text:
335 07
may august 2007 esic market
A proposed model for measuring the
brand equity in sports organizations
ngel F. Villarejo-Ramos, Ph. D.
Flix A. Martn-Velicia, Ph. D.
Dpt. of Business Administration and Marketing
University of Seville
Today, the companies, usually, consider the presence of the intangible
assets, specially the brand, in the strategic plans of the organizations. So
much the scientific community of marketing, as the managerial world they
deal that managing the brand and to know its value is a prior matter in
altars to managing to differentiate the products and to reach a competiti-
ve advantage. In the world of the sport, in which increasingly the econo-
mic interests prevail over other interests of emotional type, it seems to be
unavoidable to confront the study of the management of the brand equity
of sports entities and clubs. They are organizations that try to compete on
a market increasingly competitively and lucratively, and that for it must
try to manage and to administer its resources efficiently. And one of these
resources it constitutes the brand, the name of the sports entity.
In this paper, after approaching the knowledge of the concept brand
equity and its components, giving a particular vision of the importance
that has the brand equity in sports organizations and proposing a model
who helps the sports agent to understand and up to valuing the brand of
the entity that it manages.
Keywords: Brand equity, measurement model, sport organizations, sport
customer equity.
JEL Code: M31, M30, L83.
Villarejo-Ramos, ngel F. y Martn-Velicia, Flix A. (2007). A proposed model for measuring the brand equity in
sports organizations. EsicMarket, 123, pp. 63-83.
may august 2007 esic market
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
1. Introduction
Nowadays, considering the presence of intangible assets and especially the
brand in the strategic plans of organizations is not as unusual as it was a
few years ago. The scientific community in the discipline of marketing and
the enterprising world understand that managing the brand and knowing
its value is a high-priority matter in terms of reaching a competitive advan-
In the world of sport, in which economic interests commonly prevail
over other interests of an emotional type, confronting the study of brand
equity management in sports organizations seems inevitable. These, after
all, are organizations that try to compete in an increasingly lucrative mar-
ket, and for that reason, they must try to manage and administer their
resources in the most efficient way. One of those resources constitutes the
brand, the name or emblem of the sport organization.
After approaching and understanding the concept of brand equity and
its components, we will try to give a particular vision of the importance of
the brand in sports organizations, and to propose a model that helps the
sports manager to include, understand, and value the brand of the orga-
nization that he/she manages.
2. Brand equity in sport organizations
Since the brand determines the value of a product by virtue of its name,
we can say that in the sport industry the name of the organization or club
is constituted by the distinguishing brand of each, and this attributes a gre-
ater or smaller value by virtue of the differential effect that its name cau-
ses in public opinion. We must understand the brand equity as a concept
created and maintained in the mind of the consumer, and therefore, to esti-
mate it, it will be necessary to know and to understand the perceptions of
the market in relation to the brands that, in each case (leagues, cham-
pionships, tournaments, etc.), try to compete.
Recent studies, principally North American, show the importance of
the brand equity for sports organizations and consider it an excellent
336 07
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
may august 2007 esic market
management tool. Nevertheless, few studies dare to quantify the extent to
which an organizations brand reaches in terms of its notoriety and popu-
larity. Little data exists about merchandise sales. Although the data found
was trustworthy and calculable, the real sale of official merchandise cons-
titutes only a portion of the true brand equity and in no case reflects the
value of the purely intangible components of the sport organizations
brand equity.
2.1. Components of the brand equity in sport organizations
Each of the elements composing the brand equity enumerated by Aaker
(1991) represents a value carrier for the product that serves to determine
the valuation of a sport organizations brand in order to conquer, main-
tain, and create marketing loyalty among its fans. It would not be possi-
ble to determine a brands value without analyzing all elements of which
it is composed: the perceived quality, loyalty towards the brand, recogni-
tion of the name, and the images associated with the brand.
The perceived quality, understood as the consumers subjective judg-
ment of the excellence or superiority of a product (Zeithaml, 1988),
allows us to understand the importance of a consumers experience. The
perception of high quality in a product depends on environmental factors
that surround the purchasing situation or the usage itself. One of these
aspects for the consumer is the brand of a product as the one that identi-
fies and distinguishes the purchasing situation and guarantees the mainte-
nance of the lived experience.
In the sports world, the perceived quality is related to the success of the
teamits wins and losses. Perceived quality of experience, developed by the
consumer (Farquhar, 1989; Rao and Ruekert, 1994), links a satisfactory
experience to the fact to improve or weaken a products quality. Successi-
ve victories will inform a perception of high quality. On the other hand, as
Milne and McDonald (1999) indicate, a team that only wins in one sea-
son will be perceived of lower quality than teams with consistent winning
337 07
may august 2007 esic market
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
In addition to this experience, we indicated that environmental factors
condition the perception. The reputation of a brand name identifying the
product (Zeithaml, 1988) translates into the reputation of winning teams
that enter any competition as the favourites/projected winners. In our
country, who dares to predict winners other than Real Madrid or F.C. Bar-
celona at the beginning of soccer championships?
When speaking of loyalty towards the brand, Aaker (1991) considers
that the fidelity is located in the base to maintain satisfied, stable custo-
mers, guaranteeing the permanence of the company and the high value of
its brand versus the competition. In the case of sports, purchasing beha-
viours are affected by the intangible attributes of a product-brand versus
objective characteristics and price levels more attractive (nobody purcha-
ses the season tickets of the rival team just because they cost less). The
brands reach a high value by maintaining a high degree of loyalty from
their consumers.
Some definitions of loyalty towards the brand (Alet i Vilagins, 1994;
Oliver, 1997) are centred in the idea of the link that joining the consu-
mer with the product, measuring the probability of the consumer being
attracted by the commercial efforts of the competitor. This idea relates to
the concepts of fidelity and brand equity because loyal consumer gene-
rally offers more favourable answers towards the product-brand, consti-
tuting a guarantee and giving greater manoeuvrability to the mark.
Loyalty to the teams is elevated by the strong links that join them, which
allows an increased value in the sport organizations brand and accurate
estimations about the sales levels that they will reach in each sporting
The notoriety of the brand is a consumers capacity to recognize and/or
to remember the name of the brand. Aaker (1991) speaks of the presence
of the name in the consumers memory, which serves to recognize and to
identify the brand under different conditions. It is therefore, the greater or
smaller probability that has a brand name to accede to the thought of a
338 07
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
may august 2007 esic market
When the access to the mind of the client is easy and immediate, it
demonstrates that the brand reaches high recognition levels, and that it
can therefore be considered with a high level of notoriety. This serves for
consumers to consider in their selection the brands that arrive at their
mind with little or no effort. Therefore, the well-known brands suppose a
competitive advantage in consumers selection.
In the sport world there are teams toward which the consumers feel a
greater familiarity, and these normally are the more known teams that
take advantage of this general knowledge and offer spectacles to the mass
media. In our country, teams that obtain significant sport success are less
recognized because of a lack of brand notoriety. Who remembers soccer
teams like R.C.D. Espaol or Villarreal, F.C. in spite of their level of play
and merit last season?
The brand associations that constitute the image contribute in the deci-
sion-making process of the consumer, seating the bases for the differentia-
tion, the extension of the name and facilitating a reason to buy (Aaker,
1992). If in addition these associations interact and they are connected to
each other, they are forming in the mind of the consumer a framework of
sensations and facts that consolidate their image and indirectly increase
the notoriety of the brand (Yoo, Donthu and Lee, 2000).
The associations reach a higher degree and their power to influence the
decision is greater when they are based on previous satisfactory experien-
ces that compose the image transmitted by the brand. This can be fomen-
ted by efforts in commercial communication by the company. Upon obtai-
ning an image of a consistent, coherent and solid brand, the company can
exercise a certain competitive advantage over the other brands of the mar-
For the sports organizations, the associations are sustained in symbo-
lic attributes (colours) and experiences lived at the time of going to the
spectacle (atmosphere in the seats), which must serve the managers to
know and to understand the attributes that define and differentiate their
339 07
may august 2007 esic market
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
3. Model of measurement of the brand equity
in sport organizations
Based on the conceptual model that recognizes the multidimensional cha-
racter of the brand equity, we will attempt at this point to identify the diffe-
rent antecedents that affect the brand equity of sport organizations and sug-
gest the consequences of increasing the value where these organizations act.
The proposal of Gladden, Milne and Sutton (1998) will serve as a guide
for the elaboration of our model that tries to establish the influence of three
groups of specific antecedents of the sports organizations on the compo-
nents of the brand equity. These have positive consequences on the market
that will affect a feedback process for the indicated antecedents (Figure 1).
340 07
Source: Adapted of Gladden, Milne and Sutton (1998)
Team antecedents
Star player
Company antecedents
Reputation and
Market antecedents
Geographic location
Quality perceived
Brand awareness
Brand loyalty
Brand image
TV broadcastings
Ticket sales/Subscribers
Figure 1. Model of the brand equity in sport organizations
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
may august 2007 esic market
As the aforesaid authors indicate, the relation between the benefits of
the brand equity and its components is of special importance for the brand
management of sports organizations. It specifies a system in which the
consequences of the brand equity form a perception of the product. In this
case, the brand of the sports organization remains reflected in the mind of
the consumer and therefore constitutes the markets perception of the
name of the organization. This perception is the result of the antecedents,
those related to the team, the organization or the market, and the four
components of the brand equity as well as the benefits derived from it.
Because this is of intangible and immaterial character, the markets expe-
rience with the sports organization creates a perception associated with
the mark of a team.
The model has a cyclical character since, although in principle the ante-
cedents are understood like the marketing effort of the sports organiza-
tion, those that contribute to create brand equity when affecting on their
components, the benefits derived from the management form a perception
in the market that serves to increase or to diminish the organizations
brand equity.
It is now the moment for knowing with something more details about
the different antecedents that affect the brand equitys components and
how this one supposes a series of consequences for the final perception of
the sport organizations brand in the market.
3.1. Team antecedents
For the sport organization and the management of the brand equity there
is nothing like the success of the team: to obtain titles, championships, to
win, to contribute to the formation of more elevated brand equity. The
perceived quality of the team is improved when: the sport successes arri-
ve, the notoriety reached by means of the support of mass media increa-
ses, the levels of loyalty of the fans improve when the team provides
joys to its fans, and the image of a winning brand is associated to the
success and the attitude of the public is also seen improved.
341 07
may august 2007 esic market
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
A high brand equity caused by the sport success supposes increase in
the sale of entrances to the matches, increases the number of subscribers,
the product sales under the standard of the organization, the possibilities
of obtaining sponsorship are seen excessively increased, the cover of mass
media is increased and improve the income derived by the static publicity
of the stadiums.
Although the success usually comes endorsed by the present sport
triumphs, the created expectations and history can create brands conside-
red successful. The level reached about the brand equity of a traditionally
winning team usually is not seen deteriorated by a mediocre campaign,
and the historical results and the expectations to surpass the speed bump,
suppose for the fan and the public in general, enough reasons to do not
diminish the perceived of brand equity.
The second of the antecedents related to the team constitutes the figu-
re of the responsible trainer to guide the sport aims of the organization. A
trainer recognized, respected and guaranteed by success in previous sea-
sons supposes for the sport organization an increase in the perceived
brand equity. This value is increased by the public cover given by mass
media when the hiring of the trainer is materialized and creates in the fans
high expectations to achieve sport success.
The market of the technical people in charge experiences in the dates
previous to the celebration of the championship a special boiling that in
each case comes endorsed by the teams success achieved by the team that
each trainer directed in previous seasons. The notoriety of the team that
manages to contract the best, honoured trainers it seen increased by the
space that the organization obtains in mass media in the days of pre-sea-
son. In these cases, the own image of the trainer personifies the image of
the team and it transmits to the brand name of the sport organization the
associations linked to the trainers name. In our country and for the case
of professional soccer, the continuity examples that were given in the sea-
son 2001/02 two great sport organizations brands, like those of Real
Madrid and F.C. Barcelona, reward ex-players with trainer positions, and
342 07
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
may august 2007 esic market
this transmits an image of continuity and confidence in the houses pro-
The third of the antecedents related to the team is constituted by the
presence of star players who arrive at the team surrounded by a strong
network, guaranteeing the national and international cover of the fact and
results in an increase of the sport organizations brand equity. If something
excelled in the pre-season of football 2001/02 in Spain at a mass media
level, it was the signing of the French player Zidane by Real Madrid. The
story received so much coverage in summer that the sport newspaper lea-
der in our country, placed in its cover the day of beginning of the league,
an impressive holder like this: We promise not to speak all the time about
It is undeniable that the successes achieved by a sportsman and that
guarantee their race are used by the organizations brand managers to
influence the created atmosphere and sense of expectancy for the season
that begin and for this reason to see increased the originating income of
the sales entrances, seasonal tickets and products under the emblem of the
brand and the figure of the star player contracted. The yield reached about
the sold products related to the figure of the player Ronaldo, last draftee
of Real Madrid in the beginning of the season, hardly could be improved
by the sport yield of the Brazilian player.
3.2. Organizational antecedents
Not only the sport success the team affects the formation of the value of
a sport organizations brand, but other activities of the organizations rela-
ted to the management and administration of the organization can
influence the perception of quality of a brand, the degree of recognition of
their name, the level of loyalty shown by the fans and the set of favoura-
ble associations linked to the name of the team.
Between these antecedents related to the organization we emphasized
at the first place the reputation and the tradition of the club that manages
the organizations brand name. A solid reputation in the management and
343 07
may august 2007 esic market
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
administration, economic and sporty of the organization, provides an
increase in of the brand equity. The preoccupation of the managers to
foment the quarries of the clubs, as a source of future income and gua-
rantee of the sport successes, supposes for the organizations an image of
characteristic brand, that defines the personality of the club and serves to
identify to the fan with a clear project of future and permanence of the
organization to the maximum competitive level.
Often, the tradition of years maintaining a certain competitive level,
without concerning in excess the excellent triumphs, and a clear entail-
ment from the team to the city or an institution, causes that the fans show
high levels of loyalty that favour the conformation of an image of diffe-
rentiated brand and therefore a high brand equity. In our country, the
examples of the Athletic Club of Bilbao, with their tradition and philo-
sophy to maintain teams formed by players born in their independent
community, and the basketball team Estudiantes, with their entailment to
the School Ramiro de Maeztu, can be good to identify a maintained tra-
dition as antecedent of the conformation of a brand with a elevated per-
ceived value.
The other antecedent linked to the organization is the entertainment
plan (atmosphere) that surrounds the sport events and that favourably
influence the sport organizations brand equity. The attraction to a sport
can be measured by means of the impact that the atmosphere causes in the
spectator and the program of activities that contribute to the entertain-
ment during the celebration of a match (Brooks, 1994).
All sporting events can be accompanied by complementary playful acti-
vities like musical performances, entertainers, mascots, etc. that improves
the experience for the fan and with it the atmosphere is intensified and the
degree of satisfaction reached by the consumers is also increased. It is
habitual in our league ACB to find groups of entertainers imported from
the American league NBA that try to incorporate entertainment and
colourful animation at the moments in which the sport activity is suspen-
ded in the game field.
344 07
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
may august 2007 esic market
The membership to associations of clubs that are formed as leagues to
organize and to manage the sport championships, it settles down like the
third of the antecedents related to the sport organizations that increase the
brand equity. The membership to a certain association serves to defend
interests of the club against sponsors, advertisers and television networks
and radio, which provides an improvement to the management of the ori-
ginating income of contracts signed with these agents. To belong to a cer-
tain league benefits its affiliates brand name, and provides a greater cover
in the mass media, which supposes greater notoriety. When the league of
a sport is hard and competitive at an international level, the fans show a
greater interest for it, which supposes greater attractive an advertising and
therefore, the capacity to generate income by the ordinary way of selling
entrances and by the extraordinary way of income by publicity and the
televising rights.
In our country, associations of clubs of diverse sports have formed lea-
gues that manage face to face versus third parties common interests of the
sport organizations. For instance, we have the ACB league (Association of
Basketball Clubs), LFP (Professional Football league), ASOBAL league
(Association of handball clubs), among others.
3.3. Market antecedents
The third group of antecedents that affect the brand equity in sport orga-
nizations is the one related to the market that besides to influence the com-
ponents of the brand equity are very tied to the derived benefits of mana-
ging a brand equity and the perception that of that brand the consumers
Public coverage by means of agreements with different mass media
from local, regional or national character can suppose a greater or smaller
interest by the teams at level of public opinion what supposes the greater
or smaller value of its brand. Evidently the cover given to the sport events
supposes for the sport organizations brands names, the possibility of rea-
ching certain levels of recognition and notoriety, especially when the levels
345 07
may august 2007 esic market
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
of hearing for mass media are elevated when it is sport broadcastings. In
our country, the leader newspaper in sales is a sport newspaper, which
reflects the strong interest that provokes between the public in general the
sport activities.
The great cover served by the means supposes the increase of the brand
equity when increasing the levels of fidelity reached about the consumers
who please to know and to have the maximum information before and
after the match. The television and the radio can replace the experience
lived by the fans who does not attend the encounter.
The geographic locality has much to do with the identification of a
brand (Kapferer, 1997), which is transmitted to the sport world by the pre-
ferences that determined zones have for certain specialties. Sometimes by
tradition, by climatology, cultural components or other motivations, cer-
tain localities or regions are more inclined to the practice of some sport
specialties, which causes that the organizations that practice them have in
these zones the possibility of reaching a high brand equity.
In Spain, for example, water polo is practiced at the first level almost
exclusively in Catalonia, and the handball has a majority of teams in the
half north of the country in the honour division.
The third antecedent talks about the competition that must also support
the different teams from the same sport specialty and between different spe-
cialties. The resources to generate by the sport activity have a limited cha-
racter and the teams must compete to reach it. The brands of greater value
provide a smaller opportunity to the less valued brands to obtain these
incomes. The presence of two teams of the same level in a city, limits the
potential fan market that a priori must be divided, reason why the poten-
tial of income by entrances sales is reduced considerably (it is the case of
both teams of the city of Seville, the Real Betis Balompi and Seville F.C.).
The competition between sports within the same locality has caused
that the sport success of the club in one of the specialties has supposed to
increase the brand equity of the successful organization to consist to dimi-
nish the brand equity of the organization that has not achieved these suc-
346 07
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
may august 2007 esic market
cess in its specialty. In the city of Malaga, the sport successes of the Uni-
caja (basketball team) have detracted customer (fans) that has displaced
from the seats of football stadium of Malaga C.F.
The competition between teams in the same city can be seen aggrava-
ted by the circumstance of sharing installation to celebrate matches (Mil-
ne and McDonald, 1999), which supposes the difficulty for the team to
create the unique atmosphere necessary that the fan needs to improve its
experience of use and therefore to increase its level of fidelity.
The fourth of the antecedents related to the last market and of the ante-
cedents of the brand equity in sport organizations talks about to the fans,
that unconditional group of followers who supports and defends the orga-
nization and that represents its name of brand. The support of the fans is
essential to maintain the brand equity of the organizations, not only by the
income coming from the sale of entrances and seasonal tickets, but becau-
se they help to consolidate and to strengthen the team, which supposes an
attractiveness for other consumers who feel attracted by the high value
that acquires the brand.
The support of the fans will be conditioned by the size of the fan group
who composes it and the level of fidelity that these show, which is related
as well directly to the potential of income that they generate and therefo-
re with the value that reaches the brand in the market.
3.4. Benefits derived from the brand equity
Once we have analyzed the antecedents that influence the components of
the brand equity, we are going to analyze the consequences that suppose
these for the sport organization and the derived benefits to have a brand
of high value in the market. To reach a perception of quality elevated by
the team, a loyal fans, a recognized brand name and an associated image,
can suppose for the organization a greater cover at level of mass media,
greater product sales under the brand (merchandising), more facility to
find sponsorships, high sales of entrances and seasonal tickets and an
intensified atmosphere.
347 07
may august 2007 esic market
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
The first beneficial consequence of a sport organizations brand equity
constitutes the cover that the mass media offer for it. More and more the
sport is the news and contributes hearing to the means, reason why the
television networks look for millionaire contracts with the clubs for the
broadcasting of the parties that suppose for the television chains elevated
expectations of hearing. In addition to the television, the press and the
radio transmitters dedicate an important space to the sport and within the
section, the brands highly valued are those that occupy a greater part of
the space. The brands of high value win the appraised minutes of the news
in television, occupy the greater time in the sport programs of radio and
more pages of press.
In our country, the sport king in general and the most valued brands in
this specialty, like are Real Madrid, F. C. Barcelona, R.C.D. Corua, Ath-
letic of Madrid and a few more, are those that receive by mass media a
greater attention. This cover at national level supposes an additional sup-
port for these teams, besides to improve the experience of use of the con-
sumers, who enjoy reading, listening and seeing time and time again the
feats and the news of its team (some of these brands even have their own
television channels).
The immediate consequence of this cover is translated in a perception
of the organizations brand by the market that results in obtaining brand
equity more and more elevated. The brands more valued receive a greater
public cover and that improvement the value perception that the market
has of it and with it again the valued is seen increased and maintained.
The second of the benefits derived from the brand equity talks about
sales of merchandise by the sport organization. We talked about sales of
sportswears, preparation, souvenirs, and all class of articles that shows
clearly to the name and logo of the sport organization. The fans buy the-
se articles because they identify them as members of a group and in some
cases the income derived by this concept can suppose important quantities
for the organizations. To a greater brand equity, the attractiveness of the-
se articles for the fan and the public in general is increased reason why the
348 07
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
may august 2007 esic market
sales of merchandise are more elevated. In our country, this concept is not
so developed as in the U.S.A., where the teams of the NBA (basketball),
NFL (American football) or NHL (ice hockey) reaches astronomical num-
bers by merchandising sport. The showiest case even constitutes the team
of Dallas Cowboys that obtains a 25% of the income by sales of mer-
chandise to the NFL (Milne and McDonald, 1999).
Some brands of high value take advantage of special events (obtaining
of an important title, celebration of events, etc.) in order to increase the
product sales under the brand that identify the event. This has been the
case of the outfit and all products put on sales by the F.C. Barcelona to
commemorate its first century of history.
In any case, all the material dedicated to merchandising sport supposes
an advertising support of the organizations brand that will be perceived
in the market as a well-known and recognized brand, which supposes the
increase as well of the sport organizations brand equity.
The third consequence of the brands highly valued is the capacity that
they have to obtain sponsorship by other companies and institutions. By
this way, the brands of sport organizations are able to enter amount of
resources and for sponsors it supposes to transfer the image of the team to
the products that they promote. As it gathers Stotlar (1993) the attempt of
the trade names when sponsoring a sport team is to transfer the pride of
the organization to its products. Many brands of local scope try with the
sport sponsorship to root their name to a community and to position
themselves with an image of nearness and compromised by the local inte-
rests. In our league of basketball ACB, many savings banks have contri-
buted with its sponsorship to the launch of brands of organizations iden-
tified with the sport and the city (Unicaja of Malaga, Caja San Fernando
of Seville, etc.).
The sport product brands also use the brands of organizations of high
value to sign equipment contracts that after that use as instrument of com-
munication of the brand of sport material. As an example we have the
cases of Nike with the F.C. Barcelona or Adidas with Real Madrid. Two
349 07
may august 2007 esic market
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
tough competitors in the equipment market that want to identify itself
with two great brands of sport organizations in our country, in a clear
attempt to reinforce its positioning versus the competitor.
For the sport organization these extraordinary income suppose the
possibility of improving the sport yield acceding to the market of drafte-
es or planning the inferior categories, which in the end supposes for the
organization to increase the quality perception which supposes the incre-
ase of the brand equity by this way of feedback. On the other hand, the
fact that companies of recognized prestige, with brands highly valued in
the market, bet economically for the teams serves to transmit the tied
associations to its brand towards the sport organization, with which the
image of brand of this one is improved and with it, increased the brand
The fourth of the benefits that obtains the sport organizations brand
thanks to its high value is the creation of a favourable atmosphere of the
experience that the fan lives when it goes to see the match of its team. A
team that obtains sport results, trained by a charismatic trainer, with an
untiring and loyal fan, supposes for the fan an attractive spectacle that will
want to repeat in other occasions since the created expectations are highly
On the other hand, to maintain the fans highly participative that it pro-
vides atmosphere and sense of expectancy before the matches, supposes
for the team to obtain notoriety in mass media, attractiveness for the
advertisers and promote the sales of products under the emblem of the
organization. Of this form, the perception of the market of the sport clubs
brand will be being very favourable and the brand equity perceived by the
consumers will be feedback.
The last one of the benefits that the sport organization obtains to
manage a brand of high value is the increase in the sales of entrances. A
brand of high value based on the sport success and the high expectations
created in an enormously loyal fan, a reliable trainer and the presence of
some player stars, can guarantee the increase in the attendance to the mat-
350 07
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
may august 2007 esic market
ches. The brands highly valued therefore, suppose for the organization the
guarantee to obtain high income by the sale of entrances for the matches
and seasonal tickets.
Sport organizations that traditionally manage brands of high value,
and whose social mass practically guarantees the sale of the seats of its
sport facilities, use the increase in the brand equity to increase the number
of privileged seats (theatre boxes, VIPS zones, etc.) that is why the income
are increased without increasing the seats.
The greater attendance to the matches provides the creation of a better
atmosphere, caused by the organized activities and the enthusiasm of the
fans, reason why the brand equity it will be being cyclically increased
when affecting one of the antecedents of the brand equity relative to the
organization as it is the entertainment plan.
4. Final considerations
We have seen the importance that has for the companies to have strong
brands, of high value, that allows them to differentiate their supply and to
operate a competitive advantage. In the sports world, the people in char-
ge of the sport organizations need to know brand equity, and that is why
they can develop the model of measurement of the brand equity in sport
organizations that we have exposed previously.
In this model it have been described, not only the components of the
brand equity like dimensions of the concept, but has set out the different
antecedents that we considered affect in favourable way to the conforma-
tion of the brand equity in sport organization. We have indicated three
groups of antecedents, related to the team, the organization and the mar-
ket that serve to increase in each case the perception of quality of the orga-
nization brand, the degree of loyalty of their fans, the notoriety reached
about the name of the team and the image of tied brand to the sport orga-
The management of the brand equity implies in the proposed model,
the consideration of a series of beneficial consequences for the organiza-
351 07
may august 2007 esic market
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
tion that finds in the high brand equity a higher possibility of obtaining
cover in mass media, activities of merchandising, sponsorship, atmosphe-
re in the sport events and sales of entrances for the matches. The model
displays a cyclical character that is of enormous interest for the sport
managers, since they discover that as a result of the brand equity, the per-
ception that obtains the sport organization in the market, serves to feed-
back the different antecedents of the brand equity, obtaining at the same
time the capacity for improvement as well, the level of each one of its com-
AAKER. D.A. (1991). Managing Brand Equity. Capitalizing on the Value
of Brand Name, Ed. Free Press, New York.
(1994). Gestin del valor de la marca. Capitalizar el valor de la mar-
ca. Ed. Daz de Santos, Madrid.
(1992). The Value of Brand Equity, Journal of Business Strategy,
Vol. 13, n 4, pp: 27-32.
AAKER, J. L. (1997). Dimensions of Brand Personality, Journal of
Marketing Research, Vol. XXXIV, pp: 347-356.
ALET I VILAGINS, J. (1994). Marketing Relacional. Cmo obtener
clientes leales y rentables. Ed. Gestin 2000, Barcelona.
BAUER, H. H.; SAUER, N. E. and SCHMITT, P. (2005). Customer-
based brand equity in the team sport industry: Operationalization and
impact on the economic success of sport teams, European Journal of
Marketing, Vol. 39, n 5/6, pp: 496-515.
BROOKS, C.M. (1994). Sports Marketing: Competitive, Business Strate-
gies for Sports. Ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
BURTON, R. and HOWARD, D. (2000). Recovery Strategies for Sports
Marketers. Marketing Management, Vol. 9, Spring, pp:42-49.
FARQUHAR, P. H. (1989). Managing Brand Equity, Marketing Rese-
arch, september, pp: 24-33.
352 07
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
may august 2007 esic market
GLADDEN, J.; MILNE, GR. and SUTTON, W. (1998). A Conceptual
Framework for Assessing Brand Equity in Division I Athletics, Jour-
nal of Sports Management, Vol. 12, n 1, pp: 1-19.
GREEN, B.C. and MULLER, T.E. (2002). Positioning and Youth Sport
Camp: A Brand-Mapping Exercise, Sport Management Review, n 5,
GUILLAUME, L. (1993), Le capital de marque. Perspectives es lments
dapplication dans le domaine des tudes marketing, Revue Franaise
du Marketing, Vol. 2-3, n 142-3, pp: 129-142.
GWINNER, K.P. and EATON. J. (1999). Building Brand Image trough
Event Sponsorship: The Role of Image Transfer, Journal of Adverti-
sing, Vol. 28, n 4, pp: 47-57.
JALLEH, G.; DONOVAN, R. J.; GILES-CORTI, B. and COLMAN, D. J.
(2002). Sponsorship: Impact on Brand Awareness and Brand Attitu-
des, Social Marketing Quarterly, Vol. VIII, n 1, pp: 35-45.
KAPFERER, J.N. (1997), Strategic Brand Management. Ed. Kogan Page,
KELLER, K.L. (1993), Conceptualizing, Measuring and Managing Custo-
mer-Based Brand Equity, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 57, january, pp: 1-22.
LEUTHESSER, L. (1988). Defining, Measuring and Managing Brand
Equity: a Conference Summary, Report, Marketing Science Institute,
MERRILEES, B.; GETZ, D. and OBRIEN, D. (2005). Marketing sta-
keholder analysis: Branding the Brisbane Goodwill Games, Europe-
an Journal of Marketing, Vol.39, n 9/10, pp:1060-1081.
MILNE, G.R. and MCDONALD, M.A. (1999). Sport Marketing: Managing
the Exchange Process. Ed. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA.
MULLIN, B.J.; HARDY, S. and SUTTON, W.A. (1999). Marketing depor-
tivo. Ed. Paidotribo, Barcelona.
OLBERDING, D.J. and JISHA, J. (2005). `The Flying Pig: Building
Brand Equity in a Major Urban Marathon, Sport Marketing Quar-
terly, Vol. 14, n 3, pp: 191-196.
353 07
may august 2007 esic market
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
OLIVER, R.L. (1997). Satisfaction: A Behavioral Perspective on the Con-
sumer. Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
PARKER, R. (2000). Problems in the Marketing of Spectator Sports,
The Mid-Atlantic Journal of Business, Vol. 36, n 1, pp: 37-47.
PONS, F.; MOURALI, M. and NYECK, S. (2006). Consumer Orien-
tation Toward Sporting Events: Scale Development and Validation,
Journal of Service Research, Vol.8, n 3, pp: 276-297.
RAO, A.R. and RUEKERT, W. (1994). Brand Alliances as Signals of Pro-
duct Quality, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 36, n 1, fall, pp: 87-97.
RICHARDSON, B. and ODWYER, E. (2003). Football Supporters and
Football Team Brands: A Study in Consumer Brand Loyalty, Irish
Marketing Review, Vol.16, n 1, pp: 43-53.
ROBINSON, M. J. and MILLER, J. J. (2003). Assessing the Impact of
Bobby Knight in the Brand Equity of the Texas Tech Basketball Pro-
gram, Sport Marketing Quarterly, Vol. 12, n 1, pp: 56-59.
ROSS, S. (2006). A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Spectator-
Based Brand Equity, Journal of Sport Management, Vol.20, n 1
ROWLEY, J. (2005). Brand and Club Alliances: Manchester United and
Britannia Building Society, Management Research News, Vol. 28, n
8, pp: 55-60.
ROY, D. P. and CORNWELL, T. B. (2003). Brand equitys influence on
responses to event sponsorships / Executive summary, The Journal of
Product and Brand Management, Vol.12, n 6/7, pp: 377-393.
SPEED, R. and THOMPSON, P. (2000). Determinants of sports spon-
sorship response, Academy of Marketing Science. Journal, Vol. 28, n
2, pp: 226-238.
STOTLAR, D.K. (1993). Successful Sport Marketing. Ed. Brown &
Benchmark, Madison, WI.
UNDERWOOD, R.; BOND, E. and BAER, R. (2001). Building service
brands via social identity: Lessons from the sports marketplace, Jour-
nal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Vol. 9, n 1, pp:1-13.
354 07
a proposed model for measuring the brand equity in sports
may august 2007 esic market
VILLAREJO RAMOS, A.F. (2002). La medicin del valor de marca en el
mbito de la gestin de marketing. Ceade Editorial, Sevilla.
YOO, B.; DONTHU, N. and LEE, S. (2000). An Examination of Selec-
ted Marketing Mix Elements and Brand Equity, Journal of the Aca-
demy of Marketing Science, Vol. 28, n 2, primavera, pp: 195-211.
YOON, S.-J. and CHOI, Y.-G (2005). Determinants of successful sports
advertisements: The effects of advertisements: The effects of adverti-
sing type, product type and sport model, Journal of Brand Manage-
ment, Vol.12, n 3, pp: 191-205.
ZEITHAML, V.A. (1988). Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and
Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence, Journal of
Marketing, Vol. 52, july, pp: 2-22.
355 07


