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Structuring Markets for Resilient Farming Systems
Diversified farms have received considerable attention for their potential to contribute to environmentally sustainable, resilient,
and socially just food systems. In response, some governments are building new forms of public support for social-ecological
services through the creation of mediated markets, such as targeted public food procurement programs. Here, we examine the
relationship between farmer participation in Brazil's National School Feeding Program and farm diversification and household
autonomy, as key indicators of farm household resilience. We hypothesized that two key features of the food procurement
program—structured demand for diversified food products, and a price premium for certified organic and agroecological
production—would increase farm-level agrobiodiversity and the use of agroecological practices. We designed a comparative
study between family farmers who do, and do not, participate in Brazil's National School Feeding Program in the plateau region
of Santa Catarina in Southern Brazil. We used semi-structured surveys to collect data on farm agrobiodiversity, management
practices, and farm household autonomy, and we conducted land use history assessments. Here, we suggest for the first time that
the National School Feeding Program played a role in driving the following: (1) transitions on family farms from low
agrobiodiversity, input-intensive farming systems to diversified farming systems (i.e., horticultural production) and (2) a significant
increase in the cropped area under diversified farming systems. This transition was supported by making horticultural
production an economically viable alternative to field crops typically linked to volatile, unpredictable markets. The convergence
of public policies supporting mediated markets, increased farm household autonomy, and farm diversification represents an
integrated mechanism with the potential to enhance food system resilience.


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Our Treatments
Taking care of your skin is one of the most important demands in beauty today. Our range of treatments are designed to be tailor made for each of our clients, meeting your individual needs and helping you to maintain a healthy, clear and smooth complexion.
Choosing the right treatment for you is easy, just tell us what you want to achieve and we will provide a treatment to match your request. From nail biting to nail art (which can be provided on an individual basis - please ask for further details) our treatments suit all requirements.
Massage and holistic therapy is a very personal choice as they vary a great deal in how they can help you. Some of our treatments are very specific, so please do not hesitate to contact us letting us know what you would like from your treatment and we will do the rest.
Our waxing treatments are clean, quick, simple and efficient leaving your skin super smooth and hair free. Tinting treatments give you more definition for your eyes and for brows can be combined with waxing and tweezing to give a tailored look.
Who We Are
About the therapist Diane Joiner
Diane has a wealth of experience spanning over 25 years within the Beauty industry. During this time she has run a successful business, worked in various health centres and salons moving on to then teach beauty therapy skills to students within a college. Throughout this time Diane has continued to train keeping up to date with the latest trends and skills. Diane is dedicated to her profession and prides herself in ensuring your treatment is of the highest quality and meets with your personal requirements.
Mobile Service
Receiving a treatment in your own home enables you to control your environment ensuring that you are relaxed and gain the maximum benefits.
Diane will bring everything required for your treatment. You will not have to worry about parking, getting there on time or having to drive home afterwards.

subset: commoncrawl


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Get Deals Of Discount Worldwide Flights
Many travelers dream to journey to a overseas country. Use our flight search instruments to browse locations, observe down low cost flights and book your journey. With 400 airways to go looking by way of, Travelocity will discover you the very best airfare to get right to the center of the matter. So as to add a bit high-flying adventure and childlike wonder to your subsequent vacation, e book flights to Orlando — the amusement park capital of the world— the place you'll be able to bravely face all of the rides in your want record.
International flight reserving has grew to become rather a lot simpler nowadays with the help of online journey portals. When you're on the lookout for the best quality, variety of flight options, and wonderful service when reserving an airline ticket, then select Vayama!
Maintaining in thoughts the passion and undying enthusiasm of travelers for globetrotting, has give you all types of travel offers to help the spirited vacationers see the world without making a dent in the pocket. Enjoy our other worth added companies like Expressway that permits you to book with a few clicks.
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Go to Yatra in the present day to see all the myriad journey-associated services we provide you. With us, you might avail low-cost international tickets, at virtually anytime of the day. With a cheapest flight guarantee, e book your tickets at the lowest airfares. On this busy living schedule individuals don't have that a lot time and persistence to spend, so individuals started to choose flight touring as it is time environment friendly.


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Scooch 3:410:00 / 3:41
My Oasis 3:550:00 / 3:55
0:00 / 4:39
Song Of Gratitude 4:220:00 / 4:22
0:00 / 4:11
0:00 / 3:43
0:00 / 3:08
0:00 / 4:22
"Marcus could go on for hours and hours playing completely original music that is so impressive that anyone in earshot can't help but find themselves asking "who is this guy?" That's Marcus. With a deep, powerful voice overflowing with warmth giving way to beautiful falsetto notes and a bluesy soul sound that sends chills down your spine, listening to Marcus is like drinking whiskey on the rocks... warm and cold in all the right ways. Marcus is a rare musician with a rare sound who plays with an accuracy and consistency that is rarely displayed in a local musician. You won't regret the time you spend listening to him. "
Project Name
Marcus has achieved a certain amount of success in the AAA realm, singing, playing, and composing lyrics and music about what he knows best— every day life in small town America. His music is fueled by internal conflict and relationship struggles and tough topics such as the plight of the homeless, teen suicide, break-ups, and gratitude. It is both joyous and mournful, rolling with Ruggiero's own emotions and experiences.
Press Photos
Sample Track
Sample Video
Marcus is constantly in writing mode. So many songs it's hard to keep up with releasing to fans.
Current favorites along side of "Scooch" and "My Oasis" include "Americana songs such as " little tornado" a song about a relationship where the woman comes in like a storm goes out like a forest fire ripping up the landscape of hearts town"
also included in this particular record ( not yet recorded) are high energy tracks such as " Long Ways Down" "Dirty Little Love Song" "There's a Girl I Know" and
many many others 100's to be more accurate..
you can be a a part of the new music ,,,
please inquire below.
Thank you
much gratitude...


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Business Studies
Teacher of Business Studies
Business Studies is introduced into the curriculum at Key Stage 4. Students are given the opportunity to learn about the world of business which is relevant, due to the impact it has on their everyday lives both now and in the future. It is taught in mixed ability groups at both key stages.
Key Stage 4 (Years 10 and 11) GCSE Option


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Etisalat's "Get Ur Geek On" Photo Contest Winner Michael Chinaza Odum Smiles Home with a New Sleek Blackberry Phone – View the Photos
Just last month, BN exclusively informed you about Etisalat's "Get Ur Geek On" Twitter photo contest which involved individuals dressing up as a geek (efiko/bookworm), taking a picture of themselves in any Etisalat Experience Centres Nationwide and uploading it on Twitter for a chance at winning a sleek blackberry phone.
Due to the humongous number of entries received by the telecommunications brand, the contest which was slated for Twitter only from Saturday 5th May – Wednesday 30th May 2012 was extended to Etisalat's Facebook Page and after a rigorous screening exercise with votes from the general public, Michael Chinaza Odum emerged as the winner and was awarded a sleek blackberry 9360 phone.
A big congrats to Michael Chinaza Odum and kudos to Etisalat for staying true to their word. Be sure to log on to Etisalat's Facebook – www.Facebook.com/EtisalatNg and Twitter – www.Twitter.com/Etisalat9ja pages every Friday by 1 PM as Etisalat geeks will be giving you advice on how best to handle any device related issues you might have.
Sponsored Content


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Product Description
Product Description
Cosatto You 2 Big Bro Little Bro Twin Stroller is the perfect pushchair for your baby brothers. Keep two babies snug and cosy inside this well crafted, stylish and modern product. Suitable from birth onwards, this is ideal if you wish to transport two babies at once without stress and hassle. The chair has three recline positions built into it which work independently offering optimal comfort for your children. In addition to this an umbrella fold mechanism has been built into the stroller. This ensures it is very easy to fold up when not in use to transport or store.
Versatile easy to control, a third handle has been installed between the two compartments to make this product even easier to use. Lockable swivel front wheels make movement simple. New for 2012, this product has handy toy loops installed onto the hood which means you can easily attach your child's toys to it whilst on the move. The buggy also has new safety hinges.
Also Comes with -
- Free head huggers
- Free Cosy Toes with Kangaroo Pouch and zip-off fleece liner
- Free Chest Pad Sets
- Free Insulated bottle carriers
- Free raincover
- Assembled Size - H 105cm x W 74.5cm x L 81cm
- Folded Size - L 106cm x W 50cm x H 33cm
- Handle Height - 106cm
Also Comes with Cosatto's 4 Year Guarantee
A Product Specification
Customers who bought this product also bought
Customers also purchased
Product Specification


