothesis I.
- Produce therapy protocols for FNS-IM and BWS intervention, and treatment progression.
- Test Hypothesis II by comparing the two treatment groups (BWS vs BWS + FNS-IM).
|Study Type :
|Interventional (Clinical Trial)
|Estimated Enrollment :
|36 participants
|Intervention Model:
|Single Group Assignment
|None (Open Label)
|Primary Purpose:
|Official Title:
|FNS and Weight Support Treadmill Training for Gait Component Restoration
|Study Start Date :
|August 2000
|Actual Study Completion Date :
|August 2003
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00011596
|United States, Ohio
|VAMC, Cleveland
|Cleveland, Ohio, United States
|John Fryer, Ph.D. Asst. Director
|Department of Veterans Affairs, Program Analysis and Review Section (PARS), Rehabilitation Research & Development service
|Nancy Rocheleau, Program Analyst
|Department of Veterans Affairs, Program Analysis and Review Section (PARS), Rehabilitation Research & Development service
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00011596 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|First Posted:
|February 26, 2001 Key Record Dates
|Last Update Posted:
|January 21, 2009
|Last Verified:
|January 2001
Keywords provided by VA Office of Research and Development:
Hemiplegia, gait, electric stimulation


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- Accelerate Alabama, Strategic Economic Development Plan, EDAA Winter Conference Roll Out, January 2012, http://www.madeinalabama.com/assets/2013/03/AccelerateAlabamaPlan.pdf
- Alabama, Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2013 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_al.htm
- Alabama, Economy at a Glance, May 2016, http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.al.htm
- Alabama Financial Aid Programs, Alabama Career Information Network, http://alcareerinfo.org/financial/programs.html
- Alabama, Long Term Occupational Projections, 2012-2022, https://www.projectionscentral.com/Projections/AboutLT
- A Stronger Nation through Higher Education, Alabama, April 2015, https://www.luminafoundation.org/files/publications/stronger_nation/2015/alabama-brief-2015.pdf
- "Consultants rank Alabama a top state for business, Area Development says," Made in Alabama, September 11, 2014, http://www.madeinalabama.com/2014/09/consultants-rank-alabama-a-top-state/
- Economic Impacts of Alabama's Agriculture, Forestry & Related Industries, Alabama A&M & Auburn Universities Extension, http://www.aces.edu/impact/ag/
- Huntsville Chamber of Commerce, Accessed October 28, 2014, http://www.huntsvillealabamausa.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138&Itemid=271
- Learning that Works for Alabama, CTE, no date, https://www.alsde.edu/
- "Report: Alabama's economy sixth slowest in the U.S.," Birmingham Business Journal, Antrenise Cole, August 25, 2014, http://www.bizjournals.com/birmingham/blog/2014/08/report-alabama-s-economy-sixth-slowest-in-the-u-s.html
- "Tuition and Fees by Sector and State Over Time, The College Board, no date, http://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/tuition-fees-sector-state-over-time
The state of Alabama has long relied on agriculture, forestry and manufacturing to drive economic growth. As the state works to bring new business across those business sectors, students considering enrolling in vocational education programs should find opportunity in a range of program areas, from automotive to health care, manufacturing to fabrication.
Trends at Vocational Schools in Alabama
Vocational careers typically require less than a bachelor's degree to enter into the field, and there are a number of types of education to help you get there. Some level of postsecondary study or certification is now imperative to employment in almost any field because of the impact of technology. The benefit to career and technical education (CTE) is that it is short-term, lasting anywhere from several months to a year for certificates and diplomas, and up to two for many associate degree programs.
Here are some of the popular vocational fields for students in Alabama:
- Government: Whether it's jobs for the state or jobs for a city, like Huntsville or Birmingham, employees are needed in a variety of positions. Government jobs span administration, courts and crime, housing, social services and more. For CTE or associate-degree education, you could pursue training in accounting, business administration, computer science, criminal justice, information technology and much more.
- Education: Teachers are needed to help educate future generations of children and this begins with the very youngest. As a matter of fact, many vo-tech and community college education programs are geared toward early children education or child development. Sometimes students can find certificate options that can be used toward later completion of an associate degree. Associate degrees in elementary or secondary education also are available and are foundational to completing bachelor's degrees in education later on, too.
- Leisure and Hospitality: If you are interested in this industry, it could mean eventual employment in the arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodations or food services. An associate degree in parks and recreation administration might be right up your alley, but so might completion of a hospitality program. And keep in mind there are other community college options, too, such as studying the fine arts or exploring more in the way of culinary.
