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Calcium Saturation Index
Since the early 1960s, the pool industry has been using a concept called the Calcium Saturation Index (CSI) to predict water's tendency to be corrosive or scale-forming. And for just as long, it has been both a friend and a nemesis. The index is fraught with errors in its understanding, causing some aquatic professionals to question its application to pools. With a better understanding of the common myths and mistakes associated with the CSI, pool operators will be able to apply this important concept of pool-water balance in a reliable manner.
History Lesson
The original CSI was derived from a theoretical concept of Dr. Wilfred Langelier, Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. His paper detailing the model was first published in 1936. Since then, Langelier's index has become widely used and studied, not only in the pool industry, but in industrial and domestic drinking-water treatment as well as other applications. It is interesting to note that his work dealt with enclosed loops of municipal water piping systems, and he never made mention of its use on water loops that are open to the atmosphere, like swimming pools.
Back To Basics
The concept of pool-water balance, as determined using the CSI, is very important to the trained operator. The numerical expression helps predict the water's aggressiveness or scaling potential. The CSI itself is comprised of five variables:
1. pH
2. Temperature
3. Bicarbonate alkalinity
4. Calcium hardness
5. Total dissolved solids
The classic representation of the CSI is as follows:
CSI = pH + Tf + Af + Cf − 12.1
In this simplified formula, pH is inserted directly, and the appropriate factors for temperature, bicarbonate (total) alkalinity and calcium hardness are taken from a table and entered into the formula (the factor for total dissolved solids is included in the constant). The resulting calculated value is the pool water's "balance." Negative values indicate increasingly aggressive water, while positive values indicate the water has an increasing potential to scale. Water that yields a CSI between –0.3 and +0.3 is generally considered "balanced." The goal is to avoid highly aggressive water that will degrade the pool surface and equipment, while also avoiding scaling water which can deposit scale on pool interiors, pipes, etc.
Flaws And Fallacies
With its readily identifiable benefits in preserving the pool structure and equipment, there are some notable flaws and fallacies with the index. Common errors in understanding the CSI include correct terminology, the definition of "balanced," CSI parameters, temperature factor correction and the influence of total dissolved solids.
While seemingly trivial, proper terminology is a foundation for understanding what the CSI does and does not do. First, the correct title for this concept is Calcium Saturation Index, not "Langelier Saturation Index," "Langelier Index" or "Saturation Index." This is the term Langelier used and the only name that is adequately descriptive of what is saturated.
Second, negative CSI values show water's tendency to be aggressive, not corrosive. Dr. Langelier's original work focused on predicting precipitation of calcium scale, and scholars agree there is no correlation between the corrosion of metal and the CSI. Negative values do, however, show the water's aggressiveness toward plaster and other non-metallic surfaces as it seeks to dissolve calcium in order to reach equilibrium.
Another fallacy is that the CSI predicts scale-forming water. In fact, it does not. The CSI only indicates the water's scaling potential. Pool water with CSI values of +0.5, or even +1.0 and higher, will not precipitate scale in a well-managed pool. It takes a pH above 8 (around 8.3 to 8.4) for calcium carbonate to fall out of solution. This is actually related to the alkalinity, the buffering capacity of the water. At a typical pool with a pH between 7.2 and 7.6, no scale can form.
When interpreting the CSI, it is important to know that zero is not necessarily perfectly "balanced." A variety of factors make the wisest choice subjective for any particular pool. Some operators choose to hold a –0.1 to account for "up-scaling" heaters, but many times holding +0.3 or more, with an understanding of the Ryzner Index, is the preferred point while keeping a low pH to maximize chlorine's effectiveness.
A little-known fact is that the CSI has been tested and shown to work only inside certain parameters for each variable. While most of the parameter limits exceed what is likely in a swimming pool or spa, it should be noted that the reliability of the index is severely compromised if any value falls outside the following parameter limits:
· pH: 6.5 to 9.5
· Temperature: 32 to 212°F
· Bicarbonate alkalinity: 10 to 800 ppm
· Calcium hardness: 50 to 700 ppm (up to 900 ppm)
· Total dissolved solids: 50 to 1000
One largely unknown flaw is in the published tables. The temperature factors have been miscalculated and copied in all major pool-operation texts. Table 1 shows all of the recalculated, corrected factors for each variable. The only notable differences appear in the temperature column, which is only about 0.1 in the typical pool and spa range. It should also be noted that the table complies with the previously mentioned CSI parameters.
Over the years, the total dissolved solids' (TDS) influence has been greatly exaggerated. The constant--12.1--includes the TDS factor for 1,000 parts per million (ppm) of TDS. This is not an uncommon value in many pools. It is important to know that the CSI has only been shown to work with TDS values up to 1,000 ppm. But, using Langelier's original equation, the next tenth of negative influence would not occur until 10,000 ppm TDS, not the commonly referenced 1,000 ppm. It can safely be assumed that unless a pool is filled with sea water, the influence of TDS is negligible, and therefore can be ignored altogether in most pools. Even in pools and spas using chlorine generation--commonly called saltwater systems--where the salt content is typically maintained between 3,000 and 6,000 ppm, the TDS influence is small enough to be ignored.
A Better Way?
With all the associated problems with the CSI, the question persists, "Is there a better way?" In short, the answer is no, but other methods are worth discussing. The Ryzner Stability Index (RSI) has received some deserved attention from the industry, and has been applied successfully in some cases. The formula for the RSI is:
RSI = 2 x (12.1 − Tf − Af − Cf) − pH
The midpoint for this index is 6.5, with values below 6.0 indicating an increasing scaling potential, and values well above 7.0 indicating true corrosive tendencies of the water. While the RSI is useful for predicting water's corrosivity, it becomes apparent that simply maintaining a positive CSI value with high calcium hardness will yield similar results.
Another method that was developed by a pool technician is the Hamilton Index (HI). It has not become widely used--or well known--in the commercial pool sector. Interestingly, there is no theory or science behind the index, but it is claimed that extensive field testing has shown it to work. It is interesting to note that the HI requires the pool water pH to be maintained between 7.8 and 8.2. This range is not even legal in most states, and would not yield an effective work-value of chlorine.
With an understanding of the common errors associated with the Calcium Saturation Index, pool operators will be able to reliably maintain safe pool water that also ensures the structure and equipment lasts for years. The CSI is an important and useful tool, and to date, there has not been a better method developed, but operators must be alert to what the index does and does not do.
Matthew Griffith is the pool operator for Georgia Institute of Technology. He has an extensive aquatics background managing municipal, private, school district and university programs. As an instructor, Griffith has taught CPO courses around the country, and holds numerous other certifications in pool operations and service. He can be reached via e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Wearing china. That is one of the reasons why Charlotte Olympia designs make my heart flutter. When I first entered the Charlotte Olympia store in New York, Echo immediately picked up these beauties. For a few seconds we both glared at what he was holding in his hands wondering if it were real porcelain. Prodding at it like a science experiment. You never know with Charlotte Olympia. Thankfully, the sales assistants were incredibly helpful and understanding of our bewilderment and spent the next hour helping me get a pair in my size. The heels flew with me to France and the Chateau de Versailles was the perfect place to wear them for the first time. I'm not used to wearing platforms or flatforms or any forms really, period. So after a few almost-stumbles in the stunning Chateau we decided to shoot here, where what seems like a casual lean against a palace wall is actually me attempting to stay upright. They are vases for heels after all...
Zara Coat (Similar here), Nicholas Top (Similar here and here), Intermix Skirt (Similar here), Charlotte Olympia Heels, Celine Bag, Random bracelet from the Ajaccio markets that Echo kept wanting me to cover for these shots.
Beauty: Sephora Nail Stickers, Sephora Liquid Eyeliner
Photos: Jericho Rosales

