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Metals 2017, 7(9), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/met7090324
A Critical Review of Mg-Based Hydrogen Storage Materials Processed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing
College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
Suqian Institute, Hohai University, Suqian 223800, China
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 16 July 2017 / Accepted: 18 August 2017 / Published: 23 August 2017
As a kind of cost-efficient hydrogen storage materials with high hydrogen capacity and light weight, Mg-based alloys have attracted much attention. This review introduces an effective technique in producing bulk ultrafine-grained (UFG) Mg alloys and promoting its hydrogen storage property, namely, equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP). This paper briefly describes the technical principle of ECAP and reviews the research progress on hydrogen storage properties of ECAP-processed Mg alloys. Special attention is given to their hydrogen storage behaviors including hydrogen storage dynamics, capacity, and cycling stability. Finally, it analyzes the factors that affect the hydrogen storage properties of ECAP-processed Mg alloys, such as the grain sizes, lattice defects, catalysts, and textures introduced by ECAP process.
Keywords:Mg alloy; hydrogen storage behavior; equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP)
1. Introduction
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has foretold a 37% increase in the world's energy demand by 2035, compared with that in 2008 [1,2]. Hydrogen fuel, a new kind of renewable and clean energy, has been considered as a promising candidate for an environmentally friendly source of alternative energy to the conventional fossil fuels in meeting the world's demand [3,4,5]. Technical issues, for instance hydrogen storage, must be overcome before its utilization in large-scale applications. For many years, metal hydride has attracted attention worldwide for its safe, cost-effective properties compared with other storage options such as high pressure gas tanks and cryogenic liquid, and it has already become a hot topic in the field of hydrogen storage. Numerous investigations have focused on Mg and its alloys, primarily due to their high hydrogen storage capacity, relatively low cost, and large abundance in the Earth's crust [4,5].
Hydrogen can be stored in Mg in the form of Mg-based metal hydrides during the process of dissociative chemisorption. Mg-based metal hydride can be generated by Mg and H2 at a temperature of 300–400 °C and a hydrogen pressure of 2.4–40 MPa [6]. The formation equation can be described as:
Mg + H2 ⇌ MgH2
MgH2 has the highest hydrogen storage densities, up to 7.6 wt % [7], compared with other hydrides applicable for hydrogen storage. The enthalpy of MgH2 formation, ΔH = −74.7 kJ/mol, which makes the equilibrium hydrogen evolution temperature at a standard atmospheric pressure, is as high as 289 °C. Concerning its mechanism of operation, there are four steps required for hydrogen to be stored in Mg alloys: (1) H2 dissociates on the surface of the Mg alloy. In this step, surface properties such as morphology and surface structures as well as the purity of the Mg alloy are among the factors influencing H2 dissociation; (2) Diffusion of the dissociated H atoms in the Mg alloy. In this stage, the microstructures of Mg including the grain size and grain boundaries represent the most important issues for the diffusion of H atoms inside the metal; (3) The formation of the hydrogen-containing solid solution inside Mg. In this stage, microstructure defects such as dislocations and vacancies are necessary aspects to be considered; (4) Phase transformation takes place between H atoms and Mg to form MgH2. In this stage, catalysts play an important role in the transformation.
As mentioned above, the slow hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetic and high working temperatures above 250 °C are the most obvious barriers to the development of Mg as a hydrogen storage carrier. Widespread research has been conducted over the past couple of decades to solve those problems, with significant advancements achieved through mainly focused on improving the H2 dissociation ability as well as its diffusion inside the Mg matrix. One of the most effective methods is to reduce the Mg grain size to the nanoscale. Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP), one of the severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods producing submicrometer and nanoscale grains with high angle grain boundaries, has been used to refine bulk coarse-grained metals and alloys to grain sizes ranging from a few tens to a few hundreds of nanometers without changing the bulk dimensions. ECAP could introduce an ultra-fine grained (UFG) structure with excellent mechanical properties, as well as unique physical and chemical performances. Intensive research had been carried out in the application of UFG alloy processed by ECAP, for example, in fabricating various micro-parts working in micro-electro-mechanical systems [8] and in making biodegradable stents in the biomedical field [9]. ECAP also can be used in improving the hydrogen storage property of Mg-based hydrogen storage materials. The ECAP process creates defects such as vacancies and dislocations which produce a positive effect on the diffusion kinetics. Investigations suggested that there was an improvement in the diffusion and H2 storage capacity in Mg alloys after being processed by SPD due to the presence of excess vacancies.
In this review, we briefly introduce ECAP as an effective process technique in producing bulk UFG Mg alloy. We mention the hydrogen storage behaviors of ECAP-processed UFG Mg alloys, such as hydrogen storage dynamics, capacity, and cycling stability. A brief review of state-of-the art is reported on the hydrogen storage properties of ECAP-processed Mg alloys. This work will serve to enrich the preparation of solid-state hydrogen storage systems in order to realize the long-term application of Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys.
2. ECAP Technology
Mg alloys have been intensively studied for possible applications as a kind of hydrogen storage material due to their high hydrogen storage capacity, better cycling stability, and relatively low cost. Nevertheless, the critical assessment of an Mg-H system based on thermodynamic modeling of different stable phases indicated that the hydrogen desorption temperature under 1 bar was above 423 K. Besides, the hydrogen desorption rate at 423 K is quite slow. Those factors could hinder the practical application of magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials [10]. The recent progress in the field of nanocrystalline material has given hope for the improvement of the hydrogen storage properties of Mg, as well as promoted the application of magnesium alloys in hydrogen storage materials [11]. Nanocrystalline solids can provide a high density of lattice defects. A great amount of atoms in nanocrystalline materials may be located in the defect cores with distorted coordination [11], like large angle grain boundaries. Also, the parameters of the interaction between those atoms with hydrogen must be fairly different from that found in perfect solids. It has already been proved experimentally that such nanostructure hydrides of Mg offer better kinetics than their coarse-grained counterparts. Moreover, grain boundaries also provide easy paths for the diffusion of H atoms into the bulk. A high density of defects inside the bulk together with its microstructure can effectively affect the hydrogen storage property during the absorption and desorption processes of nanostructure Mg-based hydrogen storage materials.
ECAP is an attractive technology in producing nanocrystalline materials, and can offer factors that could influence the final microstructure. ECAP was first introduced by Segal et al. [12]. A large number of reports have described the process of metal flow during ECAP.
As shown in Figure 1a, the die contains an internal channel and an external channel. Φ and Ψ represent the channel angle and the curvature angle, respectively. Samples made in cuboid shapes are pushed through the die by a plunger. To make it simple, Φ in Figure 1a is about 90°. Figure 1b illustrates the theoretical shear plane [13] existing in the die when the samples go through the two channels. When passing through the die, samples are exposed to the simple shear strain which cause the imposed deformation on them without any changes in the cross-sectional dimensions. With the same cross-section, samples can be processed repetitively to attain a high strain. Severe deformation, appearing during the process, will lead to grain refinement, in some circumstances to the nanoscale.
Samples passed through the die once indicates one pass processed by ECAP. ECAP passes play a key role in the deformation process, the equivalent strain after N passes, can be expressed in a general equation [14]:
Φ and Ψ represent the angles in Figure 1a. As the number of passes increases, samples are exposed to an increased strain which could lead to a further grain refinement. Between passes, the billet can be rotated around its longitudinal axis. As illustrated in Figure 2, there are three main pressing routes in the use of ECAP: In route A, samples can be pressed repetitively with no rotation. In route B, samples are rotated by 90° in the same direction between the passes. In route C, the samples are rotated by 180° between the passes [15].
The repetitive passes, together with the combination of different routes, strongly determines the final microstructure of the material [16,17]. As shown in Figure 3, after 12 passes through the ECAP process by route B, the coarse β-phase was refined to about 10 µm and then homogenously distributed in the α-phase Mg matrix, shown in the work by Song et al. [18]. Except for the UFG metallic materials, ECAP can also provide a higher density of lattice defects such as vacancies and dislocations.
