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Luxury Business
Pierre-Yves Donzé and Rika Fujioka
The luxury business has been one of the fastest growing industries since the late 1990s. Despite numerous publications in management and business history, it is still difficult to have a clear idea of what "luxury" is, what the characteristics of this business are, and what the dynamics of the industry are. With no consensus on the definition of luxury among scholars and authors, the concept thus requires discussion. Luxury is commonly described as the high-end market segment, but the delimitation of the lower limit of this segment and its differentiation from common consumer goods are rather ambiguous. Authors use different terminology to describe products in this grey zone (such as "accessible luxury," "new luxury," and "prestige brands").
Despite the ambiguous definition of "luxury," various companies have described their own businesses in this way, and consumers perceive them as producers of luxury goods and services. Research on luxury business has focused mostly on four topics: (1) the evolution of its industrial organization since the 1980s (the emergence of large conglomerates such as Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE or LVMH, and the reorganization of small and medium-sized enterprises); (2) production systems (the introduction of European companies into global value chains, and the role of country of origin labels and counterfeiting); (3) brand management (using heritage and tradition to build luxury brands); and (4) access to consumers (customization versus standardization). Lastly, new marketing communication strategies have recently been adopted by companies, namely customer relations via social media and the creation of online communities.
Managing Surface-Level Diversity as a Business Imperative
Jacqueline A. Gilbert
Organizational diversity is regarded positively, but haphazardly embraced. The absence of a cultural mandate at work (one which includes an emphasis on managing differences) can result in minority assimilation, and in either unintended bullying or in intentional abuse. Declining stock price, loss of goodwill, inability to recruit qualified candidates, and internal havoc marked by perpetuation of firm dysfunction may occur. These outcomes are especially alarming in the face of transformative population growth, in which minorities are predicted to become the demographic majority within the United States.
Inattention to employee misconduct prevents firms from experiencing enhanced productivity. Encouraging civil behavior is thus essential to engendering camaraderie in a diverse workforce, in which incivilities, or micro-inequities, are disproportionately targeted at minority groups. Management modeling of appropriate behavior (and swift action toward perpetrators for non-compliance) are necessary to achieve human capital integration.
Men, Masculinities, and Gender Relations
Jeff Hearn and David Collinson
Even though gender and gender analysis are still often equated with women, men and masculinities are equally gendered. This applies throughout society, including within organizations. Following pioneering feminist scholarship on work and organizations, explicitly gendered studies on men and masculinities have increased since the 1980s. The need to include the gendered analysis of men and masculinities as part of gender studies of organizations, leadership, and management, is now widely recognized at least within gender research. Yet, this insight continues to be ignored or downplayed in mainstream work and even in some studies seen as "critical." Indeed the vast majority of mainstream work on organizations still has either no gender analysis whatsoever or relies on a very simplistic and rather crude understanding of gender dynamics.
Research on men and masculinities has been wide ranging and has raised important new issues about gendered dynamics in organizations, including cultures and countercultures on factory shopfloors; historical transformations of men and management in reproducing patriarchies; the relations of bureaucracy, men, and masculinities; management-labor relations as interrelations of masculinities; managerial and professional identity formation; managerial homosociality; and the interplay of diverse occupational masculinities. Research has revealed how structures, cultures, and practices of men and masculinities continue to persist and to dominate in many contemporary organizations. Having said this, the concepts of gender, of men and masculinities, and of organization have all been subject to complex and contradictory processes that entail both their explicit naming and their simultaneous deconstruction and critique. This is illustrated, respectively, in the intersectional construction of gender; the pressing need to name men as men in analysis of organizational dominance, but also deconstruct the category of men as provisional; and in the multiplication of organizational forms as, for example, interorganizational relations, net-organizations, and cyberorganizations.
These contradictory historical and conceptual namings and deconstructions are especially important in the analysis of transnational organizations operating within the context of globalization, transnationalizations, production, reproduction, and trans(national) patriarchies. Within transnational organizations such as large gendered multinational enterprises, the taken-for-granted nature of transnational gendered hierarchies and cultures persists in management, maintained partly through commonalities across difference, gendered horizontal specializations, and controls. Transnational organizations are key sites for the production of a variety of developing forms of (transnational) business masculinities, some more individualistic, some marriage based, some nation based, some transcending nation. These masculinities have clear implications for gendered practices in private spheres, including the provision of domestic servicing often by Black and minority ethnic women. The growth of the knowledge economy brings further complications to these transnational patterns, through elaboration of techno-masculinities, and interactions of men, masculinities, and information and communication technologies. This is particularly relevant in the international financial sector, where constructions of men and masculinities are impacted by the gendering of capital and financial crisis, and gender regimes of financial institutions, as in men financiers' risky behavior. Further studies are needed addressing the "gender-neutral" hegemony of organizations, leaderships, and managements, especially in transnational arenas, and organizations subject to changing technologies. Other key research issues concern analysis of neglected intersectionalities, including intersectional privileges, male/masculine/men's bodies, and the taken-for-granted category of "men" in and around organizations.
Mergers and Acquisitions
Paulina Junni and Satu Teerikangas
There are many types of mergers and acquisitions (M&A), be they a minority acquisition to explore a potential high growth emerging market, a takeover of a financially distressed firm with the aim of turning it around, or a private equity firm seeking short- to medium-term returns. The terms "merger" and "acquisition" are often used interchangeably, even though they have distinct denotations: In an acquisition, the acquirer purchases the majority of the shares (over 50%) of another company (the "target") or parts of it (e.g., a business unit or a division). In a merger, a new company is formed in which the merging parties share broadly equal ownership. The term "merger" is often used strategically by acquirers to alleviate fears and send out a message of friendly combination to employees. In terms of transaction numbers, the majority of M&A transactions are acquisitions, whereas mega-merger deals gain media attention owing to transaction size.
While M&A motives, acquirer types, and dynamics differ, most M&A share the aim of generating value from the transaction in some form. Yet a prevalent dilemma in the M&A practice and literature is that M&A often fail to deliver the envisioned benefits. Reasons for negative acquirer performance stem from overestimating potential synergies and paying high premiums for targets pre-deal. Another problem lies in securing post-deal value creation. Post-deal challenges relate to optimal integration speed, the degree of integration, change, or integration management, communication, resource and knowledge sharing, employee motivation and turnover, and cultural integration. Researchers are calling for more research on how pre-deal processes such as target evaluation and negotiations influence M&A performance.
A closer look at this literature, though, highlights several controversies. First, the literature often lacks precision when it comes to defining M&A. We call for future research to be explicit concerning the type of merger or acquisition transaction, and the organizational contexts of the acquiring and target firms. Second, we are still lacking robust and unified frameworks that explain M&A occurrence and performance. One of the reasons for this is that the literature on M&A has developed in different disciplines, focusing on either pre- or post-deal aspects. This has resulted in a "silo" effect with a limited understanding about the combined effects of financial, strategic, organizational, and cultural factors in the pre- and post-deal phases on M&A performance. Third, M&A studies have failed to critically scrutinize the M&A phenomenon, including aspects such as power, politics, and managerial drivers. Fourth, scholars have tended to focus on single, isolated M&A. We call for future research on M&A programs and M&A as part of broader corporate strategies. Finally, the study of M&A has suffered from a managerial bias, with insufficient attention paid to the rank and file, such as engineers, or marketing or administrative employees. We therefore call for future research that takes a broader view on actors involved in M&A, placing a greater emphasis on individuals' roles and practices.
Minority Employees' Ethnic Identity in the Workplace
Nasima M. H. Carrim
With an increase in the number of diverse groups of individuals (including ethnic minorities) entering organizations, managing diversity in the 21st-century workplace has become imperative. The workplace provides employees with opportunities to work interactively with others in diverse situations and to express their identities, including ethnic identity. Despite Western-based organizations' adoption of strategies such as affirmative action in an effort to integrate diverse employees into their workplaces, members of ethnic minority groups may still experience great difficulties in obtaining instrumental and social support in these organizations. While some minorities may not outwardly manifest their ethnicity, in the majority of cases, ethnic identity forms a core identity of many individuals and employees do not leave this identity at the doorstep of the organization. In some countries, ethnic minorities have refused to assimilate into the majority workplace culture, and have maintained strong ethnic identities. By outwardly expressing their identities, ethnic minority employees face discrimination, stereotyping and micro-aggressive behaviors within the workplace, and in the majority of cases are relegated to dead-end lower level posts and face barriers to their career advancement. Also, having strong ethnic identities results in a conflict between minorities ethnic identities and the workplace culture. This is especially apparent in terms of religious beliefs and values. Embracing ethnic identity of migrants into organizational cultures is especially challenging for organizations these days, as many immigrants are highly skilled professionals that enter western corporations. They experience discrimination and not receiving support in order to advance their careers.
Necessary Condition Analysis
Jan Dul
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management. Please check back later for the full article.
Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) understands cause-effect relations as "necessary but not sufficient." It means that without the right level of the cause a certain effect cannot occur. This is independent of other causes, thus the necessary condition can be a single bottleneck, critical factor, constraint, disqualifier, or the like that blocks the outcome. This logic differs from conventional additive logic where factors on average contribute to an outcome and can compensate for each other. NCA complements conventional methods such as multiple regression and structural equation modeling. Applying NCA can provide new theoretical and practical insights by identifying the level of a factor that must be put and kept in place for having the outcome. A necessary condition that is not in place guarantees failure of the outcome and makes changes of other contributing factors ineffective.
NCA's data analysis allows for a (multiple) bivariate analysis. NCA puts a ceiling line on the data in an XY-scatter plot. This line separates the space with cases from the space without cases. An empty space in the upper left corner of the scatter plot indicates that the presence of X is necessary for the presence of Y. The larger the empty space relative to the total space, the more X constrains Y, and the more Y is constrained by X, hence the larger the necessity effect size. A point on the ceiling line represents the level Xc of X that is necessary, but not sufficient, for level Yc of Y.
NCA is applicable to any discipline. It has already been applied in various business and management fields including strategy, organizational behavior, human research management, operations, finance, innovation, and entrepreneurship. More information about the method and its free R software package can be found on the
The New Public Management and Public Management Studies
Ewan Ferlie
The New Public Management (NPM) is a major and sustained development in the management of public services that is evident in some major countries. Its rise is often linked to broader changes in the underlying political economy, apparent since the 1980s, associated with the rise of the New Right as both a political and an intellectual movement. The NPM reform narrative includes the growth of markets and quasi-markets within public services, empowerment of management, and active performance measurement and management. NPM draws its intellectual inspiration from public choice theory and agency theory.
NPM's impact varies internationally, and not all countries have converged on the NPM model. The United Kingdom is often taken as an extreme case, but New Zealand and Sweden have also been highlighted as "high-impact" NPM states, while the United States has been assessed as a "medium impact" state. There has been a lively debate over whether NPM reforms have had beneficial effects or not. NPM's claimed advantages include greater value for money and restoring governability to an overextended public sector. Its claimed disadvantages include an excessive concern for efficiency (rather than democratic accountability) and an entrenchment of agency-specific "silo thinking."