subset: commoncrawl


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An exciting new entry into the emerging GameLit genre, Joshua Mason's Steam Whistle Alley is a thrilling tale which explores what is possible in augmented reality. Everyone on the street that day saw a lunatic wearing strange brass goggles, swinging an invisible sword on the sidewalks of downtown Seattle. But Jacob recognizes what the man is really doing—playing a game in augmented reality. When the game's creator offers him his own goggles, Jacob enters a city he thinks he knows. But towering monuments of Victorian architecture have replaced the skyscrapers. Airships float between the buildings. Fearsome enemies, from steam-powered rabbits to clockwork werewolves lurk in every shadow.
But with the game comes a quest, and to the victors go the deed to Steam Whistle Alley, the social and financial heart of the game. Jacob, his biosynthetic monkey Banjo, and the rest of the team must face off against foes who want the alley for themselves. Some of his adversaries, however, aren't playing games. They don't want the alley. They want the company, and the death they bring is not the kind Jacob can respawn from.
My Opinion: 488 pages, $3.99, Available on Kindle Unlimited
If you like Steampunk, you'll love this LitRPG story. It combines that genre with an augmented reality system that transforms Seattle, Washington into a steampunk paradise. The author goes deeply into details about all the steampunkified things. Victorian clothing, steam powered machines, magic, and Seattle landmarks with steampunk looks. There's even a talking monkey with a fancy vest and a monocle.
Unfortunately for me, I don't like Steampunk. So, while I appreciated the use of augmented reality (which overlays the game over real things in the world) instead of virtual reality (which creates a whole new independent world), the theme just wasn't my cup of tea. Also, on the whole the augmented reality aspect, while original, didn't really add anything for me. Just made things overly complicated.
The Story is a bit slow in the first 20% with lots of exposition and setup but improves once you get to the first action scene at the 30% mark. There are good characters, good character development, but the story is definitely more adventure than action. There's also a little bit of romance, and a nice bit of mystery and puzzle solving for the game contest.
A few issues I had with the story: The author breaks a few established world rules for the sake of an interesting character or to move the plot forward. The end is pretty wand wavy and the big problem isn't resolved by the MC. There is also a bit of a cliffhanger ending. Relatively minor things but they did lessen my enjoyment of the story a little.
Game Mechanic wise, the story doesn't have particularly deep game mechanics.The RPG game mechanics exists in the story but they're minimized intentionally. You have a fairly standard stat system, automatic stat point distribution, but the characters have the option to specialize some abilities with skill points. Crafting is also not that detailed, though I did like some of the original designs and creations. Things like quest announcements, level ups, etc mostly come from statements from the MC's pet monkey. I think the author's philosophy on the subject comes through in early dialogue from the MC: "It was the experience that was my whole reason for gaming, the escape - not the stats."
Overall, the Steampunk theme of the story just wasn't my thing. Because much of the first third of the story is just descriptions about how amazingly steampunk the game made Seattle, it was a bit boring for me. This absolutely changes with the first fight, as the story becomes smaller and more focused on the core group and their adventures. But the end, which felt very wand wavy, lost me again. On the whole, the novel just misses being good for me. By no means is it a bad story, it's neither boring or poorly written. Steampunk just isn't my thing. If you like Steampunk and litRPG, you'll love this story.
But for me, it gets a 6 out of 10.
Steam Whistle Alley: An Adventure in Augmented Reality


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Whidbey Island, Washington Wedding Photography – Ebey's Landing and The Roaming Raddish – Lauren + Jasper
My third and final post on the subject of Lauren + Jasper's lovely Whidbey Island Wedding: their actual wedding photos! I loved their gorgeous ceremony site, on a bluff overlooking the sound, and the reception at the Roaming Radish was beautiful and delicious! Add to that lovely family and friends, a full moon rising over the reception, and a slew of amazing selfies, and you've got yourself a pretty amazing wedding. Congratulations, you two — I was honored to be a part of it all!
Venue + Catering: Roaming Radish
Ceremony site: Ebey's Landing State Park
Bride's dress: I Do Bridal
Bridesmaids' Dresses: David's Bridal
Groom's and Groomsmen's clothing: Men's Wearhouse
Hair: Bliss Salon
Flowers: Becky Breeze
Rings: Brett Christensen
Decorations: Lauren, Jasper and friends!
Music: Jason Okamoto
Officiant: Roberto Casanueva


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What do Hitler, the Oklahoma City bombing, Waco and Columbine all have in common? If you ask NPR correspondent Dina Temple-Raston, the answer is the month of April.
"April is a big month for anti-government and right-wing individuals," Temple-Raston said on Tuesday's episode of the NPR show "All Things Considered."
The comments arose during a discussion about the potential suspects behind Monday's Boston Marathon bombings. She argued that officials were leaning toward calling the bombings – which killed three and injured nearly 180 others – "a domestic, extremist attack" because of the timing.
For those of you not up on your history, the OKC bombing, Waco standoff and Columbine shootings all happened in April. Coincidentally, April is also the month of Hitler's birthday.
You can hear Temple-Raston's absurd claim below:
h/t RedState


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WESTFIELD, Ind. - Westfield leaders hope a multi-million-dollar construction project will transform the city's downtown.
Plans are in the works to expand Main St., also known as State Road 32. This expansion has been something Westfield has been wanting to do for about a decade.
Bumper to bumper traffic, in the heart of downtown Westfield.
"We have nowhere else for the traffic to go," said Westfield Mayor Andy Cook.
Mayor Cook calls it an exciting problem.
"For being a state highway, the traffic is not going to go away," he said.
The Westfield City Council recently approved an agreement with the Indiana Department of Transportation for a more than $15 million project.
"We've worked really hard to make this a destination for families," said Mayor Cook.
Those families can expect Main Street to look a lot different in a few years. State Road 32 will be widened from one lane in each direction, to two lanes in each direction. A new roundabout will also be built on East Street.
Amber Noone is the owner of Bash Boutique located right on Main St. She says, the traffic is a problem.
"It is congested. It's definitely backed up. We see several cars just sitting at the traffic lights looking in our windows," said Noone.
Noone is anticipating the increased traffic flow. She says, her biggest concern for her business is parking.
"A lot of people right now if they park on the street, they are a little scared to get out of their car because people are going pretty fast," Noone added.
The city is growing fast, too. Westfield gains about 1,000 new residents a year.
"Westfield downtown proper is really coming back," said Noone.
Expanding the roads, to drive in more redevelopment.
It's important to note, that not all businesses are looking forward to the expansion of Main St. We spoke with a few people off camera who said, they will probably have to close up shop.
"The fact that they possibly could not be there and have to go somewhere else is a little disturbing," Noone said,
The Indiana Department of Transportation and the City of Westfield is splitting the cost for this major construction project.
Mayor Cook says, Westfield is actually paying for this in cash, which is very rare for communities to do.
When asked how that's able to happen, he said, "All new homes, all new developments commercially pay a traffic impact fee for each new permit that gets taken out, so over the next four years we're going to save our money and use the cash to make this improvement."
Construction is not expected to begin until 2022. The project is set to be completed by 2024.


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Antoine Griezmann refused to discuss the incessant speculation about his future on Wednesday, preferring to bask in the glory of Atletico Madrid's 3-0 Europa League final win over Marseille in Lyon.
Locals may have left the ground optimistic about France's World Cup campaign this summer after the 27-year-old from nearby Macon netted on either side of half-time before veteran captain Gabi added a third near the end.
Related: Griezmann inspires Atletico to Europa League final win over Marseille
However, if some of the transfer tattle is to be believed, the showpiece could have been Griezmann's penultimate outing for Los Colchoneros before their last match of the domestic campaign against Eibar on Sunday. Barcelona has been the most prominent name in the Griezmann rumour mill.
"It is not the moment to talk about my future, I must enjoy having won a trophy, and celebrate it with the fans," he told ESPN FC's Dermot Corrigan. "The truth is this was a dream for me, to win a trophy with Atletico, with (Diego Simeone) and my friends and teammates.
"Your feeling for a club gets stronger every game, every year. I've been here four years, and I have enjoyed today with the fans, the people of the club, my relationship with them is strong, which is why I give everything on the pitch."
(Photo courtesy: Getty Images)
Under Simeone, Griezmann had previously won just the Spanish Supercopa in 2014, missing out on the league title, Copa del Rey, Europa League, and UEFA Super Cup that the Argentinian manager captured before his arrival. Simeone said after the midweek match that he hopes the latest procurement of silverware will help encourage Griezmann to remain at Atleti.
"Griezmann today confirmed what he has been doing year by year," Simeone told the assembled media, as reported by Reuters' Richard Martin. "He was decisive in the most important moment in the game.
"I hope that he is happy to play for us. He's played three finals with us and won two. Now we are in the UEFA Super Cup, so he could play four finals with us. So on a sporting level we aren't so far from the clubs that have more power than us."
Griezmann scored in each knockout round of the Europa League this season, bagging six goals overall since Atletico Madrid parachuted in from the Champions League in February. He's also tallied 19 strikes in La Liga, and should expect to be named in France's World Cup squad. The announcement of Didier Deschamp's travelling party for Russia is set for Thursday.


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Holiday Tips from a Vienna Christmas Market!
Frohe Wehnachten (Merry Christmas)!
Across Europe, Christmas market season is in full bloom. Want a taste of that Christmas magic millions of miles away from Vienna's city center? Here are some quick Christmas market traditions to bring a little European charm to your Christmas celebrations this year!


