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At last, Voyager 1 slips into interstellar space
Solar blast data provides definitive evidence that spacecraft has cruised beyond the sun's clutch
Humankind has officially extended its reach to the space between the stars.
NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft exited the vast bubble of particles that encircles the sun and planets on August 25, 2012, mission scientists report September 12 in Science. At the time, Voyager was about 18.2 billion kilometers from the sun, or nearly 122 times as far from the sun as Earth.
"This is the beginning of a new era of exploration for us," says Edward Stone of Caltech, who has headed the Voyager mission since 1972. "For the first time, we are exploring interstellar space."
Confirmation of Voyager's interstellar exploits came after determining that the probe is surrounded by a relatively dense fog of galactic particles rather than a thin mist of solar ones. It was a tricky measurement that required patience, clever detective work and a heavy dose of luck.
NASA launched Voyager 1 and 2 in 1977 to explore the outer planets, but from the beginning Stone's team hoped the probes would survive long enough to investigate the region of space where our star's dominance finally wanes. The sun unleashes a flood of hot, charged particles called plasma that jets out in all directions. The plasma forms a bubble called the heliosphere that is tens of billions of kilometers in diameter. Over the last decade, the solar plasma around Voyager 1 has thinned as the spacecraft hurtles toward the edge of the bubble at more than 60,000 kilometers per hour. Astronomers have been waiting for Voyager to cross this boundary — the heliopause, where solar particles give way to even speedier particles ejected by other stars — and enter interstellar space.
The first evidence that Voyager had reached that boundary appeared on July 28, 2012, when the number of solar particles measured by Voyager plummeted. But the particle count rebounded a few days later. Three similar dips and recoveries occurred in the following weeks until August 25, when solar particles disappeared for good (SN Online: 6/27/13). The solar particle measurement, combined with a surge in higher-energy particles from other stars, suggested that Voyager had exited the heliosphere and reached the promised land. Several well-publicized studies made that claim.
Stone and his colleagues resisted that conclusion. They lacked evidence of what they thought would be the key signature of interstellar space: a shift in the direction of the magnetic field. Solar plasma produces a distinctive magnetic field because it all comes from the same source; scientists expected that the field would shift in interstellar space, where particles flit around in all directions. Despite the particle evidence that Voyager had departed the heliosphere, the magnetic field direction remained constant. "We felt we did not have the smoking gun to say that we had left the solar bubble," Stone says.
What the Voyager team needed was another independent measurement to confirm the story implied by the particle data. One option was to prove that Voyager was surrounded by cold, dense plasma from interstellar space rather than hot, wispy plasma from the sun. Such a measurement would have been straightforward except that Voyager 1's plasma instrument stopped working somewhere near Saturn 33 years ago.
Donald Gurnett, a Voyager scientist at the University of Iowa, found a way to get the measurement anyway. Poring over data from another instrument on the spacecraft, Gurnett discovered that in April 2013 a blast wave from the sun, the same kind that can cause solar storms on Earth, had reached Voyager's neck of the woods and jostled electrons in the surrounding plasma. It was the first such energetic solar shock in nine years. "In that sense we were lucky," Stone says.
Gurnett then used the frequency of the electron vibrations to calculate that plasma surrounding Voyager 1 was about 50 times as dense as scientists would expect inside the heliosphere, a sign that the spacecraft had entered interstellar space.
"The study very definitively shows that we're in the interstellar medium," says Gary Zank, a space physicist at the University of Alabama in Huntsville who was not involved in the research. "There's no way of producing a density of that size within the heliosphere."
Not everyone agrees, including a few holdouts on the Voyager team. George Gloeckler and Lennard Fisk, both from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, have written a paper demonstrating how plasma could become dense enough within the heliosphere to produce Gurnett's measurement. "Gurnett definitely measured the density correctly," Gloeckler says. "But I don't believe you can say that what he measured is the interstellar plasma."
Barring a change in the magnetic field, Gloeckler believes the team should wait another two or three years for Voyager 2, which has a working instrument to measure the density and temperature of plasma, to reach a similar position in space. "Voyager 2 will experimentally answer this question," he says. "Why rush to conclusions now?"
Zank and many other astrophysicists say the evidence is overwhelming that Voyager 1 has crossed the heliopause, but they acknowledge that they have to determine why the magnetic field direction didn't shift. At the same time, scientists are combing through more than a year's worth of data Voyager 1 has collected since entering interstellar space. NASA estimates that Voyager 1 has enough plutonium fuel to keep all its instruments powered for another seven years, giving the probe plenty of time to measure an environment littered with particles that originated in distant stars and violent supernovas. "All this will give us considerable insight into what's happening in the far reaches of the galaxy," Zank says.
For now, Stone and other scientists are excited about the robotic explorer's accomplishment on August 25, 2012 — the same date, coincidentally, that the world lost its most famous human space explorer, Neil Armstrong.
D. A. Gurnett et al. In situ observations of interstellar plasma with Voyager 1. Science. Published online September 12, 2013. doi: 10.1126/science.1241681. [Go to]
J. Shugart. Voyager 1 on fast track toward interstellar space. Science News online. June 27, 2013. [Go to]
E. C. Stone et al. Voyager 1 observes low-energy galactic cosmic rays in a region depleted of heliospheric ions. Science. Published June 27, 2013. doi:10.1126/science.1236408. [Go to]
R. Cowen. Solar system's edge surprises astronomers. Science News. Vol. 176, November 21, 2009, p. 15. [Go to]
T. Lewis. Voyager crossing superhighway to solar system exit. Science News. Vol. 183, January 12, 2013, p. 17. [Go to]
A. Witze. Postcards from Voyager. Science News. Vol. 184, July 13, 2013, p. 32.
[Go to]


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Workflow Scenario:
State-A create task-A and we get OnTaskCreated event, where onchange of task-A we goto State-B where in it we created Task-B, now we are facing problem with Task-B as its OnTaskCreated event as its not firing, does any one know why ?
As we goggled its a known issue faced by many and its Microsoft bug !!!
Now What We Want:
To Get Created Task-B TaskID and its Splistitem
where on CreateTask-B we do get taskID from listitemID property of CreateTask but getitembyid return "task not exist or deleted", is there a way to commit imediately after createtask ?

subset: commoncrawl


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Not only are Kona qualifying points and prize money at stake in tomorrow's NYC Ironman, but the American pros in the race will be vying for a National title.
Here's a look at the ladies who will be competing in the 2012 US Ironman National Championship, in race number order:
(Race Number, Name, Age, Residence)
50 Mary Beth Ellis, 35, Boulder, CO – since moving up from shorter races in 2010, she has won at least 4 Ironman distance events. She most recently crushed the field at the L'Alpe Duez Triathlon and is a member of Team TBB.
52 Amy Marsh 34, Austin, TX – has won 6 Ironman distance events and is hoping to get enough points in NYC to qualify for Kona 2012. She was the 2010 USAT Long Distance Athlete of the Year. She was an All-American swimmer at University of Minnesota, so look for her to be one of the swim leaders. More about Amy: http://www.team-marsh.com/blog/up-next/
53 Dede Griesbauer 41, Boston, MA -- oringinally from Short Hills, NJ, Dede was an All-American swimmer at Standford before going to Wharton, working on Wall Street and becoming a pro triathlete. She's won 2 Ironman titles and is on the comeback trail from a serious bike crash. Coached by Siri Lindley. She was most recently 4th at the Rhode Island 70.3.
55 Heather Gollnick 42, Port St. Lucie, FL -- 5 time Ironman Champion, mom of 3, triathlon coach
61 Jessie Donavan 36, Shelburne, VT – Recently won Ironman Lake Placid. Mom of 3, former competitive Nordic skier.
63 Meghan Newcomer, 31, New York, NY – Rookie Pro. Age group winner of the 2011 New York City Triathlon. Swam at Mary Washington College and works full-time at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. She's also the swim coordinator for Team in Training's New York City Ironman team.
67 Kristin Andrews 31, Bethesda, MD – originally from Sag Harbor, NY, Kristen ran at distance events at Dartmouth, turned pro in 2011 after setting the age group course record at Lake Placid. Look for a fast bike split from Kristen.
68 JACQUIGORDON, 39, Point Pleasant, NJ – South Africa native recently finished 3rd at the Lake Placid Ironman. Professional since 2005, mom of 2.
69 Laurel Wassner, 36, New York, NY – 1st time competing in an Ironman. Cancer Survivor and hometown favorite. Swam at George Washington University, but is better known for her fast running splits. In 2012, she has recorded top finishes at Olympic distance triathlons, half ironmans and even an ITU draft-legal race. Coached by Cliff English.
71 Haley Cooper-Scott, 31, Spokane, WA – Several top 5 Ironman finishes. Played soccer at Middlebury, got into triathlon while living in New Zealand.
75 Hillary Biscay, 34, Tucson, AZ – has competed in over 50 Ironmans, with multiple podium finishes. She swam at Michigan and USC and is usually one of the early leaders. Coached by Siri Lindley.
76 Sarah Piampiano, 30, Santa Monica, CA – Turned pro in late 2011 and moved from New York City to LA to focus on triathlon. She grew up downhill ski racing in Maine and skied and ran for Colby College. She won the 2012 New Orleans 70.3.