As a matter of fact, the Alabama State Department of Education has enacted a PLAN 2020, which has a vision that all high school graduates will be ready for a college or a career upon graduation. Thinking about what field you might want to enter in the future can help you to take more concrete steps for planning now.
Popular Vocational Industries in Alabama
Alabama has a strong economic presence in several key industries, including automotive manufacturing, aerospace/aviation and agriculture. Additionally, there are over 350 automotive companies in Alabama, including Mercedes-Benz and Honda. According to Accelerate Alabama, Mercedes-Benz is planning on major infrastructure investment into its plants in Alabama.
Perhaps surprisingly, more than 280 aviation and aerospace companies have locations in the state, with Huntsville serving as the main hub. These companies include brand players such as Boeing, Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems and more. Outside of the automotive and aerospace industries, other major employers in the state can be found across a range of business sectors, including the following companies that all employ more than 3,000 people:
- Alabama Power Company (Utilities)
- Russell Brands (Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing)
- Gulf Coast Interiors (Upholstery and Furniture Repair)
- O'Neal Steel (Steel Distribution)
- Austal USA (Ship Building and Repair)
- Shaw Industries, Inc. (Carpet and Rug Manufacturing)
Alabama Career Outlook for Trade School Grads
Frequently mentioned as a state leader for economic development, Huntsville is home to the Cummings Research Park (CRP). One of the country's largest technology and science parks, the CRP is a nexus for research and innovation, housing a blend of industry, including Fortune 500 companies, defense and space agencies and more.
Major employers include in the CRP include:
- United Technologies
- DirecTV
- Johnson Controls
- CenturyLink
- Booz Allen Hamilton Holding
Here's a look at some of the middle-skill and vocational jobs available in Alabama, according to the most recent BLS data:
|Total Employment
|Annual Median Wage
|Projected Number of New Jobs
|Brickmasons and Blockmasons
|Computer-Controlled Machine Tool Operators, Metal and Plastic
|Diagnostic Medical Sonographers
|Engine and Other Machine Assemblers
|Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other
|Home Health Aides
|Insulation Workers, Mechanical
|Occupational Therapy Assistants
|Physician Assistants
Financial Aid in Alabama
The Lumina Foundation reports that 30 percent of adults age 25 to 64 in the state only have a high school diploma or its equivalent while an even smaller percent obtained some college education, but no degree. To take steps toward achieving a vo-tech education, you can begin by filling out FAFSA paperwork. This is the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, available through the U.S. Department of Education, which can lead to opportunities for work-study programs, grants and school loans. Other financial aid programs in Alabama include the:
- Alabama Student Assistance Program - This grant program is need-based and can lead to grants in the amount of $300 to $2,500 yearly. The FAFSA does need to be completed to determine eligibility.
- Alabama Student Grant Program - Eligible students can receive up to $1,200 annually when funding is available. They can be enrolled full or part-time and need to attend one of the specified schools.
- Two-Year College Academic Scholarship Program - Awards are given based on academic merit and not financial aid and do not exceed the amount of in-state tuition and books to attend a public two-year postsecondary school.
- Alabama National Guard Assistance Program - Financial awards to be used toward tuition, books and fees are available to members of the state's National Guard. Award amounts are limited to $1,000 a year, and not based on need.
Scholarships, grants and loans can be helpful to offsetting the costs of a postsecondary education in the state. According to The College Board, the 2015-16 tuition and fees in Alabama averaged:
- Public two-year schools: $4,314
- Public four-year schools: $9,751
These tuition and fees are higher in some states, like Massachusetts and Minnesota, but less in others, like Florida and Arkansas. Applying to an in-state school is nearly always a good way to save on tuition, but there are other saving alternatives, too. This includes buying books and materials used, living at home with your family, or taking the bus to school or getting a ride with a friend to save on the costs of a commute.


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Expanding on Peterson's thought in this book, when we are born we quickly are thrown into learning language.
The first language we learn is that of intimacy. It is that language that we hear parents speaking to their children, or what loves speak to one another over candlelight. It is what we hear in the book the Song of Solomon in the Bible. And according to Peterson, it is the language of prayer.
There are fewer ways to quickly quiet a room than to simply say, "let us pray." Even the non-religious people in the room become quiet. We become quiet because, at some level, everyone recognizes that what is about to be said will be said in another language. Prayers are spoken in the language of relationship and everyone respects the intimacy of this language. Which might explain why we all become quiet.
We also could all become quiet because we know that in a prayer we are all about to hear a language that is both familiar and foreign. It is like a dream or déjà vu. We listen to a language that we once used so often but, for many of us, it has been a while since we accessed it. It is like riding a bike after years of driving, it takes a moment but in short time it all comes back to us.
