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This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
This complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) information summary provides an overview of the use of mistletoe as a treatment for people with cancer. The summary includes a brief history of mistletoe research, the results of clinical trials, and possible side effects of mistletoe use.
This summary contains the following key information:
Many of the medical and scientific terms used in this summary are hypertext linked (at first use in each section) to the NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms, which is oriented toward nonexperts. When a linked term is clicked, a definition will appear in a separate window.
Reference citations in some PDQ CAM information summaries may include links to external Web sites that are operated by individuals or organizations for the purpose of marketing or advocating the use of specific treatments or products. These reference citations are included for informational purposes only. Their inclusion should not be viewed as an endorsement of the content of the Web sites, or of any treatment or product, by the PDQ Cancer CAM Editorial Board or the National Cancer Institute.
Mistletoe, a semiparasitic plant, holds interest as a potential anticancer agent because extracts derived from it have been shown to kill cancer cells in vitro[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] Reviewed in[9,10] and to stimulate immune system cells both in vitro and in vivo.[11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19] Reviewed in [10,20,21,22,23,24] Two components of mistletoe, namely viscotoxins and lectins, may be responsible for these effects.[11,12,13,17,18,19,25,26,27,28,29,30,31] Reviewed in [10,21,22,23,32] Viscotoxins are small proteins that exhibit cell-killing activity and possible immune-system-stimulating activity.[1,6,18,19] Reviewed in [33,34] Lectins are complex molecules made of both protein and carbohydrates that are capable of binding to the outside of cells (e.g., immune system cells) and inducing biochemical changes in them. Reviewed in [10,35,36,37,38] In view of mistletoe's ability to stimulate the immune system, it has been classified as a type of biological response modifier. Reviewed in [35] Biological response modifiers constitute a diverse group of biological molecules that have been used individually, or in combination with other agents, to treat cancer or to lessen the side effects of anticancer drugs. Mistletoe extracts have been demonstrated in preclinical settings to have other mechanisms of action, such as antiangiogenesis.[39]
Preparations from mistletoe extracts are most frequently used in the treatment of cancer patients in German-speaking countries.[40] Commercially available extracts are marketed under a variety of brand names, including Iscador, Eurixor, Helixor, Isorel, Iscucin, Plenosol, and Abnoba-viscum. Some extracts are marketed under more than one name. Iscador, Isorel, and Plenosol are also sold as Iscar, Vysorel, and Lektinol, respectively. All of these products are prepared from Viscum album (Loranthaceae) (Viscum album L. or European mistletoe). They are not sold as a drug in the United States.
In addition to European mistletoe, extracts from a type of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum [Kom.] Ohwi) have demonstrated in vitro and in vivo cytoxocity in laboratory studies.[41,42,43,44,45]
Mistletoe grows on several types of trees, and the chemical composition of extracts derived from it depends on the species of the host tree (e.g., apple, elm, oak, pine, poplar, and spruce), the time of year harvested, how the extracts are prepared, and the commercial producer.[46,47] Reviewed in [8,36,48,49]
Mistletoe extracts are prepared as aqueous solutions or solutions of water and alcohol, and they can be fermented or unfermented.[6,46] Reviewed in [4,20,47,50,51,52,53] Some extracts are prepared according to homeopathic principles, and others are not. Reviewed in [10,54] In addition, the commercial products can be subdivided according to the species of host tree. Iscador, a fermented aqueous extract of Viscum album L. that is prepared as a homeopathic drug, is marketed as IscadorM (from apple trees), IscadorP (from pine trees), IscadorQ (from oak trees), and IscadorU (from elm trees). Helixor, an unfermented aqueous extract of Viscum album L. that is standardized by its biological effect on human leukemia cells in vitro, is marketed as HelixorA (from spruce trees), HelixorM (from apple trees), and HelixorP (from pine trees). Reviewed in [51] Eurixor, an unfermented aqueous extract of Viscum album L. harvested from poplar trees, is reportedly standardized to contain a specific amount of one of mistletoe's lectins (i.e., the lectin ML-1; refer to the History section of this summary for more information). Reviewed in [51] Some proponents contend the choice of extract should depend on the type of tumor and the gender of the patient.[55] Reviewed in [49,51,56]
A recombinant ML-1 from Escherichia coli bacteria known as rViscumin or aviscumine has been studied in the laboratory and in phase I clinical trials. Since this is not an extract of mistletoe, it is out of the purview of this summary.[57]
Mistletoe extracts are usually given by subcutaneous injection, although administration by other routes (i.e., oral, intrapleural, intratumoral, and intravenous) has been described.[17,21,22,23,32,58,59,60,61,62,63] Reviewed in [20,24,36,49,51,54] In most reported studies, subcutaneous injections were given 2 to 3 times a week, but the overall duration of treatment varied considerably.
Viscum album is listed in the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States, which is the officially recognized compendium for homeopathic drugs in this country.[64] Although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has regulatory authority over homeopathic drugs, this authority is usually not exercised unless the drugs are formulated for injection or there is evidence of severe toxicity. At present, the FDA does not allow the importation or distribution of injectable preparations of mistletoe, including homeopathic formulations, except for the purpose of clinical research. The extracts are not available commercially in the United States and are not approved as a treatment for people with cancer.
Before researchers can conduct clinical drug research in the United States, they must file an Investigational New Drug (IND) application with the FDA. IND approval is also required for clinical investigation of homeopathic drugs. The FDA does not disclose information about IND applications or approvals; this information can be released only by the applicants. At least two U.S. investigators were given IND approval to study mistletoe as a treatment for people with cancer (NCCAM-02-AT-260 and TJUH-01F.45). The final clinical trial results have not been reported.
In this summary, the mistletoe extract or product used in each study will be specified wherever possible.
Mistletoe has been used for centuries for its medicinal properties. Reviewed in [1,2,3,4,5,6] It was reportedly used by the Druids and the ancient Greeks, and it appears in legend and folklore as a panacea. It has been used in various forms to treat cancer, epilepsy, infertility, menopausal symptoms, nervous tension, asthma, hypertension, headache, and dermatitis. Modern interest in mistletoe as an anticancer treatment began in the 1920s. Reports of more than 30 clinical studies of mistletoe as a treatment for people with cancer have been published since the early 1960s.[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36] Reviewed in [3,37,38] Most of the results of these studies were published exclusively in German. (Refer to the Human/Clinical Studies section of this summary for more information.)
As indicated previously (refer to the General Information section of this summary for more information), proposed mechanisms of action for mistletoe that are relevant to cancer include stimulation of the immune system [7,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68] Reviewed in [1,2,3,8,9,10,11,37,38,69,70,71,72] and a direct toxic effect on tumor cells.[73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89] Reviewed in [1,69,71,90]. Another reported activity that may be relevant to optimum functioning of the immune system in individuals with cancer is stabilization of the DNA in white blood cells, including white blood cells that have been exposed to DNA-damaging chemotherapy drugs.[91,92,93,94] Reviewed in [95]
Mistletoe has been shown to stimulate increases in the number and the activity of various types of white blood cells.[7,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68] Reviewed in [2,3,8,9,11,29,38,69,70,71,72,93,95,96,97,98] Immune-system-enhancing cytokines, such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor -alpha, are released by white blood cells after exposure to mistletoe extracts.[42,47,57,61,64] Reviewed in [1,3,8,11,29,37,38,69,70,71,72,91,93,94,95,96,98] Other evidence suggests that mistletoe exerts its cytotoxic effects by interfering with protein synthesis in target cells [4,73,81,90,99] Reviewed in [3,8,61,69,70,71,72,79,86,89,92,95,98,100,101] and by inducing apoptosis.[83,95,102] Reviewed in [3,63,69,72,87,98] Mistletoe may also serve a bridging function, bringing together immune system effector cells and tumor cells.[46,103]
More information about the immune system and how it works.
The immune-system -stimulating and cytotoxic properties of mistletoe have been investigated in laboratory and animal studies.