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Melonhead, always brimming with good intentions, once again successfully enchants.
In this, his fifth adventure, Melonhead and his best friend, Sam, still cannot keep themselves out of trouble. Melonhead's aunt gives them a challenge: If they can go 30 days without getting into a "situation," she will reward them by taking them to an amusement park. Hoping to meet the challenge, Melonhead finds himself trading in the term "situation" for "snafu." (Aunt Traci didn't say anything about snafus, after all.) After a snafu involving a silver teapot, the boys must find a way to earn money. They are hilariously ill-equipped to run their We-Fix-It Company: Sneakers become glued to fingers, and hedge trimming turns into an exercise in abstract design, among other mishaps. But triumph awaits. Utilizing everything they've learned, the boys convert their mistakes into a brilliant creation, and Melonhead's final act of kindness will endear him to readers. Breezy sketches accompany the buoyant repartee—"You're wrong, King Kong"—and overall silliness that includes copper-cleaning supersonic vomit.
In this lively and light entertainment for middle graders, Melonhead and his friends inhabit a world without sarcasm or texting, where inventiveness and camaraderie reign supreme. (Fiction. 8-12)


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Running Time: 110 minutes
Released: 09/2018
Studio Name: Provocative Productions
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Wow today is one of those Mondays where I just can't seem to get motivated to be creative. Been just computing and posting today. After a weekend of rain and working around the house, I need to get my artistic drive back! It will come back! I am sure of it!!
I have one more custom project to start up and then back to playing around with some mixing up fabrics to make some super cool one of a kind bags. Plus got to get on those sewing patterns! Need to keep plugging away on those. September is going to show up fast when the sewing expo's are coming up!


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Good Morning Grey-Ghosters!
I hope you all had a great weekend, the weather is finally starting to cool down here in the South which means 'Fall is Coming!' I personally can't wait. I had a pretty productive weekend writing-wise, actually finished a section of the novel I've been sitting on for the past month and man was it exciting to get that finally on paper! It is a scene I dreamed up way back when I was still working on 'The Shadow that Walks' and really wanted to incorporate it in that story but it just wouldn't have worked, but it fit like a glove in TJKMs. Also I had the privilege of working with an aspiring photographer a little but ago who volunteered her services to update my 'selfie' author photo with one that looked a little more professional. What you guys think? I love it, I'll be posting all of her information as soon as I get the final prints from her, but she gave me the go ahead to post the image online. I tell you if the day job and this writing thing don't work out I'm going to start modeling watches. smile emoticon
Have a great week!
His name is Cara… Nicholas Cara… LOL
Good Morning Grey-Ghosters!


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In choosing to work with a coach or facilitator you have a right to know where they are coming from. So here are some aspects of my own journey to give you a sense of the ideas, values and influences that have shaped me and the way I work.
Over the last 25 years I have worked with individuals, groups and organisations in business, media, government, public and voluntary sector, in the UK, Europe, USA and Asia. My cross-cultural and cross-sectoral experience have given me a keen sense of what we share as a human species, what is distinctive and unique about each of us, and what we also express on behalf of the culture and systems we are part of – and how to navigate our way.
My roots are in depth psychology [download]. I support individuals and teams to understand their strengths and their challenges, articulate their dreams, resolve complex issues (whether about people, systems or strategy) and realise their potential through real action. I encourage people to broaden their horizons and recognise their contribution to the wider global social and environmental issues confronting us. Working with a creative mix of intellectual challenge, psychological insight and reflection (well leavened with humour and a light touch), and a toolkit that includes imagery, metaphor and story, I have established a reputation for growing and maintaining deep personal engagement in my clients and sustained performance and purpose that extends beyond the coaching journey – and, critically, humour!
My career has spanned the arts, health and organisational development. I co-established a successful London contemporary art gallery, then worked as a journalist for 8 years, writing features on the arts, health and women in work for national magazines and newspapers. I held editorial positions at the Sunday Times Magazine and Time Out, and have written, co-written and co-edited a number of books since the 1980's (see Selected Publications).
I have chaired numerous conferences and seminars nationally and have radio and television experience, both as a best-selling author (of Dieting Makes You Fat) and as Director of the Parenting Forum. I was the presenter of the first series of a successful live television counselling programme which continued for several series (A Problem Aired, Thames Television, 1987).
Since 2003 I have been a core member of Be the Change (now Be the Change Initiative), a non-profit social change organisation which addresses the interconnected dimensions of sustainability: environment, social justice and personal/spiritual fulfilment. BTCI deliver Symposia and Facilitator Trainings throughout the UK and are affiliated with the Pachamama Alliance in the US. I believe business has a key role in helping shape a better world for all.
Background: Leadership Positions | Qualifications | Favourite Quotations
To laugh often and much; to win the respect of intelligent people and the affection of children; to earn the appreciation of honest critics and to endure the betrayal of false friends; to appreciate beauty; to find the best in others; to leave the world a bit better, whether by a healthy child, a garden patch or a redeemed social condition; to know that even one life has breathed easier because you lived, this is to have succeeded.


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An article...
...and some thoughts of mine (I apologize if they seem rushed, as these are excerpted (and adapted) from an e-mail I had written a friend last year):
"On polygamy, however, I think the author gives it the short end of the stick: given that polygamous societies are historically quite common (not just "in" Islam, but in Indic societies, and many others too; indeed that polygamy has been banished from Hinduism is precisely the result of a Westernized secularist intervention-- primarily by means of the likes of Nehru and Ambedkar, neither of whom was particularly observant, and the latter highly critical of Hinduism), I do question the uncritical acceptance of "one man, one woman" as the summa of civilization. Yet it is important to clarify and explain how this questioning is different from an apologia for all sorts of oppressive practices "in the name of Islam."
The author hits the nail (perhaps inadvertently) on the head as to the following: polygamy is problematic because it is used as a means of control-- of women, of their bodies, of, broadly speaking, their sexuality-- and is as problematic as the veil because that is also used for precisely these reasons. But unlike the author the problem as I see it is the oppressive political arrangement, and not the veil or polygamy per se. To put it another way: a law that mandated the wearing of short skirts would be no less oppressive than one mandating the wearing of the burqa; in both cases it is the law (and the sort of polity implied by the framing of such a law) that is problematic in the first instance; in itself the dress concerned-- whether burqa or bikini-- is problematic inasmuch as it encodes a certain ideology of femininity, but this problem is not of a kind that would make one mode of dress (burqa) more problematic than another (bikini). The toddy-tappers (Nadars) of the erstwhile princely state of Travancore offer a useful illustration: until the mid-nineteenth century, Nadar women were forbidded from covering their breasts in public, only winning the right to do so after long agitation. Nakedness here was the signifier of low-caste status, not of liberation.
[Aside: I think India offers a useful and somewhat hopeful example when it comes to the veil: a lot of Muslim women wear it; growing numbers do not. The reason this transformation or change can go relatively unremarked is that there no law--not even the Muslim Personal Law in force in India-- that enforces veiling. That of course does not mean that the veil is not used as an instrument of social coercion in India-- it can be and is-- but it does mean that the dynamics of change are suddenly different, and the space of resistance greater. To put it another way, laws above all else regulate, and the "solution" is not to put the Christian monogamous idea forward as the ideal, but to question and undermine the notion that sexuality/women may thus be regulated. Contrast with polygamy: in
India, Muslims and certain adivasi tribes/groups are legally allowed polygamy, but note what "allow" means here: there is a law in place that regulates polygamy. The mere existence of such regulation has meant that Muslim women in India who incline to a different view have found it far more difficult to mobilize against polygamy than against purdah. A stand against the latter may be made in a certain zone of privacy, the way a stand against the former cannot (opening as it does other political Pandora's boxes, as the always vacuous Rajiv Gandhi government found). Indeed the interplay between polygamy and other political questions has even meant that Muslim women who "go too far" risk being seen as "traitors to the cause," and as guilty of undermining the well-being of the minority. The same does not appear to be true of Muslim women who simply do not veil themselves-- yet I have no doubt that the same would have been true if the Muslim Personal Law made veiling compulsory.]
I see a second problem whereby Muslims seek to link polygamy to their identity as Muslims, which I believe to be a dangerous notion. That is, Islam obviously sanctions polygamy, but, unlike for instance the Mormonism of Joseph Smith's and Brigham Young's day, Islam does not set up polygamy as a marker of Islamic identity. Thus the man with one wife is no less a Muslim, even under the strictest reading of the Quran, than the man with four wives. It is for this reason that one might argue that Muslim males ought not to be allowed polygamy in, for instance, a country where no-one else is allowed to marry multiple spouses (that country is not India, where various non-Muslim adivasi groups are also allowed polygamy). More radically, I would also not be in favor of allowing polygamy if polyandry were disallowed. It is this asymmetry that contributes to the "social arbitrage," enabling the system to be rigged one way or another. I do not mean to suggest that changing laws is a panacaea for all our ills; what I am saying is that the mindset that insists upon legal regulation for everything under the sun is a mindset pursuant to which in time nothing comes to seem more natural than the framing of laws, than the regulation such laws principally involve.
The reason we need to question regulation is that otherwise, we will fall into the same trap liberals often fall into: since the latter believe to the nth degree in "choice," they are reduced to incoherence when confronted with the educated socially privileged woman who chooses the veil. Personally, I don't think "choice" should be any kind of sacred cow, and "choice" is not immune to critique (we seem to choose very little of any consequence: I did not choose my sexual orientation, my ethnicity, and I cannot meaningfully be said to have "chosen" my political orientation). The so-called Islamic feminist (but--and this ought never to be forgotten-- not only the Islamic feminist) is open to critique whether or not she has chosen the veil: she is open to critique by seeking to propagate a view that incarnates the female body as a zone of political contestation, and by ascribing an irrational and demonic power to the female body-- a power so dangerous that it must be policed by the state, or by other patriarchal forms. Worst of all, the "liberals" (in the Anglo-American sense) who "choose" the veil see no irony in the fact that they have absolved the male other of any "choice" whatsoever. But the reason it is important not to lose sight of the fact that the issue is about far more than "polygamy" or "purdah" is that many men and women who do not wear the veil hold similar views-- and they are all open to the same critique, whether or not veiling is an issue (for instance, related critiques could be made of pornography, the semiotics of the fashion industry, cinema, etc.). It needs to be the same critique."


