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Table Of Contents
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
Multicast in the Layer 2 Switching Environment
Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP)
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)
Multiprotocol Border Gateway Protocol (MBGP)
Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)
Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol (MADCAP)
Multicast-Scope Zone Announcement Protocol (MZAP)
Reliable Multicast—Pragmatic General Multicast (PGM)
Internet Protocol (IP) Multicast
Technology Overview
BackgroundIP Multicast is a bandwidth-conserving technology that reduces traffic by simultaneously delivering a single stream of information to thousands of corporate recipients and homes. Applications that take advantage of multicast include video conferencing, corporate communications, distance learning, and distribution of software, stock quotes, and news.
IP Multicast delivers source traffic to multiple receivers without adding any additional burden on the source or the receivers while using the least network bandwidth of any competing technology. Multicast packets are replicated in the network by Cisco routers enabled with Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) and other supporting multicast protocols resulting in the most efficient delivery of data to multiple receivers possible. All alternatives require the source to send more than one copy of the data. Some even require the source to send an individual copy to each receiver. If there are thousands of receivers, even low-bandwidth applications benefit from using Cisco IP Multicast. High-bandwidth applications, such as MPEG video, may require a large portion of the available network bandwidth for a single stream. In these applications, the only way to send to more than one receiver simultaneously is by using IP Multicast. Figure 1 demonstrates how data from one source is delivered to several interested recipients using IP Multicast.
Figure 1 Multicast transmission: source sends single multicast packet addressed to all intended recipients.
Multicast Group ConceptMulticast is based on the concept of a group. An arbitrary group of receivers expresses an interest in receiving a particular data stream. This group does not have any physical or geographical boundaries—the hosts can be located anywhere on the Internet. Hosts that are interested in receiving data flowing to a particular group must join the group using Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP). Hosts must be a member of the group to receive the data stream.
IP Multicast AddressesMulticast addresses specify an arbitrary group of IP hosts that have joined the group and wish to receive traffic sent to this group.
IP Class D AddressesThe Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) controls the assignment of IP Multicast Addresses. IANA has assigned the old Class D address space to be used for IP Multicast. This means that all IP Multicast-group addresses will fall in this range:
18.104.22.168 - 184.108.40.206
Note: This address range is only for the group address or destination address of IP Multicast traffic. The source address for multicast datagrams is always the unicast source address.
Reserved Link Local AddressesThe IANA has reserved addresses in the 188.8.131.52 through 220.127.116.11 to be used by network protocols on a local network segment. Packets with these addresses should never be forwarded by a router. They remain local on a particular LAN segment. They are always transmitted with a time-to-live (TTL) of 1.
Network protocols use these addresses for automatic router discovery and to communicate important routing information. For example, OSPF uses 188.8.131.52 and 188.8.131.52 to exchange link state information. Below is a table of some well known addresses:
Table 1 Link Local Addresses
Address Usage
All Systems on this subnet
All Routers on this subnet
OSPF Routers
OSPF Designated Routers
DHCP Server/Relay Agent
Globally Scoped AddressThe range of addresses from 184.108.40.206 through 220.127.116.11 are called Globally Scoped Address. They can be used to multicast data between organizations and across the Internet.
Some of these addresses have been reserved for use by multicast applications through IANA. For example, 126.96.36.199 has been reserved for Network Time Protocol (NTP).
More information about reserved Multicast addresses can be found here:
Limited Scope AddressesThe range of addresses from 22.214.171.124 through 188.8.131.52 are called Limited Scope Addresses or Administratively Scoped Addresses. These are defined by RFC 2365 to be constrained to a local group or organization. Routers are typically configured with filters to prevent multicast traffic in this address range from flowing outside of an Autonomous System (AS) or any user defined domain. Within an Autonomous System or domain the Limited Scope address range can be further subdivided so that local multicast boundaries can be defined. This will also allow for address reuse between these smaller domains.
Glop AddressingRFC 2770 proposes that the 188.8.131.52/8 address range be reserved for statically defined addresses by organizations that already have an AS number reserved. The AS number of the domain is embedded into the second and third octets of the 18.104.22.168/8 range.
For example, the AS 62010 is written in hex as F23A. Separating out the two octets F2 and 3A we get 242 and 58 in decimal. This would give us a subnet of 22.214.171.124 that would be globally reserved for AS 62010 to use.
Layer 2 Multicast AddressesNormally, Network Interface Cards (NICs) on a LAN segment will only receive packets destined for their burned in MAC address or the broadcast MAC address. Some means had to be devised so that multiple hosts could receive the same packet and still be able to differentiate between multicast groups.
Fortunately, the IEEE LAN specifications made provisions for the transmission of broadcast and/or multicast packets. In the 802.3 standard, bit 0 of the first octet is used to indicate a broadcast and/or multicast frame. Figure 2 shows the location of the Broadcast/Multicast bit in an Ethernet frame.
Figure 2 IEEE 802.3 MAC Address Format
This bit indicates that the frame is destined for an arbitrary group of hosts or all hosts on the network (in the case of the broadcast address, 0xFFFF.FFFF.FFFF).
IP Multicast makes use of this capability to transmit IP packets to a group of hosts on a LAN segment.
Ethernet MAC Address MappingThe IANA owns a block of Ethernet MAC addresses that start with 01:00:5E in hexadecimal. Half of this block is allocated for multicast addresses. This creates 0100.5e00.0000 through 0100.5e7f.ffff as the range of available Ethernet MAC addresses.
This allocation allows for 23 bits in the Ethernet Address to correspond to the IP Multicast group address. The mapping places the lower 23 bits of the IP Multicast group address into these available 23 bits in the Ethernet address (shown in Figure 3).
Figure 3 IP Multicast to Ethernet/FDDI MAC Address Mapping
Because the upper five bits of the IP Multicast address are dropped in this mapping the resulting address is not unique. In fact, 32 different multicast group IDs all map to the same Ethernet address (see Figure 4).
Figure 4 MAC Address Ambiguities
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)IGMP is used to dynamically register individual hosts in a multicast group on a particular LAN. Hosts identify group memberships by sending IGMP messages to their local multicast router. Under IGMP, routers listen to IGMP messages and periodically send out queries to discover which groups are active or inactive on a particular subnet.
IGMP Version 1RFC 1112 defines the specification for IGMP Version 1. A diagram of the packet format is below (see Figure 5):
Figure 5 IGMPv1 Message Format
In Version 1, there are just two different types of IGMP messages:- Membership Query- Membership ReportHosts send out IGMP Membership Reports corresponding to a particular multicast group to indicate they are interested in joining that group. The router periodically sends out an IGMP Membership Query to verify that at least one host on the subnet is still interested in receiving traffic directed to that group. When there is no reply to three consecutive IGMP Membership Queries the router will timeout the group and stop forwarding traffic directed toward that group.
IGMP Version 2RFC 2236 defines the specification for IGMP Version 2.
A diagram of the packet format is below (see Figure 6):
Figure 6 IGMPv2 Message Format
In Version 2, there are four types of IGMP messages:- Membership Query- Version 1 Membership Report- Version 2 Membership Report- Leave GroupIGMP Version 2 works basically the same as Version 1. The main difference is that there is a Leave Group message. The hosts now can actively communicate to the local multicast router their intention to leave the group. The router then sends out a group specific query and determines if there are any remaining hosts interested in receiving the traffic. If there are no replies, the router will time out the group and stop forwarding the traffic. This can greatly reduce the leave latency compared to IGMP Version 1. Unwanted and unnecessary traffic can be stopped much sooner.
Multicast in the Layer 2 Switching EnvironmentThe default behavior for a Layer 2 switch would be to forward all multicast traffic to every port that belongs to the destination LAN on the switch. This would defeat the purpose of the switch, which is to limit traffic to the ports that need to receive the data.
There are two methods to deal with multicast in a Layer 2 switching environment efficiently—Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP) and IGMP Snooping.
Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP)CGMP is a Cisco developed protocol that allows Catalyst switches to leverage IGMP information on Cisco routers to make Layer 2 forwarding decisions. CGMP has to be configured both on the multicast routers and the Layer 2 switches. The net result is that with CGMP, IP Multicast traffic is delivered only to those Catalyst switch ports that are interested in the traffic. All other ports that have not explicitly requested the traffic will not receive it.
The basic concept of CGMP is shown in Figure 7. When a host joins a multicast group (part A), it multicasts an unsolicited IGMP Membership Report message to the target group (188.8.131.52, in this example). The IGMP Report is passed through the switch to the router for the normal IGMP processing. The router (which must have CGMP enabled on this interface) receives the IGMP report and processes it as it normally would, but in addition, creates a CGMP Join message and sends it to the switch.
Figure 7 Basic CGMP Operation
The switch receives this CGMP Join message and then adds the port to its CAM (Content Addressable Memory) table for that multicast group. All subsequent traffic directed to this multicast group will be forwarded out the port for that host. The router port is also added to the entry for the multicast group. Multicast routers must listen to all multicast traffic for every group since the IGMP control messages are also sent as multicast traffic. With CGMP, the switch only has to listen to CGMP Join and CGMP Leave messages from the router. The rest of the multicast traffic is forwarded using its CAM table exactly the way the switch was designed.
IGMP SnoopingIGMP Snooping requires the LAN switch to examine, or "snoop" some Layer 3 information in the IGMP packets sent between the hosts and the router. When the switch hears the IGMP Host Report from a host for a particular multicast group, the switch adds the host's port number to the associated multicast table entry. When the switch hears the IGMP Leave Group message from a host, it removes the host's port from the table entry.
Since IGMP control messages are transmitted as multicast packets they are indistinguishable from multicast data at Layer 2. A switch running IGMP Snooping must examine every multicast data packet to check if it contains any pertinent IGMP control information. If IGMP Snooping is implemented on a low end switch with a slow CPU this could have a severe performance impact when data is transmitted at high rates. The solution is to implement IGMP Snooping on high-end switches with special ASICs that can perform the IGMP checks in hardware. CGMP is ideal for low-end switches without special hardware.
Multicast Distribution TreesMulticast capable routers create distribution trees that control the path which IP Multicast traffic takes through the network in order to deliver traffic to all receivers. The two basic types of multicast distribution trees are source trees and shared trees.
Source TreesThe simplest form of a multicast distribution tree is a source tree with its root at the source and branches forming a spanning tree through the network to the receivers. Because this tree uses the shortest path through the network, it is also referred to as a shortest path tree (SPT).
Figure 8 Host A Shortest Path Tree
The diagram above (see Figure 8) shows an example of an SPT for group 188.8.131.52 rooted at the source, Host A, and connecting two receivers, Hosts B and C.
The special notation of (S,G), pronounced "S comma G", enumerates an SPT where S is the IP address of the source and G is the multicast group address. Using this notation, the SPT for the example in the figure above would be (188.8.131.52, 18.104.22.168).
The (S,G) notation implies that a separate SPT exists for each individual source sending to each group—which is correct. For example, if Host B is also sending traffic to group 188.8.131.52 and Hosts A and C are receivers, then a separate (S,G) SPT would exist with a notation of (18.104.22.168, 22.214.171.124).
Shared TreesUnlike source trees that have their root at the source, shared trees use a single common root placed at some chosen point in the network. This shared root is called a Rendezvous Point (RP).
Figure 9 Shared Distribution Tree
Figure 9 above shows a shared tree for the group 220.127.116.11 with the root located at Router D. When using a shared tree, sources must send their traffic to the root and then the traffic is forwarded down the shared tree to reach all receivers.
In this example, multicast traffic from the sources, Hosts A and D, travels to the root (Router D) and then down the shared tree to the two receivers, Hosts B and C. Since all sources in the multicast group use a common shared tree, a wildcard notation written as (*, G), pronounced "star comma G", represents the tree. In this case, * means all sources, and G represents the multicast group. Therefore, the shared tree shown in the figure above would be written as (*, 184.108.40.206).
Both SPTs and Shared Trees are loop-free. Messages are replicated only where the tree branches.
Members of multicast groups can join or leave at any time, therefore the distribution trees must be dynamically updated. When all the active receivers on a particular branch stop requesting the traffic for a particular multicast group the routers prune that branch from the distribution tree and stop forwarding traffic down that branch. If one receiver on that branch becomes active and requests the multicast traffic the router will dynamically modify the distribution tree and start forwarding traffic again.
Shortest Path Trees have the advantage of creating the optimal path between the source and the receivers. This will guarantee the minimum amount of network latency for forwarding multicast traffic. This optimization does come with a price. The routers must maintain path information for each source. In a network that has thousands of sources and thousands of groups this can quickly become a resource issue on the routers. Memory consumption from the size of the multicast routing table is a factor that network designers must take into consideration.
