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Syntax and semanticsIn Prolog, program logic is expressed in terms of relations, and a computation is initiated by running a query over these relations. Relations and queries are constructed using Prolog's single data type, the term.BOOK, Lloyd, J. W., Foundations of logic programming, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984, 978-3-540-13299-8, Relations are defined by clauses. Given a query, the Prolog engine attempts to find a resolution refutation of the negated query. If the negated query can be refuted, i.e., an instantiation for all free variables is found that makes the union of clauses and the singleton set consisting of the negated query false, it follows that the original query, with the found instantiation applied, is a logical consequence of the program. This makes Prolog (and other logic programming languages) particularly useful for database, symbolic mathematics, and language parsing applications. Because Prolog allows impure predicates, checking the truth value of certain special predicates may have some deliberate side effect, such as printing a value to the screen. Because of this, the programmer is permitted to use some amount of conventional imperative programming when the logical paradigm is inconvenient. It has a purely logical subset, called "pure Prolog", as well as a number of extralogical features.
Data typesProlog's single data type is the term. Terms are either atoms, numbers, variables or compound terms.
- An atom is a general-purpose name with no inherent meaning. Examples of atoms include x, red, 'Taco', and 'some atom'.
- Numbers can be floats or integers. ISO standard compatible Prolog systems can check the Prolog flag "bounded". Most of the major Prolog systems support arbitrary length integer numbers.
- Variables are denoted by a string consisting of letters, numbers and underscore characters, and beginning with an upper-case letter or underscore. Variables closely resemble variables in logic in that they are placeholders for arbitrary terms.
- A compound term is composed of an atom called a "functor" and a number of "arguments", which are again terms. Compound terms are ordinarily written as a functor followed by a comma-separated list of argument terms, which is contained in parentheses. The number of arguments is called the term's arity. An atom can be regarded as a compound term with arity zero. An example of a compound term is person_friends(zelda,[tom,jim]).
- A List is an ordered collection of terms. It is denoted by square brackets with the terms separated by commas or in the case of the empty list, []. For example, [1,2,3] or [red,green,blue].
- Strings: A sequence of characters surrounded by quotes is equivalent to either a list of (numeric) character codes, a list of characters (atoms of length 1), or an atom depending on the value of the Prolog flag double_quotes. For example, "to be, or not to be".ISO/IEC 13211-1:1995 Prolog, 6.3.7 Terms - double quoted list notation. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
Rules and factsProlog programs describe relations, defined by means of clauses. Pure Prolog is restricted to Horn clauses. There are two types of clauses: facts and rules. A rule is of the formHead :- Body.and is read as "Head is true if Body is true". A rule's body consists of calls to predicates, which are called the rule's goals. The built-in predicate ,/2 (meaning a 2-arity operator with name ,) denotes conjunction of goals, and ;/2 denotes disjunction. Conjunctions and disjunctions can only appear in the body, not in the head of a rule.Clauses with empty bodies are called facts. An example of a fact is:cat(tom).which is equivalent to the rule:cat(tom) :- true.The built-in predicate true/0 is always true.Given the above fact, one can ask:is tom a cat?
?- cat(tom).what things are cats?
?- cat(X).Clauses with bodies are called rules. An example of a rule is:animal(X) :- cat(X).If we add that rule and ask what things are animals?
X = tom
X = tom
?- animal(X).Due to the relational nature of many built-in predicates, they can typically be used in several directions. For example, length/2 can be used to determine the length of a list (length(List, L), given a list List) as well as to generate a list skeleton of a given length (length(X, 5)), and also to generate both list skeletons and their lengths together (length(X, L)). Similarly, append/3 can be used both to append two lists (append(ListA, ListB, X) given lists ListA and ListB) as well as to split a given list into parts (append(X, Y, List), given a list List). For this reason, a comparatively small set of library predicates suffices for many Prolog programs.As a general purpose language, Prolog also provides various built-in predicates to perform routine activities like input/output, using graphics and otherwise communicating with the operating system. These predicates are not given a relational meaning and are only useful for the side-effects they exhibit on the system. For example, the predicate write/1 displays a term on the screen.
X = tom
X = tom
ExecutionExecution of a Prolog program is initiated by the user's posting of a single goal, called the query. Logically, the Prolog engine tries to find a resolution refutation of the negated query. The resolution method used by Prolog is called SLD resolution. If the negated query can be refuted, it follows that the query, with the appropriate variable bindings in place, is a logical consequence of the program. In that case, all generated variable bindings are reported to the user, and the query is said to have succeeded. Operationally, Prolog's execution strategy can be thought of as a generalization of function calls in other languages, one difference being that multiple clause heads can match a given call. In that case, the system creates a choice-point, unifies the goal with the clause head of the first alternative, and continues with the goals of that first alternative. If any goal fails in the course of executing the program, all variable bindings that were made since the most recent choice-point was created are undone, and execution continues with the next alternative of that choice-point. This execution strategy is called chronological backtracking. For example:mother_child(trude, sally).
?- sibling(sally, erica).This is obtained as follows: Initially, the only matching clause-head for the query sibling(sally, erica) is the first one, so proving the query is equivalent to proving the body of that clause with the appropriate variable bindings in place, i.e., the conjunction (parent_child(Z,sally), parent_child(Z,erica)). The next goal to be proved is the leftmost one of this conjunction, i.e., parent_child(Z, sally). Two clause heads match this goal. The system creates a choice-point and tries the first alternative, whose body is father_child(Z, sally). This goal can be proved using the fact father_child(tom, sally), so the binding Z = tom is generated, and the next goal to be proved is the second part of the above conjunction: parent_child(tom, erica). Again, this can be proved by the corresponding fact. Since all goals could be proved, the query succeeds. Since the query contained no variables, no bindings are reported to the user. A query with variables, like:?- father_child(Father, Child).enumerates all valid answers on backtracking.Notice that with the code as stated above, the query ?- sibling(sally, sally). also succeeds. One would insert additional goals to describe the relevant restrictions, if desired.
Loops and recursionIterative algorithms can be implemented by means of recursive predicates.BOOK,weblink SICStus Prolog User's Manual 4.3: Core reference documentation, Mats, Carlsson, 27 May 2014, BoD â Books on Demand, Google Books, 9783735737441,
NegationThe built-in Prolog predicate +/1 provides negation as failure, which allows for non-monotonic reasoning. The goal + illegal(X) in the rulelegal(X) :- + illegal(X).is evaluated as follows: Prolog attempts to prove illegal(X). If a proof for that goal can be found, the original goal (i.e., + illegal(X)) fails. If no proof can be found, the original goal succeeds. Therefore, the +/1 prefix operator is called the "not provable" operator, since the query ?- + Goal. succeeds if Goal is not provable. This kind of negation is sound if its argument is "ground" (i.e. contains no variables). Soundness is lost if the argument contains variables and the proof procedure is complete. In particular, the query ?- legal(X). now cannot be used to enumerate all things that are legal.
Programming in PrologIn Prolog, loading code is referred to as consulting. Prolog can be used interactively by entering queries at the Prolog prompt ?-. If there is no solution, Prolog writes no. If a solution exists then it is printed. If there are multiple solutions to the query, then these can be requested by entering a semi-colon ;. There are guidelines on good programming practice to improve code efficiency, readability and maintainability.JOURNAL, Covington, Michael A., Bagnara, Roberto, O'Keefe, Richard A., Richard O'Keefe, Wielemaker, Jan, Price, Simon, Coding guidelines for Prolog, 10.1017/S1471068411000391, Theory and Practice of Logic Programming, 12, 6, 889â927, 2011, 0911.2899, Here follow some example programs written in Prolog.
Hello WorldAn example of a query:?- write('Hello World!'), nl.Hello World!true.?-
Compiler optimizationAny computation can be expressed declaratively as a sequence of state transitions. As an example, an optimizing compiler with three optimization passes could be implemented as a relation between an initial program and its optimized form:program_optimized(Prog0, Prog) :-
optimization_pass_1(Prog0, Prog1),or equivalently using DCG notation:program_optimized --> optimization_pass_1, optimization_pass_2, optimization_pass_3.
optimization_pass_2(Prog1, Prog2),
optimization_pass_3(Prog2, Prog).
optimization_pass_2(Prog1, Prog2),
optimization_pass_3(Prog2, Prog).
QuicksortThe quicksort sorting algorithm, relating a list to its sorted version:partition([], _, [], []).partition([X|Xs], Pivot, Smalls, Bigs) :-
( X @< Pivot ->
Smalls = [X|Rest],quicksort([]) --> [].quicksort([X|Xs]) -->
partition(Xs, Pivot, Rest, Bigs)
; Bigs = [X|Rest],
partition(Xs, Pivot, Smalls, Rest)
partition(Xs, Pivot, Rest, Bigs)
; Bigs = [X|Rest],
partition(Xs, Pivot, Smalls, Rest)
{ partition(Xs, X, Smaller, Bigger) },
quicksort(Smaller), [X], quicksort(Bigger).
quicksort(Smaller), [X], quicksort(Bigger).
Design patternsA design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software design. In Prolog, design patterns go under various names: skeletons and techniques,JOURNAL
, Applying Techniques to Skeletons, cliches,D. Barker-Plummer. Cliche programming in Prolog. In M. Bruynooghe, editor, Proc. Second Workshop on Meta-Programming in Logic, pages 247--256. Dept. of Comp. Sci., Katholieke Univ. Leuven, 1990. program schemata,CONFERENCE
, 1993
, Constructing Logic Programs, (ed. J.M.J. Jacquet)
, 27â140
, Kirschenbaum, M.
, Sterling, L.S.
, {{inconsistent citations, | citeseerx =10.1.1.56.7278}}BOOK, Computational Logic: Logic Programming and Beyond, Leon, Sterling, 2002, 2407, 17â26, 10.1007/3-540-45628-7_15, Patterns for Prolog Programming, Lecture Notes in Computer Science / Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 978-3-540-43959-2
, 1993
, Constructing Logic Programs, (ed. J.M.J. Jacquet)
, 27â140
, Kirschenbaum, M.