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DescriptionGear ratio: 5.6
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Why schools are ahead of workplaces/
At a recent work conference, I found myself in an awkward situation.
'Close your eyes and smell it. Place it in your mouth and roll it around…'
No, my career is not going down the path you think. I was in a positive psychology session, savouring my malteser.
Positive psychology
The session was run by Karen Marangio from Monash University in Melbourne and Kerri Morey, a psychology teacher from Brauer College. It was aimed at psychology teachers of 12–16 year old students. The presenters discussed the rise of positive psychology in schools and in wider society over the last 15 years or so.
Positive psychology is about creating and relishing the happy moments in our everyday lives and one of its main pioneers is Martin Seligman – he explains the concept succinctly in this video.
Brain breaks
Kerri talked about using positive psychology activities in class to refocus her students and improve concentration and enthusiasm – she called them 'brain breaks'.
Why every trainer or workplace doesn't use this strategy, I don't know. Not only do we lose concentration in our day-to-day work, but longgg meetings and full day training courses are perfect opportunities to recharge.
As mentioned, one of the simpler activities we completed was to each take a Malteser and spend up to three minutes savouring it – the glossiness, the smell, the feel in our hand, the taste. It was great to reset the brain during a long conference, while also bringing up feelings of gratitude and activating our senses.
Other simple brain breaks might include :
• the ol' tap your head and rub your stomach trick
• doodle time on a blank sheet of paper
• a quick game of noughts and crosses.
Basically anything that sends your brain away from your work completely.
8 tips for a more satisfying life
We also discussed some of the strategies students at Kerri's school are using to try and create a more satisfying life. Developed by Professor Sonja Lyubomirsky, there are eight steps they are implementing:
• Keeping a gratitude journal
• Practising acts of kindness
• Practising mindfulness
• Thanking a mentor
• Learning to forgive
• Spending time with people you love
• Taking care of your brain and body
• Developing strategies for managing stress
Psychology wasn't even offered at my high school, and I think these strategies are so important and could be really beneficial in both schools and workplaces today.
Are there workplaces out there employing any of these strategies? Let me know if you work for one or have heard of any.
Martin Seligman also gathers and compares happiness data via his questionnaires. You have to sign up but it's worth adding to this important study here.


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So as a group we have been initially attracted to this vibrant startup party. We seem to have a green slant .. I love it and about opportunity found in diversity and the opportunity to be dug out of the meeting the uncertain future head on. Im worried now that there is an overlap with the green party so much so that the vote would be split such that both parties fall below a 5% threshold. I think its Gareths point of view now to clearly differentiate us . or possible we can have some comment in how we might differ from the Green Party.
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Pros and Cons of Being a Legal Aide
Legal aides, also referred to as legal assistants or paralegals, help lawyers by researching legal precedents, providing legal documents and investigating evidence and facts. Learn more about the pros and cons of career as a legal aide.
|PROS of a Career as a Legal Aide
|Significant job growth (17% increase between 2012 and 2022 for paralegals and legal assistants)*
|High average salary (nearly $52,000 in 2014 for paralegals and legal assistants)*
|Bonuses and excellent benefits are common*
|Minimal education requirements*
|Several areas of specialization available*
|CONS of a Career as a Legal Aide
|Very competitive field*
|Potential to work long hours for private firms, which employ 71% of legal aides*
|Potential for high stress*
|Must stay updated on changing laws and regulations**
|Tasks can be routine or repetitive*
Source: *U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; **National Association of Legal Assistants
Career Information
Job Description and Responsibilities
Legal aides perform work delegated to them by lawyers. Though much of the work performed by legal aides, assistants and paralegals involves paperwork, such as drafting legal documents and other correspondence, the work involves a higher level of legal knowledge than clerical or office administration jobs. Legal aides regularly perform research, help lawyers prepare for trial, interact with clients and prepare summaries of interviews or testimonies. Also unlike a legal office administrator, a legal aide's time is often billable to clients.
Legal aides working at public offices and businesses typically work 40 hours per week. However, those working in private law firms, which employ the majority of legal aides, could be required to put in quite a bit of overtime when faced with tight court schedules or filing deadlines.
Specialization Areas
Legal aides can specialize in the same areas of law as a lawyer. Certificate and degree programs typically focus on the basic requirements and legal regulations in their core curricula, though you can opt to take elective courses or seek out professional seminars to focus your studies in such areas as bankruptcy, environmental law, litigation, intellectual property, entertainment law or real estate.
Job Prospects and Salary Information
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) anticipated over 46,000 new job opportunities would be created for legal aides between 2012 and 2022. However, it also expected a high degree of competition for these popular jobs. Some aspects of legal assistance could wane with economic downturns. For example, reductions in estate planning and corporate litigation might occur when financing is a consideration. However, during recession periods, there could be a higher demand for legal aides to assist with bankruptcies or foreclosures.
The salaries of legal aides can vary widely, depending on whether or not they work in the public or private sector and the kind of law firm they work for. According to the salary survey conducted by the National Association of Legal Assistants (NALA), legal aides with 1-5 years of legal experience earned around $37,000 in 2010, though those who'd held the same job for that amount of time made closer to $50,000. The level of education legal aides attained at the time didn't make much difference in their compensation. The survey showed that legal aides who specialized in mergers and acquisitions, securities and antitrust, aviation law, corporate law and lobbying earned the highest wages, while those who focused on entertainment, collections, family, tribal, social security and worker compensation law made the lowest salaries.
What Are the Requirements?
Even though education didn't play a huge factor in salary, the BLS stated that the most common education legal aides pursued in 2008 included associate degrees and certificates in paralegal studies. Aspiring legal aides could also be able to find employers who offer on-the-job training. To become a legal aide, you'll need to have a strong knowledge of legal terminology, excellent research skills and the ability to compile and present your work to supervising lawyers.
Recommended Skills
Research generally tops the list of skills and interests necessary for a job as a legal aide or paralegal. You should also have a strong interest specifically in the law, since changes to rules and legal practices can require you to continually revisit and revise some of your previous work. The American Bar Association and NALA outline a few necessary characteristics and standards you should develop for this career, including:
- Professional integrity
- Ethical standards
- Confidentiality
Job Postings from Real Employers
Employers seek legal aides with undergraduate education who are problem solvers and strong communicators. Specific companies prefer applicants with experience in their particular field, such as real estate or family law. Following are some job postings for legal aides from March 2012:
- A New York City non-profit organization was seeking a paralegal with excellent research skills, the ability to work independently and a commitment to defending civil liberties. Candidates also needed to be highly organized with strong computer skills.
- A San Diego family law firm was looking for a legal aide with at least two years of family law experience. Applicants needed a bachelor's degree and experience performing legal research and drafting legal memos.
- A realty group in Albuquerque was interested in hiring a legal aide with a bachelor's degree or paralegal certificate. The successful candidate needed excellent organizational and communication skills and the ability to pay attention to detail. The company preferred a legal aide with strong computer skills.
How to Stand Out in the Field
Because many legal aides are often competing for the same jobs, it may be beneficial to separate yourself from other job candidates. Even though a bachelor's degree might not improve your compensation level, NALA's education survey found that nearly half of legal aides, assistants and paralegals held bachelor's degrees in 2010. If you already have a bachelor's degree in another field, many universities, vocational schools and community colleges offer paralegal and legal assistant certificate programs that can teach you about the law and prepare you for a job as a legal aide. Additionally, the organization found that most employers don't offer training programs, though 87% of legal aides sought outside professional development through seminars.
Get Certified
NALA also reported that over half of legal aides obtain professional certification, such as the organization's Certified Paralegal or Advanced Certified Paralegal credentials. To compete with these individuals, you could obtain a certification that shows your understanding of the law, ethical standards and the U.S. legal system. You can pursue other certifications through the National Federation of Paralegal Associations (NFPA) or the American Alliance of Paralegals, Inc. These organizations have slightly different eligibility criteria regarding educational and experience requirements, but typically cover the same topics on their certification exams.
Alternative Fields
Law Clerk
If you decide that working as a legal aide is not a great fit for you, but you still want to work in law, you might consider becoming a law clerk. Law clerks can work for lawyers, government agencies or in the judicial system, helping judges prepare for court. They can also perform legal research, and typically serve as the scheduler and first point of contact for lawyers seeking an audience with a judge.
If you'd eventually like to become a lawyer, participating in a law clerk program could provide an alternative to earning a law degree and qualify you for your state bar exam. The BLS projected that job opportunities for law clerks would grow 14%-19% between 2008 and 2018. A bachelor's degree was reported to be the most common requirement for this job. The National Association for Law Placement found that law clerks working in legal firms varied with the size of the firm, but most earned $24-$50 per hour in 2010.
Claims Adjuster
If you're not enthused about working in a legal profession, but you do like some aspects of the law, you can work in the insurance industry as a claims adjuster. In this job, you'd investigate claims, prepare insurance documents and consult legal records. The BLS stated that having legal knowledge could help when handling specific types of cases, such as liability and worker compensation. It also expected jobs for claims adjusters would grow 7% between 2008 and 2018. Claims adjusters earned a median annual salary of around $59,000 as of May 2010. The BLS indicated that you could qualify for the job with just a high school education, though most employers look for candidates with a college degree.
Title Examiner
If you enjoy researching and reporting your findings, you might think about a job as a title examiner. Title examiners research real estate records and summarize the important insurance and legal information they find. Most title examiners are trained on the job and averaged around $43,000 in 2010, according to the BLS. The bureau didn't expect this profession to undergo much growth between 2008 and 2018, though it reported that there were over 50,000 employed in the U.S. as of May 2010.


text: Hi, as part of our overall strategy for DR, we will be using DB mirroring from our Production site to DR. I will be using asynchronous/high performance mode. Setting up and bringing online is NO problem, but I need to give thought to the following and get ideas: Right now, we have our servers named as PRODServer and DR-PRODServer, respectively. During a DR failover, the DR-PRODServer will be renamed to PRODServer - while this is generally not an issue, how would that affect mirroring? Will it think automatically its the principal and mess itself up? Please advise? Or, will I need to manage the steps, bring the DR server online, and THEN rename it? I think this is key.