Shared Trees have the advantage of requiring the minimum amount of state in each router. This will lower the overall memory requirements for a network that only allows shared trees. The disadvantage of shared trees is that under certain circumstances the paths between the source and receivers might not be the optimal paths—which might introduce some latency in packet delivery. Network designers must carefully consider the placement of the RP when implementing a shared tree only environment.
Multicast ForwardingIn unicast routing, traffic is routed through the network along a single path from the source to the destination host. A unicast router does not really care about the source address—only the destination address and how to forward the traffic towards that destination. The router scans through its routing table and then forwards a single copy of the unicast packet out the correct interface in the direction of the destination.
In multicast routing, the source is sending traffic to an arbitrary group of hosts that are represented by a multicast group address. The multicast router must determine which direction is upstream (towards the source) and which direction (or directions) is downstream. If there are multiple downstream paths the router will replicate the packet and forward it down the appropriate downstream paths—which is not necessarily all paths. The concept of forwarding multicast traffic away from the source, rather than to the receiver, is called Reverse Path Forwarding.
Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF)RPF is a fundamental concept in multicast routing that enables routers to correctly forward multicast traffic down the distribution tree. RPF makes use of the existing unicast routing table to determine the upstream and downstream neighbors. A router will only forward a multicast packet if it is received on the upstream interface. This RPF check helps to guarantee that the distribution tree will be loop free.
RPF CheckWhen a multicast packet arrives at a router, the router will perform an RPF check on the packet. If the RPF check is successful, the packet will be forwarded. Otherwise it will be dropped.
For traffic flowing down a source tree, the RPF check procedure works as follows:
Step 1. Router looks up the source address in the unicast routing table to determine if it has arrived on the interface that is on the reverse path back to the source.
Step 2. If packet has arrived on the interface leading back to the source, the RPF check is successful and the packet will be forwarded.
Step 3. If the RPF check in 2 fails, the packet is dropped.Figure 10 shows an example of an unsuccessful RPF check.
Figure 10 RPF Check Fails
A multicast packet from source 188.8.131.52 is received on interface S0. A check of the unicast route table shows that the interface this router would use to forward unicast data to 126.96.36.199 is S1. Since the packet has arrived on S0 the packet will be discarded.
Figure 11 is an example of a successful RPF check.
Figure 11 RPF Check Succeeds
This time the multicast packet has arrived on S1. The router checks the unicast routing table and finds that S1 is the correct interface. The RPF check passes and the packet will be forwarded.
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)PIM gets its name from the fact that it is IP routing protocol independent. PIM can leverage whichever unicast routing protocols are used to populate the unicast routing table including EIGRP, OSPF, BGP or static routes. PIM uses this unicast routing information to perform the multicast forwarding function, therefore it is IP protocol independent. Although PIM is called a multicast routing protocol it actually uses the unicast routing table to perform the Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) check function instead of building up a completely unrelated multicast routing table. PIM does not send and receive multicast routing updates between routers like other routing protocols.
PIM Dense Mode (PIM-DM)PIM-DM uses a push model to flood multicast traffic to every corner of the network. This is a brute force method for delivering data to the receivers but in certain applications this might be an efficient mechanism if there are active receivers on every subnet in the network.
PIM-DM initially floods multicast traffic throughout the network. Routers that do not have any downstream neighbors prune back the unwanted traffic. This process repeats every three minutes.
The flood and prune mechanism is how the routers accumulate their state information—by receiving the data stream. These data streams contain the source and group information so that downstream routers can build up their multicast forwarding table. PIM-DM can only support source trees—(S,G) entries. It cannot be used to build a shared distribution tree.
PIM Sparse Mode (PIM-SM)PIM-SM uses a pull model to deliver multicast traffic. Only network segments that have active receivers which have explicitly requested the data will be forwarded the traffic. PIM-SM is defined in RFC 2362.
PIM-SM uses a shared tree to distribute the information about active sources. Depending on the configuration options the traffic can remain on the shared tree or switch over to an optimized source distribution tree. The latter is the default behavior for PIM-SM on Cisco routers. The traffic starts to flow down the shared tree and then routers along the path determine if there is a better path to the source. If a better, more direct path exists the designated router (router closest to the receiver) will send a "join" message towards the source and then re-route the traffic along this path.
Since PIM-SM does use shared trees—at least initially—it does have the concept of a Rendezvous Point (RP). The RP must be administratively configured in the network. Sources register with the RP and then data is forwarded down the shared tree to the receivers. If the shared tree is not an optimal path between the source and the receiver the routers will dynamically create a source tree and stop traffic from flowing down the shared tree. This is the default behavior in IOS. Network Administrators can force traffic to stay on the shared tree by using a configuration option (ip pim spt-threshold infinity).
PIM-SM scales well to a network of any size including those with WAN links. The explicit join mechanism will prevent unwanted traffic from flooding the WAN links.
Sparse-dense ModeCisco has implemented an alternative to choosing just dense mode or just sparse mode on a router interface. This was necessitated by a change in the paradigm for forwarding multicast traffic via PIM that became apparent during its development. It turned out that it was more efficient to choose sparse or dense on a per group basis rather than a per router interface basis. Sparse-dense mode facilitaitates this ability.
Network Administrators can also configure "sparse-dense" mode. This configuration option will allow individual groups to be run in either sparse or dense mode depending on whether RP information is available for that group. If the router learns RP information for a particular group it will be treated as sparse mode, otherwise that group will be treated as dense.
Multiprotocol Border Gateway Protocol (MBGP)MBGP provides a method for providers to distinguish which route prefixes they will use for performing multicast RPF checks. The RPF check is the fundamental mechanism that routers use to determine the paths that multicast forwarding trees will follow and successfully deliver multicast content from sources to receivers.
MBGP is based on RFC 2283, Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4. Since MBGP is an extension of BGP it brings along all the administrative machinery that providers and customers like in their inter-domain routing environment. Including all the inter-AS tools to filter and control routing (e.g. route maps). Therefore, by using MBGP, any network utilizing internal or external BGP can apply the multiple policy control knobs familiar in BGP to specify routing (and thereby forwarding) policy for multicast.
Two path attributes, MP_REACH_NLRI and MP_UNREACH_NLRI have been introduced in BGP4+. These new attributes create a simple way to carry two sets of routing information—one for unicast routing and one for multicast routing. The routes associated with multicast routing are used to build the multicast distribution trees.
The main advantage of MBGP is that an Internet can support non-congruent unicast and multicast topologies. When the unicast and multicast topologies are congruent MBGP can support different policies for each. MBGP provides a scalable policy based inter-domain routing protocol.
Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)In the PIM Sparse mode model, multicast sources and receivers must register with their local Rendezvous Point (RP). Actually, the closest router to the sources or receivers registers with the RP but the point is that the RP knows about all the sources and receivers for any particular group. RPs in other domains have no way of knowing about sources located in other domains. MSDP is an elegant way to solve this problem. MSDP is a mechanism that connects PIM-SM domains and allows RPs to share information about active sources. When RPs in remote domains know about the active sources they can pass on that information to their local receivers and multicast data can be forwarded between the domains. A nice feature of MSDP is that it allows each domain to maintain an independent RP which does not rely on other domains but it does enable RPs to forward traffic between domains.
The RP in each domain establishes an MSDP peering session using a TCP connection with the RPs in other domains or with border routers leading to the other domains. When the RP learns about a new multicast source within its own domain (through the normal PIM register mechanism), the RP encapsulates the first data packet in a Source Active (SA) message and sends the SA to all MSDP peers. The SA is forwarded by each receiving peer using a modified RPF check, until it reaches every MSDP router in the interconnected networks—theoretically the entire multicast internet. If the MSDP peer is an RP, and the RP has a (*,G) entry for the group in the SA (there is an interested receiver), the RP will create (S,G) state for the source and join to the shortest path tree for the source. The encapsulated data is decapsulated and forwarded down that RP's shared tree. When the packet is received by a receiver's last hop router, the last-hop may also join the shortest path tree to the source. The source's RP periodically sends SAs which include all sources within that RP's own domain. Figure 12 shows how data would flow between a source in domain A to a receiver in domain E.
MSDP was developed for peering between Internet Service Providers (ISPs). ISPs did not want to reply on an RP maintained by a competing ISP to service to their customers. MSDP allows each ISP to have their own local RP and still forward and receive multicast traffic to the Internet.
Figure 12 MSDP Example: MSDP shares source information between RPs in each domain. PIM-SM is used to setup the multicast forwarding tree.
Anycast RP—Logical RPA very useful application of MSDP is called Anycast RP. This is a technique for configuring a multicast Sparse Mode network to provide for fault tolerance and load sharing within a single multicast domain.
Two or more RPs are configured with the same IP address on loopback interfaces, say 10.0.0.1 for example (refer to Figure 13). The loopback address should be configured as a 32 bit address. All the downstream routers are configured so that they know that their local RP's address is 10.0.0.1. IP routing automatically selects the topologically closest RP for each source and receiver. Since some sources might end up using one RP, and some receivers a different RP there needs to be some way for the RPs to exchange information about active sources. This is done with MSDP. All the RPs are configured to be MSDP peers of each other. Each RP will know about the active sources in the other RP's area. If any of the RPs was to fail, IP routing will converge and one of the RPs would become the active RP in both areas.
Figure 13 Anycast RP
Note: The RPs are only used to setup the initial connection between sources and receivers. After the last hop routers join the shortest path tree the RP is no longer necessary.
Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol (MADCAP)MADCAP is defined in RFC 2730 as a protocol that will allow hosts to request a multicast address allocation dynamically from a MADCAP server. The concept is very similar to the way DHCP works for unicast and is built on a client server model.
Multicast-Scope Zone Announcement Protocol (MZAP)MZAP is defined in RFC 2776 as a protocol that will allow networks to automatically discover administratively scoped zones relative to a particular location.
Reliable Multicast—Pragmatic General Multicast (PGM)PGM is a reliable multicast transport protocol for applications that require ordered, duplicate-free, multicast data delivery from multiple sources to multiple receivers. PGM guarantees that a receiver in a multicast group either receives all data packets from transmissions and retransmissions, or can detect unrecoverable data packet loss.
The PGM Reliable Transport Protocol itself is implemented on the sources and the receivers. The source maintains a transmit window of outgoing data packets and will retransmit individual packets when it receives a NAK (Negative Acknowledgement). The network elements (routers) assist in suppressing an implosion of NAKs (when a failure does occur) and in efficient forwarding of the retransmitted data just to the networks that need it.
PGM is intended as a solution for multicast applications with basic reliability requirements. The specification for PGM is network-layer independent. The Cisco implementation of PGM Router Assist supports PGM over IP.
Today, the specification for PGM is an Internet Draft that can be found on the IETF web site (http://www.ietf.org) under the name "PGM Reliable Transport Protocol".
Review Questions
Q. What is the range of available IP Multicast addresses?
Q. What is the purpose of IGMP?
A. IGMP is used between the hosts and their local multicast router to join and leave multicast groups.
Q. What is an advantage of IGMPv2 over IGMPv1?
A. IGMPv2 has a Leave Group message that can greatly reduce the latency of unwanted traffic on a LAN.
Q. What is a potential disadvantage of IGMP Snooping over CGMP on a low end Layer 2 switch?
A. IGMP Snooping requires the switch to examine every multicast packet for an IGMP control message. On a low end switch this might have a severe performance impact.
Q. What is an advantage of Shortest Path Trees compared to Shared Trees?
A. Source trees guarantee an optimal path between each source and each receiver which will minimize network latency.
Q. What is an advantage of using Shared Trees?
A. Shared Trees require very little state to be kept in the routers which requires less memory.
Q. What information does the router use to do an RPF check?
A. The unicast routing table.
Q. Why is Protocol Independent Multicast called Independent?
A. PIM works with any underlying IP unicast routing protocol—RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, BGP, or static routes.
Q. What is the main advantage of MBGP?
A. Providers can have non-congruent unicast and multicast routing topologies.
Q. How do RPs learn about sources from other RPs with MSDP?
A. RPs are configured to be MSDP peers with other RPs. Each RP forwards source Active (SA) messages to each other.
Q. What is the purpose of the Anycast RP?
A. Load Balancing and Fault Tolerance.
Further ReadingDeveloping IP Multicast Networks, Cisco PressMulticast Quick-Start Configuration Guide