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As the newly appointed senior minister at the Acton Congregational Church, Paulo Franca has been getting to know the lay of the land; visiting people, talking to the elderly and those in the hospital and getting to know parish families. He has heard that people want a vibrant program in the church, and he wants the ACG to be more than just a building in town.
"It's a community with a lot of resources and great privilege," said Franca. "And how do we use this privilege to bless the doors outside of the church?"
He said he wants the ACG to be a positive presence in Acton, and help address community problems such as building a stronger youth program where kids can talk about their stresses, pressures and concerns.
"We want to create a space where people feel loved and accepted," said Franca, a Brazilian native who came to the United Sates in 1995 to attend what is now the Union Presbyterian Seminary. "So, that's going to be a huge part of the ministry here."
Joining the United Church of Christ
According to his biography, Franca was ordained in 2001, by the Presbytery of Chicago. He was the recipient of a grant awarded to promising young pastors by the Lily Foundation. After serving at different Presbyterian churches, Franca, an openly gay man, decided to transition to the United Church of Christ, which he said was a more progressive denomination.
"As a gay man, the UCC was much more welcoming than the Presbyterian Church, USA," Franca said. "So, to live with integrity, and with my calling, and with my theology, and my love for the church, I felt the UCC would be a better match for me. And gladly, they felt the same way."
Franca met his husband, Eric Pavesic, in Chicago. The two have been together for about 12 years, and when marriage equality was passed in 2013, the couple got married in Connecticut.
A warm welcome
Franca found the Acton Congregational Church through the UCC's nationwide ministerial search process. Churches and pastors create profiles to be viewed online. He said he was interested in the Acton Congregational Church, its history and its place in the community, so he applied. As part of the process, Franca said he and Pavesic were introduced to the entire congregation. As the interview process went on, a vote was taken by the church community, where Franca said people were to hold up a green card in favor of his appointment and a red card if not. What he saw when he looked out into the congregation was a sea of green.
"It was a beautiful display of this church's love," Franca said about the welcome he and Pavesic received.
An immigrant's perspective
As an immigrant himself, Franca said he believes that every nation has a right to define immigration laws. Franca said his brother in Brazil works with the Brazilian government and just wrote a book on border security. The church, he said, needs to respect those laws. At the same time, he said, the challenge was the church was how to treat immigrants, whether they are here legally or without documentation, that are already here.
"But the people are here," said Franca. "How do we love them? How do we respect them? How do we invite them into our lives, into the church? And for me that's the call the church has."
More than tolerate
Christianity, he said, is religion that challenges people to be more accepting and caring than they feel they can be. When the subject of anti-Semitic graffiti spotted in Acton came up, Franca said that he wanted people to do more than just "tolerate" those who are different.
"I don't like the word tolerance, because I feel like tolerance is hate well-managed," Franca said.
He said the phrase: 'I'm going to tolerate you,' implies that someone is forcing themselves to do so. He wants people to come to a place of understanding and acceptance where people can people not as "the other" but as next-door neighbor. People need to confront what he called layers of not just anti-Semitism but racism in society, to take stock of fears that people have and why they have them, he said.
He called the church a "sacred space" where people with differing opinions may come together and talk about those differences. And the church needs to speak clearly and speak out about such incidents.
"So we have to stand up for what we believe," Franca said. "And what we believe is that every human being is a gift."


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Let the games begin…
Selfie Time
You're bound to be taking photos throughout the event regardless, so you may as well make it into a game! If you're going out to a bar or club and you love a challenge this is a perfect idea.
Get your hens to hunt down a groom look-a-like and get a selfie with them. If they have no luck, ask your bride squad to find a celeb clone instead! Extra brownie points awarded for those who find a real A-lister.
Table Top
Most Hen parties take part around a table, whether it be an afternoon tea, flower arranging course or a cocktail masterclass. You may think this limits your game ideas however there are plenty of table-top games everyone can join in with, even your Great Aunt Mabel. Nothing beats a classic game such as Pictionary or Charades, at Team Hen we have tailored versions of each depending on your preference e.g. Clean, Explicit, Mixed.
Another great game is 'Hen Do Icebreaker' perfect if your bridal party is of different generations and aren't acquainted very well. Simply read the rhyme on your card and then pass it to the person with the matching the description!
No party is complete without nibbles and if you're a foodie bride why not incorporate your love of food into the games. One of our favourites is Chubby Bunny. All you need is lots of marshmallows! Take it in turns seeing how many you can fit in your mouths; it's simple yet hilarious.
Say Yes to the Dress
Time to play dress up, hooray! The toilet paper wedding dress game is a must play for creative brides and hens! Split into groups of about 4-5 guests and each group is given about 3 rolls of toilet paper to make a 'stylish' wedding dress. Each group must pick one girl in the group to model the dress along a makeshift catwalk. The Bride-to-be has the honors to choose the winner.
Drinking Games
Admittedly at a Hen Party all activities will have an element of drinking involved in them, however these are specifically games with alcohol at the centre of them!
- Banned Words
At the beginning of the day/night decide on a number of words that your bridal party are forbidden to say. Whether it be the 'grooms name', 'prosecco' or something that's especially challenging… like not being able to call each other by their first names. Every time a word is uttered, the speaker has to take a sip of their drink.
- Bra Pong
Beer pong is so last year. We've discovered a new, unique version of the house party game – just with a different kind of cup! Clear out a couple of old bras, unleash your DIY skills, get a few ping pong balls and start aiming.
- Never Have I Ever
A party icebreaker bound to get everyone giggling. Sit in a circle and take turns admitting to something you have never done, those in the bride squad who have done it, for example 'joined the mile-high club' then have to drink up!
Group Games
No hen party would be complete without the infamous 'hen night quiz'. Luckily for you, we have created our own, free versions of these – Hurrah! All you have to do is download and print, as many times as you like.
We have a Mr & Mrs Quiz, How Well Do You Know The Bride, and my personal favourite – Polish or Porn. Its much harder than you would think!
For more hen party game ideas, see our Pinterest board!
Photo Credits:
Say Yes to the Dress Image – by Brandi Welles Photographer via Bridal Guide
Never Have I Ever Image – Ellen DeGeneres Show – You Tube


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UKB Item Reference: 52115
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Solid snook night
Well the cold front chased the winter time tarpon bite away... for the night anyway. Since there weren't any tarpon around to do the magic silver dance for me I tried to find some snook to pull some drag... and definitely had my share tonight. Ended up with 10 snook on the nose before I called it quits. 4 between 27 and 29", two 30 inchers, and one at 32". Something a little weird tonight also... I think I hooked into a smallish goliath grouper. I never did see it but it certainly wasn't a snook or black drum (by the way there's black drum all over the place right now)... The fish just sort of lollygagged around like it didn't even know it was hooked... then once in awhile it would pull 10 or 20 yards of drag like nothing... then repeat. Eventually the hook pulled. Anyway... had a fun night even without any tarpon goodness.