Much academic writing on the NPM has been political science based. However, different traditions of management scholarship have also usefully contributed in four distinct areas: (a) assessing and explaining performance levels in public agencies, (b) exploring their strategic management, (c) managing public services professionals, and (d) developing a more critical perspective on the resistance by staff to NPM reforms.
While NPM scholarship is now a mature field, further work is needed in three areas to assess: (a) whether public agencies have moved to a post-NPM paradigm or whether NPM principles are still embedded even if dysfunctionally so, (b) the pattern of the international diffusion of NPM reforms and the characterization of the management knowledge system involved, and (c) NPM's effects on professional staff working in public agencies and whether such staff incorporate, adapt, or resist NPM reforms.
Online Communities and Knowledge Collaborations
Samer Faraj and Takumi Shimizu
Online communities (OCs) are emerging as effective spaces for knowledge collaboration and innovation. As a new form of organizing, they offer possibilities for collaboration that extend beyond what is feasible in the traditional hierarchy. OC participants generate new ideas, talk about knowledge, and remix and build on each other's contributions on a massive scale. OCs are characterized by fluidity in the resources that they draw upon, and they need to manage these tensions in order to sustain knowledge collaboration generatively. OCs sustain knowledge collaboration by facilitating both tacit and explicit knowledge flows. Further, OCs play a key role in supporting and sustaining the knowledge collaboration process that is necessary for open and user innovation. As collective spaces of knowledge flows, OCs are mutually constituted by digital technologies and participants. The future is bright for OC research adopting the knowledge perspective and focusing on how to sustain their knowledge flow.
Organizational Happiness
Howard Harris
Organizational happiness is an intuitively attractive idea, notwithstanding the difficulty of defining happiness. A preference for unhappiness rather than happiness in an organization would be out of tune with community expectations in most societies, as would an organization that promoted unhappiness. Some argue that organizational happiness is a misconception, that happiness is a personality trait and organizations cannot have personality. Others suggest that organizational happiness is derived from, or at least dependent on, the happiness of the individuals in the organization. A third approach involves virtue ethics, linking organizational happiness to virtuous organizations. Some discussion of the nature of happiness is needed before consideration of these three approaches to the concept of organizational happiness. If one leaves aside the notion of happiness as a psychological state, there remain three main views as to the nature of happiness: one based on a hedonistic view, which grounds happiness in pleasure, one based on the extent to which desire is satisfied, and one where happiness is linked to a life of virtuous activity and the fulfillment of human potential. Some would see no distinction between all three senses of happiness and what is called well-being.
Whether or not organizations can experience happiness is to some extent determined by whether happiness is considered subjective well-being, fulfilled desire, or virtue and to some extent by one's view of the moral nature of corporations. There are dangers in the unfettered pursuit of happiness. Empirical research is impacted by questions of definition, by changes over time for both individuals and society, and by the difficulty that arises from reliance on self-reported data. Recent decades have seen the publication of quantitative assessments of organizational happiness, despite the difficulty of constructing scales and manipulating data, and the problems of effectively taking into account cultural, organizational, and individual differences in concepts of happiness. Potential research questions fall into two groups, those that seek a better understanding of what happiness is and those that seek to collect data about happiness in pursuit of answers to questions about the benefits of happiness.
Organizational Innovation
Fariborz Damanpour
Innovation is a complex construct and overlaps with a few other prevalent concepts such as technology, creativity, and change. Research on innovation spans many fields of inquiry including business, economics, engineering, and public administration. Scholars have studied innovation at different levels of analysis such as individual, group, organization, industry, and economy. The term organizational innovation refers to the studies of innovation in business and public organizations.
Studies of innovations in organizations are multidimensional, multilevel, and context-dependent. They investigate what external and internal conditions induce innovation, how organizations manage innovation process, and in what ways innovation changes organizational conduct and outcome. Indiscreet application of findings from one discipline or context to another, lack of distinction between generating (creating) and adopting (using) innovations, and likening organizational innovation with technological innovation have clouded the understanding of this important concept, hampering its advancement. This article organizes studies of organizational innovation to make them more accessible to interested scholars and combines insights from various strands of innovation research to help them design and conduct new studies to advance the field.
The perspectives of organizational competition and performance and organizational adaptation and progression are introduced to serve as platforms to position organizational innovation in the midst of innovation concepts, elaborate differences between innovating and innovativeness, and decipher key typologies, primary sets of antecedents, and performance consequences of generating and adopting innovations. The antecedents of organizational innovation are organized into three dimensions of environmental (external, contextual), organizational (structure, culture), and managerial (leadership, human capital). A five-step heuristic based on innovation type and process is proposed to ease understanding of the existing studies and select suitable dimensions and factors for conducting new studies. The rationale for the innovation–performance relationship in strands of organizational innovation research, and the employment of types of innovation and performance indicators, is articulated by first-mover advantage and performance gap theory, in conjunction with the perspectives of competition and performance and of adaptation and progression. Differences between effects of technological and nontechnological innovation and stand-alone and synchronous innovations are discussed to articulate how and to what extent patterns of the introduction of different types of innovation could contribute to organizational performance or effectiveness. In conclusion, ideas are proposed to demystify organizational innovation to allure new researches, facilitate their learning, and provide opportunities for the development of new studies to advance the state of knowledge on organizational innovation.
Organizational Learning and Adaptation
Henrich R. Greve
Organizational learning theory is motivated by the observation that organizations learn by encoding inferences from experience into their behavior. It seeks to answer the questions of what kinds of experiences influence behaviors, how and under what circumstances behaviors change, and how new behaviors are stabilized and have consequences for organizations' adaptation to their environment. Organizational learning research has as key mechanisms innovations and other triggering events that lead to major behavioral change, knowledge accumulation and experimentation that encourage incremental change, and interpretations that guide each of these processes. Organizational learning research has gained a central position in organizational theory because it has implications for organizational behaviors that also affect other theoretical perspectives such as institutional theory, organizational ecology, and resource dependence.
Key research topics in organizational learning and adaptation are (a) organizational routines and their stability and change, (b) performance feedback and its consequences for organizational search and change, (c) managerial goal formation and coalition building, (d) managerial attention to goals and organizational activities, and (e) adaptive consequences of learning procedures. Each of these topics has seen significant research, but they are far from completing their empirical agenda. Recently, organizational learning research has been very active, especially on the topics of routines, performance feedback, and attention, resulting in a strong increase in learning and adaptation research in management journals.
Product and Innovation Portfolio Management
Vinícius Chagas Brasil and J.P. Eggers
In competitive strategy, firms manage two primary (non-financial) portfolios—the product portfolio and the innovation portfolio. Portfolio management involves resource allocation to balance the important tradeoff of risk reduction and upside maximization, with important decisions around the evaluation, prioritization and selection of products and innovation projects. These two portfolios are interdependent in ways that create reinforcing dynamics—the innovation portfolio is the array of potential future products, while the product portfolio both informs innovation strategy and provides inputs to future innovation efforts. Additionally, portfolio management processes operate at two levels, which is reflected in the literature's structure. The first is a micro lens which focuses on management frameworks to boost portfolio performance and success through project-level selection tools. This research has its roots in financial portfolio management, relates closely to research on new product development and marketing product management, and explores the effects of portfolio management decisions on other organizational functions (e.g., operations). The second lens is a macro lens on portfolio management research, which considers the portfolio as a whole and integrates key organizational and competitive concepts such as entry timing, portfolio management resource allocation regimes (e.g., real options reasoning), organizational experience, and the culling of products and projects. This literature aims to set portfolio management as higher level organizational decision-making capability that embodies the growth strategy of the organization. The organizational ability to manage both the product and innovation portfolios connects portfolio management to key strategic organizational capabilities, including ambidexterity and dynamic capabilities, and operationalizes strategic flexibility. We therefore view portfolio management as a source of competitive advantage that supports organizational renewal.
Professions from a Gendered Perspective
Isabel Boni-Le Goff and Nicky Le Feuvre
Professions or professional occupations have been studied through a large number of empirical and theoretical lenses over the last decades: as potential substitutes for organizations and markets, as protected labor markets, and as the site of the subjective experiences and socialization processes of their members. Combining a sociological and a gender perspective, a growing number of studies have shed new light on the growth and dynamics of professional occupations since the mid-20th century. They show how the massive entry of women into the upper reaches of Western labor markets has played a major role in the expansion and reconfiguration of the professions. However, by studying the barriers to women's access to once exclusively masculine environments, scholars tend to show that the feminization processes coexist with persistent inequalities in income, promotion opportunities, career patterns, and access to leadership positions, popularized by the metaphor of the "glass ceiling" effect.
These contradicting trends—numerical feminization and the persistence of gender inequalities—have inspired a large range of empirical research projects and conceptual innovations. This article distinguishes three ways of framing the gendered dynamics of professional and managerial occupations.
A first way of framing the issue adopts a resolutely structural perspective, presenting feminization as a process that ultimately leads to the crystallization of traditional gender inequalities, thus confronting women with the risk of deprofessionalization or dequalification. Some of these studies observe variations in the rhythms and patterns of feminization across occupations. They reveal complex processes whereby the overall increase in women's education levels comes with the persistence of gender-differentiated choices of study and occupation. Rhythms and patterns of feminization may also differ within a given occupation, from one specialty to another and from one type of organization to another, depending on the internal hierarchy of the occupation. Very significant gaps may also be observed according to employment status: wage labor or self-employment, for example.
A second way of framing the question adopts an organizational-level perspective; showing, for example, that a "glass ceiling" systematically hampers women's career progression in all sectors of the labor market. These studies explore the combination of direct and indirect discriminatory processes—from the persistence of "old boys' networks" to the legitimation of certain gendered body images of professionalism—within different organizational and professional contexts. In the face of such resistance, women's career progression is particularly slow and arduous, both due to the prevailing symbolic norms of leadership models and due to the collective strategies of closure by male professionals at the organizational level.
Finally, a third way of framing the issue adopts a more holistic perspective, with a stronger focus on the agency of women within the occupational context and on the societal implications of changes to the gender composition of the professions. These studies insist on the potential or real changes that women may bring to the professional ethos and to the occupation-specific "rules of the game" in previously male-dominated bastions. Interested in the undoing of conventional norms of masculinity and fathering as well as of femininity and mothering, this third perspective explores a potential shift to more egalitarian gender arrangements at the organizational, interpersonal, and societal levels.
Reflection and Intercultural Competence Development
Luciara Nardon