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Woman robbed after leaving bank
For the second time in two days, robbers have targeted a woman leaving an Omaha bank.
Police said two men followed a woman from a Wells Fargo bank and then robbed her at gunpoint in a parking lot near 72nd and Ames streets Friday around 2 p.m.
The woman was stopped at a parking lot entrance when the robbers opened her car door and demanded money.
Police are looking for two black men in a dark sedan, possibly a four-door older model Ford.
Police said a woman was robbed Thursday at a stop sign near 91st and Fort streets after she left a bank.
Detective are investigating both robberies and believe they may be connected. Local banks have been notified to be aware of suspicious activity.
Anyone with information on the case should call a detective at 402-444-5652. If you want to remain anonymous and be eligible for a cash reward, call Crime Stoppers at 402-444-7867.


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Academies financial assurance
This guide helps academy trusts to understand and comply with the financial accountability framework and assurance arrangements.
Academy trusts are independent charitable companies. They are also classified by the Office for National Statistics as central government public sector bodies. While academies are responsible for their own financial management, they are subject to public standards of accountability. The Department for Education, rather than the Charity Commission, is the principal regulator of academies and is responsible for overseeing their compliance with the financial accountability framework and with charity law.
The Education Funding Agency (EFA) oversees the arrangements that provide Parliament with assurance that academies operate to high standards of propriety and regularity. It aims to keep a reasonable balance between academy trusts' independence and the need to account for public money, and it has worked with a steering group of academy trusts to achieve a position where the accountability requirements are satisfied while the administrative burden is minimised.
The main components of the financial accountability framework and assurance arrangements are set out below.
Who this guide is for
This guide is for academy trust accounting officers, finance staff and trustees. Auditors of academy trust accounts may also find it helpful.
The Academies Financial Handbook
The Academies Financial Handbook sets out the financial management, control and reporting requirements that apply to academy trusts. It describes a financial framework for trusts that focuses on principles rather than detailed guidance and reflects their accountability to Parliament and to the public.
The handbook also describes the freedoms that trusts can exercise in their day-to-day business, the delegated financial authority levels that the Secretary of State for Education has given to them and the circumstances where trusts must seek the Secretary of State's consent.
Compliance with the handbook is a condition of each trust's funding agreement. The 2016 edition of the handbook comes into effect on 1 September 2016.
Trading with connected parties
Section 3.2 of the handbook sets out the principles academy trusts must adopt when trading with connected parties. Additional guidance on charging for overheads is below:
Overhead charges should be proportionate to the amount of work the supplier is doing for the trust. For example, if 10% of the connected supplier's activity is for the trust, then that trust should pick up no more than 10% of the supplier's total overheads. However, if at the end of the academy financial year, the charges for overheads recouped by the supplier exceed the total the supplier paid for overheads, the supplier should reduce the charges to the trust in the next academy financial year. This will ensure:
- that the trust is complying fully with the 'not for profit' principles set out in the handbook by paying no more than the proportionate sum for the services received
- that the supplier is not drawing inadvertent profits
Financial Management and Governance Self-Assessment (FMGS)
The FMGS is a short online self-assessment checklist that highlights the main requirements new academy trusts must have in place soon after opening. The requirements within the checklist apply from the date on which the funding agreement was signed, so trusts should ideally consider an FMGS before opening. It provides a simple way for you and EFA to gain assurance that your academy trust's financial management and governance arrangements meet these requirements.
As part of EFA's assurance programme, it may choose to visit your academy to review the evidence used to inform your self-assessment.
You will need to get your FMGS endorsed by your board of trustees or an appropriate delegated committee and your accounting officer must submit it to EFA using the online form within 4 months of opening.
Alternatives to the FMGS
If you are joining an existing multi-academy trust which has previously prepared audited accounts and you plan to adopt the same financial management and governance arrangements, your accounting officer will need to confirm this on the online form. EFA will then seek assurance from the audited accounts received.
You may appoint an auditor to assess compliance with mandatory financial management and governance requirements. The report will need to be sent to EFA within 4 months of the academy opening, and you should let EFA know by completing the enquiry form linked at the end of the page.
The Academies Accounts Direction
The Academies Accounts Direction is the reference pack for academy trusts and their auditors to use when preparing and auditing financial statements for the accounting period ending on 31 August annually. It supplements the Academies Financial Handbook. In producing the Accounts Direction, EFA takes requirements set out by the Charity Commission in its Statement Of Recommended Practice (SORP) and translates them into a form applicable to academy trusts.
The Accounts Direction outlines the requirements set out in academy trusts' funding agreements with the Secretary of State where each academy trust must:
- prepare an annual report and financial statements to 31 August
- have these accounts audited annually by independent registered auditors
- produce a statement of regularity, propriety and compliance and obtain a regularity assurance report on this statement from the auditor
- submit the audited accounts and auditor's regularity assurance report to the EFA by 31 December
- file the accounts with the Companies Registrar as required under the Companies Act 2006
- publish the audited accounts on the trust's website by 31 January
The Accounts Direction explains the elements you must include in your academy trust's annual report and financial statements and the accounting treatments required. It also provides a model format for the report and the financial statements and ensures consistency of treatment between academy trusts.
In addition to the audited financial statements, you will be required to submit financial returns to EFA annually. You can find out how to submit these in the detailed guide to academies financial returns.
Academy auditors
The National Audit Office (NAO), auditor of the department's group accounts which include academies' consolidated financial statements, has produced a set of group communications for academy auditors setting out in detail:
- the academy auditor's role in the department's group accounts
- NAO's expectations of academy auditors
- the risks of material misstatement in the group financial statements
Fraud and financial irregularities in academies
EFA has published resources to support academy trust accounting officers to manage their finances in a transparent and effective way, and to reduce the risk of fraud or financial irregularities. These include a list of generic indicators of potential fraud and a checklist to help you review your academy trust's arrangements for preventing, detecting and dealing with fraud should it occur.
As a starting point, you may wish to complete a self-assessment of your academy trust's financial controls using the questions posed in the 17 June 2013 letter to accounting officers from EFA Chief Executive Peter Lauener.
To reduce the risk of fraud you could consider the following actions:
- ensure anti-fraud and whistleblowing policies are in place and regularly update these and communicate them to staff
- conduct regular anti-fraud awareness training events for finance staff
- highlight to staff that they can also contact the EFA with any concerns of possible irregularity or fraud
- management communications to pursue identified incidents of fraud
- ensure your financial controls are regularly assessed and are well designed/implemented
- ensure that there is appropriate segregation of duties in your controls
- review your processes for references and background checks on new employees
- scrutinise significant business transactions and personal relationships to avoid possible conflicts of interest
- install a physical security system to protect your academy's assets
You can access training videos on:
ESFA enquiries
Contact form https://form.education...
For all enquiries for the Education and Skills Funding Agency
Last updated 24 November 2016 + show all updates
- Removed information about trusts deferring their first set of accounts.
- The Education Funding Agency (EFA) has updated the page to confirm publication of the Academies Financial Handbook 2016.
- The Education Funding Agency has updated this page with a link to the Academies Accounts Direction 2014 to 2015.
- First published.