text:
Most of the vehicles are being auctioned off because they have been either repossessed by a lender or they were seized by federal or local law enforcement agencies as a result of a criminal investigation and arrest. These vehicles take up space and cost money to store therefore those institutions that find themselves overrun with cars trucks and SUVs want to simply cover the cost of processing these vehicles and sell them off to the lowest bidder. Damaged Cars Japan Car Auctions if you are thinking of attending an auto auction in southern California here are some advantages and disadvantages to take into consideration. First we'll look at the advantages. 1.Cheap cars – This of course is the whole reason of buying a vehicle at auction. The starting bids are very low and most people drive away with a car that they purchased for several thousands less then it is worth.
You also want to ensure that when you drive away the vehicle is going to keep working for you long-term. Know Your Budget First A good first step to take before buying used cars is to get very familiar with your budget. What can you afford? How much do you want to spend? Even before you go to the dealership you need to have this information worked out.
The people who can benefit from such auctions are those who have certain specialties. As noted above an owner of a mechanic's shop would have a major advantage in having the expertise the equipment and the parts to get a severely damaged car back in working condition. Even so the car would never be in a first-clcar condition again. So why would you want to buy such a car if you cannot get it to run as good as it did before? There are a number of possible reasons.
If you fill a tire with pure nitrogen then there is no oxygen in the tire. The result: no oxidation will occur. The claimed benefit? Your tires should be safer and last longer.
Any instance when a seller requires payment by the means of wire transfer is a typical warning sign of a scam. Never believe in seller's sad stories they might seem convincing but are generally false. Always ask for VIN (Vehicle Identification Number) to check vehicle history using Carfax.
He learned of the front end repair when he offered the car to a dealer as a trade-in and was told that their offer to purchase was about $3000 less than it would have been because the front end of the car was repainted. In a meeting with Peter he stated "I didn't understand what the difference was the car had a clean Carfax and I never had an accident with it. The dealer tested the paint on the car and told me the car was repainted in the front. Their offer to me was a lot less than I expected." Peter's experience is unfortunately common. Accidents collisions damage and other causes for car repainting often times are not reported to police insurance companies and other information sources supplying Vehicle History Reports. AutomobileExam.com now offers for sale and rent to consumers for use when shopping for used cars to examine a car's paint and determine whether the car is repainted or was involved
in a collision not disclosed in Vehicle History Reports. "Until now our product has been only used by car dealers and others in the automotive industry whose business depends on knowing the absolute truth about the condition of a vehicle when purchasing at auction or as trade-ins.
All you need to do then is to search for the car that suits your budget as well as needs perfectly. You might be thinking that getting a good deal from the local car dealers is possible but finding it online may prove to be a difficult task. But that is not the case. In fact you can get the best deal on the web at the time you buy used cars online.
Who knows? You could be driving with the car of your dreams when it's over.Do you need a car? Do you want a quality vehicle that is both economical and safe? Is it possible for you to own a good quality car without it costing an arm and a leg; and you can do this while helping the government in the process? It sounds amazing and imposible doesn't it? Rest carured though that is quite true: you too can own a quality vehicle at an extremely affordable price and you get to help the US government when you this. This is made possible by taking part of the various US auto auctions. Help the government defer costs by purchasing a vehicle from them.
Buying a car of any age is not a decision that should be rushed. Aside from buying your own home the purchase of a car is likely to be one of the most expensive purchases you will make and if you get it wrong it can prove costly. There are two major factors to consider.
Therefore you should live locally or you should
travel there. Next you have to register yourself and then spend time browsing the auction floor to see if theres anything that interest you. And if theres nothing then youve just wasted your entire day and trip getting to the auction. Normal car auctions usually go through a bidding process and the items goes to the highest bidder.
Many dealers offer all sort of leases and other types of facilities. When returned these off-lease cars will end up at a car auction. This happens because it is much easier and also more convenient for the dealership to use the car auction system instead of just trying to sell them and place them in a car lot especially if the vehicles are well used. Another way how cars can end up at a car auction is that their companies are trading them.
In the old days there was a great reliance on carnauba wax which was the hardest natural wax available. Fifty years later we have synthetic waxes polymers and resins that have far more resilience
than carnauba and enhance the gloss. Interestingly carnauba (which people still want to see in a product) actually grays the surface of a vehicle." Car Cleaning Myth #11 Lighting a hood on fire without damaging the paint finish proves the protective qualities of a car wax. It may be a nice science trick but that's about it.
Japanese car exporters are usually registered Japanese companies and therefore have access to the car auctions in Japan. Japanese car auction vehicle inspections Car auctions in Japan have a strict inspection regime
- Unfortunately this means you might not be able to buy used cars under $500
- Although in the U
- Now the car is an object that is no longer thought to be a hobby but a must it is now an utility
. Obviously the quality of the inspection can vary a little between auction houses since they are independent companies but in general the grading system they use is very similar and easy to understand. The cars and other vehicles are registered for the following week's auction after which they are inspected by inspectors who are qualified mechanics. Now it is important to bear in mind that these inspections are very thorough but they do not involve any dismantling of the vehicle nor do they involve test-driving it. They will often pick up mechanical issues very well although problems which would only come to light if the vehicle is driven at anything more than the kind of speed you would expect in a parking lot can be missed.
The selling bank will usually have its own set of addenda and disclosures so it's crucial that you review this information with a real estate professional and possibly legal counsel. REOs are typically sold "As-Is" with right to inspect.Given the frequency of foreclosure in today's economy home auctions are overflowing with truly amazing deals. For those who don't know what a foreclosure is it's where a property ends when the owners are unable to pay their mortgages. Depending on where the homeowners got their mortgages from Damaged Cars Japan Car Auctions be it the bank or the government the lending foundation will repossess the home and the previous owners have to vacate the premises. More often than not when this occurs the property in question ends up on the auction block. While it may seem that banks are trigger-happy when it comes to foreclosing on properties the reality of the situation is that foreclosure does the bank no favors.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Of all the performances dedicated to Sir Colin Davis's memory since his death on Sunday, none can have been more bittersweet than this: only a few weeks ago, Davis was reportedly still hoping to be well enough to conduct it himself. It threw the spotlight on musicians who, as LSO violinist and chairman Lennox Mackenzie put it in his speech beforehand, considered Davis to be "the head of their family". Davis may have stepped down as principal conductor of the LSO in 2006, but he must still take much of the credit for the shape the orchestra is in today.
Britten wrote The Turn of the Screw for a tiny orchestra, and when they are not hidden in the pit, it can come as a recurring surprise that such robust, kaleidoscopic sounds are coming from so few musicians. When the boy Miles sang, Christine Pendrill's cor anglais combined beguilingly with Michael Clayton-Jolly's piping treble; Susanna Stranders moved from the piano to celesta, spinning eerie lines whenever Peter Quint made a ghostly appearance. Each instrumentalist performed with the conviction and character of a soloist, and none was less than outstanding.
Andrew Kennedy's Quint was sinister and supple-sounding yet perhaps a touch too earthly; at some points in this ghostly role, a cajoling tone can be more chilling than one that's commanding. Sally Matthews's powerful, ripe soprano made her Governess a convincing match for him, despite a slightly plummy tone that clouded her words. The supporting cast, including Catherine Wyn-Rogers's resonant, dignified Mrs Grose and Katherine Broderick's gleaming Miss Jessel, was excellent.
Richard Farnes conducted with an electric pace that made the mystery of the story seem urgently real. More than anything, this was a performance that stressed the sheer quality of the score itself – something of which Davis, who believed strongly that the music was boss and the conductor the servant, would have been proud.
• What have you been to see lately? Tell us about it on Twitter using #GdnReview