3. Effect of ECAP on the Hydrogen Storage Behavior of Mg-Based Metal Hydrides
3.1. Dynamics
Hydrogen storage dynamics is a basic issue in hydrogen storage property. It can be defined as the speed of hydrogen absorption/desorption of a material. Activation or incubation time, the time required for the material starting to absorb hydrogen, is another factor to testify hydrogen storage dynamics.
According to Skripnyuk [11], the first scholar to have investigated the effect of ECAP on the hydrogen storage properties of Mg alloy hydrides, commercial Mg alloy ZK60 showed a higher hydrogen storage property in both hydrogen capacity and the pressure hysteresis after eight passes of ECAP compared with its as-cast counterparts.
His later work [19] was focused on the effect of ECAP on the hydrogen storage properties of a eutectic Mg-Ni alloy. The eutectic alloy Mg89Ni11 was processed by ECAP, with Ψ = 90° and Ψ = 0° through route B for 10 passes. The process was started at the temperature of 573 K during the first pass, and the temperature decreased to 513 K and 503 K during the ninth and 10th passes. Samples were hydrogenated at 573 K and a hydrogen pressure of 25 atm, and then processed by five desorption/absorption cycles. The kinetics of hydrogen desorption from ECAP-processed and as-cast alloys at 573 K shown in Figure 4 indicates that samples processed by 10 ECAP passes took less time to desorb up to 6 wt % of hydrogen. Herein, it took 10 min for as-cast samples but only 6 min for ECAP-processed samples. Besides, the Van't Hoff diagrams for the desorption processes of ECAP-processed Mg and as-cast Mg hydrides showed that the entropy of MgH2 for the ECAP-processed Mg alloy samples was higher than that of their as-cast counterparts. A shorter incubation time was also found in the research by Asselli et al. for ZK60 hydrogen storage material after six ECAP passes [20].
3.2. Capacity
To investigate the effect of ECAP on Mg-based hydrogen storage material systematically, hydrogen storage capacity is important. Hydrogen storage capacity gives a clear description of how much hydrogen will be absorbed/released for a hydrogen storage material.
As shown in Figure 4, after 10 ECAP passes through route B, with the hydrogenated temperature at 573 K and a hydrogen pressure of 25 atm, the gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity of eutectic alloy Mg89Ni11 can be as high as 6 wt % [19].
However, other research showed that processing ZK60 only by ECAP can barely improve the hydrogen storage capacity [21]. In the research of severely deformed ZK60 + 2.5% Mm alloy for hydrogen storage produced by two different processing routes, samples with the composition Mg5Zn1Zr2.5Mm were processed by both ECAP and a combination of ECAP and Cold Rolling (CR). The absorption measurement was conducted at 623 K and a hydrogen pressure of 20 bar (2 MPa). The result was quite interesting, showing that the samples after four ECAP passes provided relatively fast activation but a fairly small storage capacity about 2.5 wt % of H2 [21]. When ECAP was combined with CR, the hydrogen capacity could be highly promoted, which reached about 4 wt % of H2 [21]. Analogical results can be found in other studies, which suggests that the ECAP followed by CR could be a useful method in improving bulk magnesium hydrogen storage material. From the microstructure point of view, the combination of ECAP and CR highly contributed to the creation of a strong (002) texture [15]; evidence showed that when there appears a (002) texture in the matrix, the kinetics of Mg hydrogen storage property could be highly enhanced [22]. Furthermore, the combination of ECAP and CR could also achieve the goal of breaking the intermetallic phases as well as introducing microstructural defects, which are the factors responsible for the improvement in hydrogen storage properties of Mg-based hydrogen storage materials. Those factors will be precisely described later in Section 4.
3.3. Cycling Stability
During the processes of hydrogen absorption and desorption, the material will lose its reversible hydrogen storage capacity. The ability of the material to maintain its reversible hydrogen storage capacity is known as long-term cycling stability or cyclic stability [23]. Long-term cycling stability is a classic feature in determining hydrogen storage property.
When considering cycling stability, Krystian [24] carried out a long-term test of 1000 charging and discharging experiments. ZK60 Mg alloy was refined by ECAP using route B for four passes at a suitable temperature range from 383 K to 573 K. Hydrogenation experiments were carried out under a constant temperature between 473 K and 623 K with a pressure of hydrogen of about 1.5 MPa and 0–0.1 MPa. He found that the hydrogen capacity and kinetics of commercial ZK60 Mg alloy were both enhanced after ECAP processing. Except for 75% of the theoretical maximum storage capacity that had been reached within 1 h, the corresponding discharging time was reduced from 15 min to approximately 5 min. As shown in Figure 5, the result also presented an increase in the kinetics for the first 50 cycles, after which it increased slightly for the next 150 cycles, and remained at that level up to at least 1000 cycles [24].
ZK60 processed by ECAP showed a better kinetics and high stability compared with that processed by other techniques like HEBM (high energy ball milling), doped Mg, HPT (high pressure torsion), and CR (cold rolling), with respect to long-term investigations. The doped Mg alloys presented a decrease in storage capacity over the first 25 cycles [25]. Samples processed by HEBM performed better but still gave a considerable decrease in hydrogen storage capacity after just 60 cycles [26,27]. For HPT (high pressure torsion) processed samples, the cycling stability was maintained for at least 200 cycles, but was still far less than that processed by ECAP. Lastly, CR MgH2 showed a lower dynamic performance than both ECAP- and HEBM-processed ZK60 in the first few cycles [28].
4. Analysis of the Factors Affecting Hydrogen Storage Properties
4.1. Grain Size and Crystallographic Defects
ECAP is a profitable technique to provide UFG metallic materials with a high density of lattice defects. Grain size and crystallographic defects such as vacancies and dislocations are considered as vital aspects that affect the hydrogen storage behavior of metal hydrides.
It had been proved that by reducing the grain size from 2600 nm to 300 nm, the kinetics become almost twice as fast [24]. The exact mechanism for grain size that affects Mg hydride's hydrogen storage property still remains unsolved. Yet, it is widely recognized that the finer grain size, the larger the surface area is, hence the easier it is for dissociated H atoms to diffuse into the Mg matrix.
As for Mg-H system, H atoms are trapped by vacancies when they enter interstitial sites of the Mg lattice; for each vacancy, it can capture up to six H atoms with large binding energy. According to Sato et al. [29], internal strain is a leading cause of the formation of vacancies. During ECAP processes, the strain occurring on Mg alloys is large enough to create excess vacancies. A considerable amount of vacancies with increasing shear strain was demonstrated by Arkadiusz et al. [16]. The dissociated interstitial H atoms trapped by vacancies is presented in the form called vacancy-hydrogen (Vac-H). Large Vac-H binding energy and high affinity between H atoms and vacancies in some ways lowers the formation energy of a vacancy, which makes it easier for more vacancies to be formed. In addition, the additional vacancies inside the lattice provide easy pathways for dissociated H atoms diffusing into the matrix, which in turn improves the absorption process of the Mg hydrogen storage material [30,31,32,33,34,35,36].
4.2. Catalysts
Fine secondary phase particles, acting as catalysts [37,38], which can generally improve the H-kinetics sorption, have already been accepted as a major issue in studies on hydrogen storage properties. Mostly, the fine second phase is supposed to improve the activity for H molecules primarily dissociated/adsorbed on the metal surface as well as for those serving as nucleation sites for the hydride phase, especially for the desorption kinetics.
Soyama et al. [21] investigated the hydrogen storage property of commercial ZK60 magnesium modified with 2.5 wt % mischmetal processed by ECAP and extensive Cold Rolling (CR). The result showed that all the specimens processed by ECAP promoted a significant improvement in hydrogen storage capacity and absorption kinetics. It was the intermetallic particles, which distributed mainly on the grain boundaries during the ECAP processes [37,39], that contributed to the enhancement in hydrogen generation.
Vittori Antisari et al. [40] conducted an experimental research on the nucleation step of the MgH2 ↔ Mg + H2 on the basis of metallographic and kinetic data in order to give a clear interpretation of the role of the catalyst particles and the microstructure in the whole process [40]. The results presented a significant increased volume density of nuclei from the pure coarse Mg sample to the ball-milled pure Mg sample, and achieved the maximum density in the Fe-added alloy sample. SEM images indicated that the nucleation site was composed of microstructural defects, mostly distributed along the grain boundaries in pure Mg samples. When Fe was added, a higher density of MgH2 particles could be found both around the addition elements and in the matrix. This is because the addition elements act as catalyst particles, increasing the nuclei density. The distribution of nuclear sites through the bulk could speed up the reaction.