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Fully furnished Luxury 2-bedroom 2 Bathroom plus Den Condo in the main resort building at Mirasol at Celebration. Top Floor, Corner unit in elevator building with screened in patio with conservation views. Kitchen has been complete remodeled with new 42" Cabinets, Granite Counters, Tile Back Splash and upgraded Stainless Steel Appliances. All new Hardwood floors thought. Master Bedroom has huge Walk in Closet, Updated Double Vanity with new Cabinets and Granite Counter Top, Garden Soaking Tub and separate Shower. All light fixtures and Ceiling Fans are new. New Air Conditioner and new Hot Water Heater. Mirasol Amenities include: On-site Day Spa, Fully Equipped Fitness Center, Resort Style Heated Pool/Spa, Club Room with Billiards, Business Center with Conference Room, Resident Lounge with Wi-Fi and Coffee Bar, Daily newspaper service and 7 Days a week Concierge services. All in walking distance to the Celebration Amenities: Tennis Courts, Restaurants, Shops plus miles and miles of walking/biking trails
Listing courtesy of C21 BLUE SKY REALTY GROUP. Selling Office: KELLER WILLIAMS AT THE LAKES.
StellarMLS is the source of this information via Internet Data Exchange Program. All listing information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed and should be independently verified through personal inspection by appropriate professionals. Listings displayed on this website may be subject to prior sale or removal from sale. Availability of any listing should always be independently verified. Listing information is provided for consumer personal, non-commercial use, solely to identify potential properties for potential purchase. All other use is strictly prohibited and may violate relevant federal and state law. Data last updated on


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It may start as trouble at work, an argument with your spouse, financial trouble, or overwhelmed with errands that you just don't have time to complete.
An inkling of worry might soon grow into an avalanche of anxiety. That kind of stress can keep you up at night. It can send your mind racing with potential "what ifs" and worst-case scenarios.
Stress is like a snowball rolling down a mountain. It gains momentum, gains speed and grows until it crashes. That crash, unfortunately, is often at the expense of your health.
The stress response originally was a lifesaving biological function. Stress enabled us to run from predators or take down prey.
Unfortunately, stress has become a new normal for many of you.
What happens to your body when you are stressed out?
When you feel stressed, your body ramps up production of the stress hormones. These hormones are cortisol, adrenaline, and norepinephrine.
Whether it be an imaginable moment watching a scary movie. Or a moment where your company is cutting jobs and you don't know your future. Your heart rate increases. Your lungs take in more oxygen, and blood flow increases.
Parts of your immune system become suppressed, which reduces your inflammatory response to pathogens and other foreign invaders.
Weight gain and/or difficulty losing weight in general is a common problem associated with stress. Stress induced weight gain typically involves an increase in belly fat, which is the most dangerous fat for your body to accumulate as it increases your risk for cardiovascular disease.
The biggest issue I run into in coaching is gut issues that are stress induced. This is because your gut and your brain are in regular communication.
Embedded in the wall of your gut is your enteric nervous system (ENS), which works both independently of and in conjunction with the brain in your head.
This communication between your "two brains" runs both ways, and is the pathway for how foods affect your mood or why anxiety can make you sick to your stomach.
Stress is an inescapable part of life. It's important to understand that it is how you deal with stress that will determine whether it will translate into health problems later on.
Ultimately, what you do for stress relief is a personal choice. Your stress management techniques must appeal to you and, more importantly, work for you. If a round of kickboxing helps you get out your frustration, then do it. If meditation is more your speed, that's fine too.
There are some basic strategies to help you handle stress. One key strategy is to make sure you get adequate sleep, as sleep deprivation dramatically impairs your body's ability to handle stress. Regular physical activity and a healthy diet are the foundational elements your body needs to bounce back from a stressful event.
Stress used to be a life saver. Stress is now an underlying source of many health issues. Take a deeper look into how you handle stress and make improvements where you see fit. Your life depends on it.