Viscotoxins and lectins have been investigated as active components in mistletoe; however, most research has focused on the lectins.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7] Reviewed in [8,9] Purified mistletoe lectins have demonstrated cytotoxic and immune-system-stimulating activities. To date, four different lectins: ML-1, ML-2, ML-3, and Viscum albumchitin -binding agglutinin have been identified in mistletoe extracts. ML-1 (or viscumin) may be responsible for many of mistletoe's biological effects. When a laboratory method was used to selectively deplete ML-1 from Viscum album extracts, their cytotoxic and immune-system-stimulating properties were markedly reduced.[10,11] It should be noted that fermentation eliminates most of the ML-1 in mistletoe extracts.[12] Reviewed in [13,14] Polysaccharide and oligosaccharide components of mistletoe extracts with substantial immune-stimulating properties have been reviewed.[15,16]
The molecular structure of ML-1 consists of an alpha chain and a beta chain, which can be separated from one another.[1,17,18] Reviewed in [1,6,7,8,9,13] Each chain type appears to mediate a subset of the activities described for the intact lectin. Cytotoxicity is associated mainly with the alpha chain. In laboratory studies, the ML-1 alpha chain has been coupled to monoclonal antibodies to produce immunotoxins that target and kill specific cell types.[19,20] Reviewed in [21]
Recombinant ML-1, rML (also known as rViscunim or aviscumin) appears to have the same efficacy as plant-based ML-1 in laboratory studies.[22] Since this is not an extract of mistletoe, it is out of the purview of this summary.
The beta chain of ML-1 is responsible for binding to the surface of a target cell.[23] Studies of mistletoe lectin binding to cancer cells have examined whether the extent of cell binding can predict disease outcome or survival. Studies show that the prognostic value of ML-1 binding depends on the type of cancer.[24] For human breast cancer cells, the amount of lectin-bound cells correlates positively with disease outcome. However, for human adenocarcinoma of the lung, there is no correlation between the amount of lectin-bound cells and disease survival.[25] Though much research has looked at this particular aspect, there have not been studies that directly link the concentration of that component to any clinical activity of mistletoe.
Laboratory studies have shown that mistletoe extracts can stimulate the activity of white blood cells in vitro and cause them to release molecules thought to be important for anticancer immune responses. [17,26,27,28,29,30,31,32] Reviewed in [4,6,8,9,33] In addition, mistletoe extracts have demonstrated cytotoxic activity against a variety of mouse, rat, and human cancer cells in vitro.[1,23,34,35,36,37] Reviewed in [8]
There are conflicting reports concerning the stimulation of cancer cell growth in vitro. In one study, the in vitro growth of several types of human cancer cells was stimulated by treatment with low doses of the purified lectin ML-1.[1] However, various other studies found that ML-1 and mistletoe extracts did not induce cell proliferation.[38,39]
A 2004 in vitro study of IscadorQ, a fermented aqueous extract from European mistletoe grown on oaks, against various cell lines demonstrated that sensitivity to this extract varies greatly among cell lines. In sensitive cell lines, a strong effect was seen in epidermal (HaCaT), lung adenocarcinoma (NCI-H125), and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines whereas, little or no effect was seen in lung squamous cell carcinoma (MR65) and colon carcinoma (Cac0-2, HT-29). Some cells lines were responsive to high or low concentrations of IscadorQ. IscadorQ showed early cell cycle inhibition followed by apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner.[40]
Studies of the ability of mistletoe to inhibit cancer cell growth in animals have yielded mixed and inconsistent results.[5,6,7,36,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48] Reviewed in [8,9,49] In most of these studies, mistletoe extracts were administered either by subcutaneous injection or by intraperitoneal injection.
In one animal study, treatment with IscadorM increased the survival time of mice that had been implanted with Ehrlich ascites mouse cancer cells, but not L1210 leukemia or B16 melanoma cancer cells.[50] The effect of IscadorM on the growth of tumors formed in mice by three additional types of mouse cancer cells (i.e., Lewis lung carcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma 38, and C3H mammary adenocarcinoma) was also assessed in this study. Treatment with IscadorM substantially reduced the growth rate of all three types of tumors.
In another animal study, mice were administered IscadorM before, during, or after injection with either of two types of mouse cancer cells (i.e., Dalton lymphoma or Ehrlich ascites).[51] In this study, all groups of mice treated with mistletoe showed substantially slower tumor growth than the control groups.
No antitumor effect or improvement in survival was observed when IscadorM was used to treat rats bearing chemically induced mammary carcinomas or tumors formed from rat Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells.[52] In this study, IscadorM was also not effective in treating mice that had been injected with Ehrlich ascites cells. In addition, IscadorP was found ineffective in treating rats with tumors formed from rat L5222 leukemia cells.
In another study, intratumoral injections of mistletoe extract (Abnoba-viscum Fraxini-2) demonstrated more antitumor activity than intravenous gemcitabine when injected into mouse xenografts of human pancreatic cancer.[53]
Treatment with the mistletoe extract Lektinol (also sold as Plenosol; refer to the General Information section of this summary for more information) has likewise yielded mixed results in animal experiments.[7] Treatment with Lektinol slowed the growth of tumors formed in mice from implants of three types of mouse cancer (i.e., colon adenocarcinoma 38, Renca renal cell carcinoma, and F9 testicular carcinoma) but not in two other mouse cancers (i.e., B16 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma).
The anticancer effects of Isorel (also sold as Vysorel; refer to the General Information section of this summary for more information) have been examined in at least two animal studies.[36,54] In one study, IsorelM was used alone or in combination with local x-ray therapy in mice bearing mouse CMC-2 fibrosarcoma tumors.[54] When IsorelM was used alone, no effect on either tumor growth or animal survival was observed. When IsorelM injections were combined with local x-ray therapy of tumors, substantial improvements in survival were found in comparison with the survival of mice treated with local x-ray therapy alone. With local x-ray therapy alone, 22% of mice were cured of their tumors. When local x-ray therapy was combined with IsorelM injections, administered before or after the x-ray treatment, the cure rate increased to 43%. When IsorelM was administered both before and after local x-ray therapy, the proportion of cured mice increased to 67%.
In another study, IsorelM showed antitumor and antimetastatic effects in mice that had been injected with mouse mammary carcinoma cells.[36] The antitumor effects appeared most pronounced when IsorelM was injected in the vicinity of tumors.
The ability of purified or recombinant lectin ML-1 to inhibit the formation of chemically induced bladder tumors in rats has been evaluated in three studies.[5,48,55] Reviewed in [8] In two of the studies, purified ML-1 was administered by subcutaneous injection.[5,55] Reviewed in [8] Treatment with ML-1 did not reduce the frequency of bladder tumor formation or increase immune system activity in the bladder wall in either study. In the third study, recombinant ML-1 was introduced directly into the bladder through a process known as intravesical instillation.[48] Reviewed in [8] In this study, the frequency of bladder tumor formation was reduced by approximately 50% in ML-1-treated animals. As in the other two studies, immune system activity in the bladder wall was not increased substantially. It was concluded that the antitumor effect observed in this study was the result of direct cytotoxic action by the recombinant lectin against malignant cells.[48]
A few animal studies have suggested that mistletoe is beneficial in decreasing the side effects of conventional anticancer therapy (e.g., chemotherapy and radiation therapy) and that it counteracts the effects of drugs used to suppress the immune system.[56,57,58] Reviewed in [59] In one study, IscadorM was shown to increase the number of white blood cells in mice treated with cyclophosphamide chemotherapy or radiation therapy and to decrease the amount of weight loss due to radiation, but not during cyclophosphamide treatment.[58] In another study, IscadorM was shown to accelerate the recovery of hematopoietic tissue in the bone marrow and spleens of irradiated rats and mice.[56] In another study, the mistletoe product Eurixor was shown to counteract the immunosuppressive effects of treatment with the drug cortisone.[57]
Mistletoe has been evaluated as a treatment for people with cancer in numerous clinical studies.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14] Reviewed in [15,16,17,18,19,20] One phase II study in Israel involved carboplatin /gemcitabine in combination with mistletoe as a complementary treatment in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NCT00516022). Most studies have been conducted in Europe, primarily in Germany and Austria. However, in 2002, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine in cooperation with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) began accruing patients to a phase I trial (NCCAM-02-AT-260) of mistletoe (Helixor A) and gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. The Helixor A and gemcitabine combination showed limited toxicity with clinical benefit in 48% of patients.[21] The trial is now closed and the data is being analyzed. Another U.S. trial (NCT00283478) of the mistletoe extract Iscar with gemcitabine versus gemcitabine alone as a second-line therapy for non-small cell lung cancer patients who have failed one prior line of chemotherapy has been completed.
