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The modern government data center sprang from the earliest forms of computing hardware and software, but its future is all virtual. Here's a timeline of key events over the last 30 years.
1982 IBM introduces the model 5150 personal computer, pushing widespread deployment of desktop IT throughout government agencies.
1984Fast, inexpensive magnetic tape cartridges replace the standard circular tape reel that had been a feature of big computer systems since the 1950s.
1986 MIPS and IBM release the first reduced instruction set (RISC) computer, showing that 80 percent of a computer operations run on 20 percent of its instructions set.
1988IBM introduces Application System/400, a mid-range computer designed for small and intermediate organizations, that will become one of the world's most popular departmental computers.
1991IBM intros 3390 Direct Access Storage Device (DASD), 40 percent faster and capable of storing as much data as its predecessor, in one-third the space.
1999VMware Workstation becomes the first product to allow users to run multiple instances of x86 operating systems on a single PC.
2002Data centers account for 1.5 percent of total U.S. power consumption, growing 10 percent annually.
2005 The Agriculture Department recommends moving National Finance Center from New Orleans because of hurricane risk.
2006Texas awards an $863 million, 10-year contract to IBM to build a data center in state capital of Austin. The state projects savings of $159 million over first seven years.
2007Cisco unveils its unified computing system, fusing computing, network, storage and virtualization into a single system.
The Environmental Protection Agency estimates the energy consumption of servers and data centers had doubled in the past five years and would double again to more than 100 billion kilowatt hours, at a cost of $7.4 billion annually. Federal servers and data centers account for 10 percent of this electricity use.
2008 The Navy consolidates 2,700 x86 servers that power the Navy and Marine Corps Intranet to reduce energy consumption, space requirements and costs. New services will host multiple VMware ESX virtual machines.
2009Microsoft builds a data center in Northlake, Ill., providing the capacity for as many as 440,000 Windows servers on the first floor alone, 10 times the 40,000 servers conventional data centers can hold.
2010Federal CIO Vivek Kundra directs agencies to make an inventory of their IT assets in preparation of the largest data center consolidation project in history.
"Converged infrastructure" enters the data center lexicon, referring to technologies where the complete systems enchilada – I/O, networking, storage and computing – are all configured in software.
2011 Data center research organization Uptime Institute reports that 36 percent of the large companies it surveyed expect to exhaust IT capacity within the next 18 months.
The Homeland Security Department lays out a strategy for using nine private-cloud services and three public-cloud services.
2012San Francisco announces a plan to consolidate and upgrade its data center, with a minimum goal of virtualizing 450 servers, or 29 percent of its total infrastructure.
The Open Compute project is started at Facebook to produce most efficient server, storage and data center hardware designs for scalable computing at lowest possible cost.
About the Author
Paul McCloskey is senior editor of GCN. A former editor-in-chief of both GCN and FCW, McCloskey was part of Federal Computer Week's founding editorial staff.
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Syria Gov't Opens Aleppo Evac. Route
Syria Gov't Opens Aleppo Evac. Route
BEIRUT (AP) -- The Syrian government on Friday opened a new corridor for rebels and civilians who want to leave the besieged eastern neighborhoods of Aleppo, a move that's part of a Russia-announced pause in the fighting and which the rebels in the city have already dismissed.
Residents in eastern Aleppo have said many won't go since there are no guarantees that the evacuees won't be arrested by government forces.
Even as the corridor opened along Aleppo's main artery to the north, the Castello Road, intense clashes and shelling erupted in the Jobar neighborhood in the capital of Damascus, activists and residents said. The Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said there were casualties both among the rebels and the government forces.
The pan-Arab Al-Mayadeen TV aired live footage from the Castello Road showing bulldozers that had opened the road. Buses and ambulances were parked by the roadside, waiting to take evacuees.
The pause in Aleppo fighting was announced by Russia to allow for the evacuation of civilians and fighters, as well as the wounded. Rebels have rejected the offer, saying it isn't serious.
Before the pause, Aleppo's besieged districts were subjected to relentless Syrian and Russian airstrikes for weeks.
U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon told an emergency meeting of the U.N. General Assembly that nearly 500 people have been killed and almost 2,000 injured since the Syrian government launched its offensive in eastern Aleppo on Sept. 23.
By midday Friday, no evacuations were seen along the Aleppo corridor.
"No one has left the city so far," said Mohammed Abu Rajab, who works at an eastern Aleppo hospital that was repeatedly hit over the past weeks, knocking it out of service. "People are worried they might be detained. There are no guarantees."
Speaking by telephone, he said any evacuations should be coordinated with the United Nations in order for people to feel they can leave safely.
On Thursday, government helicopters dropped leaflets over eastern Aleppo, saying that this is "the road to the nation."
"We are ready for help. Take the opportunity," said the leaflets, which carried an image of a green bus or a dead rebel fighter that carried the words "this could be the end" underneath.
The collapse of the last truce was followed by some of the worst bombing of Aleppo in years.
In Geneva, the U.N. human rights chief said the Syrian city of Aleppo is "a slaughterhouse" and urged the Human Rights Council to set aside "political disagreements" to focus on suffering civilians.
Zeid Ra'ad al-Hussein delivered the stark remarks in an address by videoconference to the 47-member U.N.-backed rights body on Friday as it opened a special session on Aleppo called by Britain and others over the crisis in the city.
Zeid, a Jordanian prince, said rights violations and abuses in Syria, in rebel-held eastern Aleppo and beyond "constitute crimes of historic proportions." He said the "collective failure of the international community to protect civilians and halt this bloodshed should haunt every one of us."
The council was expected to vote later in the day on a resolution that would call for increased monitoring of crimes in Aleppo.


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When the trends change and new things comes into fashion, their first wave hits the metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore. Be it a fashion trend or home decor style, these are the first few cities to welcome the new wave.
Gurgaon is the city of the elite few, who are in love with a sophisticated lifestyle. As much as their attire and lifestyle speaks of it, so does the decor style of their home. Luxury decor styles that were in vogue five years ago are now old and outdated. So what is new in 2015 about the decor styles of Luxury Homes in Gurgaon? Let us discuss in some detail.


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ProNails Finland
Holiday collection: The gift is you
Who needs wrapping paper and ribbons when you can outshine all others with your cheerful presence and charming appearance: The Gift Is You! It's the season to #TREATYOURSELF and let your nails do the talking. Spend some quality time at the salon, indulge in this season's festive hues, true reds and sparkly shimmers and you will become the light of the party.
6 must-have colours for your salon
Red Canapé
This Pronails classic is a true red, just like Santa's lavish velvet chair. Or rather, like the red lipstick mark left on your cheek after your auntie's loving smooch. Welcome to the Christmas party!
While the outdoor temperatures drop, prepare yourself for warm and cosy nights at home with your loved ones. However long and cold winter may be, this pale pink shade with a subtle shimmer has got you covered.
Purple Train
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Holiday Collection Booklet
It's the season to #TREATYOURSELF and let your nails do the talking. Indulge in this season's festive hues, true reds and sparkly shimmers and you will become the light of the party.