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Miss Bogo Tourism 2013 Winners5/25/2013 09:24:00 AM
Miss Mary Carmel Allora Llopes is Miss Bogo Tourism 2013.
|L-R 3rd runner up Mea Plaza, 1st runner up Cecil Lyn Ponpon, Ms Bogo Tourism 2013 Mary Carmel Allora Llopes, 2nd runner up Norecel Mae Cortez Ybanez, 4th runner up Kemberly Quiamco Gillamac
|Ms Bogo Tourism 2013 Mary Carmel Allora Llopes
|Mary Carmel Allora Llopes in her evening gown
Photo by Rodge Tonacao
|1st runner up Cecil Lyn Ponpon
|2nd runner up Norecel Mae Cortez Ybanez
|3rd runner up Mea Plaza
|4th runner up Kemberly Quiamco Gillamac
Question and Answer portion for the reigning Miss Bogo Tourism 2013
Photos by: Rodney Ramos & Rodge Tonacao
Source: Ms. Bogo Tourism FB page
Bogo Pride
Pinalanggang Konsehal - Hon. Romeo "Tinggoy" Pitogo Alarde5/21/2013 05:27:00 PM
by Heizeru Nut
Once upon a time naa koy pinalanggang konsehal sa Bogo City nga diabetic.. pagka-January nadisgrasya sa motor ug nasamad sa tiil.. Ang samad sa tiil nidako, nidako ug nidako..iyang gipacheck sa doctor ug gipainom ug tambal.kalooy sa akong pinalanggang konsehal
Wala naayo sa tambal ang iyang samad ug nidako pa jud ug nawala ang isa ka kumingking... iyang gipatambalan nalang sa bisaya nga pamaagi. hangtod nahurot kapatay ang 3 ka daliri sa right foot sa akong pinalanggang konsehal.
Naabot na ang election ug naa gihapon ang samad ni konsehal. didto sa isa ka brgy sa Bogo City gipasayaw cla ug chacha..ang akong pinalanggang konsehal nisayaw bisan pa sa dako nga samad sa iyang tiil.. iyang giantos para lang malingaw ang mga taw nga iyang gihigugma, ang mga bogohanons. maski naabtan pa sila sa kusog nga uwan sa isa ka brgy. ug napuno sa lapok ang tiil, iyaha gihapon gipadayon ug diskorso sa tunga2x sa kadaghan sa mga taw nga nitambong..kalooy sa akong pinalanggang konsehal.
Paghuman sa election, nagdecision na siya nga ipaadmit nalang kay ang samad nisamot ug dako.didto sa Perpetual Succour Hospital naa si Doctor Dungog ang incharge sa akong pinalanggang hospital.Bisan pa wala pa ang resulta sa checkup nidecision na si konsehal nga ipaputol nalang gikan sa lapa2x kutob sa nadaot nga tiil below d knee.kana ang kaisog sa akong pinalanggang konsehal.
Successful ang operation 10pm May 17 ug nikatawa na si konsehal..lipay kaayo ko kay nibalik ang kaabtik ni konsehal. picture2x, kaon2x ug katawa ang akong nasinati didto sa kang konsehal. tungod sa kaayo nikonsehal, nedecide siya nga idonate iyang tiil adto sa hospital para magamit pa sa mga students para mustudy about sa sakit nga diabetes. nangomedya pa c konsehal nga basin inig uli niya sa bogo,mangita ang iyang tiil niya.kana akong pinalanggang konsehal.
May 18,2013, 8pm, kalit naglisod ug ginhawa ang akong pinalanggang konsehal. Nangluspad tibuok lawas ug gisingot. nidagan ko sa nurse ug gitabang na sila sa mga doctor. Maski naay tube ang iyang baba ug ilong, naay 4 nurses, radiologist, 2 doctors nga nagpump kaniya, siya nitan-aw sa amoa ug niisa iyang kamot sa sign nga Laban. Kana akong pinalanggang konsehal..
May 18,2013, 10pm nidecision ang doctor nga dad-on nalang siya sa ICU. ug niingon ang hospital nga dili siya pwede dad-on ug dili makabayad sa amount nga 30k. wala kami kwarta, so nangayo mig tabang kang mayor.ug niingon ang mayor nga muanhi siya gikan bogo to cebu 2hrs.. May 19,2013 naabot c mayor nagdala na ug kwarta.thanks mayor junie nga imong gitabangan ang akong pinalanggang konsehal.
May 19,2013, 8am. didto sa gawas sa ICU sa bildo nga bintana sa gamay nga lungag nanglili ko sa akong pinalanggang konsehal, siya gitabangan sa usab. daghan na kaayong mga nagtabang. ako muhilak kada kita nako nga louy kaayo siya nga gipump gikan 8:20am hangtod 9:30am. dili ko kaagwanta magtan-aw. ang akong luha dili muhunong sa pagtan-aw nga cgeg pump sa dughan sa akong pinalanggang konsehal.
May 19,2013 10am. nigawas ang doctor nisulti nga ang impeksyon sa samad naabot na sa utok, ug ang normal pumping sa taw kutob ra 30mins. kang konsehal nalapas sa 1hr., niingon ang doctor nga patay na ang utok ug lawas ni konsehal..ang nagpabiling buhi nalang ang iyang HEART. didto nako nahibaw-an nga dako jud diay cya ug heart kay maong maloloy-on, mao gipadecision ang family kung ipahunong nalang ang oxygen or dili..useless na daw ang ilang pumping kung ang HEART nalang ang buhi tungod sa impeksyon. kana ang akong pinalanggang konsehal.
Tungod sa kaluoy sa family, gidawat nalang ang iyang pagpahulay.
Sa motoo mog sa dili,kini akong nasinati. ang Total votes sa akong pinalanggang konsehal kay 22,222 votes. siya number 2 sa balota..siya nahimutang sa private ward nga naay numero 122. ug gibalhin siya sa room 2 ICU nga mao ray vacant. ang nagkuha niya nga tagapunerarya sa st. ann sa mandaue nagsul-ob ug tshirt nga naay dakong number 2 sa luyo.. kana ang numero sa akong pinalanggang konsehal..
Kana ang amahan sa mga bogohanon, kana ang akong amahan, ang akong pinalanggang konsehal.
Fun moment from Hon. Tinggoy
Source: https://www.facebook.com/groups/bogohanon.ako/permalink/451596044929677/
Photo by: Rodge Tonacao
Video: Mang Alo
Photo by: Rodge Tonacao
Video: Mang Alo
Bogo City
Bogo City Celebrity Basketball Game 20135/18/2013 09:17:00 AM
CELEBRITY ACTORS vs IPI COMMERCIAL TEAMBASKETBALL GAME 2013
CELEBRITY ACTORS vs IPI COMMERCIAL TEAMBASKETBALL GAME 2013
May 18, 2013 (Saturday), 8:00 PM
Don Celestino Martinez Sports Complex
Ticket Prices
Upper Box: Php.150
Lower Box: Php. 300
Tickets available at:
R&F Fashion House
R&F Pharmacy
Bogo Cycle Center
Bogo Glass Center
Saint Vincent Pure Drinking Water
and all SBBA store outlets.
Miss Bogo Tourism 20135/17/2013 10:54:00 AM
|Miss Bogo Tourism 2013 Candidates with Mayor Junie Martinez
|#1 Christine Carmille L. Espiritu
|#2 Cecil Lyn Olivar Ponpon
|#3 Shiny Faye D Sepulveda
|#4 Odessa Niña V Pilapil
|#5 Kemberly Gillamac
|#6 Vanessa D Villart
|#7 Cherry May Gabutan
|#8 Provimi Y Granada
|#9 Mea Sy Plaza
|#10 Jasmine A Villar
|#11 Manel Monsanto
|#12 Princess Mae Ybañez
|#13 Jey Ann Avenido
|#14 Mary Carmel Allora Llopez
|#15 Kathreen Claire Po
Ms Bogo Tourism 2013 pictorials video from Rodney Ramos on Vimeo.
Visit Ms. Bogo Tourism 2013 Official Facebook Page.
Photo credits: Ms. Bogo Tourism 2013 FB page
Bogo City
Mayor Junie Stays - Bogo City 2013 Election Results5/15/2013 09:52:00 PM
Mayor Junie Martinez emerged victorious in this year's City of Bogo midterm polls. He won by 14,229 votes over Daphne Salimbangon (source: COMELEC website). The official tally showed a total of 25,177 (69.69%) votes for Martinez and 10,948 (30.31%) for Salimbangon.
|Mayor Junie Martinez
Mayor Junie's running mate, Vice-Mayor Santiago Sevilla, also emerged victorious over Victor Elliot Lepiten III. Sevilla garnered 20,604 (63.90%) votes, while Lepiten has 11,640 (36.10%).
|Vice Mayor Santiago Sevilla
Here are the winners of the SANGGUNIANG PANLUNGSOD
|No. 1 City Councilor Tinggoy Alarde
|Sunny Oliamot
|Lyndon Acusar
|Dodong Gulane
|Dr. Ben Rodriguez
|Yoyong Almirante
|Cres Verdida
|Lito Oporto
|Election 2013 Winners
|The Winners
The people have spoken. May the Bogohanons unite and help our elected leaders in making Bogo a better city.
Photo credit: T-Bag Reborn
Votes updated on 5/16/2013 based on COMELEC.gov.ph record.
Photo credit: T-Bag Reborn
Votes updated on 5/16/2013 based on COMELEC.gov.ph record.
Bogo City
BOGO ROMANCE by Ahmad Clay Escolar5/08/2013 09:56:00 AM
Bogo City-- its people and its leader is a story of romance. It was long time ago when Bogo was just an unassuming virgin hidden far from the glamorous capital metropolis, Cebu City. She was just sitting there very much content of the meager attention, economic activity and physical adornment. She was yet to become the head turner beauty of the north. On the other hand, a young man, whose umbilical cord was buried under the bogo tree by his late father, turned to manhood and noticed her. Bogo fondly calls him as Junie Martinez. His filial affection with the innocent lady, Bogo, sparked into a flaming passion of love and conviction that Bogo will soon rise into the pedestal of beauty coveted by many. In his young masculine strength and irresistible charm , Junie wooed her and won her love and devotion. The years of romance born a lot of progress, stability, dignity and unprecedented metamorphosis wherein the lowly little girl, Bogo, emerged as the glamorous and virtuous woman of the north. Under his love, She was a perfect spectacle of the feminine potency. She then was crowned a title of a city. More than ever, she is now set to soar high, the way Junie imagined her to be back in the 70's. Her charm attracted many late and forfeited aspirants, most of them are not Bogohanons. They tried hard to grab and molest her feminine charm but try they did fail. Junie remained faithful to her and the Bogohanon. He defended her with his indefatigable strength until the forces that tried to adulterate her virtue waned. Today she stands still beside the man who clothes her with love and so much faithfulness.
|Mayor Junie Martinez
Photo by: Rodge Tonacao
The marriage of Bogo, Bogohanons and Junie defined her (Bogo) of what she is now today and what she will become and more. Their faithfulness with each other withstood the strongest of lies, deception, terrorism and violence commenced by the power hungry few who wanted to break that marriage.
In this tale of love, Bogohanons either take the character of the man Junie or the Woman Bogo. Either way, their marriage gives us discernment to whom we should entrust this city with. This tale is our history, our heritage, our identity, our culture and our own story to tell. This would guide us to our destination. This is the wisdom of the past and the rediscovered virtue of the present.
This tale of love still runs into the pages of our history. Whether this ends in tragedy or victory, you partly hold the pen to say. Please hold it responsibly.
MY BOGO EXPERIENCE by Ron Perry5/07/2013 05:00:00 PM
I remember the first time I visited Bogo in January of 1990. I met my pen pal, Miss Fe Jumao-as Alarde of Libertad, Bogo, in Manila at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. I arrived on Northwest Orient Airlines flight at 9:00 p.m. and was very anxious to meet the person with whom I had corresponded for more than 6 months. We had exchanged more than 300 letters and we had fallen in love through our letters to each other.
I sent Fe a red T-shirt with my "Farm Tours" logo on the front and was wearing one myself so that it would be easy to see each other at the at the airport. I have to admit that I didn't sleep much on that 17 hour flight from L.A. via Tokyo and was always re-reading her latest letters and looking at her beautiful photo. I had been through a painful divorce a year earlier and her letters to me were like a "drink of cook water on a hot summer day". Sharing my feelings with her was the beginning of a much needed healing process for me. Her loving and encouraging words helped me to get back on my feet and go on with my life. Every letter from her was read and re-read a hundred times. Reading her letters gave me a serene, peaceful feeling that my soul longed for.