text:
Is Your Dog Chipped? – National Check The Chip Day Is August 15th!
If you're a dog lover, chances are sometime in your life you've experienced that pit-of-the-stomach feeling of a dog getting loose. Maybe you didn't think they could jump over the back fence or they made a dash out the front door when you opened it to let someone in. When pets get lost, they don't have the same advantages we do. They can't stop and ask for directions or tell someone where they live. That's where a microchip can help.
August 15th is National Chip Your Pet Day. National Chip Your Pet Day is a collaboration between the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA). If you're not familiar with microchips, they're small chips of data that contain a number specific to your pet. About the size of a grain of rice, they're inserted just below the skin, usually at the base of the neck.
The unique number they contain is linked to your contact data via the chip manufacturer's database. When your pet gets lost the information the chip contains can be read with a specially designed wand that nearly all vet's offices and shelters have. The information the chip transmits is used to get your contact information. The shelter or vet's office can then call to let you know your pet has been found. Without a chip, your dog looks a lot like the tens of thousands of other stray animals taken to shelters daily.
Cash in on this reminder to setup an appointment at your vet's office to have your pet chipped. If they're already chipped, make sure your contact information is updated in your chip manufacturer's database. Chips aren't much good if your phone number or address isn't accurate. You and your pet will be glad you did!


