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Water intensity of crop production
Key messages
- In Europe, between 2005 and 2013, the average water intensity of crop production was around 6 m3 of water (irrigation plus soil moisture) for one unit of gross value added (GVA*) from all crops.
- In 2013, around 9 % less water was input to crops to produce the same GVA as in 2005.
- In western Europe, between 2005 and 2013, on average 5 m3 of water (irrigation plus soil moisture) was input to crops to generate one unit of GVA. The water intensity of crop production improved by 5 % over the period.
- In southern Europe, between 2005 and 2013, on average 6 m3 of water was input to crops to generate one unit of GVA. The water intensity of crop production improved by 13 % over the period. Crop patterns in southern Europe are, in general, associated with a relatively high GVA per hectare while irrigation is a major part of total water input to crops.
- In eastern Europe, between 2005 and 2013, on average 7 m3 of water was input to crops to generate one unit of GVA. The water intensity of crop production improved by 18 % over the peiod. Improvements in water infrastructure and agricultural equipment resulted in reduced water losses and increased harvested yields.
- Between 2005 and 2013, the average water intensity of crop production was lowest in the Netherlands (0.6 m3 for one unit of GVA) in western Europe, Malta (2 m3 for one unit of GVA) in southern Europe and Slovenia (3 m3 for one unit of GVA) in eastern Europe.
* See definition of GVA and its units in Units section of this indicator.
What is the water intensity of crop production in Europe?
Between 2005 and 2013, the average water intensity of crop production in Europe was around 6 m3 for each unit of gross value added generated. Because of the large differences in the structure of agricultural production and climatic conditions across Europe, there is a high degree of uncertainty with regard to inter-regional comparisons of water intensity. Therefore, this indicator should only be used for comparisons and to understand changes within the same region.
In western Europe, during 2005-2013, on average water input (irrigation plus soil moisture) was 5 m3 for one unit of gross value added (GVA). The water intensity of crop production improved by 5% comparing 2013 to 2005. The agricultural sector in this region is rather advanced with relatively low water input and high gross value added per hectare. Irrigation abstractions are a small part of the total water input to crops because of favourable climate conditions. Irrigated areas are proportionately larger in France, the Netherlands and Denmark.
In southern Europe, during 2005-2013, on average 6 m3 of water was input to crops to generate one unit of GVA. The water intensity of crop production improved by 13 % comparing 2013 to 2005. It should be noted that irrigation is a major part of the total water input to crops in southern Europe, both for climatic reasons and because of selected crop patterns. However, selected crop patterns in southern Europe, including olives, vines, fruit trees, cotton etc., are associated with relatively higher GVA per hectare (subsidies excluded), compared with other areas in Europe. Furthermore, deficit irrigation, which is a common practice in southern Europe, is known to increase the water productivity of crops.
In eastern Europe, during 2005-2013, on average 7 m3 of water was input to crops to generate one unit of GVA. The water intensity of crop production improved by 18 % comparing 2013 to 2005. Improvements in water infrastructure and agricultural equipment resulted in reduced water losses and increased harvested yields.
In western Europe, during 2005-2013, the average water intensity of crop production was the lowest in the Netherlands (0.6 m3 for one unit of GVA). This relatively good performance can be explained by the widespread use of sprinkler irrigation in the country, the high proportion of crop production in greenhouses, the remarkably high crop yields compared with the European average and the low level of crop subsidies. The wider environmental impacts of greenhouses, other than on water intensity, are out of the scope of this analysis, but it should be noted that the their energy intensity (e.g. heating and cooling needs) is relatively high. By definition, the calculation of the GVA of crop production has taken into account the related energy costs as intermediate consumption.
In southern Europe, during 2005-2013, the average water intensity of crop production was the lowest in Malta (2.2 m3 for one unit of GVA). Despite its high average irrigation abstraction rate (7 964 m3/ha), Malta uses remarkably high levels of drip irrigation, thus reducing the potential for on-farm water losses and optimising the uptake of water from crops. In addition, Malta has made substantial investments in water reuse, including in crop irrigation.
In eastern Europe, during 2005-2013, the average water intensity of crop production was the lowest in Slovenia (2.8 m3 for one unit of GVA). Slovenia has one of the highest rates of drip irrigation in Europe and delivers higher yields of harvested produce and a higher added value per hectare of land than any of the other eastern European countries.
The differences between countries and geographical regions may be attributed to several factors, including differences in climatic conditions, irrigation technologies, agricultural practices, the organisation of crop production (e.g. the size of the average holding), training of farmers, equipment, crop patterns, crop quality, soil conditions, and market structures and prices. All of these factors can have significant impacts on the irrigation abstraction rate and the added value of crop production.
Irrigation and its impacts on the water intensity of crop production
In semi-arid areas, such as parts of southern Europe, irrigation is responsible for almost all agricultural abstractions. In these areas, where water is a limiting factor for climate-related reasons, rain-fed conditions may not support satisfactory levels of crop yield and quality. Therefore, irrigation is required to enable crop production. In more humid and temperate areas, such as parts of western and eastern Europe, crop irrigation accounts for a much lower proportion of total agricultural abstractions. In these areas, irrigation provides a way of regulating seasonal crop water availability to match seasonal crop water needs. Therefore, irrigation reduces the risk of crop failure during periods of low rainfall or drought and thereby stabilises crop production.
In 2013, the total irrigated area in Europe was 10.3 million ha, accounting for roughly 6 % of the total utilised agricultural area (UAA). The highest proportions of irrigated areas were in southern Europe, such as in Malta (28 %), Greece (27 %), Cyprus (23 %), Italy (21 %), Spain (13 %) and Portugal (13 %). Remarkably high proportions of irrigated area were also observed in two western countries: Denmark (10 %) and the Netherlands (8 %). The latter seems to be related to the cultivation of crops that require irrigation (e.g. maize, potatoes, sugar beets and fruit/vegetables), as well as to local soil conditions (e.g. drought-sensitive sandy soils in northern Brabant and Limburg, the Netherlands). On the contrary, there were many eastern and western countries with negligible proportions of irrigated area (e.g. Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovenia and the Czech republic).
Irrigation system plays a significant role in total volume of water abstraction in a country or region, and experiments have shown that it may affect crop yields. Low-efficiency irrigation systems (e.g. surface rather than sprinkler or drip irrigation) are associated with higher rates of water loss because of leakages, excess run-off and evapotranspiration. In addition, drip irrigation and precision agriculture are known to increase water productivity and harvested yields. In Bulgaria and Portugal, surface irrigation is still the prevailing method, used by 94 % and 63 % of the total number of agricultural holdings in these countries, respectively. This partly explains why Bulgaria has the highest irrigation abstraction rate among eastern European countries and why Portugal has the highest irrigation abstraction rate among southern European countries. On the other hand, many countries that have a relatively low water intensity of crop production are dominated by either drip irrigation (e.g. Cyprus, Malta, Slovenia and Spain) or sprinkler irrigation (e.g. Denmark and the Netherlands).
Finally, the high irrigation abstraction rate in southern Europe is mainly explained by (1) the warmer climatic conditions, which increase the water demands for individual crops; (2) the existing conditions of water scarcity, which limit natural water availability for crops; and (3) the local crop patterns, which include many water-demanding (but often fairly commercial/tradeable) crops. Water infrastructure may not be the key issue in southern Europe, unlike in other parts of Europe, but there is still potential to upgrade water infrastructure and save crucial volumes of water. For example, there are many Greek river basin districts where agriculture is the main economic sector that suffer from water scarcity, but their crops, such as cotton, fruit and vegetables — which are considered important products for the industry and for exports — have high irrigation needs. Greece has installed a drip and sprinkler irrigation system — relatively, one of the largest of its kind in Europe — to reduce on-farm water losses, but its conveyance infrastructure faces issues because of ageing and poor efficiency. In eastern Europe, the irrigation abstraction rate is higher than in western Europe, partly because of the poorer state of the conveyance systems and the high proportions of low-efficiency irrigation methods. In addition, crop yields are generally lower in this region, partly because of differences in farming equipment and training.
Is the water intensity of crop production improving in Europe?
Between 2005 and 2013, the water intensity of crop production in Europe improved. There was around 9 % less water input in 2013 than in 2005 for the same amount of gross value added.
Overall, the regional trends in water intensity of crop production are the following:
- In western Europe, the water intensity of crop production improved by 5 % between 2005 and 2013. In countries like Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom, the improvement was substantial. The Netherlands remained the country with the lowest water intensity of crop production in Europe, although its performance did not improve much. Between 2005 and 2013, the volume of irrigation abstraction in the Netherlands was reduced, although the irrigated area got larger. Thus, the irrigation abstraction per hectare increased. However, the GVA per hectare suffered some losses during the same period. Consequently, the total water input stayed practically the same for the same amount of GVA.
- In southern Europe, between 2005 and 2013, overall the water intensity of crop production improved by 13 %. Spain and Portugal managed to improve their water intensity mainly because of the high increases in the GVA per ha they produced. On the other hand, the water intensity of crop production got worse in Cyprus, Malta and Greece as a result of two key factors. First, irrigation abstraction per hectare grew significantly over the years and second, the GVA per ha earned in these countries fell substantially.
- In eastern Europe, the water intensity of crop production improved by 18 % between 2005 and 2013 due to a substantial decrease (35 %) in irrigation abstraction per hectare as well as considerable increase (18 %) in GVA per ha. The biggest cuts in the volumes of irrigation abstraction were observed in Bulgaria, Romania, Poland and Slovenia (between 20 % and 50 %). These improvements are strongly associated with the reorganisation of crop production and the modernisation of irrigation infrastructure in recent decades, especially after their EU accession in 2007 and following a long transition period, which started in the 1990s, when irrigation infrastructure was mainly abandoned.
Indicator specification and metadata
Indicator definition
The water intensity of crop production is defined as the volume of water input (irrigation plus soil moisture in cubic meters; m3) for one unit of GVA (in euros or PPS) generated from the production of all crop types, adjusted for subsidies. The lower the value of the indicator, the better the water intensity. It is a relative measure of the pressure of the economy (NACE activities A1.1 and A1.2) on water resources.
Two different units can be used for the economic variable:
m3 per EUR for exploring trends across time within the same country
m3 per PPS for comparing different countries from the same geographical region within the same year [1]
[1] The purchasing power standard (PPS) unit is used by Eurostat as a common currency for the European region that accounts for differences in the purchasing power in the 28 Member States and other European countries included in the assessments (e.g. European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries, candidate countries and potential candidate countries). Theoretically, one PPS can buy the same amount of goods and services in each country. The adjustment for price level differences is implemented using the purchasing power parities (PPPs). Thus, PPPs can be interpreted as the exchange rate of the PPS against the euro.
Policy context and targets
Context description
Since 2007, the European Commission has recognised the challenges of water scarcity and drought, adopting a policy document (EC, 2007) followed by a number of policy reviews in subsequent years. More recently, the Commission also developed a policy supporting water reuse (EC, 2016) in the context of a circular economy. In this context, the European Environment Agency (EEA) implemented an indicator on water exploitation (the water exploitation index plus - WEI+) (EEA, 2017), which supports the implementation of policies on water scarcity and resource efficiency.
In addition, water has become part of the Resource Efficiency Roadmap, which was adopted by the Commission in 2011. This includes a clear target of keeping water abstraction below 20 % of available renewable water resources (EC, 2011). To achieve this requires substantial improvements with regard to water demand, including for crop production, which accounts for the highest proportion of agricultural water use. This strategic approach also makes up one of the key targets of the Seventh Environment Action Programme, which aims to turn the EU into a resource-efficient, green and competitive low-carbon economy.
A similar indicator concept has also been proposed by the United Nations to measure water use intensity by economic activity as a proxy for sustainable development (UNDESA, 2007).
No specific target or threshold has been set for this indicator. However, several European policies address sustainable development and resource efficiency, i.e. the Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe (EC, 2011), the Seventh Environment Action Programme (EC, 2014), the Circular Economy Package ('Closing the loop: An EU action plan for the circular economy'; EC, 2015) and the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Pillar 1 and Pillar 2.
Related policy documents
Addressing the challenge of water scarcity and droughts in the European Union
EC (2007). Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, Addressing the challenge of water scarcity and droughts in the European Union. Brussels, 18.07.07, COM(2007)414 final.
Guidelines on Integrating Water Reuse into Water Planning and Management in the context of the WFD
Common Implementation Strategy for the Water Framework Directive.
Resource efficiency in Europe — Policies and approaches in 31 EEA member and cooperating countries
This report provides an overview of resource efficiency policies and instruments in 31 member and cooperating countries of the European Environment Agency network (Eionet). A detailed survey was conducted during the first half of 2011 to collect, analyse and disseminate information about national experiences in developing and implementing resource efficiency policies, and to facilitate sharing of experiences and good practice. The report reviews national approaches to resource efficiency and explores similarities and differences in policies, strategies, indicators and targets, policy drivers and institutional setup and information gaps. It concludes with some EEA considerations for future policies on resource efficiency which could be considered in developing future resource efficiency policies at the EU and country levels. The analysis is illustrated with short examples of policy initiatives in the countries, described in more detail in the country profile documents available below.
Methodology for indicator calculation
- Water intensity of crop production is expressed as the volume of water input (irrigation plus soil moisture in cubic meters; m3) for one unit of GVA (in euros or PPS) generated from the production of all crop types, adjusted for subsidies.
- Water input to crops is expressed as the total volume of water (in m3) per country per year made available to crops by either natural or artificial means. It can be calculated as follows:
Water input to crops (m3) = irrigation abstraction(FSW) + irrigation abstraction(FGW) + irrigation abstraction(NFW) + soil moisture in growing season
- irrigation abstraction(FSW) is the water abstraction for irrigation purposes from fresh surface water sources;
- irrigation abstraction(FGW) is the water abstraction for irrigation purposes from fresh groundwater sources;
- irrigation abstraction(NFW) is the water abstraction for irrigation purposes from non-freshwater sources, including treated saline, brackish or reclaimed water;
- soil moisture in growing season is the water that is retained in the soil profile of arable land and permanent crops (or UAA excluding permanent grassland and kitchen gardens) during the growing season (assumed to be April-September); it is a fraction of the total amount of rainwater, excluding runoff, evaporation and deep percolation, and represents the amount of water that may be used by crops to cover their water requirements.
Irrigation abstraction(FSW) and irrigation abstraction(FGW) can be calculated using the Eurostat data set 'water abstraction for agriculture-irrigation (source: fresh surface and groundwater)'. Irrigation abstraction(NFW) can be calculated using the Eurostat data sets 'water abstraction for agriculture-irrigation (source: desalinated water)', 'water abstraction for agriculture-irrigation (source: reused water)' and 'water abstraction for agriculture-irrigation (source: non-fresh water sources, not reported elsewhere)'. Water abstraction is expressed in terms of annual volume (million m³ per year). Data are collected for each Member State of the EU, for EU candidate countries and for EFTA Member States at country level. The data are updated every two or three years and come from a variety of sources, including regional or local authorities, environmental administrations and industry. The most recent data are from 2013 or 2014. Data gaps may be filled using similar data sets included under WISE SoE — Water Quantity (WISE-3), AQUASTAT and KNOEMA.
Soil moisture in the growing season can be calculated using the results of the EEA indicator 'Soil moisture' (LSI 007). Soil water content has been estimated using the soil water balance model for European Water Accounting (swbEWA) and the results have been validated using in situ soil moisture measurements at different locations across Europe (Kurnik et al., 2014). The modelled results have been aggregated for the utilised agricultural areas, which are categorised as 'arable land' and 'permanent crops'. Aggregation is carried out per country and for the growing season (indicatively: April-September), assuming an indicative soil depth of 2 m.
The utilised agricultural area categorised as 'arable land' or 'permanent crops' is available in Eurostat's Crop statistics. It is expressed annually in terms of area (ha per year). Data are collected by each Member State of the EU, EFTA/EEA countries (except Lichtenstein, which is exempt from the data transmission obligation), candidate countries and potential candidate countries at country level. The data are updated every year and come from the National Statistical Institutes. For all countries, the most recent data come from 2016.
Gross value added (GVA) of crop production is presented in basic prices[1] per country per year (in € or PPS; values at constant prices[2]), adjusted for crop subsidies). This is an approximate measure of the net economic value generated by the producer exclusively from the production of all crop types, which best captures the revenues and the costs accrued by the producer. It can be calculated as follows:
- crop GVA at basic prices = crop output – crop intermediate consumption – taxes + crop subsidies
- crop GVA at basic prices, adjusted for subsidies = crop GVA at basic prices – crop subsidies
- Crop output is the value of crop production at basic prices (in EUR or PPS; values at constant prices), per country per year. It can be calculated using the data set 'production value at basic price', which is available in Eurostat's 'Economic Accounts for Agriculture'. Crop output is expressed in terms of economic value on an annual timescale (EUR million or PPS per year). Data are collected for each Member State of the EU, for EU candidate countries and for EFTA members at country level. The data are updated every year and come from the national statistics institutes or national ministries of agriculture. For all countries, the most recent data are from 2016. Crop output is an aggregate of all crops and does not distinguish between crop categories. The values are expressed as basic prices, thus deductible taxes (e.g. value added tax (VAT)) or non-deductible per-unit taxes are excluded and subsidies are included.