, Sterling, L.S.
, {{inconsistent citations, | citeseerx =10.1.1.56.7278}}BOOK, Computational Logic: Logic Programming and Beyond, Leon, Sterling, 2002, 2407, 17â26, 10.1007/3-540-45628-7_15, Patterns for Prolog Programming, Lecture Notes in Computer Science / Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 978-3-540-43959-2
, Representing Logic Program Schemata in Prolog{edih} and logic description schemata.BOOK
, 1995
, Gegg-harrison, T. S.
, Procs Twelfth International Conference on Logic Programming
, 467â481
, {hide}inconsistent citations,
, 1995
, Gegg-harrison, T. S.
, Procs Twelfth International Conference on Logic Programming
, 467â481
, {hide}inconsistent citations,
, DevilleAn alternative to design patterns is higher order programming.REPORT
, Yves
, Logic programming: systematic program development
, 1990
, Addison-Wesley
, Wokingham, England
, 978-0-201-17576-9
, Yves
, Logic programming: systematic program development
, 1990
, Addison-Wesley
, Wokingham, England
, 978-0-201-17576-9
, Higher-order logic programming in Prolog
, 1996
, Naish, Lee
, Department of Computer Science, University of Melbourne
, 2010-11-02, 10.1.1.35.4505
, 1996
, Naish, Lee
, Department of Computer Science, University of Melbourne
, 2010-11-02, 10.1.1.35.4505
Higher-order programmingA higher-order predicate is a predicate that takes one or more other predicates as arguments. Although support for higher-order programming takes Prolog outside the domain of first-order logic, which does not allow quantification over predicates,WEB, With regard to Prolog variables, variables only in the head are implicitly universally quantified, and those only in the body are implicitly existentially quantified,weblink 2013-05-04, ISO Prolog now has some built-in higher-order predicates such as call/1, call/2, call/3, findall/3, setof/3, and bagof/3. Furthermore, since arbitrary Prolog goals can be constructed and evaluated at run-time, it is easy to write higher-order predicates like maplist/2, which applies an arbitrary predicate to each member of a given list, and sublist/3, which filters elements that satisfy a given predicate, also allowing for currying.To convert solutions from temporal representation (answer substitutions on backtracking) to spatial representation (terms), Prolog has various all-solutions predicates that collect all answer substitutions of a given query in a list. This can be used for list comprehension. For example, perfect numbers equal the sum of their proper divisors:
perfect(N) :-This can be used to enumerate perfect numbers, and also to check whether a number is perfect.As another example, the predicate maplist applies a predicate P to all corresponding positions in a pair of lists:maplist(_, [], []).maplist(P, [X|Xs], [Y|Ys]) :-
between(1, inf, N), U is N // 2,
findall(D, (between(1,U,D), N mod D =:= 0), Ds),
sumlist(Ds, N).
between(1, inf, N), U is N // 2,
findall(D, (between(1,U,D), N mod D =:= 0), Ds),
sumlist(Ds, N).
call(P, X, Y),When P is a predicate that for all X, P(X,Y) unifies Y with a single unique value, maplist(P, Xs, Ys) is equivalent to applying the map function in functional programming as Ys = map(Function, Xs).Higher-order programming style in Prolog was pioneered in HiLog and λProlog.
maplist(P, Xs, Ys).
maplist(P, Xs, Ys).
ModulesFor programming in the large, Prolog provides a module system. The module system is standardised by ISO.ISO/IEC 13211-2: Modules. However, not all Prolog compilers support modules, and there are compatibility problems between the module systems of the major Prolog compilers.{{citation|first=Paulo|last=Moura|title=Logtalk|journal=Association of Logic Programming|volume=17|issue=3|date=August 2004|url=http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~dtai/projects/ALP/newsletter/aug04/nav/print/all.html#logtalk}} Consequently, modules written on one Prolog compiler will not necessarily work on others.
ParsingThere is a special notation called definite clause grammars (DCGs). A rule defined via -->/2 instead of :-/2 is expanded by the preprocessor (expand_term/2, a facility analogous to macros in other languages) according to a few straightforward rewriting rules, resulting in ordinary Prolog clauses. Most notably, the rewriting equips the predicate with two additional arguments, which can be used to implicitly thread state around,{{Clarify|date=October 2012}} analogous to monads in other languages. DCGs are often used to write parsers or list generators, as they also provide a convenient interface to difference lists.
Meta-interpreters and reflectionProlog is a homoiconic language and provides many facilities for reflection. Its implicit execution strategy makes it possible to write a concise meta-circular evaluator (also called meta-interpreter) for pure Prolog code:solve(true).solve((Subgoal1,Subgoal2)) :-
solve(Subgoal1),solve(Head) :-
clause(Head, Body),where true represents an empty conjunction, and clause(Head, Body) unifies with clauses in the database of the form Head :- Body.Since Prolog programs are themselves sequences of Prolog terms (:-/2 is an infix operator) that are easily read and inspected using built-in mechanisms (like read/1), it is possible to write customized interpreters that augment Prolog with domain-specific features. For example, Sterling and Shapiro present a meta-interpreter that performs reasoning with uncertainty, reproduced here with slight modifications:BOOK, Shapiro, Ehud Y., Sterling, Leon, The Art of Prolog: Advanced Programming Techniques, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1994, 978-0-262-19338-2, {{rp|330}}solve(true, 1) :- !.solve((Subgoal1,Subgoal2), Certainty) :-
!,solve(Goal, 1) :-
solve(Subgoal1, Certainty1),
solve(Subgoal2, Certainty2),
Certainty is min(Certainty1, Certainty2).
solve(Subgoal1, Certainty1),
solve(Subgoal2, Certainty2),
Certainty is min(Certainty1, Certainty2).
builtin(Goal), !,solve(Head, Certainty) :-
clause_cf(Head, Body, Certainty1),This interpreter uses a table of built-in Prolog predicates of the form{{rp|327}}builtin(A is B).builtin(read(X)).% etc.and clauses represented as clause_cf(Head, Body, Certainty). Given those, it can be called as solve(Goal, Certainty) to execute Goal and obtain a measure of certainty about the result.
solve(Body, Certainty2),
Certainty is Certainty1 * Certainty2.
solve(Body, Certainty2),
Certainty is Certainty1 * Certainty2.
Turing completenessPure Prolog is based on a subset of first-order predicate logic, Horn clauses, which is Turing-complete. Turing completeness of Prolog can be shown by using it to simulate a Turing machine:turing(Tape0, Tape) :-
perform(q0, [], Ls, Tape0, Rs),perform(qf, Ls, Ls, Rs, Rs) :- !.perform(Q0, Ls0, Ls, Rs0, Rs) :-
reverse(Ls, Ls1),
append(Ls1, Rs, Tape).
reverse(Ls, Ls1),
append(Ls1, Rs, Tape).
symbol(Rs0, Sym, RsRest),symbol([], b, []).symbol([Sym|Rs], Sym, Rs).
once(rule(Q0, Sym, Q1, NewSym, Action)),
action(Action, Ls0, Ls1, [NewSym|RsRest], Rs1),
perform(Q1, Ls1, Ls, Rs1, Rs).
once(rule(Q0, Sym, Q1, NewSym, Action)),
action(Action, Ls0, Ls1, [NewSym|RsRest], Rs1),
perform(Q1, Ls1, Ls, Rs1, Rs).
Implementation{{further|Comparison of Prolog implementations}}
ISO PrologThe ISO Prolog standard consists of two parts. ISO/IEC 13211-1,ISO/IEC 13211: Information technology — Programming languages — Prolog. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.BOOK, A. Ed-Dbali, Deransart, Pierre, L. Cervoni, Prolog: the standard: reference manual, Springer, Berlin, 1996, 978-3-540-59304-1, published in 1995, aims to standardize the existing practices of the many implementations of the core elements of Prolog. It has clarified aspects of the language that were previously ambiguous and leads to portable programs. There are three corrigenda: Cor.1:2007WEB,weblink ISO/IEC 13211-1:1995/Cor 1:2007 -, , Cor.2:2012,WEB,weblink ISO/IEC 13211-1:1995/Cor 2:2012 -, and Cor.3:2017.WEB,weblink ISO/IEC 13211-1:1995/Cor 3:2017 -, ISO/IEC 13211-2, published in 2000, adds support for modules to the standard. The standard is maintained by the ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG17WEB,weblink ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG17, working group. ANSI X3J17 is the US Technical Advisory Group for the standard.WEB,weblink X3J17 and the Prolog Standard,
CompilationFor efficiency, Prolog code is typically compiled to abstract machine code, often influenced by the register-based Warren Abstract Machine (WAM) instruction set.David H. D. Warren. "An abstract Prolog instruction set". Technical Note 309, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, October 1983. Some implementations employ abstract interpretation to derive type and mode information of predicates at compile time, or compile to real machine code for high performance.JOURNAL, 10.1109/2.108055, Van Roy, P., Despain, A. M., High-performance logic programming with the Aquarius Prolog compiler, Computer, 25, 54â68, 1992, Devising efficient implementation methods for Prolog code is a field of active research in the logic programming community, and various other execution methods are employed in some implementations. These include clause binarization and stack-based virtual machines.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}
Tail recursionProlog systems typically implement a well-known optimization method called tail call optimization (TCO) for deterministic predicates exhibiting tail recursion or, more generally, tail calls: A clause's stack frame is discarded before performing a call in a tail position. Therefore, deterministic tail-recursive predicates are executed with constant stack space, like loops in other languages.