The mistletoe extracts and products studied in clinical trials were Iscador, Eurixor, Helixor, Lektinol, Isorel, Abnoba-viscum,[22] and recombinant lectin ML-1 (refer to the tables at the end of this section for more information).
Approximately half of the reported studies were controlled studies, and a majority of these were randomized clinical trials. Survival was the principal endpoint measured in most reported studies; however, other endpoints included tumor response, tumor recurrence, and quality of life. A systematic review of all controlled clinical studies of mistletoe found consistent improvement in chemotherapy-associated fatigue as well as other quality-of-life measures.[23]
Although mistletoe was found to be therapeutically effective in most of the reported studies, many of the studies had one or more major weaknesses that raised doubts about the reliability of the findings. These weaknesses include registration of small numbers of patients; presence of large numbers of patients who either were not evaluable or were otherwise excluded from the analyses; failure to adequately document mistletoe use, mistletoe dose, and/or interruptions of mistletoe use; absence of control subjects or use of historical control subjects; use of inadequate randomization procedures; absence of treatment blinding; extensive use of subset analysis; and the measurement of mean as opposed to median survival. (Note: In studies with small numbers of patients, the mean survival time [i.e., the average survival time] can be greatly exaggerated if one or more patients exhibit unusually long survival; median survival, therefore, is a less biased measure.) In addition, evaluation of the studies is often hindered by incomplete descriptions of the study design and by incomplete reporting of clinical data, including data about previous and concurrent therapies received by the patients. A selection of studies is discussed below, organized by the type of mistletoe extract used.
A three-arm, randomized phase III trial that involved 408 patients with previously untreated, inoperable non-small cell lung cancer was conducted between 1978 and 1987.[24] Patients were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: (1) subcutaneous injection 3 times a week with IscadorU or IscadorQ (refer to the General Information section of this summary for more information); the concentration of mistletoe was increased during a seven-injection sequence or cycle, followed by a 3-day pause, and then the process was repeated; IscadorU was administered for two cycles, followed by two cycles of IscadorQ; both mistletoe preparations contained mercury); (2) intramuscular injection once a week with Polyerga Neu, which is a sheep spleen glycopeptide that is reported to be an immunostimulant and an inhibitor of tumor cell glycolysis; and (3) intramuscular injection once a week with a vitamin B mixture, which served as a placebo. Complete follow-up information was available for 337 patients, and 312 patients (105 Iscador treated, 100 Polyerga Neu treated, and 107 placebo treated) were included in the survival analysis. No statistically significant differences in survival were found between the three groups. Median survival for the Iscador group was 9.1 months; for the Polyerga Neu group, it was 9.0 months; and for the placebo group, it was 7.6 months. The researchers reported that 11.5% of the patients in the Iscador group survived 2 years from the time they entered the trial; the corresponding survival values for the Polyerga Neu and the placebo groups were 13.9% and 10.1%, respectively. In addition, no differences were found between the three groups with respect to tumor response, median body weight, blood chemistry values, Karnofsky Performance Status, and quality of life. However, more patients in the Iscador group than in the Polyerga Neu or the placebo groups reported subjective improvement in feelings of well-being (59.4% vs. 43.2% and 44.8%, respectively).
Another randomized phase III trial of mistletoe as a treatment for people with cancer involved 830 patients with high-risk melanoma (i.e., a primary tumor >3 mm in diameter and no regional lymph nodes positive for cancer or a primary tumor of any size, one or two regional lymph nodes positive for cancer, and no distant metastases) who were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups after potentially curative surgery: (1) treatment with low-dose interferon -alpha, (2) treatment with low-dose interferon-gamma, (3) treatment with IscadorM, or (4) no further treatment. Both types of interferon and IscadorM were administered by subcutaneous injection for a period of 1 year.[5] The interferon injections were administered every other day, whereas IscadorM was administered 3 times a week. After 8 years of follow-up, no increase in survival time or increase in time until melanoma recurrence was demonstrated for mistletoe treatment or treatment with either type of interferon. A nonrandomized, case-control study of long-term mistletoe extract for patients with melanoma, however, showed a survival advantage among patients with high-risk disease.[25]
Three other studies of mistletoe were described in a single published report.[4] One of the three studies was a large cohort study on the effectiveness of Iscador as a treatment for people with rectal cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, or lung cancer.[4] The second and third studies were small, prospective, randomized, matched-pair studies (one randomized, one nonrandomized) that involved patients who were selected from a group of 8,475 individuals who had not been treated with mistletoe.[4]
These studies are summarized in Table 1. The overall conclusion of the authors in the report of these three studies was that Iscador treatment can produce a clinically significant increase in survival in cancer patients. However, there were several weaknesses in the design and execution of these studies. In a large cohort study, the investigators were unable to find matching cohorts for 61% of eligible patients, and even among the patients for whom matches were found, fewer than two-thirds were judged to adhere strictly to the matching criteria; thus, the final analysis contained fewer than 25% of eligible patients. In the two small prospective studies, no records on the amount or duration of Iscador use were kept.
The use of Iscador as an adjuvant treatment has been examined in several studies. In the following studies, Iscador proved safe and effective and also showed a significant survival advantage over untreated controls.
In a phase l/ll trial of Iscador as an adjuvant postoperative treatment for superficial bladder cancer, mistletoe extract was found to be a safer and more effective alternative to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Thirty patients were administered Iscador instillations 4 weeks after surgery. Patients treated with Iscador did equally well with fewer side effects than a group of historical controls treated with BCG.[26,27]
A retrospective multicenter cohort study of parallel groups examined Iscador as a postoperative adjuvant using safety and efficacy as the main endpoints. A total of 1,442 patient records (710 treated patients and 732 untreated controls) were randomly selected from medical institutions that provided both standard and alternative treatments. Safety and efficacy were measured by the number and severity of adverse drug reactions. The treatment group showed significantly less adverse reactions (confidence interval = 95%; P = < .001) compared with the controls.[28,29]
A multicenter, controlled, retrospective observational cohort study that involved nonmetastatic colorectal cancer patients treated between 1993 and 2002 was conducted to evaluate safety and efficacy measures with Iscador. Eight hundred and four consecutive colorectal patients (429 treated with Iscador and 375 controls) from 26 hospitals and practices were included. Iscador was well tolerated, with a significant reduction in adverse events, a higher rate of symptom relief, and improved disease-free survival compared with the control group. The study concluded the use of Iscador has a beneficial effect as an adjuvant therapy and long-term treatment for patients with stage I to III colorectal cancer.[30]
In another retrospective multicenter cohort study to determine safety and efficacy of Iscador as an adjuvant long-term treatment following surgery for malignant melanoma, 686 patient records were examined (e.g., 357 untreated controls and 329 treated with Iscador). Safety, efficacy, and a cluster of survival endpoints (tumor-related, disease-free, brain-metastases free, and overall survival) were measured. Only mild to intermediate adverse drug reactions were seen in the treated group. Survival analyses showed no evidence of tumor enhancement and no increased incidence of brain or other metastases in the Iscador group. Results suggest significant survival benefit for all survival-related endpoints in the treatment group.[25]
Five randomized controlled trials of Eurixor have been purzinom blished as peer-reviewed articles. The largest of these studies involved 477 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.[2] Reviewed in [15] These patients were randomly assigned to treatment with surgery or surgery and radiation therapy, and they were randomly assigned again to either no additional treatment or treatment with Eurixor. This double randomization produced the following four groups: (1) 105 patients treated with surgery alone; (2) 97 patients treated with surgery and Eurixor; (3) 137 patients treated with surgery and radiation therapy; and (4) 138 patients treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and Eurixor. Eurixor was administered in four treatment cycles over a 60-week period. Each treatment cycle lasted 12 weeks and was followed by a 4-week break period. During each cycle, Eurixor was administered by subcutaneous injection twice a week. Each injection contained enough standardized mistletoe extract to yield a dose of 1 nanogram of ML-1 lectin per kilogram of body weight. The results of this randomized trial showed that treatment with Eurixor did not improve either 5-year disease-free survival or 5-year disease-specific survival. In addition, no stimulation of the immune system or improvement in quality of life was found with Eurixor treatment.