- Crop intermediate consumption is the value of intermediate costs at basic prices relevant for crop production (in EUR or PPS; values at constant prices), per country and year. It can be calculated using a proxy of existing Eurostat data sets, which are found under 'Economic Accounts for Agriculture'. Eurostat provides the 'intermediate costs for agricultural output at basic prices' as an aggregate, without separating into sub-categories, for the crop output, the animal output, the animal product processing, etc. However, a detailed list of intermediate cost types is provided ('seeds and planting stock,' 'energy; lubricants,' 'veterinary expenses', etc.), which allows those cost types considered to be closely associated with crop output to be isolated. There are two types of intermediate cost, which can be exclusively (or mostly) associated with crop production: 'seeds and planting stock' and 'plant protection products, herbicides, insecticides and pesticides'. In addition, several other types of intermediate cost can be shared between crop output and other types of agricultural output. In these cases, the share of the crop output in the value of the intermediate cost type was approximated. 'Fertilisers and soil improvers' are relevant for both crop output and animal output (but not for other components of the agricultural output). Therefore, the proportion of crop output relative to crop plus animal output was used to apportion a share of the figures to crop output. This was calculated by comparing the total crop output figures from 2002-2014 to the total crop plus animal output figures from 2002-2014. 'Energy; lubricants' are relevant for all types of agricultural output; therefore, the relative proportion of crop output to total agricultural output was used to apportion a share of the figures to crop output. This was calculated by comparing total crop output figures from 2002-2014 with total agricultural output figures from 2002-2014. None of the remaining intermediate cost types listed in Eurostat's Economic Accounts for Agriculture were considered to be associated with crop output, because they do not relate to crop farming, but rather to animal breeding or animal product processing or services, etc. Crop intermediate consumption is expressed in terms of economic value on an annual timescale (EUR million or PPS per year). The data sets used in the proxy are collected for each Member State of the EU, for EU candidate countries and for EFTA members at the country level. The data sets are updated every year and come from the national statistics institutes or the national ministries of agriculture. For all countries, the most recent data sets are from 2016. Approximating crop intermediate consumption was already ambitious for this indicator, so breaking it down into crop types was not even attempted. The values are expressed as basic prices, thus deductible taxes (e.g. VAT) or non-deductible per-unit taxes are excluded and subsidies are included.
- Crop subsidies include EU or national payments to crop farms, per country per year. It can be calculated using a proxy of existing FADN data sets. 'Total Subsidies — excluding on investments (SE605)' accounts for subsidies on current operations linked to production, not including payments for investments or payments for cessation of farming activities. 'Gross Farm Income (SE410)' is the rough equivalent of crop GVA at micro-economic level, accounting for output minus intermediate consumption plus the balance of taxes and subsidies. In micro-economic terms, the share (%) of 'Total Subsidies — excluding on investments' out of gross farm income constitutes a rough equivalent of the share of crop subsidies out of crop GVA at macro-economic level. Therefore, once this share is calculated, the crop GVA may be discounted in order to derive the crop GVA, adjusted for crop subsidies. The crop farms considered to calculate both variables are those classified under the TF8 (Type of Farm) classification system as: TF = 1. Field crops; 2. Horticulture; 3. Wine; and 4. Other permanent crops. The data sets used in the proxy are collected by national liaison agencies (or by bodies nominated by them) under the guidance of national FADN committees for each Member State of the EU. The data sets are updated every year using a survey, which covers those agricultural holdings that could be considered commercial due to their size. For all countries, the most recent data sets come from 2013.
If data are not available for any of the following variables; a)water abstraction, b)soil moisture, c)gross value added, d)subsidies on crops, then the calculation of water intensity of crop production was not conducted for the same country and for the same year.
[1] Basic price is the amount receivable by the producer from the purchaser for a unit of a product minus any tax (e.g. VAT) on the product plus any subsidy on the product:
basic price = market price – (VAT + non-deductible per unit taxes) + subsidies
[2] Constant prices assume that a value (e.g. GDP, GVA) is expressed in the price terms of a base period (normally a year). In this case, the values of crop output for both 2010 and 2013 are calculated using the 2010 prices as a reference.
Methodology for gap filling
- The data on water abstraction for irrigation purposes from fresh surface water and groundwater sources have many spatial and temporal gaps. Data for the following countries were gap filled as follows: Latvia (2005) taken as equal to 0, Hungary (2007) taken as equal to Hungary (2006); Hungary (2010) taken as equal to Hungary (2011); Greece (2010) taken as equal to Greece (2011); Portugal (2010) taken as equal to Portugal (2009); and Spain (2013), Denmark (2013), Netherlands (2013) and United Kingdom (2013) taken as equal to Spain (2012), Denmark (2012), Netherlands (2012) and United Kingdom (2012), respectively. Improvements in reporting will allow data gaps to be reduced in the future.
- Water abstraction for irrigation purposes from non-fresh water sources (or any of its components) is taken as equal to 0 if not reported.
Methodology references
- Eurostat Glossary Eurostat (2016). Eurostat Glossary
- System of National Accounts 2008 European Union, IMF, OECD, UN, and World Bank (2008). System of National Accounts 2008
- Irrigation water management Brouwer, C., and Heibloem, M. (1986). Irrigation water management: Irrigation water needs, Training Manual no. 3 ( Chapter 3 & Chapter 4 ), Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome, Italy.
- Soil Water Balance Model and in Situ Soil Moisture Measurements Kurnik, B., Louwagie, G., Erhard, M., Ceglar, A., Bogataj Kajfež, L. (2014). Analysing Seasonal Differences between a Soil Water Balance Model and in Situ Soil Moisture Measurements at Nine Locations Across Europe . Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 19 (1), 19-34.
- Indicators of sustainable development UNSD (2007). Indicators of Sustainable Development:Guidelines and Methodologies – Third edition
Methodology uncertainty
- Because of the general nature of the irrigation abstraction data, which measure the volume of water that is abstracted for irrigation purposes in the agricultural sector, the indicator may not capture the added value of rainwater and irrigation that accrues for animal outputs (e.g. to grow grass or feed for animals). Accordingly, agricultural holdings that irrigate more to produce feed for their livestock will appear to have relatively high water intensities, as the indicator does not include contributions to GVA from animal outputs (it captures only crop GVA). Given the available data, it remains unclear how to deal with this issue.
- It is not clear if the combined use of dual irrigation/drainage systems (i.e. draining in wet seasons, submerged irrigation in dry seasons by raising water tables in rivers or groundwater), which is practised in some countries, such as Poland and the Netherlands, is actually quantified and accounted for. This may lower the accuracy of the estimation of irrigation volumes.
- The calculations of 'gross farm income' and 'total subsidies excluding on investments' do not include crop farms that produce crops in combination with dairy/meat. Excluding this category introduces uncertainty. However, including it is also problematic if the proportion that relates to dairy/meat production is not excluded.
- The methodology that was used to estimate the soil moisture per country is based on EEA modelling work for European water accounting and further aggregations to capture the suitable temporal and spatial scales. Modelling is a simplistic representation of reality, which introduces a number of systematic or random errors. The aggregation techniques are built on assumptions that may insert distortions of the national values of soil moisture. For example, the growing season is considered unique for all countries and crops, using a generic period between April and September. In addition, the depth of the root zone has been taken as equal to 2 m, whereas this variable is known to vary.
- If 'soil moisture in growing season' is not included in the 'water input to crops', then the water that corresponds to the reported crop GVA will not cover both rain-fed and irrigated conditions. Separating crop GVA into two portions, one for 'irrigated growth' and one for 'rain-fed growth' would be ideal, but, despite efforts, it has been very difficult to do this because of conceptual issues and the lack of specific country data on irrigated and non-irrigated yields. Two options have been tested for developing a partitioning coefficient. The first option used the ratio of irrigated area to UAA, whereas the second option used the ratio of the volume of irrigation water to the total volume of crop water. However, both options created distortions and introduced high degrees of uncertainty. Therefore, it was decided that the best option was to calculate the water input to crops, including the soil moisture in the growing season, to reduce this kind of uncertainty.
- Because of the gaps in the irrigation abstraction data, the indicator is calculated for specific, non-consecutive years. This causes uncertainty because of the climate variability from year to year. Soil moisture and irrigation abstractions for irrigation purposes are known to differ between wet and dry years. However, a correlation is expected between them (i.e. when the former increases, the latter should decrease). Consequently, some parallel work may be needed to interpret the indicator results in the context of wet/dry seasons. The production of longer time series for the indicator is expected to partly neutralise the impact of climate on its interpretation. In addition, by using the sum of soil moisture and irrigation water in the indicator, the uncertainty due to climate variability is reduced. Whereas these two components are very sensitive to climatic conditions, their aggregation (i.e. total water input to crops) is less sensitive on an annual scale, because it is related to the total crop water needs.
- The calculation of the crop GVA required the attribution of a proportion of the agricultural intermediate costs (i.e. the total sector costs) to the crop output level. The method that was developed (i.e. by attributing a proportion of the costs based on the relative size of the crop output to either the agricultural industry or the crop plus animal output, as appropriate) is a fair simplification, but it is expected to increase the uncertainty of the indicator results.
- Total subsidies excluding on investments as a proportion of gross farm income is an estimation using micro-economic variables. Using the same proportion for apportioning crop subsidies and crop GVA, which are macro-economic variables, introduces uncertainties in the calculations.
Data sets uncertainty
- The reported values under 'water abstraction for agriculture — irrigation' are identical to the values under 'water abstraction for agriculture' (Eurostat dataset: env_wat_abs) for Croatia, France, Malta, Slovenia and Turkey. This would imply that the agricultural sector in those countries extracts zero water for watering animals or other uses, which does not seem accurate.
- A cross-checking of reporting for the 'irrigated areas at least once a year' under the Farm Structure Survey (FSS) (Eurostat dataset: ef_poirrig) and for the volumes under 'water abstraction for agriculture — irrigation' (Eurostat dataset: env_wat_abs) showed that Belgium reports zero irrigation for water abstraction for all available years, whereas non-zero irrigated areas are also reported for the same years. In addition, Finland and Latvia report irrigated areas that do not match the reported irrigation volumes. A further cross-check between WISE-3 and Eurostat reporting for irrigation abstraction revealed that there are significant differences in reported volumes for the following countries and years: Bulgaria (2013), the Netherlands (2010), Sweden (2010), Slovakia (2013) and the United Kingdom (2013).
- Reported values of irrigation abstraction may not account for self-abstraction, which is a common practice in many areas, especially in southern Europe.
- No data are available on desalinated water for irrigation purposes, whereas this practice seems to exist in some southern countries, e.g. in Spain, based on international literature (FAO, 2006).
- Reclaimed water is a significant source of irrigation water in Cyprus and Spain, but the 2013 values are missing from their reporting. The same applies for the 2013 value for non-freshwater sources abstracted for irrigation in Spain. Because these water quantities are missing from the 2013 calculations, Cyprus and Spain may show inaccurately low water intensities.
- The soil water balance model (swbEWA) has been found to overestimate soil water storage, especially for low soil depths near the surface.
Rationale uncertainty
- Using water abstraction data allows the capture of information on the total water that is withdrawn from the environment to make it available for crops. This includes information on water losses (e.g. leakages or evapotranspiration) during conveyance and the distribution of water from the source to the field via open canals or closed pipes, and on the on-field losses during the application of water (e.g. leakages, evapotranspiration or surface runoff) caused by the irrigation method/system (e.g. drip, sprinkler or surface irrigation) used. These losses are important aspects of water intensity, since countries that manage to keep these losses low are expected to abstract a lower proportion of water relative to their actual water need for growing crops. Therefore, the same gross value added from crops may be delivered with proportionally less water input. When constructing the indicator, using 'water use for irrigation' rather than 'water abstraction for irrigation' was considered; however, the data available from Eurostat were reported only once in 2010 (in the FSS) and the reporting of these data was not foreseen to be continued in the future. In addition, if water use for irrigation had been chosen, the differences in conveyance efficiency among European countries would be lost.
- Water reuse is considered a practice that improves water intensity in the context of the economy because it prevents new abstractions from the environment and allows water to enter a new loop, where it may generate additional value before returning to the environment. However, in the context of this indicator, the use of reclaimed water for irrigation is treated as an abstraction by a separate source, because reclaimed water is actually abstracted from another sector (i.e. primarily the domestic sector) before being made available for irrigation. Therefore, it is not accounted for in irrigation abstraction(FSW), irrigation abstraction(FGW) or irrigation abstraction(NFW), even though its use generates value added from the crops it irrigates. On the contrary, water recycling at farm level represents water that is already accounted for in irrigation abstraction. To avoid double counting the same volume, this water is not included in estimates of total water input to crops. Since the same amount of water is used multiple times to create additional value, the impact of water recycling is taken into account indirectly through the increase of the value added from crops.
- The economic variable of the indicator was selected from three options: crop output, GVA or net value added (NVA). Crop output was not selected because it does not account for intermediate costs of production, as GVA and NVA do. The indicator would be based on only revenues and not costs, thus being unable to exhibit the actual benefit of the economic activity for the industry/region/sector. Theoretically, it would be preferable to use NVA rather than GVA; however, the lack of complete data led to the selection of the latter. In addition, the selection of alternative aggregate macro-economic variables (e.g. gross domestic product (GDP)) would make the indicator less relevant for its intended purpose, because multiple external factors influence such variables.
- The economic values of the indicator could be expressed as producer, market or basic prices. Basic prices was selected because of the availability of relevant data, which also enable the calculation of intermediate costs. In addition, an investigation of the country-level data shows that the difference between output valued using basic prices and producer prices was not large. Nevertheless, if per-unit subsidies or taxes change significantly, this would impact the indicator in a counterintuitive way (i.e. an increase in subsidies would decrease the apparent water intensity). This should be considered when interpreting the indicator results.
- The economic values of the indicator could be expressed as constant or current prices. Constant prices are preferred for theoretical reasons, because they make interpreting the indicator more straightforward. Any increase in the GVA for a country can be interpreted as an increase in the quantity of output produced. If current prices were used, a change in the indicator could be as a result of a change in prices, and not necessarily be associated with a change in water intensity. In addition, constant price data are readily available.
- The PPS unit adjusts euro values to reflect the actual buying power in different countries, thus accounting for the different amounts of goods and services a euro can buy in the different Member States of the EU. This is preferable for comparative assessments between countries, as relative differences in purchasing power are neutralised. It should be noted, though, that PPS does not specifically capture the purchasing power of European farmers. Therefore, the calculation of a special index covering the farmer's basket would be preferable, but such data were not readily available during the construction of the indicator. Moreover, caution is needed when drawing conclusions from comparisons between countries, as the annual differences in GVA are affected by various agents: crop patterns, crop quality, soil fertility, crop production systems, water limitations, weather conditions, crop failures (e.g. because of frost, heat or insect attacks), etc. Comparisons between countries with significant structural differences may not be particularly instructive, whereas comparisons within the same geographical region may be more informative. Low water intensity of crop production values do not necessarily imply that the country is operating efficiently on all levels, but instead may be an indication that the baseline crop mix/production system is inherently of lower intensity. Further study is needed of the specific reasons for lower water intensities in some countries than in others.
- The indicator is also calculated using unadjusted euro values, as these data were readily available. These results are produced to allow better comparisons across time within a single country, enabling the identification of trends. By using the unadjusted euro values, the previously mentioned discrepancy between the index used to produce the PPS values and a special index covering the farmer's basket is neutralised. Changes in the relative purchasing power do not affect the interpretation of the indicator results, as no comparisons between countries are made.
Data sources
Waterbase - Water Quantity
provided by European Environment Agency (EEA)
Eurostat Crop Statistics
provided by Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat)
Economic accounts for agriculture - values at current prices
provided by Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat)
Irrigation: number of farms, areas and equipment by size of irrigated area and NUTS 2 regions
provided by Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat)
Annual freshwater abstraction by source and sector
provided by Web of Knowledge database
Aquastat water database
provided by Faostat
Water statistics on national level
provided by Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat)
Gross Farm Income
provided by Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development (DG-AGRI)
Typology: Descriptive indicator (Type A - What is happening to the environment and to humans?)
CountriesAustria , Belgium , Bulgaria , Croatia , Cyprus , Czechia , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , Netherlands , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sweden , United Kingdom
Frequency of updates
EEA Contact InfoNihat Zal
- Permalink to this version
- d4bb8f698f674f7c8e4ecc8f264bda03
- Permalink to latest version
- IND-362-en
For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/economic-water-productivity-of-irrigated-1/assessment or scan the QR code.
PDF generated on 24 Aug 2019, 11:27 AM