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Previous Lecture
Complete and continue
Standard FreshStart Bootcamp
Welcome To FreshStart Reboot (4:45)
The Community: Receiving Guidance & Support (4:07)
Preparation Coaching Enquiry - What Do You Really Want? (4:57)
Bonus Recording of Coaching Call (46:30)
Week One: Preparation
Prep 1: Start Here: Preparation for the 21 days (4:52)
Prep 2: Welcome To Whinge City (2:00)
Prep 3: Gentle Detox Diet (2:36)
Prep 4: SunRise & SunSet Pages (1:15)
Prep 5: Why Small Changes Work
Week Two: The Challenge Begins
Day 1: Your Challenge Begins
Day 2: Small Wins
Day 3: Right Inside Right Outside Action (95:27)
Day 4-6: The Tower Of Control (1:11)
Bonus: Practise Yoga with Mindfulness - Faith Hunter
Day 8-Day 14
Day 8: Never Give Up
Day 9: Ways To Fail Fast
Day 11 & 12:: Decluttering
Day 13: Power of the Sun, Water & Deep Breathing (4:28)
Day 15-21: Nearly home
Day 15: Failing & Falling (5:29)
Day 16-17: 48-Hour Media Fast
Bonus: Climbing out of addiction and depression
Nutrition, Health & Diet Plan Resources
Three Raw Food Wraps & Rolls
Three Raw Food Dinners
Three Raw Food Desserts
Freestyle Kale Salad, with Asante George
Salad Ideas
Juicing & Smoothies
A Month Of Fruits & Greens
Raw Til 4 (raw by day cooked by night)
Raw & Cooked Soup Resources
Resources: Extra raw & cooked creative vegan recipes
Local Vegan Services, Info & Restaurants
Reversing Diabetes in 30 days. A documentary.
Raw Vegan: HIV/AIDS, Naturopath Healing with Ghana's Dr. Kwasi Ofei Agyemang
Raw Food Documentary
Health Tips + Aids Activist & Marathon Runner - Afrika Engo
Nutrition For Athletes & Weight Loss or Weight Gain
Fitness Model & Strength Athlete. Interview with Samy Hya
When you're pregnant...
Resources for Parents & Diet
How To Store Fresh Vegetables For Months – Without A Refrigerator
Do you have MS?
Bonus: Yoga Extras
If you're pregnant....
Yoga for weight loss
Yoga Starters & Advanced
Day 13: Power of the Sun, Water & Deep Breathing
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This paper examines Social Network Site (SNS) users' criticism of a popular style of SNS profile picture referred to as "MySpace Angles." Reactions to this style of portraiture label the display of these photographs "deceptive," alleging that MySpace Angles fool users into believing that the subject is more attractive than they actually are. This case study approach utilizes a close reading analysis of the MySpace Angle commentary, revealing three main themes in users' critique of MySpace Angles: 1) users who post these photographs are conforming to a social trend at the expense of their individuality; 2) the presentation of these photographs is narcissistic; and, 3) these photographs purposefully conceal the body. This case study displays a shift in the conception of deception online; on the social Web populated by SNSs, theories of deception and authenticity are called into question as users are increasingly anchored to their bodies and expected to effortlessly present an online self mirroring the off–line self.
MySpace Angles
Policing MySpace Angles
Themes in user responses to MySpace Angles
Current theories of deception and authenticity online
Reconsidering deception and authenticity online
While researchers have long noted that relationships formed online often migrate off–line and develop into face–to–face (FtF) relationships (Parks and Floyd, 1996; Rheingold, 2000; Bruckman, 1993), the line between cyberspace and physical space is increasingly blurred with the emergence of social network sites (SNSs). SNSs, Web sites that support both the maintenance of existing social ties and the development of new social ties (boyd and Ellison, 2007), enable users to create profiles which, in theory, accurately portray the user's off–line self, thus facilitating mixed–mode relationships that are maintained through multiple communication channels (i.e., both online and FtF). As such, there is an expectation that a user's online self matches their off–line self. As we will see, there may be consequences for the SNS user when this expectation is not fulfilled.
In their attempt to accurately represent a user's off–line self SNS profiles often showcase a picture of the user [1]. When two people have formed a connection through the site, but have yet to develop an off–line relationship, this image may be the best indication of a user's corporeal, off–line appearance. Understandably, users attempt to choose a photograph that puts their appearance in the best light, so to speak; however, a line distinguishing "accurate" representations from "deceptive" representations appears in response to a particular style of photograph commonly featured on SNS profiles (see Figure 1). This style is referred to as "MySpace Angles" in reference to the particular SNS on which the style originated, and the technique employed to create these images.
Figure 1: "You Looked Better on MySpace" t–shirt.
Source: http://t-shirts.cafepress.com/item/you-looked-better-on-myspace-womens-dark-tshirt/91762887, accessed 26 May 2009.
According to one SNS user and blogger, "MySpace angles are pictures taken in specific angles that make unattractive people appear attractive. Thereby fooling us all." ("Beware", 2007). Generally self–portraits taken with the photographer/subject's arm outstretched above eye level, this style of portraiture, allegedly, makes the user appear especially attractive due to perspective and scope obtained from holding the camera above one's head. MySpace Angles are further characterized by the poses struck, the facial expressions formed and the hand gestures made.
The aggressive response to this trend, expressed online via Web sites that allow users to post their reactions in the form of user–generated content (UGC) such as videos (e.g., YouTube), text (e.g., blog postings, wikis), and images (e.g., Flickr), displays a shift in what behaviors are considered "deceptive" online. Formerly a label applied to users who lied about their identity in fundamental ways, pretending they were someone they were not (Donath, 1999; Van Gelder, 1996; Bruckman, 1993), users whose online self does not closely approximate their "actual self" [2] are now labeled deceptive.
This paper examines the reaction to the MySpace Angle phenomenon, asking how the policing of this practice informs our understanding of which online behaviors are considered deceptive, and further, how these transgressions inform our understanding of social norms on today's (social) Web. This case study approach utilizes a close reading analysis of the commentary surrounding this content (found on UGC Web sites such as YouTube, Flickr, and the Urban Dictionary (http://www.urbandictionary.com/), as well as numerous personal blog postings), focusing not on users' motivations to engage in impression management [3], but on the expectations for representation of the off–line self held by SNS users and the particular features of MySpace Angles that violate these assumptions.
This close reading reveals three main themes in users' critique of MySpace Angles: 1) users who post these photographs are conforming to a social trend at the expense of their individuality; 2) the presentation of these photographs is narcissistic; and, 3) these photographs purposefully conceal the body. These recurring critiques of MySpace Angles reveal that on Web 2.0, a Web characterized by social media such as SNSs, users must be authentic, that is to say, their online self must approximate the off–line self to the best of their abilities if they are to avoid punishment for breaching norms. Furthermore, this presentation of the authentic, off–line self must be effortless, not deliberately manufactured. Lastly, the hostility towards users who do not show their entire bodies shows that SNS users are now anchored to these bodies. The assumed division between the online self and the embodied self is eradicated as the online/off–line boundary is increasingly challenged by the practice of presenting the self through SNS profiles, and by the migration of online relationships off–line.
First, this paper defines MySpace angles, explaining what it means for an image to be labeled a "MySpace Angle" photograph, both in terms of portraiture style and also how SNS users view these photographs. Next, this paper presents the way in which SNS users police MySpace Angles. Following this is a close reading analysis of MySpace Angle commentary on the Web. Finally, this paper discusses the way in which the themes evident in this case study, the response to MySpace Angles, support and/or challenge existing theories of deception and authenticity on the Web.
MySpace Angles
"MySpace Angles" are a style of photograph primarily showcased on SNS profiles (originally on the SNS "MySpace" but not exclusive to this particular site). These photographs are normally self–portraits taken by holding the camera above one's head. Because the camera is only at arm's length the subject fills the entire frame, though it is the face that is featured most prominently — due to foreshortening the subject's body appears small (see Figure 2).
Figure 2: A "MySpace Angle" photograph.
Source: http://www.cheapshooter.com/2007/08/06/7-deadly-sins-of-myspace-profile-pictures-and-how-to-fix-them/, accessed 26 May 2009.