text:
What is our goal and why are we here?
Education has the power to change lives. It is fundamental to personal development and societal growth. Yet many children and young adults in poor communities lack resources to seek a proper education. We help underprivileged children and young adults get a formal education, through the financial support of individuals and corporations. We also help match our students with mentors from the corporate world.
We believe an education can pull entire generations out of poverty, and that when we provide a scholarship to one student the trickle down effect is life-changing for their family and direct community.
"100 of our scholars have already graduated and have moved on to paid employment or further education. In just four years we have provided 726 years of education."
How it works?
We aim to assist under-privileged children and young adults who wish to pursue their studies at the tertiary level. These are often students aged 18 and above who have completed primary and secondary school. These individuals usually do not continue to the tertiary phase of their education as they lack the financial means, or need to start work to support their families.
How can you help?
Make a donation. Every donation big of small makes a difference.
Organise a fundraising initiative
Become a mentor.
Pass it on: run a training/skills seminar for our scholars
Spread the word: post a link to AkarakA on your Facebook page or include it in your email-signature.
Our Progress
Our average scholarship awarded is $1000 per annum. The average scholarship duration is four years (the length of a degree program). Scholarships cover various expenses incurred by the students that are a barrier to entry for their education, for example; travel costs, books, accommodation and materials required for the course.
Join our Mission