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The tombstone for former Mayor Ed Koch, who died in February after meticulously planning the details of his burial for years, was mistakenly engraved with the wrong birth date, NBC 4 New York has found.
The marker, which stands more than 5 feet tall and 6 feet wide, lists Koch's birth date as Dec. 12, 1942, instead of 1924. The birth date on the headstone would have made him a child during World War II, even though the inscription notes he served in the armed forces during the war.
Koch, New York City mayor from 1978 to 1989, was buried in Trinity Church cemetery in Washington Heights after his death from congestive heart failure at age 88. The funeral was attended by top dignitaries, and featured remarks by former President Bill Clinton and Mayor Michael Bloomberg, among others.
The headstone mistake is particularly poignant because Koch so carefully planned his burial years before his death.
In 2008, Koch revealed he had bought the plot at Trinity so that he could remain in his beloved borough for eternity.
"I don't want to leave Manhattan, even when I'm gone," Koch said at the time.
His former chief of staff, Diane Coffey, said at his funeral that he had begun preparing for his death in the 1980s.
"Who else plans every detail of a burial?" she said.
He also pre-ordered his tombstone, deciding to use the words from journalist Daniel Pearl before he was killed by Islamic terrorists: "My father is Jewish; my mother is Jewish; I am Jewish."
The marker did not have the birth date engraved on it when Koch was buried. Tommy Flynn, of Flynn Funeral and Cremation Memorial Services, told NBC 4 New York the dates were engraved earlier this month, and the mistake was "an inadvertent error."
Flynn said he feels "terrible."
"I have to make it right. I will correct it," he said.
Coffey told NBC 4 New York on Monday that she was "appalled" to hear of the error, but also said Koch might have found humor in the mistake.
"As Ed Koch used to say, 'It's always important to correct the record,'" she said.
More New York-Area Stories:


text: Deodorant brands Sure and Dove are set to release new deodorants next month that promise to slow underarm hair growth with regular use. The brands, both made by Unilever, are said to use a "pro-epil" complex which supposedly slows the rate of hair growth. Unilever believes that the new products will be popular with "image-conscious young women" and will generate £10 million in sales in the first year alone. [Daily Mail; image via BellaSugar]


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When you work on a code, you usually work on 3/4 spots at the same time. You tweak, then you go to the next part, and you tweak, then you go back to the previous part. Then you click on another tab to check something. You scroll. You then go back, etc.
Having some 'back' and 'forward' arrows like in a browser would really ease this process. Every time you click on some part of a text file, it's like when you enter a URL in the web browser: you change location, and the location get added to the history.
The history should go across tabs of course, as you usually edit several files at the same time.


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Evoking the wild animals of the African savanna, the Safari Cheetah giclee print shade gives an exotic character to this brushed nickel pendant chandelier.More Details >
Modern simplicity is exemplified by this drum shade pendant chandelier. A 1/8" thick acrylic diffuser at the bottom of the shade prevents glare. The design includes extra cable and cord for a versatile hanging height. U.S. Patent # 7,347,593.


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|General Discussion
|« Previous MessageNext Message »
|Frederic Descamps
|October 14 2013 5:20am
|FOSDEM 2014 MySQL Devroom CfP is open !
|View as plain text
Hi all, We're pleased to announce the call for participation for the MySQL & Friends devroom. Last year was maybe one the most amazing year ! Like every year, FOSDEM takes place the first week-end of February in Brussels. MySQL & Friends devroom is scheduled on Saturday (this is a change compare to the previous editions). Speaking slots are 30 minutes. To propose a talk please go to: https://penta.fosdem.org/submission/FOSDEM14 Be sure to select the MySQL track, this is very IMPORTANT ! As FOSDEM is an open source conference, your talk should not be a marketing presentation, and remember that all decks are subject to approval by a committee composed by MySQL Community players (once ready, the committee members will be announced). Very technical talks are really appreciated ! The call for proposals is open until Dec 6th and speakers will be notified by December 20th. The final schedule will then be announced by January 10th. Any changes will be announced on the MySQL community mailing list (http://lists.mysql.com/community) and on twitter #mysqldevroom Cheers, @lefred
|• FOSDEM 2014 MySQL Devroom CfP is open !
|Frederic Descamps
|14 Oct


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Robert Alvarado
The CHOC Follies, now in its twenty-second year, has netted over $10 million for CHOC Children's Hospital and is considered one of Orange County's most unique fundraisers. As a cast member, I am donating my time to raise much needed funds in support for CHOC Children's and the children of our community. With a cast and crew of more than 100 enthusiastic members, this original musical production is guaranteed to keep you laughing!
Please support me and the children of CHOC by becoming a sponsor, purchasing an ad, or buying tickets to the performance.


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Ford later claimed to have performed more than adequate, if not superior, product development and market research work in the planning and design of the new vehicle. Particularly Ford assured its investors, and the Detroit automotive press, that the Edsel was not only a superior product (as compared to its Oldsmobile/Buick competition), but the details of its styling and specifications were the result of a sophisticated market analysis and research and development effort that would essentially guarantee its broad acceptance by the buying public when the car was introduced. Wikipedia.For all that Ford could do to try to sell the new model Edsel, the market reaction was negative to the car's styling and conventional build. After three years, the car was discontinued.
Now, during the past few days, I have been fielding a huge amount of negative reaction to the recent changes made in the FamilySearch.org website from experienced users as well as casual new users. The online reaction from bloggers has been either very negative or apologetic. I am certain that this reaction is far different that the usual reaction to a change in website design. The reasons given in numerous blog posts focus primarily on the utility of the new design, not merely the pretty photos and changes in colors. Alexa.com, a website that measures web traffic, shows an immediate drop in usage of over 30% for last weekend and particularly Sunday. FamilySearch.org traffic is off almost 10% for the month. It is hard to tell whether or not the dramatic decrease is just the usual seasonal variation, but it appears from looking at the last six months that all indicators, traffic stats, search analytics and Pageviews are down from just a few months ago. The bounce percentage or the number of people who look and go away, has increased to 21% over the past weekend.
These statistics agree with my personal reaction and my experience with many people over the past week.
Is this something that we will all just have to weather? Is this a temporary storm that will pass as time goes on? I guess we will just have to wait and see.


