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[ccpw id="6606″]
(Updates with details from Brazil, Mexico, NAFTA) BUENOS AIRES/SAO PAULO, Sept 6 (Reuters) - Argentine equities and the peso currency jumped on Thursday, driven by growing optimism about talks between the government and International Monetary Fund to shore up the country's finances, though traders warned the gains were fragile. Late on Wednesday, Argentina's economy minister voiced "enormous confidence" about clinching a new deal with the IMF to secure early disbursements from a $50 billion standby loan agreement approved in June. On Thursday, IMF spokesman Gerry Rice said the two sides were making progress in the talks and hoped "to conclude as rapidly as possible." The sanguine tone helped Argentina's MerVal stock index close up 4.13 percent, its second consecutive day firmly in the black, after a rocky start to the week. The peso closed up by almost 3 percent. But traders were quick to warn that any lasting improvement in the mood of the local market depended on a tangible short-term resolution to the IMF talks. "Despite some rebounds, it would be premature to interpret it as a change in the current complex environment, given that investors are still awaiting the result of the IMF negotiations," said Gustavo Ber, economist at Buenos Aires consultancy Estudio Ber. Across the region, equities markets generally posted light to moderate gains. In Brazil, traders took heart in a Thursday Supreme Court decision rejecting jailed leftist former President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva's latest appeal to be allowed to run for president. A key poll released late on Wednesday showed his likely stand-in, Fernando Haddad, with little support, and market-friendly candidates such as centrist Geraldo Alckmin gaining ground. The Bovespa closed up nearly 1.8 percent. The index's biggest gainer was highway operator Ecorodovias Infraestrutura e Logistica SA, which climbed 8.4 percent after analysts at Morgan Stanley raised their recommendation on the stock to 'overweight' from 'underweight.' Still, there was shock in Brazil when the front-running far-right presidential candidate Jair Bolsonaro was stabbed while campaigning on Thursday, and was reported to be in a serious condition and undergoing surgery. Mexico's peso closed up more than 0.8 percent, as trade talks between the United States and Canada aimed at reworking the NAFTA trade deal continued in Washington. Key Latin American stock indexes and currencies at 2200 GMT: Stock indexes Latest Daily YTD pct pct change change MSCI Emerging Markets 1,021.72 -1.77 -11.8 MSCI LatAm 2,380.08 -0.33 -15.84 Brazil Bovespa 76,416.01 1.76 0.02 Mexico IPC 48,711.85 0.24 -1.30 Argentina MerVal 29,957.50 4.13 -0.36 Colombia IGBC 11,992.39 -0.98 5.47 Chile IPSA 5,169.52 0.62 -7.10 Currencies Latest Daily YTD pct pct change change Brazil real 4.1042 0.95 -19.27 Mexico peso 19.1795 0.82 2.71 Chile peso 689 -0.17 -10.79 Colombia peso 3,083 0.45 -3.27 Peru sol 3.323 -0.15 -2.59 Argentina peso (interbank) 37.8000 2.86 -50.24 (Reporting by Jorge Otaola and Gram Slattery; Editing by Lisa Shumaker)
Our Standards:The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.


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Although Amazon has remained tight lipped around the number of Kindle Fires both preordered and expected to sell (after the first 5 days) the analysts have been blabbing away. Tomorrow when Amazon reveals their third quarter numbers they are expected to remain mum on the number of new Android tablets sold.
However analysts, even from top shelf firms like JP Morgan, see it as a real possibility to sell through 5 million Kindle Fires before the end of the year. JP Morgan's Douglas Anmuth said in a research report Monday that after taking 95,000 pre-orders in the first 24 hours and then 250,000 in the first five days, Anmuth thinks 5 million is attainable. He goes on to suggest that the Kindle Fire may outsell the iPad based on sheer pricing alone.
More after the break
Amazon is reportedly taking an unofficial undisclosed loss on each Kindle Fire sold. They are hoping to recoup the loss in selling media downloads, books, apps and more in their online conduits like the Kindle store, Amazon Android App Store, and other connected online Amazon services.
Like the Barnes and Noble Nook, the Kindle Fire is a stand alone device that is loosly built on Android but has it's own custom user interface featuring the new Silk browser that has already gone under fire of the US Government.
As Phonearena suggests, should Amazon hit that 5 million unit figure it will have an install base equal to almost all of the Android Honeycomb tablets on the market.
source: Phonearena

subset: commoncrawl


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Heather Amos is the Kindergarten teacher at Redeemer Lutheran School. Heather graduated in 2018 with a degree in Elementary Education and a minor in English at Indiana University Kokomo. She was selected as Outstanding Student Teacher of Elementary for 2018. She student taught at North Miami Elementary in second grade. She taught her practicum classes in: kindergarten, first, third, and fourth grade. Heather previously graduated with her associates degrees in both General Education and Education at Ivy Tech Kokomo in May and December of 2014. She has previously substitute taught Kindergarten through twelfth grades for Oak Hill Schools.
Mrs. Amos lives in Wabash, Indiana on a fourth-generation farm. She has been married for fifteen years to Brian Amos, a controls engineer. Her three children are: Logan (17), Skylar (14), and Audrey (12). Her family attends Faith Baptist Church where she leads youth group and runs sound with her husband for her church family. She is the daughter of the music minister at her church and often sings special music. Heather enjoys gardening, cooking, reading, and traveling in the summer.
Heather's favorite Bible verse is, "Be strong and courageous and do not be afraid for the Lord your God will be with you wherever you go." Joshua 1:9.


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Sex Education in North Carolina: The Basic Facts Robin Pittman, MS, CHES Senior Health Educator "Isn't my child too young to learn about periods?" …
Cycle Smart: 5 Bike and Pedestrian Safety Tips for Everyone Alexa DeFalco, NC State University field experience student at the Poe Center With summer …
Proper storage of medicine, alcohol, and firearms keeps kids safe. Rebecca Wenrich Wheeler, MA, MEd, CSAPC – Health Educator June is National Safety Month, …
Adults are the Ultimate Protective Factor: The Value of Supportive Conversations with Youth Rebecca Wenrich Wheeler, MA, MEd, CSAPC – Health Educator Did you …
Alcohol Awareness Month: Underage Drinking Virginia Johnson, CSAPC – Substance Use Prevention Director The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence declared April as Alcohol Awareness …
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Things are always changing!
We will be adding more guests very soon. Keep checking the website or our facebook event page for all the details as they come in. In the mean time check out some of the music from the already announced guests or trust the team and just get in to buy your tickets!


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Password for "Kick-Ass and the Hopeless Stupidity of American Moviegoers"
May 10th, 2010 by Weber
Here's something you don't see every day: a blog entry that is password protected but the writer gives away the password.
The reason is that the other post has some language and ideas that don't exactly pass the "all ages" litmus test. It's nothing too bad, just kind of shocking and a little more in-your-face than kids need to be reading. Adults, sure. Actually, it's just the stuff adults should read and think about.
So, to make you responsible for your decision to read the article, it is accessible only by typing or pasting the following into the box:
This way, whoever reads it has done so actively. This way nobody can claim, "It was on my screen and I couldn't look away in time to not have my feelings hurt."
(p.s. — Since the next post down is password protected, there doesn't seem to be a way for readers to add comments. If you've got something to say about the article, add the comments to this post. Yeah, it's confusing, but if you're reading this blog, you're smart enough to figure it out. Right! bjw)
Posted in Editorials, Movies, Weridness | 1 Comment »
One Response
deg Says:
May 13th, 2010 at 12:47 pm
I wanna have my feelings hurt, so where's the place I type the password in?
Stupid monkeys.
peace & bananas | deg


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Monday 14 January 201918.30 to 19.30
Join the UCL Yoga and Meditation Club for some new taster sessions to kick-start term 2 and the new year! If you missed us during fresher's fortnight, are looking to do some yoga, or are just interested in trying something different, now is the chance. These taster sessions will cater to both beginner and intermediate/advanced yogis, giving you a chance to explore what UCL Yoga is all about. The classes are open to members and non-members and is a great opportunity to see if Yoga is something you enjoy.
Created: Thu, 03/01/2019 - 17:25
Last updated: Wed, 09/01/2019 - 09:53