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Original Research ARTICLE
Motor Abilities in Adolescents Born Preterm Are Associated With Microstructure of the Corpus Callosum
- 1Department of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- 2Neuropaediatric Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- 3Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- 4Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- 5Child Development Center and Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- 6Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Background: Preterm birth is associated with increased risk of neuromotor impairment. Rates of major neuromotor impairment (cerebral palsy) have decreased; however, in a large proportion of those who do not develop cerebral palsy impaired neuromotor function is observed and this often has implications for everyday life. The aim of this study was to investigate motor performance in preterm born adolescents without cerebral palsy, and to examine associations with alterations of motor system pathway structure.
Design/Methods: Thirty-two adolescents (12 males) without cerebral palsy, born before 33 weeks of gestation (mean 27.4 weeks, SD 2.4; birth weight mean 1,084.5 g; SD 387.2), treated at a single tertiary unit, were assessed (median age 16 years; min 14, max 18). Timed performance and quality of movements were assessed with the Zürich Neuromotor Assessment. Neuroimaging included Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging for tractography of the major motor tracts and measurement of fractional anisotropy as a measure of microstructure of the tracts along the major motor pathways. Separate analyses were conducted for areas with predominantly single and predominantly crossing fiber regions.
Results: Motor performance in both tasks assessing timed performance and quality of movements, was poorer than expected in the preterm group in relation to norm population. The strongest significant correlations were seen between performance in tasks assessing movement quality and fractional anisotropy in corpus callosum fibers connecting primary motor, primary somatosensory and premotor areas. In addition, timed motor performance was significantly related to fractional anisotropy in the cortico-spinal and thalamo-cortical to premotor area fibers, and the corpus callosum.
Conclusions: Impairments in motor abilities are present in preterm born adolescents without major neuromotor impairment and in the absence of focal brain injury. Altered microstructure of the corpus callosum microstructure appears a crucial factor, in particular for movement quality.
Very preterm birth (birth <32 weeks of gestation) is associated with high risk of impaired neurodevelopment. Rates of severe neuromotor impairment, i.e., Cerebral Palsy (CP), are decreasing, in particular in those preterm children born with moderately low and very low birth weight (1). However, in a substantial proportion of those born preterm who do not develop CP, delayed motor development, atypical neurological signs, and impaired neuromotor function is observed. This appears to occur across the preterm gestational age range and can persist throughout childhood, and there is now also some evidence that this continues into young adulthood (2–4). Often, motor difficulties co-occur with cognitive and/or behavioral difficulties (5, 6), and motor dysfunction is likely to contribute to the difficulties that are experienced at school and in social activities (7, 8), and can be associated with mental health (4). Overall, however, studies in adolescence and adulthood, are still sparse. In addition, most studies, with few exceptions (3, 9–12) have employed instruments such as the Movement Assessment Battery for Children or the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, that assess primarily motor development and motor skill level rather than specific aspects of motor abilities (13). Furthermore, many of the commonly used instruments may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect subtle, but nevertheless clinically relevant, difficulties in motor function.
It has been suggested that motor abilities may reflect internal neurological processes that underlie movement skills (14). Therefore, assessment of motor abilities appears an attractive approach for investigation of anatomical alterations in the motor system following preterm birth. The Zürich Neuromotor Assessment Battery (15–17) assesses motor abilities (including motor speed and quality of movements) in addition to movement skills (such as fine motor and balance skills), with good validity and reliability characteristics. It therefore provides a very suitable instrument to assess different aspects of motor abilities in at risk populations, in which only minor, but yet clinically relevant, motor deficits are expected.
There is a large body of literature which shows that brain growth and development is altered after preterm birth [see e.g., de Kieviet et al. (18), for review]. Studies have, for example, shown overall smaller total and regional white and gray matter brain volumes but also volume increases in some areas compared to term born individuals (19–21). A recent meta-analysis of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) studies (22) has identified consistent differences in fractional anisotropy (FA; often used as a measure of white matter, WM, microstructure) to term born individuals throughout childhood to young adulthood.
Little is known about how alterations in WM microstructure after preterm birth might be associated with specific deficits in motor abilities such as poor movement quality and impaired speed. Using dMRI-based fiber tracking in adolescents born preterm, we have previously described significant differences between preterm born and term born participants in measures of diffusion in a number of motor system pathways, namely cortico-spinal, thalamo-cortical, and transcallosal pathways, even in those where conventional MRI did not show overt signs of preterm brain injury (23).
In the present study, we investigated (1) whether in those preterm participants without CP, specific motor abilities that are relevant for daily activities are impaired, and (2) whether this is associated with the previously identified alterations of microstructure, indicated by FA as a measure of white matter microstructure, along motor pathways.
Materials and Methods
The participants were 32 adolescents born <33 weeks of gestation, treated at University College London Hospitals, London, UK, a level III unit, between 1989 and 1994. Mean gestational age at birth was 27.4 weeks (SD 2.4; min 23, max 31 weeks), birth weight mean 1,084.5 g (SD 387.2; min 591; max 2,243). Median age at assessment was 16 years (min 14, max 18); there were 12 males and 20 females. This sample is a subset of the sample that was investigated in the above mentioned previous study (23). Only participants without CP, who completed the ZNA, and for whom good quality dMRI data were available, were included. This subset did not differ significantly from the overall sample in relevant demographic or perinatal variables. On radiological assessment 14 participants had normal MRI; periventricular signal abnormalities on T2-weighted images only were seen in 3/32, and WM reduction/ ventricular dilatation (judged by visual inspection) in 15/32 participants, of which 13 were mild/moderate (≤50% of the periventricular WM bulk reduced, and two severe (>50%) WM reduction. Abnormalities were bilateral in 11 participants. One participant received physiotherapy at the time of this study, five had had physiotherapy at some point in the past; 10 had been provided with glasses, and 2/10 had visual impairment that was not fully corrected by glasses; for none of these two participants difficulties with the ZNA tasks were observed. All except 2 (1 at special school, 1 at mainstream school with some extra help) attended mainstream school without extra help. Mean Full Scale IQ was 94.5 (SD 14.9; min 65, max 120), Verbal IQ was 93.3 (SD 13.1; min 70, max 115), Performance IQ was 96.8 (SD 15.9; min 67, max 129), measured with the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, at time of this study. All participants were able to understand the instructions given for the ZNA.
The study was approved by the local ethics committee (Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital; REC reference 04/Q0508/86) and written informed consent was obtained from all participants and their parents.
Neuromotor assessment and neuroimaging were performed on the same day for all participants.
Assessment of Neuromotor Function
Neuromotor function was assessed with the Zürich Neuromotor Assessment Battery (15–17, 24, 25). The ZNA is a standardized testing procedure which consists of a number of motor tasks for assessment of timed performance (speed of movements) and movement quality (associated movements); it is a reliable (26) and validated (10, 27) measure, covering the age range 5–18 years.
The assessment is videotaped and scored off-line. Timed performance is determined by assessing speed of movements; this is done to an accuracy of one tenth of a second, with exact beginning of time measurement and the number of movements to be measured having been established for each individual motor task. The measures include repetitive, alternating, and sequential tasks for fingers, hands, and feet; and also a pegboard task, a static balance task, and two dynamic balance tasks (side- and forward jumping). Movement quality is assessed by scoring of associated movements. Associated movements are defined as involuntary movements in parts of the body which are not actively involved in the task. The less frequent and the less marked the associated movements are, the higher the movement quality. Associated movements are assessed for frequency and degree. While the active extremity carries out the required number of movements, the frequency of associated movements is noted in tenths of the number of active movements (score ranges from 0 to 10). The degree of associated movements is judged based on the maximum possible movement range for the observed associated movement according to a four-point scale (score ranges from 0 to 3).
Results are expressed as "components": (1) pure motor component, which consists of timed performance of all repetitive, alternating, and sequential tasks; (2) adaptive fine motor component, which consists of the timed performance of the pegboard; (3) adaptive gross motor component, which combines dynamic balance tasks, and (4) static balance component, which includes the static balance task; (5) associated movement component, which consists of all results from the associated movement tasks and stress gaits.
The ZNA also allows calculation of so called "differential components," which are designed to capture differences in performance between left and right limbs, and upper and lower extremities. In our study, only the block components pure motor, adaptive fine motor, adaptive gross motor, static balance, and associated movements were used.
Standard deviation scores (SDS) are calculated from age- and sex-adjusted normative values (16, 17), i.e., performance at a specific age is expressed as a number of SD (z-scores) above or below the average performance of children/adolescents of the same age and sex. For the analyses carried out in the here described study, it is important to point out that negative values of the SDS scores reflect better performance.
Intra-rater reliability for the motor components in "timed performance" measured by intraclass correlation is 0.85–1, inter-rater reliability 0.83–0.98, and test-retest reliability 0.57–0.91; for the components in "contralateral associated movements" intra-rater reliability is 0.73–0.85, inter-rater reliability 0.52–0.79, and test-retest reliability from 0.40–0.66 (26).
MR Image Acquisition
Images were acquired on a 1.5 Tesla Siemens Avanto Scanner (Erlangen, Germany). The protocol consisted of conventional T2-weighted images (axial multi-slice sequence; repetition time [TR] = 4,920 ms, echo time [TE] = 101 ms, field of view = 220 mm, slice thickness = 4 mm, slices = 25, matrix size = 384 × 384); 3-D T1-weighted data sets [fast low angle shot (3D-FLASH) sequence, TR = 11 ms, TE = 4.94 ms, flip angle = 15°, field of view = 256 mm, matrix size = 256 × 256, voxel size = 1 × 1 × 1 mm], and a 3D T2-weighted fluid attenuated inversion recovery sequence (TR = 6,000 ms, TE = 353 ms, TI = 2200 ms, flip angle = 150°, field of view = 256 mm, matrix = 256 × 256, voxel size = 1 × 1 × 1 mm), The diffusion-weighted (DW) sequence consisted of a high angular resolution twice-refocused echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence (b = 3000 s/mm2, 60 DW directions, TE/TR = 128/7,700 ms, 112 × 112 matrix, FOV = 235 × 235 mm, slice thickness = 3 mm, voxel size = 2.1 × 2.1 × 3 mm, 37 contiguous slices).
Diffusion MR Data Processing and Analysis
Processing and analysis of the diffusion MR data have been described in detail in Groeschel et al. (23). In brief, all diffusion images were visually inspected for motion and other artifacts (e.g., eddy current artifacts) and those with artifacts were excluded. Following calculation of diffusion tensor images, FA-images were spatially normalized to a study specific FA-template; color-coded major eigenvector templates were created for visualization purposes; following this, non-linear large deformation mapping was performed. The FA- and eigenvector templates were used to define seed and target regions of interest (ROI) for tractography [see Figure 2 (23)]. Target ROIs included bilateral M1, S1, and premotor areas, while seed regions consisted of the thalamus or cerebral peduncle (or the contralateral M1/S1/premotor areas for callosal pathways) (23). Probabilistic fiber tracking was based on the fiber orientations estimated via constrained spherical deconvolution (28), combined with a probabilistic streamlines algorithm as implemented in MRtrix (29). This approach allows reliable fiber tracking through regions with crossing fibers avoiding the known limitations related to DTI-based tractography (30, 31). The ROIs defined in template space and warped to each individual's native space were used as seed and target regions for the tracking and the delineated tracts included the cortico-spinal tract (cerebral peduncle –M1), thalamo-cortical connections to primary sensory cortex (thalamus -S1), and premotor areas (thalamus -premotor), as well as transcallosal fibers connecting bilateral M1, S1, and premotor areas separately. Diffusion parameters were measured along the delineated tracts at equally spaced planes as visualized in Figure 1 and described in more detail previously (23), which were defined in template space for each tract and then warped into each individual dataset's native space. For the current study we used FA in the analyses that investigated correlations between motor performance scores and neuroimaging.
Figure 1. Images showing the positions in template space at which FA was sampled along each of the white matter tracts. Top Row: the cortico-spinal tract (CST), the thalamus to S1, the thalamus to premotor cortex; Bottom Row: the callosal fibers between M1 (CC-M1), S1 (CC-S1), and premotor (CC-premotor) cortices. The sample levels categorized as being through predominantly single fiber regions are shown in pink, and through crossing fiber regions in the centrum semiovale shown in blue. For the orange levels no prior hypotheses have been formulated [This figure has previously been published in Groeschel et al. (23), and is used here in a slightly modified version; permission to use this figure has been obtained].
We have previously shown (23) in this cohort of preterm adolescents that white matter microstructure in motor pathways is altered and that diffusion parameters are affected differently depending on the underlying fiber architecture. Disruption of WM microstructure in a predominantly single fiber region (e.g., internal capsule) with resulting higher radial diffusivity would lead to lower FA, whereas selective disruption of one fiber population in a region with a high proportion of crossing fibers (e.g., centrum semiovale) may lead to higher FA. Therefore, for the analyses investigating associations between motor performance and FA, separate analyses were performed for predominantly single fiber and predominantly crossing fiber regions. Figure 1 illustrates the levels along the tracts corresponding to these respective areas. Predominantly single fiber regions were defined based on anatomical knowledge for the cortico-spinal tract at the level of the internal capsule (levels 4–7), and for the callosal pathways in the midsagittal area of the corpus callosum (levels 7–12). Predominantly crossing fiber regions were defined in the centrum semiovale, corresponding to levels 11–14 for the cortico-spinal tract; levels 5–8 for the thalamo-cortical pathway to S1; levels 6–9 for the anterior thalamic radiation, and levels 1–4 and 15–18 for all three callosal pathways.
Statistical Analysis
Zero-order correlations between the different components of the ZNA were calculated using Pearson's r. Partial correlations were calculated to control for possible age effects in the analyses. For the analyses examining correlations between motor measures and FA, for each tract under investigation, all single fiber regions were combined and similarly all crossing fiber regions were combined. Averages were calculated between the right and left cortico spinal tracts and thalamo-cortical tracts, respectively. This was done as we have shown previously that both sides differ in mean in the same manner between preterms and controls, underlining that the long-term effect of preterm brain injury appears to affect the microstructure of the brain white matter in a similar way bilaterally (23). Since it would be reasonable to expect that motor performance is different between those with and without macroscopic periventricular MRI abnormalities we performed a comparison of motor performance between the group with and those without macroscopic periventricular WM abnormalities by Mann-Whitney-U test to rule out that a possible difference might affect our correlation analyses. Tests were two-tailed and p < 0.05 as cut-off level for significance was chosen. Analyses were performed in SPSS 22.