It has been suggested that a less-than-optimum dose of mistletoe was administered to patients in this trial.[4] The same dose of Eurixor, however, has been used in other clinical studies, including studies in which benefit was reported.[1,31] In addition, both the dose and the duration of Eurixor treatment in this trial are consistent with those recommended by the manufacturer.[2]
A prospective, randomized phase II trial involved 45 patients who had noninvasive bladder cancer.[3] After surgery, the patients were randomly assigned to receive either three cycles of treatment with Eurixor or no further therapy. The goal of the study was to determine whether Eurixor treatment could reduce bladder cancer recurrence. Twenty-three patients were randomly assigned to the treatment group, and 22 were randomly assigned to the control group. Each cycle of Eurixor treatment consisted of 3 months of subcutaneous injections, administered twice a week, followed by a 3-month break period. One milliliter of Eurixor was administered at each injection. After 18 months of follow-up, 11 recurrences were observed in the treatment group, and 8 were observed in the control group. The average time of recurrence for the treatment group was 6.3 months; for the control group, it was 6.4 months. The median disease-free interval for the treatment group was 9 months; for the control group, it was 10.5 months. None of these differences was considered significant.
A major concern about this study, however, is that the dose of lectin ML-1 administered to patients was not adjusted for body weight. If different batches of Eurixor were used for individual patients, the patients may not have received uniform doses throughout the trial. Each milliliter of Eurixor has been reported to contain 50 to 70 nanograms of ML-1. Reviewed in [1,31,32] Therefore, the dose of lectin administered to a person weighing 120 pounds (approximately 55 kg) could have ranged from 0.91 nanograms per kilogram body weight to 1.27 nanograms per kilogram body weight. For a person weighing 160 pounds (approximately 73 kg), the dose of lectin could have ranged from 0.68 nanograms per kilogram body weight to 0.96 nanograms per kilogram body weight. As indicated above, the manufacturer of Eurixor recommends a dose of 1 nanogram per kilogram body weight. Since 33 of the 45 patients in this trial were men, and men tend to weigh more than women, it is conceivable that a substantial fraction of the patients were treated with lower-than-recommended doses of ML-1.
Only two trials of Isorel have been reported in the publicly available, online indexed peer-reviewed medical literature. In one study, 64 patients with advanced colorectal cancer (Dukes C and D) were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) surgery and chemotherapy; (2) surgery and chemotherapy plus Isorel; and (3) surgery alone. Patients receiving treatment with Isorel had a significantly better median survival advantage and a better cumulative survival advantage than patients in the other two groups. In addition there were no side effects to treatment in the Isorel group.[33]
Another study showed that perioperative use of Isorel in patients with cancer of the digestive tract resulted in an increase in lymphocytes through 14 days of drug administration. In a group of 70 surgically treated patients, 40 patients were assigned to the Isorel-treated group, and 30 patients were assigned to the control group. The treatment group showed an increase in CD4/CD8 ratio (P = < .05) from the start to the end of treatment and an increase in natural killer (NK) cell determinants. NK cell activity and lymphocyte levels declined in the controls. Quality-of-life measures also increased in the treatment group.[34]
In a three-arm randomized trial, breast cancer patients were randomly assigned to one of the following groups after surgery: Helixor, chemotherapy, or control. Some patients in each group were also treated with local radiation therapy. The number of evaluable patients in the chemotherapy group was 177, with survival in the chemotherapy group superior to that in the control group and equivalent to that in the Helixor group.[35] In another three-arm randomized trial, metastatic colorectal cancer patients were randomly assigned to receive chemotherapy only (n = 20), chemotherapy plus Helixor (n = 20), or chemotherapy plus Ney-Tumorin (n = 20); Ney-Tumorin is a mixture of peptides and proteins from 15 different organs of fetal and young pigs or cows that is reported to have both antitumor and immunostimulatory properties. The mean survival time (in months) of patients treated with either Helixor or Ney-Tumorin was approximately twice that of patients treated with chemotherapy only.[36] The use of Helixor has also been examined in other studies.[37,38,39,40]
No tumor response was seen in any of the 25 patients in a phase ll trial that examined the effect of a mistletoe extract in metastatic colorectal cancer resistant to standard treatment (5-fluorouracil and leucovorin chemotherapy), which used an extract known as Abnoba-viscum. The endpoint of the study was objective tumor response. Patients were administered a gradually increasing daily dose of 0.15 mg to 15 mg. Treatment duration ranged from 4 weeks to 66 weeks. Toxicity levels were mild. Some patients reported relief of disease symptoms.[41]
Current Clinical Trials
Check NCI's list of cancer clinical trials for cancer CAM clinical trials on mistletoe extract that are actively enrolling patients.
General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI Web site.
Although a number of different mistletoe extracts have been used in human studies, the reported side effects have generally been minimal and not life threatening. Common side effects include soreness and inflammation at injection sites, headache, fever, and chills. Reviewed in [1,2,3] A few cases of severe allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock, have been reported.[2]
Mistletoe is one of the most widely studied complementary and alternative medicine therapies for cancer. In certain European countries, the preparations made from European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) are among the most prescribed drugs offered to cancer patients. Mistletoe extracts have been evaluated in numerous clinical studies and improvements in survival, quality of life, and/or stimulation of the immune system have been frequently reported. However, most clinical studies conducted to date have had one or more major weaknesses that raise doubts about the reliability of the findings. In addition, no evidence exists to support the notion that stimulation of the immune system by mistletoe leads to an improved ability to fight cancer. Because all patients in the reported clinical studies appear to have been adults, no information is available about the use of mistletoe as a treatment for children with cancer. At present, there is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of mistletoe as a treatment for people with cancer outside the context of well-designed clinical trials. Such trials will be valuable to determine more clearly whether mistletoe can be useful in the treatment of specific subsets of cancer patients.
Separate levels of evidence scores are assigned to qualifying human studies on the basis of statistical strength of the study design and scientific strength of the treatment outcomes (i.e., endpoints) measured. The resulting two scores are then combined to produce an overall score. For additional information about levels of evidence analysis, refer to Levels of Evidence for Human Studies of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
Editorial changes were made to this summary.
This summary is written and maintained by the PDQ Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of NCI. The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or NIH. More information about summary policies and the role of the PDQ Editorial Boards in maintaining the PDQ summaries can be found on the About This PDQ Summary and PDQ NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database pages.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the use of mistletoe extracts in the treatment of people with cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians who care for cancer patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.
Reviewers and Updates
This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should:
Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary.
The lead reviewers for Mistletoe Extracts are:
Any comments or questions about the summary content should be submitted to Cancer.gov through the Web site's Contact Form. Do not contact the individual Board Members with questions or comments about the summaries. Board members will not respond to individual inquiries.
Levels of Evidence
Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine Editorial Board uses a formal evidence ranking system in developing its level-of-evidence designations.