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Awesome New 3 Bedroom Condo with Amazing Manitowish Lake Views
Winchester, Wisconsin, United States
Property ID: NDJ5CK0M
Posted On: 05/15/2015
Cancellation: Flexible
Check In: 12:00 am
Check Out: 12:00 am
(0 Reviews) 0/5
Entire home
10 Guests
3 Bedrooms
3 Beds
Beautiful Brand New 3 Bedroom, 2 Bathroom Condo #2 on Manitowish Lake, on the Manitowish Chain of 10 Lakes (4200 acres of lakes). Hickory Floors, Knotty Alder Cabinets, Kitchen With Breakfast Bar and Dining Room Table (With 2 Extra Leaves) Seat 10-12! Cozy Living Room with Leather Couch, Flat Screen TV, DirecTV, and Freestanding Vermont Castings Gas Stove. Three Bedrooms Upstairs Sleep 8 in Beds. New Plush Carpet in Bedrooms. Washer and Dryer. Stunning Lake Views from Living Room, Kitchen/Dining Room and Two Master Bedrooms. Third Bedroom Has Great Woods View. Condo is Located Very Close to Lake, with Huge Upper and Lower Decks. Private Steps to Lake and Private Permanent Pier. Watch Beavers, Eagles, Loons, Turtles, Ducks, and More Wildlife Right from the Dock. Sand Frontage Great for Swimming, Canoeing, Tubing, Kayaking, Waterskiing, Fishing. Boating is the Prime Attraction in the Summer-- With 10 Connected Lakes You Can Get to the Beach, Restaurants, and the Ski Show all by Water! Swingset and Slide for the Kids, Private Firepit with Chairs. Propane Grill for Dinners 'in.' Library, Airport, Playground, and Tennis Courts 2 Miles Away. Greer's Pier Boat Launch and Marina is Located Conveniently Across the Street, Where You Can Rent Pontoon Boats etc. Bike Trails and Hiking Nearby. The North Lakeland Discovery Center has 63 acres within the Northern Highlands state forest. With 12 Miles of Hiking, Biking, Groomed Cross Country Skiing, and Snowshoe Trails, You'll See Large Pine and Maple Forests, Bogs and Lakes and Great Views of the Manitowish River. You Can Also Kayak, Canoe and Fish on Statehouse Lake. Naturalists on Staff Offer Learning Adventures/Programs for Adults, Family and Kids. Manitowish Waters is Also a Great Destination in the Fall. Hunting and Hiking, Awesome Fall Colors. Manitowish Waters is Also Known for its Cranberry Harvest. Many of the Local Cranberry Growers Offer Marsh Tours. Great Winter Getaway Also, Just South of Indianhead, Blackjack, Whitecap and Powderhorn Downhill Ski resorts in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Manitowish Waters is one of the Most Popular Snowmobile Destinations in Northern Wisconsin! Condo is Conveniently Located Directly on the Snowmobile Trails! Great Cross Country Skiing Trails are Nearby, and Snowshoeing on the Lake and Nearby Woods is Great! Plenty of Snow for Everyone. Great Location, Easy to Get to, Just 25 Minutes North of Minocqua, and 3 1/2 Hours Straight North of Madison. On Hwy 51, Just 4 Minutes by Car to Downtown Manitowish Waters. Take the Boat out to Eat at Several Great Restaurants/Taverns, to Cruise all 10 Beautiful Lakes, or to Town. More Pictures and Details Available.
No ammenities were listed for this property.
Vacation Type
No vacation types were listed for this property.
Additional Features
- Bed Type
- Real bed
- Bathrooms
- 2
- Pets Allowed
- No
- Base Price
- $165.00
- Additional Guest
- No Additional Cost
- Minimum Stay
- 2 nights
- Maximum Stay
- No Maximum
House Rules
No house rules available


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Mon, 26 October 2015
So, what happens when you finish up your education and step out into the world ready to start a career as an anthropologist, only to find…you actually don't like digging in the dirt? Well, if you're entrepreneur Danielle Watson, you take your background in cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and archaeology, and turn it into a one-of-a-kind coaching business! The Purse Process is Danielle's unique approach to getting to the core of what her clients truly value and helping them to "turn their personal quirks into high-value professional assets." Proof that what makes you stand out, what makes you different, even weird, may very well be what leads you to success! For tools and guidance to help you find the work you love, get our FREE 8-day "Figure it Out" course at http://happentoyourcareer.com/figureitout!
Direct download: htyc097.mp3
Category:Careers -- posted at: 1:00am PDT
Mon, 19 October 2015
So, what does success look like for you? Will you know when you've reached it? What will you do afterwards?
Aaron Walker has attained tremendous success by all measures. He has built and sold some of the most successful businesses in the Nashville area. But he was looking for something more and when friends Dave Ramsey and Dan Miller coaxed him into speaking and coaching, he knew he'd found it. He'd found significance. Aaron shares his journey with us and shows us that attaining success is not the end goal and that happiness is a choice. For help finding the work that brings you meaning, enroll in our FREE 8-day course at http://happentoyourcareer.com/figureitout!
Direct download: htyc096.mp3
Category:Careers -- posted at: 1:00am PDT
Mon, 12 October 2015
Failure happens. The common wisdom these days seems to be just to build it into the plan from the start. Make 50 sales calls, expecting 49 No's to get to the 1 Yes. Right? Well, how different might things be if we just expected success instead? Jesse Tevelow is the author of The Connection Algorithm: Take Risks, Defy the Status Quo, and Live Your Passions. He makes the case that expecting success from the get go, being prepared for failure (but not planning FOR it), can actually push us further, make us work harder, and attain way more than we'd ever imagined! For help finding the work you're passionate about, enroll in our FREE 8-day course at http://happentoyourcareer.com/figureitout!
Direct download: HTYC095.mp3
Category:Careers -- posted at: 1:00am PDT
Mon, 5 October 2015
Interviews, public speaking, sales pitches - these can be intimidating. Most people don't really look forward to them. That's a given. But, would it help if you had a proven strategy for summoning the confidence you know you need to get the results you want? Michael Port is the author of Book Yourself Solid, Beyond Book Yourself Solid, Book Yourself Solid Illustrated, The Contrarian Effect, and The Think Big Manifesto and has been called an "uncommonly honest author" by the Boston Globe. His latest book, Steal the Show: From Speeches to Job Interviews to Deal-Closing Pitches, How to Guarantee a Standing Ovation for All the Performances in Your Life, is all about learning to play the right role for every situation, motivating, informing, and persuading others, just by being yourself! If "All the world is a stage", why not write your own part? For tools and exercises to help you find the work you were meant to do, enroll in our FREE 8-day "Figure it Out" course at http://happentoyourcareer.com/figureitout!
Direct download: htyc094.mp3
Category:Careers -- posted at: 1:00am PDT


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A recent poll that has been run on BroadbandWatchdog.co.uk has found that 56% of broadband users who took part are looking to change their broadband provider in 2011.
The poll that we ran asked "Do you think you will change broadband provider in 2011?"
Mark Ward from BroadbandWatchdog.co.uk said:
"Having over half of broadband customers looking to change their provider in 2011 is good to hear. Customers need to keep shopping around to get the best broadband deals available to them as not all broadband providers will upgrade existing customers to the latest deals and pricing plans automatically."
Since people started their current broadband deal prices and offers are likely to have changed, switching broadband providers may bring some great new introductory offers available. The cost of broadband isn't the most important factor though according to the results of one of our previous surveys ("Reliable broadband" the most important factor when choosing a broadband provider) where only 10.8% of broadband customers put Cost as the most important factor when choosing a broadband provider.
In the previous poll we ran it was "broadband reliability" and "broadband speed" that were the most important factors so we could perhaps take this latest poll as suggesting that customers are not finding their current broadband providers offer broadband that is reliable enough or fast enough.
With fibre broadband starting to get rolled out across the UK from BT who are aiming to cover 66% of the UK and Virgin Media already having a fibre optic cable network that they are looking to extend to cover half of the UK this could be an added incentive to prompt many customers to switch from standard ADSL broadband connections to faster more reliable fibre broadband connections. Added to the fact that BT and cable provider Virgin Media are working hard to get customers to sign up to their own fibre packages we are likely to see some very good deals put on offer for customers.
764 broadband users took part in the survey that has been run on the www.broadbandwatchdog.co.uk website for the last couple of weeks.


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McClean, Stephen and Hagan, William (2009) Labs, Camera, Action! UK Centre for Bioscience Bulletin, 27 . p. 9. [Journal article]
- Published Version
Indefinitely restricted to Repository staff only.
URL: http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/resources/bulletin.aspx
|Item Type:
|Journal article
|video sharing, chemistry, laboratory classes
|Faculties and Schools:
|Faculty of Life and Health Sciences > School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science
Faculty of Life and Health Sciences > School of Biomedical Sciences
Faculty of Life and Health Sciences
|Research Institutes and Groups:
|Biomedical Sciences Research Institute
Biomedical Sciences Research Institute > Diabetes
|ID Code:
|Deposited By:
|Prof Stephen McClean
|Deposited On:
|18 Aug 2015 08:30
|Last Modified:
|18 Aug 2015 08:30
Repository Staff Only: item control page


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Five Minutes With :: Rosanna Bowles
Yesterday I had the pleasure of spending some time with the charming Rosanna Bowles - legendary dish designer. Rosanna is a Northwest gal; raised in Portland, a graduate of U of Oregon (boo), and now a Seattle resident (she actually lives about five minutes from me). I love that she has built her business in the Pacific Northwest and continues to grow and expand internationally.
I had so much fun with her - it's such a pleasure to speak with women who have grown a business, raised a family, and lived to tell about it - succeeded even. Plus, one of her daughters just graduated from Brown and my sister is at RISD, so we had Providence restaurants to bond over.
What are your favorite things to cook?
Pie. My dream retirement job, if I had to have a job, would be to open a pie shop and make my mom's pies. I'd call it "Pat's Pies." Her pies were legend and it would be a way to pass on her legacy. (See After School Wild Blackberry Pie in Rosanna's book, Coming Home. Page 134)
Do you craft?
Define craft... (laughs). Actually, I'm famous for my daughters birthday invitations. Every year I hand make their invitations, well everything really, the favors, decorations, everything, and they are all theme oriented. My oldest daughters birthday is in just a few days and I've been gathering photos of each year. We've done Marie Antoinette, "Project 43rd Street," the Sound of Music. It's so much fun.
Whom do you admire?
(I almost didn't ask this because I already could guess the answer)
My mother. My mother was an amazing woman. She was part of the Greatest Generation; she went through World War II, the depression, she lost her brother in Korea, and was still a self made woman. She watched Julia Child religiously on PBS - even took notes in her journal. She grew up in the midwest and knew basic cooking, but my dad was a New Yorker, so she learned to cook Italian food too. She was my role model and the most nurturing woman. She nurtured through cooking and homemaking. This book is my way of keeping her alive.
What advice do you have for an entrepreneur?
If you follow your bliss then life will be balanced and you will be fine. If you aren't, you'll know. Something will suffer. Listen to your inner voice and find balance. Also, you can't do everything so learn to delegate. Don't be all things - don't take on all things - there are people out there who can help you.
Thank you for your time Rosanna - a lovely afternoon with a lovely woman.