Term indexingFinding clauses that are unifiable with a term in a query is linear in the number of clauses. Term indexing uses a data structure that enables sub-linear-time lookups.BOOK, Graf, Peter, Term indexing, 1995, Springer, 978-3-540-61040-3, Indexing only affects program performance, it does not affect semantics. Most Prologs only use indexing on the first term, as indexing on all terms is expensive, but techniques based on field-encoded words or superimposed codewords provide fast indexing across the full query and head.CONFERENCE, Wise, Michael J., Powers, David M. W., Indexing Prolog Clauses via Superimposed Code Words and Field Encoded Words, International Symposium on Logic Programming, 203â210, 1986, JOURNAL, 10.1016/0743-1066(91)90004-9, Enhancing unification in PROLOG through clause indexing, The Journal of Logic Programming, 10, 23â44, 1991, Colomb, Robert M.,
HashingSome Prolog systems, such as WIN-PROLOG and SWI-Prolog, now implement hashing to help handle large datasets more efficiently. This tends to yield very large performance gains when working with large corpora such as WordNet.
TablingSome Prolog systems, (B-Prolog, XSB, SWI-Prolog, YAP, and Ciao), implement a memoization method called tabling, which frees the user from manually storing intermediate results.JOURNAL, Swift, T., Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, 25, 3/4, 201â240, Tabling for nonâmonotonic programming, 1999, 10.1023/A:1018990308362, JOURNAL, Zhou, Neng-Fa, Sato, Taisuke, Efficient Fixpoint Computation in Linear Tabling, Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Principles and Practice of Declarative Programming, 2003, 275â283,weblink Subgoals encountered in a query evaluation are maintained in a table, along with answers to these subgoals. If a subgoal is re-encountered, the evaluation reuses information from the table rather than re-performing resolution against program clauses.JOURNAL, 10.1017/S1471068411000500, XSB: Extending Prolog with Tabled Logic Programming, Theory and Practice of Logic Programming, 12, 1â2, 157â187, 2011, Swift, T., Warren, D. S., 1012.5123, Tabling is a spaceâtime tradeoff; execution time can be reduced by using more memory to store intermediate results.
Implementation in hardwareDuring the Fifth Generation Computer Systems project, there were attempts to implement Prolog in hardware with the aim of achieving faster execution with dedicated architectures.BOOK, K., Kiriyama, 100, 10.1145/30350.30362, 1987, K., Kurosawa, Bandoh, S., T., Proceedings of the 14th annual international symposium on Computer architecture - ISCA '87, Yamaguchi, S., Abe, High performance integrated Prolog processor IPP, 978-0818607769, CONFERENCE, Ian, Robinson, 978-3-540-16492-0, 10.1007/3-540-16492-8_73, A Prolog processor based on a pattern matching memory device, Third International Conference on Logic Programming, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, 225, 172â179, 1986, JOURNAL, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Performance and architectural evaluation of the PSI machine, 22, 128, 10.1145/36205.36195, 1987, Taki, M., Nakajima, K., Ikeda, K., Nakashima, H., 10, Furthermore, Prolog has a number of properties that may allow speed-up through parallel execution.JOURNAL, ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, Parallel execution of prolog programs: a survey, M. V., 23, 472, 10.1145/504083.504085, 2001, Gupta, Hermenegildo, Pontelli, G., E., Ali, Carlsson, K. A. M., M., 4, A more recent approach has been to compile restricted Prolog programs to a field programmable gate array.WEB,weblink Statically Allocated Systems, However, rapid progress in general-purpose hardware has consistently overtaken more specialised architectures.
LimitationsAlthough Prolog is widely used in research and education, Prolog and other logic programming languages have not had a significant impact on the computer industry in general.Logic programming for the real world. Zoltan Somogyi, Fergus Henderson, Thomas Conway, Richard O'Keefe. Proceedings of the ILPS'95 Postconference Workshop on Visions for the Future of Logic Programming. Most applications are small by industrial standards, with few exceeding 100,000 lines of code.WEB,weblink FAQ: Prolog Resource Guide 1/2 [Monthly posting] Section - [1-8] The Prolog 1000 Database, Programming in the large is considered to be complicated because not all Prolog compilers support modules, and there are compatibility problems between the module systems of the major Prolog compilers. Portability of Prolog code across implementations has also been a problem, but developments since 2007 have meant: "the portability within the family of Edinburgh/Quintus derived Prolog implementations is good enough to allow for maintaining portable real-world applications."Jan Wielemaker and Vıtor Santos Costa: Portability of Prolog programs: theory and case-studies. CICLOPS-WLPE Workshop 2010.Software developed in Prolog has been criticised for having a high performance penalty compared to conventional programming languages. In particular, Prolog's non-deterministic evaluation strategy can be problematic when programming deterministic computations, or when even using "don't care non-determinism" (where a single choice is made instead of backtracking over all possibilities). Cuts and other language constructs may have to be used to achieve desirable performance, destroying one of Prolog's main attractions, the ability to run programs "backwards and forwards".CONFERENCE, Oleg, Kiselyov, Yukiyoshi, Kameyama, Re-thinking Prolog, Proc. 31st meeting of the Japan Society for Software Science and Technology, 2014,weblink Prolog is not purely declarative: because of constructs like the cut operator, a procedural reading of a Prolog program is needed to understand it.{{citation|first=Torkel|last=Franzen|date=1994|url=http://dtai.cs.kuleuven.be/projects/ALP/newsletter/archive_93_96/comment/decl.html|title=Declarative vs procedural|journal=Association of Logic Programming|volume=7|issue=3}} The order of clauses in a Prolog program is significant, as the execution strategy of the language depends on it.JOURNAL, Complexity and Expressive Power of Logic Programming, ACM Computing Surveys, Evgeny, Dantsin, Thomas, Eiter, Georg, Gottlob, Andrei, Voronkov, 2001, 33, 3, 374â425, 10.1145/502807.502810, 10.1.1.616.6372, Other logic programming languages, such as Datalog, are truly declarative but restrict the language. As a result, many practical Prolog programs are written to conform to Prolog's depth-first search order, rather than as purely declarative logic programs.
ExtensionsVarious implementations have been developed from Prolog to extend logic programming capabilities in numerous directions. These include types, modes, constraint logic programming (CLP), object-oriented logic programming (OOLP), concurrency, linear logic (LLP), functional and higher-order logic programming capabilities, plus interoperability with knowledge bases:
TypesProlog is an untyped language. Attempts to introduce types date back to the 1980s,JOURNAL, 10.1016/0004-3702(84)90017-1, Mycroft, A., O'Keefe, R. A., A polymorphic type system for prolog, Artificial Intelligence, 23, 3, 295, 1984, BOOK, Pfenning, Frank, Types in logic programming, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1992, 978-0-262-16131-2, and as of 2008 there are still attempts to extend Prolog with types.BOOK, Schrijvers, Tom, Santos Costa, Vitor, Wielemaker, Jan, Demoen, Bart, 2008, Towards Typed Prolog, Maria Garcia de la Banda, Enrico Pontelli, Logic programming : 24th international conference, ICLP 2008, Udine, Italy, December 9-13, 2008 : proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 5366, 693â697, 10.1007/978-3-540-89982-2_59, 9783540899822, Type information is useful not only for type safety but also for reasoning about Prolog programs.JOURNAL, 10.1007/BF01213601, Apt, K. R., Marchiori, E., Reasoning about Prolog programs: From modes through types to assertions, Formal Aspects of Computing, 6, S1, 743, 1994,weblink 10.1.1.57.395,
Modes{| style"float: right;" class"wikitable" border"1"
ConstraintsConstraint logic programming extends Prolog to include concepts from constraint satisfaction.JOURNAL, 10.1016/0743-1066(94)90033-7, Jaffar, J., Constraint logic programming: a survey, The Journal of Logic Programming, 19â20, 503â581, 1994, JOURNAL, Alain, Colmerauer, Opening the Prolog III Universe, Byte
Object-orientationFlora-2 is an object-oriented knowledge representation and reasoning system based on F-logic and incorporates HiLog, Transaction logic, and defeasible reasoning.Logtalk is an object-oriented logic programming language that can use most Prolog implementations as a back-end compiler. As a multi-paradigm language, it includes support for both prototypes and classes.Oblog is a small, portable, object-oriented extension to Prolog by Margaret McDougall of EdCAAD, University of Edinburgh.Objlog was a frame-based language combining objects and Prolog II from CNRS, Marseille, France.Prolog++ was developed by Logic Programming Associates and first released in 1989 for MS-DOS PCs. Support for other platforms was added, and a second version was released in 1995. A book about Prolog++ by Chris Moss was published by Addison-Wesley in 1994.
GraphicsProlog systems that provide a graphics library are SWI-Prolog,WEB,weblink XPCE graphics library, Visual Prolog, WIN-PROLOG, and B-Prolog.
ConcurrencyProlog-MPI is an open-source SWI-Prolog extension for distributed computing over the Message Passing Interface.WEB,weblink prolog-mpi, Apps.lumii.lv, 2010-09-16, Also there are various concurrent Prolog programming languages.Ehud Shapiro. The family of concurrent logic programming languages ACM Computing Surveys. September 1989.
Web programmingSome Prolog implementations, notably SWI-Prolog and Ciao, support server-side web programming with support for web protocols, HTML and XML.JOURNAL, Theory and Practice of Logic Programming, 8, 2008, 10.1017/S1471068407003237, SWI-Prolog and the web, L., J., Huang, Z., Wielemaker, Van Der Meij, 3, 363, There are also extensions to support semantic web formats such as RDF and OWL.{{Citation| author = Jan Wielemaker and Michiel Hildebrand and Jacco van Ossenbruggen| title = Using {Prolog} as the fundament for applications on the semantic web| periodical = Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Applications of Logic Programming and to the Web, Semantic Web and Semantic Web Services| publisher = CEUR-WS.org| series = CEUR Workshop Proceedings| volume = 287| year = 2007| pages = 84â98| location = Porto, Portugal
Adobe FlashCedar is a free and basic Prolog interpreter. From version 4 and above Cedar has a FCA (Flash Cedar App) support. This provides a new platform to programming in Prolog through ActionScript.