Montone A et al. [41] later investigated the process of catalyzed Mg reacting with hydrogen to give MgH2. The results suggested that the process of the newly grown MgH2 phase was interface-controlled, and the surface of the sample served as the factor limiting the hydrogen flue supplied to the reaction. The limiting factor may be related to the step of splitting the hydrogen molecule on the Mg surface or to the further diffusion through the oxide hydroxide layer which forms on the Mg surface. By adding a catalyst on the surface of the material, it is possible to effectively increase the hydrogen concentration on the surface of the material, thereby accelerating the progress of the reaction [41]. When the reaction rate is increased, the absorption and desorption processes of the catalyzed material can be carried out at lower temperatures compared to the non-catalyzed material [22].
4.3. Grain Boundaries
ECAP can provide UFG metallic materials with a large fraction of high-angle grain boundaries. In fact, the influence of grain boundary on hydrogenation kinetics has been intensively studied. Research showed that hydrogen could diffuse much faster along the grain boundaries [42]. It is important to know the hydrogen behaviors along grain boundaries in order to clarify whether hydrogen is trapped by a grain boundary or passes through the grain boundaries. There are some reports indicating that grain boundaries can serve as easy pathways for hydrogen penetration, which contributes to an improvement in hydrogenation kinetics as well as easy activation [43,44,45]; others gave the opinion that grain boundaries can act as nucleation sites for the hydride phase [20,40], which also lead to an enhancement in the kinetics of hydrogen absorption and desorption of Mg-based materials.
Kirchheim [46,47] investigated the hydrogen dissolved in nanocrystalline palladium, and his research focused on two regions: along grain boundaries and in the interior region. The results showed that concentrations of hydrogen were mostly distributed on the grain boundaries. Grain boundaries also offered different hydrogen solute site energies which contributed to the enhancement in hydrogen diffusivity along the grain boundary. Recently, Iwaoka et al. investigated the diffusion behavior of hydrogen in SPD-processed UFG palladium by electrochemical permeation tests [48]. The evidence exhibited a more sensitive value of diffusion coefficient with charging current density in SPD-processed metals, both in the absorption step and in the desorption step, compared with that in coarse counterparts. The results also indicated a higher value of diffusion coefficient as well as a lower activation energy in the SPD-processed matrix [48].
It is convincible to suggest that H atoms can enter the institutional site of the lattice as well as be trapped by defects inside the matrix. When the trap sites are available, H atoms are thought to be more easily chose the lower energy sites along the grain boundaries to be trapped. Actually, the trap effect is much smaller for grain boundaries affecting diffusivity than for vacancies, which is because Except for been trapped, H atoms can also diffuse along the grain boundary. When more H atoms are introduced, H atoms continue to occupy the lower energy sites and begin to pass through higher energy sites where the diffusion activation energy is lower. Calculations have proven that lower activation energy appears along grain boundaries, which means that grain boundaries can function as easy pathways for H atoms to diffuse into the bulk [49,50,51,52,53,54].
4.4. Textures
In addition to grain refinement and large density of dislocations, ECAP can also introduce changes in metal textures [54].
Jorge et al. [55] investigated the textures produced by ECAP in Mg-based hydrogen storage material. After ECAP processing, the samples were cut into two directions: the cross-sectional plane and the longitudinal plane. The result showed that only the α-Mg phase existed after ECAP processing. The α-Mg phase appeared to have preferred orientations in different sections. In the cross-sectional plane, the phase α-Mg preferred the (101) plane. In the longitudinal plane, the α-Mg phase was strongly pronounced in the basal (001) plane, and the (001) orientation was the main slip plane for the α-Mg phase. According to Jorge [55], the (001) orientation is the best orientation for hydrogen absorption.
An (002) crystallographic orientation can be found when ECAP was combined with a subsequent cold rolling process. In the research on pure Mg hydrogen storage material processed by a combination of ECAP and cold rolling, G.F. Lima [56] found that the samples preferred orientation along the (101) direction after four ECAP passes. After cold rolling, the samples acquired were strongly favorable to the (002) orientation. The H-absorption kinetic curves in his research illustrated that samples with a combination of ECAP and CR processing presented a better hydrogen capacity (high up to 5.7 wt %) and a faster hydrogen absorption property than the only ECAP-processed samples (hydrogen capacity is only 2 wt %). Lima thought it was the special texture of the (002) orientation that contributed to the improvement of the hydrogen storage property for samples with processed by both ECAP and CR compared with their only ECAP-processed counterparts.
It has been observed that, the hcp (tetrahedral) and fcc (octahedral) sites are the most possible positions for hydrogen to diffuse into the Mg matrix. Jacobson et al. [57] calculated the binding energies on frozen Mg (001) surfaces, and found that the minimum energy values were for fcc sites at −0.88 eV and for hcp sites at −0.852 eV, and the maximum value was for the Mg atoms sites at −0.09 eV. Weak Phase-Object Approximation Images (WPOA) taken on the three main directions of Mg, (001), (002), and (101), illustrated that, compared with (001) and (101) orientation, (002) texture was much more preferable for hcp (tetrahedral) and fcc (octahedral) sites. In return, these sites could function as stable surfaces for the hydride structure [58]. Moreover, a fixed orientation relationship according to Mg (002)//MgH2 (110) appeared when the transformation from hydrogenation of the hexagonal Mg structure into rutile MgH2 occurred [59]. It is reasonable to suggest that the presence of more (002) directions can, to some extent, improve the hydrogen storage property of metal hydrides, because the transformation from Mg to MgH2 is already favored by the presence of aligned Mg on the correct orientation [57].
5. Conclusions and Prospects
The rapid development in nanostructured materials and nanotechnology presents great improvements in surmounting the limitations of bulk Mg-based hydrogen storage materials. Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) has been proven to be an effective industrial technique in producing bulk ultrafine-grained (UFG) or nanostructured Mg alloys. ECAP also offers many control factors to design the final microstructure. For H2 storage, the reduced grain size and increased surface area can provide additional binding sites on the surface. Moreover, the large density of vacancies and grain boundaries make it easier for H atoms to diffuse from the surface to the matrix. According to the research performed up to date, the hydrogen storage properties such as the kinetics, capacity, and the cycling stability of UFG Mg are highly promoted by using the ECAP technique. The advantages of UFG Mg hydrogen storage applications have been well introduced, but there still remain many challenges to be settled in the future. The direction of further works could focus on the following points:
- Mechanism study. The diffusion path for H atoms from the surface to the bulk Mg alloys should be precisely investigated from the atomic scale. Special additives can be added into the bulk to systematically explore the interactions between additive elements and MgH2. Advanced theoretical calculations could be used in the research of the MgH2 hydrogenation/de-hydrogenation process.
- Microstructure optimization. The present microstructures of UFG or nanostructured Mg alloys need to be optimized on the basis of severe plastic deformation, in order to maximize the positive role for microstructure coordination acting on the hydrogen storage behavior of Mg hydrogen applications, as well as to explore the appropriate microstructures with the maximum hydrogen capacity, kinetic properties, and the longest cycling stability.
- Electrochemical hydrogen storage property study. Except for the gaseous hydrogen storage condition, UFG Mg alloys are also promising candidates for cathode materials; thus, more attention should be paid to the microstructure control introduced by ECAP to improve the electrochemical hydrogen storage property of UFG Mg alloys by means of microstructure coordination.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51774109), the Key Research and Development Project of Jiangsu Province of China (Grant No. BE2017148), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. HHU2016B10314), Six Major Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province of China (Grant No. 2014-XCL-023), the Public Service Platform and Science & Technology Support Program in the industrial field of Suqian City of China (Grant No. M201614 & H201615).
Author Contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Lisha Wang conducted the literature research, drawn the figures, collected, analyzed, interpreted the data, and finished writing the paper. Jinghua Jiang did the literature research and was responsible for paper revision. Aibin Ma and Dan Song are also responsible for paper revision. Yuhua Li was worked on the literature research. All authors have contributed to the manuscript. The author hopes that this paper can make its due contribution to the successful application and protection of the high-performance ultrafine-grained Mg alloy via ECAP.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1. (a) The schematic illustration of a typical ECAP (equal channel angular pressing) facility; (b) The principle of ECAP showing the shearing plane existing in the die.