Well, back to the airport...arriving passengers at that time could meet their party at the arrival lobby outside just after customs. However, I needed to wait to clear customs after I claimed my luggage. There is a whole other story here... Fe asked me to bring some apples and grapes as gifts for her and her family. Being a farmer, I had access to lots of apples, but I wanted to take local grapes, andi was January! I finally located a box from a friend and got them out of cold storage. I packed one suitcase full of apples, individually wrapped in paper towels to help prevent bruising (it was a hard sided American Tourister suitcase) and I packed the other suitcase with the box of grapes and clothes around it to help cushion it. My carry-on cntained my shaving kit and a few clothes.
As luck would have it, my suitcases were the last off. But in the meantime, I couldn't wait to go outside and see Fe. Customs gave me permission to go out and look and come back inside. Wow, was the first look an eye-opener! I had never seen so many brown-skinned people in my life...and every single lady it seemed had on a red t-shirt!
I finally did get my luggage and put them on a cart and pushed them out the big double doors. I started on one side...the Filipinos had to be behind a rope barrier...and down the other looking for Fe. As I crossed to the other side, I spotted her and what took place the next few moments was like the commercial on tv, where a man and woman seemed to run to each others arms in slow motion. We finally met and shared a warm embrace.
At that moment, I felt God had given me a second chance, a new beginning at life. We didn't kiss, we only held hands and Fe introduced me to her brother and two sisters-in-law. Getting a taxi was a blur to me...we couldn't get one at the arrival area, too many taxis asking $100 or more. We went upstairs to the departure area and found a junk car that would take us to my hotel near the U.S. Embassy...for $30!
My first impression of Manila has not changed. I'm a country boy, not a city person and didn't like what I saw and experienced my first few days there. We went to Cebu one day earlier than planned and took her sister-in-law with us.
Landing in Cebu, I knew right away I would like the island and the people. People here were more friendly than in Manila and I wasn't fearful of being overcharged by the taxi (again a junk car) taking us to Bogo, 100 km or 60 miles north of Cebu, for about $30. Even with the stronger dollar now in Cebu, the price is still the same...about $30.
Driving along the sea on our trip north was very enjoyable. By now we had shared our first kiss and discussed a wedding in Bogo. The most important thing now was to meet her parents.
|Ron and Fe
The trip took us through the beautiful countryside, by beaches and colonial churches, turn of the century wooden houses and through the rainy season lush tropical vegetation of the mountains.
I'll have to admit that even though the road had been recently asphalted (some parts were cemented), it was a pretty bad road compared to U.S. standards. The road since, bythe way, has gotten worse, then better. By the End of 1998, all the road from Cebu City to Bogo was newly cemented and bridges were widened and strengthened.
It hadn't rained for a few days and the trip was dusty and hot. It was nice going by the sea and captureing the gentle breeze and it was a few degrees cooler in the mountains. The car didn't have air conditioning, but I enjoyed the ride anyway.
As we rounded a curve, Fe mentioned that we were already in Bogo. I marveled at the sugar cane, first time I had seen it up close. Fields and rolling fields of sugar cane extending all the way down to a huge plain. Coconut trees neatly lined the fields and I saw workers cutting the cane by hand and loading it by bundles into old American trucks that had been "customized" by the locals. I waived at children along the side of the road and they returned my wives with smiles, cheering and enthusiastic jumping up and down. Children still do that in Bogo today.
Fe pointed out the Virgin Mary Shrine on top of the hill as we passed by and she crossed herself. She pointed out the municipality also as we passed and mentioned that the mayor was a friend of the family (Mayor Dy). I was impressed with the things I saw as we went to the town center. Certainly "third world" in some ways, as I expected, but more charming and more modern than I had imagined. She pointed out the college she had graduated from, Cebu Roosevelt Memorial College, a modern five story structure that wouln't be out of place in any small town in America.
There were several reasons why I felt so at ease with Fe and why I knew we were meant for each other. I had come from a large family (my mother had 7 children) and Fe was from an even larger family (10 children). I was a farmer and her father had a large farm. We shared many interests and had much in common...except of course, we were from very different cultures. Also, Tulare, my hometown where I grew up, and Bogo were about the same size, 45,000 population at that time.
Fe continued to give me a tour of Bogo. She showed me the church, a very beautiful building, and the public market (where Gaisano is today). I have to admit that the smell coming from the old public market made me sick...literally. It was the first time I smelled dried fish! I've somewhat gotten used to that smell, however, but still see the same expression on the American men's faces that I had when they smell dried fish for the first time.
Fe mentioned that her Mother had a small stand at the market, but she wasn't there that day. We stopped at a stall near the main market and bought some rice, fish and fruit for our meal that night. People were smilling everywhere we went and they would greet Fe and ask her in Visayan about me. I felt like I was in a parade and waved and smiled at everyone I saw. It was great! I still get that same feeling everytime I return to Bogo...makes me feel just right at home.
Our final stop was in her barrio on the top of a hill just south of Bogo. She had the taxi stop by the Libertad Elementary School and told me we would walk for a while. I'll never forget the walk through a cornfield, through the bushes, past small nipa huts, down by the stream and finally to a 1930's wooden house. Parents, brothers, sister, aunts, uncles, cousins, nephews, nieces...I couldn't even count them all! I had inherited a huge Filipino family!
Dinner time and the food was delicous. It was my first experience of someone preparing food over a wooden fire. Even in my camping experience, we used gas or karosene stoves. I was overwhelmed with the Filipino hospitality and was literally treated like a king. Fe and I ate first and everyone watched. It was okay though, because I walways smiled and waved and the children giggled and ran away.
I was falling in love with Bogo, the people, my new family, and even more in love with Fe.
After dinner, Fe's brother got out his guitar. It was dark already and they had already lit the karosene lanterns (Libertad was not electrified then). I joined in on the singing and they alternated playing the guitar and turning on the radio (battery powered) and we'd dance to the music. The fun seemed to never end and I was surprised when people started to leave and we talked about where we'd sleep and I looked at my watch and it was only 10:00 p.m.
The next morning was a real adventure for me. Fe explained that we would have to take a bath outside at the well. Oh yea? I had a mental picture of getting naked etc., but no, that was not the way it happened. We went outside with our shorts and T-shirts on and she showed me how to draw the water from the well. Pouring the cool water from a bucket over my head sure was invigorating and I still enjoy taking a "filipino shower". Shaving was outside also, and I found a place to put a mirror, I was really getting used to the whole idea when I noticed lots of children watching (nephews and nieces, I assumed). Seemed they had never seen anyone so white...I never had a tan and of course it was winter in California!
After breakfast, I asked Fe's parents for permission to marry their daughter and they did give their permission and also their blessing. Fe had already taught me "mano po" and for the first time, "blessed" my new parents. Everyone was shocked when they heard Fe's father speak English. They had never heard him speak English in their lives. It seemed as though he was in the Philippine Resistance and his farm provided supplies for the Philippine Scouts and the American Army. it had been almost 45 years since he spoke any English!
Later that morning, we went to the Municipality to take out the marriage license. The judge did not hold office that day so we made plans for the wedding the next day. The rest of the day we visited relatives and made plans for the wedding and reception. Our second diner in Libertad was just as great as the first. We had delicious sea food, rice and fruits...I really loved it!
The next day was the wedding and we took a tricycle (motorcycle with side car) to the town proper and went to Fe's Aunt's house where we would have a reception after the wedding. they had a car with air conditioning and we all piled in (I think they made 2 or 3 trips)! We had several aunts and uncles as sponsors and also Mayor Dy. We waited in court while the judge tried a criminal case. All the while everything was in Visayan, and I had the feeling that the wedding would be in dialect also and that Fe would have to tell me when to say "I do".
The Judge was a woman and did ask in Visayan about our wedding but began the ceremony in English, to my relief. She didn't smile however, when she asked if I took Fe as my wife and I answered "I certainly do!"...but that's okay, because Fe did. the ceremony was brief and handshakes and we were off to her Aunt's house for the reception.
This was my first experience to enjoy the most delicious dish in the Philippines...lechon baboy (whole roast pig). We had lots of other foods and of course, a huge cake. The $200 I had budgeted for the reception sure went a long way. Lots of people came by and congratulated us and enjoyed the food and even took some home. It was already later afternoon and Fe said we needed to get back before dark (still a provincial tradition), so we cought a tricycle and made it back to the farm.
Just in time to have another reception! I quickly learned that any and every occasion was a chance to celebrate, and celebrate we did! This was my first experience with the traditiional Cebuano drink, rum and coke. It was great!
We took pictures and sang and danced almost all night.
Too soon, it was time to leave since I had to be back in Tualre for an agriculture tour. It seemed to take forever, but finally the 6 months petitioning process was complete and Fe came to the U.S. and the rest, as they say, is history. And now we're even more in love than ever before.
I've been back to Bogo (now a city) more than 60 times and always get that "going home" feeling you get when you go back to your home town. I'm not a Bogohanan by birth, but I'm a Bogohanan by choice!
bogo cebu
Master Plan - The New Bogo City Central Business District5/04/2013 08:54:00 PM
|Proposed Landscape Development Plan - whole page.
|Proposed Landscape Development Plan - lower part of page.
|Proposed Landscape Development Plan - upper part of page.
|Aerial perspective of the New Bogo City Central Business District. From CAPITANCILLO AVENUE
(The Main Access Road of the Business District)
|Aerial perspective of the New Bogo City Central Business District. From New Bogo City Hall side
|Aerial perspective of the New Bogo City Central Business District
(Creek Area)
The Bogo City Planning Office is now accepting investors. Please contact City Planning Office, (032) 260- 5310
Photo source: New Bogo City Hall Facebook page.