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Milk in India
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Milk in India
Milk in India
Sep 7, 2017
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Milk quality, milk availability in India, Nutritious quality of milk in India, Milk sector growth prospects
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Milk in India (Subodh Kumar, email@example.com) It is said that the best government is that which governs the least. Itcould not be more true than, in case of all food products particularly Milk and Milk products. For all industrial goods, theQuality and Safety of the product is ideally built in to the 'System'.And the system itself should ensure best safety and quality practices with minimum surveillance and administrativeintervention.In a humble way I seek your indulgence to consider thissubmission on Milk in India and with its addedsocialdimensions. India's Natural Milk Advantage 1. Live stock populationIndia has the largest livestock population in the world.2. Potential for very high demand of Milk Milk enjoys traditionally very high USP among Indian masses because India is predominantly a vegetarian nation. Accordingto FAO study Indian whileavailability of milk is 232 Ml, but theconsumption of liquid milk is only 100 Ml per capita.Depending upon availability and affordability of Milk, India's per capita milk consumption can go up many times higher. Thisrepresents the great potential strength of India's economy anddomestic milk market to build upon.Milk production enhancement offers the fastest and mosteconomical way to improve nation's GDP. 1 3. Cow Milk has Great Social Significance in India andbased on scientific reasons, would easily justify a higherprice than any other milk. 3.1 BCM7 Free A2 Milk- the 'good' milk Bos Indicus Cows, the native Indian breeds of cows represent theworld's largest potential source of 'good' A2 type BCM7 free (BetaCasomorphine 7) milk for the world. While in short term dairyexperts the world over may ostensibly choose to ignore or question the New Zealand research hypothesis on quality of milk, but it can not be denied that there is overwhelming medicalevidence weighted in flavor of BCM7 free A2 milk.The current market price of A2 milk (milk of Indian breeds of cows) in Australia is Rs28 per liter as compared to Rs11 per liter for A1 commonly made available dairy milk It will be very short sighted on the part of Indian Milk planners tocontinue to ignore this natural commercial and social advantagewith Milk of Indian breeds of cows. The practical wisdom of Dairyfarmers the world over, is motivating them to quietly convert their entire herd to A2 milk producing herds. The cross breeding policies that were being followed for the cattle in the last fiftyyears are being reviewed in light of this A1-A2 milk hypothesis.US experts have already begun talking about a ten years plan tomodify genetically their Holstein Fresian breeds in to A2 milk producing breed, by replacing amino acid Histedine with Prolineat the 67 th position of DNA..Let not our Indian planners be led on the garden path of worldmilk bodies raising doubts about A2 milk theory. We should also be aware that quietly every Dairy nation is planning a change in itsherd breeding policies. It is only a matter of time (say ten years) 2 when India will be suddenly presented with a very large A2 milk production all over the world. 3.2 Desirable unsaturated fats are in Cow milk Researches at NDRI have shown that Cow's milk has higher proportion of desirable unsaturated fatty acids (Omega3 & CLA)than Buffalo's milk.For vegetarians ie majority of Indian people, Cow's milk is themost ecologically viable natural source of good fatty acid Omega3in human diets.( Discovery about greater significance of Omega3in human nutrition is just about a few years old.) Omega3incidentally is the only natural source from which human bodymakes DHA (Decosa Hexaenoic Acid) and EPA (Ecosa PentaenoicAcid) which not only are said to constitute 70% of human brain butalso ensure good eye sights, and energy for the nervous systems.Along with milk from green fed cows, fish being the other sourceof natural Omega3.Herein lies the secret that Indians who wereover the millennia brought up on these two dietary elements viz.Cow milk and fish. (for those living near water bodies), and arestill acknowledged to have the best brains in the world.Other Omega3 sources are Flax seeds and Chia seeds. But unlikemilk or fish in diets, these seeds can not be expected to meetOmega 3 requirements of an entire community.3.3 Cow milk has 'Vitamin D' advantage.Cow is called dubhakta lover of sunshine in Vedas, as againstbuffalo which can hardly stand sunshine. Thus there is noVitamin D in buffalo milk. 3 (Vitamin D Miracles) - quoted from internet Sunlight and vitamin D are critical to all life forms. Standard textbooks state that the principal function of vitamin D is to promote calcium absorption in the gut and calcium transfer acrosscell membranes, thus contributing to strong bones and a calm,contented nervous system. It is also well recognized that vitamin Daids in the absorption of magnesium, iron and zinc.Vitamin D also enhances the uptake of toxic metals like lead,cadmium, aluminum and strontium if calcium, magnesium and phosphorus are not present in adequate amounts. Receptors for vitamin D are found in most of the cells in the bodyand research during the 1980s suggested that vitamin Dcontributed to a healthy immune system, promoted muscle strength, regulated the maturation process and contributed tohormone production. During the last ten years, researchers have made a number of exciting discoveries about vitamin D. They have ascertained, for example, that vitamin D is an antioxidant that is a more effectiveantioxidant than vitamin E in reducing lipid per oxidation and increasing enzymes that protect against oxidation.Vitamin D deficiency decreases biosynthesis and release of insulin. Glucose intolerance has been inversely associated with theconcentration of vitamin D in the blood. Thus, vitamin D may protect against both Types I and Type II diabetes.The risk of senile cataract and Macular degeneration with age isreduced in persons with optimal levels of D and carotenoids. 4
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Quality is what is expected out of us. Junipers Pro Strictly follow measures to maintain and monitor quality of the software before handing it over to customers. We have different team to control quality and to monitor it. However, for excellent results both the team work in integration. We believe that sales and revenue of a company is directly linked with the quality. Therefore, we do not take any risk with it.
We have different quality assurance and control team who give their best output as expected by them. Junipers Pro is crystal clear and believes in maintenance and up gradation of quality. We do not take chances with customization and for that we hire Highly skilled, experienced and qualified personnel who values time and budget limits and controls both automated and manual functions. We focus on proper management all-round the development cycle. Quality assurances for the Custom business solutions, software products and SaaS systems are provided.
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These Meringue Ghost Cookies for Halloween are so easy to make; little hands can help. The perfect treat for kids of all ages!
A couple of weeks ago I got together with a friend who also blogs; she and I had plans to make cocktails for today's Progressive Eats event and we were going to do it right…dry ice and spooky all around. Well…what the heck happened Barb? Timing happened! I didn't get to my cocktail until the next day; my Friday Cocktails weekly post was only 2 days away and well, doesn't take much imagination to figure out I punted.
The spooky good Ghost in the Graveyard Cocktail was published last Friday for Friday Cocktails and I was back to square one. My friend Ansh from Spiceroots persevered though and her cocktail contribution is fitting for the theme she chose as this month's host, A Spooktacular Halloween Party. Be sure to check out her and other's contributions after the recipe. Yes, we are a bit late; someone put a spell on us! Still, these cookies? So easy; three ingredients including the chocolate chip eyes. Mix up some meringue and let them dry in a 200 degree oven for a couple of hours and voila…done!
I started making these Meringue Christmas Tree Cookies years ago for the Christmas Holiday; I love how easily they segued to Halloween. These were much easier too…no glitter or stars, just a couple of mini chocolate chips inserted bottom side out; regular chocolate chips would work too. I had some little hands helping so plan on someone getting very sticky…but we had fun!
These Meringue Ghost Cookies for Halloween are really so perfect; meringue cookies literally melt in your mouth. Doesn't that seem most appropriate for a ghost? BOO!!
Spooktacular Halloween Party
- Spooky Breadstick Fingers from Mother Would Know
- Black Magic Martini from Spiceroots
- Meringue Ghost Cookies from Creative Culinary (You're Here!)
- Mummy Cookies from The RedHead Baker
- Jack O'Lantern Apple Hand Pies from The Wimpy Vegetarian
- Halloween Spider Chocolate Chip Cookies from That Skinny Chick Can Bake
- Loch Ness Monster Pumpkin Strudel from Pastry Chef Online
Welcome to Progressive Eats, our virtual version of a Progressive Dinner Party. Our menu this month features a cocktail, appetizers and desserts for a Spooktacular Halloween Party. Hosting this month is Ansh from Spiceroots.
If you're unfamiliar with the concept, a progressive dinner involves going from house to house, enjoying a different course at each location. With Progressive Eats, a theme is chosen each month, members share recipes suitable for a delicious meal or party, and you can hop from blog to blog to check them out.
PIN 'Meringue Ghost Cookies'
Meringue Ghost Cookies for Halloween
20 min
2 hours
2 hrs 20 mins
- 4 large egg whites, room temperature
- 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar
- 1 Tablespoon Vanilla Extract Powder (optional)
- 1 cup superfine sugar (I just put regular sugar in my processor for a minute to get it finer
- Mini Chocolate chips
- Preheat oven to 200 degrees F and place the rack in the center of the oven.
- Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
- Beat the egg whites on low-medium speed until foamy.
- Add the cream of tartar and vanilla extract powder and continue to beat the whites until they hold soft peaks.
- Add the sugar, a little at a time, and continue to beat on medium-high speed until the meringue holds very stiff peaks.
- Pipe meringues in a ghost shape using a large piping tip or snip the end of a ziploc bag.
- Add two chocolate chips to the top part for eyes and if desired, a larger one for a mouth (optional).
- Bake the meringues for 2 hours, rotating the baking sheet from front to back about half way through to ensure even baking.
- They should not be brown but crisp on the outside. Cool completely.
Recipe Notes
The single biggest issue for success with meringue is to start with super clean beaters and bowl. ANY touch of fat on either will doom them and you will have blobs, not ghosts!


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This is what I use to wake myself up in the morning. Not this photo per se, but the thought of hot coffee and the conversations between new work and old work.
Blank canvas, white paper and the promise of new marks to be made -- if I decide to make them.
Nothing quite pulls me out of the warm covers like that thought. I've got so much I want to make, so many ideas to put into paint that I really don't have a choice - it's time to get up and get to work.
(and the coffee helps)