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Where does the devotion to Our Lady of Good Counsel originate and why is she the patroness of the CWL?
Catholics have had a strong devotion to Mary under numerous titles. Some titles come to us from her life, others from apparitions, while many come from Mary's miraculous intervention in our lives.
There appear to be two strands to the story of the icon which is venerated as Our Lady of Good Counsel. The earliest is associated with Albania's Our Lady of Shkodra (Good Counsel) and the second is part of the Italian village of Genazzano.
Numerous churches to Mary were built in Albania but the church at Shkodra (also known as Scutari) was a centre of special devotion. The protection received through the intercession of Mary and the beautiful painting which hung above the main altar drew large crowds. In the 15th century, when the Ottoman Turks were advancing, this church became a haven and Shkodra was the last stronghold of resistance.
When Shkodra was being attacked, two Albanians stopped at the church to pray to the "Blessed Lady" for a safe escape. They suddenly noticed the painting moving away from the wall. They followed it to Rome where the image disappeared. They heard about a miraculous image appearing in nearby Genazzano and found their Blessed Lady icon.
As reward for their generosity in renovating Rome's churches, Genazzano was given property to build a church. In 1467, it needed repairs; a local wealthy woman, Petruccia de Geneo, felt called to help. When she ran out of funds, she was mocked and the church was left unfinished.
On St. Mark's Day, April 25, 1467, during outdoor celebrations, exquisite music was heard. A cloud appeared and moved down to the unfinished wall of the church. When it dissipated, a portrait of the Blessed Virgin and the Christ Child was seen suspended on top of the wall, only touching it at the upper edge. The people marvelled at its beauty.
Pilgrims began coming and miracles were reported. Pope Paul II (1464-71) sent two bishops to investigate.
The involvement of many popes shows a significant commitment. In 1630, Pope Urban VIII went on pilgrimage, as did Pius IX in 1864. In 1682, Innocent XI had the picture crowned with gold. The clergy of Genazzano were granted an Office and a Mass of Our Lady on its 260th anniversary.
The Pious Union of Our Lady of Good Counsel was approved in 1753 by Benedict XIV who became a member himself. Later Popes Pius IX and Leo XIII became members.
This church was under the Augustinians since 1356 and they were granted an Office and a Mass by Pius VI in 1779. This pope also granted a plenary indulgence to the faithful and Pius VIII extended it to all pilgrims. In 1884, Leo XIII approved a new Office and Mass for Augustinians and in 1903 raised the church to a minor Basilica. In 1904, he inserted the invocation to Our Lady of Good Counsel in the Litany of the Blessed Virgin.
In the 1988 revision of Masses of the Blessed Virgin, a special votive Mass under Mother of Good Counsel title is included. Her feast is celebrated April 26.
Devotion remained strong in Albania. It spread quickly in Europe and the United States through the work of the Augustinians and the Jesuits. A chapel to Our Lady of Good Counsel in the national shrine in Washington, D.C., shows her importance.
Our Lady of Good Counsel became a symbol of lay involvement and responsibility due to the woman Petruccia who saw the need to repair, restore and beautify the church in Genezzano when it was in ruins.
Therefore, it was natural that the World Union of Women's Organization chose Our Lady of Good Counsel for their patroness when they formed in 1910. When the Canadian league was invited in 1920, it joined the world federation and in 1923 took the same patroness.
Recent restoration work in 1957-61 seems to confirm the Scutari origin. An inscription indicates it was painted by Antonio Vivanini, a Veronese master of the early 15th century.
The original, measuring 18 by 15 inches, is painted on light plaster and is brilliant and brightly coloured. The faces are simple, compassionate and devotional. The image appears to have different expressions at different times. The child is so close to his mother that his simple gesture seems to draw us to Mary, Our Lady of Good Counsel.
(Other questions? Email: firstname.lastname@example.com)


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Artist's description:
Artist's description:
Painted on a page from 1897 Applied Physiology by Frank Overton M.D. Effects of Alcohol and Narcotics
NEW! These paintings are original intuitive paintings painted directly on the antique book page so they have the wonderful text peeking through to become part of the art. They come already matted in a high quality acid free black mat to fit a standard size 8" x 10" frame.
Image Size: Approximately 4 1/2" x 6 1/2"
Mat Size: 8" x 10'
Will come signed by artist on front
All images are © Kathy Morton Stanion
**Please note that colors may vary on different monitors.
Materials used:
Watercolor on antique book page
"I See 2" on Antique Book Page - Abstract Watercolor Painting (2016)
Painting by Kathy Morton Stanion
- Painting on Paper
- One of a kind artwork
- Size: 8 x 10 in (unframed)
- Signed on the front
- Style: Expressive and gestural
- Subject: Abstract and non-figurative
This artwork is sold by Kathy Morton Stanion from United States


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Recipe for a Creamsicle Bash!by Kuki CruiseMates Cruise Director
In case you are wondering if it's really possible to meet a person in CruiseMates and then connect in "reality time" -- don't you just love this new silly net lingo? -- and actually become friends, here's my personal account. It started by putting a few postings on message boards and winding up with hundreds of new friends.
I started with creamsicles, my personal (don't ask!) recipe for a fantastic cocktail. Just like many of mom's old cooking recipes, this may not be that simple to put into black & white. The most important ingredient is CruiseMates. Without the people there's simply no need for umbrellas for the drinks.
My very first "Creamsicle Bash" was put together by myself and some internet friends. The vast majority of us had never met. Some of "the group" had got to know each other in advance on the "net", and decided to cruise together aboard Holland America's Veendam in June, 1998. As we "chatted" amongst ourselves and our "net buddies" the idea was hatched for everyone who could, or was interested, to meet a day prior in Ft. Lauderdale, the port of embarkation. From that initial moment none of us had any idea just how far this little thought was going to grow. All I knew was we were going to call it the Creamscicle Bash, and that wherever it was held, they were going to have to learn to make my favorite cruise drink; the Creamscicle.
A couple of our Florida "net buddies" set about scouting location for "the event". In very short order our friend Simi discovered the outdoor patio bar at Ft. Lauderdale's Marriott Marina. This was a perfect location since the hotel is active with cruisers staying for a pre-cruise hotel stay.
Simi started cooking up all sorts of plans for a fun evening. We all set about inviting every "net buddy" we knew, and the BASH was born. Gail, from New York, put together a list of people who said they were going to be coming.
She then took it upon herself to be the welcome wagon for "the Bash". Showing a flash of creativity she created miniature life preservers on a rope necklace for each person. She personalized each one with everyone's name and screen name, so they were not only great souvenirs, but served as nametags too.
Ron, from Las Vegas, collected photos of attendees via e-mail, and used a photo program to place the photos like caricatures aboard a cruise ship. These became greeting signs for those entering the premises. Linda, from Boston, put her multitalented crafting abilities to work and made cruise theme picture frames for everyone to save their favorite photos of the upcoming event, and a special formal thong for me, which I gladly modeled (over my clothing to avoid ending the party). Simi, with help from the Marriott, found us a one-man band, and a group of us agreed to split the cost.
This had really grown from a simple, let's meet for a pre-night drink, to a serious BASH. As we discussed this more on the net, we discovered that some of our "net buddies" were actually going to fly in just to join us for the evening. Add these folks to the forty of us that would be cruising on the Veendam the next day, as well as other Florida residents who had decided to join in -- some driving across the state -- and VOILA.....
The night of the Creamscicle Bash we had nearly 100 strangers, joking, dancing, and acting like old friends who were delighted to see one and other again.
I wore a blonde wig to do my Anne Campbell impersonation and brought some Canadian T- shirts to hand out and everyone had a ball. Strangers I met that night are now my lifelong friends. Some even flew to Calgary to attend my son's bar mitzvah. I've since cruised with many of who attended the party but didn't sail on Veendam with us the following day. Large portions of those from that original bash are now off together this September for an 11-night cruise from Vancouver to Honolulu. We're all set to relive, once again, the glory of that first BASH, and create new memories while sipping Alohascicles.
These BASHES are a wonderful way to extend your cruise vacation by an extra day, and get an early start on that lifelong friendship. It all started with a simple drink recipe -- and CruiseMates, of course.
First use CruiseMates Match to find your fellow CruiseMates, then use the CruiseMates chats to prepare and plan. Then you list your group in the Group message board, and before you know it you have the key ingredients for your own Creamscicle Bash! And I won't even charge you a franchise fee as long as I'm invited.