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Grateful to USAID for helping the people of Sudan look forward, embrase diversity to build a new future . As a Sudanese American I am happy to see my tax dollars go to such an important and worthy cause.
Well done!
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Sarah Wayne Callies is an American Actress who is best known for the critically acclaimed television series Prison Break. Being in this show the actress has earned massive popularity and huge wealth.
Not only Prison Break she has landed on many best TV series and movies like The Walking Dead, The Other Side of the Door, Into the Strom and so on. So looking at all those high rated TV series and movies it sure that her net worth cannot be less.
The American Actress Sarah Wayne Callies are regarded as one of the successful actresses who has been growing her popularity. From all of her work she has done her estimated net worth is $2 Million. Sarah has been earning by the movies and TV series she has done till now. She is also paid by many sponsorships, ads, endorsement, featuring and so on. Her estimated yearly income is estimated around $352,941 and sponsorship and endorsement amount is $78,431.
Sarah Wayne Callies was born in Illinois then moved to New York in 2003. She started her career with a guest appearance as Kate O'Malley in Queen Supreme on CBS. Then she starred as Detective Jane Porter on The WB's Tarzan.
Sarah Wayne Callies have made a guest appearance including Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Dragnet, and NUMB3ERS. After several roles Sarah than landed on her highly successful TV series Prison break as Sara Tancredi from 2005 to 2009.
From 2010 she got cast in her next out breaking role of the main character which was The Walking Dead as Lori Grimes. She did her role until the third season. The Other Side of the Door is the movie she did during 2016. Sarah role is said to return again in The Walking Dead again.