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. Although the content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text, it cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless it is presented in its entirety and is regularly updated. However, an author would be permitted to write a sentence such as "NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks succinctly: [include excerpt from the summary]."
The preferred citation for this PDQ summary is:
National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Mistletoe Extracts. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/mistletoe/HealthProfessional. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.
Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use within the PDQ summaries only. Permission to use images outside the context of PDQ information must be obtained from the owner(s) and cannot be granted by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the illustrations in this summary, along with many other cancer-related images, is available in Visuals Online, a collection of over 2,000 scientific images.
The information in these summaries should not be used as a basis for insurance reimbursement determinations. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Coping with Cancer: Financial, Insurance, and Legal Information page.
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More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov Web site can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the Web site's Contact Form.
Last Revised: 2012-12-06
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Studio Details
You can make text italics or make text bold by surrounding it with underscores or double asterisks.
_italicized text_ **bold text**
Create a bullet list by simply beginning each line with a hyphen (aka "dash") and a space. Numbered lists are similar: begin each line with a digit, dot (aka "period"), and space. Here they are working in tandem with paragraphs:
I've been doing musical theatre for a long time. Here's some of my favorite roles: - "Laurie" in _Little Women_, 2015 - "Chad" in _High School Musical_, 2010 - "Jimmy" in _Thoroughly Modern Millie_, 2007 Notice that sweet empty line after my list, and also after each paragraph? They are important, as you will see in a moment. 1. I will eat all your green M&M's. 2. I never practice at home. 3. Kissing scenes are the best.
After every paragraph or list (but not after each individual item in a list), press Enter twice. This double line break starts a new paragraph or list.
The text you want to be clickable (like this) is wrapped in square brackets, while the full web address, including the http:// is wrapped in parentheses. There is no space between the closing square bracket and the opening parenthesis, like so:
[text to show](http://google.com)
Learn more about Markdown on the Cast98 blog.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Our services
- Home nursing and care
- Personal care
Personal care
Access to this support often means the difference between living at home and moving in with family or residential care facilities.
We offer a range of personal care services that give you the additional support you need to live at home.
Our personal care service
Our personal care services include:
- bathing and showering
- dressing - including putting on compression stockings
- medication assistance – assistance with removing tablets from bottles or blister packs.
Accessing our personal care services
You don't need a referral to access this service, however you may have been referred by a doctor if they feel our services would benefit you. Otherwise, contact us and we will organise your access to this service.
Once you are in the program, we will contact you to put together your personalised support plan. We do this in partnership with you, and your family or carer if needed.
Your plan is flexible and we are happy to review it at any time if you feel you need less or additional support.
There's no place like home and our personal care service gives you the extra support you need to maintain your independence at home.


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We'll be 100% honest with you (when are we not?), it took us nearly two days to sift through all the fashion goodness of the 2012 GQ Men Of The Year Awards. Riri wore the red version of Cher Horowitz's Calvin Klein frock in Clueless, Diane Kruger opted for odd cut- outs, and Rashida Jones borrowed from the boys. And, that's not even the half of it. So, we obviously apologize for the delay, but without further ado — let's mull over the men that made their way down the red carpet.
It was seriously like Fifty Shades of Grey up at the Chateau Marmont, with nearly every dapper dude arriving in the hue (fitting since Grey Goose vodka sponsored the event, ha!). Meanwhile, actor James Marsden made our hearts skip a beat in a camel suit and a grey tie. We could sit here and gush about Ben Affleck and Chace Crawford all day — but let's face it, a picture's worth a thousand words. To narrow down the eye candy, we picked our top five favorites from the bash... all of which we consider definite boyfriend material (at least if they're single!). Okay, enough talking, we'll just shut our pieholes and let you get to clicking. Enjoy!
Photo: Courtesy of GQ


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Cleaning ceramic glass hobs – here's how.
Cleaning a ceramic glass hob is very easy if you know the right tricks. By that, we don't mean just any old household cleaner. These are usually too aggressive and attack the appliance over a period of time. That way, you don't save anything. We recommend Bosch ceramic & induction hob cleaner, from our online shop for cleaning your ceramic glass hob. It makes the job easy, quickly giving you a mirror finish in your kitchen. Cleaning a ceramic glass hob, even with burnt-on dirt, is done in next to no time with the special cleaner. To achieve it, proceed as follows: first, remove large deposits with a glass scraper. Then apply the cleaner and allow it to penetrate. Wiped with a soft cloth, your induction hob will soon be sparkling like new again.


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|#CLP0028 - 1993 Folio Society - 'Seven Rings' style binding - Near Fine - sold
A beautiful, Near Fine, set of the 3rd style of binding issued by the Folio Society in 1993.
> Enquire about this book
|Printed in Great Britain, set in Barbou with Libra Display type, bound in full "Elephant-Hide" at the Bath Press in Avon.
This binding features the "Seven (Silver) Rings for the Dwarf-lords", within "Three (Gold) Rings for the Elven-kings", surrounded by "Nine (Red) Rings for Mortal Men", encompassed by the "One Ring" (Gold) "to rule them all".
Wonderful symbology, and beautiful execution to form the gilt design for the front boards of each book. Topstain in a dark 'blood red' color. This set of books, appears to be unread and unmarked, no bumped corners, no wear to edges. Still crackle when you open them.
Housed in the original publishers slipcase, also without noticeable flaw. Very scarce in this condition.
Digital photo's available, inquire if interested.
Other Tolkien books available, include both the UK and US editions, original cloth bindings, custom fine bindings, and Signed/Numbered/Limited Editions.
|Pictures (click to enlarge):
|Terms of sale: Prices are only indications,
always inquire if books are still available. We accept Money Orders, cash,
or Credit Cards (paypal) for immediate shipping. Checks will delay
shipment for 10 days for checks to clear. Please inquire for shipping
Interested: Please send email to email@example.com.


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Welcome to Mike Lull Custom Guitars! We are a custom bass and guitar manufacturer and guitar repair shop located just outside of Seattle in Bellevue, Washington. Mike Lull has been building and repairing guitars and basses for over 35 years and hand-builds every instrument that bears his name to this day.
What is our main goal here at Mike Lull Custom Guitars? To build you your dream bass or guitar that you quite simply LOVE to play!
We are proud of our association with three bass-playing legends, each of whom has a Mike Lull signature bass model in his name. Tom Petersson of Cheap Trick, Jeff Ament of Pearl Jam, and bass virtuoso Bryan Beller of Deathklok and The Aristocrats all proudly play the Mike Lull signature basses bearing their names.
We are highly respected luthiers, having built and repaired instruments for many well-known artists, including our above-mentioned signature artists. Despite the high quality of our work, our shop is not intimidating and we welcome guitar players of all stripes to stop by the shop for a free instrument assessment.
While the instruments we build are solid body electrics, we are also an outstanding acoustic guitar repair shop, able to repair, upgrade and restore guitars of all kinds and vintages. See our repairs page for more details.
We employ the PLEK Pro computer controlled fret-leveling system to adjust frets to within .001 inch, tolerances that can't be obtained doing the job by hand. Read more about the PLEK Pro process on our repairs page.
A selection of the hand-built guitars and basses we have crafted can be seen here. Be prepared to waste a little time, because this is serious eye candy for guitar and bass fans!
If you don't live near the Seattle area, you can still give us a call and discuss your interest in a custom Mike Lull instrument. You can also visit our dealers page to see national and worldwide listings of authorized Mike Lull dealers.


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Swept from the Sea
Item #: AF2319
All Products
(7 Total)
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Getting , please wait.