text:
Linda + Katie
Linda, Store Manager
Katie, 18, Student
What's your Nashville story?
"I like the hot weather in Nashville even though I miss my San Francisco fog."
What is your favorite part of your outfit and why?
"My bracelet was purchased in Paris as a present for my 25th wedding anniversary from a designer specializing in lucite jewelry. Collecting bakelite and colorful eccentric pieces like these are my favorite!"
What's your Nashville story?
"My favorite memories of Nashville include biking frantically around downtown with my best friend. We often ended up biking from our suburb to the Frist Center, often making a pit stop at Sky Blue Cafe or Fox's Donut Den if we were being specifically gluttonous. The trips often topped seventeen miles total, but the distance and the challenge helped me see Nashville from a playful perspective."
What is your favorite part of your outfit and why?
"The green beret is a locally bought chapeau that reminds me of my favorite movie Amélie. I love taking color themes and inspiration from films, and this kelly green is a motif in the film."

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Paul Coles: From Folk to Classical 2
Paul Coles: From Folk to Classical 2 for guitar | UE21674
24 favourite pieces arranged for the moderately advanced guitarist - Great arrangements for classical guitar by Paul Coles, of folk and classical favourites. Suitable for moderately advanced players.
- Volume:
- 2
- Instrument:
- for guitar
- Edition type:
- sheet music
- Composer:
- Coles Paul
- Grade:
- 4-7
- Theme:
- Folk, Pedagogy, Pop Music
- 23.2 × 30.5 cm
Sample Pages
Contents – From Folk to Classical 2 for guitar
- Traditional Spiritual: Michael Row the Boat ashore
- Traditional Gypsy Russian Folk Song: Dark Eyes
- Bizet George: Habanera from the opera "Carmen"
- Scotrtish Folk Song: My Bonnie Lies Over the Ocean
- English Folk Song: Easly One Morning
- Albéniz Isaac: Asturias (Leyenda)
- Traditional English: Greensleeves
- Traditional West Indian: Jamaica Farewell
- Traditional Bahamas: Sloop John B
- Beethoven Ludwig van: Für Elise
- Irish Folk Song: Londonderry Air
- Granados Enrique: No. 3 from "Valses poeticos"
- Saint-Saëns Camille: Le cygne from "Carnival of the Animals"
- Strauß (Sohn) Johann: An der schönen blauen Donau
- Tschaikowsky Peter Iljitsch: Swan Lake – Act 1 Finale
- Chopin Frédéric: Waltz Op. 18 – Grande valse brillante
- Beethoven Ludwig van: Minuet No. 1
- Beethoven Ludwig van: Minuet No. 2
- Händel Georg Friedrich: Largo
- Debussy Claude: Clair de lune
- Dvorák Antonín: Slavonic Dance oOp. 72 No. 2
- Tschaikowsky Peter Iljitsch: Dance of the Merlitons from "Nutcracker Suite"
- Joplin Scott: Wall Street Rag
- Fauré Gabriel: Pavane
"From Folk to Classical 2" is a mouth-watering collection of 24 arrangements for classical guitar by Paul Coles. The classical pieces include many favourites, including a few you would not expect to hear on the guitar, such as "Habanera" from "Carmen" and Saint-Saën's famous "Swan" but they really work!
Traditional folk numbers are not neglected, with "Michael Row the Boat" and "Londonderry Air" among the best known. The arrangements are for moderately advanced players (UK grade 5-6) and Paul has offered fingering help for both left and right hands. It follows Book 1 (UE 21673) which was published in 2017 (Grades 3-4). Try it, perhaps as a warm up for Book 2 if you don't already know it and then try Paul's "26 Melodic Studies" (UE 21670) or his "Momentos Españoles" (UE 21671).
Music Teacher Magazine, October 2018 (Al Summers)
It's again a group of well arranged pieces that would satisfy any intermediate player. I wish there was this kind of book around when I was learning guitar in the seventies.
Tony Rowden – Performer, Teacher (April 2018)
Additional information
- Volume:
- 2
- Instrument:
- for guitar
- Edition type:
- sheet music
- Composer:
- Coles Paul
- Grade:
- 4-7
- Theme:
- Folk, Pedagogy, Pop Music