Beyond the fundamental MySpace Angle techniques there are a variety of genres characterized by the facial expressions, hand gestures, and poses taken by the subjects. For instance, in "the Asian" the subject forms a "peace sign" hand gesture and smiles (staringbutnotseeing, 2007), while in "the shocked pose" the subject acts as if surprised to find that their picture is being taken —though, comically, they themselves are the photographer (see Figure 3). Other genres include "the thug," "the Emo pose," and "the kissy face."
Figure 3: "The shocked pose."
Source: http://www.hyperionkp.com, accessed 26 May 2009.
On the surface it seems that "MySpace Angles" are simply a popular style of portraiture, just as head shots are conventionally used for yearbook photos, identification cards, etc. However, a cursory exploration into the way in which this style is defined by SNS users shows that many do not see the practice of taking a MySpace Angle photo as benign — some even going as far as to call MySpace Angles "an Internet disease" (Acedthis1, 2007). Under the Urban Dictionary's entry on "MySpace Angle" is the following definition:
"Originating from the myspace community, this term has come into common use to describe a style of photography used to make unattractive people appear attractive, often by positioning the camera at strange angles and using extreme close–ups. It is quite popular on myspace user profiles, in an attempt to hide fat and other undesired features from the camera and fool others into thinking the person is really attractive." ("MySpace Angles," n.d.)
Consistently, users' reactions to MySpace Angles assert that the display of these photographs as an indication of physical appearance is deceptive. This rhetoric of deception suggests that the use of these images is a deliberate attempt to "fool," "trick," or "deceive" SNS users into thinking the subject is attractive off–line. One blogger's post on MySpace Angles is accompanied by a picture of Disney's Pinocchio (Acedthis1, 2007). "MySpace voodoo" is seen as "dishonest," "disingenuous," and "misrepresentative" ("MySpace voodoo," 2007; Frank, 2009; Yew, 2007).
MySpace Angle photographs are not exclusively taken or displayed by women (staringbutnotseeing, 2007). In fact, the use of Angle techniques is often employed by men; however, the policing of this practice (particularly the criticism and practice of uncovering unflattering picture of MySpace Angle adopters) is primarily carried out by men who are appraising women, with the exception of satire videos that are predominantly made by women. One possible reason that this may be the case is that (in dating scenarios) men are often seeking youth and attractiveness above all other traits (Lynn and Bolig, 1985), while women promote their attractiveness more than men (Ahuvia and Adelman, 1992). Women may mock the use of this practice by other women out of anger that others are making themselves look better through the use of photographic techniques.
Policing MySpace Angles
Apparently, those who post these photographs cannot expect to get away with this perceived deception. As one commenter wrote in response to a particularly scathing critique of MySpace Angles, "If people are going to post deceiving pics of themselves then be prepared to accept the consequences when they come along." ("Beware", 2007). The policing of this transgression is carried out in three ways: criticism, satire, and by exposing non–MySpace Angle (e.g., zoomed out and taken at eye level) pictures to reveal one's "true appearance."
Criticism of MySpace Angles can be found on countless personal blog postings, in video commentaries, and on sites such as the Urban Dictionary that define trends. Commentary on MySpace Angles directly criticizes the practice in many different ways. Some liken those who post these photos to criminals; calling them "Angle felons" (Wheeler, 2008). Others write about the use of these angles as if they were a communicable disease rather than a social trend. One blogger writes, "MySpace angles are an Internet disease that was created in the MySpace community and has infested the entire online community." (Acedthis1, 2007) while an independent film features two young men talking about how a girl whose profile they are viewing "has the Angles" (Lehre, 2006). There is even a guide to "Internet diseases" that includes "Polangleio: In which the inflicted, from taking so many photos from myspace angle, are now missing necks Infected Regions: Myspace, Buzznet, Facebook." ("Doctor Ikky's", 2009). Lastly, some users don't make any attempt at wit, simply ranting about how MySpace Angles are used to hide "ugly faces, fat, etc." ("MySpace Angles", n.d.).
Satires, —"wit, irony, or sarcasm used to expose and discredit vice or folly" — are criticism in their own right, even when the commentator's negative opinion of MySpace Angles is not directly stated ("Satire", 2009). However, the satire policing stands apart from criticism expressed directly, as the mechanisms discouraging the use of MySpace Angles differ. In satire MySpace angles are mocked, thereby stigmatizing the behavior. These satires come in many forms, but all serve to discourage SNS users from posting Angles pictures by parodying these photographs.
One form of satire is the "how–to guide." In these guides users explain to readers/viewers what MySpace Angle photographs are and how to create them, demonstrating the way in which the camera should be held, how hair should be styled, etc. — see Figure 4 ("How to take the perfect profile pic", n.d.). While some may sincerely aim to educate others on how to create these photographs, many are actually ridiculing Angles, for example by showing how one must go to such great lengths to take a picture that pretends to have been taken in haste.
Figure 4: A MySpace Angles how–to video.
Source: http://www.YouTube.com/user/staringbutnotseeing, accessed 26 May 2009.
Other forms of satire include posting Angles pictures of oneself along with captions that make clear that the poster does not think this method is a legitimate style of portraiture (see Figure 5), as well as taking pictures of animals and inanimate objects in MySpace Angles style ("Emocat", 2007). Lastly, some users choose to proclaim that they do not need Angles to make themselves look attractive. One MySpace member's username, "The myspace angles are lame when u look like this" conveys this sentiment (Monky, n.d.). In addition, some users choose to post videos in which they hold up a sign with their SNS profile Web address, holding the camera from at least four angles to show that they are not afraid of having their appearance judged from multiple angles (Jaamaro, 2007).
Figure 5: Satirical MySpace Angles.
Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/amycvitti/, accessed 26 May 2009.
Lastly, in MySpace: The movie, a short independent film on social situations that arise out of interaction on MySpace, parodies Angles. The film follows a MySpace user as he arranges to meet a girl whose profile he has viewed off–line (despite his friend's warning that "she's got 'the Angles'." When he arrives he finds out that FtF she (the character is played by a man) is unattractive, resembling (as they note) a Yeti (Lehre, 2006).
Exposing Angles users
Lastly, users police the use of MySpace Angles by uncovering other photographs of Angle users in which Angles are not employed — photographs that supposedly more closely resemble the user's true physical appearance. This watchdog activity is often accomplished by scouring friends' digital photo albums for other photographs in which the user is "tagged" (identified as being present in the photo). One particular blog post, titled "Beware of the Dreaded 'MySpace Angles!'" received a great deal of attention, both online and off–line. The author (not indicated) alleges to expose women who have used Angles to make themselves look better than they do off–line in an attempt to trick men into meeting them FtF ("Beware", 2007). The author claims to see the work he has done to uncover more "objective" depictions of physical appearance as a service, introducing the post by explaining:
"The MySpace Angles phenomenon isn't one that is new but is a growing concern for men, young and old, across the globe. Photography–savvy young ladies are utilizing crafty camera angles and even photo software to weave a type of black magic onto their likenesses that would rival even the most forgiving Glamour Shots photographers of the old days. These crafty ladies will bend and conform themselves precariously to just the right position to hide those multiple chins, unsightly bulges, and possibly even hooves in the attempt to rope in unsuspecting victims across the World Wide Web." ("Beware", 2007)
After issuing this warning justification is given as to why these women must be publicly exposed the post goes on to contrast a series of MySpace Angle pictures with non–Angles pictures of the same person (see Figure 6).
Figure 6: MySpace Angle reveal.
Source: http://www.officialdatingresource.com/beware-the-dreaded-myspace-angles-pics/, accessed 26 May 2009.
Themes in user responses to MySpace Angles
There are three main themes that emerge in the MySpace Angles commentary: 1) users who post these photographs are conforming to a social trend at the expense of their individuality; 2) the presentation of these photographs is narcissistic; and, 3) these photographs conceal the body. Each will be expounded here, including a discussion of the ways in which these criticisms reveal the social norms on SNSs that MySpace Angles breach.