text:
Leather Wings In this tutorial you can get ideas and techniques for drawing realistic wings stracture, Artist focuses at drawing wings.
Marilyn Portrait Tutorial A truly fantastic drawing tutorial to learn how to draw a portrait of Marilyn Monroe with pencil. Each step of the portrait is perfectly well explained and commented. This tutorial is very detailed, and requires a lot of patience.
Cutting-edge data exploration Earn Your Master's Degree Online
How to Draw a Car For this tutorial the artist will show the different steps he takes in drawing a realistic looking car. He chose to draw an american classic, the Corvette. This tutorial will apply to any car though because for the most part, they are all the same. The key to drawing a car that will pop off the page is having a good balance of lights, midtones, and darks along with clean, sharp edges. He is using Derwent Graphic Pencils and Fabriano Artistico Bright White Watercolor Paper, he is also using mechanical pencils for small details.
Lone Wolf Pencil Drawing Here is a new miniature speed pencil drawing. Artist wanted to make this one different from my other ones. He combined two drawings in one to make a single image. The sunset and the single wolf. It gives the final image a different look and feeling.
From Sketch to Vector Illustration Create inspiring digital creations from hand drawn sketch using these helpful tips.
3 Dimensional Drawing Techniques To learn the basics of shape, perspective and shading in order to create depth in your work.
How to Draw a Realistic Eye Artist made this tutorial to show the different steps that he take in drawing a realistic eye.
How to draw lips In this tutorial artist will explain how to draw the structure of the human lips.
Detailed Hair This article contains high quality tutorials that will guide you how to create highly realistic and inspiring hair on your subjects.
Portrait tutorial Artist is going to show several step photos along the way on this one. Artist chose this photo because of it's RICH content, and it's HIGH amount of TONAL VALUES, CONTRAST as well as it being a high resolution file, Finding just the right photo is half the battle to a good drawing. NEVER EVER work with a low quality photo.
Eye-drawing tutorial by Sarah A great and very detailed tutorial, to learn how to draw an eye in 30 steps
Hair drawing tutorial Drawing hair is definitely one of the trickiest part of almost every portrait. However, you will definitely like it if you acquire technique and skill in it. Therefore Artist introduce some easy and effective ways to draw wavy or straight hair or hair blowing in the wind. No matter how much chaotic the hair is, you'll be able to draw it. This tutorial explains two techniques of drawing hair on four portraits.
Aquil Akhter is a web graphic designer and has been working in this field for 8 years. He also runs the blog webdesigncore.com, which focuses on free web … More about Aquil…
Circulism Technique Circulism is a very interesting technique to create skin texture with pencil. With this great tutorial, learn how to acheive a realistic skin texture with circulism.
Drawing a Rose An excellent tutorial offered by Rachel, to learn how to draw a pink rose.
Editing Drawings Editing Drawings by Cataclysm-X offers valuable tips for bringing out the best in your traditional drawings after they have lost their depth and luster due to scanning.I am sure this technique will help many traditional artists in the presentation of their work.
Drawing clothes techniques A less general point that the portrait seems to pose few problems is the representation of clothing. In this tutorial, clothing can be summarized in two points: the folds and textures.
Traditional drawing is certainly way harder than digital and it is true that people are able to progress much faster digitally, but one should learn the traditional type of drawing and painting before starting digital drawing, since it often lays out the foundation for screen design.
Further Reading on SmashingMag: Things You Didn't Know Your Doodles Could Accomplish I Draw Pictures All Day The Messy Art Of UX Sketching Drawing Challenge: Illustrating Animals With 13 Circles Traditional Drawing Tutorials
9 Steps to Creating Better Compositions Great compositions don't just happen by accident. They take planning, patience, and a knowledge of all the visual elements at your disposal. The great thing is, no matter how much or how little talent you have, you'll always be able to improve your art by sketching out a good composition before you begin.
Meet Smashing Book 6 with everything from design systems and accessible single-page apps to CSS Custom Properties, Grid, Service Workers, performance, AR/VR and responsive art direction. New frontiers in front-end and UX with Marcy Sutton, Harry Roberts, Laura Elizabeth and many others.
This article contains a mixture of traditional drawing tutorials, drawing techniques and some methods for transforming and preparing your creations for screen design. Some are intermediate level and some are advanced tutorials that include general theory, useful tips, comic inspired art, sketch a pencil drawing, coloring processing, character sketching, doodles, shapes, proportional, perspective and much more. We hope that drawing tutorials and techniques in this post will be a great help to you.
Face drawing: the heroic male In this tutorial we'll draw a character face of a hero-like character. In the process we'll review an optimal placement of the facial features and the best ways to emphasize the features of the face that will make our character look manly and heroic.
Drawing Hands Follow these simple and easy tips to avoid the difficulty of recreation of hands in pencil drawing and to learn some great tips and techniques of drawing hands.
How to Draw what you See: Techniques and Tips to Improve your Drawing Skills This article contains step-by-step images of the process Artist uses to create realistic looking drawings, as well as tips he have picked up over the years which anyone can use to improve their drawing skills.
Evil skull drawing Looking for a terrifying evil skull drawing tutorial? Just follow the steps and you should be able to walk away with a scary skull to use in your scary projects (whatever they might be). Let's start with the evil skull drawing tutorial!
Pencil Sketching by Max MaxBert Bertuzzi very comprehensive theoritical tutorial, this article will increase knowledge and power of your drawing skill
Comic Story Step by Step If you are looking for a comic story guideline, here is a perfect step by step guide for you that will guide you starting with sketching and moving on through the inking and digital processes.
September 8, 2009 Leave a comment 50 Clever Tutorials and Techniques on Traditional Drawing 9 min read Graphics, Art, Tutorials, Drawing, Cartoons, Sketching Share on Twitter or LinkedIn
How to Draw a Ninja This tutorial will show you how to draw a ninja step by step. This tutorial has easy to follow directions and steps making it that much more possible for anybody to tackle
How to draw Marlon Brando step by step It is now time to show you "how to draw Marlon Brando step by step" All the steps and instructions are laid out in the simplest format possible to help make this tutorial a breeze.
Drawing Hair in Pencil Some very useful tips for you on how to create extremely inspiring and realistic drawing hair in pencil work
Shading and Blending This brilliant tutorial is all about shading and blendng, so let start and get lot of tips and amazing techniques.
Portrait tutorial This is a step by step tutorial on how to draw a realistic portrait. The artist assumes that you have a basic understanding of drawing and shading before attempting to draw a serious portrait. For this lesson he is drawing on 11"x14" Fabriano Hotpressed Watercolor Paper. He is using Derwent Graphic Pencils ranging from 2H to 7B. For more information on any of the drawing tools that he mention in this tutorial, visit the drawing materials page.
Dance of Spring Tutorial A step by step detailed tutorial that will help you with your Colored pencil.
Pencil Drawings How to Draw a Koala How to draw a Squirrel How to draw a Fox step by step Drawing a Bear How to Draw a Ladybug step by step How to draw a Dragonfly How to draw Mushrooms step by step How to draw a Butterfly How to draw a Portrait How to draw a Human full-length How to draw Hands How to draw a Monkey Drawing an Elephant step by step How to draw a Spider How to draw a Frog for Kids How to draw realistic Alligator How to draw a Dinosaur How to draw a Scorpion step by step How to draw an Ant How to draw Winnie the Pooh How to draw Manga Eyes How to draw Patrick Star tutorial How to draw cartoon Anime People How to draw Winx for girls How to draw Space Shuttle How to draw a Helicopter Drawing a Car Step by step lesson How to draw a simple Airplane Drawing a military Tank How to draw an army Tank How to draw Fighter Plane How to draw a Camel Drawing a horse's head How to draw a Kitten Drawing a Dog step by step How to draw a Rabbit How to draw a Horse How to draw a Honey Bee How to Draw an Octopus How to Draw a Shark step by step How to draw a Dolphin Easy drawing of a Whale How to Draw a Lobster How to draw a Sparrow Drawing of realistic Penguin How how to draw a bald Eagle How to draw a Stork How to draw a Crow Castle – drawing lessons How to draw a Pirate Treasure's Map
How to Draw Optimus Prime From Transformers In this tutorial you will be learning how to draw one of the most popular of the Autobots, Optimus Prime. This drawing tutorial will show you in detail how to sketch, draw, and shade in this character that is popular around the world
Tips for drawing hands In this tutorial Artist will include many tips about drawing hands he has picked up which are useful for getting better at drawing hands, including foreshortening, nails, and finger shapes.
Drawing Hands and Feet Some useful explainations and tips about how to draw hands and feet.
A Pseudo-Sugar Skull: From Start to Finish. Create a highly detailed sugar skull illustration by following this expert tutorial, with details on the process from sketch to final digital design.
Hair Amanda Tapping A step by step drawing showing amazing hair on a portrait of actress Amanda Tapping. The result is impressive realism. A must see!
Pet Portrait A very good tutorial about how to draw pet portraits with colored pencils. Basic process and tips. Medium : Prismacolor Colored Pencils.
With useful tips for web devs. Sent 2× a month. You can unsubscribe any time — obviously.
How to Draw a mouth and teeth Artist made this tutorial to show the different steps that he take in drawing a realistic mouth, lips, and teeth.
Proportions Proportions in any drawing assignment hold great value; therefore we have come up with these five most helpful techniques that will help you getting grips with proportions in your drawings.
TRADITIONAL SKETCH RENDERING At most design schools they teach you how to use a single wooden pencil to create an entire rendering, sometimes referred to as a "Prisma-rendering" due to the type of pencil usually used (Prismacolor wood pencils). These are fast and very pretty looking techniques, and they are fairly easy to master. This will be more of a walkthrough then a tutorial in the sense that artist won't describe every pen stroke, more the basic steps and thoughts behind. Ok, let's go!
Clothing Tutorial An excellent roundup with plenty of tips and clothing tutorials. So, dress your characters in the best way by practicing these tips.
How to Draw Dragons: Step-by-Step Instructions from Tooth to Tail Dragons aren't real, but if we want them to look like something living in our reality, their design must obey certain rules. Dragon draw tutorial – Game of Thrones, the Hobbit or Harry Potter series.
How I making manga part 2 A step by step comprehensive and detailed tutorial about making manga.
How to draw a fashion figure In this video tutorial you will learn how to use existing reference photo to trace a fashion inspired sketch.
Graphite Portrait This tutorial explains all steps to create a portrait of Zinedine Zidane in graphite pencil. Time to complete: 10 hours.
Envato Market has a range of items for sale to help get you started.
Manga Making Tutorial In this tutorial artist will show you the process of creating a complete Manga comic strip using traditional tools.
How to Draw Caricatures: Head Shapes Head shape is the most important part of a caricature and in this tutorial you will learn great techniques about it.
How to Draw Caricatures: The 5 Shapes This is a great collection of tips and techniques you can use to draw caricatures and learn the basic theory and 5 shapes of caricature design.
Portraiture lesson To study draw a portrait using the 'inside-out' method.
Upgrade your inbox and get our editors' picks twice a month.