As we value more and more the languages of information and motivation, we find ourselves seeking out those who still are fluent in our common native tongue. You see a baby and cannot help but listen to her babble in the hopes you will be able to hear what she has to say. You find a poet who speaks with a rhythm that moves your soul. You find a teacher that uses the same words you use everyday but yet says them differently.
We are desperate for those who know and use our native language of intimacy and relationships, and the most common way to hear it is through a collective prayer.
There are so few who speak this tongue fluently and there are so many of us who feel out of practice.
Which is why when we hear, "let us pray", we all become silent - hoping once again to hear the language of our home.


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What are slums?
Since it first appeared in the 1820s, the word slum has been used to identify the poorest quality housing, and the most unsanitary conditions; a refuge for marginal activities including crime, 'vice' and drug abuse; a likely source for many epidemics that ravaged urban areas; a place apart from all that was decent and wholesome. Today, the catch all term "slum" is loose and deprecatory. It has many connotations and meanings and is seldom used by the more sensitive, politically correct, and academically rigorous. But in developing countries, the word lacks the pejorative and divisive original connotation, and simply refers to lower quality or informal housing.
Simple definition of a slum would be "a heavily populated urban area characterised by substandard housing and squalor". This straightforward description reflects the essential physical and social features of slums, but more meat needs to be put on these bones.
Slums in the traditional sense are housing areas that were once respectable – even desirable – but which deteriorated after the original dwellers moved on to new and better parts of the city. The condition of the old homes declined as they were progressively subdivided and rented out to lower income people.
Today, slums have come to include the vast informal settlements that are quickly becoming the most visible manifestation of urban poverty in developing world cities. Such settlements are known by many different names and are characterized by a variety of tenure arrangements. In all cases, however, the buildings found there vary from the simplest shack to permanent and sometimes surprisingly well-maintained structures, but what most slums share in common is a lack of clean water, electricity, sanitation and other basic services.
Slums can be divided into two broad types: "slums of hope" and "slums of despair". The first are settlements on an upward trend, largely made up of newer, usually self-built structures, and those are in or have recently been through a process of development, consolidation and improvement. The second group comprise "declining" neighbourhoods in which environmental conditions and services are in a process of seemingly inevitable decay. Unfortunately, the history of slums in Europe, North America and Australia has demonstrated that, without appropriate interventions, slums of hope can all too easily yield to despair, a self-reinforcing condition that can continue for a very long time.
According to UN Expert Group slum is an area that combines to various extents the following characteristics:
- Inadequate access to safe water;
- Inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure;
- Poor structural quality of housing;
- Overcrowding; and
- Insecure residential status.
These characteristics are being proposed because they are largely quantifiable and can be used to measure progress toward the Millennium Development Goal to significantly improve the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020.
Why do slums exist?
However slums are defined, the question remains "why do they exist?" Slums come about because of, and are perpetuated by, a number of forces. Among these are
- Rapid rural-to-urban migration
- Increasing urban poverty
- Inequality
- Insecure tenure
- Globalisation
- Failed policies
- Bad governance
- Corruption
- Inappropriate regulations
- Dysfunctional land markets
- Unresponsive financial systems
- Fundamental lack of political will
Source: UNHABITAT Report and other sources


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Senior Katherine Tutrone battled for a 3-2 win at the No. 6 position against No. 2 Penn on Saturday (Gil Talbot).
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – The No. 1 Harvard women's squash team handed No. 2 Penn a 7-2 defeat at Ringe Courts on Saturday afternoon.
The Crimson (3-0, 2-0 Ivy) earned victories from the No. 3-9 positions, wearing down the Quakers (2-1, 0-1 Ivy) throughout the match.
Harvard swept two matches against Penn after recording clean sweeps over its first two opponents of the season. Sophomore Sophie Mehta and freshman Eleonore Evans picked up 3-0 decisions from the No. 8-9 spots, respectively.
Sophomore Kayley Leonard impressed her first action of the year, taking home a 3-1 win at No. 3, while juniors Alyssa Mehta and Sue Ann Yong moved to 3-0 on the year with a wins at No. 5 and No. 7.
Freshman Amelia Henley and senior Katherine Tutrone both battled to 3-2 wins over their opponents. Henley won 11-6 in the final game of the match at No. 4, and Tutrone dominated in the finale at No. 7 with an 11-3 victory.
The Crimson will be back in action in an Ivy League road contest against No. 4 Princeton tomorrow at noon.