User reaction #1: MySpace Angles posters are conformists
Often, when users condemn the use of MySpace Angles their specific criticism is that using MySpace angles is a sign of conformity — that the people who take these pictures are succumbing to social pressure to the extent that they are not displaying an individual, authentic online self. This criticism is most often expressed in satire, as the critic depicts the formulaic process that is undergone to create a MySpace Angle picture.
In one how–to video the creator strikes his MySpace Angles pose, quipping, "It's so artistic. I can't even imagine doing anything more artistic than this. Who could ever think of doing MySpace Angles like this?" (omfgjohnstube, 2007)
Often, it is the predictability of the poses that is mocked, the fact that known genres of MySpace Angles exist. One blogger runs through the gamut of MySpace Angle varieties, displaying his version of each in an insincere attempt to find a profile picture that shows him at his best (Pete, 2006), while many other users create videos that similarly inform the viewer about the many genres in play (staringbutnotseeing, 2007).
User reaction #2: MySpace Angles display narcissism
Secondly, users criticize the alleged narcissism a MySpace Angle photograph reveals. Commenting on an Angles picture of her friend one user captions the photograph, "Look at me, I'm so pretty," projecting her opinion of what a subject is thinking when taking an Angles picture (García, 2009).
Others point to how the act of taking these photographs (as opposed to the act of posting them) displays narcissism. Mocking this action MySpace: The movie shows a young man mortified when his mom catches him admiring his body in the bathroom mirror, looking for his best features to highlight in his MySpace photograph (Lehre, 2006).
Lastly, users often point out that the great lengths users go to in the search for the best profile picture is evidence that the user is superficial. Otherwise, why would they place so much emphasis on their physical appearance? One commenter asks, "When someone goes to great lengths to physically misrepresent themselves, please tell me, who is catering to shallowness?" ("Beware", 2007).
User reaction #3: MySpace Angles conceal the body
While the previous two criticisms, that MySpace Angles display narcissism and conformity, frequently emerge in MySpace Angle commentary, most often discussed is the fact that Angles are misrepresentative because they conceal or distort the body, making subjects appear thinner than they are. These weight–specific comments are numerous. One Urban Dictionary user defines MySpace Angles as, "there's more than meets the eye" while the majority of users exposed for using angles to make themselves look more attractive are simply overweight, as the picture comments make clear (e.g., " …you may be biting off more than you can chew!") ("MySpace Angles", n.d.; "Beware", 2007). As one user notes on the discussion board of the "Beware" blog post, seven of the ten women exposed were simply heavier than their MySpace Angle picture, which showed only their face and foreshortened body ("Beware", 2007).
In a discussion of MySpace Angle phenomenon on their popular radio show "shock jocks" Opie and Anthony coin the term "MySpace Iceberg," defined as, "90 percent you can't see. That's the dangerous part." ("MySpace voodoo", 2007). While a blog commenter dubs Angle users "Secret Internet Fattie (SIF)" ("Beware", 2007). On the message board of online dating site OkCupid one user writes:
"I don't like myspace angles. It shows me that a girl is hiding something (usually weight). I know its [sic] taken for convenience, but I WANT a picture of your full torso regardless of how much you weight (who knows if your curves may be in the right places … or not). I provide one and so should girls too!" ("Gentlemen", 2008)
Commentators often liken Angles users revealed to be overweight to animals such as cows and whales. One simply writes "Man the harpoons!!!" ("Revenge", 2007). Another writes, "Fat girls should be banned, we should have like ad blockers or something to protect our browsers from those white whales." ("Beware", 2007). Lastly, a commentator notes what may be concealed by a MySpace Angle picture: "multiple chins, unsightly bulges, and possibly even hooves." ("Beware", 2007).
SNS social norms
In criticizing anti-normative behavior this commentary reveals social norms implicitly present in SNS communities that have been violated. Specifically, it is evident that SNS users must present their "authentic" selves, or at least, strive to minimize the disconnect between the online self and the off–line self. However, this presentation of the online self must be effortless — to manufacture an online identity with the intent to please the online audience is disparaged as the division between online and off–line is considered tenuous. Furthermore, presentation of the "ideal self," the self one wishes to be, is seen as unfair to those who may be looking to meet off–line. Rather, facets of one's identity that become apparent during a FtF meeting (e.g., weight) must be disclosed beforehand.
Current theories of deception and authenticity online
Self–presentation on SNSs
Computer–mediated communication (CMC) changes the way in which the self is presented to others. As Pearson (2009) notes, "The mediated nature of [online social networks] means that most information about the virtual self and its place in the network is given through deliberate construction of signs." [4] That is, by virtue of the fact that communication is mediated, rather than FtF, the presentation of the self is manufactured to a greater extent than during off–line interaction. For one, CMC is often asynchronous (unlike FtF interaction), affording the user greater control over how the self is presented (Trevino and Webster, 1992). Furthermore, CMC also minimizes the expression of nonverbal cues thus making self presentation online less subject to unintentional cues (Walther, 1996).
In his seminal work on presentation of the self Goffman (1959) drew a distinction between those expressions that that are directly "given" (through language or gesture) and those that are unintentionally or involuntarily "given–off." Ellison, et al. (2006) note that in Goffman's terms, "more expressions of self are 'given' rather than 'given off'" in the context of CMC due to what the authors call the "selective self–presentation affordances" of CMC [5].
Naturally, this greater control over self–presentation CMC affords does not dictate that users exercise the option to present an online self entirely removed from the actual self; rather, users must also balance the desire to put their best foot forward with a desire to minimize the discrepancy perceived between the selves during a FtF meeting, a desire to present an accurate self (Ellison, et al., 2006). Accordingly, the prospect of meeting someone FtF may influence one to portray a more accurate online identity (Gibbs, et al., 2006).
Deception online
Traditionally, it has been assumed that a lack of corporeal presence allows for deception to occur online (Donath, 1999; Stone, 1996; Rheingold, 2000). Stone (1996) notes, "The body in question sits at a computer terminal somewhere, but the locus of sociality that would in an older dispensation be associated with this body goes on in a space which is quite irrelevant to it." [6] while Donath similarly remarks:
"The virtual world is different. It is composed of information rather than matter. Information spreads and diffuses; there is no law of the conservation of information. The inhabitants of this impalpable space are also diffuse, free from the body's anchor." [7]
The disembodied Internet is often seen as a function of the anonymity CMC may afford users. As Rheingold (2000) writes, "You can be fooled about people in cyberspace, behind the cloak of words." [8] Extensive research has explored the way in which feelings of anonymity affect users online behavior, from the way in which anonymity leads to feelings of deindividuation (see McKenna and Bargh, 2000; Postmes and Spears, 1998), to the effect of feelings of anonymity on self–disclosure (Bargh, et al., 2002; Joinson, 2001). The extent to which users are truly anonymous in CMC settings has long been debated, with some authors contending that users' true identities are expressed through non–visual cues, and revealed by research conducted by other users elsewhere online (Postmes and Spears, 2002; Wynn and Katz, 1997).
CMC has also been shown to allow users to explore roles and identities that remain hidden in everyday life (Turkle, 1995; Stone, 1996). While this aspect of CMC allows for stigmatized identities to be expressed online (Davison, et al., 2000), some users create identities completely removed from their true self (Van Gelder, 1996; Bruckman, 1993).