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Find us on:
P.O. Box 3475Culver City, CA 90231-3475
1-800-736-9805 (Voice - Toll-free)310-815-8010 (Voice)310-815-9682 (FAX)
Families Anonymous (FA) was founded in 1971 as a mutual support group for families of people involved in drug abuse and related behavioral problems. Group meetings and discussions are modeled on the Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous and focus on providing emotional support for the member rather than changing the behavior of the substance abuser. There are no fees or dues for group membership. Assistance is offered to people forming new FA groups.
FA publishes pamphlets, booklets, and a daily inspirational book, "Today a Better Way," on the helping philosophy of FA and the formation of new FA groups. Serial publication: Twelve Step Rag (newsletter), quarterly news; and Annual Report (May).
Wednesday, Mar 30, 2011
Language Assistance Available


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This seemingly simple video by LA- based Miguel Jiron is fascinating to watch! The animated short, titled "Paint Showers", was filmed back in 2011. It was created by photographing sequences of paint drips and splashes.
The film is set to the sounds of rain which sets the tone, and matches the visuals perfectly. We hope you enjoy! What do you think of Jiron's short film? We'd love to hear your thoughts in the comments.
Want to receive exclusive deals on personalized photo to canvas prints? Sign up with your e-mail in the pink box below!
Via Colossal


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Subscribe To New Poster For The Dictator Takes Over Central Park Updates
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With all the hype surrounding the big, effects-heavy blockbusters of the coming summer season, Sacha Baron Cohen's comparatively low-key comedy The Dictator is flying a bit more under the radar. It seems like we haven't heard a peep out of his new character, Admiral General Aladeen, since he dumped Kim Jong-Il's ashes all over Ryan Seacrest on the Oscar red carpet, But with the release date of May 16 coming up fast, Paramount has debuted a new poster for the film at EW. You can see the full size version there, or a smaller one below.
Yes, that appears to be a giant banner of Admiral General Aladeen-- the same image from the first teaser poster-- stretched across Central Park, in an attempt to prove to everyone in New York that, yes, the man himself has arrived. The story of The Dictator has Aladeen arriving at the United Nations to give a speech, only to learn that a coup has happened in his home country, and he's left in the city with no money, no entourage, no palace to return to. Anna Faris co-stars as the crunchy gal he presumably falls for and who gets him a job working at her organic grocery store, and… well, that's about all we know at this point. The first full trailer spent more time building up the character as an all-powerful dictator than telling us what happens when he's stripped of all that power, beyond the usual fish-out-of-water stuff translated to a powerful Middle Eastern dictator whom everyone assumes is a terrorist.
It's hard to get a read on The Dictator at this point, knowing it's not exactly like Bruno and Borat in unleashing a Baron Cohen character on unsuspecting people, but that it also seems to be pushing some of the same politically tinged buttons. But on the positive side, it's a summer movie we don't know much about, when everything else seems to be marketed within an inch of its life. WIth not even a month to go before release, this may be one summer movie we don't know everything about before it opens.


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UPDATE: Check out a new "old" picture at the end of the blog.
A small crowd braved the snow tonight to hear former Coloradan Matt Mayer talk about his new book and reminisce with fellow Republicans about how much fun they had working on U.S. Sen. Wayne Allard's 2002 re-election bid.
Mayer's latest work is "Taxpayers Don't Stand a Chance: Why Battleground Ohio Loses No Matter Who Wins (And What To Do About It)." Host Brad Dempsey joked, "Maybe you should have called it '50 Shades of Taxes.' "


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QB Jason Campbell
It's not often you get a second lease on your football career with the same team in the span of two years, but that is the case for Campbell. Despite joining the Raiders with the expectation that he would be the team's starter, he was yanked out of the starting lineup by former head coach Tom Cable six quarters into the 2010 season. Enter new coach Hue Jackson. Jackson let Bruce Gradkowski go in free agency, and with little depth behind Campbell, the starting job is safely his. Once he was back in the starting lineup last season, he played reasonably well over the final five games, averaging 15.4 points per game while throwing for 1,065 yards with six touchdowns and a pair of interceptions. That's decent QB2 production, and with a cast of young speedsters at wide receiver and a pair of solid running backs in Darren McFadden and Michael Bush, the Raiders possess some intriguing, young offensive talent. Unfortunately, tight end Zach Miller, the team's most dependable receiver, left for Seattle and his replacement, former Giant Kevin Boss, is not nearly the same receiving threat. That hurts Campbell's fantasy value and makes him a low-end backup for 2011.
RB Darren McFadden
After a pair of largely disappointing seasons, McFadden showed why he was the fourth pick in the 2008 draft with an outstanding 2010 campaign. Even though he missed three games with injuries, he rushed for 1,157 yards and seven touchdowns while adding 507 yards and three more scores through the air, reaching career highs in every major offensive category despite playing in the Raiders' popgun offense. He was also remarkably consistent, hitting double-digit fantasy points in ten of 13 games. Can he do it again? Why not? New coach Hue Jackson figures to open up the offense more than his predecessor Tom Cable did, and Run-DMC produced top-five running back numbers last season despite not playing a full slate of games. Given his injury history, you can almost certainly bank on his missing a game or two and hope it won't be during the fantasy playoffs. Either way, that makes acquiring Michael Bush as his handcuff imperative. McFadden ranks just outside of the top five at running back for 2011, and he could be a bargain if others are wary of his injury history and the fact that he's had only one solid season out of three.
RB Michael Bush
Considering Darren McFadden's subpar first two seasons in the league, it appeared entering 2010 that Bush had a decent chance to unseat him as the Raiders' starting running back. Bush held up his end of the bargain, rushing for 655 yards and eight touchdowns on just 155 carries while chipping in 194 receiving yards, proving he could put up good numbers with more work. However, we already knew that based on his performances in 2008 and 2009. The problem was that McFadden didn't hold up his end of the deal, finally putting together a Pro Bowl-caliber season and gaining a stranglehold on the starting spot. Nonetheless, Bush was still a valuable commodity, finishing 2010 as the 27th-ranked running back. Expect more of the same in 2010, which makes Bush one of the better flex plays considering he can likely be had for a low-round pick.
WR Jacoby Ford
Ford was a pleasant surprise as a rookie in 2009, proving to be a multi-dimensional threat for a Raiders squad lacking in playmakers. He caught two touchdowns passes, scored twice on the ground, and ran back three kicks for scores. That's nice if your league counts return touchdowns. However, most don't, and that limits Ford's upside, as does his size. Listed at 5'9", 186 pounds, he's not going to catch a ton of balls, but he is dynamic when he does, putting up 470 yards on just 25 receptions last year for a tidy 18.8 yards-per-catch average. All of Ford's production came in the final ten weeks of the season (save for an eight-yard run), so he averaged a respectable 8.7 points per game over that stretch. That's WR3 production. Ford is definitely a nice sleeper pick, but the Raiders have a number of speedsters on their roster and Ford hasn't exactly established himself just yet. He's definitely worth owning, but don't reach too far for him.
WR Louis Murphy
On first glance, Murphy had a middling performance in 2010, catching 41 passes for 609 yards and two touchdowns over 14 games. However, the Raiders' quarterback play was spotty at best, Murphy played banged up for most of the year, and he was still clearly the Raiders' most consistent wide receiver when in the lineup. Did we mention he's entering his third year in the league? Murphy doesn't project as a breakout candidate for 2011, but it wouldn't be a huge surprise if he performed as a top-tier WR3 either. He has good size and enough speed to get deep, and that's always a plus when playing for Al Davis' Raiders. Murphy is definitely worth taking a flier on in 2011, but make sure to monitor the hamstring and groin injuries he has been dealing with in training camp.
WR Darrius Heyward-Bey
Heyward-Bey enters his third season in the league, the point when wide receivers generally take a big step forward. The only problem is that a big step forward for Heyward-Bey would get him in the 600-yard, five-touchdown range. He needs a huge step forward to be a solid fantasy producer after a 2010 season in which he caught only 26 passes for 366 yards and a single touchdown. Of course, that production was a big step up from a rookie campaign where he looked completely lost, catching just nine passes for 124 yards and a score. You need playing time to produce, and there's no guarantee Heyward-Bey is going to get a whole lot with Jacoby Ford and Louis Murphy ahead of him on the depth chart—and rookie fifth-round pick Denarius Moore having a solid training camp. Did we mention that Chaz Schilens figures to operate as the Raiders' possession receiver since they lost tight end Zach Miller? Heyward-Bey's nothing more than a deep sleeper, worth owning only in larger leagues.
WR Chaz Schilens
There was a time when Schilens was considered a lower-tier breakout candidate for the Raiders. So much for that. He played in just eight games in 2009 and five games last season, as knee and foot injuries kept him out of the lineup. With several younger, talented wide receivers in the fold, Schilens doesn't figure to earn much playing time other than as a backup possession receiver. And we all know that backup possession receivers aren't going to carry you too far, especially when they play on a team with a suspect passing attack.
WR Denarius Moore
The Raiders apparently love Moore, their 2011 fifth-round pick. Of course, new head coach Hue Jackson is talking up every Raider wide receiver under the sun. We're waiting for him to say Tim Brown has come back and he's looking good. Joking aside, there are plenty of reports coming out of Oakland that Moore is lighting it up, but it's one thing for a speedster to dominate against scrubs and another for a rookie wide receiver to consistently beat veteran defenders. Do I sound skeptical? That's right. This guy's waiver wire material and nothing more in redraft leagues. He is worth taking a shot on in dynasty formats, however.
TE Kevin Boss
Mea culpa. I drank the Boss juice a little too heavily in years past, figuring he would vulture some red zone touchdowns for the Giants and become a low-end TE1 or upper-tier backup. To be fair, 18 touchdowns through four years is decent production for a young tight end, but hardly enough to make up for low receiving yardage totals. Boss moves to the Raiders this season, leaving a gaping hole at tight end in the Giants' offense. Or, more likely, there's a reason the Giants let him go: he's not that good. You're dreaming if you think Boss is going to come to Oakland and replace Zach Miller's production. Keep an eye on him on the waiver wire, however, since the Raiders don't exactly have an abundance of solid possession receivers.