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So I just went to the midnight showing of the last Harry Potter film that will ever be made. It's the end of an era, for sure. And yes, let's get this out of the way: I basically enjoyed it. But I have to admit, I didn't feel the magic as much as I expected to.
Art, in my opinion, is best when it says something about the human experience. And when a film reflects real life (either directly or abstractly) in a poignant, powerful way, you can tell the difference. You can feel the magic in it.
The film we saw eight months ago, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1," had genuine magic in it. The scene where Hermione dances with Harry in a tent in the wilderness is my absolute favorite scene in the entire film series. It's emotionally engaging. It develops the characters. I got a real sense of sadness, hope, friendship, and fear from that moment. All of that was achieved without any flashing lights or magic words - even without any dialogue or camera tricks. Now that is good cinema.
Witchcraft and wands are great fun and all, but there's something to be said about how the most emotionally powerful moment in over nineteen hours of footage is a scene in which two magical folks do something that any Muggle could do: dance.
At any rate, this new film, "Part 2," finishes off the Deathly Hallows story and the entire Harry Potter saga with essentially two hours of climax. So perhaps there's no more time for character development because they already did that eight months ago when they filmed the first half of the book. But that's a poor excuse. I really should have felt something more. I really wanted to feel something more. As much as I liked the movie, I wanted to love it, and I felt like I couldn't.
People died left and right in this film. There are a lot of casualties in the final battle. But I felt nothing, even when looking death straight in the face. What's worse, it seemed like many of the characters felt nothing as well. There were brief periods of mourning, and then the film moved on eagerly, trying as hard as it could to be an action movie.
The only death in the movie that really got an emphatic reaction out of the audience was the death of a villain. I saw no tears in the theater when heroes laid down their lives, but I heard plenty of jeers, cheers, and laughter when [SPOILER ALERT] Voldemort [/SPOILER] was defeated. Is that something to be proud of? That the strongest feeling we got out of this experience (or at least, the feeling we most strongly expressed) was a celebration of killing?
That sort of thing is excusable, if you're a mindless action movie. But isn't Harry Potter supposed to be more than mindless action and explosions? Isn't it supposed to be an epic drama about love, friendship, sacrifice, and courage?
I offer a disclaimer: I haven't read all of the books yet. Therefore I have had to look at these films with a sort of unique perspective. My concern is that most of them refuse to stand on their own two feet. Instead of developing their characters and asking us to care about life and death, they would rather assume their audience is already in love with the characters. If they assume that work has already been done, it gives them more time to focus on pretty effects and things blowing up.
I'm not entirely disappointed, but I'm certainly underwhelmed. Believe me, there are plenty of pretty effects and things blowing up. Plenty of "magic," in one sense of the word. But to this Muggle, it all just didn't feel magical enough.
There's no more magic in 'Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Pt 2.'
So I just went to the midnight showing of the last Harry Potter film that will ever be made. It's the end of an era, for sure. And yes, let's get this out of the way: I basically enjoyed it. But I have to admit, I didn't feel the magic as much as I expected to.


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Russian President Vladimir Putin thinks U.S. President Barack Obama would save him if he were drowning. And on Friday, Obama cleared up any doubt — he said he "absolutely" would help Putin.
"I absolutely would save Mr. Putin if he were drowning," Obama told reporters Friday morning in South Korea. "I would like to think that if anyone is out there drowning, I will save them. I used to be a pretty good swimmer — I grew up in Hawaii. Though a little out of practice."
Putin received the strange question from a 6-year-old girl during an annual televised call-in with the nation last week. He said he thought despite the lack of a personal relationship with Obama and recent, escalating tensions over the Ukraine crisis, Obama was a "courageous" man who would save him.
"I don't want to be drowning!" Putin said, according to a translation by Russia Today. "I don't think I have a close personal relationship with Obama. I think Obama is courageous and a good person, and for sure he would save me."
The personal relationship between Putin and Obama has deteriorated over Obama's second term in office. Conflicting positions various issues — from the Syrian civil war, to the asylum of former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden, to the current situation in Ukraine — have strained relations between the U.S. and Russia.
Obama made the more lighthearted comments on Friday as he continued to stress more Russian sanctions were "teed up." On Thursday, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry provided Russia with an ultimatum of sorts, warning more sanctions were on their way if Russia did not start complying with the deal reached in Geneva, Switzerland, last week designed to de-escalate the conflict.
Obama said he was disappointed on Friday that in his second term, Putin has "had an increasing tendency to view the world through a Cold War prism and to see Russia's interests as invariably in conflict with the West."
"I disagree with him with what's in Russia's interest, but he's the president of that country," Obama said.


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McKeta hard-nosed running style led Owens' 1959 and 1960 UW teams to Rose Bowl victories. The 180-pound halfback was named the Huskies' most inspirational player in both seasons, and also earned AP All-Coast and All-Big-Five honors.
Today, Sander is tied for third for most USGA Championship wins among all golfers, winning her first U.S. Women's Amateur in 1958. An Everett native, she appeared in eight Curtis Cups for the U.S. and is a member of the Pacific Northwest Golf Association Hall of Fame.
Muncey remains arguably the greatest hydroplane racer in history, named Sports Star of the Year after driving the Century 21 hydroplane, named for the Seattle World's Fair, to five major wins in 1962. After accumulating 62 victories and eight Gold Cup wins, his career was cut short by a fatal crash in the final heat of a World Championship race in 1981.
Sternberg won the 1963 NCAA pole vault title for UW and set a new world record with a jump of 16 feet 8 inches. Less than a month after setting that mark, an awkward landing during practice at UW left Sternberg paralyzed and confined to a wheelchair, but he fought to live a long life until 2013.
Whittaker made history by becoming the first American to reach the summit of Mt. Everest in 1963, planting a U.S. flag at the highest peak in the world. The Seattle native prepared for the daunting task with 53 ascents up Mt. Rainier. He also acted as REI's CEO during the 1960's.
One of the last great two-way football players at the University of Washington, Redman led the Huskies to a 1964 Rose Bowl appearance during his All-American career as a linebacker and guard. Redman went on to play nine seasons with the San Diego Chargers, and was the team's punter in his first three seasons. He is a College Football Hall of Fame inductee.
In 19 years as the head football coach at Seattle Prep, Goodwin went 114-44-13 and powered his team to a No. 1 ranking in the state in two seasons. He served in the U.S. military during World War II and joined the UW coaching staff in 1966.
A 20-year boxing veteran, Cotton competed in 83 professional fights and suffered just 19 defeats. He challenged for the light-heavyweight title twice, most notably losing a controversial 15-round decision to José Torres in 1966.
Lanman's greatest legacy is his installation of what is believed to be the first artificial turf on an outdoor football field at Memorial Stadium in the 1960's. His ingenuity as the Seattle and Metro League athletic director ended decades of mud-drenched football in Seattle.
At just 17 years old, Greff won gold at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics and broke the 100-meter backstroke world record in the process. One year prior, the Tacoma native became the first woman to finish the same event in under one minute. She is now a member of the International Swimming Hall of Fame.
A 15-year MLB staple, Harper spent the 1969 season with the Seattle Pilots — he tallied the first plate appearance in Pilots history, smacking a double to start the only season the franchise would play in Seattle. He led the majors in stolen bases in two seasons, racking up 73 in 1969.
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U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood has announced a $54.6 million loan to Kansas City Southern Railway Company (KCSR) for the purchase of 30 new General Electric ES44AC locomotives.
These diesel-electric locomotives, built in Erie, Pennsylvania, will help KCSR meet increasing economic demand, and are more energy-efficient and produce significantly less carbon emissions than the locomotives they are replacing.
The locomotives will be deployed throughout KCSR's system to accommodate the increased demand for shipments of coal, chemicals, grain, sand, stone, gravel, plastics, metals, and automobiles.
The loan is from the Federal Railroad Administration's Railroad Rehabilitation and Improvement Financing (RRIF) Program.