- F-logic extends Prolog with frames/objects for knowledge representation.
- Transaction logic extends Prolog with a logical theory of state-changing update operators. It has both a model-theoretic and procedural semantics.
- OW Prolog has been created in order to answer Prolog's lack of graphics and interface.
Interfaces to other languagesFrameworks exist which can bridge between Prolog and other languages:
- The LPA Intelligence Server allows the embedding of LPA Prolog within C, C, C++, Java, VB, Delphi, .Net, Lua, Python and other languages. It exploits the dedicated string data-type which LPA Prolog provides
- The Logic Server API allows both the extension and embedding of Prolog in C, C++, Java, VB, Delphi, .NET and any language/environment which can call a .dll or .so. It is implemented for Amzi! Prolog Amzi! Prolog + Logic Server but the API specification can be made available for any implementation.
- JPL is a bi-directional Java Prolog bridge which ships with SWI-Prolog by default, allowing Java and Prolog to call each other (recursively). It is known to have good concurrency support and is under active development.
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20050406192103weblink">InterProlog, a programming library bridge between Java and Prolog, implementing bi-directional predicate/method calling between both languages. Java objects can be mapped into Prolog terms and vice versa. Allows the development of GUIs and other functionality in Java while leaving logic processing in the Prolog layer. Supports XSB, with support for SWI-Prolog and YAP planned for 2013.
- Prova provides native syntax integration with Java, agent messaging and reaction rules. Prova positions itself as a rule-based scripting (RBS) system for middleware. The language breaks new ground in combining imperative and declarative programming.
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110221120826weblink">PROL An embeddable Prolog engine for Java. It includes a small IDE and a few libraries.
- GNU Prolog for Java is an implementation of ISO Prolog as a Java library (gnu.prolog)
- Ciao provides interfaces to C, C++, Java, and relational databases.
- C-Prolog is a Prolog interpreter written in (managed) C. Can easily be integrated in C programs. Characteristics: reliable and fairly fast interpreter, command line interface, Windows-interface, builtin DCG, XML-predicates, SQL-predicates, extendible. The complete source code is available, including a parser generator that can be used for adding special purpose extensions.
- Jekejeke Prolog API{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} provides tightly coupled concurrent call-in and call-out facilities between Prolog and Java or Android, with the marked possibility to create individual knowledge base objects. It can be used to embed the ISO Prolog interpreter in standalones, applets, servlets, APKs, etc..
- A Warren Abstract Machine for PHP A Prolog compiler and interpreter in PHP 5.3. A library that can be used standalone or within Symfony2.1 framework which was translated from Stephan Buettcher's work in Java which can be found [here {{URLweblink}}]
- tuProlog is a light-weight Prolog system for distributed applications and infrastructures, intentionally designed around a minimal core, to be either statically or dynamically configured by loading/unloading libraries of predicates. tuProlog natively supports multi-paradigm programming, providing a clean, seamless integration model between Prolog and mainstream object-oriented languages -- namely Java, for tuProlog Java version, and any .NET-based language (C, F..), for tuProlog .NET versionweblink
HistoryThe name Prolog was chosen by Philippe Roussel as an abbreviation for (French for programming in logic). It was created around 1972 by Alain Colmerauer with Philippe Roussel, based on Robert Kowalski's procedural interpretation of Horn clauses. It was motivated in part by the desire to reconcile the use of logic as a declarative knowledge representation language with the procedural representation of knowledge that was popular in North America in the late 1960s and early 1970s. According to Robert Kowalski, the first Prolog system was developed in 1972 by Colmerauer and Phillipe Roussel. The first implementation of Prolog was an interpreter written in Fortran by Gerard Battani and Henri Meloni. David H. D. Warren took this interpreter to Edinburgh, and there implemented an alternative front-end, which came to define the âEdinburgh Prologâ syntax used by most modern implementations. Warren also implemented the first compiler for Prolog, creating the influential DEC-10 Prolog in collaboration with Fernando Pereira. Warren later generalised the ideas behind DEC-10 Prolog, to create the Warren Abstract Machine.European AI researchers favored Prolog while Americans favored Lisp, reportedly causing many nationalistic debates on the merits of the languages.NEWS,weblink POP and SNAP, BYTE, October 1984, 23 October 2013, Pountain, Dick, 381, Much of the modern development of Prolog came from the impetus of the Fifth Generation Computer Systems project (FGCS), which developed a variant of Prolog named Kernel Language for its first operating system.Pure Prolog was originally restricted to the use of a resolution theorem prover with Horn clauses of the form:
H :- B1, ..., Bn.The application of the theorem-prover treats such clauses as procedures:
to show/solve H, show/solve B1 and ... and Bn.Pure Prolog was soon extended, however, to include negation as failure, in which negative conditions of the form not(Bi) are shown by trying and failing to solve the corresponding positive conditions Bi.Subsequent extensions of Prolog by the original team introduced constraint logic programming abilities into the implementations.
Use in industryProlog has been used in Watson. Watson uses IBM's DeepQA software and the Apache UIMA (Unstructured Information Management Architecture) framework. The system was written in various languages, including Java, C++, and Prolog, and runs on the SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 operating system using Apache Hadoop framework to provide distributed computing. Prolog is used for pattern matching over natural language parse trees. The developers have stated: "We required a language in which we could conveniently express pattern matching rules over the parse trees and other annotations (such as named entity recognition results), and a technology that could execute these rules very efficiently. We found that Prolog was the ideal choice for the language due to its simplicity and expressiveness."
See also
- Comparison of Prolog implementations
- Logico-linguistic modeling. A method for building knowledge-based system that uses Prolog.
- Answer set programming. A fully declarative approach to logic programming.
- Association for Logic Programming
Related languages
- The Gödel language is a strongly typed implementation of concurrent constraint logic programming. It is built on SICStus Prolog.
- Visual Prolog, formerly known as PDC Prolog and Turbo Prolog, is a strongly typed object-oriented dialect of Prolog, which is very different from standard Prolog. As Turbo Prolog, it was marketed by Borland, but it is now developed and marketed by the Danish firm PDC (Prolog Development Center) that originally produced it.
- Datalog is a subset of Prolog. It is limited to relationships that may be stratified and does not allow compound terms. In contrast to Prolog, Datalog is not Turing-complete.
- Mercury is an offshoot of Prolog geared toward software engineering in the large with a static, polymorphic type system, as well as a mode and determinism system.
- GraphTalk is a proprietary implementation of Warren's Abstract Machine, with additional object-oriented properties.
- In some ways{{Which|date=February 2010}} Prolog is a subset of Planner. The ideas in Planner were later further developed in the Scientific Community Metaphor.
- AgentSpeak is a variant of Prolog for programming agent behavior in multi-agent systems.
- Erlang began life with a Prolog-based implementation and maintains much of Prolog's unification-based syntax.
- Pilog is a declarative language built on top of PicoLisp, that has the semantics of Prolog, but uses the syntax of Lisp.
Further reading
- BOOK, Patrick, Blackburn, Johan, Bos, Kristina, Striegnitz, Learn Prolog Now!,weblink 2006, 978-1-904987-17-8,
- Ivan Bratko, Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence, 4th ed., 2012, {{ISBN| 978-0-321-41746-6}}. Book supplements and source code
- William F. Clocksin, Christopher S. Mellish: Programming in Prolog: Using the ISO Standard. Springer, 5th ed., 2003, {{ISBN|978-3-540-00678-7}}. (This edition is updated for ISO Prolog. Previous editions described Edinburgh Prolog.)
- William F. Clocksin: Clause and Effect. Prolog Programming for the Working Programmer. Springer, 2003, {{ISBN|978-3-540-62971-9}}.
- Michael A. Covington, Donald Nute, Andre Vellino, Prolog Programming in Depth, 1996, {{ISBN|0-13-138645-X}}.
- Michael A. Covington, Natural Language Processing for Prolog Programmers, 1994, {{ISBN|978-0-13-629213-5}}
- M. S. Dawe and C.M.Dawe, Prolog for Computer Sciences, Springer Verlag 1992.
- ISO/IEC 13211: Information technology — Programming languages — Prolog. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
- Feliks Kluźniak and StanisÅaw Szpakowicz (with a contribution by Janusz S. BieÅ). Prolog for Programmers. Academic Press Inc. (London), 1985, 1987 (available under a Creative Commons license at {{URLweblink}}). {{ISBN|0-12-416521-4}}.
- Richard O'Keefe, The Craft of Prolog, {{ISBN|0-262-15039-5}}.
- Robert Smith, John Gibson, Aaron Sloman: 'POPLOG's two-level virtual machine support for interactive languages', in Research Directions in Cognitive Science Volume 5: Artificial Intelligence, Eds D. Sleeman and N. Bernsen, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp 203â231, 1992.
- Leon Sterling and Ehud Shapiro, The Art of Prolog: Advanced Programming Techniques, 1994, {{ISBN|0-262-19338-8}}.
- David H D Warren, Luis M. Pereira and Fernando Pereira, Prolog - the language and its implementation compared with Lisp. ACM SIGART Bulletin archive, Issue 64. Proceedings of the 1977 symposium on Artificial intelligence and programming languages, pp 109â115.
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
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Christmas is a great time of the year, one small reason being that people decide to string up lights everywhere and make stuff look cooler than normal. I even strung up lights on the balcony of my apartment, hopefully bringing joy to the people in the parking lot below (probably not). One other Christmas light display is from the Bank of America building in downtown Little Rock, which puts up lights in the shape of a Christmas tree on three sides of the building. They've been doing that for as long as I remember. There is a parking deck downtown that offers some nifty views of the building so I snuck up there one night (I get worried about going up there since I'm probably trespassing), and got a few shots. It was really cold and bit rainy, so I didn't stay up there too long...