Figure 3. UFG (ultrafine-grained) grains of α-Mg phase and the highly refined secondary phase. (a) SEM image of as-cast AZ91; (b) SEM image of AZ91 after 12 ECAP passes; (c) TEM images of AZ91 after 12 ECAP passes Reproduced with permission from [18], Elsevier, 2011.
Figure 4. Kinetics of hydrogen desorption at 573 K in as-cast and ECAP-processed samples Reproduced with permission from [19], Elsevier, 2007.
Figure 5. Color-coded 3D diagrams showing the storage capacity and kinetics of hydrogen at the absorption of ZK60 at 623 K against cycle number and time. Reproduced with permission from [24], Elsevier, 2011.
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


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subset: commoncrawl


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4-10 miles (any pace) along Lexington's Brighton Trail and Walnut Grove, starting and finishing in KORT Hamburg's parking lot. We provide the SWORD Hydration and water!
Back to All Events
Earlier Event: August 12Summer Run Club at Modern Kids Dentistry (by Vet's Park)
Later Event: August 26Summer Run Club at Allsports


text: You know how those home improvement shows always make demolition look so much fun? Well, that's because it is! This weekend, Joey and I tore out our old faucet, plumbing, garbage disposal, sink and counters. Aside from the minor water explosion when we accidentally turned on the no-longer-hooked-up dishwasher, the rest of the process was fairly uneventful. I can offer two suggestions if you're ever planning on doing kitchen demolition yourself. First, have buckets and rags handy. You'll need them! Second, it doesn't hurt to watch a couple Youtube videos like this (worth it just for the play by play) before uninstalling your plumbing. That's about it! We've got some work to do before the granite arrives, so without counters I foresee a significant amount of outdoor barbecuing and a large quantity of paper plates in our future.


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KARACHI: A powerful blast has been reported in Landhi near Shia Imam Bargah.
According to sources, ten people have been reported injured so far.
Police and rescue teams reached the site of incident and shifting injured people to the nearest hospital. The nature of blast is yet to be confirmed, officials said.
The nature of the blast is yet to be ascertained.


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Copy of a letter written by John Kemp to his son Benjamin in New Zealand
My dear Benjamin,
Yours dated Panga Totara 27 March.
I duly received and it gave me great pleasure to hear you where in the land of the living.
What a mercy my dear boy it was that you was not taken off in the midst of your sins for we have all sinned I am truly rejoiced to hear that you have turned to be a Christian in true repentance and to take up your cross and follow your saviour through evil and good report the Almighty has Laid his hand on you for some purpose for he do not willing nor grieve the children of man but it is a warner a gentle tap at the door of your heart and I hope you will benefit by it.
It gives me more pleasure to hear that you are good than all the gold you could have sent me from New Zealand.
To save your Soul is a Treasure beyond all wealth for what can a man do if he gain the whole world if he loses in his own soul It is a great privilege for you to hear the gospel sound in a strange land the same God the same Saviour to see great and good men leave their homes their dear and true friends friends to preach the gospel to lost sinners to be faithful servant to their heavenly master and spread the gospel through all the earth to every nation and tongue.
Now my dear boy your father is getting an old man and have also been afflicted and laid on a bed of sickness and was also expected to die but in mercy the lord has spared me for a little season as I cannot expect to be hear long as my Age is now three score years and ten and quite lame but my bodily health is good and bless the Lord my intellect quite good.
Your Brother John is dead now, he died last year poor wanderer and James has been in poor circumstances but I am happy to say he is now better off.
Your dear sisters are all good and virtuous girls hold good situations non of them married I expect them home for the holiday. Abigail lives in London Susanna at Antwerp in Belgium and Mary Ann at Swapham. She received your letter by the same post I received mine and pleased to hear from you.
I still keep the Sarah Mills she has been a good little ship to me but everything is at present is very dull in shipping.
Your old schoolmaster Mr Carver often inquires about you, he sends his kind respects to you. The Avines all send regards to you. They are non of them married yet. John is at the Cape of Good Hope. Your Aunt Lil sends her love to you. They are all very pleased to hear from you.
Great changes have taken place since you left home, you must give our sincere love to your dear wife although unknown to us and hope you will be happy together.
It is a very near tie and dear also. We may never see her but I send her my blessing and may the Almighty God for ever watch over and after this life receive her into glory.
Robert Watts and Susan Watts sons has been to New Zealand in a vessel called the Young America. I think it was to the Otago or Dunedin but somewhere in the gold Regions.
We gave hime your address where you were last you wrote. I did not receive your last letter where you said you were married. I was not to know it till you wrote this letter. The Wolverton people send King Respects to you. Also Mr and Mrs Lynn wishing you success and Joy.
I cannot think of any more at present to write so my dear child I must say farewell and all that you have done to wound my feelings is past and forgiven and may the Almighty in his great mercy shower his blessings down on you and lead you in a plain path and at last receive you into glory, is a sincere prayer from your affectionate father, John Kemp
P.S. I must say a little to you about your mother. She sends her kindest love to you and wife. She very often speak of you was a favourite of hers and she was also a kind friend to you all and did her duty towards you and I hope that you will never forget to write to her should anything happen to me. She has been kind and good to me and mine which I hope you will never forget. Mary still lives with us, sends her regards to you so once more farewell and may we all meet as one family in another and better world. J.K.


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Most viewed
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Reduction aquarium mare nostrum montpellier
There are also documentaries and reconstructions of life as an astronaute and the early years of space travel.
The Odysseum shopping promo hop hop bca centre, the Odysseum district offers a large shopping centre with all your favourite shops including H M, Zara, the Apple Store etc.
Visit France, regions of France, languedoc-Roussillon, herault.The Planetarium opens.30pm.Aquarium Mare Nostrum, the Mare Nostrum Aquarium is just outside of the Odysseum shopping centre.Bowling and Karting at the Odysseum.Tickets cost.30 for adults and.30 for under 12s.With 40 bowling alleys plus 6 designed for small children the Odysseum bowling alley is a large bowling centre.There is a large choice of restaurants and bars and even an Irish pub with live music most nights.There is also plenty of parking with the first 2 hours being free and the Odysseum is easily accessible from the A9 motorway.Obviously the Mediterranean coast and the nearby coastal towns.Montpellier-Odysseum District, discover Montpellier-Odysseum District, photo Gallery, montpellier's new Odysseum district has been built in a fun modern style giving it something of the aire of a Miami shopping mall.Prices are 5 for adults and.10 for under 16s with skate hire.70.There are various different price combinations including family tickets (2adults 2 children) for.50.The rink is closed on Tuesday mornings during school holidays but open morning and afternoon apart from that (closed for lunch) and open 3 nights a week.Sete, La Grande-Motte and, le Grau-du-Roi are worth a visit.All in all 100 different shops plus a hypermarket - Casino Geant.The shops are open from.00-20.00 Monday to Saturday with Casino Geant open from.00.00 Monday to Saturday.The tram arrives into the shopping centre itself and so no worries about long distances to walk whilst carrying your shopping.
Planetarium-Galilée, at the heart of the planetarium is a large viewing room with a huge semi-circular screen allowing you to be totally absorbed in the sight of the galaxies and planets which surround the Earth.
The Planetarium is just outside the shopping centre at Odysseum and is open every day during school holidays and weekends and Wednesdays outside of holidays.
It has lots of displays of marine life throughout the world including one gigantic tank of 18m.5m - one of the largest in Europe.
There are also various programmes for different ages including different films and cartoons for children.