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Digital innovation is attained via a combination of people, process and technology. This webinar will focus on the technology piece of the puzzle and will explain how Progress Health Cloud, which is based on the Kinvey serverless backend, can be used in conjunction with Redox's EHR Integration Platform to provide a HIPAA-compliant innovation accelerator for your entire community.
HIPAA-compliant enterprise health clouds enable all types of healthcare organizations to develop innovative digital experiences for users. With the right enterprise health cloud, organizations can get started with less investment and risk while achieving faster time to market with their applications.
Rigid systems of record and legacy solutions are one of the biggest obstacles that healthcare organizations encounter as they push to digitize operations. Watch this live demo to see how you can use Progress Health Cloud, which is based on the Kinvey serverless backend, to minimize integration complexity and build better patient and provider app experiences.
Jefferson Health is one of the many organizations in the healthcare space that is capitalizing on new tools and technologies to drive digital innovation across the board. In this webinar, Jefferson's Neil Gomes discusses how his team works to make the healthcare experience more patient-centric, agile and responsive.
Substance abuse is one of the fastest growing health problems we face today. In this webinar, Sean Gunderson (co-founder at iTether), Joe Corkery (Healthcare Product Management at Google Cloud Platform) and Jikku Venkat (VP of Product for Kinvey at Progress) discuss how mobile can transform addiction treatment and drive better outcomes.
Patient-reported outcomes (PRO) are vital for assessing how a patient is doing over time and can be used to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQOL), treatment evaluation and symptom reduction. In this webinar, Marc Porter (Managing Director of Healthcare at IOMEDIA), Joe Corkery (Senior Product Manager at Google Cloud Platform) and Jikku Venkat (VP of Product for Kinvey at Progress) discuss how patient-centric apps can be used to dramatically improve PRO.
The bar for user experiences is constantly being raised, and healthcare providers must keep up with growing expectations. In this webinar, Carla Small (Boston Children's Hospital Digital Innovation and Digital Health Accelerator), Joe Corkery (Healthcare Product Management at Google Cloud Platform) and Jikku Venkat (VP of Product for Kinvey at Progress) discuss how to harness—and scale—digital innovation across your provider community to drive better results.
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Helicobacter pylori infection: past, present and future
Helicobacter pylori infection: past, present and future
Abiodun Christopher Jemilohun1,&, Jesse Abiodun Otegbayo2
1Department of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology/LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria, 2Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
&Corresponding author
Abiodun Christopher Jemilohun, Department of Medicine, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 4007, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
The discovery of (Helicobacter pylori) H. pylori by Warren and Marshall in 1982 was preceded by nearly a hundred year of inconspicuous publications in regard to spiral bacteria, achlorhydria, gastritis, gastric urease, and antimicrobial therapy for peptic ulcers. The infection has now been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastric carcinoma, and gastric mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. The understanding of the etiopathogenesis of dyspepsia and the approach to its management continues to evolve such that PUD and MALT lymphoma are now being considered as infectious diseases in which elimination of the causative agent cures the conditions. Various diagnostic tests with good diagnostic accuracies have been developed and effective multiple antimicrobial therapies are now available for the eradication of the infection. Despite the substantial progress made, there still exits a considerable gap to be filled. A significant number of information generated from studying the bacterial characteristics and host response to the infection has not yet been translated into clinical practice. A major challenge is the absence of a specific antibiotic monotherapy for effective treatment of the infection.
It has been abundantly demonstrated that H. pylori plays a major role in several upper gastrointestinal diseases which present as dyspepsia since its discovery in the early 1980s by Warren and Marshall [1,2]. Helicobacter pylori is usually found under the mucus layer in the gastric pits in close apposition to gastric epithelial cells where it causes chronic active gastritis [3]. It is a major etiological factor for PUD, gastric carcinoma and gastric MALT lymphoma [1,4]. This discovery has generated significant interest in research on the organism with attendant continual evolution of the approach to investigation and treatment of patients with dyspepsia. Prior to the discovery of H. pylori the hyperacidity theory held sway in the pathogenesis of PUD. Various diagnostic tests with good diagnostic accuracies have been developed and effective multiple antimicrobial therapies are now available for the eradication of the infection [2,5]. Peptic ulcer disease and MALT lymphoma are now being considered as infectious diseases in which elimination of the causative agent cures the conditions because of the current level of understanding of the organism [3].
�Despite the substantial progress made, there still exits a considerable gap to be filled. Some important information generated from studying the bacterial characteristics and host response have not yet been translated into clinical practice. A major challenge is the absence of a specific antibiotic monotherapy for effective treatment of the infection. This review appraises H. pylori in regard to the historical perspective, the current scientific understanding of the organism on its various aspects that are relevant to the clinician and the future direction in treatment.
Relevant literatures on the subjects in texts books and scientific journals were reviewed. Extensive internet literature search for both original research and review articles in biomedical databases was made through Google scholar, PubMed, HINARI and Ovid. Keywords employed were�Helicobacter pylori�, �Dyspepsia�, �Peptic ulcer disease� �Gastric cancer�, �Epidemiology� and �Management�. The bibliographies of the articles on hand were used to find other references. An electronic reference manager (Mendeley) was used to store the articles. Of the 230 articles reviewed,82 were cited in the final draft of the article.
Historical perspective (Historical timeline)
The discovery of H. pylori, by Warren and Marshall, was preceded by nearly a hundred year of inconspicuous publications relating to spiral bacteria, achlorhydria, gastritis, gastric urease, and antimicrobial therapy for ulcers [6]. Investigation of gastric bacteria properly began in the latter half of the 19th century when microscope resolution had sufficiently advanced [7].
�Bottcher and Letulle firstly hypothesized that bacteria caused ulcer disease in 1875, after they discovered bacteria in the floor and margins of gastric ulcers. In 1889 Walery Jaworski described spiral organisms (Vibrio rugula) in gastric washings. He suggested that these organisms might be implicated in causation of gastric disease. Similar spiral organisms were found in stomach of humans and other species by several scientists between then and the 20th century. For instance, in 1893 Bizzozero noted spirochetes in the gastric mucosa of dogs, which were named H. bizzozeroni. Kasai and Kobayashi in 1920 isolated spirochetes in cats and transmitted them to rabbits to produce ulcers [7].
�Warren in 1979 identified Campylobacter pylori as the putative causative agent of human gastritis [7,8]. Culture of the organism (H. pylori) was elusive until 1982 when it was obtained by Barry Marshall [6]. Earlier attempts to culture the organism proved abortive because incubation was usually limited to 48 hours. Success at culture was incidental, as one of them spanned a holiday period and hence, lasted for 5 days, thereby yielding a growth. History was then made in April 1982 at the Royal Perth Hospital in Australia where H. pylori was cultured. Examination of the plate showed a pure growth of 1mm transparent colonies. Gram stains of the colonies showed slightly curved organisms and not spiral as in the smear of the specimen, which made Marshall to doubt whether it was the organism in question that was grown. Armstrong and Wee produced electron micrograph scans from the culture obtained, which showed that the bacterium was a spiral organism with five flagella.
�Further studies on the organism and its RNA sequence in ribosomes helped correct the earlier misconception that the organism belonged to the Campylobacter family (initially called Campylobacter pyloridis). At the 5th International Campylobacter workshop in Mexico in February, 1989 the Campylobacter taxonomy committee agreed that H. pylori should no longer be included in the Campylobacter group. There was initial difficulty in nomenclature before Steward Goodwin who was head of the Microbiology Department at Royal Perth Hospital at that time reportedly suggested �Helicobacter�, and this was published in 1989.
The World Health Organization classified H. pylori as a class 1 (definite) carcinogen implicated in the etiopathogenesis of gastric malignancies in 1994 [9]. Parsonnet et al. also describe an association between H. pylori and gastric lymphomas [10]. Tomb et al. completed sequencing of the entire 1,667,867 base pairs of the H. pylori genome in 1997 [11]. And in 2005 Warren and Marshall were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on H. pylori and PUD [12].
Epidemiology and transmission
�Helicobacter pylori infection occurs globally, but the prevalence differs among countries and population clusters within the same country [1]. The prevalence of the infection is associated with age, socioeconomic class, and country of origin [13]. Prevalence rates ranging from 20-50% are reported in the adult populations of the developed world but the prevalence is much more in the developing countries with prevalence as high as 90% in some countries [1,4]. Higher prevalence exists in regions of low socioeconomic and poor sanitary conditions, and in rural as contrasted to urban areas. The socioeconomic status of the family during childhood appears to be the major marker of infection [14]. There is an age-related increase in prevalence in the developed countries which is a reflection of birth cohort effect [14]. The general belief is that infection takes place mostly in childhood and the rate of acquisition has reduced with improved sanitary condition and probably antibiotic use among children in the developed world. Genetic susceptibility to infection has been demonstrated by studies that showed a higher concordance rate of the infection among monozygotic twins reared apart or together than in age-matched dizygotic twins [15].
�H. pylori has been found in water; stomach of animals like cat and sheep; and milk of goat, sheep and cow [16]. Despite these, available evidence suggests that humans are the primary reservoir and that H. pylori in animals represents an anthroponosis [17]. Helicobacter pylori has been found in saliva and dental plaques of humans [18,19]. Some studies have suggested that dental plaques serve as reservoir for both person to person transmission of the organism and re-infection after successful eradication of organism [19]. The primary mode of transmission is person to person and clusters are found in families. This can be through oral-oral, feco-oral, and gastro-oral (through gastric secretions, vomitus, and improperly disinfected endoscopes). The infection could also be transmitted from water [20].
�Bacteriology and pathogenesis
�Helicobacter pylori is a microaerophilic slow�growing gram negative spiral organism. It is 0.5 to 8.0µm wide and has multiple ensheathed flagella at one end [21]. It has the capability of dual existence in bacillary and coccoid forms [22]. The bacillary form is motile while the coccoid form is non-motile. The genome of the organism codes for about 1,500 proteins [1]. Bacterial etiology of dyspepsia has been disputed in the past because of the knowledge that the stomach is unfavorable to bacterial growth due to its high acid content but H. pylori is able to overcome this by means of virulence factors which enhance colonization of the gastric epithelium and induction of tissue damage.
�The actual outcome of H. pylori infection (gastritis, PUD, gastric MALT lymphoma or gastric cancer) is determined by a complex interplay between bacterial, host and environmental factors.
�Bacterial factors
�These include factors that enhance mucosal colonization and factors that mediate tissue injury.
�Colonization factors
�Flagella: the possession of spiral shaped, unipolar, sheathed flagella [23] allows the organism to move rapidly from the lumen of the stomach, where the pH is low,through the mucus layer to an area where pH is near neutral to permit optimal growth.
�Urease: H. pylori has a great capacity for urease production, probably more than almost all other bacterial species. Urease hydrolyses urea to produce ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The presence of NH3 reduces the acidity of the stomach; which may be necessary for providing a congenial environment for H. pylori. Ure1, a pH-gated channel helps to regulate the production of urea [1]. Possession of urease however, may not be absolutely essential for colonization because urease negative H. pylori have been cultured from patients with duodenal ulcer.
�Adherence factors: H. pylori has tissue tropism for the gastric epithelium. It possesses fibrillar adhesins, located on its surface which binds closely to the carbohydrate receptors on the mucosal cell leading to the formation of an adherence pedestal [1]. The best-characterized of these adhesins is BabA, which is a 78-kD outer-membrane protein that binds to the fucosylated Lewis B blood group antigen. BabA is relevant in H. pylori associated disease and may influence disease severity, although the results of several studies are contradictory [1]. This property prevents the organism from being shed during cell and mucus turnover.
�Factors mediating tissue injury
�Lipopolysaccharides (LPS): they are glycolipids found in the cell envelope of gram negative bacteria of which H. pylori is one. Lipopolysaccharides are endotoxins which stimulate the release of cytokines through their lipid A component. They also interfere with gastric epithelial cell–laminin interaction which may lead to loss of mucosal integrity, inhibit mucin synthesis, and stimulate pepsinogen secretion [24].
�Leukocyte recruitment and activating factors: these are soluble surface proteins with chemotactic properties produced by the organism. They help to recruit monocytes and neutrophils to the lamina propria and to activate these inflammatory cells. These include H. pylori neutrophil-activating protein, expressed by the napA gene, and the immunologically active porins [25].
�Vacuolating Cytotoxin (VacA): it is a protein that induces vacuole formation in eukaryotic cells. It is encoded by the vacA gene [1]. All strains of H. pylori possess the vacA gene, but only about 50% express the mature protein. Antibodies to VacA can be used to detect VacA-producing H. pylori strains. VacA is an exotoxin, which inserts itself into the epithelial cell membrane to form a hexameric anion-selective, voltage-dependent channel through which bicarbonate and organic anions can be released [26]. It also acts on the host mitochondrial membrane to induce apoptosis leading to release of cytochrome c from the intermembrane space [27].
�Cytotoxin-Associated Antigen (CagA): it is ahighly antigenic protein encoded by the cagA gene that is part of the cag pathogenicity island (Cag PaI). The presence of Cag PaI is associated with a more prominent tissue inflammatory response than is seen with strains lacking it. This increase in inflammation is associated with an increased risk of developing a symptomatic outcome of the infection, especially PUD and gastric adenocarcinoma[28]. Antibodies to CagA can be used to detect CagA-producing H. pylori strains. The cag PaI encodes a type IV secretory apparatus that injects CagA into mammalian cells [29] where it triggers cytokine production. Cag PaI-positive H. pylori also induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway [27]. Apoptosis of epithelial cells compromises epithelial barrier which protect the epithelium against luminal acid and pepsin.
�Outer Membrane Inflammatory Protein(OipA): it is possessed by most strains with CagA. It acts synergistically with CagA to produce a more intense inflammatory response than would have otherwise occurred in either [30].
�Heat shock proteins: these are highly antigenic heat shock proteins known as HspA and HspB. Their role in the pathogenesis of the infection is still not fully known. It has been observed that, even in the absence of VacA and CagA, H. pylori can sensitize human gastric epithelial cells and enhance susceptibility to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) mediated apoptosis [31]. The infection chronicity is sustained through suppression of H. pylori specific memory CD4+ T-cell responses by antigen specific CD4+ CD25 high regulatory T cells [32].
�Host response
�H. pylori does not invade the gastric mucosa but its attachment to the surface mucosal epithelial cells sets off a remarkable cellular and humorous host immune responses. It provokes a chronic inflammatory response involving recruitment of neutrophils, followed by T and B lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages, which altogether cause gastric epithelial damage by their activities [33]. Human antibody response to H. pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is majorly IgG antibodies directed against a highly immunogenic antigenic-epitope in the polysaccharide chain of H. pylori LPS. The dominant subclass is IgG2. There are also IgA and IgM responses, but they are less specific. H. pylori infection also enhances the release of interleukin-1ß (IL1ß), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) [34].
�As Part of the host immune response to invading microorganisms T cell subgroups are produced which assist in protecting the mucosa and distinguishing pathogenic bacteria from commensals [35]. Immature T helper (Th) 0 cells expressing CD4 have the ability to differentiate into two functional subtypes: Th 1 cells which are induced mostly in response to intracellular antigen and secrete interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-y (IF-y); Th 2 cells which are induced in response to extracellular pathogens and secrete interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5) and interleukin-10 (IL-10).
�From the foregoing, it is expected that H. pylori would provoke inflammatory response via Th 2 cells, being an extracellular antigen. The contrary is however true, as Th 1 response has been observed to be predominant [36].This distorted response results in an imbalance production of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines regulated by the Th cells and may subsequently result in tissue damage similar to what is seen in autoimmune diseases [37]. Class II MHC molecules on the host cell act as receptors for H. pylori to this effect [36,37].
�H. pylori-stimulated gastric epithelial cells produce monocyte chemo-attractant protein I (MCP-I) which cause cyclooxygenase 2 (cox-2) induction and activation of T-cells [38]. Additional mechanisms by which H. pylori may cause epithelial cell injury include: activated neutrophil-mediated production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen spp., enhanced epithelial cell turnover and apoptosis due to chronic inflammation which may be as a result of the combined effect of direct Fas-mediated contacts between epithelial and Th1 cells and interferon-B [1].
�Pro-inflammatory polymorphisms of the interleukin-1b gene favor the development of stomach body predominant gastritis that is associated with hypochlorhydria, gastric atrophy, and gastric adenocarcinoma. Absence of these pro-inflammatory polymorphisms leads to development of H. pylori associated antral predominant gastritis which is associated with a normal to high level of acid secretion [1].
�Disease spectrum It has been demonstrated that H. pylori is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases [1,39]. These include:
�Gastritis: this could occur in form of either acute or chronic gastritis. The inflammatory mechanisms described above are some of the ways by which H. pylori causes gastritis. Acute infection is typically manifested as a transient mild illness characterized by epigastric pain, nausea, histological finding of neutrophilic gastritis and a transient hypochlorhydria[4].It is not known how often acute infection clears spontaneously. However, studies in children suggest that spontaneous loss of infection may be common [15]. Acute H. pylori infection is diagnosed by the presence of a positive UBT and negative IgG anti�H. pylori antibodies [4]. Chronic gastritis often presents in form of chronic active, non-atrophic superficial antral gastritis, with a picture of focal epithelial cell damage [4]. This is usually asymptomatic, although it may be associated with PUD. Chronic atrophic gastritis resulting from progression of the non-atrophic chronic gastritis may also occur in a smaller percentage of patients with gastritis.
�Peptic ulcer disease: an individual infected with H. pylori has an estimated lifetime risk of about 10-20% for the development of PUD. This is at least 3-4 folds higher than in non-infected subjects. H. pylori infection can be diagnosed in 90-100% of duodenal ulcer (DU) patients and in 60-100% of gastric ulcer (GU) patients [40]. The gastritis induced by H. pylori can progress to ulceration of the mucosa. Apoptosis of epithelial cells and subsequent compromise in the mucosal protective barrier exposes gastric mucosa to the direct assault of luminal acid and pepsin. Occlusion of mucosal end-arteries due to impaired fibrinolytic activity may contribute to the focal nature of PUD [41]. NSAID ingestion also increases the chances of developing GU.