Recently, researchers have explored deception online in the context of dating sites. The findings of this body of literature suggest that the vast majority of online dating site users feel that there is a high degree of physical appearance misrepresentation online (Gibbs, et al., 2006). As a result, users are significantly concerned about the prevalence of lies and the prospect of meeting someone off–line without prior visual cues (Donn and Sherman, 2002; Madden and Lenhard, 2006). Brym and Lenton (2001) found that ten percent of a sample of users admitted to misrepresenting their identity online, though to some extent it appears that users deceive as a reaction to their perception that others are deceiving (Fiore and Donath, 2004). However, when FtF interaction is anticipated, deception may occur to the same extent as in FtF relationships (Toma, et al., 2008). Toma, et al. (2008) found that inaccuracies in online dating profiles were intentional rather than self–deceptive.
Researchers have outlined many ways in which identity may be inferred online, despite the various levels of anonymity CMC may afford to users. Donath (1999) suggests that Usenet group members look for cues that are difficult to fake such as tone, as well as those cues evident in e–mail addresses and signatures while Ramirez, et al. (2002) note that users may look to other areas on the Web for clues informing a person's identity such as Newsgroup postings. When few cues are available participants may form their impressions of others based on stereotypes (Jacobson, 1999). Walther and Parks (2002) suggest that "warrants," connections between the off–line and the online self, help to validate or invalidate online identity cues. Profile pictures are assumed to be warrants to the extent that those who post photographs of themselves should be less likely to lie than those who do not post a physical representation of themselves (Toma, et al., 2008).
Reconsidering deception and authenticity online
This case study of the response to MySpace Angles both supports and challenges existing theories of deception and authenticity online. Users' response to the MySpace Angles phenomenon makes clear that existing theories, often developed through analysis of text based interactions such as those found in MUDS, chat rooms, and Usenet groups, cannot easily be applied to Web 2.0, a Web teeming with social network sites in which users post an image representing their off–line, physical appearance.
The embodied Internet
For one, users' response to MySpace Angles calls into question the assumption that the Internet is disembodied. Despite the fact that many users on SNSs are not specifically looking to initiate relationships that will move off–line (as online dating site users are) the increasingly blurred boundary between the off–line and the online necessitates that users' online selves approximate their off–line selves. Though researchers have noted that relationships formed online may develop into FtF relationships (Parks and Floyd, 1996; Rheingold, 2000; Bruckman, 1993) the emergence of the SNS further clouds the space between the virtual and the physical as members' online networks substantially overlap with their off–line networks.
Criticisms of MySpace Angles users' concealment of weight suggest that users may in fact be anchored to the bodies that sit in front of the computer monitor. Identity play in SNS is discouraged, as are projections of the ideal self. In a study of online dating site users, Hardey (2002) concludes that these sites that facilitate off–line interaction are not free–for–all disembodied spaces for identity play that MUDS and chat rooms once were. Rather, "virtual interactions may be shaped by and grounded in the social, bodily and cultural experiences of users." [9] Empirical online dating research supports this notion that, even with the anticipation of FtF interaction, users (especially women) lie about their weight (Toma, et al., 2008). Furthermore, the less attractive a female user is, the larger the discrepancy between the perceived attractiveness of their profile pictures and that of a standard, un–stylized portrait (Toma and Hancock, 2009).
While the effect of anticipated FtF interaction on online dating site users' presentation of the self and proclivity towards deception has been explored at length, the case of MySpace Angles shows that the expectation for off–line interaction exists elsewhere on the Web. Most importantly for the scope of this paper, SNS users are similarly tied to their physical bodies — policed for concealing weight and mocked for their attempts to display an "inauthentic" off–line self though they are not exhibiting themselves in online spaces dedicated to facilitating FtF interaction.
This is not to say that the Internet is fully embodied. Rheingold's (2000) assertion that "all online interactions are influenced by the lack of corporeality" still stands [10]. A paucity of non–verbal cues such as body language still characterizes CMC in large part (despite the emergence of video–mediated interaction online). Furthermore, SNS users have tools at their disposal which allow for the privatization of profiles, though these tools are often not utilized. As a result, the expressions 'given' by CMC users remain greater than those 'given off'.
Secondly, the anonymous nature of CMC is called into question in light of the policing activities undergone in the MySpace Angles case. Due to the rise of SNSs there are more avenues of measuring the disconnect between the online and off–line self than ever before. In a study of SNS users Tufekci (2008) concludes that "little adaptation is made to the Internet's key features of persistence, searchability, and cross–indexability" — that is to say, SNS users do not constrain their information sharing practices in an attempt to minimize warranting [11] In a New York Times article Tufekci goes on to say, "[information sharing on SNSs is] just like living in a village, where it's actually hard to lie because everybody knows the truth already … . If anything, it's identity–constraining now." (Tufekci in Thompson, 2008) As the unfortunate MySpace users who were publicly exposed in less flattering photographs discovered, there are many channels on the Web, some outside of your control that may be weeded through in an attempt to invalidate an online self.
In China this process of combing the Web for information pertaining to an individual is called the "Human Flesh Search Engine." A Human Flesh Search Engine "is where thousands of volunteer cybervigilantes unite to expose the personal details of perceived evildoers and publish them on the Web … . The consequences for those on the receiving end often transcend the virtual world and can include loss of employment, public shaming, even imprisonment." (O'Brien, 2008). Lastly, an increase in the number of forums for UGC facilitates the publication of satire and critique.
The social Web brings a new form of "deceptive" behavior and an accompanying technopanic, a moral panic over contemporary technology (Marwick, 2008). Where once users worried that they or their children would be lied to about another's identity with no recourse, SNS users now fear that they will fooled into thinking that the person they are interacting with is more attractive online than off as a result of a particularly flattering style of portraiture. As King Henry VIII felt disappointment upon meeting his fourth wife Anne of Cleves after selecting her to be his mate on the basis of her portrait, SNS users now worry that the person they fall for online may not live up to their impressions (Erickson, 1976). Concerned about "false advertising" on SNS profiles users police the adoption of MySpace Angles, attempting to curtail their use.
This case study displays a shift in the conception of deception online. On the social Web populated by SNSs, theories of deception and authenticity are called into question as users are increasingly anchored to their bodies, expected to effortlessly present an online self mirroring the off–line self while divulging information that may be gleaned off–line. Increased avenues for warranting police this desired presentation of the self, as users are able to validate whether this off–line presentation of the self is in accordance with SNS norms.
This paper further shows the way in which UGC provides a unique forum for researching norms of CMC as they evolve. As future technopanics arise, UGC will be an essential source in the investigation into users' negotiations of these contentious issues.
About the author
Lauren F. Sessions is a doctoral student at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania. Her research interests include new media, social networks, and the role of face–to–face interaction in relationship maintenance and development.
E–mail: lsessions [at] asc [dot] upenn [dot] edu
1. Users are not required to post photographs of themselves. Many choose to post photographs of friends, places, pets etc., or post non–photographic images such as drawings. Still others do not choose to upload any image at all. That being said, the expectation is that the image portrays the user. Consequently this type of image is the focus of this paper.
2. Higgins (1987) differentiates between the "actual" self and the "ideal" and "ought" selves. The ideal self is the self an individual strives to be for internal reward while the ought self is the self an individual strives to project in order to gain reward or avoid punishment from others.
3. See Baumeister (1982), Schlenker (1980), and Goffman (1959) for discussions of these motivations for impression management.
4. Pearson, 2009, p. 2.
5. Ellison, et al., 2006, p. 3.
6. Stone, 1996, p. 43.
7. Donath, 1999, p. 29.
8. Rheingold, 2000, p. 12.
9. Hardey, 2002, p. 1.
10. Rheingold, 2000, p. 330.
11. Tufekci, 2008, p. 1.
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Editorial history
Paper received 29 May 2009; accepted 14 June 2009.
Copyright © 2009, First Monday.
Copyright © 2009, Lauren F. Sessions.
"You looked better on MySpace" Deception and authenticity on Web 2.0
by Lauren F. Sessions.