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Here is a list of some of the more commonly used paranormal terms. We have listed their meanings, some may not have their complete definitions listed and others may have more than one relevant definitions.
Amorphous – Without form or shape.
Amulet – A charm, usually, worn around the neck that is supposed to ward off evil.
Angel – A non-human entity who's believed to be aligned with god.
Anomaly – An experience, occurrence, or object outside of the normal.
Apparition -- A ghostly figure; specter. A spirit that a witness can see.
Apports – Objects that were lost a long time ago, or objects that are unfamiliar, simply show up or appear somewhere (like a tabletop or desk drawer). These types of events are thought to indicate the presence of a ghost.
Astral Body – A body that a person occupies during an out-of-body experience.
Astral Plane – A world, believed to exist above our physical world.
Astral Projection – An intentional act of having the spirit leave the body, causing an involuntarily out-of-body experience.
Astrology – The theory and practice of the positions and aspects of celestial bodies (stars) in the belief that they have an influence on the course of natural earthly occurrences and human affairs.
Aura – An invisible emanation of light that seems to surround a person or thing, often thought to reflect a person's personality.
Automatic Writing – Method of obtaining information from disembodied spirits, used by mediums in which the spirit takes control over the medium causing them to translate unconscious information to paper without being aware of the contents.
Autoscopy – Visual hallucination or image of one's body looking back at themselves from a position outside of their body.
Ball Lightening – A rare form of lighting in the shape of a glowing ball that can last anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes. Typically associated with thunderstorms, these spheres are thought to consist of ionized gases.
Banshee – A wailing spirit or "death omen" that will appear to be in two different places at the same time.
Bilocation – The presence of a person or object in two places at once.
Black Shuck (See also: Hellhound) – A spectral death omen in the form of a ghostly dog.
Channeling – Communication by a spirit through a human being where the spirit comes through the channeler.
Channeler – (see also medium) A person who can bring forth a ghost, allowing it to use their own body and voice.
Clairaudient – A person who can hear "psychic" sounds and voices that no one else can hear.
Clairvoyance – The ability to communicate with the other side, see the future, or be given other information using only the mind.
Clairvoyant – A person who receives detailed mental images and/or pictures of people or events that they could not possibly have known.
Cleansing – Using the occult or nontraditional means to remove something supernatural from a place.
Cold Reading – This is a technique commonly used by fake mind readers, mediums and magicians which allows them to obtain previously unknown information about a person by asking a general series of questions, along with other statements and answers.
Cold Spots – A relatively small area of localized coldness or sudden decrease in ambient temperature believed to be connected to paranormal phenomenon.
Collective Apparition – A rare type of sighting in which more than one person sees the same apparition or phenomena.
Corpse Light – A glow sometimes seen around the spirit of the departed.
Crisis Apparition – A one-time paranormal experience where the spirit is seen at the time of its death by a loved one as a way of saying goodbye or communicating information.
Curse – also referred to as (Jinx, Hex, or Execration) depending upon which region it is used. A curse is a wish to hurt or harm another by means of supernatural powers such as a spell, a prayer, an imprecation, magic, witchcraft, god, a natural force, or a spirit.
Jinx – is continual or repeated bad luck, derived from African American Hoodoo rituals.
Hex – is a spell derived from German and Pennsylvania Dutch, Hexe in German meaning Witchcraft.
Execration – an oath, a declaration, to loathe, detest, professing great hatred for, denounce, to curse, damn.
Cursed Objects – is an object intended to do harm upon the owner through a curse done by a god, devil, demon lord, alchemist or extremely high-level member of the clergy. Most common in Hoodoo rituals.
Debunk -- To investigate and analyze. To prove the truth about an event.
Demon – One of many non-human spirits. Although the term is commonly used in the Judeo-Christian tradition, the term applies to many different spirits and traditions.
Demonologist – A person who studies ghostly phenomena to determine if it is the work of a demon, rather than a ghost.
Discarnate – Another name for a ghost.
Disembodied Voice – An audible voice with no apparent source. It can be compared to an EVP, except an EVP is picked up on a recording device, and a disembodied voice is heard with your own ears as it happens.
Djinn (Jinn) - The word Djinn comes from the Arabic jinn, a plural noun that means either "demons or spirits" and also, "hidden from sight." The word genie shares the same Arabic root. An intelligent spirit of lower rank than the angels, able to appear in human and animal forms and to possess humans, described as being made of a smokeless fire.
Doppelganger– (1) An exact double or mirror image of a person which is considered to be very negative. (2) The spirit of a living person viewed by that person. Doppelgangers are seen as a bad omen, usually a sign of impeding death.
Dowsing – Locating objects by the use of a divining or dowsing rod.
Ectoplasm – Anything physical left behind by a ghost or other entity. Many believe that spirits use it to actually make themselves take some kind of physical form.
Ectoplasmic mist -- a physical substance that supposedly manifests as a result of "spiritual energy" or "psychic phenomenon". Ectoplasm is said to be associated with the formation of ghosts, and hypothesized to be an enabling factor in psycho kinesis.
Elementals – Spirits who watch over the (4) four elements of nature. Nature's angels, referred to by various names like Fairies, Elves, Devas, Brownies, Leprechauns, Gnomes, Sprites, Pixies and many others.
EMF's – Electromagnetic Field – These are both a natural and man-made physical field produced by electrically charged objects. It affects the behavior of charged objects in the vicinity of the field. The electromagnetic field extends indefinitely throughout space. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature (the others are gravitation, the weak interaction, and the strong interaction). EMF's can be caused by things like old or improper wiring. EMF's can cause a person to feel emotional distress's like claustrophobia, the feeling of being watched, nausea, headaches, skin irritation, or general uneasiness.
Empathic – A person who has the ability to feel the emotions of others, dead or alive.
Entity – a thing with distinct independent existence, being, separate, contained.
EVP's – Electronic Voice Phenomena – The capture of a voice or sound on a device such as a digital voice recorder or video recorder. These voices or sounds are only heard when listening to the recording and were not heard by the investigators or other people when the recording was being taken.
EVP Ears -- A sense of hearing state of mind where a person has listened to so many EVP's that they can hear things on tape much easier than most others.
Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) – Communication or perception by means other than physical senses.
Exorcism – The banishment of an entity or entities (spirits, ghosts and demons) that is thought to possess or haunt a location, person or animal. The ritual, which can be religious in nature, is conducted by an exorcist who will call upon a higher power to cast out any evil forces that may reside there.
Familiar – Any animal who is used by a witch for surveillance or for casting spells. A familiar can also be the witch in an animal's form.
Fear Cage – A confined area or room with a high EMF reading. This can cause hallucinations as well as headaches, body aches, nausea and paranoia. It is also thought to be an area conductive to strong paranormal activity.
Ghost – (1) A visual manifestation of a spirit or entity. (2) The residual energy of a person or animal which is visible in some form.
Ghostbuster -- A person who investigates a haunted location with the intent of contacting a ghost and "releasing it to the light", freeing it, removing it from that location.
Ghosthunter -- A person who studies paranormal phenomena in an attempt to understand the causes of that phenomena.
Ghost light(s) – Lights that are anomalous, usually seen at night. Most sightings have been in mountainous regions.
Ghoul – A demonic or parasitic entity that feeds upon human remains.
G.R.A.S.P.P. – Gathering Research And Stories of Paranormal Phenomena. A group of paranormal investigators. A group dedicated to honest research of paranormal events.
Haunting– (A) An interaction between the paranormal and the normal. (B) To inhabit or frequent as a specter; to visit as a ghost or apparition. In reference to paranormal investigation there are 3 types of haunting - 1) Residual, 2) Intelligent and 3) Poltergeist:
Residual – An event or manifestation (visual, sound, smell or any combination of) that will replay itself as if it were a recording, not being effected by any other surroundings.
Intelligent -- An event or manifestation that shows some sort of intelligence, able to interact or communicate with the investigator(s).
Poltergeist -- A ghost that manifests itself by noises, rapping's, and the creation of disorder.
Hellhound – A spectral death omen in the form of a ghostly dog. (See also: Black Shuck)
House Cleansing – is a ritual done to cleanse your home of any negative energies or spirits. This is usually done through a series steps including burning sage, incense, spreading sea salt about, and by chanting prayers. Methods differ with each individual depending on religious beliefs.
Incubus – (the male form of the demon) [See Succubus] Derived from medieval folklore; who seeks to impregnate unsuspecting women while they sleep.
Infestation – A haunting that implies multiple spirits or something demonic. The word is also associated with a rise in the intensity of a haunting.
Ignis Fatuus – A phosphorescent or spectral light that is alleged to be an indication of death. This phenomenon is thought to be caused by spontaneous combustion of gasses emitted by rotting organic matter.
Inhuman Spirit – A spirit that is not of human nature usually referred to as a poltergeist, demon or devil.
K2 Meter – A meter that is used for detecting weak Electromagnetic Fields (EMF). Ghosts (in theory) emit an electromagnetic field as they move about. This meter can detect the field. If the ghost is interactive, its movements can act as a response to a question being asked.
Living Ghosts -- 2 definitions – 1) When a person is visited by, and interacts with, a person, often a family member or close friend, at the moment that they die. The observer does not usually know at the time that the person has died and they often find out later that the visit took place at the exact time of death. 2) When a person is visited by a friend or family member who is alive but in need of help. They could be ill or suffering in some way and are making a psychic connection to help them get through the problem they're having.
Lucid Dreaming – A dream state in which one is awake enough to recognize that one is in the dream state and is then able to control the dreams events.
Manifestation - An event, action, or object that clearly shows or embodies something, especially a theory or an abstract idea. A sudden appearance of an apparition/ghost/spirit.
Marian Apparitions – Any event in which the Virgin Mary is seen.
Matrixing -- The minds ability to find something familiar in an image that it doesn't quite understand or recognize.
Medium – 1) A person thought to have the power to communicate with the spirits of the dead. 2) A person who can bring forth a ghost, allowing it to use their own body and voice.
Metaphysics – A field of study dedicated to the nature of reality and an individual's distance from it.
Mocking Of The Trinity – Belief that demons do things in three's to mock or ridicule the holy trinity (the father, the son, and the Holy Spirit). [Example; scratching someone in 3's, knocking or banging 3 times.]
Near Death Experience – (NDE) – The experiencing of temporary death or loss of biological life where the subject goes through an archetypal event.
Necromancy – Speaking to the dead, most frequently used to determine the future.
Night Terror – The sudden overwhelming of a person during a nightmare or unexplained nocturnal occurrence.
Obsession – The process by which a demon gains its initial access to a targeted human. The subject literally becomes obsessed with the demon.
Occultism – Is the study or practice of supernatural powers. Including magic, alchemy, extra-sensory perception, astrology, spiritualism, religion, and divination. The word "occult" is generally associated with secret knowledge and practices dealing with the supernatural or psychic phenomena, often used for personal gain. [Examples; Alchemy, Astrology, Automatic speaking, Calling up the dead, Clairvoyance, Demon worship, Fortune telling, Freemasonry, Horoscopes, Magic, Mediums, Omens, Ouija boards, Runes, Santeria, Spiritualism, Tarot cards, and Witchcraft.]
Omens - Is a phenomenon that is believed to portend a good or evil event or circumstance in the future, often signifying the advent of change.
Old Hag Syndrome – A nocturnal phenomena that involves a feeling of immobilization, suffocation, odd smells and/or feelings and is sometimes accompanied by strong feeling of fear.
Orbs – Orbs mean different thing to many people. Certain groups will totally omit orb evidence because it can be recreated. Still others believe that orbs are spirits trying to manifest themselves. Some believe that they are balls of energy used by spirits to manifest or even just balls of energy which are naturally in the atmosphere. In order to believe in orbs as evidence, some say that there are certain requirements they must have to be called an "Orb"…
Orbs must be spherical.
Orbs must generate their own light.
Orbs must show an intelligent flight path.
Some people believe that an orbs color is a key to the characteristic of that spirit…
Pink – openness
Red – stress, restlessness
Dark red – anger, pain, psychological impairment
Clear red – high energy
Peach – ability to comfort
Orange – healing energy
Gold – free flowing energy, tolerance
Yellow – caution
Yellow green – psychic growth
Green – healing, fertility
Turquoise – amusement, neutrality
Light blue – tranquility
Pilot light blue – shielding
Dark blue – shielding, shyness, survivor instinct
Lavender – at peace with God
Purple – stored information
Violet – seeking spiritual
White – high frequency, protection, shielding
Silver – telekinetic power
Brown – connection to the earth
Out-of-body-experience – Leaving one's body during an unexplained event, most times during a near death experience.
Paranormal – a general term that describes unusual experiences that lack an obvious scientific explanation or phenomena alleged to be outside of science's current ability to explain or measure.
Parapsychology – The study of phenomena, real or supposed, that appear to be inexplicable to presently accepted scientific theories.
Parapsychologist – A psychologist who studies the evidence of phenomena like clairvoyance, ghosts, psycho kinesis, telepathy.
Pendulum – A crystal or rock suspended from a chain; used for divination or spirit communication.
Phantom – Something that is seen, heard or sensed, but has no physical reality.
Phasmophobia/Spectophobia - Fear of ghosts.
Phenomena -- any observable occurrence. In popular usage, a phenomenon often refers to an extraordinary event.
Physical Mediumship – A form of mediumship in which the spirit communicates using both the physical energies and consciousness of the medium.
Planchette – A pointing device used in conjunction with a channeling board.
Poltergeist – A non-human spirit or entity which literally means "noisy ghost", but it is usually more malicious and destructive than the ghosts of a dead person. Traditionally, poltergeist activities are thumping and banging, levitating and / or moving of objects, stone throwing and starting fires. It is thought that poltergeist activity in some cases may be brought on subconsciously by an adolescent or females under the age of 25.
Possession – The result of a demonic attack where a demon may take complete control of its victim for an unknown purpose.
Precursor Noise – Any noise or signal recorded during an EVP signaling the beginning of a communication.
Preternatural – Phenomena caused by inhuman spirits considered possessed of a negative, diabolical intelligence.
Progression Hypnotherapy – The act of visiting past lives through the use of hypnosis.
Prophets - In religion, a prophet is an individual who is claimed to have been contacted by the supernatural or god to speak for them. The message that the prophet expresses is called a prophecy.
Provocation – is an action or speech that deliberately makes someone annoyed or angry to elicit a particular response or reflex. It is a highly controversial manner to communicate with spirits among the paranormal community.
PSI – A term used to describe psychic ability or power.
Psychic – A person who has the ability to perceive things that can't be perceived by normal use of the senses.
Psychokinesis– The ability to move objects using only one's mind.
Radio Voice Phenomenon (RVP) – Receiving the voice of a deceased person through a regular radio.
Remote Viewing – Used by some psychics, this is a procedure in which the percipient or psychic attempts to become physically aware of the experience of an agent who is at a distant, unknown location through ESP.
Residual Haunting – A term used to describe a spirit that is trapped in a continuous emotional loop in a specific location.
Rods Phenomenon - are said to be flying creatures, from a few inches to a few feet in length, which are invisible to humans, but visible to cameras.
Seer – a person able to see the future through supernatural insight.
Sensitive – a person uses extra-sensory abilities to detect spirits.
Shadow People -- (also known as shadow men, shadow folk, or shadow beings) are supernatural shadow-like creatures of both modern folklore and traditional Native American beliefs. According to folklore, they appear as dark forms in the peripheries of people's vision and disintegrate, or move between walls, when noticed. Reports of shadow people occupy a similar position in the popular consciousness to ghost sightings, but differ in that shadow people are not reported as having human features, wearing modern/period clothing, or attempting to communicate. Some individuals have described being menaced, chased, or in some rare instances, attacked by shadow people. There have also been reports of shadow people appearing in front of witnesses and lingering for several seconds before disappearing. Witnesses report that encounters are typically accompanied by a feeling of dread.
Shaman – A member of certain tribal societies who acts as a medium between the visible world and an invisible spirit world and who also practices magic or sorcery for purposes of healing, divination and control over other natural events.
Sixth Sense - A term used to describe psychic ability or psi.
Sleep Paralysis - A temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or upon waking. Commonly mistaken for a paranormal phenomenon.
Specter – A ghostly apparition; a phantom (See Ghost).
Spectrophilia – is a phenomenon and a fetish, depending on how the term is being used. The fetish is a sexual attraction to ghosts. The phenomenon is sexual encounters between ghosts and humans. Willing or non-willing. (See Incubus/Succubus)
Spirit – The living essence or soul of a person which remains after the body has died. Some people believe that spirits can and do communicate with the living. Using visual means, emotional impressions or physically moving or touching people or objects.
Spirit Rapper – Mediums who communicate with spirits through knocks on a table.
Spiritualist – A person who believes that the living can contact the spirits of the dead to seek their guidance or advice.
Spiritual Guide – A spirit that watches over a living person & offers wisdom or guidance. Some may refer to one as a guardian angel.
Spirit Manifestation – A manifestation is when a spirit gathers enough energy to form a visual object which can be seen or recorded. In order for a spirit to manifest itself, it will gather energy from things like batteries in recording devices, people (sometimes causing the person to feel nauseous or dizzy), or the surrounding environment itself causing cold spots that can be felt or detected.
Succubus – (female form of a demon) [See Incubus] Derived from medieval folklore; A women able to change her appearance to seduce men while they sleep to steal their seed. She feeds on their energy. Draining the male until exhaustion or death. This legend was an explanation for the phenomena of wet dreams and sleep paralysis.
Supernatural – Activity caused by any force or agent that is not part of the physical, earthly realm.
Synchronicity – a term coined by Carl Jung meaning "meaningful coincidences." The simultaneous occurrence of events that appear significantly related but have no discernible causal connection.
Table Tipping – One of the original forms of spiritualist ghost communication where the responses of the spirit are related through the movement of a table or similar device.
Telepathy – Communication from one mind to another through means other than the senses.
Time Slip– A displacement where the witness experiences a different time, usually while in the same place.
Trance Mediumship – a form of mediumship in which the medium shares there energy with a spirit through the use of a trance.
Trigger Objects – is an object, or person, believed to be familiar or cherished by an entity to elicit a response.
Urban Legend – Any story told as having happened to a friend of a friend. Many reported haunting are recycled urban legends.
Vortex – An anomaly that appears as a funnel or rope-like image in photographs. These images are sometimes thought to represent ghosts, collections of orbs or gateways which travel to a wormhole in time-space.
White Noise – An acoustical or electrical noise of which the intensity is the same at all frequencies within a given band.
Witching Hour (or Dead Time) – 3am is an inversion of 3pm and that is considered to be the Miracle Hour. Three AM is also supposed be mockery of the holy trinity in which Jesus of Nazareth was crucified. Believed to be when creatures such as witches, demons, and ghosts are their most powerful. Many believe that the hours of 11pm to 3am are the prime times to investigate the paranormal for these reasons.
Wraith– Scottish word for "ghost" or "spirit," It usually is used to refer to a rather unpleasant and grotesque version of a human ghost seen before or shortly after their death. A Wraith is similar to the grim reaper but they have a different connotation.
Xenoglossy – The ability to write or speak in a language not known.
When we first started GRASPP, we really didn't know a lot about what we were getting into. Over the years we managed to learn the skills and tech involved in paranormal research. We also picked up on a lot of the lingo that you hear in the field. We felt it would be helpful to others seeking answers so we put together this of terms and phrases for everyone to reference as needed.
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All Rights Reserved.Please do not copy/re-post without written permission from Gathering Research And Stories of Paranormal Phenomena LLC.
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Boots have launched their Christmas shop. Their online Christmas event starts today and finishes tomorrow at midnight offering £10 worth of points for every £60 you spend online. Don't forget the 3 for 2 mix and match on Christmas gifts too.
The mid-season sale at Debenhams has started online today and in store tomorrow. There is up to half price on selected clothes for the family, home and toys. If you place your order today (30th Sept) you get free delivery with code SH08.
BHS have up to 30% off everything, available online today and in store tomorrow. If you place order today (30th Sept) you'll get free delivery.
The M&S sale now has up to 60% off selected items.
M&Co have an extra 20% yellow ticketed items in their mid season sale. There is free delivery on orders over £80.
La Redoute have also started their mid season sale with up to 50% off until 11th October.