text:
Sceptical about future of cars? It's already here
The future will not be one of car ownership, but of 'cars as a service', say experts
A BMW i8 plug-in hybrid. BMW management say four pillars of innovation will underpin the cars of the future: automation, connectivity, electrification and shared mobility. Photograph: Joerg koch/Getty
It's easy to be sceptical about the autonomous vehicles of the future, but only if you don't realise how technologically advanced today's cars already are.
New BMWs have an app on board that already enables them communicate with the outside world, independently of the driver, for example.
"We get notifications from each car about service routines or things like brake fluid changes, so we already have that independent connectivity with the car," says Mark Bradley, head of business at Frank Keane BMW.
BMW's electric i-cars allow drivers to lock their car or check fuel levels remotely via an app. You can even set it to your desired temperature before you get in. "It means that on a winter's morning it's defrosted and ready to go," he says.
Management at BMW reckons four pillars of innovation will underpin the cars of the future: automation, connectivity, electrification and shared mobility.
The last makes particularly good sense. "If you consider how a car works now, it typically commutes to work, sits there all day and goes home again," says Bradley.
The future will be not one of car ownership, but of "cars as a service".
"Cars will become more like a transport infrastructure and people will use them on a pay-as-you-go basis. They may replace buses."
In the medium-term demand for ultra-clean diesels will remain strong among those whose annual mileage is high, and hybrids will play an increasingly important role.
But while full electric cars won't suit everybody – yet – range anxiety is being addressed "and the next wave of ESB chargers will be a lot more powerful and faster," he says, pointing to Norway, which has seen a massive shift towards electrification, as a trendsetter.
Benefit in kind
Here in Ireland, demand has increased since the advent of zero-rate Benefit In Kind (BIK) tax for pure electric vehicles. "It means that if you are a low-mileage driver, you can now run a company car and incur no BIK," says Bradley.
Autonomous vehicles will be an even bigger step change, but in some ways they make even more sense. "You have to think of them in terms of the growth of megacities and the number of people due to move to them, as well as issues such as air quality. On top of that, the average 16- to 18-year-old doesn't buy music, they stream it. They are not going to want to buy personal cars. And from a safety and efficiency point of view alone, autonomous vehicles make sense."
Though not likely to emerge for individual use, they are being pushed hard by platforms such as Uber and Google. The question is whether it's the car companies with their 100-year heritage of mass production, or the platform companies with their digital skills, that will win out.
Alternatively, the winner could emerge from leftfield. "There's more than one industry looking at this. Vacuum machine maker Dyson is looking at electric cars," says Bradley.
For their part, legacy car makers are embracing smart technology, and using it in innovative ways. Audi Ireland created a mixed-reality consumer experience to demonstrate its new A7, using a holographic tour guide called Simone to talk prospective buyers through its features.
Global first
Designed by innovative Dublin technology company vStream, it was a global first for Audi, and a good example of how car-makers are also using technology to differentiate themselves in the marketplace.
"Our strategic focus is to provide the best customer experience, and, from the minute you walk into the showroom, the experience you have should reflect this," says Richard Molloy, general manager, product and marketing at Audi Ireland.
"More and more people do their research online, so they have more information before they come to the showroom. They have invested their time in us, so our view is that we should make their visit the best possible experience for them in return. And, as the Audi A7 is packed full of technology, we wanted to tell this technology story in a more engaging, informative and even entertaining way."
Next year will see Audi launch a fully electric car, an SUV, with two models to follow by 2020. It's some way down the road towards autonomous vehicles too. The flagship Audi A8 already has the facility to become fully autonomous to Level Three specifications.
The technology is there, he points out. It's the regulatory environment that is falling behind.
Connected: It's good to talk
It's good to talk. In the future, it's the cars that will be doing it while we sit, and possibly snooze, in the back.
"It's all about connected cars, cars talking to each other," says Karl McDermott, head of business ICT at Three. Much of what they say will relate to safety. "The up and coming 5G networks will allow sub-milli-second response times, which means cars will be able to react immediately to any danger."
There'll be no keys. Finger prints or iris scanners will be used to gain access, says McDermott. New generation VW vans – the iconic Scooby Do ones –already offer facial recognition security.
Once we're in, the cars of the future will have windows that are active touch screens and voice control features similar to Amazon's Electra. "You'll say take me to work, and the car will know where that is," says McDermott.
Makers are already installing GPS route-finder app Waze as part of their 'infotainment' features, in some cases it is being displayed on the windscreen.
The connected, self driving cars of the future open up a world of opportunities for retailers too. These will be looking to engage with what is, at least for the duration of the journey, a captive audience.
"There's already a dongle you can put into your car which enables you to find your car and can be used to get you cheaper insurance if you drive carefully and can be tied in to your Payzone account," he says.