First Monday, Volume 14, Number 7 - 6 July 2009
A Great Cities Initiative of the University of Illinois at Chicago University Library.
© First Monday, 1995-2019. ISSN 1396-0466.


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Skatemap - Skate parker i Europa
Thank you for adding a skatepark. Nowyou can upload more images and videos to the sktaepark.
Skate Park tilføje
Please zoom and center the map at the location of the skatepark.
In the second step you can upload images and videos to the sktaepark.


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Heart Surgeon Gives Patients Infection When Glove Rips
(LOS ANGELES) -- A heart surgeon at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center accidentally gave cardiac infections to five patients because his latex gloves tore during surgery, hospital officials confirmed.
Of the five patients who were diagnosed with endocarditis, or an infection of the heart chamber lining and valves, four of them had to return to the hospital for a second operation, according to a story first published in the Los Angeles Times. The patients survived and are still recovering.
"Because our ultimate goal is to have zero hospital acquired-infections, any hospital-acquired infection at Cedars-Sinai is unacceptable," a hospital statement read.
"Endocarditis in general is a problem in that it describes an infection inside the heart, and when we have an infection inside the heart, bacteria from the infection is pumped all over," said Dr. Mark Adelman, the chief of vascular surgery at NYU Langone Medical Center. "It's a particularly bad infection."
Adelman, who has not been involved in the Cedars-Sinai case, said valve replacement infections can be especially problematic because the new valves are artificial and have no blood vessels to carry antibiotics to the infection.
"Usually the valve has to be removed," he said. "Artificial materials don't have blood vessels running through them, so there are little cracks and crevices that don't see much blood flow. They're difficult to sterilize."
According to the National Institutes of Health, endocarditis can require a second valve replacement surgery when the infection results in heart failure, results in other organ damage or when blood clots break off into little pieces to cause strokes. Complications can include brain abscesses as well.
Cedars-Sinai called the incident a "very unusual occurrence," according to the Los Angeles Times. Administrators told the newspaper that the nature of valve replacement surgery can lead to microscopic rips in the surgeon's gloves because he has to tie more than 100 knots and use thick sutures, both of which put extra stress on the gloves.
"It's just like tying your shoes a thousand times; it wears a lot on your fingers," Adelman said, adding that heart surgeons have to sew the heart muscle with strong knots and sutures because the heart is an organ that is constantly moving. "The gloves definitely degrade. They have to be thick enough that they protect from transmitting infections, but then you have to feel tissues."
Although surgeons will sometimes wear double gloves, it's not mandated and can sometimes make the surgery more difficult because thick gloves don't allow surgeons' fingers to be as sensitive or as nimble, Adelman said.
He said he's been asked why surgeons scrub their hands if they're going to wear gloves. The answer is twofold: Surgeons scrub their hands and wear gloves to protect the patient, but they wear the gloves to protect themselves. It's possible that a patient could spread a disease to a surgeon, too.
The California Department of Public Health has an open investigation at Cedars-Sinai, department spokesman Ralph Montano said. Because the department's investigation is ongoing, Montano could not elaborate on the details.
Hospitals nationwide reported 529,038 surgical site infections to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2010.
News of the endocarditis infections comes less than a month after Cedars-Sinai announced that it reduced surgical site infections by more than 60 percent for colorectal procedures because of new protocols.
Copyright 2012 ABC News Radio


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WALTHAM, Mass. – The 22nd-ranked Brandeis University women's soccer team defeated visiting Babson College, 4-1, tonight to run their record to 10-1 on the season, marking the best record in program history through 11 games, tied with the 2003 and 2004 squads.
The Judges wasted little time in getting on the board tonight, scoring in the fifth minute on their first shot of the game. Sophomore Dara Spital (Miami, Fla./Gulliver Prep) had a nice service around the perimeter of the 18-yard box, and rookie forward Holly Szafran (Newton, Mass./Newton North) headed it over the head of Babson sophomore Melina Kapotsis (Watertown, Mass./Watertown). It was Szafran's fifth goal of the season and Spital's third assist.
Spital went on to add her second helper of the game and her fourth assist in the 12th minute. It was her long throw-in that reached sophomore Sapir Edalati (Great Neck, N.Y./Great Neck South) at the top of the 18. Edalati turned and fired a strike that proved to be the game-winner. It was her third goal of the season and her first career game-winner.
Edalati had another career first nearly 12 minutes later, when she registered her first multi-goal game, tapping home a perfect cross from Szafran.
The Judges added a fourth goal 5:19 into the second half, when Spital scored her team-leading ninth goal of the season as she one-timed home a cross from Szafran.
Babson (5-6-1) broke through in the 69th minute, snapping the Judges' scoreless streak at 434:23. Rookie Meghan Tyson (Scarborough, Maine/Scarborough) took a free kick from about 25 yards out that Brandeis sophomore Michelle Savuto (Ridgewood, N.J./Ridgewood) saved. Savuto was unable to corral the rebound, however, but senior Emily Anderson (Scituate, Mass./Scituate) was on the spot to poke home the rebound. The goal was only the third surrendered in 11 games this season by Brandeis.
The Judges outshot Babson, 26-14, for the game, including 12-7 in shots on goal. Kapotsis finished with seven saves. For Brandeis, senior Francine Kofinas (Dix Hills, N.Y./Half Hollow Hills West) earned the win without making a save in the first half. Savuto had three stops and rookie Katy Lehmann (Houston, Texas/Cypress Creek) had two stops in her first five minutes of action of the season.
Both teams return to conference play on Saturday, with the Judges hosting Case Western Reserve University at 11 a.m. in a University Athletic Association contest and Babson at Coast Guard at 4 p.m.


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Alex Fallstrom had a goal for Harvard against Quinnipiac Saturday night (Photo: Justine Agaloos).
Luke Greiner's Goal at Quinnipiac
Alex Fallstrom's Goal at Quinnipiac
HAMDEN, Conn. – A three-goal second period proved to be the difference in the contest as the Harvard men's hockey team dropped a 6-2 decision to No. 5/9 Quinnipiac Saturday night at the TD Bank Sports Center. The Bobcats remain perfect in ECAC play at 10-0-0 and 16-3-2 overall while Harvard moves to 4-7-1 and 3-5-0 in league action with the loss.
The hosts got off to a fast start with its first shot on net resulting in the first goal of the game just 1:51 into the game. Bryce Van Brabant teed up a shot from the left faceoff circle that beat Raphael Girard and stuck in the side netting for a quick 1-0 lead. A pair of Quinnipiac penalties gave Harvard two man-up chances, but the Bobcat penalty kill showed why it ranks tops in the ECAC, stifling the Harvard offense on both chances.
The hosts struck again at the 12:33 mark of the opening frame, this time it was Travis St. Denis, who one-timed a centering pass past Girard for a 2-0 edge. Minutes later it was Harvard's turn to show its penalty kill prowess, and the Crimson did just that, keeping the Bobcats off the board for the two-minute stretch.
With just over five minutes to play, the Crimson got on the board, thanks to the heads up play of a trio of forwards. Alex Fallstrom and Marshall Everson crashed the back boards in the Quinnipiac offensive zone and froze the puck as the other three Crimson skaters got in place. Everson picked the puck from the scrum and quickly winged it back to Luke Greiner, who one-timed a blast past goalie Eric Hartzell for his second goal of the season with 14:51 gone in the period.
Quinnipiac's power play wouldn't stay dormant for long and special teams unit stretched the lead back to two goals at 16:39 when Matthew Peca put home a hanging rebound that had trickled off to Girard's glove side. Harvard looked to have an answer minutes later when Fallstrom collected a puck on the doorstep and backhanded it home, but the goal was disallowed when Fallstrom was whistled for a penalty on the play. The ensuing Bobcats power play resulted in another goal when Loren Barron scored from the opposite side of the net that Peca's goal came from. A third Quinnipiac goal in the frame at 11:17 by Cory Hibbeler, prompted a goalie change by the Crimson as rookie Peter Traber relieved Girard.