Increasing levels of cultural diversity requires a system of higher education structured to facilitate intercultural learning and develop individuals who are prepared to work in a culturally diverse environment, and can make decisions and manage people cognizant of cultural differences. Three main approaches to facilitate intercultural learning in the classroom have emerged: transfer of cultural knowledge, cultural experiences, and reflection on experience. Each of these approaches has a role to play at different stages of intercultural development. Three stages of intercultural development are proposed: (1) Monocultural stage, referring to a stage in which individuals are unaware of cultural differences; (2) Cross-cultural stage, in which individuals recognize and understand cultural differences but lack behavioral skills to deal with them; and (3) Intercultural stage, in which individuals can draw on a repertoire of behaviors to influence and shape intercultural interactions in ways that facilitate understanding and create opportunities for cooperation. Reflection on experience is proposed to be particularly useful to support the development of intercultural competence. Reflection is a thinking process focusing on examining a thought, event, or situation to make it more comprehensible and to learn from it. A four-step reflection process is proposed: (1) Describe experience; (2) Reflect on experience; (3) Learn from experience; and (4) Apply learning. Suggestions on using reflection in the classroom are proposed.
Regulatory Shocks: Forms, Dynamics, and Consequences
Nydia MacGregor and Tammy L. Madsen
Regulatory shocks, either by imposing regulations or easing them (deregulation), yield abrupt and fundamental changes to the institutional rules governing competition and, in turn, the opportunity sets available to firms. Formally, a regulatory shock occurs when jurisdictions replace one regulatory system for another. General forms of regulation include economic and social regulation but recent work offers a more fine-grained classification based on the content of regulations: regulation for competition, regulation of cap and trade, regulation by information, and soft law or experimental governance. These categories shed light on the types of rules and policies that change at the moment of a regulatory shock. As a result, they advance our understanding of the nature, scope, magnitude, and consequences of transformative shifts in rules systems governing industries. In addition to differences in the content of reforms, the assorted forms of regulatory change vary in the extent to which they disrupt an industry's state of equilibrium or semi-equilibrium. These differences contribute to diverse temporal patterns or dynamics, an area ripe for further study. For example, a regulatory shock to an industry may be followed by rapid adjustment and, in turn, a new equilibrium state. Alternatively, the effects of a regulatory shock may be more enduring, contributing to ongoing dynamics and prolonging an industry's convergence to new equilibrium state. As such, regulatory shocks can both stimulate ongoing heterogeneity or promote coherence within and among industries, sectors, organizational fields, and nation states. It follows that examining the content, scope, and magnitude of regulatory shocks is key to understanding their impact.
Since conforming to industry regulation (deregulation) increases economic returns, firms attempt to align their policies and behaviors with the institutional rules governing an industry. Thus, regulatory shocks stimulate the evaluation of strategic choices and, in turn, impact the competitive positions of firms and the composition of industries. Following a shock, at least two generic cohorts of firms emerge: incumbents, which are firms that operated in the industry before the change, and entrants, which start up after the change. To sustain a position, entrants must build capabilities from scratch whereas incumbents must replace or modify the practices they developed in the prior regulatory era. Not surprisingly, the ensuing competitive dynamics strongly influence the distribution of profits observed in an industry and the duration of firms' profit advantages.
Our review highlights some of the prominent areas of research inquiry regarding regulatory shocks but many areas remain underexplored. Future work may benefit by considering regulatory shocks as embedded in a self-reinforcing system rather than simply an exogenous inflection in an industry's evolutionary trajectory. Opportunities also exist for studying how the interplay of industry actors with actors external to an industry (political, social) affects the temporal and competitive consequences of regulatory shocks.
The Resource-Based View of the Firm
Douglas Miller
The Resource-Based View of the firm (RBV) is a set of related theories sharing the assumptions of resource heterogeneity and resource immobility across firms. In this view, a firm is a bundle of resources, capabilities, or routines which create value and cannot be easily imitated or appropriated by competitors due to isolating mechanisms. Grounded in the economic traditions of the "Chicago School" of economic efficiency, the "Austrian School" of economics, and organizational economics, the RBV comprises theories that explain the existence of (sustained) competitive advantage and of economic rents. Empirical research from this perspective addresses both firm performance and firm behavior at the level of business strategy (e.g., within-industry competition) and corporate strategy (e.g., acquisitions). Initially developed through a series of papers by several authors in the 1980s–1990s, major extensions and refinements of the RBV include the knowledge-based view of the firm (KBV), dynamic capabilities, and the relational view, which recognizes capabilities can be developed and shared through alliances between firms.
Restructuring and Divestitures
Donald D. Bergh
Growth strategies have long been a priority for executive leadership. However, growth can also create problems. Leaders may need to use restructuring and divestiture actions to regain control, improve transparency, and re-establish efficiency. Given that leaders benefit from having insights into the antecedents, processes, outcomes, and decisions associated with unwinding growth most effectively, it is essential to consider the body of knowledge that exists in strategic management on restructuring and divestiture. This review seeks to describe what is currently known and not known about restructuring and divestiture and will give future researchers some suggested directions for further developing knowledge about these expensive and risky actions. The assessment is organized round five key questions that have shaped the field's literature base: Why do firms divest? How do firms divest? Do divestitures create value? What happens to the divested units? And what are some promising directions for future knowledge development? Afterwards, three challenges for knowledge development are presented: What is value creation and for whom does it matter? What to do about incomplete information? And, is there a need for integrating different levels of strategy? Overall, it is important to identify, develop, and analyze the conceptual models of restructuring and divestiture with the purpose of guiding future research to provide knowledge that decision-makers will find useful as they engage in restructuring and divestitures.
The Role of the Media in Corporate Governance
Michael K. Bednar
Corporate governance scholars have long been interested in understanding the mechanisms through which firms and their leaders are held accountable for their actions. Recently, there has been increased interest in viewing the media as a type of corporate governance mechanism. Because the media makes evaluations of firms and leaders, and can broadcast information to a wide audience, it has the potential to influence the reputation of firms and firm leaders in both positive and negative ways and thereby play a role in corporate governance.
The media can play a governance role and even influence firm outcomes by simply reporting about firm actions, giving stakeholders a larger voice with which to exert influence, and through independent investigation. However, despite the potential for the media to play a significant governance role, several barriers limit its effectiveness in this capacity. For example, media outlets have their own set of interests that they must strive to fulfill, and journalists often succumb to several cognitive biases that could limit their ability to successfully hold leaders accountable.
While significant progress has been made in understanding the governance role of the media, future research is needed to better understand the specific conditions in which the media is effective in this role. Understanding how social media is changing the nature of journalism is just one example of the many exciting avenues for future research in this area.
Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy: Old Patterns and New Challenges
Cristina Chaminade and Bengt-Åke Lundvall
Scientific advance and innovation are major sources of economic growth and are crucial for making development socially and environmentally sustainable. A critical question is: Will private enterprises invest sufficiently in research technological development and innovation and, if not, to what degree and how should governments engage in the support of science, technology, and innovation? While neoclassical economists point to market failure as the main rationale for innovation policy, evolutionary economists point to the role of government in building stronger innovation systems and creating wider opportunities for innovation. Research shows that the transmission mechanisms between scientific advance and innovation are complex and indirect. There are other equally important sources of innovation including experience-based learning. Innovation is increasingly seen as a systemic process, where the feedback from users needs to be taken into account when designing public policy. Science and innovation policy may aim at accelerating knowledge production along well-established trajectories, or it may aim at giving new direction to the production and use of knowledge. It may be focused exclusively on economic growth, or it may give attention to impact on social inclusion and the natural environment. An emerging topic is to what extent national perspectives continue to be relevant in a globalizing learning economy facing multiple global complex challenges, including the issue of climate change. Scholars point to a movement toward transformative innovation policy and global knowledge sharing as a response to current challenges.
Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
Rose L. Siuta and Mindy E. Bergman
Business and management conceptualizations of sexual harassment have been informed by both legal and psychological definitions. From the psychological perspective, sexual harassment behaviors include harassment based on one's gender, enacting unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion. The most recent psychological theories of sexual harassment acknowledge that it is a gendered experience motivated by the societal stratification of gender and not by sexual gratification.
Harassing behaviors negatively impact individual well-being. Well-documented workplace effects of sexual harassment include reduced job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and productivity, and increased job stress, turnover, withdrawal, and conflict. Sexual harassment negatively affects target's psychological and physical well-being, including increases in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms, emotional exhaustion, headaches, sleep problems, gastric distress, and upper respiratory problems. All of these individual-level effects can result in financial decrements for the target and the organization.
Both individual and organizational factors predict sexual harassment. Women are more likely to experience sexual harassment, as well as minoritized persons, with women who embody more than one minority identity being the most likely to experience sexual harassment. This finding supports the interpretation of sexual harassment as motivated by reinforcing societal power hierarchies. Other individual factors such as sexual orientation, age, education level, and marital status are also related to experiencing sexual harassment. At the organizational level, organizational climate, job-gender context, and relative power between the harasser and the target predict sexual harassment. Organizational climates that are more tolerant of sexual harassment produce more sexual harassment. In addition, as masculinity of a work context increases, so does sexual harassment for women. Lastly, those with lower organizational power are more likely to experience sexual harassment, particularly by people with higher levels of power; however, contrapower harassment (harassment of individuals with higher organizational power by those with lower organizational power) can also occur.
Reporting harassment to organizational authorities has been theorized to lead to positive outcomes, but reporting rates are low. This may reflect findings that procedures for reporting are often unclear and that reporting often leads to worse outcomes for targets of harassment than their non-reporting peers.
The two most common approaches to measuring sexual harassment are direct query (explicitly ask about sexual harassment) or behavior experiences (ask respondents about how many sexually harassing behaviors they have experienced). A few considerations for the methodology used in these studies include inconsistency in conceptual or operational definitions of sexual harassment, the framing of a study, the retrospective nature of research asking about past experiences, and the sampling methodology used. A number of gaps remain in the documentation and understanding of sexual harassment phenomena, which intersect with some research practices and challenges. These include (a) the need to take into account factors other than incidence rates, such as perceived severity of experiences; (b) further examination of how multiple minority statuses and intersectional oppression affect harassment; (c) the importance of conducting research on harassment perpetrators; and (d) the examination of culturally informed topics related to sexual harassment, particularly outside Western countries.
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It turns out that maritime law has all kinds of jargon for different kinds of wreck, a whole universe of nautical meanings for things I never thought to remember to check on. All different kinds of consequences for each of them.
So what I now know is that flotsam is what you find floating on the surface, the wreckage of the ship or what was inside. Jetsam is what you throw overboard in distress, all of the machinery and barrels of spare cows and bales of love letters that eventually either sink or wash ashore. Lagan is what you leave on the bottom of the ocean to be picked up later, when the storms have blown over or the ships have gotten bigger.
Obviously, for my purposes, it's the derelict that we're interested in, which could turn out to be all of the above--all of that which is on the bottom of the ocean but without hope of being reclaimed. Just another wreck. In the laws, it turns out that dereliction is at least initially all about intent--if the crew is abandoning something without planning to go back and find it later, it starts out as a wreck. In those cases it seems like the only redemption is in salvage, in finding what was abandoned and reclaiming it from the waters.
Maritime law gets poetic when it talks about salvage, maybe because salvage is less law and more suggestion. Still, in 1989 they amended the previous convention to include acts of attempted salvation with little chance of success, if what they're trying to save will otherwise be irreparably damaged. The conventions are all talking about compensation, of course, but I think that what is gained either way is still not quite the point.