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News, Personal Accounts, Report & Analysis on Human Rights Situation in Mon Territory and Other Areas Southern Part of Burma
The Mon Forum
Issue No. 2/2001 February 28, 2001
The Publication of Human Rights Foundation of Monland (BURMA)
(1) Fund collection for tatmadaw members,
(2) Conscription of porters in Mon State,
(3) Forced purchase of bean in Pegu Division,
Report: Part II
(1) Cruel and degrading treatments against civilians in Tenasserim Division, in Year 2000 Topics:
(1) Accusation of rebel-supporters and abuses,
(2) Abuses against women,
(3) Population displacement.
Some Acronyms in This Issue
SPDC- State Peace and Development Council,
SLORC- State Law and Order Restoration Council,
IB - Infantry Battalion (of Burmese Army),
LIB- Light Infantry Battalion (of Burmese Army),
NMSP- New Mon State Party,
MDUF- Mergui-Dawai United Front,
KNLA- Karen National Liberation Army,
Fund Collection for Tatmadaw Members
(February, 2001, Mon State and Karen State)
In February 2000, some military battalions and veteran tatmadaw (Burmese Army) members Association have sought some fund from the civilians by making direct collection from civilians and taking betting tax from allowed gambling in Mon State and Karen State. Since 1997, after the military regime, SLORC/SPDC could not support enough budget for expenses to its army members, but has instructed the commands' and battalions' commanders to raise fund by their own way to cover all their expenses. Because of this order, the local military commands and battalions choose the methods, which they could get money from the civilians.
In 1st and 2nd weeks of February, 2001, one SPDC Navy battalion No. 37, which bases in an island of Chaung-zon township, Mon State, in the west of Moulmein city, the capital of Mon State, also ordered every village headman in many villages under the administration of township to officially allow conducting gambling. Everyday, there were about 30 gambling places in many villagers and the navy battalion collected betting tax, 2000 Kyat from one place. Thus, the navy could get about 60000 Kyat per day and got many thousands Kyat of money during two weeks.
Actually, accordingly to traditional and customary laws, gambling is illegal in Burma. The people in Burma believes that gambling could create misbehavior among the civilians after some of them lost their money from involving in gambling and could become robbers or thieves. However, the army and navy who are factions of SPDC, themselves allow this gambling and collect betting tax from gamblers.
Similarly, in February 2001, IB No. 24, which bases in Thaton township, Mon State, also ordered village headmen from 5 villages in Township, Yin-nyein-taung, Myout-kwin, Phu-ba, Ywa-tan-shay and Kyone-hor-kwin, to collect fund from farmers and paid them. The commander instructed the village headmen to collect 100 Kyat from one acre of land from these villages and there are about 17, 000 of paddy farmlands and army receive about 1.7 million Kyat money for their own battalion fund.
On the other hand, SPDC is also organizing a "Veteran tatmadaw Members Association", as their supporting organization and has allowed this organization to collect fund as they liked. This organization also has authority to order Township and Village PDC authorities to collect fund on behalf of them.
In February, 2001, this organization members went to Kawkareik township of Karen State and ordered headmen from 8 villages to collect fund. They ordered headmen from Kanni village to collect 45, 000 Kyat, Karit village to collect 30, 000 Kyat, Thayet-taw village to collect 45, 000 Kyat, Kaw-lyan village to collect 45, 000 Kyat, Kaw-go village to collect 45, 000 Kyat, Kaw-bein village to collect 45, 000 Kyat, Min-ywa village to collect 45, 000 Kyat and Kaw-pauk village to collect 45, 000 Kyat respectively.
This is a burden for civilians to provide fund for army and veteran tatmadaw members, after the SPDC could not pay for their military commands, battalions' and organization's expenses.
Conscription of Porters in Mon State
(February 2001, Ye Township)
During January and February, 2001, one Burmese Army's battalion, LIB No. 343, which bases in Ye Township and has responsibility for 3 months to take military patrol in southern part of township area, has conscripted 30 villager porters every day from a Mon village called "Khaw-zar". The battalion takes porters along with them to carry ammunitions and food supplies while they are launching military patrol in area to halt the entry of a Mon splinter armed group into the area.
Khaw-zar village has about 700 households totally and the headmen have to arrange to provide porters on a rotation and daily basis. Khaw-zar village is a big Mon village near the border of Mon State and Tenasserim Division. And, one Mon splinter also launched their military activities in this area after crossing from Yebyu Township of Tenasserim Division. Sometimes, fighting between SPDC and Mon troops also happened in this area and the villagers are also suspected as rebel-supporters.
Since 1996, after NMSP agreed for ceasefire with SLORC, according to ceasefire agreement, Mon troops of NMSP withdrew to another part of area and SLORC deployed more troops in this area. However, another Mon splinter group started their military operations in 1997 and SLORC/SPDC's local troops attempted to prevent the rebels to not come into the area. In 1998 and 1999, the army in the area collected a lot of money from villagers in the area and built a new road from Khaw-zar to Ye town, to have better communication and make better conditions for Burmese Army to come into this area.
Just recently in October 2000, to halt the rebels to not enter into Khaw-zar village, a SPDC battalion, IB No. 61 also forced the villagers to fence their villages roundly and opened only three small entrances. The villagers or farms who daily need to go to their farms or plantations, have to take permission letter every day from army commander and they are not allowed to stay at their work-places at night time.
Now, LIB No. 343 takes 30 villagers every day and used them to carry ammunitions and food supplies when they operated military patrol in surrounding area and the headmen had to replace with new villagers on the next day. When they have no military patrol, they used these villagers to work in their military camp just outside of village, to build military barrack, to build trenches and bankers, to make cooking and carrying water and others. At night time, the soldiers also use villagers to guard their own village and to inform to soldiers if the rebel troops approach to village.
Although SPDC'S Ministry of Interior ordered all military battalions to not use forced labour in their battalion and military patrol or offensives, some battalions, like LIB No. 343 still does not listen and continuously use forced labour in their responsible area.
Forced Purchase of Bean in Pegu Division
(February 2000)
SPDC plan is not buying only paddy from farmers at low price, which is lesser three times than market price, its authorities in Pegu Division also tried to buy bean at low price in Pegu Division, including Pegu township, which is about 60 Kilometers northeastern far from Rangoon, the capital of Burma (Myanmar). After paddy harvest, many village farmers grow beans in their own farms, and now, Township PDC authorities forced the farmers to sell nearly half of bean products from their farms at low price, which is only half of market price. During the authorities are forcibly buying bean products from farmers, they also halt all private bean product buyers with their authority to stop buying and monopolize all bean products.
Normally, bean-growing farmers could produce about 5-6 baskets of beans from one acre of land and the authorities forced farmers to sell 3 baskets per one acre to designated bean-buying centers arranged by Township Agriculture Products Trading Department. While the bean price at market is 4500 Kyat per basket, the authorities pay to farmers with only 2200 Kyat per basket.
Although the farmers would like to sell their bean products to traders, they could not because the authorities will keep halting traders to not buy beans until the end of March 2001. The authorities expected they would get all set amount of beans in March and then, they would allow traders to buy the remaining beans from farmers. In halting the traders' activity, the authorities checked every truck which used the road and confiscated traders' beans that are on private trucks.
The suffering of farmers in Pegu Division is doubled. In December 2000 and January 2001, they were forced to sell their paddy with 12 baskets per acre to government at low price, which is 300 Kyat per basket, while the market price is about 650-700 Kyat per basket. Now, they have to sell their beans at low price again. To get good production of paddy and beans, the farmers had to spend a lot of money for investment such as hiring labour, buying fertilizers and insecticides and tools. Because of government's forced purchase program of agriculture products, the farmers are disappointing to work on in their farms.
Part II:
Cruel and degrading treatments against civilians in Tenasserim Division, in Year 2000
I. Accusation of Rebel-supporters and Abuses
In northern part of Tenasserim Division of Yebyu, Tavoy, Tenasserim (Taninthayi) and Teyet-chaung townships, although the Burmese Army's Coastal Region Military Command have launched offensives with nearly 20 battalions of troops, from LIB No. 401 to No. 410, LIB No. 273, LIB No. 282, IB No. 25, IB No. 104 and others, the rebel troops of KNLA, a Mon splinter group, and MDUF still could operate military activities in this area. Besides a Karen splinter group of God' Army was taking base in border area with Thailand, opposite of Ratchburi Province, and other remaining three groups have operated its military activities in many parts of rural area of these four townships up to coastal area of Andaman Sea (look in map). Sometimes, the rebel troops also took base in coastal village and used Andaman Sea for traveling and military operations. As a result, the villagers in rural villages were always accused rebel-supporters and they have been suffered from various of abuses, killing, detaining and torturing by SPDC soldiers.
Whenever the rebel troops activated near a village, the villagers in that village were always accused as rebel-supporters, as who encouraged the rebels to launch activities or provide foods for the rebel soldiers. Normally, the villagers outside of the villages were accused as this type of the supporters to rebels and were always arrested by SPDC soldiers and tortured in their process of interrogation about the activities of the rebel troops.
As an instance,
"In third week of May 2000, after rebel troops of a Mon splinter group launched a military activity near Sin-swe village, in Mintha village tract of Yebyu township, SPDC soldiers came and arrested some villagers in that village with accusation of rebel-supporters. The LIB No. 282 soldiers came into Sin-swe village arrested four villagers, Nai Halae (25 years old), Nai Kyae (19 years old), Nai Pyaung (32 years old), and Nai Maung (21 years old). Four villagers were arrested with accusation of rebel-supporters as who showed the way for rebel soldiers and provided foods, and were severely and cruelly tortured by soldiers. The soldiers interrogated them how they treated to rebel soldiers, and when they refused they did not meet with rebels, they were beaten and their faces were closed with plastic bags. After on e day torturing, the village chairman arrived back from a journey and appealed to soldiers that they were not supporters, by showing evidence that they were in farms during the rebels launched activities, said that they did not meet with rebel soldiers. As SPDC soldiers trusted to village headman, they released four villagers."
By using the method of torturing to some villagers in a village, the SPDC soldiers threatened to remaining villagers to not contact and support to rebel-soldiers. Sometimes, whenever the government soldiers arrived into a village they beat or slapped all young men in villages and threatened them. According a village from Sin-swe, whenever SPDC troops from LIB No. 273 and No. 282 arrived into village, they beat all young men and said they must kill if they tried to contact rebel. This was an attempt by SPDC soldiers to cut all contacts between civilians and rebel forces.
Sometimes, whenever a fighting happened between rebel and government forces near a village, the villagers in that village, were accused rebel-supporters, the villagers were also ordered to move from village and some houses were also burnt by soldiers.
As an instance,
"In second week of August, when a fighting happened near Mayan village, Yebyu township, the SPDC troops accused all villagers in Mayan were the supporters to a Mon splinter group. After fighting, some SPDC soldiers died and some got injuries, so LIB No. 282 soldiers went into village and ordered the villagers to move from their village. Within a few hour, the villagers had to collect some belongings and move from their villages. The soldiers did not instruct them that to where they have to move and resettle and just said they would not like to see them in the village, when they came into village again.
"And, the soldiers also tortured to village headmen and interrogated them why the Mon soldiers came close to their village. The soldiers tried to arrest some villagers whose fruit gardens were close to fighting place. W hen they tried to arrest one farmer, Nai Pho Thaung (45 years old), he fled away to avoid from arresting. He was accused as rebel-supporter and when the soldiers could not get him, they also burnt his house down.
'They also arrested another villager, Nai A h Pae (34 years old) and tied him up. And, they beat and interrogated him with accusation he was rebel-supporter, because his betel-nut fruit garden was close to fighting place. When they interrogated him, they also tortured and beat him. The more he refused that he had no connection to rebels, he was beaten more cruelly and inhumanely. At the end, his wife also paid some bribe of 50000 Kyat to commander and then he was released. He was also ordered to not stay at his village.
"Besides the above two men, another two men, Nai Ba Han and Nai Kyaw were also arrested with accusation of rebel-supporters. Two men were severely beaten several times and the soldiers interrogated them how they were supporting rebels. After they could not get satisfied answers, they continuously beat them. Because of several beatings, Nai Kyaw's face was ruin with blood. Nai Han also got serious internal injury. They also brought village secretary and tortured him, by panting him with knife and cut slightly. He was detained at LIB No. 282 for two days."
At the end all villagers from Mayan village were quite afraid to stay longer in their own village and they have to move from their village. At the end, the village was automatically relocated.