�Patients with DU have been known, before the discovery of H pylori, tosecrete about twice as much acid as controls because they have twice as many parietal cells [42]. Acid hypersecretion in DU is virtually always due to H. pylori infection because secretion returns to normal after the infection is eradicated. The predominantly antral gastritis in DU diminishes the number of somatostatin-producing cells in the antrum. This leads to a reduction in production of somatostatin, reduced somatostatin-mediated inhibition of gastrin release from the G cells, and eventual development of hypergastrinemia [40].The increased acid secretion may, on its own, increase the risk of duodenal ulceration or may induce gastric metaplasia in the duodenum, which becomes colonized by H. pylori, then inflamed (duodenitis), and finally ulcerated [42]. Successful eradication of H. pylori leads to PUD healing and less frequent recurrence of the ulcer [43].
�Gastric adenocarcinoma: H. pylori has been implicated as the strongest risk factor in the pathogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma, especially the distal type [1,44] and has thus, been classified as a class I (or definite) carcinogen by the WHO [9]. The pathogenesis of gastric cancer includes a sequence of events that begins with H. pylori-induced chronic superficial gastritis, progressing towards atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and eventually gastric cancer. This sequence takes decades to complete [9,44]. Several aspects of the inflammatory milieu that have been implicated as carcinogens include: increased oxidative stress and the formation of oxygen-free radicals leading to DNA damage, increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production such as IL-1B and TNF which stimulate greater cell turnover and reduced apoptosis, and potential for faulty or incomplete DNA repair [44].
�Bacterial virulence has been shown to be an important factor in carcinogenesis. For instance, patients infected with CagA-positive strains have been shown to have a higher risk of developing gastric carcinoma than those infected with CagA-negative H. pylori strains [9,44].
�H. pylori-infected cells also express some factors similar to those commonly implicated in carcinogenesis e.g. matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) which has been found to be up-regulated in colorectal cancer [45]. MMP-7 is important in the normal and pathological remodelling of epithelial-matrix interactions and is up-regulated in gastric cancer too. It plays an important role in promoting tissue invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. This up-regulation is also dependent on the cag-PaI [45].
�Although H. pylori is now thought to account for 80% or more of gastric cancers, it is noteworthy that only 3% of infected patients progress to gastric cancer [9]. This suggests that H. pylori infection only on its own is generally not sufficient to cause gastric carcinoma [46]. A combination of bacterial factors, environmental insults, the host immune response and other genetic factors is responsible.
�MALT lymphoma: the molecular pathogenesis of MALT lymphoma is incompletely understood but seems to also involve strain-specific H. pylori factors, as well as host genetic factors, such as polymorphisms in the promoters of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1B and TNF. It is believed that H. pylori infection leads to the formation of H. pylori-reactive T cells, which then cause polyclonal B-cell proliferations [47]. In time, a monoclonal B-cell tumour emerges in the proliferating B cells, probably as a result of accumulation of mutations in growth-regulatory genes. Some studies have implicated CagA in the development MALT lymphoma via impairment of p53-dependent apoptosis [48]. In keeping with this, eradication of H. pylori "cures" the lymphoma by removing antigenic stimulus for T cells [3].
�Functional dyspepsia: the prevalence of H. pylori is generally high in patients with dyspepsia irrespective of the subgroup. The implication of H. pylori in the pathogenesis of ulcer dyspepsia is wellestablished but there are dissenting views on the role it plays in the pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia. While some studies showed association between H. pylori infection and the clinical diagnosis of functional dyspepsia [49], others did not show any association [50].
�Extra-gastroduodenal diseases: H. pylori has also been suggested to be causally related to several extra-gastroduodenal diseases [51]. These associations are generally weak because they were not obtained from randomized controlled studies [52]. A list of such diseases is shown in Table 1.
�In view of the importance of H. pylori in the etiopathogenesis of major gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal diseases, it is pertinent to look into cost-effective and reliable diagnostic tests for early detection and therapy. Helicobater pylori diagnostic tests can be broadly classified into invasive and non-invasive tests [2,5]. Invasive tests require endoscopic gastro-duodenal biopsy samples while the non-invasive tests do not [2,5].
�Despite the good sensitivity and specificity of most of the commonly used tests, determination of gold standard has been difficult because none of them is perfect. A combination of at least two tests is commonly used as gold standard, though some researchers now use UBT as their gold standard [53]. It is not uncommon to use at least one invasive test whenever two tests are used as gold standard [54].
�Invasive tests
�Histology: biopsies are obtained from the gastric antrum and corpus [55]. Multiple levels of each biopsy are routinely stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and with a special stain such as Warthin-Starry silver, Giemsa, or Cresyl-fast violet. The standard H&E stain is used to determine histological chronic or chronic active inflammation (gastritis) but could also demonstrate H. pylori if a large number of the organism is present. Atrophy and intestinal metaplasia can also be assessed. Small numbers of bacteria are better detected by the special stains. An important advantage of histology is that in addition to the historical record provided, sections from biopsies (or even additional sections) can be examined in the future [54]. The drawbacks of the test include high observer-dependency, relatively longwaiting time for result, requirement of specialized skills for performance and relatively high cost.
�Rapid urease test (RUT): the urease enzyme which is produced by H. pylori is utilized in performing this test. Gastric biopsy is placed in a medium that contains urea and a pH indicator. The urease breaks down the urea to produce ammonia that increases the pH of the medium which leads to a color change. The specificity and sensitivity of the test are greater than 90%, but false-positive results do occur [4]. It can be performed and read within 1 to 24 hour depending on the make. Its comparative advantage to histology lies in its rapidity, simplicity and inexpensiveness; but it cannot be used to evaluate gastritis.
�Culture: this is done under stringent conditions. Endoscopy biopsy must be transported to the laboratory at 4�C within 24 hrs. or at -70�C for a longer period. Fresh selective and non-selective media are needed to culture the organism. After introduction of the specimen into the culture medium, the plates are inspected for about 10 days. Due to the focal nature of inflammatory lesions produced by H. pylori, multiple biopsies are usually taken from the gastric antrum and corpus to increase the yield of the test. The specificity of the test is 100% while the sensitivity is slightly less [56]. A major advantage of the test is that, pure growth of the organism can be obtained for proper identification and detailed studies e.g. antibiotics sensitivity when there is failure of the second line drugs, strain typing, genetic studies etc. The disadvantages of the test include longer duration for result availability, high cost and the stringent condition needed for transportation to the laboratory.
�Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): this is a molecular technique which amplifies fragment of a gene specific for the H. pylori e.g. vacA and cagA gene sequences, 16SrNA, 23SrRNA, and ureC are targeted [56]. The biopsy is lysed to liberate the DNA. Specifically designed primers and polymerase enzyme are used to amplify gene. Amplification is done in 30-40 cycles at different temperatures with each cycle. This allows for denaturation, annealing and elongation. The amplified products are thereafter identified by electrophoresis.
�As a result of the development of string-capsule test device, gastric sample for PCR can now be obtained without having to biopsy the stomach [56]. PCR has a sensitivity and specificity that are well above 90%. It can be used to analyze bacterial genotypes, study pattern of antibiotic resistance and H. pylori transmission within families and the community. The main disadvantages are that it is expensive, and the procedure requires technical expertise to perform.
�DNA-Enzyme immunoassay: this is a form of PCR where the PCR amplicons are detected by calorimetric method. It is ELISA-based and involves the use of coated microwells. This method is more rapid than the standard PCR and result can be obtained within a few hours [57].
�Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH): this is another molecular test for diagnosing H. pylori that is particularly useful in detection of H. pylori clarithromycin resistance/sensitivity [58].
�Non-invasive tests
�Serology: chronic H. pylori infection elicits a circulating antibody response that can be quantitatively measured by serological assay technique like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [59]. Though tests for IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies can be done, only IgG antibody test is reliable. It involves the use of serum or plasma, and lately tests on whole blood (in office test) [57]. Microwell coated with H. pylori antigen is exposed to H. pylori antibody (in serum, plasma or whole blood) in the presence of an indicator. The color change resulting from the antigen-antibody reaction is read visually or with the use of a spectrophotometer. Other serological methods that can be used include immunoblot, flow microsphere immunofluorescence and chromatographic tests.
�Because of its easy availability, affordability, and simplicity, it is commonly used in prevalence studies of H. pylori. Its major drawback is its poor discriminatory power between current infection and previous exposure, since it may still be positive several months after H. pylori eradication. It is therefore generally not useful in confirming cure after antimicrobial therapy but it is useful for the initial diagnosis of H. pylori infection and epidemiological surveys [59].
�Urea breath test (UBT): this is an indirect method of detecting the presence of H. pylori in the stomach premised on the ability of H. pylori to produce the urease enzyme. Urea labeled with either 13C or 14C is ingested by the patient [60]. If urease is present in the stomach as a result of H. pylori infection, labeled CO2 will be split off and absorbed into the circulation, where its presence can be determined by analysis of expired breath by means of a spectrometer. The result is expressed in delta/mil. 13C UBT is preferred to 14C UBT especially in children and pregnant women because it is stable and non-radioactive [61].
�UBT is now being considered as the gold standard by some researchers [61]. It is the non-invasive test with the highest sensitivity and specificity (>95%) and is the preferred means of evaluating the success of antimicrobial therapy in clinical practice. It is not as expensive as endoscopy. Portable and cheaper spectrometers are now available thereby eliminating the need to send collected air samples to a central spectrometer. There is the possibility of false positive results when there is bacterial overgrowth of urease-producing organisms. Recent use of antibiotics, bismuth preparations or acid suppression therapy, due to their effect on the colony size of H. pylori, can produce false negative results.
�Stool antigen test (SAT): the test is based on the detection of H. pylori antigen in the stool. Helicobacter pylori adhering to gastric epithelium in infected persons appear in their stool as a consequence of the normal shedding of the epithelium. This means that the test is a direct test of active infection which gives it an advantage over serology. It is an enzyme immunoassay test which is available in both polyclonal and monoclonal forms. The monoclonal immunoassay is newer and more sensitive and specific than the polyclonal assay [58] and may be considered as an alternative to UBT in the initial diagnosis of patients with dyspepsia who do not require immediate endoscopy [62]. SAT is simple and relatively cheap. It can be carried out in most routine laboratories. It is slightly less reliable when used soon after the end of H. pylori eradication therapy. It is now generally recommended to wait for about 12 weeks to reliably confirm eradication [58]. Its diagnostic accuracy is impaired by PPIs and gastrointestinal bleeding [63]. A major drawback is related to the inconvenience of stool handling. Additional non-invasive tests that are yet to be recommended for routine clinical diagnosis of H. pylori include stool PCR, Urine antibody test and Saliva antibody test[9,64]. The accuracy of some of the commonly used Helicobacter pylori diagnostic methods is depicted in Table 2.
�It is appropriate for all patients with dyspepsia who are positive for H. pylori to undergo H. pylori eradication therapy because of the strong association between H. pylori and the diseases manifesting clinically as dyspepsia [1�3]. This is particularly important because H. pylori eradication has been associated with significant reduction in rate of recurrence of the PUD and cure of MALT lymphoma. The specific recommendations for treatment include patients with PUD and MALT lymphoma; patients with atrophic gastritis; first degree relatives of patients with gastric cancer; patients with unexplained iron deficiency anemia; and patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura [2,5].
�The fact that no single agent is sufficient in eradicating the H. pylori is a major challenge [1,2,4,5]. Combinations of antibiotics together with non-antibiotic adjunctive agents are required for eradication of the organism. Drugs are given in combinations of 3 (triple) or 4 (quadruple). Each regimen consists of at least 2 antibiotics. Antibiotics that are traditionally used include amoxicillin, nitroimidazole (metronidazole or tinidazole), clarithromycin, tetracycline and bismuth. Adjunctive agents include Histamine-2 receptor blockers (H2RB), proton pump inhibitors (PPI), and ranitidine-bismuth citrate (RBC).
�Triple therapy consists of two antibiotics and one adjunctive agent while quadruple therapy is made up of two antibiotics and two adjunctive agents. The use of dual therapy is discouraged because of wide spread antibiotic resistance. Regional antibiotic sensitivity pattern needs to be properly considered in the choice of antibiotics. The Maastricht III -2007 consensus report and the American College of Gastroenterology Association (ACG) suggested two lines of therapy [2,5]: first-line therapy: this can be a combination of a PPI with amoxicillin and clarithromycin;a PPI with amoxicillin and metronidazole,or a bismuth containing quadruple therapy; Second-line therapy: a quadruple therapy is often used after failure of first line therapy. Examples include a combination of a PPI with bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline or a combination of ranitidine with bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline. If bismuth is not available, a PPI-based triple therapy could be used.
�Because failure rate is above 20% in most commonly used first-line therapies [65], there is often the need for a second line therapy.The choice of a second-line treatment is contingent upon the initial treatment. Most authorities agree that culture is not required after a first line eradication failure [2,66]. If a metronidazole-based treatment was used a clarithromycin-based regimen (or at least a metronidazole-free regimen) should be used thereafter, and vice versa [67]. This recommendation is grounded on the observation that acquired bacterial resistance to metronidazole or clarithromycin is often a result of previous treatment failure [68].
�Another challenge in the treatment of H. pylori infection is the determination of the optimal duration of therapy. While there is controversy as to whether 7, 10, or 14 days is optimal [69,70]; it has been generally observed that longer [71] durations provide better results than a 7 day duration [72]. The current European and United States� recommendations support a 14 day duration therapy [2,5]. Notwithstanding the foregoing, available evidence suggests that a 7-day treatment duration is sufficient when quadruple therapy is used as a second line treatment [73].
�Sequential therapy
�An ideal H. pylori therapy should have a short duration and ought to lead to an eradication rate of the organism greater than 90%, as was the case initially when the triple-therapy regimens were approved [74]. A decreasing efficacy of common regimens has been observed with failure rates now surpassing 20% [5,75,76]. This development most likely result from increased bacterial resistance to some of the antibiotics in the regimens, especially clarithromycin that is often used [76]. The regimen comprises of a PPI and amoxicillin for 5 days followed by a PPI, clarithromycin, and a 5-nitroimidazole (tinidazole or metronidazole) for another 5 days [74]. Sequential therapy originated from Italy and the original therapy utilized tinidazole [74,76]. Several studies from Italy and other parts of the world have reported eradication rates exceeding 90% which is superior to the clarithromycin-based triple therapy [5,74,76]. The tolerability is good in children, adults and the elderly [5]. The basis for this more complex therapy is the belief that amoxicillin could weaken bacterial cell walls in the initial phase of treatment, thereby preventing the development of drug efflux channels that inhibit drugs like clarithromycin from binding to ribosomes [74]. This therapy has a potential to become the standard first-line treatment for H. pylori infection because of this observed advantage.
�Third line and �Rescue� therapies
�Treatment of patients who have already undergone first- and second-line therapies is a challenge because of the risk of development of double antibiotic resistance [77]. Though, various therapeutic protocols have been tested by different groups, a standard third-line therapy is currently lacking [2,78]. Endoscopic biopsy culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing is the most suitable option for patients with two eradication therapy failures [2,78]. The third-line therapy should avoid metronidazole and clarithromycin and other antibiotics that are likely to have contributed to development of the resistance.
�Other classes of antibiotics that have emerged in the treatment of H. pylori, especially for �rescue� therapies include: fluoroquinolones like levofloxacin (gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin); rifabutin (rifamycin); and furazolidone (a nitrofuran) [2,4,78,79]. They can be used to replace clarithromycin and metronidazole in rescue therapies and in first or second line regimens [2,78-80]. They are particularly important because the use of quadruple therapy as the optimal second-line therapy is plagued with problems of a relatively high incidence of adverse effects and regimen complexity [79]. These lead to poor compliance, failure of eradication in about 20 to 30% of patients and subsequent drug resistance [79].
Substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the pathogenicity and treatment of H. pylori but there still exits a considerable gap to be filled. Information generated from studying the virulence factors of H. pylori are yet to be translated to clinical practice. Associations between bacterial characteristics and disease risks have not been defined sufficiently to guide the clinician in treatment decisions [1]. A major challenge exists in developing specific antibiotic monotherapy for effective treatment of the infection. Since the H. pylori genome has now been sequenced, this provides an opportunity both to identify specific targets for drug therapy, and to facilitate the identification and production of antigens that may be helpful in manufacturing vaccines [81]. Encouraging results from animal models have been obtained in the areas of both therapeutic and prophylactic vaccination; however, translation to human vaccine remains difficult probably because the immunology of the human stomach is still poorly understood [82]. All these developments and more will be necessary to adequately treat and prevent H. pylori infection in the future, especially in regions of the world with high prevalence.
What is known about this topic
What this study adds
The Authors declare no competing interest.
Jemilohun AC: conception and design of the study, literature search and review, and manuscript write up. Otegbayo JA: design of study, took oversight of all the stages of the work, critical review of manuscript content. All authors read and agreed to final manuscript.
Table 1: non-gastrointestinal tract diseases possibly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection
Table 2: accuracy of diagnostic methods for Helicobacter pylori in %
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|Table 1: non-gastrointestinal tract diseases possibly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection
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Tumaini Timbwani Primary School runs under the Kenyan 8-4-4 System. Children join us after Nursery at around age 6, they stay with us for 8 years when they can then take their National Examinations, Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (K.C.P.E). This allows a student to progress to High School for a further 4 years.
At Tumaini Timbwani Primary we employ qualified Kenyan Teachers and aim to give our children, not only the best academic education possible, but an opportunity to grow into young adults who will be of benefit to their country.
We have 8 classes of 40 students per class, as well as providing an excellent standard of education we make our own uniforms so each is clean and smart.
Children at Tumaini benefit from an environment of love and encouragement, but rely on help from sponsors to keep them in school, forming a strong foundation for the rest of their lives.