A week later the lights on the State Capitol were lit. Along with the lights, they also have a fireworks show:
This is only the second time I've gotten shots of the fireworks there. I didn't like how my shots turned out last year since I was having tripod problems and all the shots were a bit blurry. This year was a bit of a challenge since it was packed with people (more than last year). It may have been because I was standing next to the free hot cocoa and cookie stand.
This is the big finale...
Getting shots of fireworks is a bit tricky. The hard part is timing. These shots were all 4 second exposures. So to get the best shots you have to have the camera taking a picture during the four seconds when the best fireworks are popping. The added difficulty is that my camera takes an extra four seconds to process and do noise reduction, so it's an added time to sit and wait. The shot of the finale was lucky because I started taking a picture just as the main finale fireworks were exploding. By the time the camera finished processing eight seconds later, the show was over.
One night after work I went down to the Big Dam Bridge. The last time I had been there the water was high and moving fast, ruining any good reflection shots. The water is back down to more normal levels, and quite still at the base of the dam.
This shot was taken on some sort of concrete thing that juts out into the water. It might be for navigation or to control the river channel or just to give people a place to fish, but it also gives decent views of the bridge.
In order to get to the little concrete thing you kind of have to scramble down a rocky slope. I was making my way down there, sure I was going to tumble down the hill breaking bones and camera parts when there was this loud and creepy noise behind me. Some sort of river monster was lurking around, and it wasn't happy with my being there.
I searched the darkness and saw that it wasn't some sort of Loch Ness monster or Godzilla, but an egret. It gave me the willies though...
This is the view looking downriver from the concrete thingy. The color in the sky is from the city lights of downtown hitting the low clouds.
A weekend after that was one of those where it was foggy, the kind of fog that just lingers everywhere. I'm fond of fog so I grabbed the camera and headed out the door. There are a few places that I had read about that were somewhat nearby, so I headed out west along the freeway. The first place was called Goose Pond, in the Point Remove Wildlife Management Area north of Atkins. I got lost trying to find it, and in looking for a good place to turn around came upon this old barn in the fog:
I got back to going in the right direction and finally made it to Goose Pond. The pond is really more of a swamp, with lots of cypress and tupelo trees growing in murky water. There is a bit of short trail that runs along some higher ground above the swampy area, which was good because otherwise it would have meant trying to wade through the type of mud that likes to suck in your shoe if you aren't careful.
Getting closer to the water meant braving the mud, but in some places there were enough fallen leaves and pine needles that it created a bit of a carpet to walk on. I sunk in a bit but not enough to lose a shoe.
This is a shot taken close to the edge of the water. The picture has an orton effect on it, a process that gives the shot a bit of a blur while leaving some parts in focus. It used to be done by people using slide film by taking a sharp picture of something, then taking a blurry picture of the exact same thing, and then sandwiching them all together. The same thing can be done much easier in Photoshop nowadays. Now that I learned how to do the effect, I have to restrain myself from not putting it on every single picture I take.
On the way back I stopped in Atkins to take pictures of a neat old church. None of the pictures of it turned out, mainly because I got mad at the town after stepping in dog crap in a little park across the street from the church.
Then I went on west to Mt. Nebo State Park, south of Russellville. It was still foggy, and I thought the fog might be thick on top of the mountain. It wasn't all that foggy driving up there, but while starting up the steep and windy road to the top, a thick fog enclosed everything. I got excited because it did look really cool up there.
It was so foggy up there that in the few minutes I had parked the car to take a few shots, all the windows in my car fogged up as well:
As I made my way to the top of the mountain, thinking about all the fog pictures I could take, I then saw something terrible. There was some strange orange light poking through...the sun had come out. In the span of just a few minutes, all the fog burned away. I was pissed.
I made my way to the edge of the mountain, to an overlook called Sunset Point. The fog at the top of the mountain was gone, but down in the valley below there was still fog rolling through the small foothills at the base of Mt. Nebo.
I got back into the car and drove back around some of the roads around the park. To my amazement, the sun went away and the fog returned just as quickly as it burned up.
The fog was so thick in places that it was impossible to see more than 15 or 20 feet.
That was another shot processed with the Orton effect...
I stopped and parked at a little playground area, which was deserted because of the weather.
One of the ideas I had for a picture was a lichen covered rock in the foreground with a foggy forest in the background. I found it at the play area, which was cheating since the fog hides a tennis court and road...
Here is the playground. I was tempted to go down the slide but restrained myself.
From the picnic area I went and wandered a bit in the woods. I found this fallen tree on the ground and tried to get a shot. I spent quite a bit of time there since I was focused so much on getting the tree trunk centered in the shot I failed to notice the camera strap sprawled all along the foreground. Whoops.
I walked back around to the tennis courts, where it seems some people didn't bother to pick up any stray tennis balls.
I laughed to myself a bit since it reminded me of the tennis class I took in college where the coach would always yell at me, "McCormick, you're in No Man's Land!" I never found out where No Man's Land was, but was sure I was sitting there even then taking pictures.
I walked back into the woods on the other side of the tennis courts and found this old downed tree covered with lichen and moss. It did look neat with the fog, so I did end up getting the shot I wanted.
From there I went and drove back to Sunset Point. It was around sunset time and I thought that it might look neat if there was enough sun out to make a sunset, the light hitting any fog in the river valley. But it was either too foggy for the sun to come out or I missed the sunset completely, since there wasn't really anything out there. I was a bit hungry so I stopped by the park visitor center for some refreshments. I walked in and clearly disrupted the workers there having a lazy chit chat. There was a really painful awkward silence as I grabbed a Coke and candy bar and went to pay for it. I did find out that I had missed a visit from Santa Claus that afternoon at the visitor center. Damn!
It was getting dark but I took one last drive around the mountain, and just randomly found this neat old building along the side of the road.
It got too dark to take pictures so I headed back down the hill and made a stop at Dardanelle. The courthouse there had Christmas lights on it, but they hadn't been turned on. I sat in the parking lot and waited, and then waited, and waited a bit more for them to come on. I got bored of staring at a dark building and ended up driving up Highway 7 to Russellville to take a look at the their courthouse. It had lights on it, but the building is too close to the road so it was hard to get a good shot of it.
Luckily it isn't too far to drive back to Dardanelle (maybe 10 minutes) so I headed back down the road and they finally had the lights turned back on. Guess someone remembered to plug in the light cord there.
I got back on the freeway and made a stop in Morrilton to see if the courthouse there had any lights on. They didn't, the jerks.
I made it back to Little Rock and headed down to the Capitol again. It looked kinda neat with some fog lingering around.
I drove down Capitol Avenue and went by the Bank of America Building again. The fog seemed thicker there and the lights of its Christmas tree looked cool in the fog...
From near that same spot I got a shot of the Union Bank Building reflecting in a building across the street:
For Christmas I drove up to the small town of Charleston, Arkansas, where a lot of relatives live. After going to the candlelight service on Christmas Eve, we drove by the courthouse there that had a nice light display on it. I brought up my camera and tripod with me, so my Aunt and Dad headed back up there to take a few pictures of the courthouse. It's a nice building, built in 1923, but it was really cold out there. The sign on a bank across the street said it was above freezing, but just barely. We also had to be back to do some more family visiting, so we didn't stay out there too long...
Now that it really has turned into winter, it's almost too cold to stand around taking pictures. On the other hand, with all the rain we've had the past few weeks it means that waterfalls are starting to flow again. I'll have to debate if I'll sleep in on weekends or step out into the cold some more. You'll see some pictures soon if I do....
Wednesday, December 26, 2007
A foggy Mt. Nebo and lots of Christmas lights
Posted by Cormackphotos at 6:46 PM
1 comment:
- Zack Andrews said...
Charleston, this is EXACTLY what I was talking about in the car. This has got to be my most favorite place to be around Christmas time, it really sets the mood that it is, in fact, that time of year. Great shot, next time I make the trip I'll have to take my pod. The shots I've got from there are all blurry due to me being dumb and not taking my tripod where I take my camera.
- October 4, 2008 at 11:27 PM
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text:
"Get Rekt" is a reality competition show on eSports where non-millenium age competitors born little too early for the whole eSports boom who never gamed or who stopped playing for whatever reason in the past strive to become eSports players after being coached intensively by young generation professional coaches for 12 weeks.
Can they be successful eSports players at the end of the season?
Will there be a "positive" change in the health of the contestants who will regularly play computer games during the contest, especially taking into account the fact that most of the time they are the ones who hide mobile phones, tablets and computers' power cables from their children to reduce the time they spend on social media and games believing exposure to these is harmful for them?


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Thursday, Jan 18
Hot Brown Honey
If you have not yet attended this hilarious show you are missing out, and only have a few days left. Political, smart, funny and entertaining, Hot Brown Honey packs a hip-hop punch, as these women defiantly smash stereotypes of sex and race and remix the system. "A call to arms for women to make noise, take up space and live unapologetically," writes Edinburgh Festivals Magazine.
8pm plus matinees. York Theatre, 639 Commercial Dr. Tickets $10–$49 at The Cultch. Show runs until Saturday, Jan 27.
Friday, Jan 19
West Coast Pub Night
Here's the secret to getting a buddy pass for flights without having to actually work for the airline: pick up a cute pilot. Tonight is the night to do that as aviators get out of the airport and get together to start the New Year off right with a friendly night at the pub.
6pm. Fountainhead Pub, 1025 Davie St. No cover. More info on Facebook.
Revelry and Resistance
Pride week at UBC is coming to an end so come enjoy a multi-gender drag show. DJ Skylar Love will keep the pace moving as Donna Telmi, That Siren Goddess, Femanade, Owen and more entertain you. If dancing isn't your thing, The Pit offers booths and high tables to sit back and chill.