text:
MegaMind – Guess word Download For PC (Windows / Mac & iOS): Do you want to improve your mind? "Megabrain" is an interesting game especially for you!
Follow the instructions and perform tasks!
Earn your points and buy helpful bonuses.
With each new round you have to raise the level of your logic and wit
You will find many interesting tours on various subjects:
1. Where is the logic? (Logically determine what connects 4 pictures on the screen)
2. Whose shadows? (Guess whose silhouette is shown on the screen)
3. What's missing? (Find what is missing in the picture)
4. Find the total. (Determine the link between 3 pictures and find out what they have in common)
5. Guess the country. (Guess the country by the flag and territory)
6. Whose eyes. (Guess which celebrity eyes you see in the picture)
7. Two in One. (Guess combined famous people)
8. Test on all topics with limited time. (Check your erudition in the exam)
"Megabrain" is a workout for your mind!
Steps To Download On PC Or Mac:
Play your favourite Android apps and games directly on your PC or Mac. Just choose any of your favourite emulator from below links.Use your phone as a remote control when playing games. Run all your favourite apps on your desktop ( WhatsApp, FaceApp, Netflix etc).Seamless transition of apps from PC to mobile device without the hassle of wireline or wireless connection. play bigger and Play More:
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Also See: The creator of Diablo presents New Game: It Lurks Below


text:
Hello forumites,
A large corporation starts at time t=0 to continuously part of its receipts at a rate of P dollars per annum in a fund for future corporate expansion. Assume that the fund earns r percent interest per year compounded continuously. Thus , the rate of growth of the amount A in the fund is given by
$\frac{dA}{dt}=rA +P$ where A=0 when t=0 . I want to solve this differential equation for A as a function of t.
Using the above result, I want to find A for the following
a)P= 100000 dollars, r=6%, and t= 5 years b) P=250000 dollars, r=5%, and t=10 years.
I also want to find t if the corporation needs 800000 dollars and it can invest 75000 dollars per annum in a fund earning 8% interest compounded continuously.
Answer: I am working on these problems but still no results. It would be better if any forumite guide me.