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Dear Members,
Abhidhamma View : Mind for Matter & Matter for Mind
[Presented by Dr.Tep Sastri @ SariputtaDhamma/JTN/Mult]
CMA VIII, p. 313-314:
Only in one way is mind a condition for matter: Subsequent consciousness and mental factors are a condition for the preceding (material) body by way of postnascence.
Postnascence condition is a condition where a conditioning state assists conditioned states that has arisen prior to itself by supporting and strengthening them. The conditioning states in this relation are subsequently-arisen cittas and cetasikas. The conditioned states are the material phenomena of the body born of all four causes which material phenomena had arisen along with preceding cittas. This condition begins with the first bhavanga in relation to the material phenomena born of kamma at the moment of rebirth-linking. Just as the rainwater that falls later promotes the growth and development of the already existing vegetation, so the subsequently-arisen mental states support the pre-arisen material phenomena so that they continue to produce similar material phenomena in succession.
Only in one way is a matter a condition for mind : The six bases during the course of existence are a condition for the seven elements of consciousness, and the five objects for the five processes of sense consciousness, by way of prenascence.
Prenascence condition is a condition where a conditioning state --a material state which has already arisen and reached the stage of presence (thiti)-- causes mental states, the conditioned states, to arise after it. This is like the sun, which arises first in the world and gives light to people who appear after it has arisen. There are two main types of prenascence condition, (i) base prenascence (vatthu-purejaata) and (ii) object prenascence (aaramma.na-purejaata).
(i) Each of the six physical bases during the course of existence is a conditioning state by way of base prenascence for the citta and cetasikas --the conditioned states-- that take it as the material support for their arising. The heart-base is not a prenascence condition for the mental states at the moment of rebirth-linking, since on that occasion the heart-base and mental states arise simultaneously as conascence and mutuality conditions. But the heart-base arisen at the rebirth moment becomes a prenascence condition for the first bhavanga citta immediatetly following the rebirth consciousness, and thereafter it becomes a prenascence condition for all mind-element and mind-consciousness-element cittas during the course of life.
(ii) Each of the five sense objects is a conditioning state by way of object prenascence for the citta and cetasikas in a sense door cognitive process that take it as object. In addition, all eighteen types of concretely produced matter that have reached the stage of presence can become object prenascence condition for the cittas and cetasikas in a mind-door process.
Love Buddha's dhamma,
Abhidhamma View : Mind for Matter & Matter for Mind
Discussion of Abhidhamma and related Commentaries
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Imetelstat Sodium in Treating Young Patients With Refractory or Recurrent Solid Tumors or Lymphoma
|The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details.
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01273090
Recruitment Status : Completed
First Posted : January 10, 2011
Last Update Posted : January 30, 2014
- Study Details
- Tabular View
- No Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
RATIONALE: Imetelstat sodium may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth.
PURPOSE: This phase I clinical trial is studying the side effects and best dose of imetelstat sodium in treating young patients with refractory or recurrent solid tumors or lymphoma.
|Condition or disease
|Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors Lymphoma Lymphoproliferative Disorder Small Intestine Cancer Unspecified Childhood Solid Tumor, Protocol Specific
|Drug: imetelstat sodium Other: laboratory biomarker analysis Other: pharmacological study
|Phase 1
- To estimate the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and/or recommended phase II dose of imetelstat sodium in children with refractory or recurrent solid tumors or lymphoma.
- To define and describe the toxicities of imetelstat sodium.
- To characterize the pharmacokinetics of imetelstat sodium in children with refractory or recurrent solid tumors or lymphoma.
- To determine, in a preliminary manner, the antitumor effects of imetelstat sodium in children with refractory or recurrent solid tumors or lymphoma. (exploratory)
- To provide preliminary assessment of the biological activity of imetelstat sodium in children with recurrent or refractory malignancies by assessing telomerase activity, telomere length, hTERT protein, hTERT mRNA, and hTR levels in patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) samples pretreatment and on treatment. (Exploratory)
- To assess telomerase activity, hTERT expression, telomere length, hTERT protein, hTERT mRNA, and hTR levels in patients' pretreatment tumor samples. (Exploratory)
OUTLINE: This is a multicenter, dose-escalation study.
Patients receive imetelstat sodium IV over 2 hours on days 1 and 8. Treatment repeats every 21 days for up to 18 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
Patients undergo blood sample collection at baseline and periodically during study for pharmacokinetic and correlative studies. Tumor tissue samples from diagnosis and/or subsequent tumor resections or biopsies may also be collected for correlative studies.
After completion of study therapy, patients are followed up for 30 days.
|Study Type :
|Interventional (Clinical Trial)
|Actual Enrollment :
|34 participants
|Intervention Model:
|Single Group Assignment
|None (Open Label)
|Primary Purpose:
|Official Title:
|A Phase 1 Study of Imetelstat, a Telomerase Inhibitor, in Children With Refractory or Recurrent Solid Tumors and Lymphomas
|Study Start Date :
|May 2011
|Actual Primary Completion Date :
|September 2013
|Actual Study Completion Date :
|October 2013
|Experimental: Treatment
Drug: imetelstat sodium
Other: laboratory biomarker analysis
Other: pharmacological study
- Maximum-tolerated dose and/or recommended phase II dose of imetelstat sodium in children with refractory or recurrent solid tumors or lymphoma [ Time Frame: 21 Days ]
- Toxicities of imetelstat sodium [ Time Frame: Up to 30 days post-treatment ]
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|1 Year to 21 Years (Child, Adult)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Diagnosis of refractory or recurrent solid tumors, including lymphoma
- No CNS tumors or known CNS metastases (Part A, dose escalation)
CNS tumors or known CNS metastases allowed (Part B, maximum-tolerated dose or recommended phase II dose)
- No prior or concurrent CNS hemorrhage on a baseline MRI within the past 14 days
All patients must have histologic verification of malignancy at original diagnosis or relapse except for:
- Intrinsic brain stem tumors
- Optic pathway gliomas
- Pineal tumors and elevations of CSF or serum tumor markers including alpha-fetoprotein or beta-HCG
- Measurable or evaluable disease
- Disease for which there is no known curative therapy or therapy proven to prolong survival with an acceptable quality of life
- Patients with known bone marrow metastatic disease will be eligible for study provided they meet the blood count criteria and they are not known to be refractory to red cell or platelet transfusions
- Karnofsky performance status (PS) 50-100% (patients > 16 years of age) OR Lansky PS 50-100% (patients ≤ 16 years of age)
- ANC ≥ 1,000/mm³
- Platelet count ≥ 100,000/mm³ (transfusion-independent, defined as not receiving platelet transfusion within the past 7 days prior to enrollment)
Creatinine clearance or radioisotope GFR ≥ 70 mL/min OR a serum creatinine based on age and/or gender as follows:
- 0.6 mg/dL (1 to < 2 years of age)
- 0.8 mg/dL (2 to < 6 years of age)
- 1.0 mg/dL (6 to < 10 years of age)
- 1.2 mg/dL (10 to < 13 years of age)
- 1.5 mg/dL (male) or 1.4 mg/dL (female) (13 to < 16 years of age)
- 1.7 mg/dL (male) or 1.4 mg/dL (female) (≥ 16 years of age)
- Bilirubin (sum of conjugated and unconjugated) ≤ 1.5 times upper limit of normal (ULN)
- ALT ≤ 110 U/L (ULN for ALT is 45 U/L)
- Serum albumin ≥ 2 g/dL
- aPTT < 1.2 times ULN
- Not pregnant or nursing
- Negative pregnancy test
- Fertile patients must use an effective contraception method
- No uncontrolled infection
- No patients who, in the opinion of the investigator, may not be able to comply with the safety monitoring requirements of the study
- Recovered from acute toxic effects of all prior anti-cancer chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy
- At least 3 weeks since prior myelosuppressive chemotherapy (6 weeks for nitrosourea)
- At least 14 days since prior long-acting growth factor (e.g., Neulasta) or ≥ 7 days since prior short-acting growth factor
- At least 7 days since prior biologic or anti-neoplastic agent
- At least 6 weeks since any type of prior immunotherapy (e.g., tumor vaccines)
- At least 3 half-lives since last dose of a monoclonal antibody
At least 2 weeks since prior local palliative radiotherapy (small port)
- At least 24 weeks since prior total-body irradiation, craniospinal radiotherapy, or radiation to ≥ 50% of the pelvis
- At least 6 weeks since prior substantial bone marrow radiation
- At least 12 weeks since prior transplantation or stem cell infusion with no evidence of active graft vs host disease
- Prior and concurrent stable or decreasing dose of corticosteroids within the past 7 days allowed
- No prior allogeneic transplant
- No other concurrent investigational drug
- No other concurrent anticancer agents including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, or biologic therapy
- No concurrent cyclosporine, tacrolimus, or other agents to prevent either graft-versus-host disease post-bone marrow transplant or organ rejection post-transplant
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT01273090
Show 23 Study Locations
|Principal Investigator:
|Patrick A. Thompson, MD
|Baylor College of Medicine
|Responsible Party:
|Children's Oncology Group
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01273090 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|First Posted:
|January 10, 2011 Key Record Dates
|Last Update Posted:
|January 30, 2014
|Last Verified:
|January 2014
unspecified childhood solid tumor, protocol specific
recurrent childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma
recurrent childhood grade III lymphomatoid granulomatosis
recurrent childhood large cell lymphoma
recurrent childhood lymphoblastic lymphoma
recurrent childhood small noncleaved cell lymphoma
recurrent/refractory childhood Hodgkin lymphoma
recurrent childhood brain stem glioma
recurrent childhood anaplastic astrocytoma
recurrent childhood anaplastic oligoastrocytoma
recurrent childhood anaplastic oligodendroglioma
recurrent childhood cerebellar astrocytoma
recurrent childhood cerebral astrocytoma
recurrent childhood diffuse astrocytoma
recurrent childhood fibrillary astrocytoma
recurrent childhood gemistocytic astrocytoma
recurrent childhood giant cell glioblastoma
recurrent childhood glioblastoma
recurrent childhood gliomatosis cerebri
recurrent childhood gliosarcoma
recurrent childhood oligoastrocytoma
recurrent childhood oligodendroglioma
recurrent childhood pilocytic astrocytoma
recurrent childhood pilomyxoid astrocytoma
recurrent childhood pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
recurrent childhood protoplasmic astrocytoma
recurrent childhood subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
recurrent childhood visual pathway and hypothalamic glioma
recurrent childhood visual pathway glioma
childhood pineal parenchymal tumor
Nervous System Neoplasms
Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Intestinal Neoplasms
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Neoplasms by Histologic Type
Lymphatic Diseases
Immunoproliferative Disorders
Immune System Diseases
Neoplasms by Site
Nervous System Diseases
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms
Digestive System Neoplasms
Digestive System Diseases
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Intestinal Diseases
Motesanib diphosphate
Enzyme Inhibitors
Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action
Protein Kinase Inhibitors
Vitamin B Complex
Growth Substances
Physiological Effects of Drugs