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"Kung-Fu Panda" is the highest grossing movie in China right now — but it's also pissing a lot of people off.
At issue is the fact that their national animal is being depicted as…well, as Jack Black. A bit of a lout, a bit of a slacker. Not respectful enough.
Other sticking points are things like racy content, lack of reverence for elders, and "too much imagination."
It's gotten so controversial that one prominent Chinese artist, Zhao Bandi, is actually suing Dreamworks for misrepresentation of his beloved national symbol.
From Variety:
"Zhao, who likes to carry a stuffed panda around with him and whose art is all based on pandas, says the fact that Po's father in the film is a duck is an insult to all Chinese and also the panda's eyes are green, which is an evil color."
'Memba this cartoon?


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The main purpose of any construction is to gain some benefit through it. It might occur in the most subtle ways and continue in such a manner. There could be many things aimed at it to simply put it right, altogether. A building surveyor in Perth would be required to get things in order to make the construction work continue as it goes on. It might be what is expected through it all so that it is actually possible to the greatest extent. This might be how it is meant to occur in a particular manner.There could be many considerations within it, all of which need to be inspected and thought out in an individual manner. It can cause a lot of the results to be amazing at that. This is how it is supposed to go on when there are so many occurrences of similarity.
A certificate of design compliance in Perth is surely required and one cannot proceed without it. It comes with all of the necessary details which may be required to officially go through the entire process. This might add up to a cost but is something which cannot be ignored by any means.The combination of all of these could lead to the much successful construction work of any kind of building in mind. It would, of course, include many steps of monitoring processes to carry on at that level. This would supposedly go along with what must be done on behalf of it.
It could remain for as long as you want, but you might have to work on a timely manner in order to make it a fruitful attempt. It could be made up to this level by going along with the requirements as much as is possible. This might be how it could be followed up and what would cause it to occur. It can of specification to you and all those who are involved within it. This can be something which is very much needed out of all and what could possibly turn in to something of your expectations. It is very much likely to go on like that because of the many concerns with regard to it. This might be in how it has a connections with everything that is very much likely to happen amidst everything else, in particular. This would reach some unknown levels of success all along the way and would be what is targeted right from the beginning of it all. It can then be processes as it remains to be.