text:
URL: https://prince.org/msg/105/197431
Date printed: Mon 19th Aug 2019 7:45pm PDT
Bohemian Grove This Weekend
Blair to attend Bohemian Grove This Weekend? Others including Schwarzenegger, Clinton, Murdoch, Shultz, Peres, Gore, Gingrich, Beane, Summers, Bono all in San Francisco this weekend
Steve Watson / Prisonplanet | July 29 2006
This weekend sees the finale of the annual gathering of the Bohemian Club in the secluded redwoods about 75 miles north of San Francisco. It just so happens that Tony Blair will be in San Francisco all weekend along with a whole host of other powerful elite luminaries.
Whilst the world seems to be on the brink of major war, Blair is, as reported today by the London Independent, on a flying tour of California to meet and do private business with Rupert Murdoch.
The San Francisco Chronicle reports:
The tony, private event, a five-day management retreat for 250 executives of Rupert Murdoch's News Corp., is set to bring together a VIP guest list for the ages to chat about issues like volunteerism, technology and politics. Among them: Blair, Israeli Vice Premier Shimon Peres, former President Bill Clinton, former Vice President Al Gore, former House Speaker Newt Gingrich, Oakland A's general manager Billy Beane, former Harvard University President Lawrence Summers and even U2 lead singer and international do-gooder Bono.
Introducing Blair to the crowd on Sunday evening will be California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger. The Republican governor will be celebrating his birthday and is expected to be on hand with first lady Maria Shriver at the event sponsored by Murdoch, a generous donor to the GOP whose mega-corporation owns Fox News, 20th Century Fox, DirecTV and 175 newspapers worldwide -- including the New York Post -- with a total circulation of 40 million.
Whilst in San Francisco Blair will also dine with George and Charlotte Shultz, the former secretary of state and current state protocol chief, respectively, and he's also expected to meet with Democratic gubernatorial nominee Phil Angelides.
Clinton, Shultz, Gore and Gingrich have all reportedly visited Bohemian Grove on previous occasions. The SF Chronicle also reported that Schwarzenegger was hand picked to become California Governor in 2003 at the Grove.
Could Blair and his friends be popping by the Redwoods for a visit this year? The timing of the gathering with Murdoch is very convenient.
The Grove hosts the Bohemian Club every year, members include George H.W. Bush, Charles Schwab and Walter Cronkite. It has been reported by major publications in the past that world policy is discussed at the Grove in between frolicking naked, urinating on trees and engaging in bizarre Paganistic rituals.
In 2000 Alex Jones infiltrated the gathering and caught exclusive video footage of a bizarre mock human sacrifice ritual, known as "the cremation of care", under a 40 foot stone owl that the members refer to as Molech.
Former President Richard Nixon is on record discussing homosexual activity at the Grove, whilst it is also documented that male and female porn stars and prostitutes are shipped in for the annual retreat.
We have previously reported that Tony Blair and his wife are "obsessed" with new age practices and ceremonies and have in the past according to the London Guardian, attended Aztec Re-birthing rituals.
Furthermore, according to the London Times, Blair has made major political decisions based on new age readings of a hidden force called 'The Light'.
[Edited 7/30/06 18:32pm]
Dayum, I KNEW Bono was one of them.
"Be who you are and say what you feel because those who mind don't matter and those who matter don't mind"-Dr Seuss
Pain is something to carry, like a radio...You should stand up for your right to feel your pain- Jim Morrison
Some pictures:
Doesn't look like Bible Camp.
"Be who you are and say what you feel because those who mind don't matter and those who matter don't mind"-Dr Seuss
Pain is something to carry, like a radio...You should stand up for your right to feel your pain- Jim Morrison
lilgish said:
Blair to attend Bohemian Grove This Weekend? Others including Schwarzenegger, Clinton, Murdoch, Shultz, Peres, Gore, Gingrich, Beane, Summers, Bono all in San Francisco this weekend
and it has nothing whatsoever to do with this:
Murdoch set to back Blair - for a place in his boardroom
The media magnate Rupert Murdoch is expected to offer Tony Blair a senior role in his News Corporation empire when he stands down as Prime Minister.
Allies of Mr Blair insist he has made no decisions about his plans when he leaves Downing Street -- almost certainly next year. But some friends say a seat on the board of News Corp could tempt the outgoing Prime Minister, as it would dovetail neatly with the lucrative United States lecture circuit. Mr Blair's popularity at home may be waning, but he remains big box office in America. His close relationship with Mr Murdoch will be highlighted tomorrow when he addresses the annual gathering of News Corp's executives and senior journalists from around the world.
[Edited 7/31/06 5:59am]
Vanglorious... this is protected by the red, the black, and the green. With a key... sissy!
bono oh my lawd!!
Say it ain't so
I hope Bono isn't going, if so then that pretty much confirms what i've thought for a while...or maybe he's purposely doing it infiltation style! Nah..anyone who gets access to the Pope and liases regularly with political figures like i fear is one of the bad guys. Look how much corporate crap he sponsors nowadays
URL: https://prince.org/msg/105/197431
Date printed: Mon 19th Aug 2019 7:45pm PDT


text:
Japan gets US nod to respond in Pacific warfare, no longer needing Pentagon permission. An otherwise introspective week with analytical articles and lack of startling headlines, probably because Michael Cole wrote little.
China copied military tech, again, and claimed it's superior to the US, again. Chinese corruption and environment shared headlines, again. More articles agree with foreseeable change in Taiwan's 2016 politics; Beijing is angry, again. Reports show China's influence in money and trade, again, this time, wine and Wal-Mart.
The Battle for Taiwan's Soul: The 2016 Presidential Election
…This could mean war! US and Beijing attempts to influence Taiwan's elections probably won't work; likely DPP victory in 2016
…Taiwan's own media openly calls KMT-Nationalist rhetoric "fake"
U.S., Japanese Officials Announce New Defense Guidelines
…Buried in the details, Japan can respond if China attacks Japan or one of its "friends" [such as Taiwan].
China's advanced J-11D heavy fighter jet takes maiden flight
Crackdown on corruption at Chinese environmental risk assessment agencies
…Corruption and environment cross paths again in China. · · · →


text:
CE Marking
Because of our ongoing commitment to quality, both Microcemento® and Baxab® carry the European Community Marking (CE Marking) distinction. This certification is a fundamental indicator of a product's conformity with the legislation of the European Union and allows its free circulation within the EU market.
CE marking guarantees that all Topcret products are evaluated before being placed on the market and therefore they are found to comply not only with all relevant legal requirements, but with all safety, health and environmental protection requirements as well.
This international product certification and CE Marking establishes the quality assurance of Topcret's products throughout the world.