subset: commoncrawl


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Establishing A New Tradition
Passed away on October 15, 2018, at the age of 83. Survived by his wife, Bernice Kassirer; children, Alan (Kathy) Kassirer, Shari (Sean) Murphy and Steven Kassirer; grandchildren, Brenna (Zach), Patrick (Jess) Alan, Ken and Mandy (Dave); 6 great-grandchildren; brother, Jerry (Sheridan) Kassirer; sister, Marilyn (Stanley) Kassirer-Wayne; sister-in-law, Gail Spitulnik; and many nieces, nephews & loving friends.
The family would like to thank our dear friends at Lifetime Care and Wilmot Cancer Center.
Graveside Services will be held TODAY-WEDNESDAY October 17, 2018 at 3 PM in Britton Road Cemetery. Click HERE for a map to the cemetery.
The family will sit Shiva at 299 Scholfield Road in Irondequoit on Wednesday from 7 – 9 PM and on Thursday from 2 – 4 PM & 7 – 9 PM. Click HERE for a map to the Shiva House.
Donations may be made to Lifetime Care and Wilmot Cancer Center in Phil's memory.
Lifetime Care
3111 Winton Road South
Rochester, New York 14623
Wilmot Cancer Inistute
Office Of Advancement
300 East River Road
P.O. Box 278996
Rochester, New York 14627
Opened as an alternative for our community, it is our mission to provide the Jewish population of Rochester with an affordable, modern and convenient choice at a time when the need is most important. We pledge to utilize our local ownership to offer a dignified array of services to Jewish families, and give back to the community we live in and serve.
Brighton Memorial Chapel3325 Winton Road SouthRochester, New York 14623Phone: (585) 427-8520Fax: (585) 424-6952Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text: Come out to Jack Barlett Park, aka the Harding Triangle, October 14, 2014 6-8 pm for a potluck picnic! We will have hotdogs and hamburgers with all the fixings, and drinks! Bring a dish to pass and a festival chair. Celebrate the Night Out Against Crime and help to honor our hard working police officers! SEE YOU THERE!


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The feature that allows you to see when someone was last online on WhatsApp can also be used for spying, among other things.
For the most part, the possibility of seeing when some of your friends were last online on WhatsApp is very useful. But in some cases, this feature can also be used for not so honest stuff, such as spying.
ChatWatch, an app available for Android and iOs, uses public information about when your friends are online and offline to show you when they are using WhatsApp.
With the help of the ChatWatch app you can tell which is the sleep pattern of your friends or you can even hint if two people are chatting with each other on WhatsApp, based on the times they are online.
Even if the "last seen" feature is disabled, the ChatWatch app can tell when someone is using WhatsApp. A small downside is that the app needs approximately 24 hours before it can show you relevant information regarding your friends Whatsapp usage patterns.
If you're spying on two contacts, the app can correlate the information from each one and can show you when they synced online. This way you can tell if two of your friends talked to each other especially at hours when people are usually sleeping.
For the time being the ChatWatch app has disappeared from the App Store but you can stil download it from the Google Play Store for Android. You need to know that the app is not free and you will need to pay $2 per week. But this is a small price to pay to spy on your friends, right ?


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"Fucking terrifying."
- playwright Stephen Sewell (co-dramaturge of the piece and head of NIDA's Writing for Performance course).
"It's cool, I really dig what you're doing."
- playwright Declan Greene (dramaturgy mentor for the piece in 2015)
"A really interesting piece... I'm impressed by how far it's come."
- director/dramaturge Imara Savage (on the most recent draft after directing the US-A-UM development.)
"[Christopher Bryant's] Intoxication is a fascinating study of social disconnection via gay online dating + a real-life experience of brain trauma. It's beautifully made: funny, too-smart and at times quite shattering. Def check it out."
- Declan Greeene ("on INTOXICATION")
"It's a testament to the skill of director Daniel Lammin that he has tamed the space and the show. The limited lighting is used to great effect and really who cares if the audience has to suspend their disbelief a little more then usual. It's well worth it. Third Reich Mommie is exactly the piece of glorious unhinged codswallop it promises to be and is well worth a look this Midsumma festival."
– Kevin Turner, AussieTheatre.com
"Christopher Bryant offers a searing piece about a man named Arman who finds himself trapped between two nightmares; a homeland filled with torture and pain in prison or a new world filled with mental torture and pain in prison."
– Lisa Thatcher (on the piece "63 Days" in Apocalypse Theatre's ASYLUM)
"The dialogue is witty and sharp… there's blood and murder… divorce, affection, self-loathing and alcoholism, all which interact powerfully in the intimate space to reveal a disturbing truth."
– Izzy Tolhurt (on "Acidtongue & Dollface", InPress Magazine)(http://i724.photobucket.com/albums/ww245/christopher_bryant4/acidtonguedollface_zpshdmyyvbm.jpg)
"Rigor Mortis is bad and funny: trashmeisters will glory in its camp excesses, and there's a rabid commitment to kitsch in the acting that might impress even serious-minded theatregoers. …it's performed with tasteless glee. Glitter! Braaiiinnnns! What more could you want?"– Cameron Woodhead (on "Rigor Mortis", The Age)
"Daniel Lammin's production of Master Class will delight opera and theatre lovers alike, and audiences will long cherish the memory of Mercedes' marvellous performance." (5 stars.)
– Cameron Woodhead (on "Master Class", The Age)
"Director Daniel Lammin's production is beautifully unadorned and not a single note — musical or emotional — rings false… the execution is perfect." (4.5 stars)
- Byron Bache (on "Master Class", Herald Sun)
"It's hard to imagine how anyone could leave this masterfully directed play without feeling affected by the soul of this great artist."
– Bradley Storer (on "Master Class", Theatre Press)
"With so much unmissable on in Melbourne this week, it's easy to pass on a student production out at Monash Uni in Clayton. But if you can get a ticket, Columbine is a stunning, moving and highly original piece of verbatim theatre that needs to have a long life beyond this week."
– Anne-Marie Peard (on "Columbine", Sometimes Melbourne)