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How China connects
THE comments were made to an Indian audience, but they are of profound relevance here in Pakistan. In a recent speech to a think tank, the Chinese ambassador to India, Luo Zhaohui, who has also served as ambassador to Pakistan, invited India to join the One Belt, One Road project and reassured New Delhi that for all of China's close ties with Pakistan, China seeks stable and prosperous ties with India too. Mr Luo's comments come ahead of a major OBOR summit in Beijing, which India has declined to attend, and build on recent attempts by China to align India's so-called Act East policy with OBOR. For Pakistan, there are vital lessons to be drawn from the Chinese overtures to India. First, China's policy of putting trade ahead of disputes, and not just verbally emphasising but working practically for regional connectivity, is something that Pakistan must seriously consider emulating. Second, Pakistani policymakers' reflexive argument that China is Pakistan's friend first in South Asia ought to be reconsidered in the light of the very sensible formulation by Mr Luo of a 'China first' policy — national interest rightly trumping the more irrational hopes of even close allies.
There continues to be a great deal that divides India and China. The intensive military build-up by both countries, for example, may have extra-regional dimensions, but the simultaneous economic rise of China and India has hawks in each country worried about the ambitions of the other. Yet, rational voices in China and India have prevailed and pulled the countries into closer, near-irreversible economic ties. In setting out a long-term vision for China-India relations, Mr Luo, surely speaking with the explicit approval of Beijing, suggested four initiatives, three of which are economic in nature and only one — "strive for an early harvest of the border issue" — pertaining to past conflict. Contrast the forward-looking, economy-focused message of China with Pakistan's relations with three of its four neighbours in recent times. True, officially Pakistan does endorse regional connectivity, but in practice it has only embraced CPEC; connectivity with other neighbours is being spurned for ever-more-militarised borders.
Mr Luo's comments are also a warning against giddy notions inside Pakistan that CPEC has solidified Pakistan as its greatest, and possibly only, ally in the South Asia region. With a simple but frank phrase, "China first", Mr Luo demolished not just expectations that China will automatically side with Pakistan in its disputes with India but also drove a stake through hyperbolic assertions that CPEC and Pakistan's ties with China will help achieve a fair and just settlement on Kashmir. Indeed, policymakers here should be thankful to Mr Luo and his superiors in Beijing for their clarity — and for offering Pakistan a template to follow. A 'Pakistan first' national security and foreign policy could help reduce the many situations of conflict this country finds itself in regionally.
Published in Dawn, May 11th, 2017
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It proves still there are people in Pakistan to think rationally.Well done dawn
Well what this Chinese gentlemen said was much more significant than what is captured here. He offered to rename the CPEC if that assuaged indian concerns on soverignity. This portion of his speech so embarrassed China that it was removed from the transcript of the speech posted on Chinese embassy' website.
Should be an eye opener for the iron brother Pakistan.
Very sensible article.
Will pakistan always talk about future super powers india and chia or will it do something for its people and its economy as well...
Well written international politics run by intrest. Himalayan ocean iron friend ummah doesn't exist.
You should expect every country to think for themselves first, and only then for their allies. Expecting anything diff is foolhardy.
Short analysis but spot on!
Pakistan has a great lesson to learn from this, by example. The former East Germany became great only after joining West Germany and thus becoming GERMANY. Readers can take it from here.
Eye opener article to all your countrymen who were chanting Chinese loan as brotherly help....
@anshul "Himalayan ocean iron friend ummah doesn't exist" They know that very well. China is just insurance policy for the mil-inc. Even with the worst eventuality, looking likelier year after year, those elites will not have lost anything even if the land gets redistributed.
@anshul "Himalayan ocean iron friend ummah doesn't exist" They know that very well. China is just insurance policy for the mil-inc. Even with the worst eventuality, looking likelier year after year, those elites will not have lost anything. And also ensuring that India won't get back disputed territory, as we can see China has virtually taken over territory! Would you give back your investment?
Communism and communalism do not mix. It is a short term marriage of convenience, God save Pakistan.
After 70 years ....this needs to be explained when the world around has changed a lot !!
Emotions and relations exist only between two humans. There is no such thing as brother and friendship between two nations or two cars or two buildings. Psychology says that it is generally the one who expects favors or hopes for deep benefit in own favor.... tend to air the emotions of brotherly and friendship. In heart the real desire is to opportunistically honeycoat the other and get something. In our community they say be more careful of the sweettalker and the hugger brother. Never worry about the aloof, grumpy and angry bitter arguer.
Wow! Excellent editorial Sir. Applies to all the nations, without exception. Unfortunately every where in the world, saner voices like yours are getting drowned in the cacophony of intolerance. May your likes thrive
Loved this article although short but very specific
Very sensible editorial. If only it was understood and taken seriously by who it was meant for.
Excellent editorial. The fact is both India and China are pragmatic nations.
but are there any takers of this in Pakistan, I mean the people who matter and can do something.
As a Indian we can trust on Pakistan due to our cultural relation if Pakistan creates atmosphere but on China NO No No , They are not deserve for trust , humility , peoples to peopels contact
Excellent article but who cares for whom, as Pakistan's policy makers are always one-eyed!
All you need is a sensible leader at the top who isn't in power to further his own or family agenda. Chinese are doing business and we should reciprocate with equal business mind. As for other neighbors, it may not be easy but definitely is the better option to open trade
"officially Pakistan does endorse regional connectivity, but in practice it has only embraced CPEC; connectivity with other neighbours is being spurned for ever-more-militarised borders."
It is very clear why this is so.... to artificially keep the military relevant.
When both China and Pakistan are attacked by the rest of the world, will China choose China or Pakistan?
@Joe It proves there are several in India like you who still have insecurity and hide behind fake name, terrible Joe :).
Real eye opener for those fomenting regional struggles and calling them internal movements.
Many ups and downs in seventy years. Still best bet is indopak mutual understanding. Potential is not great, it's immense
Nothing surprising here. That is the way the china or any other country should do.
Good article.
Very sensible article, There in no permanent foe or permanent friends in world politics, Pakistan should understand this. If Pakistan-India works together, No foreign country will take advantage of the conflicts between India and Pakistan.
Good to read between the lines that it is now getting clear that India doesn't have any issues with either Pakistan Citizens or with their elected Civilian Government....!!
In fact our wish is to see a strong Civilian Government and prosperous country to maintain balance and peace in the Region.
@Robert You better stop your wishful thinking here
During his speech, the Chinese ambassador also suggested that in order to apease India, the name of "CPEC" could also be changed to "CIPC" - China-India- Pakistan-Corridor.
it took 35 years of absolute peace and tranquility in border for china and india to come to a current stable relationship level. Both the nations missed the development bus in 1962 but now they don't want to miss it and mess it again. Both will need each other to survive.
@Tahir @ Robert " becoming Germany "
But CPEC could make Pakistan politically and economically subservient to China The result of CPEC would be Pakistan turning into a country like Greece and taking unprecedented loans in the name of CPEC. ...so not Germany but Greece !!
@RAHUL -the renaming part was carefully crafted and then later removed. Removing of the phrase was a deliberate move . Chinese never make any such comments without a thorough approval. It is a signal of changing scenario . Samajne wale ko ishaara kafi hai. !
@mandy how india is super power when its gdp/capita quite same of bangladesh and much smaller than sri lanka.
Funny part is that Pakistan has provided the Land and taken a loan for China's OBOR.
Problem with pakistan is that it tries to punch above its weight. It should analyse its weight after considering its economic/military standing viz a viz its neighbours and punch accordngly.
@Anjum Nisar when economic base is small then its easy to attain high GDP growth.
China has a deep understanding of matters concerning global dynamics, interstate relations and human existence. Their comprehension of the philosophies governing power balance and statecraft is of a high order. A prudent society will realize that such depth of understanding comes with centuries of philosophical and intellectual growth/development and China is one of the oldest civilizations of the world. China's approach toward its neighbours - and the world at large - should be judged keeping their vintage in mind.
India knew this from beginning and has achieved mastery in understanding on how diplomacy works and perhaps that is why India has been in existence since ancient times.China too is in the same category as India.China do understands that India is too big to mess with in some serious military adventure sans minor conflict here and there.India also understands the same thus despite bitter rivilary between them economic cooperation between them is increasing and there seems mutual sense of conscience exists between that where they both understands that conflict with each other are not in the national interest of both,thus we are seeing "India first and One India" & China First and One China" kind of terminology emerging and becoming quite undetachable DNA of both nations society and integrating deep within their culture.