text:
We need support, not more information, to reach our health goals.
How to Avoid 'Text Neck' in 2018
Have you heard of text neck?
According to Dr. Kenneth Hansraj, a spinal surgeon in New York, it is a very real thing. When we spend hours a day on our phones, our heads begin to drift forward, further and further… until THEY FALL OFF OUR NECKS. Just kidding, they don't do that. But now that I have your attention let me explain something crazy that DOES happen.
Dr. Hansraj explains that when your neck is in a neutral position, the weight of your head is around 10-12 pounds. As your head drifts further forward the strain it places on your neck increases. At 15 degrees forward, your head puts a strain of 27 pounds on your neck, at 30 degrees that strain becomes 40 pounds, and at 60 degrees it becomes 60 pounds!
It is easy to see how the extra strain can lead to pain in the neck and shoulders, joint degeneration and even disc herniation.
We are so attached to our phones, so what is to be done? These acute and chronic symptoms can be combated by daily stretching, taking breaks from our phones and getting adjusted.
If you have any questions about "text neck" or would like to schedule an appointment, please call Dr. Hannah at (612) 562-6694.
You most likely have had someone in your life recommend Vitamin D. But what is so great about that vitamin?
Well, virtually every cell in the human body has a Vitamin D receptor. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the intestine to protect against osteoporosis. It also regulates your immune function. Vitamin D promotes cell growth and supports your mood.
If that is not enough reason to want to have sufficient Vitamin D levels, some of the risks of having insufficient levels of Vitamin D include increased risk of heart attack, cancer, diabetes, asthma and other autoimmune diseases. Now this list is not meant to scare you, it is meant to empower you to get your Vitamin D levels checked to make sure you are not at risk. Your primary care physician can check this for you.
Knowing how important this vitamin is, where do we get it?
The best source of Vitamin D is always SUNLIGHT! This is the form that your body absorbs the best and there are numerous additional benefits to getting natural sunlight. Living in the Midwest, you know that natural sunlight can be scarce. Other sources including fatty fish, (like tuna, salmon, etc.) egg yolks and beef liver which contain high amounts of Vitamin D can help. If eating more of those foods is not enough to get you to a healthy level, you can use a Vitamin D supplement. A high-quality, bio-available (meaning your body can absorb it) Vitamin D supplement can help your reach sufficient Vitamin D levels when your diet/sunlight exposure are lacking.
Ask about Vitamin D at your next appointment !
Schedule on patient portal or call (612) 562-6694.
Be well.
Announcing Online Scheduling
Exciting news! Online scheduling has arrived!
Your time is valuable. For your convenience, Dakota Chiropractic is now offering online scheduling for select hours at the clinic. This way you can easily schedule your chiropractic adjustment and get back to your busy day.
Getting signed up is simple. Email, text or call Dr. Hannah, noting that you want to take advantage of online scheduling. Within 24 hours you will receive a link from 'Patient Ally'. Click on the link and you will be guided through a brief automated process that will allow you to access your 'Patient Portal'.
From the Patient Portal you will be able to send secure messages to Dr. Hannah, pay outstanding balances and request appointments!
If you cannot find a time that works for you online or simply if it is your preference, you can always call or text Dr. Hannah at (612) 562-6694 for additional appointment options.
Be well.
Back to Sugar
Last month we discussed the abundance of sugar in the Standard American Diet and how that affects your energy levels throughout the day. I would like to continue this discussion and look a little closer at how carbohydrates (e.g. sugar) travel through your body and why that is important to understand.
Let's say, for instance, you eat a piece of white bread. When it reaches your mouth, your salivary glands begin producing an enzyme called amylase. As amylase is beginning the process of breaking down the bread into its simple sugars, you will notice that the bread will become a sweet tasting glob in your mouth.
Once amylase gets stimulated, it also triggers the lower GI system to start producing other enzymes and hormones to continue this digestive process. The problem with products like white bread is that they become broken down so quickly and with such little effort by the body that the small intestine will quickly allow the simple sugars into the blood stream, causing a rapid increase in the level of sugar in the blood.
The response to this blood sugar increase is the release of the hormone insulin from the pancreas. Insulin's main job is to grab sugar from the blood and pull it into whatever tissue it can, mainly the liver and muscle tissue. Once the liver and muscle cells are full of this stored "glycogen", the rest needs to go somewhere, so it mainly gets stored as fat.
The body wants to deal with this rapid sugar increase as quickly as possible. It aims to keep your blood sugar tightly regulated for a reason; that free sugar isn't very good for your blood vessels. You can picture it like a sticky piece of cotton candy floating around. It can cling onto things and wreak havoc.
As mentioned earlier, over time your cells get tired of responding to the constant signal coming from insulin, and the body will try to protect itself by storing the excess sugar as adipose tissue or in other words body fat.
So what can be done to prevent these issues? As you might have guessed it is to cut down on your intake of excess sugar. The solution is simple but also can be difficult. First look at your beverages; sodas and juices contain enormous amounts of added sugar. Next, keep yourself satiated and energized throughout the day with snacks that contain healthy fats like almonds, avocados or walnuts. This will help you avoid the temptation of sweets throughout the day.
As always, feel free to reach out with questions on this topic. We only scratched the surface today. Or ask about what you can do to incorporate healthy fats into your diet at your next appointment. Call to schedule at 612-562-6694.
Be well.
Written by: Mitchell Rasmussen, Functional Movement Specialist
Edited by: Hannah Steinmetz, D.C.


text:
The Leather American Flag Camo Trucker$25.00
In the American West, calling someone "as tough as leather" is a good thing. Cowboys with their chaps and saddles, doors hung on leather hinges in pioneer homes, the USA was literally built on leather. The patriotic Leather American Flag Camo Trucker features a stamped leather American flag patch tough enough for any backcountry Better Adventures™.
Secret stash pocket behind crown, because there's no more room in your USA Speedo
Features Camo and DigiCamo colorways and American flag design
Foam front panel, round brim, adjustable snap back features a modern look
Shout 4th of July with this patriotic trucker hat, perfect for BBQs, concerts and all day festivals
What The Buck?
Don't see your favorite team, beer, state or other design on a on one of our hats yet?
Contact us and we'll make beautiful
music hats together.


text:
Quick Links
Application Development
Interactive Solutions
Multimedia and Entertainment
Web Solutions
Project Management
User Experience
e-Business Strategy
What We Are
Who We Are
What We Are
Our Vision
To provide, complete range of Multimedia, Web and Enterprise Application Solutions for Global Customers. Our Values and Our Culture will guide us to achieve and maintain Our Vision.
Our Mission
Diamond I-Tec's mission is to provide means to communicate Information effectively and to provide visualization to your concepts using Innovative Ideas and technologies. Our Values will be the guidelines to make our Mission successful all the time. Your objective is our Project Goal.
Our Values
INNOVATIVE IDEAS is our Livelihood; we are dependent on creative and forward thinking to provide best possible solutions.
EXCELLENCE is our hallmark. We will exceed expectations in everything that we do
LOW COST with unmatched quality is the key for our existence. By using our OffShore Outsourcing and Development model, our clients are saving significant development cost.
TEAMWORK is at the very core of our existence. We share risk and reward and achieve maximum results working together. Integrity will always triumph and we act with fairness and trust and will never settle for less.
BOTTOM LINE is what we thrive on. Our clients receive intense focus, promptness,
commitment and dedication to their business imperatives.
Our Culture
We are Passionate in what we do and we always strive to exceed your expectations. Our Team members are highly skilled, Energized and motivated individuals who are capable of working independently or as part of a team.
Customers, Customers, Customers are our invaluable asset
Respect, empower and trust
Open Communication
Foresee, Prepare and Act
Plan, Manage and Meet Goals
It is not what you do, How you do
Enjoy and Be proud of what you do
Team Players
Do it right first time, every time
Do whatever it takes to get the job done successfully
Meet schedules without compromising quality
Inspired, Committed and Dependable
Privacy Policy
Copyright © Diamond I-Tec Solutions,


text:
I'm calling this "Acerbic Monday" in honor of Joan Rivers. I've followed her for many years and one of my secret guilty pleasures in recent years was "Fashion Police."
She wasn't afraid to talk about the good, the bad, and the ugly of fashion. Female body parts, male body parts, putting them together, fatness, skinnyness, herself or just about anything else.
I don't share that I watched that show with many people because most of my friends and my mom think it's stupid, time wasting and a load of crap.
I'm just sharing it with you and the couple of other people that read my blog.
So please keep it on the down low.
"Alternate Action"
There's always that one person that knows how to push that "Irritating The Crap" out of you "button."
You don't want to ask but you need this favor and they happen to be the best one to grant your request at the moment.
So you shore it up and in your softest, politest voice you ask them for this little teensy tiny favor and they say,
"You didn't say please!."
Some days you are like, all laid back and nothing can bother you, but today is not that day.
What you really feel like doing is beating the crap out of them but that is feelings you would only think about,
and you might act on them, but only in an alternate universe, not here.
Thus, alternate action:
Put a "shit eating grin" on your face and say "Pretty please with a cherry on top."
Have a great day!
Original artwork by Sherry Key a.k.a. Skey
2.5″ x 3.5″ original very collectible art and trading card. Ink and watercolor on Bristol art paper.


text:
One of the best aspects of the Maneha 250 is the comradery that develops with the groups at dinner and breakfast -- not to mention throughout the route.
We found last year that having significant others at the overnight, and dinner and breakfast, was a welcome addition to all. The riders enjoyed the support of family. And non-riders seemed to enjoy the amazing Mayfair Farm, the scenic area, the camp out, and the amazing food. Not to mention a lot of fun riders doing something unique.
As a significant other, you get all the goodness of the event without all the agonizing riding!
This year for the Maneha 250 we've added an official Significant Other Category to the ride. Spread the word and invite your significant!
We hope to see you there. You won't want to miss the piglets!


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Supreme precision. Unerring accuracy.
The ROG GX860 features LED accents that switch between three striking colors (red, orange, green) to indicate current settings – so you know that it's ready for battle. Easy-to-use software helps you set up new profiles easily, optimizing your GX860 for your next adventure. All buttons are customizable, which give gamers ultimate usages to rule them all!
This mouse lets you switch DPI settings on the fly; a simple tap allows you to tweak DPI settings for improved speeds and accuracy. It is armored for battle with non-peel, heat-resistant side grips with intricate Mayan-inspired detailing. It also features built-in forward and back buttons, as well as a customizable thumb button to fully equip you for victory. Whatever grip type you use, the ergonomically-designed ROG GX860 sits comfortably in your hand – making it ideal for marathon gaming. An ultra-precise laser sensor with a 50-8200dpi resolution range and smooth-gliding fluoropolymer feet give you supreme control and accuracy – the vital edge needed for victory!
ROG GX860 features durable, high quality Omron® switches under both left and right buttons for superior feel, response and accuracy. ROG software engineers are obsessive gamers themselves, so creating the tools to customize GX860 controls has been a work of passion. The simple, intuitive interface makes short work of tweaking any aspect of your gaming experience, from DPI levels, button functions and illumination settings. You have control over many advanced settings including angle-snapping, lift height cut-off, double-click speed and USB polling rate. A test arena serves as a virtual proving ground where you're free to experiment and experience how your changes affect GX860 — now get out there and prepare for battle!
- Ergonomic design for comfortable gaming
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ROG GX860 is a high performance gaming mouse without compromise. Our engineers pooled their unrivalled expertise and conducted extensive trials and testing to create a mouse that caters to all gamers across all gaming genres. It epitomizes the ROG spirit – ambidextrous design, high-accuracy laser sensor, customizable controls, and a smooth-glide underside. A durable matte-black coating and striking LED accents emit a glow to get you all fired up for battle. The emblazoned ROG logo reminds you that you are now a member of an elite group – the Republic of Gamers!