8pm. The Pit Pub, 6133 University Blvd, UBC Campus. Cover $5–$10 sliding scale. More info on Facebook.
Daniel-Ryan Spaulding
Daniel-Ryan Spaulding is a Croatian-Canadian stand-up comedian based in Amsterdam; try and say that three times fast. His YouTube channel contains his viral hit "If Gay Guys Said The Shit Straight People Say," which will have you on the floor within seconds. This show, entitled "Halloween, Yugoslavia & The Dutch," delves into a uniquely fabulous coming-of-age story about finding your place in the world. From '90s nostalgia to European culture shock, this show promises to leave you feeling empowered, and make you laugh till it hurts.
8pm, tonight and Saturday. Havana Restaurant, 1212 Commercial Dr. No cover. More info on Facebook.
Saturday, Jan 20
Human Library
I would try this, but if my book were cute imagine what the overdue fines would be. A worldwide phenomenon, Human Library is a much-loved event that invites people to borrow a human book to listen to real-life stories shared by fellow human beings. Come and check someone out, as part of the PuSh International Performing Arts Festival.
12–4pm. Vancouver Public Library, 350 W Georgia St. Sessions are 20 minutes and human books are available on a first come, first served basis during event hours. No charge. Event runs specific days until Monday, Feb 5. More info at Push Festival
Bowie Weekend Edition
One of the hottest dance parties in the Village is just under your feet; in fact, you can probably feel Davie Street rumble like an earthquake. But have no fear, that's just three of the hottest DJs in town cutting loose at a new underground venue where the party is off the hook. DJs Del Stamp, Stilla and Skylar Love, along with hosts Ilona and Berlin, are getting you as far below street level as possible and having their way with you.
10pm–2am. Celebrities Underground, 1022 Davie St. More info on Facebook.
Whistler Pride Kick-off Party
It's hard to believe it's been a year since trying to be a ski bunny; I think I would be more like a ski sasquatch, but it's true. The newest night in the Village, Clutch, is lucky enough to be hosting this year's Whistler Pride kick-off with DJs Eddie Martinez and Carolina, so you know the place will be rocking. The perfect way to get in the ski spirit before heading up the mountain is with a send-off by TFD Presents.
10pm–3am. XYYVR, 1216 Bute St. Tickets $10 at Eventbrite. More info on Facebook.
The Official Dinah Kick-Off Party
Whether you were born with a golf club in your hand or if you're just looking to casually bump into your dream girl, Flygirl presents its kick-off party to the biggest Palm Springs lesbian gathering ever, The Dinah Shore Weekend, March 29–April 2. It's going to be a weekend of epic proportions, and when they say epic, they mean like 20,000-women-partying-by-the-pool-epic. You can even win tickets to it tonight.
10pm–3am. The Odyssey, 686 W Hastings St. Tickets $7–$12 at Eventbrite. More info on Facebook.
Sunday, Jan 21
Whistler Pride
I could list every event for Whistler Pride — yes all 20 including the parade, charity ski race and adventure tours — but I think my editor would have me flogged. Hmm, actually. . . Trust me, there is every party you could want, so check out the event list and tickets for events, prices, venues and details. Don't wait, as things fill up fast. Events run until Sunday, Jan 28. Full event list and info on Facebook.
Tired of all the same old drag songs, and looking for a return to the old school glamour and world-class celebrity impersonation? This is the night for you — a truly remarkable spectacle of Vancouver drag. Jaylene Tyme is a former Empress of Vancouver and a master of illusion, re-creating incredible looks including Dolly Parton, Mariah Carey, Tina Turner and more. Along with guest hostess Jane Smoker and weekly performer Gluttony, you'll feel like you've been transported to a 1960's Vegas showroom.
8–11pm. XYYVR, 1216 Bute St. Cover $5. Legends on Facebook.
Caliente Nights
Since everyone and their pup is in Whistler this weekend, I'll just have to settle for a little Latin Heat to entertain myself. Caliente Nights starts its search for Miss and Mr Gay Latino BC. The prize is $500 for each winner and a throne on the Latino Community float for this year's Pride parade. For tonight's part one edition, contestants will model a national costume and provide a performance with a song of their choice.
10pm–3am. The Junction, 1138 Davie St. Cover $5. Sign up and find out more on Facebook.
Monday, Jan 22
Women In The Arts
As part of Femme January, join an informal conversation with women who work in the arts. When they say women, they include cis women, trans women, and anyone for whom the word has been a descriptor. This is an opportunity for women arts workers in Vancouver to network in a casual environment and have a conversation about shared and diverse experiences in the industry. No formal panel or moderated discussion, just an opportunity to mingle and chat.
5–7pm. The Cultch, 1895 Venables St. No cover. More info on Facebook.
Cards Against Humanity
A tip of the hat to one of the funniest men in Vancouver, Ryan Steele, as he hosts a night full of laughter, profanity and audible gasps. Ryan hosts a raucous group game of Cards Against Humanity — the party game for horrible people.
9pm–12am. The CABN, Aava Whistler Hotel, 4005 Whistler Way, Whistler. Tickets $10 from Ryan Steele. More info from Gay Whister.
Tuesday, Jan 23
Gay & Bisexual Men Speed Dating
While the studs are away, the dogs will play. Not everyone is off skiing so now is the chance to meet the man of your dreams. Gay Speed Dating events are designed for single professional men who believe in loving and enjoying everything that a vibrant city life offers. Chat the night away with 10 to 12 enthusiastic single bachelors for seven minutes each, while having some complimentary drinks and appetizers.
7:30–9:30pm. 1181, 1181 Davie St. Tickets $40 at Eventbrite. More info on Facebook
Wednesday, Jan 24
Queers, Questing & Testing
Where else would you get a package deal like this: board games, video games, queers and free HIV testing all in the same spot? In between rounds of Smash Bros or Mario Kart, take some time to get tested, and then go play some more. Testing at this event is free and confidential, and will be happening all night. It is also an opportunity to speak with the nurse and learn more about your sexual health. Mpowerment events are for youth ages 16 to 29 years old to connect and hang out with each other.
6:30–9pm. 205-568 Seymour St. No cover. Info from Mpowerment.
Margaret Cho
I like to give special shout-outs to comedy events as everyone needs to laugh more. It releases stress, and god knows we all need that after the holidays and the dreary weather. This lady has made me laugh till I cry many times, and I hope she does the same for you. Rolling Stone Magazine recently named Margaret Cho as one of the top 50 stand-up comics of all time.
7–10pm. Whistler Conference Centre, 4010 Whistler Way, Whistler. Tickets $65 at Cho Tickets. Full show info on Facebook.


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https://getreadyguilford.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/logo.gif 0 0 GetReadyGuilford https://getreadyguilford.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/logo.gif GetReadyGuilford2017-07-18 17:11:282017-07-19 12:04:22Active Reading: What and How to Read with Infants, Toddlers & Preschoolers
Active Reading: What and How to Read with Infants, Toddlers & Preschoolers
Empowering families, child care professionals, and the community to improve early literacy skills with our youngest children is the right thing to do and a smart investment. Everyone has a role to play!
Here's how you can get involved:
- Learn about Active Reading (link) and use it whenever you read (or interact) with young children. For an overview, you can watch this 3-minute video in English (link) or in Spanish (link) about the A, B, Cs of Active Reading. (A huge thanks to our partners at READ Charlotte, who developed the Active Reading videos/materials and encouraged us to share them widely so our community members could benefit.)
- Check out other resources available to parents and caregivers (click on "For Families" at the top of the page). Share them!
- Spread the word! Babies recognize their mother's voice at birth! Talking and singing starting a birth increases parent/child bonding and helps babies' brains develop in a healthy way.
- Give the gift of reading to young children. The Greensboro Public Library curated a "best books" list for each stage of development. Use this list to build the home libraries of children in our community and share Active Reading tips and tools to make the most of reading time together. (We're also creating a way for community members to donate books so that every newborn in Guilford County receives one. Stay tuned!)
For Infants (Birth to 6 Months Old)
- Where is My Baby? (Authors: Harriet Ziefert and Simms Taback)
- Spot's First Walk (Author: Eric Hill)
- Maisy's First Numbers 123 (Author: Lucy Cousins)
- Move It! (ISBN 9781454923114)
- Red Apple, Green Pear: A Book of Colors (Scholastic Inc.)
- Goodnight Moon (Author: Margaret Wise Brown)
For Infants/Toddlers (Up to 12 Months Old)
- My Car (Author: Byron Barton)
- This Little Chick (Author: John Lawrence)
- Sylvia Long's Mother Goose: Four Classic Board Books (4 books)
- Dear Zoo (Author: Rod Campbell)
- Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed (Author: Eileen Christelow)
- The Very Hungry Caterpillar (Author: Eric Carle)
- The Big Red Barn (Author: Margaret Wise Brown)
- Please, Puppy, Please (Author: Spike Lee)
For Toddlers (18 Months Old)
- Feast for 10 (Author: Cathryn Falwell)
- The Busy Little Squirrel (Author: Nancy Tafuri)
- Freight Train (Author: Donald Crews)
- Growing Vegetable Soup (Author: Lois Ehlert)
- Blue Hat, Green Hat (Author: Sandra Boynton)
- Leo Can Swim (Author: Anna McQuinn)
- Book! (Author: Kristin George)
- The Everything Book (Author: Denise Fleming)
For Older Toddlers (24 Months Old)
- Lola Loves Stories (Author: Anna McQuinn)
- The Three Bears (Author: Byron Barton)
- The Snowy Day (Author: Ezra Jack Keats)
- Dinosaur Zoom (Author: Penny Dale)
- Kite Flying (Author: Grace Lin)
- Jazz Baby (Author: Lisa Wheeler)
- Shhhhhhh! Everybody's Sleeping (Author: Julie Markes)
- Maisy Goes to Preschool (Author: Lucy Cousins)
For Preschoolers (3 Years Old)
- If You Give a Mouse a Cookie (Author: Laura Numeroff)
- Caps for Sale (Author: Esphyr Slobodkina, full text, not board book)
- The Gingerbread Man (Author: Eric Kimmel)
- If You Were a Penguin (Author: Wendell Minor)
- I Spy Under the Sea (and other "I Spy" books by author Edward Gibbs)
- The Little Red Hen (Author: Byron Barton)
- Chicka Chicka Boom Boom (Author: Bill Martin)
- Don't Let the Pigeon Drive the Bus (Author: Mo Willems)
- Goodnight, Goodnight, Construction Site (Author: Sherri Rinker)
- I Got the Rhythm (Author: Connie Scofield-Morrison)
For Older Preschoolers (4 Years Old)
- Miss Bindergarten Gets Ready for Kindergarten (Author: Joseph Slate)
- Frog and Toad Are Friends (Author: Arnold Lobel)
- Three Billy Goats Gruff (Author: Janet Stevens)
- Up, Down, and Around (Author: Katherine Ayres)
- Duck on a Bike (Author: David Shannon)
- Dinosaur Pirates (Author: Penny Dale)
- Bear Snores On (Author: Karma Wilson)
- The Feel Good Book (Author: Todd Parr)
- Excellent Ed (Author: Stacy McAnulty)
Stay tuned for more ways that you can help ensure that all Guilford County children enter kindergarten on track and ready for what's ahead.