Your article is on target. Pakistan should follow the same principles, or it will be left with a heartache - much the same way that happened with the USA. In state craft there are no permanent friendships, only temporary relationships to further a country's interests. Seriously, Pakistan should completely reassess its relationships with its neighbors and let go of past grudges.
I must commend this editorial and other features of DAWN that put everything dauntlessly and without any fear of retaliation.I shall be very brief. Today's world is entirely economically-oriented. America is a union of 50 countries (states), e.g. just one state of Texas has 700 times the wealth of Pakistan. The US controls the world like the Roman Empire did. It has created regions all over the world, and has put neighbors at each others' throats. It outsourced almost all its manufacturing to China because the Chinese are educated, totally materialistic, have a very cheap labor, have a business-minded nature and do not possess an aggressive disposition. In the case of Pakistan, China will follow American policy when it comes to its dealings with Pakistan. As pointed out in your editorial, we need to do everything with our economy in mind, and not what our subjective ideological slogans dictate. We must learn something from China. Today, no fixed ideology works.
it took 35 years of peace and tranquility in border for china and india to re-establish the current level of stable relationship. Both missed the bus in 1962 and don't want a mess again . Both need each other economically -being the worlds largest and second largest markets . Like in past 5000, years both will survive any number of bumps...
@Joe Now face the reality in IOK and take up their cause.
Also check todays Global times, a Chinese Govt. moth piece. It says" China should seriously worry about indias growth which can be repeat of Chinese growth success and all foreign direct investments are aiming to go to India instead of China in future. Without Chinese help OBOR / CPEC we are growing fast and China is worried too much now.
Whatever problems we Indians with Pakistan still can love and trust as we are similar culture, people, food habits and language. But China never noo, no... never trust China. Ist they are selfish and back stabbers 2nd there is no similarity with China. Pakistan is fighting with India but behind the scene China is the conspirator of all these problems.
Every country has itself first before others but China is neutralizing India to avoid it being put up by US as an adversary , hence the offer to join OBOR and CPEC. But Chinese have long memories and value Pakistan's support and friendship. Connectivity can only be done when there is peace and harmony . Kashmir is under brutal Indian occupation and the situation will get worse. India is living in self denial with a false perceptions fanned further by the US and to a lesser extent the West. India needs to change its thinking and the mindset by focusing on resolving Kashmir conflict with sincerity, otherwise it will stunt its own growth at the sufferance of its people. Indian economy is in debt and lags miles behind China. India is Asia's 3 rd largest economy and Pakistan is 6th. With India involved in the Kashmir conflict with Pakistan and Kashmiris , it will always be struggling to achieve an elusive peace and progress.
@Joe Do you have a paper like Dawn that writes freely and truthfully its opinion aa an editorial. If you did, Kashmir would have been long resolved.
China knows fully well that for OBOR to truly be successful...it can not ignore the fastest growing major economy in the world with one of the largest market that there is. So, naturally, experts within China would want to do whatever possible to ensure India joins OBOR. Pakistan has no meaningful choice here.
After longtime some impactful editorial from Dawn, well done!!!
@Anjum Nisar Check one more time. It is much better than Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Data never tell lies and still you get satisfaction to downgrade India carry on.
India's geographical location is so good that it need not any CPEC. Look at globe and then try to find out which country has more ideally placed on the globe.
@zak you always are under wishful thinking?
Meanwhile "Dangal" has become number one movie in China this week defeating hollywood movie guardians of galaxy, India is connecting with china not only with common heritage ( Buddha ) but also with stories which touch there heart and soul, Pakistan need to do something soon. the day is not far when Chinese will realize that they have more in common with India then Pakistan.
@Anjum Nisar -the same way China, when its GDP/Capita is a fraction of Saudi or qatar.......
India will never relinquish control of Kashmir until a boycott ,divestment and sanctions regime is undertaken by all grass root actors who want freedom and justice for Kashmir.
@nitin Mr. Nitin, I am also an Indian but Pakistan is way better than China in all account. The same food, the same culture and same language and what similarities with China. How many english pictures are making huge money in India that does not mean all USA / UK are our common heritage. Also friendship with China is so dangerous dangerous as their only aim is expansionism and push their economy on others expenses. But Pakistan we can contain but not China at this moment. I am working out side India even in China, UAE, Hongkong (Trading) and I can surely tell you at present we canot compatite with China we have go further to give fitting reply to China.
China is willing to rename CPEC if India is willing to join One Belt One Road (OBOR) project. For China its business interest first.
Very balanced edit. While China is clear about its interests, both India and Pakistan are driven by a desire to see the other side go down which affects focusing on the job at hand, which should be improving your own country.
The results are obvious.
Chinese policies are very pragmatic.The economic cooperation must precede the political one.Economic aspirations of the people must be given more priority over everything
Problem of Pakistan as a country is that it never sees the problem of it's own people.
Kashmiri centrist approach is the at the root of the disagreement between India and Pakistan Ditch Kashmir for sometime and see the economic progress both nations can achieve.It will be a a major regional economic bloc.Unfortunately both nations are obsessed with kashmir and it is not worth the price we are now paying.
China is dealing with 100s of Pakistan style countries all over the world and can't afford to side with any of them and jeopardise its own national interest. If Pakistan was hoping China is going to act as a firewall against India then they misjudged the China. China and India are two powerful emerging economy in the world and China has strong interest in developing relations with India, though, China itself has border disputes or Dalai Lama issues with India to be resolved. Like China put, national interest first and it will be naive for Pakistan to believe China is going to enter into cold war against India and jeopardise trade with her. Big countries resolve issues different ways like US and China or Russia and US.
@zak If there weren't people like you....Kashmir would have been resolved long back.
@tomUHTO TAWMAYTO , You hit the nail on the head of the 'parasites who have been sucking blood out of hardworking Pakistanis' ....'Artificially keeping ....relevant'
Hello Awaam, jago, abh to jaago. Strengthen democracy and secularism.
Say 'no' to war-mongering, fundamentalism and elitist interests.
@Anjum Nisar :@mandy how india is super power when its gdp/capita quite same of bangladesh and much smaller than sri lanka.
That's because both GDP and GDP/capita have their respective relevance in two very different economic areas. The GDP/C is more of social services index w.r.t. living standard. A nation of 100,000 with a per-capita income of 1M$ each would have an extremely high living standard and a GDP of just 100M$ e.g. no clout in the world. India has a low GDP/C but a GDP of +2T$ e.g. some clout - perhaps a "super power" in making, time will tell.
From an India point of view, India has trust deficit with both China and Pakistan. China has to put more effort and action to gain Indias trust.
Pakistan economy is Number 11 in Asia way behind even smaller nations like Thailand, South Korea, Malaysia, Iran.
@zak : India is the 3rd largest economy in the world but Pakistan is 6th. Where do you get your data. India is a contributor to IMF coffers but Pakistan is borrowing from IMF. Certainly I agree that there is an issue in Indian Kashmir but then every Indian state had an issue in the past with the Indian union including my state of Tamilnadu. With a strong economy, India will resolve the Kashmir issue with Jobs and education.
The hate against Pakistan by the Indians has gone to the limits.
From reading Chinese web sites and publications, China is extremely proud and grateful to the Pakistan for the friendship and support. China also recognizes India's aggressive claims and lying behavior. But it is better to change India to be a friend than to continue hostility. Whether the effort will be successful remain to be seen. An improvement of relationship with India, if ever possible or become reality, will never mean to diminish the friendship and bonding with Pakistan. Chinese practice win-win and Confucianism, Taoism which are inclusive. It is much healthier than Judeo-Christians exclusiveness zero-one either you or me concept. Pakistan should continue to have faith in the friendship and bonding with China once understands the Chinese culture and civilization.
Sane commentary....
wat do u mean by 'so-called Act East policy'??
Please ... the topic is not about Kashmir ...don't create wrong impression about readers from Pakistan.
When FDI is welcomed from West mainly Cola companies, fast food giants, daily use consumer goods will enter the local amrket. In case of China, their excess production capacity in steel, glass, toys & electronics oods will flood the local market. Like food security, local manufacturing has become vital for national security.
China has put their national interest as paramount objective of their long and short term policies. It is high time military and civilian govt of Pak to understand this and build the country with a strategic objective.