The presented p-values were not corrected for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni correction, as it falsely assumes all tests to be independent, which they were not, (since) partly overlapping in location. Therefore, the p-values should be regarded as uncorrected.
Performance on the ZNA
Results of the neuromotor tests are presented in Figure 2. Zero-order correlations between ZNA components are presented in Table 1. There were significant moderate-high positive correlations (see Table 1) between the pure motor component and all other components, and between the adaptive fine motor task and adaptive gross motor task, respectively.
Figure 2. Performance on the Zürich Neuromotor Assessment (ZNA) in the preterm group (box plots) in relation to the norm median (black line). Negative z-scores indicate better performance and positive z-scores indicate poorer performance compared to the reference data of the normative population. Empty circles indicate outliers.
Results of our preterm sample are presented in relation to performance of the normal population of the ZNA. For all tasks, performance in the preterm group was poorer than in the normal population (Figure 2). However, differences varied between the different components. For the pure motor tasks, 43.7% of the preterm group performed below 2 SD from the mean expected at this age, for adaptive motor tasks 37.5%, static balance 3.2%, and associated movements 12.5%. The difference was most pronounced for the tasks of dynamic balance (double jumps sideways and of forward jumps within two lines) where 74% performed below 2 SD; however, for this component, there was a large variability in performance which was mainly due to poor participant compliance in this specific task.
Relationships Between Motor Performance and Macroscopic Brain Abnormalities
Group comparison for differences in task performance between those with and those without periventricular WM abnormalities showed only weak evidence for a difference between these two groups for performance in associated movement tasks (p = 0.054), and pure motor tasks (p = 0.059).
Relationships Between Motor Performance and FA in Motor Pathways
Table 2 details the findings from the partial correlation analyses examining associations between motor performance and FA. Figure 3 shows scatterplots of direct relationships between mean FA and performance on Zürich Neuromotor Assessment components for significant correlations. For both areas with predominantly single fiber populations and areas with predominantly crossing fiber populations, the most consistent and strongest correlations were seen between FA and quality of movements (associated movements). Measures of associated movements were strongly related to FA in all three portions of the corpus callosum, i.e., in fibers connecting the M1 areas (r = −0.43, p = 0.018), the S1 areas (r = −0.506, p = 0.004), and premotor areas (r = −0.531, p = 0.003). In addition, adaptive fine motor measures were related to FA in the CST (r = −0.435, p = 0.016) and thalamo-cortical to premotor area fibers (r = −0.411, p = 0.024) in predominantly single fiber populations only; to FA in the CC [fibers linking S1 and premotor areas in predominantly single fibers population regions (r = −0.438, p = 0.016), and M1 (r = −0.41, p = 0.024) and S1 (r = −0.389, p = 0.034) areas in predominantly crossing fiber regions]. Finally, performance on pure motor tasks was related to FA in the CST (r = −0.392, p = 0.032) and CC (M1 to M1, r = −0.479, p = 0.007; and S1 to S1, r = −0.41, p = 0.024) in regions with predominantly single fiber populations only.
Table 2. Partial correlations between performance on the Zürich Neuromotor Assessment (ZNM) components and Fractional Anisotropy (FA).
Figure 3. Scatterplots (A1–3,B 4–9,C10–15) of direct relationships (i.e. not partial controlled for age) between mean Fractional Anisotropy (FA) (Y axis) and performance on Zürich Neuromotor Assessment components (X axis), displayed for significant correlations. CST, Cortico-spinal tract; CC, Corpus Callosum; M1, Primary motor cortex 1; S1, Sensory cortex. A1; CST (level 4-7) mean FA and Pure Motor component; A2, CC to M1 (level 7-12) mean FA and Pure Motor component; A3, CC to S1 (level 7–12) mean FA and Pure Motor component; B4, CST (level 4–7) mean FA and Adaptive Fine Motor component; B5, Thalamus to Premotor (level 1–5) mean FA Adaptive Fine Motor component; B6, CC to S1 (level 7–12) mean FA and Adaptive Fine Motor component; B7, CC to Premotor (level 7–12) mean FA and Adaptive Fine Motor component; B8, CC to M1 (level 1–4: 15–18) mean FA and Adaptive Fine Motor component; B9, CC to S1 (level 1–4: 15–18) mean FA and Adaptive Fine Motor component; C10, CC to M1 (level 7–12) mean FA and Associated Movement component; C11, CC to S1 (level 7–12) mean FA and Associated Movement component; C12, CC to Premotor (level 7–12) mean FA and Associated Movement component; C13, CC to S1 (level 1–4: 15–18) mean FA and Associated Movement component; C14, CC to M1 (level 1–4: 15–18) mean FA and Associated Movement component; C15, CC to Pre-Motor (level 1–4: 15–18) mean FA and Associated Movement component.
The present study investigated specific aspects of motor abilities, namely timed performance and quality of movements, and associations with microstructure (indicated by FA) of motor pathways in adolescents born very preterm without CP. The primary finding of this study is the consistent significant relationship between FA in different portions of the callosal fibers and performance on the ZNM components assessing timed performance and quality of movements.
The preterm group performed poorer than expected in relation to the reference data of the ZNA, and there was a larger variation in performance between the components in relation to the norm population. The significant positive correlations between the pure motor component and all other components indicate that individual performance level was consistent across components.
When examining associations between motor performance and FA in the white matter tracts of interest, the strongest correlations were seen between the associated movement component and FA in the CC, although the proportion of preterms with poor performance was relatively low for this component. It can be argued that this finding is a result of the complexity of the different components, where performance of the more complex tasks requires a more extensive involvement of the motor network in both hemispheres. This argument may be further supported by the significant relationship between FA in several of the other structures (CST, thalamo-cortical to premotor area fibers and CC fibers linking S1 and premotor areas) and the adaptive fine motor component, since performance in this task is also likely to be highly dependent on an intact and efficient network.
Injury to the motor system remains overall the most common injury in the context of preterm birth (32, 33) and, even in the absence of CP, can have negative impact on fine motor abilities such as reduced motor speed (3, 9), quality of movements (14, 15), as well as motor skills such as balance, manual dexterity (33), and visuo-motor skills (12, 34). Several recent papers have used advanced neuroimaging techniques to investigate and describe associations between motor impairments and alterations in motor tracts, as described by FA, in individuals with focal brain lesions resulting in CP [see, for example (35–38)]. There is, however, a high proportion of preterm born individuals who do not develop CP, and, to date, the literature on neural correlates of subtle motor impairment in preterm adolescents overall is sparse. However, the presence of specific types of mild motor deficits that mainly affect the quality of movements rather than severely impacting on function have been reported earlier in the literature. For instance, children born very preterm have been shown to have problems with movement organization, with slower and less smooth movement trajectories compared to term born peers (11). Furthermore, findings from a previous study on very low birthweight children using the ZNA, show poorer abilities in timed motor performance and movement quality in relation to norms (11).
The neuromotor difficulties in our sample should be considered mild, and are mainly related to subtle problems with quality, speed and coordination of movements in complex tasks. Nevertheless, performance was correlated with white matter microstructure measures in several of the motor tracts, primarily in the single fiber populations of the CC. These findings are in line with a previous study showing relationships between FA in several WM structures, including the CC, and motor skills in very low birthweight adolescents (39). Hollund et al. (40), investigated a subgroup of the cohort that formed the basis of the study by Skranes et al. (39), at age 23 years, and found subtle differences between the very-low-birth weight group and term born controls in timed performance of fine motor tasks and, to a lesser degree, some gross motor tasks, and this was associated with FA alterations along the CST and the CC, although they found lower FA only in crossing but not in single fiber regions of the CC in their cohort.
Our findings suggest that we should consider the motor deficits seen in preterm born individuals as a result of alterations in not just one tract but in a complex network. The intact structure of the CC has been suggested a necessary component in the network responsible for both information processing and transmission in bimanual task performance (41). It has also been suggested that efficient motor performance relies on an intrinsic balance of excitatory and inhibitory couplings, connecting nodes of the motor system within and across hemispheres, and the callosal fibers play an important role in this network (42–44). This has also been demonstrated in a recent study of children after neonatal stroke, where transcallosal motor fibers were associated with motor function of both hands (45). The connections are somatotopically organized (46) and the quality of these interhemispheric connections are strongly influenced by sex, age and motor training in addition to size of the CC (42, 47). Moreover, findings combining measures of FA in callosal fibers with paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation as a measure of interhemispheric inhibition provide evidence that FA in the CC is closely linked to functional connectivity (42). The mediating function of the CC has also been implied in the context of motor "overflow" (48), which refers to involuntary movements that accompany voluntary movements during development, in the elderly and in some individuals with neurological dysfunction (48, 49).
Our results point to CC microstructure as a possibly crucial factor with regards to degree of motor impairment in complex motor tasks with high demands on coordination and timing of movements in individuals born very preterm. From a clinical point of view, it would be of great interest to examine in prospective studies whether FA in the CC measured in infancy might serve as an early marker for future motor development.
The advantage of the present study lies in the use of advanced neuroimaging techniques in combination with a norm referenced motor assessment that investigates both motor abilities and skills, and which is sensitive to the specific but minor motor problems expected in this population. In addition, we have separately analyzed single and crossing fiber areas, which should increase the sensitivity of our analyses further. One can only speculate whether or not the specific motor problems seen in our sample are a result of a developmental delay that may improve over time, or signs of permanent deficits. Motor abilities and skills that are tested with the ZNA all have developmental trajectories that are expected to level off in the teenage years, with some tasks showing large inter-individual variation, for example, timed performance tasks (24, 25). The fact that the participants in the present study are at adolescent age would support the view that the observed motor deficits are permanent rather than simply a developmental delay in which catch-up can be expected.
Some limitations should be taken into consideration when interpreting our findings. The use of cross-sectional data does not permit any investigations of causality and the relationships seen between FA and motor abilities should be interpreted with this in mind. While our results need to be confirmed by other cohorts with larger sample sizes, we remain confident that our results from this relatively small sample are valid and provides additional guard against trivial effects (50). It should also be noted, that the p-values are reported as uncorrected for multiple comparisons. In fact, it is difficult to use the right form of correction as Bonferroni correction assumes that each test is independent, which they are not, as several tracts are used in the same patient; in addition, tracts overlap heavily in location. We aimed to minimize the problem of multiple comparisons by using a very specific prior hypothesis, combining several measurement levels to certain regions (predominantly single vs. crossing fibers) and used FA as single DTI metric. In addition, the risk of partial volume effects as a result of enlarged ventricles/thinning of the CC influencing FA cannot be ignored. Furthermore, FA metrics are known to be problematic in crossing fiber regions, however, still valid to use in predominantly single fiber regions (31). While in this work we adapted our methodology to focus on these regions in certain motor pathways, future work investigating whole-brain microstructural changes might use non-DTI metrics, such as fiber density [e.g., (51)], to overcome this limitation. We have compared motor test performance of the preterm participants with the published normative ZNA data, which is common practice, and will identify atypical neuromotor function reliably. However, it would be of interest in further work to include a contemporaneous control group of term born individuals.
Impairment of motor abilities is present at adolescent age in preterm individuals without CP. This is related to altered microstructure in various motor tracts, and our findings suggest that altered microstructure of the CC is a crucial factor associated with impaired timed performance and quality of movements in the context of preterm birth.
Ethics Statement
This study was approved by the local ethics committee (Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital; REC reference 04/Q0508/86) and written informed consent was obtained from all participants and their parents in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Author Contributions
LH, BV, SG, J-DT, BL, JC, GN, and TB contributed conception and design of the study. BV, J-DT, and GN contributed to data collection. LH and GN organized the database. BV and LH performed the statistical analysis. SG and J-DT performed the imaging analysis. LH and BV wrote the first draft of the manuscript. TB, J-DT, SG, BL, and JC wrote sections of the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.
This work was supported by an Action Medical Research project grant (SN4051). Financial support for LH was provided through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm City Council and Karolinska Institute.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The authors would like to thank Dr. Martin King for discussions and advice on statistical analyses, members of the Zurich Center for Growth and Development for advice and supervision in the context of the ZNA, and Professor Hans Forssberg for discussion and advice. We would like to thank Professor Alan Connelly, who very generously provided expertise in diffusion MRI and interpretation of the imaging data.
CC, corpus callosum; CP, cerebral palsy; CST, cortico-spinal tract; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; FA, fractional anisotropy; M1, primary motor cortex; MD, mean diffusivity; ROI, region of interest; S1, sensory motor cortex; SD, standard deviation; SDS, standard deviation scores; WM, white matter; ZNA, Zürich Neuromotor Assessment.
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Keywords: preterm birth, brain injury, white matter microstructure, motor abilities, diffusion magnetic resonance imaging, tractography, corpus callosum
Citation: Groeschel S, Holmström L, Northam G, Tournier J-D, Baldeweg T, Latal B, Caflisch J and Vollmer B (2019) Motor Abilities in Adolescents Born Preterm Are Associated With Microstructure of the Corpus Callosum. Front. Neurol. 10:367. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00367
Received: 07 October 2018; Accepted: 25 March 2019;
Published: 16 April 2019.
Edited by:Kirsten A. Donald, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Reviewed by:Kerstin Pannek, Australian e-Health Research Centre (CSIRO), Australia
Andrea Guzzetta, University of Pisa, Italy
Copyright © 2019 Groeschel, Holmström, Northam, Tournier, Baldeweg, Latal, Caflisch and Vollmer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Brigitte Vollmer, email@example.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work