In February 2000, the Mon splinter armed group also celebrated a Mon National Day ceremony in Paukpingwin village, which is quite close to Ye-Tavoyan railway road. Because of this celebration, the Burmese Army in the surrounding area were angry to Pauk-pin-gwin villagers and accused all of them as rebel-supporters. In March 2000, the Burmese Army's IB No. 25 came into this village again and ordered all villagers to leave from their village within 7 days. So, the villagers had to collect their properties suddenly and abandoned their village. Later in May, 2000, after NMSP military commanders appealed to re-allow the villagers to stay at their villages and with agreement they would not support the Mon splinter group to SPDC commanders, the villagers could go back to their village.
Later, the villagers from this village were also accused as rebel-supporters and some of them were arrested and tortured.
As an instance,
"In second week of August 2000, with accusation of rebels-supporter, two villagers, Nai Pha and Nai Kha were arrested by LIB No. 273 and were severely beaten by soldiers. On that day, when the military commander from that battalion arranged for a meeting with all villagers, two villagers were missing. So, the commander accused them that they were rebel-supporters, and tried to avoid the meeting. They were severely beaten by soldiers."
A Mon splinter group has mainly launched military activities along coastal area of Yebyu township area and sometimes, tried to get support from Mon villagers in that area. There are many fishing Mon villages in the area and whenever the Mon army arrived to that area, the villagers were suffered from the accusation of rebel-supporters. Villagers from villages such as Ah-mae, Thaung-khun, Chaung-taung, Kya-khat-taw, Kywe-tho-nyima, Kyauk-tayan and others, of Yebyu township, have been constantly suffered from various abuses committed by soldiers, because their villages are accused as rebel bases and they are accused as rebel-supporters.
As an instance,
"Ah-mae village is a Mon fishing village and its headmen and villagers are always beaten by SPDC soldiers as rebel-supporters and sympathizers. In the beginning of Year 2000, LIB No. 104 battalion regularly went into this village and checked who were the supporters of Mon army. If they suspected someone, they could arrest and beat him to admit that he was a supporter to Mon army.
"In February 2000, Nai Tun Kyi and Nai Lun (about 50 years old men) were arrested by IB No. 104 soldiers in their farms and were severely beaten by soldiers. Nai Tun Kyi also got serious internal injury after beating, and had to treat for one month. And, Nai Lun's head was also spoiled with blood.
"In April 2000, IB No. 104 also arrested another villager, Nai Tin Maung (about 35 years old) with accusation as a supporter to Mon army and tortured him. He was tortured when the soldiers interrogated him to tell about the activities of Mon rebel army. When they did not get satisfactory answer from him, one commander burnt his knife and cut various parts of his body. When he lost consciousness, they left him behind. Then, he run to another place and had to cure his injuries for over one month. Similarly, the soldiers from the same battalion arrested another villager, Nai Ba Aye (45 years old) and tortured him with the accusation of a rebel-supporter. During interrogation, after they could not get satisfied answer from him, the soldiers tortured him until he died."
Another inhumane treatment against village leader was as below.
"On October 4, 2000, after a military column of Mon splinter group led by Nai Sein, passed through near a Mon village, Thaung-khun, Yebyu township, the SPDC soldiers from LIB No. 282 came and arrested village's secretary, Nai Han Kyi (53 years old), who was appointed by them, as a rebel-supporter. After arrest, the soldiers interrogated him to tell the base of Mon army. During their interrogation, the soldiers used inhumane and cruel ways of torturing against the village secretary after he could not give satisfactory answer to them. First, after he gave answers that he did not have contact with rebels, the soldiers also cut his ears with knife. Then, they cut his left at the end after they could not get answer he was a rebel-supporter.
"Still the soldiers dissatisfied on him and brought him to a military outpost on October 5. When they arrived to military outpost, they continuously asked him the same questions how he was supporting the Mon army and where was their bases. He also gave the same answer that he did not have any connection with rebel army. After 10 days in detention and cruel torturing, as a result he died in the hand of LIB N o. 282 soldiers."
Not only the ordinary villagers are killed during interrogation by SPDC soldiers, some of them who were walking on the road or working in the farms were also killed. If they met the villagers were on the road and work in farms, the soldiers could shoot them or torture them with accusation of rebel-supporters. Normally, SPDC soldiers believed that if the villagers were outside of their villages, they must try to contact rebels or support rebels by giving foods, by giving information about Burmese Army and etc. By this way, the SPDC soldiers also have made movement restriction against the local villagers to not stay outside of their villages.
As an instance,
"In October 2000, when a column of SPDC troops from LIB No. 282 came near Thaung-khun village, they met one man was walking on the road, and shot to him without inquiry. The man was Nai Lay (43 years old) and he did not die, but got serious injury in his left leg. When he lied with serious injury, the soldiers came and told him that to not stay outside of village and accused him he was a rebel-supporter. Then, they also warned to villagers to not stay outside of the village later."
As another instance,
"In the second week of May, 2000, while a Mon villager, Nai Win Maung (37 years old) from Magyi village, Yebyu Township, was working outside of village in his farm, SPDC soldiers from LIB No. 406, who came close to his farm arrested him with accusation of a rebel-supporter. Then, the soldiers tied him up and interrogated him about the activities of rebel army in the area nearby. During interrogation, when he could not get satisfied to army, he was beaten by soldiers severely and inhumanely. Then the soldiers tied him up for the whole night in village and decided to kill him on the next day. About 4:00 a.m. in the morning before dawn, he attempted to escape. When he was running, the soldiers shot at him, but lucky, he got only a little injury. After he fled for one hour, he lost consciousness in a forest for 20 hours. While he was in forest, the soldiers went to his home and tried to find him again. When they did not meet him, they looted all his belongings. After he waked up, he went back home and knew the soldiers were searching for him. And, he decided to flee from village."
Forced relocation was happened in another part of Tenasserim Division. In the beginning of 2000, Burmese Army's IB No. 25 also operated military operations in eastern part of Mergui and Tenasserim townships to launch military operations against KNLA troops in the area. During this offensives, some villages were also relocated with accusation these are rebel bases.
As an instance,
"In May 2000, Burmese Army's IB No. 25 battalion commander also ordered to Tavoyan villagers from Shaw-la-maw village, Mergui township, to move from their village because a fighting happened near the village. The village was accused as the rebel's base and that was why the villagers were ordered to move. That village was a big village with 400 households and the soldiers burnt all houses in village. Before they burnt houses, the soldiers drove all villagers out of village and took villagers' belongings as they liked. And, they burnt all houses."
Similarly, another Karen village, Pauk-wa, in Mergui Township, was relocated because it was accused as a base used by rebels. When IB No. 25 troops arrived to this area, the soldiers accused the village was used as rebel base and ordered the villagers from nearly 500 households to move from their village as quick as possible. So, the villagers from 200 households quickly moved to Mergui town and some the remaining 300 households/ families moved to another villages under the control of SPDC and some moved to Three Pagoda Pass. After they moved, the soldiers from IB No. 25 also burnt down all their houses. Additionally, the villagers from Thet-kar-khun, Chaung-tha-oo, were similarly treated SPDC soldiers with accusation of rebel-supporters.
Sometimes, with suspicion of the villages were as rebel bases, whenever SPDC troops arrived close to villages, they always shot into village with aim to drive out all rebel troops in there. Additionally, they also burnt down some villagers' houses with this suspicion and threatened to villagers to be afraid to support rebel army allowing them to stay in village.
As an instance,
"In second week of April 2000, before IB No. 104 troops went into Kyauktayan, a village in coastal area of Yebyu Township, they shot into village with artillery shells and these burnt about 7 households in village. Then, they went into village."
On the other hand, the SPDC local battalions in Tenasserim Division, have also halted even to not contact NMSP (New Mon State Party), although NMSP agreed for ceasefire with the current military regime. According to instruction by the military battalions in Tenasserim Division, NMSP, a Mon armed political organization, is illegal in Tenasserim Division to operate even their traveling and visiting to their relatives or friends. This has been a secret instruction among the military battalions and a way to halt the political activities conducted by NMSP. If the soldiers met someone was supporting NMSP members or military commander, he must be the same punishment as a rebel-supporter.
As an instance,
"On May 7, 2000, LIB No. 273 troops led by Maj. Myint Htwe came into a Mon village, Sin-swe, Yebyu township and arrested a villager, Nai (35 years old) and accused him that he was a supporter to a NMSP military commander to get access into village. Actually, one of his brother was a Mon commander and came and visited to him with civilian clothes and without arms. After his brother went back to NMSP control area, the soldiers from LIB No. 273 asked him to pay 20, 000 Kyat as porter fee. When he replied that he could not
pay this amount of porter fee only one time and would pay it gradually later. However, the soldiers dissatisfied on him and came and arrested him. After arrest, he was severely beaten with accusation that because of Mon commander's encouragement, he refused to pay porter fee. Although he explained that accusation was not correct, the soldiers did not listen and tortured him.
"They also beat him and cut his some parts of the body with knife. And, when the soldiers operated military patrol, they also brought him together with them. W hen they stopped in one place, they also tortured and beat him and ask for huge amount of porter fee. When he refused, they accused him that he was reliable on NMSP and would refuse from all requests made by them. SPDC soldiers brought him for 24 days totally and they tortured him along their journey.
"During interrogation, beating and kicking were the common abuse sometimes, when the soldiers angered to him, they also point his body with sharp knife and a lot of blood flew from his body until he lost consciousness. Sometimes, the soldiers also put plastic bag on his head and closed it to stop his breathing and he normally lost consciousness. Later, when his brother of Mon commander knew about serious torturing against him, he complained to the respective military battalion and took his brother back from the hands of LIB No. 273."
Torturing, killing and suspicion of rebel-supporters are also connecting each other and most people who did not die always tried to flee from their villages to avoid from another mistreatment. This is a systematic persecution against the villagers because of their race is identical to rebel soldiers.
II. Abuses Against Women
In conflict areas of many decade long civil war in Burma, the women in these areas have been sexually abused by government soldiers. Most cases of abuses are not known because the women community themselves cover most cases because of shame and their status.
In rural areas, as the men are constantly used as forced labourers to contribute unpaid labour in army's various types of projects and as front-line civilian porters for military patrol, or the men have to flee from villages to avoid from arrest, torture and arbitrary killing, and so their wives and young daughters are very vulnerable to be raped by government soldiers who could enter into their villages without advance information.
Psychologically, the soldiers who are away from their wives for several months during the military patrol or military offensives always hunger for sex and attempted to rape ethnic women when they arrived into any rural villages. Although village leader knew these sexual harassment in their own villages, as they are afraid of being beaten and tortured by soldiers, they are not dare to complain about that. Therefore, during the military offensives or patrol launched by SPDC troops from various battalions, many Karen, Mon and Tavoyan women in Tenasserim Division have been seriously suffered from sexual abuses.
As an instance,
"In June2000, when the troops from LIB No. 273 went into Sin-swe village, column commander, Maj. Khin Soe, raped a Mon woman, namely, Mi Khin Htee (about 29 years old) when her husband was away. When the troops arrived into village, the commander found that house and thought Min Khin Htee was a widow. At night time, although the woman refused and explained she had husband, the commander did not listen and rape. Even many villagers and village headman knew the woman was raped, nobody was dare to help her because many soldiers guarded house compound."
Such case of rape also happened in various conflict areas and even many women have been suffered from this sexual harassment, most of them normally kept quiet and did not even tell to their parents or husbands.
The women are raped not only when the SPDC soldiers went into their village and stayed at night, sometimes, they were also raped while the soldiers use them to contribute unpaid labour for their development or self-reliance projects. As we mentioned in the Part I of this report, SPDC battalions in Tenasserim Division also tried to create their own paddy growing farms or cash tree gardens in many Townships and the soldiers many hundreds of villagers to contribute their labour. When a defined number of villagers from one village went to army's work-places, about 50% or over it were women. Normally, women had to go to these work-places because their husbands had to work in their farms to get income to feed the family. Or, sometimes, the men were arrested and used as porters for army and so, women who remained in village had to work on behalf of their husbands.