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What does it mean?
1. What was the big idea of 19:28-44?
2. Why did Jesus drive out those who were selling? In your own words?
3. How would you describe the tension between Jesus and the Jewish leaders (19:47-48)? What's going on?
4. What was the essence of the Jewish leader's question to Jesus (20:2)? Do you think they knew the answer before they asked? Explain.
5. What is the essence of Jesus' question to the Jewish leaders (20:4)? Why do you think Jesus doesn't directly answer their question?
6. Why did the Jewish leaders refuse to answer Jesus' question? What do we learn about the Jewish leaders from their refusal to answer?
7. Why does Luke tell us that Jesus refused to answer their question?
8. How would you summarize the parable (20:9-18) in your own words?
9. Who does the owner represent? The tenants? The messenger? The son? The "others" (20:16)?
10. In response to the parable those who heard responded, "Surely not!" Surely not what?
11. Why do you think Jesus quotes Psalm 118 (20:17)?
12. What was Jesus attempting to convey in this parable? The big idea?
13. How do these 3 paragraphs (19:45-48, 20:1-8, 20:9-18), connect to one another?
How does it apply?
1. How is our church building related to the temple of Jesus' day? Similarities? Differences?
2. Have you ever been a part of a church where someone seemed to be promoting their personal interests instead of Jesus? Explain. Be appropriate. No gossip.
3. Have you ever been tempted to use your involvement with the church for personal gain? Explain.
4. When you come to worship at our RCC campus, what are you usually feeling? What are you usually thinking about?
5. Have you known some who just refuse to consider Jesus as God, as the Savior? What do you think keeps them from considering and accepting Jesus for who He is?
6. What motivated you to treasure Jesus?


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This is more a guide to get you started and hopefully inspire you to build your own. Anyway, we flipped the bench and I cut out all the back braces. I started out 【Get Price】
Jun 11, 2014 Add extra seating with this beautiful and easy DIY Outdoor Bench! Just a few supplies needed to make this gorgeous wood bench for only around $16! We have a screened in back porch that this would be perfect for. Reply. 【Get Price】
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Build a custom slat bench by contouring stock lumber. Screw the back supports to the inside of the seat supports, splayed back slightly so that the angled edge 【Get Price】
Apr 27, 2017 With its open back, this farm-style contemporary bench would look great on a covered porch with inviting cushions, or perhaps with a light throw 【Get Price】
You can build a bench from blueprints and plans you buy or find for free, or browse the sides of the bench, while the headboard will be the back of the bench. 【Get Price】
My friend and DIYer Extraordinaire Gina from Lady Goats has been wanting to build a bench with a basket weave pattern for a back. I was so honored that she 【Get Price】
You can use any species of wood to build this bench, but if you are intending it for outdoor use, This is the angle of the back rest (see side view diagram). 【Get Price】
Jun 29, 2013 You can build this comfortable sitting bench or garden bench for about . you don't need a wall to get matching angles for the back supports. 【Get Price】
May 5, 2009 Give them a garden bench with NO BACK. Watch out Just don't chop the tree down to get lumber to build the bench… We don't need any 【Get Price】
In this tutorial I will show you how to build a bench and a couple side tables. holes make sure you position the board so that the pocket holes are in the back. 【Get Price】
Mar 2, 2018 No screws are needed to build this stylish DIY bench, which rivals designer versions on the market . A headboard gives this bench its back. 【Get Price】
Download the cut list to build a porch storage bench. . Build the back legs with the side boards overlapping the edge of the back boards, angled edges forward. 【Get Price】
Jul 8, 2017 So I will explain how to build the supports, tables, and benches, but MY cut . I also added (2) 2×4 pieces to the bench fronts and back supports 【Get Price】
How to Build a Bench: The next time you decide you need a bench for your house, backyard, or workplace, how about try building your own! Check out these 【Get Price】
Apr 21, 2017 Make these awesome outdoor bench projects for your backyard, porch or deck! Celebrate your garden in style with a DIY bench! 【Get Price】
2×4 park bench plans woodworking plans blueprints download balsa wood projects booksfree murphy bed plans download plans for wooden toys picnic bench 【Get Price】
If you want to build a beautiful wooden bench with backrest, we recommend Drill pocket holes and secure the component to the back leg with 2 1/2″ screws. 【Get Price】
These all together make up what our the company actually is. My plan was to turn the pallet into the bench back and the bench seat, with just six saw-cuts, and 【Get Price】
Attach back boards - Outdoor Sofa Bench. ? Lay sofa face down. ? Align the 79-inch top back board so that it is flush with the top 【Get Price】
Jun 25, 2016 Drill 1 1/2'' pocket holes and attach with 2 1/2'' pocket hole screws to build a frame for the back rest. Build Bench Back Frame. 5 【Get Price】
Make the most of your outdoor living space by building your own macrocarpa sleeper bench seat. It's simple to make and easy to maintain and will let you enjoy 【Get Price】
How to Build a Double Chair Bench with Table – Free Plans. If you are Next, grab a role of tape to make your rounded corners for the arms and back supports. 【Get Price】
This easy to build wooden outdoor bench is made from pressure treated wood. It's perfect on a back porch for taking off muddy shoes before coming inside. 【Get Price】
Build it in an afternoon! Build #DIY furniture like this wooden bench- Get the plans! .. Rustic Gardens Rustic Oak Garden Bench With Back Rest And Arms. 【Get Price】


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Secretly, I'd watched you for months. Others thought you rough, but I never saw you other than quiet. You brought a tape to art class on a Tuesday and played "Radar Love". Then, you rewound it and played it again. It was the only conversation I ever saw you have.
I am a participant in x365.


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Department for Elderly Citizen
Play Club 'Silverizing' Had a Final Performance
On July 20, the play club 'Silverizing' performed 'Life is beautiful' as a last play of this year. This is a story of high school alumni's lives after their retirement. 35 years after they graduated from the high school, they participate in Home Coming Day with a beautiful story of each person. Most of the audience was touched by the performance ,which was true stories of actors and actresses.
Gangnam Youth Center
Volunteer Program in Cambodia
From July 22 to August 1, 17 persons of university students and middle & high school students visited Somang Orphanage in Camponfcham, Cambodia. The title of this program was ' Growth, Sharing, Joy! Global Volunteer Program'. Volunteers offered environment education and physical education to 30 girls and boys in the orphanage. Cultural exchange program and performances were also conducted for a good time with villagers. To improve the environment of the village, they painted murals and planted trees.
Department for Consumer & Environment
Agreement Ceremony of Making Energy-saving Apartment
On July 2, Seoul YWCA's Department for Consumer & Environment signed the agreement of cooperation of the project for Making Energy-saving Apartment with Mapo-gu Office and Seogang GS Apartment. This project is focused on energy-saving movement of apartment residents. Through this project, Seoul YWCA offers education on energy and fosters energy leaders, and does campaign with apartment residents.
Nowon Women Resources Development Center
Vocational Training for International Marriage Migrant Women to Be School Cafeteria Employees
Nowon Women Resources Development Center offered 75-hour long vocational training course for international marriage migrant women to be school cafeteria employees. The migrant women learned how to plan a diet for children and cook school food. Nowon Center will match women with near nursery schools and primary schools.
Learn Peace on the Road, 'Journey to Yanbian/Baekdu Mt.'
Seoul YWCA joined in the program called 'Learn Peace on the Road: the Journey to Yanbian and Baekdu Mt.' from August 19 to 23. National YWCA of Korea, YWCA of Yanbian, and YWCA of Queens also took part in this program. 72 YWCA members held 'Peace and Future Women Made' Forum and visited Yanbian Dandelion Study Room. They prayed for peaceful reunification of two Koreas on the top of Baekdu Mountain.
Youngdeungpo Women Resources Development Center
After School Child Caregiver, 'Safe Mom', Completion Ceremony
On August 7, the completion ceremony of child caregiver training was held at the Youngseungpo Center. Child caregivers, called 'Safe Mom', completed 132-hour long training from June 24 to August 7. They will care children after school instead of working moms.
Sungdong Youth Center
Summer Camp for Youth in Busan
From August 8 to 10, 28 youths went to Busan to have a culture experience camp. They visited various places in Busan to do project for searching sound culture. The information they collected will be developed for new applications for smart phone.
Seoul YWCA and Hana Daetoo Securities Signed Agreement on Raising Donation
On August 27, Seoul YWCA and Hana Daetoo Securities(HDS) made the agreement for raising fund to donating to Seoul YWCA's programs and movements. By signing up for HDS' Donation Service, Seoul YWCA could get a fund from the part of income of HDS. The more members joined in donation service HDS get, the more donation Seoul YWCA received. We hope members will increase for vitalizing Seoul YWCA's various programs.