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Facebook is one of the biggest advertising platforms out there.
With over 2 billion active users worldwide it is a gold mine for every marketer. Social Media Examiner's 2017 Report shows that 93% of marketers regularly use Facebook ads.
24% of them use Instagram ads, which is also a part of Facebook advertising platform.
These numbers are pretty impressive.
Facebook is the second biggest media owner after Google in the digital advertising market. These two companies account for more than 60% of worldwide digital ad spend.
And given the latest Facebook news feed algorithm changes, marketers will definitely increase their Facebook ad spend even more in 2018.
eMarketer's Worldwide Ad Spending Report shows that Facebook ad revenues are on a steep growth path since 2016.
Facebook Ad revenues are predicted to reach $25.56 billions in 2019 which is a 106% growth compared to 2016.
Good for Facebook. But not so much for advertisers.
The problem is that Facebook organic reach has been going down since 2013 and is now somewhere near 1% for most brands.
This means that the demand for Facebook ads will grow significantly. And we all know what happens next.
Your cost-per-click will most probably grow even more in 2018.
Facebook is no longer a free marketing platform, but rather a pay-to-play one.
Just look at the number of active Facebook advertisers. They have doubled in just two years reaching 6 million in Q4 of 2017.
And with this in mind, you want to make sure you have a Facebook advertising strategy that pays off. You need to carefully choose the type of ad format to use to drive the most ROI for your business.
Luckily, Facebook offers a variety of ad formats depending on business goals and products advertised.
Today I am going to introduce you to 5 highly effective Facebook ad types you should be using, but probably aren't.
1. Canvas Ads
Facebook introduced the Canvas back in 2016. It was initially created to provide an instant and smooth mobile ad experience, which was a problem given the slow webpage loading times.
Here are some key features that make Canvas ads so effective:
- Mobile-only ad format that works on both Android and iOS.
- Loads nearly instantaneously. This is great especially if you want to reach audiences browsing on low-speed connections.
- Full-screen ad experience, allowing users to interact with your ad.
- Lots of templates to use. Or you can custom-make your own canvas with a mix of video, static images, text and call-to-action buttons.
Before Canvas ads rolled out worldwide, Facebook announced early test results claiming an average Canvas view time of 31 seconds per user, which was pretty impressive.
How brands are using canvas ads?
Jeep ran a Canvas advertising campaign from October–December 2016 to support the launch of its two new Grand Cherokee models. The canvas looked like this.
Clearly the creative played a huge role in the success of this campaign, as the brand got a 37-point lift in ad recall and 11-point lift in awareness. Jeep's campaign also had 28% more time spent with Canvas versus the ad performance benchmark on Facebook for the automotive category.
Another Canvas success story comes from Italy's Tourist Board. They ran a canvas campaign to advertise the province of Trentino with a clear goal of increasing the number of tourists.
They rolled out five different Canvas ads in three languages, together with a number of other ad formats. But the campaign worked out really well reaching 13 million people across Europe and US in 4 months.
How to create a canvas ad?
- Start by create a canvas on the brand page you want to advertise. Go to Publishing tools and locate Canvas on the bottom left side of the panel.
You can use one of the many layouts grouped by specific goals or create your own custom Canvas from scratch.
For easy reference I will choose one of the templates and take it from there.
When you finish editing your Canvas and have every component in place, click Save and then Finish.
Then click Get URL and save the link of the Canvas, as you will need it to add to your campaign.
- Now go to ad manager and choose one of the ad objectives
- Brand Awareness Objective
- Get installs of your app
- Increase conversions on your website
- Increase engagement in your app
- Promote your page
- Send people to your website
- Video Views
- Set up your campaign budget and targeting like you normally would and head on to building the ad.
- Click "Add a full-screen experience" and choose the Canvas you have already created for the page in previous steps.
- Finish creating your ad.
Voila! You have your first Canvas ad.
Canvas Ads also work great with remarketing audiences, as it allows you to reach people who have already engaged with your business previously.
Facebook remarketing ads also tend to have higher CTRs, unless your customers keep their VPNs on all the time. Top VPN services allow users to add an extra layer of privacy on Facebook.
2. Messenger Ads
It's all about mobile these days and since messenger apps seem are overtaking from social networking apps, it is only reasonable to consider messenger advertising for 2018.
Business Insider's Messaging Apps Report shows that the top four messaging apps together now have more monthly active users than the top four social networking apps combined.
Facebook messenger ranks number two in the top four and is steadily growing year on year.
As of April 2017, there are 1.2 billion monthly active users on Messenger, 20% up compared to 2016.
Messenger ads are relatively new.
They rolled out last year and quickly became popular thanks to impressive results. Take a look at the benchmarks for Messenger ads for Q3 of 2017.
The CTR and CPC metrics for Messenger ads are lower than the average for Facebook for the same period.
Messenger ads are perfect if you want to drive communicate directly to your potential customers and also restart conversations with existing customers.
Currently there are three types of Messenger ads.
- Destination ads
- Click-to-Messenger ads
- Sponsored messages
Messenger destination ads work very much like a standard Facebook newsfeed ad, only they appear in the messenger home screen, like this.
When users click on the ad, they will land on the destination URL that you provide, but the window will open in the messenger app.
Click-to-Messenger ads allow you to direct users from Facebook news feed to the messenger conversation, where you can deliver a custom welcome message to further engage users into a dialogue.
This ad type is quite often used to promote Facebook Messenger as a Customer Support channel, where either a human or a chatbot can assist users with their inquiries.
To set up Click-to-Messenger ads you will need to choose between Messages and Conversions as your objectives.
And finally sponsored messages are a great way to re-engage people who have at least once messaged your business. You can deliver specifically crafted messages directly to your customer's inbox.
The great part about Sponsored Messages is that they are highly targeted. Since you are only messaging existing customers, they are more likely to be interested in what you offer.
3. Offer Claims Ads
Facebook Offer Claims is an ad format that allows you to create and promote discounts and other special offers, which you can advertise to targeted audiences on Facebook.
Just like any other form of promo offers, Facebook offers have a limited quantity and an end date, which creates a sense of urgency motivating users to claim it.
But unlike traditional discount promotions, Facebook offers have a social component, allowing users to see who else has claimed the same offer.
Another great feature of this ad type is that users will be notified when the offer is about to end prompting them to use it while they still can.
You can create three types of offers;
- In-store
- Online
- In-store and online
This ad type works great to drive foot traffic to your store or boost online sales during low season. They can even be a part of a larger scale promotional campaign.
Actually you can create Facebook offers without advertising right from the brand's Facebook page. But this would be limited to the followers of your page and not all of them will see it.
How to create a offer claims ad?
Now let's see how you can create a Facebook Offer Claims ad.
- Go to Facebook Ads Manager and choose one of the following objectives.
- Switch the toggle on for Offers section. Choose your brand page from the list and click Create Offer.
- Now fill in all the details of your offer, like the title and description, end date, promo code type, decide how users will be able to redeem the code. When you are finished, click Create.
- Next, you need to set your targeting, budget and schedule just as usual.
- For creative, you can use a compelling image or video to attract potential customers. When they click on the ad they will be able to see the details and save the offer.
4. Lead Ads
When you use advertising to direct traffic to a landing page on your website, interested prospects have to wait until your webpage loads, then they have to fill in a number fields and then only get what they came for.
In this process a lot of the traffic might bounce off.
With Facebook Lead Ads you can convert users without leaving Facebook. This ad type allows you to run lead generation campaigns on Facebook and Instagram and drive leads directly into your CRM sales pipeline.
You can create a custom lead contact form and collect data such as email addresses, phone numbers, postcode, gender, etc.
Some of the most common use cases for Lead Ads is building a targeted email marketing list. It can be a quick and easy way of getting your first subscribers. In your contact form you can ask for the full name of the subscriber to use it for email personalization. Emails containing recipient's name get a 29% higher open rate.
How to create Facebook Lead Ads?
- Go to Facebook Ad Manager and select Lead Generation objective.
- In the next step set your budget, targeting and schedule and move on to choosing the ad creative.
- After you choose the creative and fill in the title and description for the ad, scroll down to find the Lead Form section and click New Form.
- Now build your lead form. Decide what information you want to collect. A general rule of thumb here is the less fields the higher conversions. But you can experiment and even A/B test with different variations to find which works best for you.
- When you are done, preview your form and click Finish.
Facebook advertising is a powerful tool that allows you to reach your target audience with a variety of engaging ad formats.
However everything comes with a price. This means marketers need to experiment with different ad types to improve ad performance and increase ROI.
There is a huge catalogue of Facebook ads to use in your marketing mix.
- Canvas ads are great for interactive mobile experiences and storytelling. They can help you engage your customers better.
- Messenger ads allow you to re-engage your existing customers and reach broader audiences with targeted messaging.
- Offer Claims ads can help you boost both online and in-store sales. This is a powerful tool to track the actual sales from your facebook advertising.
- Lead ads let you convert potential customers here and now. With CRM integrations and direct push to your sales pipeline, this ad type can make wonders.
Which Facebook Ad types have proven to have a higher ROI for your business?