When the women were in army's work-place, they were more vulnerable to be raped by soldiers. So, some women were raped during the SPDC battalions were conscripting forced labour from civilians.
As an instance,
"On September 20, army commander from LIB No. 282 asked Kwe-ta-lin village headmen to provide 25 villagers from the village to contribute free labour in growing palm trees in the plantation. The commander also instructed to village headmen that the villagers must contribute their labour for three days from 21 to23 and they could return on 24 September. He also ordered the villagers to carry their own foods. So, the village headmen needed to send the requested villager labourers on 20th evening.
"Among 25 villagers, there were 12 men and the remaining 13 were women. That group of villagers worked together in the plantation for three days. Their main works were to clear grasses, dig holes and plant small palm trees. After that group of villagers completed their work-duties and before they returned to their village, the attempt of rape case happened in the workplace in the evening of September 23.
On that day evening, about 7 o'clock, after the group of villagers completed having dinner, the commander Sergeant. San Win asked the group leader, Nai Maung Sein that he would like to meet with Mi San Htay, to give some palm trees for her. And, the leader said as the night already fell, it was not good for meeting with a woman and suggested him to meet tomorrow's morning. But, he refused. So group leader told Min San Htay to meet with Sergeant and suggested to take an accompanied girl with her. When she arrived to the barrack, the commander ordered the girl to stay outside of the barrack and he would like to meet only Mi San Htay. Then the commander brought Mi San Htay to a kitchen building near barrack. Then, he pushed her and raped her."
LIB No. 282 was conscripting forced labour to grow palm trees in their own military battalion's plantation near its military headquarters which is in "52 Miles" area, which is situating near Ye-Tavoy motor road, is far 52 miles northern part of this town. Thus, the battalion is conscripting forced labour from villages along the motor road, such as Yapu, Kywe-ta-lin, Aleskan, Lort-thaung and others to contribute unpaid on a 3-days basis. While the villagers are working for LIB No. 282, such rape case happened in their military base.
Similarly to LIB No. 282, another military battalions have also conscripted local civilians including many women to work in their rice. If these women could come and work on a daily basis in the army work places, there might be no vulnerable situation to be raped by soldiers, but whenever they have to sleep at night in work places, they are quite vulnerable to be raped.
Sometimes, women are asked by battalion commanders not for works in construction sites or army work-places, but instructed them to work daily works in army camp, such as collecting fire-woods, carrying water, cooking foods, growing vegetables and others. During women are at army camps, they are quite vulnerable to be raped by commanders or soldiers.
Not only women are raped in army conscription of forced labour, they are also raped during porter service, when SPDC battalions use them in carrying ammunitions and food supplies in military operations and offensives. The soldiers used women to carry ammunitions or foods at daytime and raped them at night time by threatening and separating some young and good looking women.
As an instance,
"In April 2000, when LIB No. 104 led by Lt. Col. Yatkha went into Kywe-tho-nyima village, Yebyu Township, the soldiers tried to arrest all men porters. This village was Mon village and there are over 500 households in there. However, the men who got advance information about the arrest fled outside of village and hid in forests and their plantations. So, the soldiers were quite angry and arrested women at some houses. As the SPDC troops never arrested any women when they arrived in village, and so mast women were suddenly arrested by soldiers without information.
"The soldiers arrested totally 13 Mon ethnic women in village and they were Mi Kar Yee, Mi Ye Oo, Mi Ngwe, Mi Ma Than, Mi Sein, Mi Thar Oo, Mi Knee, Mi Cho, Mi Shwe, Mi Khin, Mi San and other unknown two women. Age range of these women was between 23 and 60 years old and both married and unmarried involved in the arrested group. The soldiers took these women for porter service in their military patrol for three days and three nights totally.
"During porter service, the soldiers forced the women porters to carry about 25 kilograms of weight of ammunitions or food supplies and forced them to walk for the whole day with that weight. When the women could not walk fast as soldiers, they shout, beat and kicked women porters like men porters who were arrested from another village. During porter service, two women, Mi Kar Yee and Mi Thar Oo, who could not manage to walk as soldiers, were kicked by a sergeant.
"After sun set and the beginning of night time, the soldiers grouped them in one place and let them sleep. After mid-night, some soldiers came and panted gun to some young women and separate them from the group and some commanders raped them. About 4 women (the witness did not identify their names) were separated from the group during three nights and were repeatedly raped."
Normally in most rape case, the ordinary women have not involved because they are afraid of severe punishment by commanders according to laws. However, most commanders who have the most power in battalion always involve in many rape cases. Sometimes, they also ordered the soldiers to threaten and take women whom they liked and let the soldiers guard them while they were attempting to rape or being raped.
Besides rape cases and conscription of forced labour, the women are also suffered from killing by soldiers, under the suspicion of rebel-supporters. Normally, when fighting happened in villages or when the SPDC troops shot into villages, women who have babies or pregnancy could not flee like other ordinary women. So, those women are killed in fighting.
As an instance,
"In April 2000, with suspicion, rebel troops were in village, the SPDC troops from IB No. 104 also shot into Kyauktayan village, Yebyu Township with artillery shells. A piece of shells also hit to a Mon woman with 2 months pregnancy, Mi Htwe (34years old) and she died on spot."
Although the current military government, SPDC, ratified Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the military battalions and soldiers in conflict areas, have still violated various women rights especially forced labour and rape.
III. Population Displacement
In Tenasserim Division, accompanying with the situation of various types of human rights abuses violated by Burmese Army's battalions, the population displacement also occurs in many parts of rural area, after the civilians have tried to flee from their villages to escape systematic persecution by the Burmese Army. As this report describes, the civilians in conflict have been constantly suffered from killing, arrest and torturing with accusation of rebel-supporters; contribution of forced labour for army and unpaid porters for military offensives; forced relocation and dislocation by SPDC troops; and sexual abuses.
The range of displacement period is varied from one situation to another. During the SPDC troops are planning the military offensives against rebel forces, when the government soldiers tried to arrest massive civilian porters, the men in village had to flee outside of their villages and hid in forests or in farms or in fruit plantations to avoid from the arrest. In this situation, the men could only displaced from their families at least 3 days until the troops left from their area. Sometimes, if the troops are rounding in their area, they could displace up to 2-3 months without coming homes.
The similar displacement also could happen when villagers attempt to avoid from the constant conscription of forced labour for army or SPDC authorities, when they have no time to work their works. In this case, all family members could be displaced, because if the men are not at homes, women are forced to work instead of men. Thus, all families left from their villages and moved into forests or stayed at their farms or plantations. If the villagers stay at their farms or fruit plantations, they need to be careful to be not arrested by soldiers, which launch military operations. Otherwise, they could be tortured or killed with accusation of rebel-supporters. When the villagers had to contribute unpaid labour for army's development projects or self-reliance program for many days, they might not have chance to do their own works in farms or plantations. So, the villagers tried to avoid from the constant conscription of forced labour and stay at their own work places. This type of displacement could last from 1 month to 6 months depending on an area situation.
The long-term displacement happens when the SPDC battalion commanders order the villagers to leave their villages or when forced relocation or dislocation occurs. The commanders would give deadline to move from their villages within one hour or one week. This displacement is the most terrible and the villagers could get only some belongings from their homes.
Generally, most villagers have displaced not only because of one reason, there are many other reasons cooperate and these forced the villagers to leave from their homes. Sometimes in one family, when the husband is arrested for porter service, the wife is conscripted to contribute labour in constructions or in army camps. Then, that family has less and less time to work in their own farms and at the end, the family has no food and decides to flee from their villages and find another place where they could get foods and less abuses by soldiers. Sometimes, the civilians moved many places to get safety and regular foods.
As an instance, one villager from a Tavoyan villager from Pain-Tun village, Tenasserim township, he explained his displacement as below:
"I was from Pain-Tun village and I arrived to this village (a village under NMSP control) about one month ago. I left from my native village since 1997 and I have stayed in many villages before I reached here. In 1996, when the government soldiers from IB No. 103 and IB No. 101 battalions built a motor road from Tenasserim town to Thein-taw village, the soldiers forced many villagers to contribute labour in construction. Through our headmen, U Sein, the army commander ordered to get the defined number of villagers from our village. My wife or me had to work in construction about two weeks within one month. On the other hand, we also could not have enough time to find work as day-labourer. I have no land like other villagers. Then, our family faced food-shortage problem and then we decided to move to another place.
"We moved along Tenasserim river and arrived to a Karen village, 'Tala-bwe', I stayed there for 7 months. We built a small house and received a work of paddy cultivation from a Karen family. However, we could not stay in stable situation, because the Burmese Army launched a big military offensives (it was 1997 offensives by SLORC), burnt all houses in that village. There were about 30 households in the village. From that village, we moved to the north and arrived another village, 'Kin-ni-kyun' and there were 40 households in that village. I stayed there for one year but the situation in that village was not so stable and in early 1999, the Burmese Army launched military offensives and tried to arrest all villagers with suspicion of rebel supporters. Then I fled to another Mon village, 'Kyauk-Ion-gyi', in Yebyu Township area. I stayed in that village for another one year, but the cultivation conditions in that area not good and not so safe and so I moved to this village."
When displacement happens, some villagers from their villages, which is in conflict area, to SPDC firm control areas, where the government troops have no chance to commit abuses that related to rebel-supporters. Most rich families in villages who could build some house and buy one space of land, or who have relatives in town, normally moved to town for safety. Many poor families had to move another villages, where they thought safer and had work opportunity. Some families also moved to Thailand or to KNU or NMSP control area.
As an instance,
"In early 2000, with accusation of rebel-supporters against the villagers, the Burmese Army's IB No. 25 ordered all villagers in Shwe-ta-maw village, Tavoy township, to leave their houses within a few hours. Then, the soldiers burnt all 400 villagers' houses. After the village was burnt down, some about 100 families moved to Mergui town and stayed with their relatives and only some of them could buy new house and land in town. M any families moved to more stable villages and the remaining about 100 poor families found the ways moving to border area and into Thailand, where they could work and safety."
In most cases, whenever forced relocation happened in rural area, the commanders who ordered the villagers to leave from their homes did not instruct the villagers to which place they needed to move and resettle. They just told the villagers that they could resettle anywhere, but they would not like to see any villager in their former village.
Some villages are constantly accused as rebel bases and villagers are suspected as rebel-supporters. Because of this accusation, the villagers are suffered more than other villagers, such as torturing and killing and the villagers who are afraid of being killed and tortured tried to leave from village and displacement occurs.
As an instance,
"Ah-mae village in Yebyu Township has been accused as a rebel base for a Mon splinter group and the villagers and village headmen were always beaten by soldiers from IB No. 104. Some villagers were killed by soldiers. Because of systematic persecution against this village community, the villagers from that village have gradually fled to another area, especially, to NMSP control area."
After some villagers displaced and moved to closer places, have always tried to return their home village even under dangerous situation, because they could get their cash fruits, such as betel-nut, coconut and others or tried to cultivate paddy in the fields. Or, sometimes, when the battalion that ordered them to leave their village was changed with a new battalion, they went to their homes and stayed there. If the new battalions were not so cruel or brutal like previous ones they could stay longer in villages. And, when the brutal battalions came, they would displace again. For families who moved to another area far from their homes or stay at safe places, would not tried to go back to their village again.
Anyhow, population displacement is a main problem in southern part of Burma especially in Karen State, in some part of Mon State and most parts of Tenasserim Division.