McDonald's theory: 2 countries that have a McDonald's have never gone to war!
What it really means is that strong trade relations are a great way to bring peace.
@Anjum Nisar Update your knowledge bro, Google it and find the Position of India
@Anjum Nisar please get your statistics correct .
there can not be a better understanding of the situation. congrats
China has never mentioned in the past that they want to only have relations with Pakistan and not India. They are not as immature as both India and Pakistan. China has mentioned before and so has Pakistan that they would like India to join OBOR and even CPEC but India refused both times. Chinese ambassador to India is not the first one to utter these words. China wants as many countries to be included in OBOR as possible so why would they leave out India ... their own neighbours and why should Pakistan view it as a threat? China made the investment in CPEC because this is the shortest, cheapest and most reliable route for them and not because Pakistan is the apple of their eyes. Pakistan is willingly participating because of economic reasons and investment from China and NOT because we want to turn China against India. India is doing this all by themselves and don't need our help.
Not a very good editorial.
what is there to understand, it is divide and rule, irony is we are all ready divided and they just need to rule and laugh out loud on our stupidity. As an Indian I feel we have to go a long way to catch up on China we may have won few small battles in recent past. However having friendly relationship with Pakistan is in our interest.
@lafanga than I think you have missed the crux of this message,it says if economic interdependence grows to level where it becomes irreversible than lot many problem can be solved,also all other matters cannot be hostage to 1 specific agenda. As regards cpec or obor you have yr understanding and I think we are entitled to our understanding.
@Vijay Talking of economies in real nominal term of GDP, in Asia China is at 1st place, Japan is second and India is 3rd.
In the world, US is at first place, China is 2nd, Japan is 3rd, Germany is 4th, France is 5th, UK is 6th and India is at 7th place, Italy is 8th, so on and so forth.
China GDP is 5 times that of India and the population of China is 1.4 billion and of India it is 1.3 billion. PPP GDP is just a parity and nominal is the real term.
@Vijay - You have also to tell him - what is job and education, and how it will benefit people of Pakistan!
India has no problem constantly growing above 7.5% by itself. Its a local consumption based economy and the future looks bright. Opening India's market to China's cheap products will destroy its domestic economy and the deficit will increase further. China's debt is more than 250 times its GDP, higher than USA. Of course China will put itself first and want to aggressively cut this down with OBOR.
China does not like competition and has a bad habit of wanting everything and not giving much. They make it hard for foreign companies to setup in China, sometimes banning foreign companies (Facebook, Twitter etc). They then subsidize local firms and 'copy' western business models. After all this, they expect freedom for Chinese firms everywhere else. So India has good reasons for not joining OBOR, which is a one-side deal.
Excellent editorial and analysis. Its time for all of South Asia to think rationally, just like the Chinese do. Putting emotions before analysis is always counterproductive. If we do our analysis correctly, we will see that it benefits all of South Asia to have a free trade environment, and I dare say a lot of problem will evaporate in few decades of time.
@Rishab You are incorrect to say China did not give. China has provide low cost finance, technological transfer, training to under developed countries at astonish speed. Go to check with African and South American countries to see. It is quite admirable for what China has done. Sometimes, they were free gifts.
@Sir percy Friendship and business relationship with Pakistan is accepted but China very dangerous. They are crooked and their main aim is to dump their products in the market and grow their economy. At present we are making infrastructure and industrilisation in vast way and no space for chinese friendship.
@Joe good to know that there are rational people to appreciate even across the borders!
It will be very naive to think otherwise, to befriend Pakistan is not by choice but by necessity to forward their own interest
@Iftikhar Husain With very good reason. You are forgetting Mumbai etc.
@Sir percy You are right. Chinese also give much better contract term to the trading partners than US ever gave. If you read Global times recently, you can see it talk about good Pakistan governess and management, projects finish on time: "...(we saw) Pakistan Ministry of Planning,Development and Reform during the research period,and their past bureaucratic style has disappeared. Minister for Planning,Development and Reform ...the CPEC project director, and subordinates were all keeping clear minds and were highly familiar with the whole situation." and localization of CMPak: "Localization was given top priority by CMPak during its operations in Pakistan. Besides the 21 management and expert personnel sent from China, the rest of its employees are local residents. So far, it has created 3,200 direct jobs and more than 50,000 indirect positions. "
Search for "CPEC program achieves unexpected progress" and "Belt and Road initiative benefits Pakistan's infrastructure" on global times.
@Robert Thank you, I share my thoughts deeply with yours.
@riz1 Very intelligently you have given a firm blow on the face of one who is already on the thresholds of the exit doors.
Sir, only difference is that we add emotions to everything. CPEC should be considered a pure business venture to develop infrastructure in the remote region of our country. Brotherly, friendship etc are too much.
Correction here, India's economy surpassed UK's quiet a while ago.
We're currently 5th or 6th biggest economy in the world. Not sure if we're ahead of France yet, but we're close.
We are expected to overtake Germany to become world's 4th biggest economy by 2022.
But if you take our track record into consideration, we might make it a couple of years earlier.
CPEC is nothing but Chinese economic corridor, cpec,obor or silk road whatever you may call it, the Chinese main intention is to flood the entire belt with cheap Chinese products be it electronic, toys, steel, cement, power, etc etc. Nowadays no nation can compete with cheap Chinese products and other nations are worried with huge trade deficit ,Chinese intension is to control the world economy by its cheap exports....in the end for Chinese ..its China comes first.
Cpec is great project. I agree, but how it is helping Pakistanis. Engineers, machines, workers...... Now even security guards too All are Chinese on Pak soil....
how is this helping Pakistan's Economy ?
The article also is not only very straight it is very enlightening. China is a very mature country knows how to get the best out of any country. They need Pakistan to stretch their wings and entrench themselves but also know Pakistan is doing all this out of desperation. They cannot have lasting prosperity without India
All that Pakistan and China say about their friendship being an all-weather one higher than the mountains and deeper than the oceans is only for public consumption and even the Pakistani government doesn't let that rhetoric guide its foreign policy. Despite friendship with China, Pakistan maintains independent relations with the United States, Japan and other countries looking to encircle China.
@Tahir I will make a prediction, Tahir. It will happen sooner or later or they will destroy one another. Mark my word and make sure that you will live for next 50 years to see one or the other. Just think: what could happen to Pakistan if ( and only if) India's economic growth, of 1.2 million people, continue to rise @7.5% for the next 20 years.
@HZR - I am with you on this 100% - Let Pakistan think "Pakistan First" - the Kashmir issue will resolve on its own! Either India takes care of their needs and Kashmiris become an integral part of India in their minds and souls or this brutal violence continues and they force India to relinquish control over them - it will be decided eventually. Unfortunately, Pakistan is not interested in the first scenario and in doing so it will never think "Pakistan First"
@Anjum Nisar PER GDP capita doesn't matter.
Chinese per GDP capita is some where around 70th out of 200 countries. Still China ahead of 68 countries in those list ( except USA ) . How ?
@Sir percy Sir, please go & see in Sri Lanka also.
Great article. Nice to see some recognition of Chinese intentions in Pakistan.
Always trade, whereby money is earned disproportionately high to the investment made, is most important. We have seen this hard truth since centuries. This is how Britishers ruled us for 200 years and wars were fought across the globe. That is no different even now and for any time to come. China has learnt this from Opium War. We should always cautiously tread keeping this point always uppermost.
@Robert I dont speculate much on unifying. However, peaceful existence between the two would certainly have made Pakistan much better place to live, and a combined economy to rival China.
China wants to rule the world,they are doing just what imperialist Western powers did. They came for trade but ended up invading entire continents. Beware Pakistan,Sri Lanka and all other countries who are signing deals with them
There cannot be a better example than Nathu La pass in north East India of current status of Indo-China relationship. In 1962 and 67, there were bitter military exchanges across the pass with very heavy causalities on both sides. Still there is heavy military buildup at 14.500 ft height and sub zero temperature but today it is more a trading posts with well equipped custom houses on both sides. Chinese soldiers happily come out to shake hands and freely pose for photographs with Indian tourists and vice-verse!Stream of trucks move across Nathu La every day carrying on the trade freely. Is that the scene at Attari or anywhere on Indo-Pak border?