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Bookmarklet to load Google Maps after marking of any address on any site
For a long time I was searching for a possibility to get any address very easy into Google Maps without:
- marking it manually
- copying it to clipboard
- entering http://maps.google.com into browser
- hitting return
- pasting it into Google Maps
- hitting return
Life could be so easy. Now I mark the address and click on Map it! Nothing more to do!
You only need to save this to your browser's favorites or - if possible in your browser's toolbar via drag and drop:
Map it
If you like, you can change afterwards http://maps.google.com to your specific Google Maps page in your country - like: http://maps.google.de.
Have fun!
This blog post Google Maps Bookmarklet is categorized under Miscellaneous. Permalink. Archive Juli 2012.
Google Maps Bookmarklet
Labels: Bookmarklet, Google, Google Bookmarklet, Google Maps, Google Maps Bookmarkletam Thursday, July 26, 2012
Bookmarklet to load Google Maps after marking of any address on any site
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- Home »
- all Movies »
- Lone Wolf McQuade (1983)
At one time, Lang Feng served in a special division of the PRC troops. Once, one of the drug traffickers was found safe. The command gives the order to take him alive. However, the situation got out of control. Lang in order not to allow the big mafia to escape, kills him. For disobeying an
Vinnie Jones in this film plays an ordinary teacher, who worked for a long time at school, not knowing the troubles. However, all his calm and measured life completely collapsed after a gang of criminals killed his wife and dealt with children. The main character breaks down and starts looking for
The movie "Wolf" tells about a girl named Gina Skyler. She works as an actress in a horror film, she is considered the queen in this genre. Gina asks her agent to arrange a test for her new film. Her producer Robert Lonzo is the most famous and has the largest fees among producers. Together they
The plot of the military drama "Lone Survivor" is based on real events that occurred in 2005 on the territory of Afghanistan, when the American detachment of fur seals failed a secret operation to destroy the dangerous leader of the Taliban, Ahmad Shah. For a long time there was a thorough
all Movies / Drama / Crime / 2011
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all Movies / Action / Drama / 2015
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all Movies / Horror / 2015
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Harding in Morris County, New Jersey — The American Northeast (Mid-Atlantic)
The Second Maryland Brigade
Morristown National Historical Park
"The Cloathing is in very bad order for want of Mending. Shirts and Shoes are very much wanting especially in the three Regiments of the Second Brigade; where great Numbers of the Men are wholly Destitude of those articles."
Erected by Morristown National Historical Park, National Park Service.
Location. 40° 45.983′ N, 74° 32.123′ W. Marker is in Harding, New Jersey, in Morris County. Marker is on Jockey Hollow Road, on the left when traveling south. Marker is in the Jockey Hollow Unit of Morristown National Historical Park. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Morristown NJ 07960, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. The First Maryland Brigade (about 600 feet away, measured in a direct line); The Old Camp Road (about 700 feet away); Captain Adam Bettin (approx. Hand's Brigade (approx. 0.4 miles away); The Wick Farm (approx. 0.4 miles away); a different marker also named The Wick Farm (approx. 0.4 miles away); The Aqueduct Trail (approx. 0.4 miles away); Wick Farm Garden (approx. 0.4 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Harding.
More about this marker. The upper right corner of the marker features a picture of soldier huts in Jockey Hollow.
Also see . . . Morristown National Historical Park. National Park Service website. (Submitted on October 5, 2008, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey.)
Categories. • Notable Events • Notable Places • War, US Revolutionary •
More. Search the internet for The Second Maryland Brigade.
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on October 5, 2008, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey. This page has been viewed 818 times since then and 9 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4. submitted on October 5, 2008, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey.


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Who On 'Big Brother 18' Knows Tiffany Is Vanessa's Sister? The Number Will Astound You
Another season of Big Brother, another season of major twists to contend with. Just like last season's twin twist, Season 18 includes another sibling twist, with Cody from Season 16 and Vanessa from Season 17's siblings entering the house to play the game. But, while Paulie admitted on the first night that he was Cody's brother, Tiffany Rousso kept it on the DL that she is Vanessa's sister. Well, for the most part, anyway — it wasn't any time at all before Tiffany was spilling the beans to various houseguests who were suspicious, or with whom she wanted to build a better sense of trust. So who on Big Brother 18 knows Tiffany is Vanessa's sister? The number is actually a lot higher than viewers think.
For those of you who are only tuning in twice a week to watch the regular episodes of Big Brother, it might seem like the only people who know for sure that Tiffany is Vanessa's sister are Michelle and Da'Vonne. But! One look at the live feeds, and it turns out that a lot of people in the house already know that Tiffany is Vanessa's sister. It's not always clear why Tiffany confides in who she has about her family connection to the Big Brother house, but the one thing we do know for sure is that these houseguests definitely know that she is Vanessa's sister.
Michelle was one of the first people that Tiffany told about her family ties. Confronted with the connection by Michelle, Tiffany couldn't really do anything except smile and admit that it was true.
Initially, Da'Vonne kept it to herself that she knew what was up with Tiffany — she how much Tiffany looked like Vanessa and came to the conclusion herself. However, eventually Tiffany told Da'Vonne herself in order to prove her allegiance to the vets.
Tiffany eventually came clean with all the vets, revealing to them that she is Vanessa's sister. It made the vets a little suspicious, but it'll hopefully endear her to them in the long run.
Another vet who was confided in, Nicole is currently more worried about Paulie's family ties with Cody than she is about Tiffany's with Vanessa.
James overheard Tiffany talking and made the connection to Vanessa based on the sound of her voice. And you can't blame the guy — they do sound almost identical.
I'm not entirely sure why Tiffany told Paulie that she is Vanessa's sister, but I can tell you that the vets are not happy about it. Frank in particular was not pleased when he heard the news, and grew suspicious of Tiffany's strategy.
On Day 9 of the live feeds, Tiffany confessed to Michelle that Zakiyah knew that she was Vanessa's sister too. But, when Tiffany told Zakiyah this is still unclear. Either it was before the feeds went live, or it happened when the cameras were focusing on some other interaction in the house.
Oh well, so much for keeping things to herself!
Image: CBS (8)


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Hello Darlings!
Looking at the title of this post you're all probably thinking: 'Sophie, why would I overpack for a trip to Disney World?" Well, my unbelievers, it's actually an extremely smart thing to do! I have learned my lesson of only packing the right amount of clothes for the right amount of days; trust me, we've all been there. We've all had the horrible lump in your throat you get when you're at the point where you can't close your suitcase, and you have to sit on it to zip it shut, but overpacking might be the right way to go.
Florida, (even though called the sunshine state) can be VERY up and down with the temperatures- don't even get me started with the rain! If you go on a trip to Orlando and it doesn't rain at least once, you've had a blessed trip. In which case, it's much easier to overpack and be fully prepared, than to be stuck in wet clothes and having nothing to change into.
Say you're taking advantage of park hoppers and you're going to go to a couple of parks within a day- you might get wet on Splash Mountain in Magic Kingdom, or Kali River Rapids in Animal Kingdom. You might get too hot waiting outside of the People Mover in Magic Kingdom and get the only shirt you brought for that day drenched with sweat, (which trust me- it's no fun for the guy behind you, either). Please, if anything, bring almost a third more of what you already packed with you.
Whether that be a new pair of shoes because you have blisters and can't bare to wear those Birkenstocks again, (let alone look at them) or a new set of undies because you sat in a puddle on the Pirates ride in Magic Kingdom and can't wait for them to dry you really can't go wrong with overpacking.
If you're a picture taking freak like me, I love to take pictures EVERYWHERE. I mean, how many Spaceship Earth pictures can a girl really have to be too many? I always love changing up my outfits and clothes to go with the day or park I am going to, (also to match the ears I am going to wear). Who's to say you can't wear two different outfits a day? You have time in-between going to different parks to change styles and to change your look for the up and coming park!
*Park apparel tip*: Check out easy shops and instagrammers before heading to the Disney Parks. Try out new ears, new tees, and even some new pin and magic band designs that you might have not seen before! Having the right outfit while in Disney World makes all the difference meaning you feel good and you look good! A few of my favorites include lostbrostradingco.com, ohyeahapparel.com, ears by_mellie on instagram, and the mermaidharp on instagram! You can check out all of these lovely Disney people on instagram and they all have links to where you can purchase their apparel! It's fun for the whole family! (I'll insert a picture of me wearing the Mickey Waffle Crossbones Tee from the lostbrostradingco here).