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Opinion: The forgotten people of the forgotten county
Donegal is often referred to as the forgotten County, Letterkenny University Hospital is one of the most underfunded hospitals in the state. Donegal has atrocious public transport. There are no railway lines in Donegal and in comparison to the train services of the 1920s we are ridiculously worse off. Public bus services are also deteriorating with the growing of private bus routes to Dublin as well as travel between our rural communities.
Donegal also has one of the most poorly funded mental health services in the state, the rates of suicide are higher than national average and the age category is predominantly men and woman under the age of 25. Underfunded health services and public transport services are just a couple in a long list of factors attributing to Donegal being dubbed the "forgotten County".
Catching up with a comrade, late one night in a Letterkenny restaurant, it became apparent to both of us looking out onto the main street, a dramatic increase in rough sleepers. In the doorways of chain resaurants and sporting shops closed for the evening, sleeping on cold pavements with loud obnoxious night clubs to their left and to their right, it really highlighted the dire circumstances they tolerate daily. Homelessness is a major crisis currently facing the nation with a strong emphasis on the cities of Dublin and Cork, but what about the homeless in Donegal, or the North west as a whole? Have they been forgotten?
Speaking to Collette Ferguson, Donegal Development Officer for the North West Simon Community, she stresses that you do not have to be sleeping on the streets to be homeless. She explained to me that while rough sleeping represents the severest form of homelessness, the majority of people who are experiencing homelessness or are homeless in Donegal, Leitrim and Sligo are not immediately identifiable as homeless. They are living in temporary housing, on a social housing lists or waiting hopefully for affordable private accommodation to become available.
The North West Simon Community is a not for profit organisation and is an affiliate of the 8 other Simon Communities of Ireland. Each Community is independently run. The charity collaborates with statutory and voluntary bodies To include Donegal County Council, Sligo County Council, HSE, Tusla etc.
North West Simon Community prevented a staggering 180+ families and individuals from becoming homeless during 2017. Homelessness strikes in the hearts of our communities and has the ability to tear apart families, ruin relationships and degrade an individual to a point leading to depression as the person cannot live life happily or contribute to his or her community positively. As I referred to Donegal earlier as the forgotten County, Homelessness can often be hidden from the public eye and therefore makes it very difficult to determine the exact amount of homelessness in our communities.
Tenancy sustainment services (outreach) enables people to remain in their homes and the objectives are to provide support, information and advocacy, improve peoples quality of life and ultimately enable people to do things for themselves.
Activists can take inspiration From the Home Sweet Home initiative of winter 2016 were volunteers and activists occupied apollo house and provided accommodation for over 205 people. Another initiative that young people in particular can take inspiration from is the Cork branch of the CYM's (Connolly Youth Movement's) current occupation of a building in Cork city, offering accommodation to the cities rough sleepers.
If you would like to get involved with Simon Community or even learn more about what they do, get in touch with the North West branch on fb:
If you are a young person aged between 16 and 30, living in Donegal and would like to become active in Socialist and Republican politics, contact the Donegal branch of Republican Youth via our fb page:
By Brogan Mc Crossan


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It's always a treat to have visitors when you live overseas. When people from my American life see my very different Ugandan life, I feel much more known. So when one of my closest friends, Amber, wrote me from Italy and asked if she could come visit me in a couple of weeks and, by the way, look for a job in Uganda, I was thrilled!
A couple of weeks ago was Amber's birthday, so we took a weekend trip to central Uganda, stopped to visit some of our programs, and then headed to Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary for a birthday camping night and rhino trek.
Upon setting up our tent, we were strongly advised to close the metal gate of the large fenced-in camping grounds, or, we were warned, we may have unwanted visitors in the middle of the night. We listened to the advice, thinking the likelihood of rhinos coming to the site was quite small, and we headed to dinner. But we were stopped on our short walk to the restaurant, by guards pointing to 3 rhinos, just several yards away. They redirected us around the back of the restaurant, which had large metal posts around it, and we sat and watched the rhinos graze as they came within just a few feet of us!
This, we were told, was quite a rare experience, so we chalked it up as a birthday surprise! Even the next day, when we trekked the rhinos and saw 6 more of them, we didn't get near as close as we did that evening during dinner.
The people at the Rhino Fund are doing incredible work to reintroduce rhinos back into Uganda after they became extinct in the 1970s and you can support their work by going to see the rhinos yourself! It's an easy, relaxing, and affordable trip for the weekend. Amber and I even stuck around the next day after the trek to relax and paint with oil pastels before heading back to the craziness of Kampala.


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Laura and Daniel's relationship began with the match-making skills of a group of mutual friends. That fateful summer Laura was staying with her sister and studying hard and preparing for the California bar exam to become a lawyer. Daniel was working in a placement at Los Angeles Children's Hospital during one of his summers in medical school. Several years later, and with great excitement and support from their match-making friends, Laura and Daniel tied the knot. Laura was a stunning bride and Daniel a handsome groom. When they first saw each other their faces glowed even brighter and they just couldn't stop smiling. That's the way the rest of the day unfolded... glowing and smiling at each other as they said their vows and celebrated at their reception, surrounded by their friends and family. Laura and Daniel got ready, had their first look, and captured some special moments together at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel.
The ceremony and reception were held at the Bungalow Club in Los Angeles. The venue had a moody, candle-lit ambiance during the reception and the food was truly delicious!
Special thanks to my friend and talented photographer, Rudy Arpia, for capturing some gorgeous photographs throughout the day. Several of the images in this post are ones that he shot.
Daniel and Laura, if you are looking at this post while honeymooning in Mexico, please enjoy a margarita by the pool for me! Congratulations, again, I couldn't be happier for you both.


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io9's got a post whose first item includes this nifty and darn near rip-snorting little gem: the cover to a very illegal and extremely bootlegged Batman toy...of some sort.
The toy, which claims to be a "log" (we only see the back of the packaging) and is likely made in China, is more than a bit schizophrenic as to which Batman it belongs, as it includes the Batman & Robin movie logo, photos of Christian Bale from Batman Begins, and for good measure, a pic from the recent cartoon The Batman. But that's NOT the funny part.
The funny part is in the description, which in the best "Engrish" tradition of grammatical rigmarole and whack-assedness. It starts thusly, "When being a child, Bruce Wayne had witnessed with his own eyes the fact his parents of millionaire were killed cruelly...."
Gotham City is apparently too complicated a name, so it's now simply called "Gete."
I love this part, "Bruce found a basement under his villa." Now he has a Bat-basement instead of a Batcave. It doesn't have that same air of mystery. (I just hope Bruce has Bat-basement flood insurance, cuz you just know he's gonna need it one day, probably when Aquaman - who I'm guessing is called Water Moccasin in China - visits.)
And forget super-villains like the Joker, the Riddler and Mr. Freeze. Chinese Batman of Gete has got to watch out for Doctor Jackstraw. Doctor Jackstraw? W.T.F? (I'm guessing that's a convoluted version of Scarecrow, but you can never be sure with "Engrish.")
Whoever wrote it should write the riffs for the Chinese version of Mystery Science Theater 3000.


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September 28 | 1pm: Agency Tour (Main Street) register now!
Six Agencies. One Afternoon. Agency Tour.
Have you ever wanted to see what an ad agency is really like? What all this stuff you're learning in school is going to amount to?
We're partnered with some of the top agencies in town and they've agreed to open their doors to let us behind the scenes to see what they're really like.
Join us for this exclusive behind the scenes tour! This event is open to college students with an interest in advertising, marketing, and communications.
Participating Agencies: Luminus, Crowley Webb, Mower, The Martin Group, dPost, Block Club
Registration is limited and we expect that it will fill up fast.
November 10 | 9:30am: Portfolio Seminar
Portfolio Series Part 1: Pro Panel
Join a panel of design professionals and last year's AAF Student Portfolio Review winner for invaluable insight on the industry and getting your portfolio ready for interviews so you can land that internship or dream job. This event is open to college students with a focus on design, illustration, and visual communications.
Panelists include: Chrissy Payne, Creative Director, Mr Smith Agency; Daniel Bell, Newbird, Owner; Francesca Bubb, 2018 Portfolio Review Winner
American Advertising Awards
Student Entry Submission Deadline
Brand Hack
Get ready for Buffalo's design "Hack-a-thon"!
Gather a team of fellow students who have talents in a variety of disciplines – ranging from design to copywriting to marketing – and create a branded campaign for a local non-profit. Teams will have 5 hours to develop their branded campaign. At the end, you will present to our panel of judges and they will pick their favorite campaign. Gain real world experience in the advertising industry in a fun and competitive setting!
American Advertising Awards
Preview Night
American Advertising Awards
Awards Night
Spring Agency Tour
Don Nichols Scholarship
Entries Due
Open to Western New York undergraduates in design, writing, communications, illustration, photography, or fine arts. Click here for full details.
Student Portfolio Review
JOIN THE CLUB! 2018/19 STUDENT MEMBERSHIP IS ONLY $15 Click here to sign up
AAF Buffalo, affectionately known as the "Ad Club of Buffalo," is the largest and most diverse organization of marketing and communications professionals in Western New York. Our mission is to educate, connect, and inspire a creative community that is dedicated to building businesses small and large, near and far.