text:
Think About What You Can Learn From the Customers You Lose
Here is a situation that businesses repeat much too often.
I am amazed
After more than a year as a regular customer … paying a $150+ each month, investing an incredible amount of time participating in discussions with them regarding the use of their product …
We cut our spending with the company by 50%.
And Incredibly
The company never asked "why?"
Disappointed by a Continued Failure to Listen to Customers
Two months later, we stopped all purchases.
And Again
The company never asked "why?"
I've always been taught that a business can gain valuable insights from the customers it loses. From them, you learn what you could have done to keep them satisfied … how to retain and regain customers.
It made no sense to us, but confirmed our decision.
My Marketing education and experience says "customer research is critical."
My Sales experience says "find out what went wrong."
My Strategic experience says "learn how to fix it."
And reinforced the idea that Common Sense is truly an uncommon commodity.
In the days that followed we learned that other customers had dropped away.
Each one of them reported that …
The company never asked "why?"


text:
Today's 'Fix': Nick Cave & the Bad Seeds from their first American tour in 1984. The video footage is from Perkins Palace, Pasadena, CA, where the band played on June 22, 1984. Low angle camera view enhances the chaotic action. Outstanding piece of Bad Seeds history.
Nick Cave & the Bad Seeds: From Her to Eternity Pasadena, CA, 1984-06-24
LOOK UNDER PAGE CUT for video, setlist, + chronology, trivia, etc.
Line-up:Nick Cave (v), Blixa Bargeld (g), Mick Harvey (d), Barry Adamson (b), Hugo Race (k,g)
Setlist: A Box For Black Paul, From Her To Eternity, I Put A Spell On You, Mutiny In Heaven, Well Of Misery, Saint Huck, Avalanche, In The Ghetto.
1984 Chronology – Trivia
March 1984 London, Trident Studios: 'From Her to Eternity' recording sessions [Session notes will follow in the comments.]
3 March 1984 Einstürzende Neubauten play Perkins Palace, Pasadena, CA. Henry Rollins attends the show – this is where he first meets Blixa. EN set the stage on fire, just as they did the previous night, at L.A.'s Batcave. For a bit of thrill and chills, here is a live version of Haus der Lüge. The end portion was recorded live, at the Batcave, 2 March 1984. From EN's Strategies Against Architechture II compilation album. (*Tx to David Sheridan/Greg Fasolino/Ira Robbins @TrouserPress)
7 Jun 1984 The night before Blixa goes on tour with the Bad Seeds, Einsturzende Neubauten are in Berlin filming the 'Trinklied' video, which must be seen to be appreciated (drunk jabbering Germans). 😉
23 Jun 1984 Long Beach, Zed records
The next day, on 23rd June, the band were due for an in-store signing at Long Beach's Zed records. Henry Rollins claims he offered to 'baby sit' the band and drive them to the signing event. According to Rollins, when he walked into the hotel room, he found Nick and Blixa completely naked and passed out cold, with girls all over the place in various stages of undress. Apparently, Rollins got them dressed and into the car. Although he lost Nick somewhere along the way he managed to successfully deliver Blixa to the record store. [Henry Rollins anecdote]
Later that night, Henry, Blixa Bargeld, Mick Harvey, and Hugo Race attend The Gun Club concert in Santa Monica where Henry and Blixa end up slow-dancing.
23/24 Jun 1984 In a West Hollywood garage, Evan English & John Hillcoat shoot the "In The Ghetto" promo video with Nick Cave. [Morgan note: this video shoot needs its own post, but for now, I've linked to promo included in the remastered deluxe edition of From Her to Eternity (2009)].
25 Jun 1984 The band play at a private loft in Kansas City.
27 Jun 1984 Stache's, Columbus Ohio [scene of the infamous Nick and Blixa Interview Pt 1 & 2 (1984) ]
July – Sept 1984 Nick stays in L.A. with Hugo Race, spends time with Henry Rollins, performs a reading at the Lhasa Club, and meets future Bad Seed Kid Congo Powers and Jeffrey Lee Pierce of The Gun Club.
Oct 1984 Nick returns to Christoph Dreher's Dresdener Strasse flat to write songs for 'Firstborn is Dead'.
7 Nov 1984 The band play London's Electric Ballroom [see 'Well of Misery' post]
23 Nov 1984 The band play Barcelona's 666 Club. Hugo Race has departed. Nick, along with Blixa Bargeld, Barry Adamson and Mick Harvey, form the final lineup that will record Nick Cave & the Bad Seeds album #2.
Firstborn is Dead is recorded in late November and December 1984, at Berlin's Hansa Ton Studios. To be continued…
- Fanatic! Henry Rollins
- From the Archives.com
- Nick Cave Collector's Hell
- The Gun Club: The History (Sailor Jerry's Blog)
GOOD READ: In a Black Box with Nick Cave (NME, May 1983)