8 x 10 B&W Photo #1 $3.99
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|"Amy Foster"
|Shipwrecked foreigner (Perez) and ostracized servant girl (Weisz) are star-crossed lovers in 19th century Cornwall. Told in flashback by Dr. Kennedy (McKellen) to Kathy Bates' invalid Miss Swaffer, he recalls how the native Ukrainian Yanko, who could speak no English, was thought to be an idiot by all in town, except the kind and gentle Amy, who found him washed up on the shore. Kennedy and Yanko bond through a game of chess, and the kindly doctor teaches him English. Armed with the native words of love, Yanko goes a'courtin' Miss Amy. Definitely for die-hard romantics, the films throws in all the melodrama it can muster and then some, but performances are worthy (especially McKellen's). Based on a short story by Joseph Conrad.
|Directed by:
|Beeban Kidron
|Vincent Perez, Rachel Weisz, Kathy Bates, Ian McKellen, Joss Ackland, Tom Bell, Zoe Wanamaker, Tony Haygarth, Fiona Victory


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Janet Leggat and Barry Fisher
firstname.lastname@example.com | (978) 804-2839
Shore excursions can be one of the best parts of any cruise, as they give you the opportunity to have fun on shore and learn about your ports of call. Cost can certainly be a factor when choosing shore excursions, and many cruise lines offer a wide selection with costs that run the scale from minimal to extravagant. On the extravagant end of the scale, you'll find some truly unique experiences that will provide you with plenty of dinner table conversation during and after your cruise.
Guests of Silversea cruises that call in Bordeaux, France, can enjoy the beauty of the renowned wine region from a unique perspective: the gondola of a hot-air balloon. The launching site is near the village of St. Emilion, a World Heritage site with lovely churches and ruins from the Roman era. The Romans originally planted the vineyards around the village, too. Once your balloon is airborne, you'll fly above the beautiful landscape as your pilot takes full advantage of the breeze. Upon landing, you'll celebrate your memorable flight with a champagne toast.
Regent Seven Seas Cruises includes the cost of many shore excursions in its basic cruise prices. This cruise line's creative shore excursions include an America's Cup regatta experience that starts on the Caribbean island of St. Maarten. The St. Maarten 12-Meter Challenge puts you on a high-performance racing yacht to sail an exciting America's Cup-style course. While you don't need any sailing experience, expect to be assigned a task, such as winding ropes, alongside the professional crew.
If your tastes are very, very extravagant, Crystal Cruises has announced a series of overnight shore excursions to Russia's formerly top-secret Cosmonaut Training Center, Star City. Inside this facility, hidden in the remote forests outside Moscow, you can experience the simulated G-forces of a blastoff, zero-gravity weightlessness, and a simulated space walk in an authentic space suit (while submerged in 54,000 square feet of water). Such adventure comes at a price: from $4,359 to $32,995, to be precise.
If you have a generous budget but find that none of the prearranged shore excursions offered by your ship are quite right for you, some cruise lines have programs that let you design your own. There's no better way to ensure full customization to your interests and desires.
To select shore excursion experiences that will stay with you long after your next cruise, talk with your Cruise Holidays expert.


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Fried Dessert Recipes
Gulab Jamun (Indian Sweets)
Gulab jamun is my husband Lulu's favorite Indian dessert. The sweets are deep-fried balls of dough, bathed in rose (gulab) and cardamom syrup. The texture resembles the liquor syrup-saturated French cake Baba au Rhum.
I've just experienced making my own for the first time and it tasted pretty similar to the ones I've had in the past. I added a few saffron threads to impart a brighter yellow color to the syrup and I didn't add finely crushed pistachios as Lulu's great-aunt does, because of my little sister-in-law's nut allergy.
You can eat them cold, but our favorite way to enjoy gulab jamun is to warm them a bit before serving. It adds another dimension to the dish. Gulab jamun is a bit too rich to eat on a regular basis, but it's perfect for special occasions when you want something more exotic than cake.
Full Recipe...
Vietnamese Deep Fried Banana Fritters with Ginger Coconut Mascarpone Sauce
Banana fritters, or chuối chiên in Vietnamese, can be found on street corners throughout Saigon. Aunt Elise, who is visiting us from Vietnam, has been teaching me many Vietnamese recipes, and today she showed me how to make these tasty treats. It's been a lot of fun learning about my culture and of course, the food, from someone who spent her whole life in Saigon.
The batter that the bananas are coated in is very similar to tempura batter. To make it a touch sweeter, we added some banana and banana extract. The fritters are usually eaten as is, but I wanted to make them a little fancier. I prepared a decadent mascarpone dip flavored with ginger, Vietnamese mint and coconut. The dip, though non-traditional, provides a nice contrast to the texture of the fritters. It's a taste of Vietnam that you won't be able to resist.
Full Recipe...


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1969 Chevrolet Chevelle For Sale
3 Speed Automatic
Burnished Brown
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Another Fan inspired video about the 350 Chevy from Brennan Kate. Young people showing appreciation for these classics, love it! www.facebook.com/100007007770432/posts/2374862862757283?d=n&sfns=mo ...
Thank you all for your support 🙂
good song, great publicity, sweet girl...🎸🤠😁
For the Chevy's fans.
U got a good voice u go far.
So cool
mopar till i die.....however,very cool...
7 days ago
2 weeks ago
Perfect 1969 z-28 professionally built body and drivetrain ...
69 cam. best car ever
need this for it
3 weeks ago
1948 Cadillac Ambulance pulled from yard Also 58 Ford Skyliner ...
Streamlined roof-mounted emergency lighting pods were beginning to appear by 1940 and Meteor showed a number of ambulances so-equipped in their mailings. Meteor's flower cars were topped by 5-window business coupe-style roofs and featured a fake folded convertible top made of aluminum mounted at the rear of the flower box. Meteor introduced a new driver's door first seen on 1939 S&S carved-panel coaches that featured an unusual A-shaped window frame. Meteor then mounted a miniature coach lamp within the triangular panel that was now part of the body. Although the new arched door looked great on their service cars, flower cars and carved Gothic hearses, it looked hideous when combined with the vertical B & C pillars found on their limousine-style coaches and ambulances. The rear door window frames as well as the B-pillars and C-pillars were still vertically oriented and clashed with the sharply sloping outline of the front door's arched window-frame.S&S did the right thing and used vertical B-pillar front door frames on their regular limousine-style and landau-style hearses and ambulances. Although they could have used a regular door on their limousine-style coaches and ambulances (as did S&S), for some unknown reason, Meteor didn't and continued producing ugly limousine style coaches until 1950, when regular door frames returned.Quite unfairly, LaSalle had acquired the reputation of being a "cheap" Cadillac and was eliminated by GM just as Cadillac released their new Bill Mitchell-designed models in 1941. The new Cadillac was decidedly forward-looking, side-mounted spares had been eliminated and the new Hydra-Matic automatic transmission was available for the first time having been pioneered by Oldsmobile in the previous year. The prow-nosed look seen in the Thirties was gone, replaced by massive front-end highlighted by the now-famous egg-crate grille. Headlamps were now mounted in, rather than on top of, the front fenders. Equipped with a Cord-like coffin-nose hood the new Cadillacs were noticeably different from their predecessors and set the standard for American luxury during the 1940s. A mid-sized 29-passenger transit bus prototype called the 101 was built during 1941, but never saw production. However their experience with the vehicle helped procure a large contract to produce bodies for a post-war Reo transit coach.The A-framed Meteor coaches continued little unchanged through 1942 although a less-expensive series of coaches appeared in 1941 mounted on Chevrolet chassis that featured normal-looking vertically-oriented B-pillars. When seen on a flower car body, Meteor's A-framed front doors looked good and their 1942 version featured a 5-window business coupe roof mounted on top of a standard Meteor coach body that had been built with no structure above the beltline. The coupe's blanked-in rear quarter-windows were covered by a landau bar and the base of the roof flowed straight back to the rear of the flower box which still had a makeshift faux folded-convertible roof. The rear doors were left intact and could be used to load chairs or other graveside necessities. Access to the casket compartment was through the tailgate which had built-in casket rollers that matched those on the compartment floor. The height of the exposed stainless steel flower deck was hydraulically adjustable so that different-sized floral tributes could be accommodated and a tonneau was included to cover the bed when not in use.After an illustrious career with Henney and a short stint at the Des Moines Casket Company, automotive designer Herman Earl (1878-1957) worked for Meteor up until his retirement during WWII. Another famous wartime Meteor employee was John B. Judkins who became a consultant for the firm, when his Merrimac, MA coachbuilding firm folded in 1942. During the War, Meteor manufactured aviation equipment for the US Navy and ramped up for civilian production in early 1945.Immediately after the war Meteor built 969 bus bodies for Reo's post-war 96-HT 'Victory' bus (1945-1947). These Reo-Meteor coaches included a Continental 427cu in 6cylinder gasoline engine mounted under the floor and featured sectional bodies similar to those produced by Wayne Works.1946-1948 Meteor coaches remained unchanged from the pre-war 1942 models and still included weird A-framed front doors with integral miniature coach lamps. As with other makers, post-war prices increased by about 50% and new Meteor coaches started at $5,000. All Meteor coaches were now built on Cadillac chassis and included rear fender skirts plus optional automatic transmission and air-conditioning. Ambulances could be ordered with built-in roof-top warning lights, a choice of sirens plus a clever front fender-mounted fire extinguisher.Cadillac's new commercial chassis was available beginning 1949, one year after the introduction of their famous P-38 Lightning-influenced rear fenders.