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By Joe McCarthy|Jan. 20, 2019
Peaceful protest is not easy but it's crucial to do. Read more
By Meghan Werft|July 18, 2016
"Everyone needs to be together, not apart." - Cameron Sterling, Alton's son. Read more
By Meghan Werft|July 15, 2016
I believe our righteous anger can be transformed into more justice and more peace." Read more
By Brandon Blackburn-Dwyer|July 8, 2016
Technology is part of the solution, humanity is the rest. Read more
By Meghan Werft and Julie Ngalle|July 8, 2016
"Nonviolence is an intensely active force when properly understood and used." – Mohandas Gandhi Read more
By Joe McCarthy|July 7, 2016
"We don't need sympathy. We need everyone to respect our lives." Read more
By Krista Watson|July 7, 2016
And his girlfriend live-streamed the aftermath on Facebook. Read more
By Krista Watson|July 6, 2016
When will enough be enough? Read more


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In the webinar introducing Logos 8 Morris Proctor said, in regard to the new notes tool, that it was very similar to Evernote. I have lots of notes in Evernote I would like to move over to Logos. Are the two programs compatible? Can I export notes back and forth?
No, the two tools do not work together.
Teacher, Ministry Leader, Student, Author, Husband
How to upload logs
Visit My Site: Reformed Truths


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So. Danielson is playing the Granada tomorrow night. Cryptacize and Mount Righteous open.
It'll either be the most adorable show ever or most annoying show ever, depending on where you stand on these bands.
If you fall into the likely "adorable" pile, then, boy, do I have a deal for you! First three people to email me with "Fetch The Compass Kids" in the subject line each walks with a pair (courtesy the Granada Theater). Good luck.
If you like this story, consider signing up for our email newsletters.
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Update: Contest is over. Congrats to our winners. --Pete Freedman


text: Nuxeo debuts Studio 2.0 Jan 31, 2011 Nuxeo has introduced Studio 2.0, its customization and design environment delivered as a service. Version 2.0 of the open source content management system exposes new design tools to help application developers build and deploy new features, content types, automations and views of managed information.The company explains Nuxeo Studio 2.0 includes:Content view configuration. The high level of configurability enables easy development of business data views that are well adapted to the organizational context.Notifications. E-mail templates can be defined, with attachments and optional HTML, and included in content automation chains, meaning that a specific type of e-mail notification, with specified content, can be triggered for defined types of events.User groups. It is now possible to define users and groups within Nuxeo Studio, making role configuration easier and enforces the accuracy of the customization deployment.Widget configuration. In Studio, a widget is a reusable component that defines the appearance and behavior of an input field in a form. Studio 2.0 provides configuration options for widgets, including the ability to dynamically control their display depending on contextual information (e.g. user, document type, etc.) so that they are, say, read-only, hidden or editable.Content transformation. New capabilities enable Nuxeo Studio users to quickly and easily set up XML and HTML formats or any textual format transformation of business content for external publishing and exporting.Ergonomic improvements. This new version of Nuxeo Studio comes with improved documentation and improved ergonomic features as requested by Studio users.


text:
News: Results from Ironman Texas and Challenge Taiwan; What to do with the drafting at Texas; John's ITU update; Superleague update; Coming up races.
This Weeks Discussion: It's time to find your old racing images. This week we want you to show us two photos - one being your oldest racing image and one being a more recent one. It will be interesting to see the difference between both of them. Comment here.
Interview: This week we have an interview with Mitch Robins. Mitch has had a very successful short course/70.3 career and is now about to tackle Ironman for the first time this weekend. Mitch shares his triathlon story and how he's approaching the next chapter in his career. You can follow Mitch here.
Age Grouper of the Week: We look at some of the top age groupers from Ironman Texas.


text:
Constitution Day is September 17
Constitution Day will soon be here, and schools that offer Title 1 programs are required to recognize it. It is a day to discuss and recognize the founding fathers of our country and we have great resources to help teachers do just that. The Children's Literature Comprehensive Database offers these linked suggestions for resources. For materials at the CRC on the U. S. Consititution, click here.
Next: Easy as A-B-C »


text:
5 servings. Takes 50 minutes to make start to finish.
Cashew Mac and Peas
- 3/4 cup soaked* raw cashews
- 1/4 cup plus 1 Tbs non- fortified nutritional yeast (nooch)
- 1 can light coconut milk (has less coconut flavor than full fat)
- 1 Tbs lemon juice
- 1/2 to 1 Tbs sea salt (season to taste)
- 3 Tbs tomato paste
- 1 Tbs mild white miso
- 1 Tbs tumeric powder
- 1 Tbs Arrowroot powder (or cornstarch)
- 1 tsp onion powder
- 5 garlic cloves (roasted! Don't omit**)
- 3/4 cup filter or spring water
- 16 ounces of Elbow Noodles (i used gluten free organic Corn and Quinoa blend)
- 1 can unsalted green sweet peas
*if you aren't using a high speed blender make sure you soak your cashews for a few hours till they swell up and are very soft. You can also soak them in boiling hot water for 30 minutes.
**if you don't roast your garlic, use 1 tsp garlic powder instead.
Cheesy Tofu
- 1 package extra firm organic tofu
- 1/4 cup nutritional yeast
- 1- 2 tsp sea salt
Cheesy Tofu
- Preheat oven to 400°
- Drain and cube tofu.
- Spread evenly on parchment lined baking tray.
- Season with nooch and salt.
- Wait for the garlic to hitch a ride on your tray before you put it in the oven.
- Bake for 40 minutes until golden brown and firm. (If you like it very firm you can press it first and bake it longer).
Cashew Mac and Peas
- Measure and Soak your cashews in a glass container
- Cut your garlic tips off and wrap in foil. Place on tofu tray to bake together.
- Boil Elbow Noodles as directed on package. Drain and set aside.
- In your blender, combine all cashew cheese ingredients (not peas yet) including roasted garlic (remove skins first)
- Transfer cheese sauce to a big deep pan on medium heat on stove.
- Drain and add canned peas to sauce.
- Taste and adjust sea salt.
- Add boiled and drained noodles.
- Top with Baked Cheesy Tofu
- Serve and Enjoy!
Pics and Notes:
This is a great dish for kids (husbands too!) So Filling. Packed with plant protein and made with healthy whole fats for growing brains. Creamy and Delicious. True Comfort Food.


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text:
It was such a nice evening tonight, there was no way I would be caught in a stuffy gym. I took a 2 mile run/warm up to the park and for started with a dynamic warm up. I then got in to a killer workout. This may look easy to the eye, but try it out and let me know if you change your mind.
Circuit 1
50 walking lunges
10 box jumps (24-32in)
Repeat 3x (challenge yourself with no rest)
Circuit 2
12 Plank Walkouts in to a push-up
10 squat jumps for distance
Circuit 3
15 rows (I used the rings)
15 hanging leg raises
30 switch jumps (15 each leg)
Circuit 4
30 toe touches on High box
30 oblique crunches (15 each side)
2 mile run or walk home


text:
Herbal Boost - Enhanced Herbal Recovery Formula
Herbal Boost®
Enhanced Herbal Recovery Support
Herbal Boost™ Recovery Formula was developed by Dr. Dexin Yan for his patients when they needed herbal support. Based on its ability to support circulation and recovery, Herbal Boost may be useful in supporting the body from a range of life's challenges.*
Directions: 1 to 2 capsules, two times daily. Herbal Boost is commonly used for short periods of time, generally 3 to 5 months, before transitioning to Vital Cell circulatory formula for long-term support and health maintenance.
Herbal Boost 60 Caps
Search by Keyword
FREE shipping on any orders over $125.00
Todays Specials
Note: All prices in US Dollars
* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.


text:
Ios/android app and website for tourist company
Бюджет $5000-10000 USD
We want to creat application with section excatly like uber user interface and driver inter face
2nd section hang out like tinder in one egyptian city (available or not to hang out then request when accept request oen chat between the two user if not accept the the request don't appear )
Section 3 is 8 head service (8icons ) on dashboard every one for alot of service like trip , resturants ,hotel elc . The user can book this service with all payment method on line and fawry online egyptian payment method and give the user sussgest to transportation if the trip not including not including transportation
((( this services must to give some user id and password to be provider service for example the owner of resturant 123 give him user name and id with paper contract and this owner of resturant can input his data like menu and price and photos like the owner of some hotel when he contract with booking .com
This sample explain
Can you give me price and time line for ios /android app and website
Thanks mahmoud
Require the free lancer made app like uper and good reviews
112 фрилансеров(-а) в среднем готовы выполнить эту работу за $7160
__Still waiting for FEEDBACK__ _We are waiting for your response. Kindly respond in PMB & provide us opportunity to work with you__ Hello, Greetings!! I have gone through your project requirement as well as the ref Больше
Hello Mahmoud, This would be something like a service provider website & mobile application where it will have features like Tinder type Dating and another section for booking purposes to make a booking against flig Больше
Hello, I have done similar app and I can show you a demo of it. I'm a full stack web/mobile app developer and I have 12 years of experience and very strong with all the latest enterprise class technology standa Больше
HI mahmoud, I have already developed 25+ Online Booking apps that includes the following major functionalities: 1. Booking Management 2. Push Notifications 3. Rating and reviews 4. Booking History 5. Online Pa Больше
Greetings, Thanks for the opportunity. AIS Technolabs (Expert Developers) is a dedicated team with over 5 years' experience and a strong workforce of 240+ Professionals. Understanding: I have gone through your Больше
Hello, We are IT-Engineers with higher education, having more than 15 years of experience, developing sophisticated Web and Mobile solutions from scratch. Our indicative time/cost estimation for your project reli Больше
Such app will cost you more than 10,000 USD. Final budget can be offered only once we finalize the features. I am willing to discuss. We are ready to take your project & build it successfully. We are very reputed full Больше
Hello, how are you? I am a professional app developer and having experience of 6+ years. I have several developed several service systems like yours. [login to view URL] Больше
Hello, After carefully reading your project description, we are writing to you as we are very confident to fulfill your requirement which is to build a mobile application and website for tourist company. We are S Больше
Dear Mahmoud : Warm Greetings ! We wish to express our genuine interest and expertise to be associated with you. We are happy to tell you that we have already developed Applications similar to UBER. So, we ass Больше
Full Time mobile/website developer for 7 years. Hi. Ios/android app and website for tourist company I gone through your description and understood what you want. Please feel free to send message if you want to w Больше
Hello, We have a very good experience in Mobile Development (Android, iOS(Objective-C, Swift 3.0) & Hybrid/Ionic) and can offer you experienced developer(s) for your project. We have 15+ years of experience in t Больше