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Two More Salutes to the Music of Bob Dylan
In mid-May the Northland was treated to a very special concert, assembled primarily by "Magic Marc" Percansky, Billy Hallquist and Nelson French. To say that it was a stellar, and memorable, evening of music is understatement.
A featured star of the evening was Dylan-violinist Scarlet Rivera, and if you thought she was great the past few years, well with a full army of talent and sound behind her, she rocked the universe. (Please excuse my hyperbole. I will use more when I write about the movie Chef this weekend. I've been known to get emotional at times and can get carried away.)
All this to say that the Duluth concert was a gift from a group of musicians who have been doing these Salute concerts for quite a few years. Obviously they love playing together, but the concerts are always for good causes. In Duluth, they came to help raise funds and awareness for renovating the Duluth Armory. In the Twin Cities, they have been producing free concerts for Guitars for Vets, a non-profit organization committed to helping restore meaning, purpose and joy for wounded veterans.
The concert was so rich that it only seemed natural to want my blog readers in the Twin Cities to be aware of it, because in August Salute to the Music of Bob Dylan will once again be accompanied by violinist Scarlet Rivera.
The two concerts will be at Town Green (Maple Grove) and Veterans Memorial Amphitheater in Wolfe Park (St. Louis Park) with both concerts featuring being free. This marks the 6th year in a row that Salute to the Music of Bob Dylan (formerly Blood on the Tracks Live) has performed at the St. Louis Park venue and the 4th annual event in Maple Grove. Every year these shows draw thousands of attendees.
The core band, consists of leader Billy Hallquist, Matt Fink, Lonnie Knight, Gary Lopac, Stan Kipper, Chico Perez, Ralph Dacut, Jim Steinworth and Aaron Ollswang will be joined by guests Patty Peterson, Gene LaFond, Barbara Meyer, James Loney w. Edie Rae and Colleen O., Barry Thomas Goldberg, Arne Fogel, Dan Israel, Mark Lamoine, Kenny Krona and Steve Grossman. Keeping the watches wound and trains on time is Master of Ceremonies "Magic" Marc Percansky.
According to their announcement, "This conglomeration of talent boasts nearly 1,000 years of combined experience and 100,000+ performances." According to my experience I can only tell you these folks are tight, and the love to share the music that so inspires them. .
Making a special appearance will be world-renowned violinist Scarlet Rivera. Scarlet burst on the scene when Dylan hired her to record and tour with him during the epic "Desire", "Hard Rain", Rolling Thunder Revue and Renaldo & Clara period. Since those heady days she has continued to perform and record solo and with a long line of "A-list" artists around the planet.
The August 6th concert takes place at Town Green, 7991 Main Street N., Maple Grove, MN. On August 9 th the show moves to Veterans Memorial Amphitheater in Wolfe Park, 3700 Monterey Dr., St. Louis Park, MN. Music begins at 6:30 and concludes around 9:30
As usual, both events serve as benefits to raise support and awareness of Guitars for Vets, a national organization dedicated to serving those who've served their country but face challenges due to PTSD. Any/all cash donations will go directly to Guitars for Vets. Those who have an old guitar sitting around may donate them as well. Contributions of any kind are completely voluntary and extremely appreciated by the organization and its students. A brief set of original material by Chrome Horse Diplomats precedes the Dylan Salute.
For what it's worth, if you're a Dylan fan, the only thing better than this is seeing Dylan himself. Tonight and tomorrow he's in Norway after finishing sets in Germany, Poland and Denmark this past week. And according to reviews he's better than ever. He's 73 and still acting like he plans to remain forever young. I'm certainly operating on that gameplan.
Ennyman is a Life Under Construction. Writer, artist, philosopher, friend... visit www.enewman.biz to put your mind at e's.