Hi All, I'm an Indian, and what I'm going to ask Pakistanis is that why you people believe that China loves you and will always blindly support you in any situation? Remember that China was the best friend of Vietnam. But now, its enemy. From the Chinese behavior in the International arena, especially in the South China Sea where it disputes rights of every nation of the region. It simply doesn't respect the International law when it comes to its economic interest. It openly defies International Court's Judgments.
Leave alone India. China bullies every nation when its interest is involved. The day when China sees associating with India is more profitable to it, it will not hesitate to drop Pakistan unceremoniously.
Every nation in this world is respecting the rich and disrespecting poor like ordinary men. Any love or friendship lasts only as long as it is profitable. It will always be better for Pakistan to become economically independent without leaning too much on China or USA. Today if the whole World is going after India, it is not out of any inexplicable love. It is purely for profit!
If it were not for Pakistan, India, Japan and China would together rule the world. Great competitors all right, but together as One Asia. Three of the world's largest economies, with market size touching 3 billion people. China the leaders in electronics and general manufacturing, Japan in electronics R&D and automobiles, and India in cutting edge space programme and software development.
US Europe and Russia would be begging to engage us. But for just one nation. Pakistan.
"China was the richest country of the world for 3000 years, only they were in turmoil in the last 200 years" , Henry Kissinger. Let us hope OBOR/CPEC has good intention behind it and in next 200 years we will be able to establish United States of Asia


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Rain man
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Why Europe needs legal migration and how to sell it
Europe needs migrants, and migration is inevitable. Now, European leaders must articulate a powerful case for opening legal migration channels, rather than defaulting to vote-winning policies of containment and control.
- The total number of migrants coming to Europe by sea has fallen by 90 per cent since the peak of the so-called refugee crisis in 2015. Yet the EU's success in reducing arrivals has failed to silence the anti-immigration rhetoric of the populists.
- Moderate European politicians face a political challenge and a policy challenge, both of them tough: politically, with the European Parliament elections around the corner, they need to fight anti-migrant, populist forces, while they also have to devise policies to ensure that there is no repeat of the crisis.
- This task puts governments and mainstream politicians in a tricky position. Leaders tend either to ignore the problem or try to outpace the populists by tilting toward illiberal policies, allowing anti-migrant forces to own the debate. Neither choice is good for Europe.
The EU needs to find ways to allow migrants in without risking their lives; the stability of Europe; or Schengen.
- Migration to Europe will not and should not stop. The region's relative prosperity will attract people from around the world for years to come. If managed correctly, migration tends to be positive-sum: it gives those who want to migrate an opportunity to improve their circumstances while providing more workers for host countries.
- It is the job of politicians to communicate both these facts to the public – while acknowledging that there is still some work to do if migration policies are to work for both migrants and host societies.
- EU leaders have made progress in dealing with the first element of any migration policy – curbing irregular arrivals and sending people with no right to stay back. But they must do better on the second part – providing alternative routes for those who still want to come, and whom European countries want to admit. Politicians should take a four-step approach to dealing with migration.
- First, they should explain that the EU has successfully reduced arrivals in Europe through improved border controls, more cash for countries of origin and transit, and better deals with partners. But they should also point out that this is not enough if EU migration policies are to be sustainable in the long term. The EU needs to find a way to allow some migrants in, without risking either their lives, the stability of the host country, or the integrity of the EU's Schengen area.
- Second, leaders should accept that no government would be able to stop migration completely, even if it wanted to. Instead, governments should learn how to manage. It will not be easy to find a consensus among member-states on what to do with asylum seekers. But the question of economic migration is comparatively less complex. There are no internationally binding rules that the EU must follow when deciding what to do about those seeking to move and work in Europe.
An approach to migration that includes legal pathways is necessary for the EU's migration policies to be sustainable.
- Third, EU leaders should make a nuanced case for legal migration. Well-managed migration can raise tax revenues, which can then be spent on ageing populations. The EU is the most rapidly ageing region in the world, after Japan. But economic and demographic arguments alone will not reverse current anti-immigration sentiments. A powerful counter-narrative is necessary to answer populist and far-right groups, which wield migration as a weapon in their fight against the EU's liberal identity.
- Fourth, European leaders should find new ways to bring people in – without forgetting the trade-offs. The EU has not managed to set-up a common European system to bring migrants legally into Europe, and it may never do so. A more realistic way for the EU to get involved would be for it to support the implementation of bilateral projects between member-states and third countries, with a focus on medium-skilled migration.
Economic arguments alone will not reverse anti-immigration sentiment.
- Such projects would help with the training of migrants in professions that require moderate levels of literacy, like nursing or hospitality management. The EU could help those projects either by disbursing money; or by ensuring that diplomas from partner countries are recognised across the bloc.
View press release
This paper is part of a series on the future of Europe's migration and security policies supported by the Open Society European Policy Institute.


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Best Refereed Paper Recognition
For the second time at Congress IFHE has included a "Best Refereed Paper"recognition. This aligns with the inclusion of peer reviewed full papers at Congress, which lifts the academic standing of the congress from being non-research compliant to meeting all credentials for research points aggregations internationally. This means congress delegates who have a peer reviewed papers can claim their papers are research outcomes. They can also seek funding support and their institutions will receive research funding based on their paper publication.
The Process
All 40 papers that were submitted for the refereed process were peer reviewed by two referees. The process was blind reviewed, which means there were no author names, so the reviewers did not know who wrote the paper when they were undertaking the review. As part of this process, reviewers were asked to identify high quality papers for consideration for the"Best Refereed Paper" recognition. Twelve papers were selected. Next, available members of the editorial board of the International Journal of Home Economics ( IJHE) were invited to evaluate the shortlisted papers, again using the blind review process. This process was undertaken to select the "Best Peer Reviewed Congress Paper".
The entire process has been undertaken by blind review (i.e. without author names on papers), from the submission of the papers to shortlisting of the potential "best paper" to the final evaluation of the "best paper".
The paper that was selected by the Editorial Board of IJHE as the "Best Refereed Paper" at the IFHE World Congress was:
KIM, J. H., & TORQUATI, J. (2016)."Does Parental Financial Assistance Assist Young Adults to be Financially Healthy?: Effects of Parent-child Relationships on Financial Outcomes and Happiness"
The photograph above shows six of the authors being congratulated for being nominated for the Best Refereed Paper award receiving their certificates.
All refereed papers can be downloaded here from this IFHE Website, please see below:
Refereed IFHE Congress 2016 Papers
submitted by Donna PENDERGAST
All papers presented at the International Federation for Home Economics (IFHE) World Congress 2016 in Daejeon, Korea.


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A show where
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Casting, printmaking, 3D
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Works by Madeline Steimle,
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Back to All Events
A show where
A show where
Earlier Event: September 25Centric Innovation Breakfast
Later Event: October 4Headshots for Hotshots (Pay What You Can Headshot Marathon)


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Janet Bozeman
Vidor High Class of 1973
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Darn baby bump, kept getting all up in my pictures. She's already wanting to be the center of attention. Today's photo features this weeks two birthday babies, and by babies, I mean Alex and I.
Sunday, February 28, 2010
Day Fifty-Four
Random photo by Kells at 11:11 AM
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Is this the most patriotic house in Norfolk?
PUBLISHED: 17:08 26 June 2018 | UPDATED: 17:37 26 June 2018
Come on England!
That is the patriotic message from a house in Gorleston that is covered with England flags to help drum up World Cup fever.
James Webb, 27, and his partner Kaylie Tilley have adorned their home on the Magdalen estate with about 20 flags and a giant football.
It has taken the couple about five days to deck out their home in support of Gareth Southgate and his team, which are on a World Cup roll after beating Panama 6-1 on Sunday.
Some of their neighbours are also getting in the act as well by dressing up their homes with the flag of St George.
Mr Webb said: "I have been out getting bits and pieces for it. At the end of the day I support England and wanted to do something.
"People are loving it. I hope we can go all the way now."
Mr Webb will also be watching future England World Cup games from a couch in his front garden.
Are you organising a world cup event in the Great Yarmouth area or celebrating in a special way? Email firstname.lastname@example.com


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