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We hope you are happy with the cover this policy provides. However you have the right to cancel it within 30 days of receiving the policy and a full refund will be given. After the 30 day "cooling off period" there are no refunds given. Refer to your Policy document for full details.
Statutory Rights
Consumers are protected under the Sale of Goods Act 1979 and under the Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002. If the appliance is not of satisfactory quality or fit for purpose, you have the right to claim for repair or replacement for up to 6 years. However, after the first 6 months it is up to you to prove the appliance was faulty when purchased - this may involve you taking legal proceedings. Consumers can get further information about their rights from their local trading standards department.
Please note, the extended warranty does provide protection in the event of insolvency.
Purchasing your Warranty after receiving your Product
You can take out an extended warranty at the same price and with the same terms any time within 30 days of purchasing your product.
Can I purchase an extended warranty elswhere?
You can buy similar extended warranty products from insurers, utility companies, credit card companies, manufacturers, some other retailers and online providers, but they may not provide the same level of service.
Is my product covered by my household insurance policy?
Some household contents insurance policies provide cover for accidental damage, fire or theft of electrical goods, however;
Standard extended warranty terms and conditions:
1) External batteries are classed as a consumable item and therefore are not covered by extended warranty. If the battery is an integral part and built into the laptop, this will be covered.
2) Chargers/Adapters/Power leads are all consumable items and not covered by the extended warranty.
3) Extended warranty will be covered on like for like parts to the original invoice. If you have upgraded any part of your unit such as RAM/HDD this will not be covered by the extended warranty.
4) It is the end users responsibility to make sure that they have backed up their own data including making a restoration disk for the Operating system on their unit. This is especially important for Windows 8/8.1 machines as there is no original COA with the unit, so we cannot install and activate Windows on their behalf. We are not responsible for any loss of data which may occur during an extended warranty repair.
5) Wear and tear is not covered under the extended warranty. This includes hinges, plastics, bezels, keys and touchpad.
6) Screen replacement is like for like upon availability, finish may vary ie gloss or matt finish.
7) The estimated turn around for warranty repairs is 24 working days from the date the unit is received into our warehouse.
8) In the unlikely event that we are unable to repair your unit, we will offer a like for like replacement based upon the original specifications purchased. We are entitled to fulfil any replacement with alternative model/make or refurbished/open box product as long as it matches or betters the specification of the original machine.
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text:
I get asked all the time what is the easiest and quickest way to become an actor. But to be honest there isn't just one path to take. However, there are things that you can do to push yourself further along whatever path you go down. Here are my top tips:
Practice, practice, practice:
The best actors out there have been doing this over and over again, and never really stop doing it. Practicing is the only way you can get better, stronger and become more confident with your skills. If you are in school I would suggest doing as many school plays as you can. You can also join a local theatre group, drama club or take up acting classes. Not only will you improve quickly, you will meet new performers/directors and learn more about your craft and the industry.
If you can't find a place to practice, create one:
This is a very useful tip that applies to all actors at whatever stage in the journey they're at. It's likely that you are passionate about something and want to share that passion but don't know what to do or how to start. For example, I have a friend called Yasmin who wanted to talk about sexual violence against women and what effect that has on society. This is a topic that is important to her and so she decided to write/produce a short film called 'Consent'. She ended up bringing together a small team (myself included) to help make her vision come true. 'Consent' was later entered in a few film competitions and got runner up in the Malala Youth Voice Competition 2015, which wouldn't have happened if Yasmin hadn't pursued her idea. (You can have a look at the film by clicking here: "Consent"). The point I'm trying to make is that sometimes you have to create the opportunity you want to receive instead of waiting for it to knock on your door. When you do so more opportunities will definitely arise.
Watch and observe good actors:
Watching films and going to the theatre is a great way to learn how to perform. You get to see the best of the best doing what they love at such a high standard with meaning and purpose. For me, watching someone like Marion Cotillard or Gérard Depardieu is really inspiring and motivating because they are always consistent, they challenge themselves and they can transform themselves to play practically any character. In my free time, I also like to watch some of their interviews on Youtube to really understand how they rehearse, prepare and research for a new role. This gives me tips and ideas about what I can do to improve my performances and really embody the characters I play.
Learn about you:
This tip is such an important one but it's usually forgotten or neglected. How can you play another character well if you don't know who you are and what you can with your body, mind, etc.? Getting to know yourself is important because you gain a sense of direction (in term of your goals) and you understand your strengths and weaknesses. If you know what you are good at then you have to opportunity to specialise in that area. For example, if you are good at improvising then you may be good at comedy acting. Or if you have lots of energy and like moving around then you might like to try physical theatre. But you won't know this until you find out what you like and dislike. If you are aware of your weakness you have something you can work on and strengthen until that very thing becomes your strong point. Find the courage to put yourself out there and try new things. If you don't like it then that is okay and you can just give something else a go!
Don't become an actor if you only want to be famous:
Nowadays it seems like most people want to be famous because they want to attain a specific lifestyle e.g. have fans, red carpets, designer clothing, people taking photos of you 24/7, etc. The reality is most actors, maybe around 95%, don't actually live like that and those you do see on TV are the minority. Being an actor means working hard, attending audition (often never hearing back from people), going to classes/workshops/seminars, doing to drama school for some years and not working as an actor to pay your bills. Now it is definitely possible to become a successful actor with a lasting career. But you have to remember that it only happens to those who are willing to put in the hard work and who are determined to reach their end goal. If that doesn't sound like you it is best to start looking at other options. But it this sounds exactly like you then go forth and excel!
So those were my top tips and I hope you find them useful. If you have any questions you can ask it in the comment box below and I'll be sure to answer them. In the future I'll be sharing more tips as I continue to learn more about the industry and performing!


text: 8/5/13 - The Not-So-Deadly Duo Heads East. It's not sunset yet and my dog isn't a robot, but we are heading out of town for a little while. I'll keep making and posting art daily. My shop is down while we're traveling. We'll be back. Prints here - http://society6.com/taylorwinder August 5, 2013


text:
3 Beds
2 Baths
1450 SqFt
Key Details
Sold Price: $206,000
Property Type: Single Family Home
Lot Size: 5,688 Sqft
Year Built: 1999
Listing Status: Sold
MLS Listing ID: 5783572
HOA Fees: $125
Price per Sqft: $142
Sold Date:
Style: North/South Exposure
Subdivision: Rancho Santa Fe
Property Description
GREAT SINGLE STORY home in Rancho Santa Fe. Open concept floor plan with a split master bedroom. Eat in kitchen dining area, breakfast bar, gas burner stove, vaulted ceilings leads to garage entry. Double door closets in bedroom 1 and 2. Double door entry into master which includes full bath with double sinks, separate tub and shower and walk in closet. Security door in the front and back is both safe and great to open in the winter days. Convenient location close to highly rated schools, shopping centers, and the freeway.
State: AZ
County: Maricopa
Community: Rancho Santa Fe
Dining Room: Breakfast Bar,Eat-in Kitchen
Kitchen: Disposal,Built-in Microwave,Cook Top Gas,Range/Oven Gas,Pantry,Dishwasher
Other Rooms: Great Room
Laundry: Laundry in Garage,Wshr/Dry HookUp Only
Heating: Gas Heat
Cooling: Refrigeration,Ceiling Fan(s)
Flooring: Carpet,Tile,Linoleum
Fireplaces Type: No Fireplace
Exterior Feature: Covered Patio(s),Patio
Garage: Electric Door Opener,Dir Entry frm Garage
Garage Spaces: 2.0
Fence: Block
Pool: No Pool
Utilities Available: APS,SW Gas
Roof Type: All Tile
Garage Description: Electric Door Opener,Dir Entry frm Garage
Garage Description: Electric Door Opener,Dir Entry frm Garage
Story: 1
Sewer: Sewer - Public
Water: City Water
Elementary Schools: Rancho Santa Fe Elementary School
Middle Schools: Wigwam Creek Middle School
High Schools: Agua Fria High School
School District: Elem School Dist:079 - Litchfield Elementary District; High School Dist:216 - Agua Fria Union High School District
Tax Amount: $1,130
Tax Year: 2017
Copyright 2019 Arizona Regional Multiple Listing Service, Inc. All rights reserved.
Listing Sold By Janelle Pittman () of My Home Group Real Estate
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