Are the engine and drive train still there?
It's all there folks!
No engine
I like to see them when their done too.
Thing is really trashed
Greg Andry
1 month ago
About 60 vintage Vintage parts cars for sale in Michigan. Cadillacs, Olds... ...
I need the hood emblem on the green '54 caddy and I need the Bakelite gear selector knob in green as well. My caddy is a '55 but I think they're the same.
Any 1970 Cadillac coupe devilles? I need a bunch of different parts
Looking for a frame for a 1966 Cadillac deville convertible.
66 cadillac fenders, stripped down no lights or trim etc, price condition and available to ship? Thank you
The 57 oldsmobile is available
Do you have a hood for a 61 series 62, body style #6229? Or maybe a trunk as well?
58 Cadillac limo rear fender side trim and tail lights.
Looking for 65 2+2 hardtop
Any 46 or 47 Cadillacs in there?
I have a 48 Cadillac ambulance
Got any 1973 Pontiac Ventura parts?
Any70 chargers60 impala convertible68 chrysler 300 convertible65 Buick Riviera65 Lincoln convertible
Wow I wish that was my yard 😍 57 caddy stainless side trim? Upper and lower. Need a bunch of small clips for the dash also. And window motors to the rear , 2dr coupe. Thanks
I will look have for 66 Fleetwood in black
Need the two tail lights compleate for a 56 Cadillac
Location and contact information?
Nice interiors for 66 coupe deville?
Fleetwood letters off 66 brougham
Are there any 58 Oldsmobile bumpers grill assemblies b any 58 desoto
57 pontiac chieftain rear bumpers?
The red 48 chevy pock up
55,56 Cadillac grills ,Dag Mars ,bumpers ,rear bumpers tail lights?
Preferably the one with no front cap....and were are you located
Whatever rust u have laying around.
Im looking for a 1969 dodge charger


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Topic Page: Facsimile
(1691) 1 : an exact copy 2 : a system of transmitting and reproducing graphic matter (as printing or still pictures) by means of signals sent over telephone lines syn see REPRODUCTION
(făksĭm'Әlē) or fax, in communications, system for transmitting pictures or other graphic matter by wire or radio. Facsimile is used to transmit such materials as documents, telegrams, drawings, pictures taken from satellites, and even entire newspapers. The surface of the material to be sent is traversed by a light-beam and a photodiode that translates the light and dark areas of the material thus scanned into electric signals for transmission. A receiving station reproduces the transmitted material by a variety of means. Newspapers and television stations have long transmitted and recorded news photographs using a process in which the received electric signals activate a variable lamp that is used to scan a photographic film.
A modern office fax machine scans a page to make an electronic representation of its text or graphics, compresses the data to save transmission time, and transmits it to another fax machine (or computer emulating a fax machine). The receiving machine decrypts the signal and uses a printer (usually built in) to make a facsimile of the original page. Because of the adoption of Group 3 digital standards in 1980 by the CCITT (International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee), facsimile devices have become extremely prevalent in offices. These machines work over the public telephone network; they use digital modems and transmit at data rates up to 9600 bits per second. Images are produced with a resolution of 200 dots per inch. Personal computers can emulate Group 3 facsimile machines if they are equipped with a fax modem, printer, and appropriate software. Facsimile machines that produce higher-resolution images or color and gray-scale images are also available.


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I had a chance this morning to interview Jim Gerber, owner of Western Athletic Clubs, for our April Executive Insights department. He let me in on some news that just occurred yesterday. The company announced last year that it was building a new club in Carlsbad that will probably be called the Pacific Sports Resort. Now, Gerber has purchased an additional six acres next to that site for a hotel and banquet/meeting facilities. Gerber says that Carlsbad has a dense population in a light industrial area comprised of golf manufacturers and ski manufacturers. As a result, there are a lot of demands for meeting space, and Gerber has decided that this new facility will help meet that demand. The club, which won't be completed for another two years, will be 100,000 square feet and will include tennis, swimming, dining and everything else that the Western Athletic Club's typical resort model provides.
You'll have a chance to read what else Gerber had to say when our April issue mails in about a month.
I plan to visit one of the WAC clubs when I'm in San Francisco later this month for the IHRSA show. I'll share details about that visit with you then. -Pam


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Ferrick to head FBI in Connecticut
NEW HAVEN -- She began her career in the New York Police Department, transferred to the FBI and eventually became the agency's public corruption chief, overseeing all probes including one that nailed former Gov. John G. Rowland.
Now Patricia Ferrick heads FBI operations in Connecticut and the approximately 100 agents working out of the New Haven headquarters and the Bridgeport and Meriden satellite offices.
Ferrick's appointment was announced Monday by outgoing FBI Director Robert S. Mueller III. She becomes the second female agent selected to head the Connecticut operations.
Ferrick succeeds Kimberly Mertz, who was promoted to deputy director of the FBI's Critical Incident Response Group in Washington. That group is involved in tactical operations, crisis negotiations, hostage rescue and hazardous device investigations and mitigations.
Mertz spent about eight years as the head of the FBI's Connecticut operations.
Ferrick most recently served as the acting special agent in charge of the FBI's Milwaukee division. She also spent time in Pittsburgh, Miami, Washington, D.C. and Minneapolis.
Ferrick is not new to Connecticut, however. She spent time in working with now-retired Special Agents Michael Clark, William Reiner and Charles Urso on their corruption probe of Rowland's administration.
Ferrick had worked public corruption cases in northern Virginia prior to that. In 2004, she was promoted to chief of the FBI's Public Corruption unit in Washington, where she oversaw all such investigations in the U.S.
Rowland pleaded guilty in December 2004 to a federal corruption charge and served 10 months in a federal prison.
Ferrick joined the FBI in September 1987 after serving in the NYPD. Her FBI career included investigations of organized crime, narcotics trafficking and white-collar crime. While working in the Miami office in 1992, Ferrick was involved in the formation of an FBI/FEMA task force to combat government fraud related to the cleanup efforts.
\ following the devastation caused by Hurricane firstname.lastname@example.com; 203-330-6286


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Hearing aids have improved by leaps and bounds over the past decade. The advanced signal processing and wireless connectivity options absolutely boggle the mind. As an audiologist, I'm constantly amazed at what today's hearing aids are capable of doing for patients. I'm equally amazed at what my patients expect the hearing aids to be capable of doing for them; yet can we blame them? They are bombarded by newspaper advertisements and mailers boasting the incredible benefits of modern hearing aids. They don't understand what all is (or should be) included in bundled pricing, so they figure that a $X,000 pair of hearing aids should fix their hearing problems and more. I believe these inflated expectations, coupled with a lack of comprehensive patient education during the rehabilitative process, explain why patient satisfaction and market penetration are not increasing at the same rate as the technological advancements in amplification.