text:
We're always happy to hear from you
Call us
020 7866 2274
Email us
Visit us
ControlExpert UK LtdThe HubIQ Business ParkFarnboroughHampshireGU14 7JF
I have read and accept the Privacy Policy. I consent to having this website store my submitted information so they can respond to my inquiry. Note: The consent can be revoked at any time for the future by e-mail to Info(at)controlexpert.com


text: Parking rates are inclusive of all taxes & fees. (Off-Airport lots usually charge advertised rates plus 13%). No Reservations required. For your convenience all parking facilities accept cash, check, Visa, MasterCard, Diners Club and American Express. Jacksonville International Airport (JAX) offers a variety of convenient parking options from covered garage facilities next to the terminal to economy parking for the budget-conscious traveler. JAX Airport parking options include:


text:
General Contracting
While CAB Construction is primarily a roofing contractor, we do have vast experience in general contracting, and we provide general construction services for your home. CAB Construction works with only skilled contractors and experts in construction. So even though we specialize in damage repair and roofing, CAB can handle any home improvement or construction project, from new construction to repairs and upgrades.
Do you need a room addition, or a room modification? Maybe you need a wall removed to open up your home. Maybe you need a fresh remodel of your home and you would like to hire a General Contractor with experience that will pay attention to details and get your remodeling project done properly the first time. If so, CAB Construction would like to be your General Contractor that you rely upon.
Call CAB Construction today at 1.844.781.7117 to have one of our Associates show you how they can assist in making your home more beautiful today. Not only are we experts at roofing and storm damage, but we are also a General Contractor for many projects around your home.


text:
Inventing the French Revolution
Essays on French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century
Part of Ideas in Context
- Author: Keith Michael Baker, Stanford University, California
- Date Published: January 1990
- availability: Available
- format: Paperback
- isbn: 9780521385787
Looking for an examination copy?
If you are interested in the title for your course we can consider offering an examination copy. To register your interest please contact email@example.com providing details of the course you are teaching.
In this volume, Keith Baker, arguably the leading expert writing in English on the ideological origins of the French Revolution, collects together a range of his essays on this subject published in journals in recent years. The essays include historiographical studies of the treatment of the topic by French and other historians as well as important case studies on the political vocabularies characteristic of the ancien régime and the revolutionary periods. The result is a substantial and unified set of studies on one of the central themes in modern European history.
Reviews & endorsements
"Keith Baker is undoubtedly one of the most creative historians working on the intellectual history of 18th century France...Anyone working in this field should listen carefully to what he has to say." Colin Lucas, Balliol College, OxfordSee more reviews
"[Professor Baker's] is an original and brilliant analysis of the central types of political discourse of the waning ancien régime." François Furet, University of Chicago
"Overall, these essays are stunning for their insight, clarity, and interpretive power....rich, complex, and challenging." Nathanael Greene, History
Customer reviews
Not yet reviewed
Be the first to review
Review was not posted due to profanity×
Product details
- Date Published: January 1990
- format: Paperback
- isbn: 9780521385787
- length: 384 pages
- dimensions: 228 x 153 x 28 mm
- weight: 0.52kg
- availability: Available
Table of Contents
1. On the problem of the ideological origins of the French Revolution
Part I. French History at Issue:
2. Memory and practice: politics and the representation of the past in eighteenth-century France
3. Controlling French history: the ideological arsenal of Jacob-Nicolas Moreau
4. A script for a French revolution: the political consciousness of the abbé Mably
Part II. The Language of Politics at the End of the Old Regime:
5. French political thought at the accession of Louis XVI
6. A classical republican in eighteenth-century Bordeaux: Guillaume-Joseph Saige
7. Science and politics at the end of the old regime
8. Public opinion as political invention
Part III. Toward a Revolutionary Lexicon:
9. Inventing the French Revolution
10. Representation redefined
11. Fixing the French constitution
Sign In
Please sign in to access your account
Not already registered? Create an account now. ×
Sorry, this resource is locked
Please register or sign in to request access. If you are having problems accessing these resources please email email@example.com Sign in
» Proceed
You are now leaving the Cambridge University Press website. Your eBook purchase and download will be completed by our partner www.ebooks.com. Please see the permission section of the www.ebooks.com catalogue page for details of the print & copy limits on our eBooks.Continue ×


text:
Cheap Replica Audemars Piguet Royal Oak Chronograph Watch 26331ST.OO.1220ST.01 For Sale Description:
Brand: Audemars Piguet
Series: Royal Oak
Model: 26331ST.OO.1220ST.01
Movement Type: Self Winding/Automatic
Watch Diameter: 41mm
Case Material: Stainless Steel
Dial: Blue Dial With "Grande Tapisserie" Pattern
Bracelet: Stainless steel bracelet with AP folding clasp
Glass: Glareproofed Sapphire Crystal
Water-resistant: 50 Meters
All the cheap replica Audemars Piguet Royal Oak watches for sale at wmwatches.cn are from China. We only sell quality replica watches,and all replica watches are not waterproof.Cheap replica Audemars Piguet watch with high quality,worldwide shipping and Security online payment.
Be the first to review this product


text: In the event you were to tell someone about a crime you had been watching by a excessive official would you want them to know your title? Most disagreements over cash in the residence typically depend on trust or fear somewhat than money or credit. So even unbiased ladies might instantly begin to really feel more needy of our jobs or partners/ family/ friends. The plain option to start is thru a enterprise broker, as they may have a present checklist of enterprise for sale.\n\nXiaomi menambah varian warna Mi 5X. Tampil berkelir merah di bagian belakangnya membuat ponsel ini cukup menggoda. With Venus retrograde in Capricorn, it's prone to be focused on money and business as Capricorn rules massive enterprise, debts, financial establishments, banking and insurance coverage.\n\nThat she ought to be cautious with the form of people she talks to as a result of there is every tendency that she has been duped by fraudsters. Studying to take heed to your home better may even prevent or your family from injuries.. or worse. Many appear to have the opinion that to be wealthy you should have ripped people off at a while in the past.\n\nVersi orisinal yang memakai vendor Kayaba dipatok Rp 300 ribu untuk sok depan. Pembeli diberikan jaminan one hundred% uang kembali apabila produk yang sudah Anda bayar tidak kunjung tiba di tempat Anda. In addition, many women need to keep at house with their child but really feel the necessity to go out to work.\n\nLow minimum index funds that require as little as $250 – normally restricted to IRAs (Particular person Retirement Accounts) so that you can name yourself an proprietor, will let you add as a lot money as you like, as frequently as you like, after your preliminary investment with no additional costs or commissions.