text: Disclosure: I'm part of the Netflix Canada Stream Team, and I receive products and perks throughout the year. All opinions are my own.A few weeks ago I received a surprise email, inviting me to apply to become a member of the 2017 Stream Team. I accepted of course, and received a fabulous Welcome to the Canada Stream Team package. My family … [Read more...]


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Twice-daily BELVIQ® and once-daily BELVIQ XR® may help you lose weight and keep it off.
BELVIQ and BELVIQ XR work by targeting a hunger receptor in the brain to help you feel full sooner. The precise way BELVIQ and BELVIQ XR produce feelings of satisfaction is not fully understood.
BELVIQ/BELVIQ XR is an FDA-approved prescription weight-loss medication that, when used with diet and exercise, can help some adults (body mass index [BMI] ≥27 kg/m2) living with extra weight, with a weight-related medical problem, or adults living with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2), lose weight and keep it off. It is not known if BELVIQ/BELVIQ XR when taken with other prescription, over-the-counter, or herbal weight-loss products is safe and effective. It is not known if BELVIQ/BELVIQ XR changes your risk of heart problems, stroke, or death due to heart problems or stroke.
BELVIQ/BELVIQ XR is a federally controlled substance (CIV) because it may be abused or lead to drug dependence.
For more information about BELVIQ/BELVIQ XR talk to your Healthcare Provider and see the full Product Information.
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit www.fda.gov/medwatch or call 1-800-FDA-1088.


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The evolution of airplanes and living beings follow a similar path, according to a new study published in the Journal of Applied Physics. Of course, technological development has taken place faster than the biological evolution, but they follow a similar pattern. Any technological advancement in the airplane that didn't fit the pattern has failed. The now-retired supersonic passenger jet Concorde is a fine example of failed design.
Airplanes have evolved to increase efficiency
Adrian Bejan, professor of mechanical engineering at the Duke University and lead author of the study, said in a news release that airplanes from airplanes from propeller-driven DC-3s to Boeing 787s have evolved to boost efficiency. The study also outlines how manufacturers can improve designs, and make airplanes more fuel-efficient.
Bejan proposed the constructal law in 1996. He says the airplane designs follow the law he explained about 20 years ago. The law states that a system must evolve to improve its "access to flow" in order to survive. For instance, the vascular system in our body has evolved over time to provide blood access to flow from large arteries to smaller capillaries. Researchers claim that everything around us, including tree branches, river systems, and modern highways, follow the same law.
Same design features could be seen in airplanes and large animals
Researchers said that good airplane designs could be plotted on a graph, and they show a specific pattern of evolution. Through more than 100 years of airplane development, engine mass remains proportional to the plane's body size. The wing span has also remained proportional to the length of the airplane's fuselage.
Bejan said you could observe the same design features in any large land animal. Bigger animals travel farther distances and have larger lifespans, just like passenger airplanes have been designed. The ratio of the engine to aircraft size is similar to the ratio of an animal's body size to its heart, muscles and lungs. Researchers plotted thousands of statistics to conduct this study.
The Concorde failed because of its design. It was small, had short wings and a long fuselage. It also had poor fuel economy and huge engines.


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The UN Security Council today strongly condemned North Korea's recent ballistic missile launches and expressed serious concern over Pyongyang's "increasingly destabilising behaviour." The strong condemnation came in a US-drafted statement that was unanimously approved by the council despite US tensions with China over Washington's deployment of an advanced missile defence system in South Korea. The council described the missile tests as a "grave violation" of UN resolutions barring North Korea from developing missile technology and vowed to "take further significant measures." Council members will hold an emergency meeting today at the request of the United States and Japan to discuss the launches of four missiles that North Korea said were part of a training exercise for a strike on US bases in Japan. Three of missiles fired on Monday came down in waters close to Japan.
Watch What Else Is Making News:
Council members said in the statement that North Korea's activities "increase tension in the region and beyond as well as the risk of a regional arms race." The United States circulated the draft statement ahead of the meeting as tensions were rife with China over the US move to deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (THAAD) missile defence system.
The US Pacific Command said Monday that the Americans had begun deploying the THAAD system to South Korea, which is designed to defend the US ally from a North Korean attack. China responded that it was "firmly opposed" to the deployment and vowed to "resolutely take necessary measures" to defend its security interests.
China, a permanent council member and Pyongyang's main ally, has argued that deployment of the THAAD would further destabilise the situation on the Korean peninsula. The council has imposed six sets of sanctions on North Korea — two of which were adopted last year to significantly ramp up measures and deny Kim Jong-Un's regime hard currency revenue.
A recent report by a UN panel of experts said North Korea was resorting to ingenious ways to circumvent sanctions by setting up front companies, notably in China and Malaysia. The report raised questions about China's commitment to implement sanctions against North Korea. The council called on all UN member-states to redouble their efforts to ensure that they comply with the sanctions resolutions.


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Meeting Announcement: NDCC and Ward Organizational Meeting (Election of officers)/
Tuesday, April 29, 7:00 to 9:00 pm, Newton South High School, Brandeis Road in Newton
Every two years the NDCC and its ward committees convene to elect its citywide and ward-level officers. The 2014 organizational meetingh is meeting is open to all. Only members of Ward Committees may vote or run for citywide or ward committee office. Proceedings for Ward Committees will take place at 7:00 pm. The NDCC reorganization will begin at 7:30 pm.