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J.D. Power Survey: Which Cars Are Best Loved by Owners?
In the annual survey known as APEAL (Automotive Performance, Execution and Layout), Dodge rang up wins with its large-car Charger (pictured at left), the sporty midsize Challenger and the Durango, a midsize SUV. Coming on the heels of a strong sales year for the Dodge, Jeep and Chrysler brands, the survey results mark another big notch in the belt of Chrysler Group -- which just bought out the remains of its U.S. government stake and is now majority-controlled by Italy's Fiat.
To determine the winners, Power's analysts surveyed 73,000 people 90 days after they bought or leased a new 2011 model. Survey respondents rank their cars on styling, comfort, performance and other attributes.
Overall, recently introduced or redesigned models scored especially well in this year's survey, with new styling and high gas mileage playing key roles. That's a big departure from J.D. Power's earlier Initial Quality Survey -- which measures problems with new cars instead of points of pride. In that report, new and redesigned models took a beating, particularly because of high-tech features like the MyFord Touch voice command system. (See Ford Slammed in New J.D. Power Quality Survey.)
"There are two sides of the quality coin: things gone right and things gone wrong," says David Sargent, vice president of global vehicle research at Power. "Both are of critical importance."
Three models topped their categories in both the quality and the APEAL studies: Dodge Challenger, Ford F-150LD and Honda Ridgeline.
Here are some other highlights of the study:
Luxury brands still rule: Porsche topped the APEAL brand rankings for the seventh year in a row. The top seven finishers were all luxury brands: Porsche, Jaguar, BMW, Land Rover, Audi, Mercedes-Benz and Lexus. For full rankings, see the J.D. Power web site.
Hyundai rises: Hyundai, which finished 15th overall, showed the biggest gain from last year. The highest score of any individual model is its luxury Equus -- the first time that a model other than a BMW, Lexus or Mercedes-Benz model has that distinction.
Detroit holds its own: In addition to Dodge's strong showing, Ford took two categories, with the F-150 LD winning for large pickup and Fiesta scoring top marks for subcompact car. And the electric plug-in Chevrolet Volt (at right), which has won North American Car of the Year and other awards, topped the compact car category. Overall, Ford Motor brands Ford and Lincoln as well as GM's Buick and Cadillac all finished above the industry average; GMC, Chrysler and Chevrolet ranked just below average.
Photos courtesy of the manufacturers
More from MoneyWatch:


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Tagged: workplacement
Dressed Down
(Topshop dress, Zara top, Office boots Vintage bag & coat )
I've come to the conclusion that it takes approximately 3 days until you can confidently say you know your way around and what's expected of you in a work placement ( maybe thats just me! ) . There was a meeting for all departments this morning with a presentation of all the trends from the catwalk for the teams AW13/14 collections. I'm loving the upcoming trends there is a clear direction of where it's going with powerful bold colours and interesting silhouettes. The main two influences were Biker grunge & sporty. Tres exciting!
Double Denim
( Zara top, Topshop jeans & necklace, H&M boots & rings )
Day three half way to the finish point. I had another good day but found it quite a struggle to remember where everything is in the different departments ( I'll get there!! ). In a brief summary I sorted through post, steamed a load of dresses, took minutes in the buyers meeting to type up the report and a bunch of admin on the computer in between running dresses to the different departments. I'm really enjoying absorbing in the office atmosphere and learning new things.


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Do you have a question regarding MELILEA Nutrition or Beauty? Perhaps, you're looking for more information on how to use our products more effectively? If so, you've come to the right place!
Our experts are here to help you, so if you have a question, or need any advice regarding health, nutrition, beauty, or skincare or any other related issue, just ask.
Fill in the form below and one of our experts will e-mail you back as quickly as possible. Please provide as much details as possible, if we need any more information to provide you with the advice or information you have requested we will contact you by email for the additional information we require.


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We're in those Lazy, Hazy, Crazy Days of SUMMER!
Whenever I hear that phrase I always think of the Gilmore Girls episode. You know, the one where Lorelai has that dream she's having Luke's twins? One night last week Jordan and I were deciding on a show to watch and nothing was appealing, especially after just finishing Friends, so we decided to start Gilmore Girls from the beginning. I'm not even sure how many times we've watched the show in its entirety, but it felt right.
Anyway, Nashville is hot folks; humid and in the 90s for days. But I'm not exactly complaining because I don't work outside and we have a pool. The only "work" I do outside is occasionally taking the garbage out. haha. Even though it's been hot we've been having a lot of fun, both outside and indoors (who doesn't love a casual game of bowling?).
I'm rather excited about this weekend. Tomorrow evening I'll be frolicking in my bathing suit beside a pool, celebrating my best friend's birthday with a bunch of friends! Lauren and I haven't lived in the same state in several years and it's about time we're together again for these events.
I hope you find yourself around a pool, sprinkler, Slip-n-Slide or, if all else fails, a cold shower to cool off from the heat!
On to the links!
/ / Summer Hosting and Making a Home. I, like Megan, wouldn't classify myself as organized or exceptionally tidy. I value a clean bathroom and kitchen, but I can handle a certain level of disorganization. I can easily eat breakfast, read blogs, and take a shower all before deciding to straighten the house. Jordan and I joke that our house is never as clean as right before we have guests... even at the hint of visitors, our place becomes spotless.
Continually eliminating the clutter helps whip your home into a warm and comfortable environment for guests.
/ / I finished Andie's weight loss memoir this week and discovered she maintains an active blog! I read through some older posts and thought this one about travel and eating healthy was relevant for summer. It's easier to eat healthy when staying in a large city because you walk everywhere and there are more food options. It's those road trips that only seem to offer fast food that get me!
/ / 12 Affordable Vegetarian Meals! After picking up my CSA every Tuesday, my refrigerator is quite literally bursting with vegetables. Cate's entire blog is dedicated to vegetarian meals which is helpful for me as I don't want to waste any of our precious produce. The sweet potato burritos and spicy lentil soup sound particularly tasty.
/ / You know that feeling after you read or see something impactful and suddenly the topic seems to pop up everywhere in flashing lights like to say: LISTEN TO ME! That happened to me this week, as I finished reading Cold Tangerines by Shauna Niequist and subsequently read Brittany's blog post.
"...Everything is interim. Every season that I thought was stable and would be just how it was for a long time ended up being a preparation or a path to the next thing. When you decide to be on this journey with God, everything is interim." -- Cold Tangerines
"Being a mom — whether it's to the 6-week-old human fetus inside you or the 6-week-old infant in your arms or the 16-year-old teenager taking off in his car for the first time — invites constant temptation to worry, to fear, to worst-case-scenario nightmares. If I think the worries will end at 13 weeks, I have a lot to learn."
I very much want my current season of wanting and hoping to end, but really every season has the ability to bring fear and worry and unless I fully surrender, I will continually spin on my hamster wheel.
/ / Several months back, Susanna reached out to several bloggers, me included, to help compile a list of Spring Date Ideas. It was fun participating and later reading through all of the different posts to gain inspiration. I was glad Susanna decided to do a Summer Date edition. I shared our experience using Divvy Bikes in Chicago!
Happy Weekend, all!
/ / Want to leave a reply?
/ / Linking with Meagan.


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RIT/NTID establishes first NSF Deaf College Innovation Bowl
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RIT/NTID establishes first NSF Deaf College Innovation Bowl.
Competition will showcase innovations by deaf students from across the country.
The deadline for application submission is Jan. 26, 2018.
Deaf and hard-of-hearing college students with innovative product ideas can compete to earn cash and business expertise, thanks to Rochester Institute of Technology's National Technical Institute for the Deaf. The college has established the first NSF Deaf College Innovation Bowl, sponsored by a National Science Foundation I-Corps grant and administered by RIT's Simone Center for Innovation & Entrepreneurship and RIT/NTID. The competition will showcase innovative ideas of deaf students from throughout the country centered around technological solutions that are STEM (science, technology, engineering or math) based.
For the first phase, each team submits a 10-minute video describing their idea. The three top college teams will receive $3,000 in I-Corps funding to develop their idea.
In addition to the start-up funds, each team will receive prototyping assistance, training and mentoring from qualified I-Corps coaches to help them further strengthen their innovation. All training and mentoring will occur online and through accessible videos and other video technology.
For the second and final phase, the three final teams will submit a second video after their idea has been refined through I-Corps training program and mentoring. A team of judges will select one winning team to be the Deaf College Innovation Bowl champion. This winning team will then receive an additional 10 weeks of personalized coaching and mentoring through the I-Corps program, and an additional $3,000 in funds for prototyping, travel and for student stipends.
"RIT/NTID has a proud tradition of encouraging and developing innovation and entrepreneurship among our deaf and hard-of-hearing students," said Scot Atkins, RIT/NTID professor of business and the Innovation Bowl program coordinator. "The I-Corps program and curriculum are designed to advance early stage commercialization of products in the sciences, technology, engineering and mathematics, or STEM, fields, which will help bring students' ideas to fruition."
Each team, represented by a college, must be made up of at least two deaf and/or hard-of-hearing members or led by a deaf or hard-of-hearing student. Team members must be matriculated full-time at the representative college at the time of application submission. Members of the team must be committed for up to one year to receive coaching from I-Corps. More than one team from a single college or university is permitted.
Each team must have a coach, or another designated representative from the college program. A coach may be a member of the faculty, staff or another designated representative. Team ideas cannot be based on an already existing operational business venture and must be STEM based.
The deadline for application submission is Jan. 26, 2018. More information can be found on the website https://www.rit.edu/research/simonecenter/nsf-deaf-college-innovation-bowl or by contacting Atkins at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Carillon Assisted Living
of Harrisburg
If location really is everything, as they say, then Carillon Assisted Living of Harrisburg truly has it all. Just minutes from nearby Charlotte, and straddling the Concord city line, the community enjoys easy access to Cabarrus County shopping, medical offices and banks. The community's warm appeal is owed to its friendly residents and engaging team members.
Call or come by Carillon Assisted Living of Harrisburg today, and find out what seniors in the Charlotte Metro area already know — this is premier assisted living at its finest.