The goalie changed served to spark the Crimson and some Quinnipiac penalty trouble late in the period resulted in Harvard's second goal of the game. With two Bobcats in the box, Blackwell won an offensive zone faceoff and controlled the puck along the back boards. The sophomore slid a pass out to Danny Biega and the senior fired a shot that was tipped by Fallstrom past Hartzell for the second Crimson score. It marked Harvard's second straight game with a power-play goal.
The fast pace of the first two periods slowed in the third as Traber did well to neutralize the Quinnipiac scoring attempts t hrough the bulk of the stanza. The hosts added one final tally with just seconds remaining in the game to seal the 6-2 final.
It will be a quick turnaround for the Crimson as its next context comes Wednesday, Jan. 9 against local rival No. 6/9 Boston University. The teams will face off at 7 p.m. at Agganis Arena.


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News Release 13-004
Marginal Lands Are Prime Fuel Source for Alternative Energy
Lands unsuited for food crops represent huge untapped resource to grow mixed species biomass for ethanol
January 16, 2013
This material is available primarily for archival purposes. Telephone numbers or other contact information may be out of date; please see current contact information at media contacts.
Marginal lands--those unsuited for food crops--can serve as prime real estate for meeting the nation's alternative energy production goals.
In the current issue of the journal Nature, scientists at Michigan State University (MSU) and other institutions show that marginal lands are a huge untapped resource for growing mixed-species cellulosic biomass.
These lands could annually produce up to 5.5 billion gallons of ethanol in the Midwest alone.
Cellulosic ethanol is a biofuel produced from wood, grasses or the inedible parts of plants.
"Understanding the environmental impact of widespread biofuel production is a major unanswered question in the U.S. and worldwide," said Ilya Gelfand, lead author of the paper.
"We estimate that using marginal lands for growing cellulosic biomass crops could provide up to 215 gallons of ethanol per acre with substantial greenhouse gas mitigation."
The notion of making better use of marginal lands has been around for nearly 15 years.
However, this is the first study to provide an estimate for greenhouse gas benefits, and an assessment of the total potential of these lands to produce significant amounts of biomass, Gelfand said.
Focusing on 10 midwestern states, researchers from MSU, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the University of Maryland used 20 years of data from the National Science Foundation (NSF) Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site.
Kellogg Biological Station is one of 26 such NSF LTER sites in ecosystems around the world from grasslands to deserts, coral reefs to tundra.
"The study underscores the critical role that long-term basic research plays in determining the optimum balance between economic prosperity and environmental sustainability," said Saran Twombly, program director in NSF's Division of Environmental Biology.
"Long-term basic experiments suggest that wise management of marginal lands, rather than wholesale conversion of valuable agricultural lands, could contribute significantly to a sustainable future," Twombly said.
The scientists characterized the comparative productivity and greenhouse gas impacts of different crops, including corn, poplar, alfalfa and old-field vegetation.
They then used a supercomputer to identify and model biomass production that could grow enough feedstock to support a local biorefinery with a capacity of at least 24 million gallons per year.
The final tally of 5.5 billion gallons of ethanol represents about 25 percent of Congress' 2022 cellulosic biofuels target, said Phil Robertson, co-author of the paper and director of the KBS LTER site.
"The value of marginal lands for energy production has been long-speculated and often discounted," he said.
"This research shows that these lands could make a major contribution to transportation energy needs, while providing substantial climate and--if managed properly--conservation benefits."
This is also the first study to demonstrate that grasses and other non-woody plants that grow naturally on unmanaged lands are sufficiently productive to make ethanol production worthwhile, he said.
Conservative numbers were used in the study, the scientists said, and production efficiency could be increased by carefully selecting the mix of plant species.
Additional benefits of using marginal lands include:
- New revenue for farmers and other land owners;
- No food-vs.-fuel conflict, as food production would not be displaced by fuel production;
- No indirect land-use effects, where land in another part of the globe is cleared to replace land lost to food production; and
- No carbon debt from land conversion, if existing vegetation is used or if new perennial crops are planted directly in existing vegetation.
The research was also funded by the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and MSU AgBioResearch.
NSF's Long-Term Ecological Research Network comprises 26 land, coastal and ocean sites.
Credit and Larger Version
NSF KBS LTER site experimental plots: Corn and hybrid poplar are in the background.
Credit and Larger Version
Corn at the KBS LTER site: Corn currently dominates biofuel production in the U.S.
Credit and Larger Version
Researchers collect soil cores to determine carbon storage at the LTER site.
Credit and Larger Version
Satellite view of the cropping systems experiment: Each rectangle is 2.5 acres.
Credit and Larger Version
Media Contacts
Cheryl Dybas, NSF, (703) 292-7734, email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Layne Cameron, MSU, (765) 748-4827, email: email@example.com
Related Websites
NSF Long-Term Ecological Research Network: http://www.lternet.edu
NSF Kellogg Biological Station LTER Site: http://www.lternet.edu/sites/kbs
NSF News Release: Scientists Develop New Carbon Accounting Method to Reduce Farmers' Use of Nitrogen Fertilizer: http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=123848
NSF LTER Discovery Articles Series: http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=125511&org=NSF
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2019, its budget is $8.1 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives more than 50,000 competitive proposals for funding and makes about 12,000 new funding awards.
Useful NSF Web Sites:
NSF Home Page: https://www.nsf.gov
NSF News: https://www.nsf.gov/news/
For the News Media: https://www.nsf.gov/news/newsroom.jsp
Science and Engineering Statistics: https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/
Awards Searches: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/


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I have not, can't run more then 4s on my ESC. Running a 2569kv 6 pole motor too.
Just got a slayer roller for $75 bucks shipped with a bunch of spares. Looking forward to building it up when it gets here.
I plan to run mod .8 with 24/50 gears. Should get me about 55mph again!
Sent from my Transformer TF101 using Tapatalk 2
Sweet...post some pics of your truck once built. I too am waiting for a bunch of spares so I can begin my build
Rock n Rolla !
One thing I forgot ask; are you guys running a single traxxas 2075 servo in these builds? I can't really tell from the photos.
Last edited by craig.mitch316; 08-26-2012 at 11:29 PM.
Rock n Rolla !
I'm running a single JR hi tourque servo on mine.
Just like any truck, part of getting the Slayer to handle well is setup. And there's A LOT of suspension tuning/setup available with a Revo suspension. When I get next to mine later this week, I'll post mine, if y'all care to know.
I can say my Slayer will hang on a home built track with an sc8e and an Apache SC.
My Apache is a little easier to drive around a track though, my Slayer, while hanging right there with it, is just a little more of a challenge to drive. Yes, it has the center diff installed.
Rustler 4x4 VXL
Last edited by humayrayakongkinaon; 08-27-2012 at 01:06 AM.
i hoping to see some pics of the builds
i have a single 2075 in mine for now. couple reasons. never had a failure yet, not racing - only bashing, already had one here, way cheaper than a 7955tg lol.
could you lift it up to look more like the baja 5t
Of course, but a higher COG makes for worse handling...
Rustler 4x4 VXL
Rustler 4x4 VXL
Those AKA Pro5's are a nice rim. Looks great.
i like your tire rim combo
what speed are you getting
Google RC speed calculator ( I like the script asylum one, there is also a good one for android its calcrc ), put in all the e revo stuff and just change the tires to what you will be running. Should get you pretty close.
Sent from my Transformer TF101 using Tapatalk 2
is 40 the top speed or has anybody got any higher
I'll be gearing mine for 55ish.