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Chicagoverse 153 - Rise Against
The day before the release of their eighth studio album, Wolves, Tim McIlrath and Joe Principe of Rise Against return to Dynasty Podcasts!
Recorded in a hotel room at Chicago Athletic Association Hotel, the Chicago natives
Take some time for reflection, before kicking off a summer tour with Deftones a day later. McIlrath and Principe look back at their process during the band's Fat Wreck Chords era, and compare their writing and recording approach then to the present day model. The pair also speak on whether it's fair to label Wolves as a straightforward response to the presidency of Donald Trump, and reveal the fan interactions that left a lasting impression over the course of Rise Against's history.


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How To Make Amazing Mega-Panoramas On An iPad With Your Photo Camera
First you take a bunch of pictures. It works best if you move your feet and camera as little as possible. In this case I took 25 photos with my A7 on a family trip to Bern.
Having imported the files onto the iPad via Wifi or an adapter or a device like this just add them to a new panorama in Affinity Photo.
After a bit of waiting you get a panorama.
You could easily fix the edges in Affinity. But I'm much faster with Pixelmator.
To add some final touches I use Lightroom CC. I know it's a bit overkill.
Et voila: The final result. All done on a train on an iPad while holding a more or less sleeping baby.


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Extra-curricular activities
Priory's Extra-Curricular programme – 'PX' is effective from Monday 10th September. This is a live document with updates and changes being made regularly.
PX offers our students an exciting opportunity to learn and enjoy a new hobby away from our current teaching curriculum.
Note: Clubs during 2A are for students in Yr 7/9/11. Clubs during 2B ar for Yr 8 and 10.
All Year 7 Tutor groups have the opportunity to attend a FREE health, fitness and well-being day at INEOS. The day includes an introduction to sailing.
Tutor groups will be attending on the following days
Perrins – 24th Sept
Male – 28th Sept
Whitfield – 1st Oct
Wright – 2nd Oct
Cooper – 5th Oct
Sime – 8th Oct
Snow – 9th Oct
Graham – 10th Oct
Pitchford – 11th Oct
Adetunji – 12th Oct
Any questions, please contact Miss Jordan, email@example.com


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Crossfit Aether
1a) Strict Press- 6x4 Rest 2 minutes between sets.
1b) Dumbbell Rear Delt Flys- 6x10
2) Complete as many rounds as possible in 9 minutes of:
135-lb. power cleans, 10 reps
20 push-ups
3) 10 minute cool down on rower around 70% effort.
Aether Barbell Oly Cycle
Aether Built Oly Cycle
1) Snatch- Build up to a heavy single. 2 dropsets at -20% with 5 second holds in catch.
2) Clean and jerk- Build up to a heavy single. 2 second pause in dip and catch of jerk.
3) Back squat- 3x10@60% 1rm. Nothing crazy just work on moving.
4) RDLs- 4x8 Heavy as possible with good form.


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2009 Renault Clio 200 cup Full Fat Pack Full engine build at the beginning of 2017 constisting of; PEC rodsWossner pistonsSuper Tech valvesCat 403 camsCat valve springsKing bearingsNew oil pump/water pump/Cam beltKtec manilfoldKtec decat and exhaustKtec inductionNew clutchKtec short shiftKtec engine mountsPowerflex upper engine stabilizer Engine has just under 8000 miles on it now and serveral track days. Engine is making 220 BHP and 170 ft/lb of torque. Comes with Ktec bucket seat on drivers side ( although stripped in the back, full interior is present and in very good condition). An Oreca exhaust system is fitted at the moment and included as well as the Ktec pro system. Full service history up to 45000 miles until i bought it and have done all the the work myself.I have all receipts of any work done and parts bought, mostly from Ktec, who will happily confirm any details if required. Engine/ gearbox and brakes have only used Miller's oil's and will come with a spare 10L of engine oil and filters along with a new set of spark plugs. Wheels are fitted with Nangkang AR-1 tyres. Brake pads are DS2500 front and rear. In May 2018,it had a front end respray at ARL coach works costing £2000 ( receipt included) they will happily confirm this and the work was covered on their social media pages. Will come with 12 months MOT. There are a couple of little issues thoughIt is missing a chrome exhaust outlet piece. The gear box was rebuilt in 2016 having the syncro rings replaced as this is a common fault, however 4th gear has started to crunch again. If anyone is interested please call as i can answer any questions. Elliott 07860559558
This Clio is available from eBay UK, the price at time of listing was £5999.00, this Clio may have already sold, please check eBay for further details