text:
Sat, 23 December 2017
"We are sponges. Find a mentor and get inspired by hanging around that person." - Tai Lopez
(click to tweet)
A productive daily routine is difficult to achieve.
We all wake up in the morning, check our phones, and then go about our days doing the best we can. But then we finish our day and go to bed thinking: was that really the best I could do?
Your daily life should be composed of tasks dedicated to either maintaining the life you're living or trying to improve your life for some future date. If you're disappointed with your daily routine, it's because you aren't attending to this rule. And if you believe you are, some trait is preventing you from seeing the picture clearly.
On today's episode of The Tai Lopez Show, we are taking a close look at productivity. How can you squeeze the most juice out of your day? The first step is to be honest with yourself. Self-deception will disguise laziness as procrastination or stubbornness as 'your opinion.' So, before listening to this podcast, take a second to check your ego at the door and get ready to make the changes required to take your daily routine to the next level.
Don't forget! You can also listen to The Tai Lopez Show on Spotify! Click "Follow" and let me know what you think!
"We are born with animal brains. We only care about the now, and we are bad at planning for the future. The school system does not teach us how to rewire this. So now it's your responsibility." - Tai Lopez
(click to tweet)
Points to Keep In Mind
Direct download: Tai_Lopez_-_12-23-17_-_FINAL_MIX.mp3
Category:general -- posted at: 2:00am PDT


text:
75ᵗʰ ANNIVERSARY
The 2010's: the future has arrived
il 22/06/2016
In recent years the barriers to the development of the most advanced technologies in every field have been overcome, putting innovation at everyone's service. Smartphones embody a number of additional functions, such as cameras, music players and internet browsers, changing people's habits in a way that couldn't have been imagined before.
In these times of innovation and technological progress, the Jeep® brand restyled the top of the range model with the 2011 Grand Cherokee, introduced the all-new Cherokee in 2013 to redefine the midsize segment, and entered the compact Suv segment in 2014 with the Renegade. As planes without pilots start flying in the sky and computers become more and more powerful, so do Jeep® vehicles, featuring new engine versions. Design and vehicle features recall the brand's history. The Jeep® Renegade, for example, reintroduces the sharp-angled lines, which for decades characterized Cherokee vehicles. Also the massive front end draws inspiration from typical elements of Jeep® tradition and the X design cue on the rear tail lamps is reminiscent of the X on the petrol tank of the legendary Willys.
Future is a destination the Jeep® brand is ready to reach, till now the adventure has been exciting, but the best is yet to come.
Kommentieren Sie diesen Eintrag
75ᵗʰ ANNIVERSARY
75 years of Jeep® Wrangler: a fun and freedom machine.
il 20/07/2016
75ᵗʰ ANNIVERSARY
Off-road and on. The Jeep® brand way through the noughties.
il 08/06/2016
75ᵗʰ ANNIVERSARY
My Jeep Story – We don't make Jeep. You do.
il 03/06/2016


text:
I like drawing & creating things that do not necessarily exist in reality, or are out of the ordinary; to evoke a sense of wonderment and whimsicality.
My obsession with drawing mountains that are shaped like cat heads started this body of work of merging animal elements within whimsical landscapes and with familiar objects. I extract elements and features of animals I find interesting and piece them with other natural elements to create peculiar possibilities.
In creating my illustrations, I love using water-colours, as its wonderful texture conveys a dreamlike quality that I want my artworks to exude. When making objects & accessories, I am drawn towards natural materials such as textiles, wood, and leather – Jacqueline Chan.
See our behind-the-scenes studio tour with Jacqueline here.


text:
Man it's been a busy few weeks for us at Game Knights UK and that's entirely because of a sickness... Monster Hunter fever. As if our attempts at finishing Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate has offended Capcom they have released a new trailer for the next game
The trailer is actually for the Japanese release of G (so don't get excited by the 2014 date) an expanded version of 4 but as fans (usually) know the G games come west as a U game. Monster Hunter 4 Ultimate will be hitting us westerners "early 2015"
The trailer shows of a lot of monsters from gen 1 and 2, creatures that was missing from MH Tri/3U, an seemingly new sandy desert level and what appears to be a few new sub-species (different coloured, different element versions of monsters), a dried out corpse of a Tigerex(!?!) and what appears to be an all new wyvern
Abe's Take
Seeing as we've just broke the HR cap on MH3U and are left making our own goals in order to reach the final end game content. I've been hankering for that just starting out feel again and this trailer couldn't of been more effective. Here's to E3, lets hope we get some details about WHEN we get this


text:
You may have heard the often-repeated phrase "two is one and one is none". I've heard that it originated with the Navy SEALs. It is similar in meaning to "don't put all your eggs in one basket" or more simply the Boy Scout motto of "Be Prepared".
Two is One and One is None is really all about redundancy. When most people think of redundancy they have a negative connotation. It sounds wasteful. That certainly can be a definition of redundancy but when IT people think of redundancy we think in terms of backup systems or protection against failure. In this case redundancy is not wasteful but a tool used to ensure smooth operation of the systems. Redundancy eliminates what we refer to as the "Single Point of Failure". The new term for this is antifragility.
What does this have to do you with you? Computer backups.
We are so used to all the devices in our life working as expected we often forget that things do occasionally go south. Think about it. You have spent months scanning and organizing your family photos, your music library, your ideas for a best-selling novel, etc. Then the unthinkable happens:
- You accidentally delete your files
- Your favorite application corrupts your files (I won't name the application but I spent hours recovering from an "upgrade")
- Viruses could corrupt, delete, or encrypt your files
- Your hard drive crashes
- Your computer won't boot, repeatedly crashes – in this case there is hope, find an IT friend; they can most likely recover your files
- You experience a fire, tornado, or other disaster
Without backups there is not much you can do to recover your files in these scenarios but if you have backups you can rest soundly knowing your files are safe. Two is one and one is none. For the extra cautious or paranoid (or those burned by an "upgrade") I prefer the "Three is two, two is one, and one is none" approach myself.
Maybe you never thought about backups before but I've scared you enough and you are ready to begin. What now? There are several options – each with pros and cons. Here are a few:
- Use the built-in backup utility with your computer. Depending on your operating system this varies. I'm not going to cover the details here because I don't recommend this option. The pro is it free, the cons are 1) it requires your computer to be working, 2) it keeps the backup on the same system so viruses, hard drive failures, fire, etc. could destroy both copies. One is none.
- Purchase backup software. This can be a good option if done correctly. These software packages are often more flexible that the built-in backup utility. They might have the ability to backup to the cloud solving the single point of failure problem of keeping your backups on the same system. If you don't want to use the cloud feature you could backup to external drive that you disconnect after each backup. Ideally you would take it to another location as well (think fire, tornado, etc.) but this requires strong discipline on your part.
- Use a cloud back service. There are several available that are very easy to use. Not endorsing any but here is a list to get you started: Carbonite, Backblaze, Crashplan. Read up on each (and others) to find the one right for you.
- Store your documents directly in the cloud. There are many solutions that allow you to save you files locally and synchronize them to a cloud service: OneDrive, iCloud, Google Drive, Dropbox are a few. If you go with this approach I would still recommend another backup solution since changes are always synchronized between the local and cloud copies so if you delete or corrupt a local file it will be deleted or corrupted in the cloud as well.
Only you can determine the value of your files and therefore what you are willing to spend for your backups. Hopefully after reading this you have a better understanding of the need for backups and your options. Also, after implementing your backup strategy you impress all your friends by saying things like "yeah, I've taken steps to increase my antifragility; you should look into it". That is sure to be conversation starter at your next gathering.


text:
In this week's Parsha, we learn about Tzoraas, commonly called leprosy, a disease that is understood by Chazal to be the punishment for speaking Lashon Hora, talking spitefully of one's fellow man. We see this, among other places, from the fact that Miriam was stricken with leprosy when she spoke Lashon Hora about Moshe (במדבר י"ב:א'-י'). From this we see that speaking Lashon Hora is indeed a terrible sin. At first glance, speaking Lashon Hora would appear to be a comparatively minor misdeed. After all, making a nasty comment about someone seems much less damaging than physically assaulting a person. This statement, however, is not necessarily true. Granted, one who has just been physically hurt feels a very definite pain, but usually, the pain subsides after a short while. A disparaging remark, on the other hand, can linger on to haunt the victim for years. Word spreads easily, especially Lashon Hora. People are very often ready to hear something bad about another person. For this reason, one should measure his words very carefully.
The Chofetz Chaim's caution in avoiding Lashon Hora is well known. A story is told that the Chofetz Chaim once paid a visit to a prospective supporter of his Yeshiva. When he arrived, the man, a wealthy businessman, was in the middle of preparing a telegram to send to his business partner. He rose to greet the Chofetz Chaim and engaged him in conversation. Soon, it became apparent to the Chofetz Chaim that the discussion was leading to talk about a certain individual, and that Lashon Hora might ensue. The Chofetz Chaim suddenly rose and glanced at the telegram on the man's desk. "It looks as if you have carefully thought out every single word here," he commented, "for you've rewritten this several times." "I certainly have," said the man. "Every unnecessary word here will cost me extra money, since I must pay for the telegram by the word." The Chofetz Chaim marvelled at this. "If only everyone were as careful as this when choosing what to say!" he noted. "Don't people know that every unnecessary word they speak will cost them dearly in Olam HaBo?"
People are generally very careful about what they put down in writing, even when they don't have to pay for each word. One must be very careful with a legal document, for example, to make sure that each word is clear and that no misunderstandings will arise. People will thus review such documents many times before putting their name to it. The Chofetz Chaim's point was that we should be no less careful about the words we say. We should measure them as carefully as we measure the words we put down in writing. We must learn from all this a very important lesson. Before speaking, one must ask himself, "What is the purpose of what I am about to say? What will it accomplish? What effects will it have?" Once one gets in the habit of asking oneself these questions, one will always think before he speaks. This will enable him to overcome the tendency of speaking Lashon Hora.


text:
H-O-V is headlining the V Festival. Along with Pink, Jay Z has top billing at this year's Virgin-organized event, which is set to take place Saturday (Aug. 19) at Hylands Parks and Sunday (Aug. 20) at Weston Park. The festival will also feature performances by Craig David, Ellie Goulding, Jason Derulo, Sean Paul, Dizzee Rascal, and Krept & Konan, among ...Read More »
Home / Tag Archives: Konan