24/50 gears is what I'll be running.
Just got mine built up. Currently have regular slayer arms on it. I'll be putting the pro arms on it when I get a true 1/8 SCT lid. Haven't run it yet.
Got a couple nitro chassis including a vantage chassis. I'm half tempted to do an electric conversion on the vantage chassis as I have pretty much everything else but the motor system, and a transmission. Slash body would fit that one too.
With a slash body. It's slightly too short but will work with some trimming. Need to get an SC8 lid though so the pro arms can go on.
what motor are you running truck looks good cant wait to see it with a new lid
I'm running the 2560kv 6 pole ******* track star motor with an SC8 esc. That motor is an absolute beast on 4s in the e revo. It eats e revos with the castle system alive.
I still have to tune the suspension, I think I'm over dampened. I just shoved slayer springs on my shocks with 80wt oil. Got another set of shocks that I can rebuild with some 45wt or something.
When I get a new lid ill put the "pro" arms on it too.
Have my 1/8 buggy wheels from my slash on it right now. Has a good stance.
Haven't had a chance to run it yet but the speed of the e revo with the same wheels was underwhelming with the speed. Gotta get to the LHS for gears.
how is the battery life
Dunno yet. Haven't run it yet. Lol.
I'll assume batter then the e revo. The e revo with the same tires and wheels never even got warm. It might change once I actually get it geared properly.
battery life seems ok so far. didnt get to put a full pack through it as it got dark.
im loving this thing, full throttle 1/8 brushless, 4s power slides in gravel are epic!
gotta find a lid still. 1/8 lids for under 50bucks seem to be far and few between.
i think im fine for now with a 37ish MPH top speed. the turning, acceleration and stopping on this thing is so savage compared to the e revo. ill probably gear for 55 or so soon as i get used to the truck again.
motor barely got warm with lots off full throttle and braking. esc was cold.
my shocks are from the e revo and are running 80wt oil, way too thick for the e slayer. basically locks the suspension, no shock movement at all.
looks like it just puts way less stress on the motor
Revoman, yup. Much less mass to spin with the small wheels.
Thanks! That body is my slash body. It will not be run on the e slayer, gotta find a nice 1/8 lid for it.
post a pic when you get the lid for it
Here it is! Took it out today. Everything about it is brutal, acceleration, stopping and even turning.
looks nice


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Hwasser wrote:Wow, those resistors are really small! xD I bought the ones suggested here, they are little larger in than the original ones, but they fit. Having a hard time soldering them without them moving around (because of how light weight they are), how do u guys solve this without a third hand?
I've done quite a lot with SMD components, so all I can really say is that it's practise. A good pair of fine-nose stainless steel tweezers, a fine tipped temperature controlled soldering iron and some fine 60/40 solder also helps.
Hwasser wrote:Remove R8: am I going to connect it together with copper-wire here or am I supposed to leavy an open space where the resistor was?
just remove, if anything else was necessary then it would say so.
Hwasser wrote:put a 100k resistor between pin 7 of the 12ax7 to the top of R17: is pin 1 the one to the left when you see the tube from below?
Have a look at the 12ax7 datasheet: http://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet- ... 12AX7.html
Hwasser wrote:10k after C12: exactly, what? between C12 and what? Am I supposed to drill a hole somewhere?
After meaning it is in series with C12. I used a 10k 1206 SMD resistor, and this was tricky, I had to rest the two components up against each other in an upside down 'V' shape. Or in other words:
[PAD] - [C12] - [10k] - [PAD]


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WILSON, N.C. – The King University men's golf team posted their second win of the season after shooting a team score of 297 in the second round of the Barton Intercollegiate at Wilson Country Club. The Tornado finished with a two-day total of 586 to top host school, Barton College by four strokes. Richard Powell's score of 144 led three King golfers in the top-10 with a third place finish.
Following a one-over 73 in the first round, Powell carded a one-under 71 in the second round for a tournament total of 144. Ross Maietta and Leennawat Numpituckchaikul finished in a tie for eighth after posting scores of 147. Maietta followed a first round 71 with a second round of 76 while Numpituckchaikul carded a 74 in the first round and a 73 in the final round.
Taylor Gouge followed his first round 71 with a second round of 77 to finish tied for 13th with a tournament total of 148. John Scott rounded out the Tornado squad with a two-day score of 159, following a second round 82.
The win is King's second of the year, as the won the Lincoln Memorial Fall Invitational in October. The Tornado posted a two-day score of 586 while Barton carded a 590 to finish in second place. Erskine College finished third at 591, while Virginia Intermont's Trevor Banks won the individual tournament with a score of 137.
The Tornado will be in action again on March 26-27 at the Bearcat Invitational hosted by Landers University.


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Opposing Uganda Lobby Days 2009's Military Strategy
When I brought my concerns to my friends they too were concerned about the use of military force and we had an intense conversation about the morality of us, in the United States, making decisions that most likely will result in the death of Ugandans.
[Open Letter To The Publisher]
Dear Milton Allimadi,
I have participated in Uganda Lobby Days the past two years, and I read your book, "The Hearts of Darkness", after hearing you speak last year.
After having read the text of the Bill before participating in Lobby Days, it was unclear to me what the strategy to be designed within 180 days actually called for. It was not until I heard John Prendergast, the leader of Enough! speak about the Bill that I realized we were lobbying for a military strategy.
That fact gave me great pause and I sought out the organizers of Lobby Days to have some questions answered. I probed them to find out if the Bill was something that I could lend my support to.
In the end I decided not to protest and walk out of Lobby Days because the Bill does call for much needed aid to northern Uganda and aid that does not just address short term suffering, but seeks to promote long term stability.
Despite deciding not to walk out of Lobby Days, the good feeling I had about the experience was very much tarnished. It upset me that there wasn't more critical dialogue about the strategy that we were supporting.
When I brought my concerns to my friends they too were concerned about the use of military force and we had an intense conversation about the morality of us, in the United States, making decisions that most likely will result in the death of Ugandans.
This is something that I am not comfortable with. I also thought specifically about you when reflecting on the speakers from this year compared to last year. The organizers replaced critical voices such as yours with a delegation and 10 minute boring promotional film from the Ugandan government.
The point I am trying to make is that I agree with your concern about the Bill and I am still not sure if I did the right thing by not walking out and trying to take more people with me. I do not think the part of the Bill that calls for a military operation provides a real solution.
There is no such thing as a surgical strike and the history of military interventions is less than reassuring. Even if Kony is detained or killed there are still people who want to see an insurgency in northern Uganda. We know they exist because they have been supporting the LRA for 23 years. I also do not think calling Kony to another rounds of talks is a viable plan either. We need a better and more creative option.
This is where the Hollywood part comes in. The people who have built a movement in the United States to take action on this issue are very creative people. I agree that the Movement is superficial in a way, but unnecessarily so. People like me and
my friends in the Movement were attracted to it by its presentation and have been inspired by the Movement to make the pursuit of justice a part of our lives.
It is not the fact that the Movement is advertised and dressed up in appealing clothing that is the problem. The fact that the leaders of the Movement have underestimated their base and shied away from presenting us with the full gravity of what we are dealing with is the real short coming.
There is no reason why something can't be appealing and substantive at the same time. At the same time, people involved have a responsibility to inform themselves about what they are doing and to think critically about it. If the creative energy of the people involved in this Movement was harnessed and directed towards finding a peaceful solution to this problem, I guarantee we could come up with something more effective and less destructive then a military strike and something less exhausted than just another round of peace talks.
Thank you for your time and I sincerely appreciate your critical voice.
Please feel free to post your comments directly online or e-mail them to firstname.lastname@example.com for publication
"Speaking Truth To Empower."
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