So how do we address these issues? The answer always goes back to the root of our profession. As audiologic rehabilitation specialists, our job is to equip our patients with tools and strategies necessary to function successfully in the world, despite their hearing loss. Patients must understand that hearing aids are only one piece of the puzzle when it comes to successful communication.
In previous blogs we've discussed listener strategies, speaker strategies, and environmental modifications as critical parts of the communication puzzle. During the aural rehabilitation process, I deliberately present those pieces before I discuss technology options. Listener strategies empower the patient to take responsibility for their hearing loss. Speaker strategies engage the communication partners to be involved. Environmental modifications make the patient and their communication partners aware of their surroundings and empower them to actively create the best possible listening situations.
When we're finally ready to present technology options, there are two important points to keep in mind. First, we need to be sure we are presenting options. I don't mean options in terms of different hearing aid manufacturers. I mean options in terms of ALL the technology options appropriate for the patient, based on his or her specific listening challenges. I present the options as a continuum, with inexpensive assistive listening devices and personal sound amplifiers on one end, and high end hearing aids with wireless accessories on the other end. Obviously there are many technological options in between. Second, it is critical that the technology options are presented in conjunction with the other strategies discussed. Patients must understand that technology must be combined with speaker and listener strategies and environmental modifications. The speaker, listener, environment, and technology keys are equally important when it comes to ensuring a successful communication exchange.
The fifth key to communication success is practice. Patients can learn all the communication strategies in the world, but they won't help a bit if they don't actually use them. The same goes for technology. Patients can buy the most advanced digital hearing aids available, but they are just a waste of money if they refuse to wear them in all of their challenging listening situations. As rehabilitation specialists, we are responsible for motivating our patients to practice and use all that they've learned. We must find ways to hold them accountable and create a follow-up plan that ensures long-term success.
Patients with hearing loss have many options when it comes to pursuing technology. As audiologists, it is our responsibility to make them see the "big picture" and implement a comprehensive plan that addresses all pieces of the communication puzzle. I truly believe that patient satisfaction and market penetration rates will only increase when we return to our roots and make patient education the focus of our rehabilitation efforts.
Dusty Ann Jessen, AuD, is a practicing audiologist in an ENT clinic in Littleton, Colo. She is the founder of Cut to the Chase Communication, LLC, a company dedicated to providing "fun, easy, and effective" counseling tools for busy hearing care professionals. She is also the author of Frustrated by Hearing Loss? 5 Keys to Communication Success. firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Inside the vast liberal conspiracy
Picture this: millionaires and billionaires gathering under tight security in fancy hotels with powerful politicians and operatives to plot how their network of secret-money groups can engineer a permanent realignment of American politics.
Only, it's not the Koch brothers. It's the liberal Democracy Alliance.
Story Continued Below
The 21 groups at the core of the Democracy Alliance's portfolio intend to spend $374 million during the midterm election cycle — including nearly $200 million this year — to boost liberal candidates and causes in 2014 and beyond, according to internal documents obtained by POLITICO.
While growing sums of that cash are being spent vilifying the billionaire conservative industrialists Charles and David Koch over their own network's political spending, the documents reveal the extent to which the Democracy Alliance network mirrors the Kochs' — and is obsessed with it.
( Also on POLITICO: Kochs launch new super PAC for midterm fight)
"Conservatives, particularly the Koch Brothers, are playing for keeps with an even more pronounced financial advantages than in recent election cycles," reads the introduction to a 62-page briefing book provided to donors ahead of April's annual spring meeting of the DA, as the club is known, at Chicago's tony Ritz-Carlton hotel.
The briefing book reveals a sort of DA-funded extra-party political machine that includes sophisticated voter databases and plans to mobilize pivotal Democratic voting blocs, air ads boosting Democratic candidates, while also — perhaps ironically — working to reduce the influence of money in politics.
Democracy Alliance officials did not dispute the authenticity of the document but declined to comment on it.
( Also on POLITICO: GOP plays Tom Steyer card against Democrats)
It makes public for the first time details of the complete organizational flowchart of the big-money left, including up-to-date budget figures and forecasts, program goals and performance assessments for the 21 core DA groups, including the Center for American Progress, Media Matters, America Votes and the Obama-linked Organizing for Action.
It also includes a "Progressive Infrastructure Map," with 172 other groups to which the DA recommends that its rich liberal members — including billionaire financier George Soros and Houston trial lawyers Amber and Steve Mostyn — donate.
Private political networks like those backed by the DA and the Koch operation have become increasingly prominent in American politics. Over the past seven years, federal court decisions including the Supreme Court's seminal 2010 Citizens United ruling have expanded megacheck spending in elections. Money and control have increasingly migrated from political parties and candidates' campaigns, which still must abide by contribution limits and disclosure requirements, to outside groups like those in the DA that can accept unlimited — and mostly anonymous — contributions.
( Also on POLITICO: Reid, McConnell and Cruz spar over campaign finance amendment)
That heightened influence has brought increased criticism of donors, particularly directed at the Kochs by liberals — including multiple groups on the Democracy Alliance's map. But the prospect of such scrutiny being directed back at the DA was enough of a concern that the group distributed a memo to board members ahead of its Chicago meeting including suggested responses to questions about the club's secretive rules and closed-press policy, as well as photos of reporters who it was feared might crash the Ritz shindig.
"The truth is political strategists and funders frequently gather to discuss their plans without inviting reporters to listen in," said DA spokeswoman Stephanie Mueller. "The Democracy Alliance was organized to provide a forum for people with a shared set of principles to coordinate their resources more efficiently and effectively to achieve their common goals – it doesn't represent a single industry or family, and doesn't give money directly to organizations."
But when it comes to sheer volume of cash, the DA isn't in the same league as the Koch network. While the DA takes credit for steering more than $500 million in donations to recommended groups since its creation in 2005, the Koch network spent more than $400 million in 2012 alone.
Koch network donors are expected to provide almost every penny of the Koch operation's $290 million 2014 spending goal. By contrast, DA donors — or "partners," in the club's parlance — are projected to provide a maximum of $39 million toward the $200 million 2014 spending goal of the 21 core DA groups, according to the briefing booklet. That means most of the cash raised by DA-linked groups actually comes from donors, institutions or revenue streams outside the DA's cloistered ranks. Another difference: While DA partners are required to donate at least $200,000 a year to recommended groups, they ultimately decide to which group their money goes. The Koch network, on the other hand, collects contributions in the nonprofit political hub Freedom Partners Chamber of Commerce, which then distributes the cash mostly as it sees fit to groups in the network.
( For more on big money in politics, check out Ken Vogel's new book)
But the DA document distributed in Chicago does call into question some of the plaintiff woe-is-us rhetoric bandied about by Democrats griping about the Koch brothers' sophisticated efforts to use their checkbooks to manipulate American democracy.
Even though the DA's cash projections pale in comparison to the Koch network, which is in a financial class by itself and rivals the official parties' spending, they exceed those of most other outside spending operations on the right and left. And, perhaps more significantly, the briefing highlights what liberals believe is superior coordination between its deep-pocketed labor unions, outside groups and even the administration of President Barack Obama that has allowed their side to spend its big money more efficiently than conservatives.
An assessment of the Center for American Progress and its sister group the Center for American Progress Action Fund, which are projected to receive as much as $5.5 million from DA members this year, boasts of its work on gun control with the administration and other deep-pocketed groups in the DA's infrastructure map.


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I think I've found a solution to my first question, this tool offers exactly what I'm looking for:
Merge Excel worksheets by matching data in munutes
"You can update only empty cells in your Master table. Check this option if you don't want to overwrite existing values in your main table."
Does Easy-XL support this? Because really all I wanted to do is to keep the data in Sheet 1 but add new data from Sheet 2 that is not found in Sheet 1.