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Can you recommend a good tutorial for working with tick data for the purpose of algorithmic trading?
Is the data normally stored in a database and only bits are read into memory at a time?
Is there some useful software that's easy to get?
Stack Exchange network consists of 175 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.Visit Stack Exchange
Can you recommend a good tutorial for working with tick data for the purpose of algorithmic trading?
Is the data normally stored in a database and only bits are read into memory at a time?
Is there some useful software that's easy to get?
It's difficult to tell what is being asked here. This question is ambiguous, vague, incomplete, overly broad, or rhetorical and cannot be reasonably answered in its current form. For help clarifying this question so that it can be reopened, visit the help center. If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
Yes, there is a software application that you can purchase for $39.99 which stores all your tick data in a highly compressed format while still allowing maximum throughput and lowest latency data queries that I have ever seen. The package provides APIs to all languages under the sun but because they have a special sale going on it comes with the complete back testing and trading system in one single package. And guess what, they have thrown in a CEP engine for free as well. Its too hard to pass up if you ask me. Here is the link: do-your-own-damn-work-because-what-you-are-asking-for-is-something-others-worked-years-on-and-it-sounds-you-are-just-in-for-the-low-hanging-fruits-please-ask-elsewhere.com
But seriously, dude, do a little homework on your own, google couple terms, get some basic information because you come across as being incredibly lazy, at the very least incredibly uninformed. You are asking others to give away information and to put in the time to respond to you intelligently, would be nice to see you show a little respect by doing a bit of the leg work beforehand. I am more than happy to walk you through everything but only when you ask specific questions that show you have done a bit work upfront.
Hope this makes sense!
P.S.: I guess I am just a little fed up with more and more newbie questions ending up on this site. I thought this was a forum for people working in the industry, I am not saying this is a requirement but I would appreciate it if the previously higher standard of information sharing can be again maintained. Questions like "please deliver the holy grail to my door steps" really drive me nuts...;-)


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With all of the local music and sports talent from our area comes some national outdoors recognition. The History channel's "Swamp People" has now added two local men to their team. The new season of the highly popular, nationally aired program about people that follow traditional means in order to work outdoors begins on Feb. 14. It will be shown each Thursday at 8 p.m.
In the event that you haven't seen "Swamp People," it is about both men and women that hunt alligators in the Louisiana swamps. They are shown as they prepare to go, how they locate hunt areas, and actually taking the alligators. Add to that the excitement of weather conditions, personal problems, and even fun events and you have "Swamp People."
Troy Broussard was raised in Port Acres and now lives in Fannett where he grew up hunting and fishing in the local bayous and marshes. As a youth he was a champion duck caller. By spending so much time in the duck blinds and traveling in airboats, the marshes became second nature to him. As Broussard grew up, he added alligator hunting to his resume. He could locate places along the bayous and in the marshes where the big gators lived. Whenever there was no open alligator season, Broussard would spend countless hours fishing.
Trotlines would furnish enough blue and channel catfish for the family and friends to enjoy. Locating and catching the marsh's largemouth black bass also became second nature to him. Added to those outdoor activities, this swamp person is also a commercial crabber. To top it all off, Broussard is a fire captain for the Port Arthur Fire Department. With his many years of experience in the marshes and swamps, it would seem only natural for the producers of "Swamp People" to select him to be one part of a new two-man team for their super popular television program.
The other team partner is none other than the popular waterfowl hunting guide Harlan Hatcher. Hatcher is a native of Fannett and has been guiding waterfowl hunters since he was old enough to do so.
Hatcher is a giant of a man with a heart just as big as he is. Over the years this outdoors expert has guided alligator hunters as well as waterfowl hunters. When those seasons are closed, Hatcher spends his time at night hunting frogs along the bayous and in the many crawfish ponds that are on The Drake Plantation's duck lease. At one time, Harlan made his extra spending money trapping fur-bearing animals. He also is an expert at ridding ranches of nuisance predators such as coyotes.
Harlan's family was much in demand as house-building carpenters for many years. While he was one of the carpenter brothers, he found that there was a good living to be made in the crawfishing business. Here, again, The Drake Plantation was also in the crawfish business, so it was a natural fit for them to unite. Hatcher drives the truck that hauls thousands of pounds of the tasty crustaceans for the booming business.
With all of the aforementioned activities that are the lives of both Troy and Harlan, their obsession with down and dirty alligator hunting is at the top of the list.
The producers as well as the other members of the "Swamp People" cast did much research and yes, face-to-face living, before these two were selected to be the newest alligator hunting.
I have seen the promos on the History Channel and I can hardly wait for the shows to begin. With these fellows' experience and passion for the outdoors, the program should be super interesting.
Broussard told me that they were just being themselves. Sort of like what you see is what you get.
Billy Halfin can be reached by e-mail at bhalfinoutdoors [at] aol [dot] com.
[1] http://theexaminer.com/sites/default/files/blog/Harland-Hatcher-and-Troy-Broussard.jpg
[2] http://theexaminer.com/features/outdoors
[3] http://theexaminer.com/tags/swamp-people


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Monday, September 24, 2007
Toaster Teapot, Electric Kettles & Drunk On Tea
If you're looking for teapots varying shapes and sizes, you'd do well to have a look at The Teapottery. Where they sell a gadget, among others, known as a Toaster Teapot. I've seen this one mentioned in a few places now and I still haven't figured out whether it's actually got a toaster function built in. Sounds a bit unsettling.
If you're in the market for an electric tea kettle, see what CHOW had to say about a few, including models from Zojirushi, Chef's Choice, and Adagio.
While I can vouch for the fact that one can get really, really keyed up on tea, whether or not on can get drunk on it is probably a matter for debate. Imen, at Tea Obsession, says it's possible. Read more about it here.
The Icon of the American Epicurean Experience
tea, green tea, food, food and drink
2 comments:
- Diane said...
I read about how you can get drunk on green tea and halucinate if you overdo it. I think it was in a book called Soul Mountain. I just remember it was an American traveling through China who wanted to load up on green tea, hearing how good it was for him. He thought he was going nuts! Ah, anyway, I only drink one or two of those a day and I'm not seeing any flying monkeys.
- Alisa said...
This teapot does NOT make toast. After research into many sites that said it did, I purchased two and ended up with two ceramic trinkets that were only about 4 inches in height. I am out a great deal of money and they will not refund. Don't waste your time or money on this one!
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SCHURTER at the 2015 Contact Meeting
In 2015, a large number of students from the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts and the University of Lucerne will complete their studies and enter the world of work. As an event for graduates, the Contact Meeting is the perfect place for students and companies to forge initial contacts. It also gives graduates the opportunity to expand their professional networks.
SCHURTER will also be present at the Contact Meeting. Daniel Baumann, Deputy Head of HR, and Stefan Hösli, Head of Product Marketing, are looking forward to some interesting discussions, especially with graduates.
Participation in the Contact Meeting is free of charge; no registration is necessary. Visit the SCHURTER booth and get some insights into the company's wide range of activities. You can also try your luck in the SCHURTER competition, with an attractive prize. The SCHURTER Team is looking forward to seeing you there.


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the one grilling tool you must have... tongs. While I agree with him that it's the most versatile piece of equipment you can use for outdoor cooking, my vote for the one item you must have is an instant-read thermometer to make sure you're cooking everything from burgers to salmon to a degree of doneness that's safe without overcooking to the point of dryness. Although chefs often insist that they gauge doneness by touch, it's not the smart way to tell that you've cooked food long enough to kill illness-causing bacteria. And in the case of hamburgers, you simply can't tell by the color if the meat is well-cooked.
I'm partial to the simple Taylor Classic Instant Read 1" Dial Thermometer but there's lots of good choices including digital models, thermometers that alert you when your food's reached the correct temperature, and even ones specifically designed for grilling. Here on good housekeeping.com, you can check out the 22 in our most recent tests.
One rule I follow religiously and insist you do too: In between readings rinse the shaft off very well in hot water to make sure that any bacteria that might be in the food before it's fully cooked isn't then transferred back into it the next time you take a reading.
For guidelines on safe minimal temperatures for various foods, visit the the USDA's website.
Once you're equipped with tongs and thermometer, be sure to try some of the great grilling recipes from our test kitchen.


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Department of Revenue News Release
February 14, 2014Eminence License Office contract awarded
JEFFERSON CITY - The Office of Administration, in conjunction with the Missouri Department of Revenue, has awarded the management contract for the Eminence License Office to Turner Insurance and Financial Services, LLC in Eminence. All license office contracts in Missouri are awarded through a competitive bid process.
Turner Insurance and Financial Services, LLC has been the agent of the Eminence License Office since 2009.
The Eminence License Office will remain at its current location at 116 N. Main.
In fiscal year 2013, more than 11,000 transactions were conducted at the Eminence office, generating nearly $35,000 in agent processing fees. Turner Insurance and Financial Services, LLC's contract includes an annual commitment to return 0.5 percent (approximately $173) of future processing fees to the state.
All local license offices are overseen by the Missouri Department of Revenue, but each is operated by an independent agent.
Follow the Missouri Department of Revenue on Twitter @MoRevenue