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Ask a QuestionHere are the questions asked by community members. Read on to see the answers provided by the ThriftyFun community or ask a new question.
I need help. My ex wants me to send my child to him for the summer, but he has never met her. He does not pay me child support because he gets SSI and they can't garnish his check.
My husband has been raising her since she was 9 months old. He wants to adopt her, but my ex won't allow him to. He never sens me money. He calls maybe once a month. He will not move to the state we live in. What should I do?
By Sheila from Orange County, CA
Oh by the way, she is 10 years old, too.
I don't know how all of this works, because I'm not in a similar situation. My best friend had issues with an ex- and visitation, and she had to get an attorney. I'm thinking maybe it'd be good for you to get some proper legal advice.
Legal aspects aside, I don't think I'd send my child to go spend the summer with someone she's never met (in her 10 years of life).
Again, my best friend had problems with her ex- not paying child support. I think they eventually took it out of his tax refund. But this was several years ago, and I don't know all the details. I think you should consult with an attorney to get the best advice.
In many states California included I believe if a parent does not pay child support their parental rights are terminated but you should discuss this with a good family law attourney. Your ex sounds like a deadbeat, and you can file on his ssi or whatever he has for past due child support and you will get it but I would see about terminating his rights first. If he doesn't want to be a standup dad he doesn't deserve a wonderful daughter. Hope this helps.
Children are fragile! When you were a child, how would you like to be sent somewhere by yourself to stay with somebody you did not know!? I doubt this would sound like fun to you! (& even if it does sound like fun to her, she will quickly get homesick!) Also, how do you know what type of person he is these days? If your child's bio-dad really wants to see his child, then he needs to take the time to get to know her. This means he needs to visit her (on his dime) at your house, every month for at least a year or 2 before you even think about sending her to his house! Your daughter could end up with all kinds of psychological problems, including feelings of abandonment if you send her to stay with him for even a few days, let alone a week or the whole summer! Yikes! This a a very bad idea & I can't believe you are even contemplating it!
Even a judge would never force a child to visit a father in another state when the child does not know, or has never met their father, & if he gets a court order, you could easily fight it with a legal-aid lawyer. Maybe when she is 16 or 17 you could let her visit, & then only if he gets to know her first (at your house!) but even then, I would be very wary, because if he isn't responsible enough to send you even a little money, then he's not the type of man that you can count on! You can tell he's not responsible because he only calls her once a month. A "real" father would call her at least twice a week or more!
Don't even think about sending her to him, If he wants to see her, he can come to visit you at your house where you can keep an eye on him! These days you just never know what could happen! You just can't trust him & you can't trust anyone he gets to babysit her when he goes out.
As far as adoption. If you start pressing the child support issue & back support & you'll have more leverage so your new husband can adopt her! Call a lawyer & see if you have a case, it will be well worth your money!
I have been in the same situation, & my ex-husband only lived 40 miles away from me (not in another state!) but once he got my daughter (when she was 4) he refused to drive her back & it took me 3 days to find out where he was keeping her & to drive there myself & bring her back! That was a total nightmare! Don't get yourself in that situation, you may have difficulty getting her back. But even if everything goes "okay", it would still be to hard on her, no matter how old she is! I know what I'm talking about because I raised 4 kinds of my own & they are all responsible grown adults now.
Tell him he can see her, but he has to come to your house & there's no negotiating!
Go before the judge and get supervised visitation, that way he will have to come there to see her and you will be able to watch everything that happens. I would tell the judge that you are concerned that he will not be able to take care of her properly and then have a note from a psychiatrist or psychologist if you can get one that she doesn't need this kind of stress in her life right now...I would always get a lawyer and get this taken care of...also keep records of all the times he has not been there, like birthdays etc.
See this information
http://www.ehow sits-parent.html
Also, maybe I am wrong, but shouldn't the child be getting a benefit check too if the dad is disabled?
http://www.soci aims.org/hc3.asp
I would check this out with SS office.
Blessings, Robyn
I agree with all of you. I dont want to send her there. I just need to just take him to court. I dont even want to do the DNA that the DA is making me do because if I do that I will have to put his name on her birth certifcate. He not there . All he has done to us his threaten me and made things difficult for her. My hubby is an awesome man.
That's like sending the child to visit a stranger; something I'd never do.
If she's ten and he's never seen her, never paid a penny toward her support and is threatening you, too--this guy doesn't have a leg to stand on.
Though the courts may want a DNA test, even if that officially entitles him to be on your daughter's records, it shouldn't automatically mean visitation.
You DO need an attorney. This guy doesn't sound as if he's been father of the year for the past decade and his need to try to control you while shirking his financial responsibilities and demanding to have you send her to him just--really gives me the creeps.
It just feels like he has an ulterior motive, like holding on to her to get a bigger disability check for himself, or a lot of other not-very-nice things that could be on his list.
Go to the family division at your local courthouse; someone may be able to help you in finding a court-appointed attorney or steer you in the right direction as far as what legalities you can set into motion to keep your daughter and the rest of your family safe. If he's calling you and threatening you, you may be able to get a restraining order.
My daughter has a four year old daughter that she has custody of, but the dad has visitation rights. Dad wants to take her daughter out of state for 2 weeks and bring her back. Does my daughter have to let my granddaughter go out of state with him?
By Violet


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NEWS: brand new Garmin nüvi 3500 Series Test
NEWS: brand new Garmin nüvi 3500 Series Test
We're just about to do a long term test of the brand brand new, as yet unreleased Garmin flagship type – the nüvi® 3500 series of personal navigation devices (PNDs), pictured above. You can see more images of the brand new nav on our Facebook page as well as we will be taking the idea on a 1,000 mile road trip to the French Alps soon too, which should see what the idea's capable of. of which report will be in a forthcoming issue of Road Magazine.
"The nüvi 3500 series will be the most full-featured, top tier navigators," said Clive Taylor, Director Automotive Product Marketing "This kind of series offers the idea all, through the thin as well as stylish form factor as well as large display to the most premium capabilities like 3D Traffic as well as access to Live Services via Garmin's Smartphone Link app. What's more, all of these features are included with the purchase of the device, so customers with Android phones as well as a corresponding data plan don't have to worry about any additional costs, fees or subscriptions."
Powered by Guidance 3: As the flagship nüvi series within the Premium range, these PNDs feature the Guidance 3 navigation engine, which provides a faster, more intuitive user interface to enhance the speed as well as accuracy of searches as well as routing. Lane assist with photoRealTM junction view realistically displays road signs as well as junctions along the route with photographic detail to clearly mark the correct lane to be in for junctions as well as exits, including 65,000 junction views in Europe (four times more than in previous nüvi versions.)
The nüvi 3500 series includes the 3540LT with free lifetime traffic updates (Western Europe £279.99) as well as the Bluetooth® enabled nüvi 3590LMT with free lifetime map updates for the whole of Europe, voice-activated navigation, free lifetime traffic updates, as well as Smartphone Link support (£309.99).
The brand new nüvi 3500 series goes on sale to the public in March 2012. For more information about individual versions, features as well as pricing, visit http://www.garmin.com/move as well as find out more on Twitter at http://twitter.com/garmin. as well as of course stay tuned to the blog for more testing as well as reviews.
NEWS: brand new Garmin nüvi 3500 Series Test
Source link : NEWS: brand new Garmin nüvi 3500 Series Test


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The Liberal Democrats have today found themselves facing allegations of homophobic campaigning following a by-election win in Kingston-Upon-Thames where voters went to the polls yesterday.
The campaign has been likened to the 1983 Bermondsey by-election where Peter Tatchell, standing as a Labour candidate, faced intense abuse because of his sexuality. In Kingston, the issue was about the wording of Liberal Democrat literature which boasted "It's always a straight fight here in Grove Ward". The 'unknown Conservative' as the leaflet describes him, was Adrian Amer, who happens to be gay.
Following the announcement of the results, where the Liberal Democrat candidate Rebekah Moll scraped a 23 vote victory over the Conservatives, twitter was buzzing with talk of the controversial campaign. Ben Summerskill, Chief Executive of Stonewall, tweeted "Shocking news coming in about things whispered on doorsteps in Kingston Council by-election," and questioned whether the result would have been different otherwise.
Matthew Sephton, Chairman of LGBTory – The Conservative Party's LGBT group said:
"I am shocked to hear the allegations of homophobic campaigning in this week's Kingston by-election and I urge the Liberal Democrats to look into this matter further. Talk of a 'straight fight' or a 'straight choice' in such a campaign is at best insensitive and at worst a poor veil for blatent prejudice."


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The tiny drone designed to take selfies from the sky, AirSelfie, is back with some important updates.
Read full article >
For further information please contact us by filling the request form.
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Sign up to the Airselfie newsletter to keep up-to-date with all the latest developments about our design and manufacturing operations and to track our delivery schedule.
DISCLAIMER: Compared to images shown on this website, future versions of AirSelfie might present slight modifications to the product frame although shape and technical specification will remain the same.


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growing and care
If you live near wild heather in Ireland and on the UK moors you may wonder why bother growing your own. For a start, wild heather likes an acid soil that could be a problem in a mainstream garden. If you live far away from heather, there are beautiful winter and spring flowering heathers that like a more pH balanced soil and give either purple or white flowers.
preferred soil conditions?
Indeed, its acid peaty bog soil that is preferred by the wild heather.
preferred light, shade and water conditions?
Needs good sunlight well away from trees on soil that is kept moist all of the time but not waterlogged. Good draining soil is best, but never let it dry out.
Should be kept weed free at all times and mulched with peat
Wild heather blossoms from mid August until early September. Cultivated varieties that can take pH balanced soil tend to flower through October and November then again through February and March.
All heather are very popular with bees, with heather honey being the finest of honeys.
fruit and seeds
Heather flowers drop a lot of seeds that tend to lay around the clumps of heather they fall from, germinate and generally expand the heather clump size.
for the healing and nourishment qualities of Heather, please click here


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