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Homemade natural nut butter and chia jam spreads are wholesome toppings for a tasty breakfast addition! This shop has been compensated by Collective Bias, Inc. and its advertiser. All opinions are mine alone.
Are you looking for a wholesome and fun way to add some excitement back to breakfast time? If you haven't tried making nut butter or jam, then you are missing out! It's simple and only takes a few minutes to prep these delicious spreads so you can grab and use at any time and add to your favorite breakfast item.
The best part is you get to customize the spreads with natural and nutritious ingredients like fresh fruit and chia. I can't wait to show you my guide on how to create personalized spreads, let's go!
The first step and probably the hardest one is deciding on what nut or fruit you want to choose. The options are endless, but I would recommend going for the ripest fruit you can find in the market. I picked strawberries and grapes, as well as peanuts and almonds to make variations of the spreads.
To make homemade nut butter I recommend a strong blender or food processor that can handle the high sheer of the process. In just a few minutes you can create a super creamy and smooth peanut butter similar to what you would find at the store!
Essential Nut Butter Tips
- Go skinless- For the creamiest nut butter, buy nuts that have the skin removed. I like roasted unsalted peanuts or blanched almonds. However, I enjoy the flavor with the almond skins, so I buy them roasted. Cashews yield the silkiest nut butter, but give different nuts a try!
- Customize- You can create a simple nut butter with just nuts, or if you like a super creamy nut butter the coconut oil helps with the texture. Adding sweetener is optional, but honey is the best emulsifier to help keep things smooth. Add some spices like cinnamon and nutmeg for a tasty twist!
- Prevent blender burn out – You will notice that the motor and blades get hot as it's working hard to break down and smooth out the thickened nut butter. Give the unit a few minutes to cool down between each processing step. I've also added the blender cup in the refrigerator to speed up the cooling.
I've been a big fan of using chia seeds for creating a thickened "jam" instead of using pectin. It's a much quicker process, and you can incorporate a superfood packed with fiber and omega-3 fatty acids for an additional nutritional benefit. The fruit, sweetener, lemon juice, and chia seeds go right into the blender for a few seconds to create a puree.
When chia seeds are given about 20 minutes to swell, you will see it magically thicken the mixture. If you are not eating it right away you can refrigerate overnight, and it will be ready the next morning, or you can cook for a few minutes for an instant jam!
Now that the natural nut butter and chia jam spreads are ready, it's time to build a better breakfast!
One of the best ways to create a complete breakfast is to pair wholesome foods together for a power-packed meal. One filling breakfast solution to help sustain you or kids all morning are bagels.
Our bagel of choice is Lender's bagels, and they come in plain, blueberry and cinnamon-raisin flavors. Lender's has a bagel for everyone. The flavors are super kid-friendly and perfect for the whole family. My toddler James and I like cinnamon raisin, plus it makes your house smell like freshly baked cinnamon bread when toasted, yum!
On those busy mornings, being able just to open up the fridge, grab, toast and top a bagel is a big time saver. It's so easy, tasty and nutritious!
Other ways to add wholesome products to your breakfast along with Lender's bagels are adding Great Value milk and Del Monte Fruit & Veggie Fusions. The flavor combinations are endless, and your family will enjoy the variety to make their own personalized meal!
As a food scientist and mom, making sure my family eats healthy every day is incredibly important. Our family always eats a wholesome breakfast, to ensure that we have the energy to thrive throughout the day. My son is extremely active and growing, so I like to provide a combination of foods that contain protein, carbohydrates, vitamins like milk, fruit and bagels for a better together breakfast, or even snack later in the day.
How will you create a winning breakfast combination for you or your family? What spreads will you try topped on your favorite crunchy and chewy Lender's bagel? I would love to hear your ideas in the comments section below. Happy eating friends!
How Do Chia Seeds Work to Create a Jam?
Chia seeds may not look like much, but these mighty tiny seeds are packed with nutrients like omega-3-fatty acids, antioxidants, easily digestible protein, calcium, iron, and fiber to help provide long-lasting energy. The fiber is the way the chia seeds can create a thickened "jam." When the chia seeds combine with a liquid, they instantly start to swell and absorb water, almost 9X it's weight which is incredible! In the process, a gel-like layer on the outside of the chia seed naturally thickens the liquid mixture. This gets even thicker the longer it has to hydrate and swell. The chia jam will never set like a pectin-based jam, but it provides a similar consistency. (Source: Superfood Kitchen By Julie Morris)
Homemade Natural Nut Butter and Chia Jam
Nut Butter
- 2 cups peanuts, roasted unsalted, or almonds or cashews
- 1/2 teaspoon salt, add more if needed
- 2 tablespoons honey, or maple syrup
- 5 tablespoons coconut oil, melted
Chia Jam
- 2 cups strawberries, or grapes
- 1 tablespoon honey, or maple syrup, more to taste
- 1 teaspoon lemon juice, more to taste
- 3 tablespoons chia seeds
- 6 bagels, , Lender's Bagels
Nut Butter
- Add nuts and salt to a bowl of a food processor or blender. Process about 1 to 2 minutes, or until crumbs form. If you like a chunky nut butter take out 1/2 cup and add back in later. If the machine and nut butter feel hot after processing, allow them to cool down for 10 minutes.
- Add 2 tablespoons of honey and 4 tablespoons melted coconut oil. Process until the mixture is smooth, about 1 to 2 minutes. Allow mixture to cool for 5 minutes. Add 1 tablespoon of melted coconut oil and process for 1 minute until smooth. Transfer to an airtight container until ready to use. Refrigerate if not eating right away.
Chia Jam
- Remove any leaves or steams from the fruit. Add fruit, honey, lemon juice and chia seeds to a food processor or blender. Process until smooth, about 20 seconds. Transfer to a small cooking pot and allow to sit for 20 minutes.
- Turn on heat to medium and cook the chia jam mixture for 3 minutes, stirring as needed. Taste a cooled sample of the jam and adjust with more sweetener or lemon juice as needed. Transfer mixture to a bowl and refrigerate to chill. Store in an airtight container until ready to use.
To Serve
- Bring nut butter to room temperature before serving for a spreadable product. Toast your favorite Lender's bagel flavor and top with nut butter and jelly. Enjoy!
- You can use any fruit you would like for the chia jam like raspberries, blueberries, blackberries and apricots.
- If you like a chunkier puree process until the fruit is just broken down but pieces remain, this will take only a few seconds.
- You can use any roasted unsalted nuts like almonds, cashews, and walnuts.
- For the smoothest nut butter use skinless nuts. It's okay to keep the skin, but the texture will be a little different and slightly thicker.
- You can skip the cooking step and refrigerate the jam for at least an hour or overnight for a thickened jam. I found this works best with berries and grape taste better cooked a few minutes.
- Feel free to add spices like cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg to the nut butter when you are processing the nuts to add more flavor. Start off with a small amount, about 1/8 to 1/4 teaspoon spice and as more as desired.
- The jam can be stored in a container for 1 week in the refrigerator.
- The nut butter can be stored in a container for 2 weeks in the fridge.


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The aim is to investigate models that predicts the potential of pulp and evaluate the relevance of the zero-span tensile index within these. Two chemical pulps made from softwood and eucalyptus were refined in a Voith-beater with different energy input in order to study the change of fiber morphology signals and other pulp and paper properties. Chemical, THP pulp from Södra Värö is also used as an initial analysis for morphological connections to Zero-span tensile index.
The L&W Fiber Tester Plus is used in order to study the pulps fiber morphology and Pulmac 2000 for zero span. Handsheets are made for mechanical tests such as tensile properties, ZD-strength and optical properties.
Many of the given signals change according to clear patterns with increasing refining energy. Using least square methods, formulas describing the development with high adaptation could be formulated. Many of the measured aspects changes over already known patterns. These are then applied in the models.
Three possible models is tested: linear regression, Shear-Lag and Page. Of the three, only the two first ones where able to produce reliable models, whereas the third required data that was difficult to acquire at the same time as the adaptation was very low. The only model that use exclusively morphology data is linear regression.


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Letters to the Editor
Letters to the editor: Dec. 14
No to GMOs
By presenting a one-sided argument in favor of genetically modified organisms and the weed killer glyphosate, University of Kentucky professors Paul Vincelli and Janet Mullins do the public a disservice. A shame, considering they represent a public university.
They wrote: "Glyphosate tolerant crops offer certain benefits for weed control." Totally false. Over reliance on glyphosate has created a super-weed crisis; plants develop resistance to chemicals just as insects do. Glyphosate also is heavily implicated in killing off native milkweed that monarch butterflies need to survive. The World Health Organization recently said glyphosate probably causes cancer in humans. Chipotle recently banned GMOs from its product lineup, only to be excoriated by the media for being anti-scientific.
Even if GMOs are safe to ingest, that doesn't mean they're safe to grow. And you can't separate dangerous chemicals from the production of those GMOs.
John Scott
Collateral damage
A recent letter sickened me. It began by referring to the U.S.-led bombing of the Doctors Without Borders Hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan, which the writer said leads her to conjure images of maimed and dead civilians when she sees a person in military uniform.
"They bomb medical workers on humanitarian missions and their patients, don't they," she wrote, as if the incident could have been but was not avoided.
The person(s) in military uniform are heroes laying their lives on the line so she doesn't have to. They are not trained to maim civilians of either side. The intelligence community supplies geographic coordinates to direct surgical bombing. Military personnel who deliver the ordinance are only following instructions.
If anyone in the chain of command had been aware, the incident would not have occurred. The language in the letter, however, suggests either total disregard for or intentional destruction of the hospital, which is not the way our military operates.
Sorry is, in fact, plenty enough.
It would be difficult, if not impossible, to find a war in the history of our world devoid of collateral damage, although there appears to be no shortage of misinformation, propaganda and subversive activity.
John McCrary


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- Home
- Practice Areas
- Medical Device
Practice Area Details
Medical Device
Our medical device practice group consists of experienced litigators defending medical devices used all over the country. Our expertise includes early investigation and evaluation of medical devices at issue, extensive and coordinated discovery to evaluate liability, active pretrial litigation, including discovery motions designed to protect various client trade secret and proprietary information, and dispositive motions. We have also been successful in preventing or limiting certification of class action status for cases involving medical devices, leading to reduced exposure to our clients. We have aggressively defended medical device manufacturers in both complex coordinated proceedings and federal multidistrict litigation.