No. 1 Reeham Sedky def. Sabrina Sobhy (H) – (3-0)
No. 2 Melissa Alves def. Gina Kennedy (H) (3-2)
No. 3 Kayley Leonard (H) def. Marie Stephan – (3-1)
No. 4 Amelia Henley (H) def. Anaka Alankamony – (3-2)
No. 5 Alyssa Mehta (H) def. Jessica Davis – (3-2)
No. 6 Katherine Tutrone (H) def. Michelle Wong – (3-2)
No. 7 Sue Ann Yong (H) def. Rowaida Attia Walid – (3-1)
No. 8 Sophie Mehta (H) def. Grace Van Arkel – (3-0)
No. 9 Eleonore Evans (H) def. Lindsay Stanley – (3-0)
No. 10 Dileas MacGowan (H) def. Clare Kearns – (3-0)
No. 1 Women's Squash Powers Past No. 2 Penn, 7-2
Senior Katherine Tutrone battled for a 3-2 win at the No. 6 position against No. 2 Penn on Saturday (Gil Talbot).


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products :: Kids :: Multimedia :: Giving Thanks
Giving Thanks
DVD Video
September 2011
Using colorful animation, fun characters, and great lessons, Paws & Tales is an exciting tool for helping build godly character into kids. Based on the Paws & Tales national broadcast radio program presented by Chuck Swindoll's Insight for Living, the Paws & Tales videos communicate biblical truth and show kids how they can apply it to real life. Kids will be captivated by the adventure, caught up in the laughter, and carried away in the fun . . . and the whole time they'll be on their way to understanding solid Bible theology. This fifth DVD in the series is based on Psalm 116:12-14 and includes two episodes that teach kids about being thankful at Christmas and all year round. In episode #1, "Every Good Thing," Miss Harbor challenges the classroom during a gift exchange to not just appreciate the gift but to spend time being thankful for the giver. In episode #2, "True Riches," the Christmas Gift-Giving Bandit strikes again! What the residents of Wildwood discover is a special lesson in God's goodness and counting His blessings.


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Miller Sports Aspen ski shop is loaded with a full suite of Kastle Rental skis, everything you could want from the LX 82 for bashing bumps down the Face of Bell to the BMX 105 when you are ready to tackle the steeps of Aspen Highlands Bowl on a legendary powder day!
Click here for Aspen Ski Rentals
Kastle MX89:
The MX89 is a perfect width for the vast majority of skiing most people are doing today, wide enough to handle all kinds of terrain yet nimble enough to be manageable in the trees and bumps. This is the re-design of the ski that started it all from Kastle, the new model is proving to once again be their best top-horsepower ski, for both crud, big-mountain skiing, and groomers with an amazing combination of edge grip, stability and smoothness. This is a great ski to rent for all four of Aspen's mountain. You can go anywhere and do anything on the Kastle MX89.
Kastle LX82:
Classic Kastle features such as a single radius sidecut and fast grip shovel, the LX 82 that initiates a turn with the slightest tip onto edge for smooth and easy arcs at any speed and the Hollowtech tip helps to keep the weight down. A light, wider waist ski that has the sporty handling of a far narrower ski so you can stick your line in the tightest of bumps or trees. The Kastle LX82 is perfect for intermediate skiers looking to have fun on the mountain. Easy to turn and great on groomers and bumps the LX82 is an easy pick for your rental selection.
Kastle LX72:
The LX72 is a light and nimble ski with the dependable stability and control of KÄSTLE. A smooth ride given by a light silver-fir wood core that is sandwiched between sheets of Titanal, and then wrapped in a load-bearing cap that adds torsional rigidity. An ideal ski for women who don't carry the weight to flex the metal in some of the other all-mountain skis by Kastle. The LX72 is also a great beginner ski rental that carves nicely and progresses with the ability of the skier.
Kastle FX85:
Looking for a ski that is lighter yet still has the performance characteristics that Kastle is known for, then the FX85 is it. Lighter then the all mountain skis with metal, it still has a wood core and early rise. Excellent turning radius and great in bumps, the FX85 is a great ski for men and women. The FX85 is an excellent rental choice for the intermediate to advanced skier looking to do a bit of everything.
Kastle FX 95 HP:
The FX95 HP by Kastle is a lightweight all mountain ski that with 95mm under foot can be superb on a powder day and still rip front side terrain when it hasn't snowed in a while. A wood core with two sheets of Titanal give great stability, and a lightweight construction means hiking up highlands bowl will be just that much easier.
Kastle BMX 105:
Powerful yet nimble are the trademark characteristics of the newly designed BMX 105. It has increased ski flotation and stability, for the freeskier that likes a technical challenge. A perfect rental ski for the hike up Aspen Highlands bowl or that 6-12" powder day on Aspen Mt.
Click here for Aspen Ski Rentals