If you have learned one thing about going to Disney World, and one thing from me, it's bring extra outfits! Trust me, a girl can never have too big of a suitcase (; (unless you reach the 50 lb limit on American Airlines, then you may have an issue).
-The enchanted mind of Sophie Salt-


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Blog to watch: Street Etiquette NYC
by highand45
Just because NYC based Street Etiquette shows their love for HipHop, Hood Art (graffiti) and most of all their love for incorporating different styles of fashion into their urban style. Joshua Kissi and Travis Gumbs made a modern street blog with a classic touch.
Watch this video or see pictures below.


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Time Flies
Alexander Kaufman, author
Why buy this book? I haven't got the faintest idea, when you can buy any book around, written by known and famous authors. What's this book about? - The wisdom and folly of man probably. But before you shell out your money, it's not about sex, it's got no murder in it, no car chases and nobody finds a horse's head in his bed in the morning. This is merely a collection of stories, telling of a few little adventures that befell me while traipsing through this planet. It's a pretty good planet actually, as planets go and it is the one we got. So, the Muse just hit me one day and led me to pick up a few snapshots from an active life played in seemingly unconnected arenas. It appears so only because we live in a world of specialization. College, that last preparatory pit stop before entering the big race, emphasizes majoring in a trade or a discipline that will enable the practitioner to pay his mortgage on time. High-tech and finance may of course turn the tables on any traditional projections of success. I was compelled to do my thing. Turned out that it wasn't one thing, it was lots of things. Then I woke up one early morning shortly after midnight, and asked myself whether I can afford this? No, was the short version answer. So are you going to keep at it? Yes, was another short version answer. I was committed to follow my interests and delve into things that I felt I can master, eventually control and lead. I am a lousy follower and joiner. It never worked for me. In a nutshell, that's what the book is about. You might enjoy it. After you done with it, I would love to hear your thoughts, you might be able to explain it better than I did. Enjoy!


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Wild BC Salmon Baked in Parchment
- Parchment paper
- 4-150g (600g) - Wild BC salmon filets or steaks
- 1 (50g) - Fresh lemon slices
- ½ cup (50g) - Leeks,(white ends only) sliced
- ½ cup (75g) - Bell pepper, sliced
- ½ cup (75g) - Asparagus tips
- 2 tsp (10ml) - Salt
- 1 tsp (5ml) - Fresh ground pepper
- 2 tbsp (30ml) - Fresh parsley or dill, chopped
- 4 tbsp (60g) - Salted butter
- 3 tbsp (45ml) - White wine
- Pre-heat oven to 400°F/204°C with the rack positioned in the centre. Have a large sheet pan ready.
- Cut four 15" x 24" pieces of parchment paper. Fold each in half lengthwise. Cut a half heart shape which opens into a heart shaped piece of parchment.
- On one half of each parchment heart, place a salmon filet on 2 slices of lemon and a quarter of the leeks, pepper and asparagus tips.
- Season with salt and pepper and fresh parsley. Top with a tablespoon of butter and a splash of white wine. Fold over.
- To seal, starting at the top of the heart, make small tight folds leaving space between the fish and the seal for air. Ensure the last notch is folded under to prevent steam from escaping.
- Bake for 11-12 minutes on a sheet pan. If properly sealed, the packet will puff up and turn brown.
- Transfer to a plate and cut a slit in the centre opening carefully for the steam to escape.
Serves 4


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Strong is the New Pretty Onesie
Strong is the New Pretty Onesie
12.00 22.00
I want to teach Daisy strength, grit and grace above all else and that pretty is not what defines you. Strong is the new pretty!
100% ring spun cotton, super soft, black onesie - printed by hand right here in Queens, NY!
Every order comes with a free mini art print hand lettered with your little's name. 5% of every purchase is donated to our monthly rotating charity! WOOT!
Design placement may vary slightly depending on the onesie size. Just gotta mention, these puppies are not intended for sleepwear.
Add To Cart


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Exclusive 4 Bonuses With the Book
How to Leverage Your Natural Talents To Become Limitless!
- Create your own "Wheel of Life" using your free workbook - your opportunity to explore why you do what you do, what is important to you, and where you can focus more to balance that wheel and achieve your desired outcomes!
- Complete your own workbook as you read your copy of "Success Redefined - How to leverage your natural talents to become limitless!", recording your insights and learnings, reflecting on what you may do differently to achieve the life you deserve!
- A video about failure and the importance of never giving up on your dreams and aspirations! (Linked to Chapter 5)
- 'See what's never being said" - 55% of all effective communication is non verbal, that's why it is so important to see what people say without saying anything. Enjoy a complimentary video about the importance of Body Language and some simple tips for you to take away and implement in your day to day life.
We value your privacy and would never spam you
"This is one of the few personal development books I have not been able to put down."- Miles Fryer, Amazon Buyer


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Sasha, 15, and her younger siblings had been in the Laura Dester Shelter for three months when counselors from Youth Villages working with the Department of Human Services met them. The team was looking for children who could be reunited safely with their families, as DHS worked to close the shelter and move children home or to more appropriate settings.
"The three children were all on the autism spectrum and mostly nonverbal," said Calvin Fidler, a specialist with the Youth Villages YVIntercept program. "They were placed in the shelter with no notice, and separation from their parents had been hard on them."
YVIntercept provides intensive in-home services that can strengthen families so children can avoid out-of-home placement or reunify families safely.
"We felt that clinically, these children could move back home safely," he said. "The children's parents, David and Janet, were very dedicated and caring. They had been walking six miles to the shelter at least twice each week to see their children."
The children were taken into custody after mom had an outburst related to a mental health condition, and police were called. Now, there were no issues at home, and DHS was ready to reunify the family with intensive support from Youth Villages.
Separation had been traumatic for everyone. The children were frightened and confused at the shelter and didn't understand why they couldn't go home. Sometimes, they acted out aggressively with staff. Their parents believed the children shouldn't have been taken out of the home and were upset that they had been away so long.
When Calvin first met the parents, they were unsure about him and what he could do. "At first, we didn't trust anybody," Janet said. "We learned that Calvin was on our side, and he was our advocate."
The children went home almost immediately, but they showed the impact of the traumatic separation.
"They were not sure that they were staying," Janet said. "We would take them places and come home. So they knew that anytime they went somewhere, they would be coming home again. At night, they would all sleep, huddled together. They had been separated at the shelter."
Calvin met with the parents and children three times each week for family therapy and was available 24/7 to come to the home if needed. The Youth Villages approach is strength-based, looks for drivers of issues and addresses them with evidence-based interventions based on each need. Another agency helped with case management, and DHS was very involved.
"We worked on managing the parents' chronic stress that comes from caring for children with serious disabilities, understanding their diagnoses, and how to work with them at home and in the community," Calvin said.
A few months after the children came home, the family faced another threat to their stability. David went into the hospital for a gallbladder issue and developed a series of serious complications.
"He was in the hospital for six months, making mom the single caregiver for the children," Calvin said. "During that time, we gave her more support, particularly around managing her stress and understanding how to deal with medical systems. She also had incredible support from family and friends and did a wonderful job with the children."
Calvin helped the parents begin to use American Sign Language, which was being taught to the children at school so they could communicate more easily with caregivers. Developing consistency between the home and school helped them learn more quickly.
From the very beginning, DHS provided support for Youth Villages and the family.
"Melissa Lucas, the family services worker, and Rosie Kitchen, her direct supervisor, were very involved and invested in reuniting this family," Calvin said.
DHS, Youth Villages and the Still She Rises legal group helped the parents resolve legal issues while keeping the children in their custody.
"Janet and David continue to be successful, providing their children with stability, safety and the security of their family," Calvin said. "During a court review, Juvenile Court Judge Rodney Sparkman praised the family and the involved agencies for the pronounced progress the family continues to make."
For the family, things are so much better than before. They were able to get a car, and Dad soon may be able to go back to his job as a cook. The children are happy at home.
"We are grateful that Youth Villages found them in the shelter," Janet said. "Without them, I don't know if anyone would have noticed. They helped enormously."


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- What's the last place you traveled to, outside your own home state/country?
Minneapolis, MN, in late June, to pick up my Lightning. No, wait -- Boston, for Bosov and Catherine's wedding. Yeesh, my memory these days....
- What's the most bizarre/unusual thing that's ever happened to you while traveling?
A coyote visited my camp the last time I went backpacking; does that count?
Update: jeliza reminded me of a certain unusual occurence that took place on a trip to Neenah, Wisconsin, a few years ago, but that was the point of the trip, so I'm not sure that it counts as "while traveling." And some extremely powerful ritual stuff that happened the Monday before that, on a trip to the Serpent Mound, trumps even that.
- If you could take off to anywhere, money and time being no object, where would you go?
One of seven things:
- Sail, row, and run whitewater from Atlantic to Pacific in my little "His and Her" Schooner via rivers and canals, with two portages.
- Sail around the world in some other boat (perhaps a Pilot 45?).
- Sail the Northwest Passage, east to west, in an even sturdier boat than above.
- Thru-hike the Appalachian Trail.
- Take my Dad to Africa for the trip that he's been promising me since I was 5.
- Go to Turkey with linuxspice to visit ancient Phrygian trans spiritual holy sites.
- Make a pilgrimmage to the Temple of Bahuchara Mata in Ahmedabad.
Oh, wait -- money is no object, not in the slightest? Great! I'd love to visit the Tharsis mountains and the Valles Marineris, then, with a stop on the Moon on the way home.
Truth be told, though, the real answer is Chautauqua, for the season.
- Do you prefer traveling by plane, train or car?
Sailboat. :-) I love long car trips, though.
- What's the next place on your list to visit?
Hamilton, on Saturday.
- Current Mood: working


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