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Glass Balustrade Newcastle
Glass balustrades are a stylish option for any home. They add an accent of modernity and class that sets a property apart from the others around it, so it's no wonder that as people look to augment their home, they are growing in popularity.
Glass Balustrade Options
There is a range of options available that can achieve various looks, and it's important for people that are considering installing a glass balustrade to consider all of the options available to get the result that they are happiest with.
Here is an overview of those options.
Side Pinned Glass Balustrades
These frameless balustrades can be either pin-fixed or stand-off to be placed along the side of a deck, balustrade or a stair-landing. This gives a blend of glass and stainless steel that provides a stunning finish to provide the best glass-only balustrade system.
Top Mounted Frameless Glass Balustrades
This option functions with both frameless and semi-frameless glass fencing options (we will explore the other alternative in more depth below), and these can achieve a set of distinct advantages. It is possible to install his type of balustrade with a variety of treated aluminium finishes. The balustrades can, for example, be made flush with the glass or a gap can be created. This means that people can achieve the desired look that fits their aesthetic preferences and their property.
Top Mounted Semi Frameless Glass Balustrades
This option gives a sophisticated style with a thoroughly see-through effect. There are no sacrifices made to safety and security yet this option still offers an almost entirely uninterrupted view.
Why to Work with Dimension One Glass
We have a lot of experience in offering these various options, and our work can be seen throughout the Newcastle area. Our 30 years of experience play a large role in ensuring that we achieve the best possible results on each project.
Our customers particularly appreciate the fact that we offer guaranteed installation dates. This means that our patients can rely on us to get their project finished on time and to the impeccable standard that they expect. We will not let you down if we agree on a set installation date.
The pricing that we offer is also attractive: in our time offering these services we have developed transparent and accurate pricing that our clients can trust in. Our level of quality and the reliability of our products make our package the best offering available.
Receive Your Quote Today
If you are considering installing a glass balustrade of any of the above configurations you should consider working with Dimension One Glass and getting your quote today. You can browse our website to get a better idea of our products and also request a quote. If you provide us with the details of your project, we will be sure to get back to you with a detailed proposal as quickly as possible.
Dimension One Glass is the best provider of glass pool fencing in NSW. Whether you are looking for glass pool windows in Sydney, aluminium pool fencing in Newcastle or glass balustrades in Central Coast, we have the fencing solution that will make your pool stand out. Browse our website or call us for more information!


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Certainly, most of the homes in the think hoover as important components in the house due to their significant contribution when cleansing your home. These devices are really useful in cleaning even unreachable surface areas when simply using normal sponges, brooms or various other cleaning materials. It holds true that without a reliable hoover, you might not quickly clean tough surfaces and waste even more of your energy and time ultimately. One more advantage of these cleansing devices is they are convenient and east to manage when cleansing the house.
In order to situate the best choice to spend, you need to browse online and read helpful reviews about these equipments. You need to examine the reviews due to the fact that you might purchase a vacuum that is reduced in high quality and simply spend your cash incorrectly.
Today, one impressive vacuum cleaner entails the upright cleaner variation. Upright vacuum incorporate a bag, pipe, beater and a useful electric motor for each system. Contrary to a container sort of vacuum, the upright vacuum cleaner is extra useful and easy to maneuver if you need to clean various areas inside your home. This is probably among the very best advantages of this kind of vacuum cleansers. When we talk about the actual cost series of this design, if you select to invest for a top-notch hoover, it is possible to spend around $500-$ 600. Concerning the cost effective devices, you may require to spend concerning $150-$ 300 only for a single maker. Upright vacuum cleaner makers can maintaining your floors, carpeting's or cloths cleaner. Just see to it to purchase the device that features a setup that changes the height quickly. An additional great benefit of the upright versions is they integrate hose pipe and wand extensions; however, you might discover it difficult to clean areas like the closets and stairs. When taking care of these areas, it is best to utilize the canister vacuum cleaner.
Some home owners choose the bagless vacuum models, as they can save some cash by not acquiring vacuum bags. The good idea concerning these devices is you can establish the accumulated dust inside the bag and have the ability to clean, as it shows up. Bear in mind that when the cup of the bag is complete, you require to clear it to proceed making use of the vacuum cleaner and complete your cleaning tasks quicker. Find more information https://bestcleaneradviser.com of your choice.


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5 Wire Trailer Brake Wiring Diagram Nice Ford F, 7, Trailer Wiring Diagram 6 Square Wire Harness 5 Rh Mediapickle Me 7, Trailer Brake Wiring Diagram, Trailer 7 Blade To 7, Trailer Pictures
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From Metro and Deviant Entertainment, we get eight sizzling ladies performing in four separate pairs (two ladies per episode), eating each other's pussy and anus, while also sucking tits (and face, as well!) in fairly atmospheric settings.
In a smoky, red-tinted dungeon, Lily Lane dominates the shit outta Leigh Raven, with arousing results. We first see Raven's head sticking out of the top of a padded table, with buxom Lily sitting right on that face and makin' Leigh lick like there's no tomorrow. We then see that the table surface is, actually, the top of a mini cage, which Lane opens to release Raven and further fuck (with) her. Both ladies are heavily tattooed, making for an added visual treat, on top of their way-juicy bods. Raven is a good cunt licker, using her finger for some probing. Raven exerts a bit of her own domination over Lane at points, really smacking Lily's ultra-superb meaty butt. Love it, too, when Raven's sucking Lane anus till it's soaked with her spit. Lane, thankfully, returns the rectal flavor. On top of all o' this fun stuff, we have a nice ending, letting the scene cum full circle, with a sweet twist.
Next, Nikki Nightly, in another smoky dungeon, terrorizes one of my all-time fave porn starlets, the incredibly luscious Mandy Muse. After releasing Mandy from her own cage, Nightly spanks her delicious butt, soon forcing Mandy to suck her pussy, deep and long. Muse is an excellent muff muncher. Both bitches, by the way, are wearing totally sexy black fishnet body stockings, with useful holes to better attack cunt/anus. And we get loads o' bent-over shots of these fine sluts, who just can't get enough o' pink and stink, making for one volcanic sequence.
Beautiful Janice Griffith is next lustily menaced by lascivious Latina Vicki Chase. At the end of a long, foggy brick hallway, Griffith is tied to a chair, with Chase whacking her a bit with a crop, before the two move to a larger 'play' room where Chase gets Griffith upon a padded table and really chows down on clam. And wait till you see Janice bent over on all fours, her delectable derriere way up in the air. She's also wearing an outrageously sexy black fishnet body stocking, open in all of the right spaces. It's not long before Chase makes Janice suck on her Chase twat; and — hey, Vick has an awesome ass herself! There's a lot of vibe-on-cunt action as well, but it's balanced with enough sucking and kissing to make things truly decadent.
Lastly, big-boobed blonde Kenzie Taylor goes at it with wiry brunette spinner/slave Gina Valentina for yet another smokin' slit-to-slit scene. Tied on her back to a big padded table in (you got it) another smoky, (but this time) blue-tinted dungeon, Kenzie sucks Gina's fine pussy, before the dominating Taylor sits her big ass (wowie!) on Valentina's pretty face, with the latter really slurpin' up a storm. Again, the ladies are wearing black fishnet outfits, which are always just oh-so-fucking hot-looking. And, aside from each tramp's fine bottom, you can't miss those amazing headlights on Taylor. I also like the way both bitches, literally, swap spit, while Taylor has a high ol' time o' feasting on gash a la Gina. Eventually, Valentina sheds all of her threads (except for her black boots), and is forced to stick her scrumptious ass up in the air for Taylor to attack with mouth 'n' vibrator. Taylor then has Gina vibe her own cunt and kiss her until the scene fades to black.
Featuring eight smokin' broads, these scenes are just long enough to thoroughly get you off, especially since the babes involved seem truly sincere, absolutely passionate about eating snapper — and a little starfish, as well.
Anything goes in the world of Deviant Hadcore as four girls get pushed to their breaking point by their mistresses just before they cum.