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Congrats to Juan for completing his NAUI Scuba Diver certification dives! Once again, a super huge thanks to Ocean Horizons Scuba for being simply totally awesome!
Two beautiful days for diving. Check it out, and you'll check out a seahorse!!
Science through SCUBA
Congrats to Juan for completing his NAUI Scuba Diver certification dives! Once again, a super huge thanks to Ocean Horizons Scuba for being simply totally awesome!
Two beautiful days for diving. Check it out, and you'll check out a seahorse!!
These pics just came in from our workshop with the Rockaway Waterfront Alliance on 8/10/11. Schooba fun in the sun!
Breaching the Blue is "a blog run by Mark Gibson, an ocean enthusiast, social scientist, and divemaster seeking to 'connect the dots' for a better understanding of global ocean conservation." His site covers the politics, economics, and human dimensions of the global ocean, and The Schooba Academy is honored to be a part of his new podcast series. Check out our 15 minute interview on his site!
The Rockaway Waterfront Alliance (RWA) is "a community-based non-profit organization that works to empower the local Rockaway community to play a role in the determination of their neighborhoods, and foster an understanding of the principals of environmental justice and urban sustainability." They run summer programs with different schools and students, and we've done a few workshops with them throughout the summer. Some pics of our first one, courtesy of RWA:
We're super proud to be accepted as one of the August Candidates for All Terrain's Grant program. Help us win a $1,000 grant by voting for Schooba on our profile page below. They do allow multiple voting, so refresh that page and do it again! And again. And again. And again. And again. And again … times infinity.
This past weekend, Rolman, Quincy, Gideon, and Dierre completed their open water dives to become Schooba's first cohort of fully certified scuba divers! They all received their NAUI Scuba Diver Certification, and we owe a super huge thanks to Paul Bardo and Ocean Horizons Scuba for providing fantastic instruction for the course. Here are some pics from the weekend's dives at Beach 8th St., Far Rockaway, Queens, NY.
Water temp = 68 degrees Fahrenheit
Visibility = 5-15 feet
Max depth = 27 feet
7/5/11, the Schoobents had their final classroom and pool session for their Naui Scuba Diver certification. As part of the course requirements, all students must pass a 60 question exam. I am so proud to say that all of our students passed the test and are only 4 open water dives away from getting their C-cards! Here are some pics and a video from the day.
And check out this video of Juan staying cool and calm and nailing his mask removal and replacement while his snorkel continues to get in the way. Killin' it!


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NCR TeleUrgecare 1-833-9-URGENT
0 answers
What are the early warning signs of a possible brain tumor? Is it posible to predict
DISCLAIMERThe content is for your information only and may not be regarded as medical advice or instruciton. No action or inaciton should be taken based merely on the contents of this information; instead, readers, should consult appropriate health & fitness professionals on any matter relating to their health and well being.

subset: commoncrawl


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Subscribe To Hot Tub Time Machine Might Get A Sequel Updates
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Hot Tub Time Machine was one of the last movies put out by MGM before the company went bankrupt, and looking at the box office receipts it's not hard to see why. Despite having a great cast that included names like John Cusack, Rob Corddry, Craig Robinson and Clark Duke, the comedy managed to bank only $50 million domestically on a $36 million budget, opening at number three on its opening weekend behind the newly released How To Train Your Dragon and Alice in Wonderland in its fourth week. Numbers like that don't typically warrant sequels, yet we're having the discussion anyway, apparently.
The Hollywood Reporter has word that MGM is now putting together pieces to make a follow-up to Hot Tub Time Machine. While John Cusack is not involved with the project at this time, the three other main stars have all been in talks with the studio and there's a possibility that Corddry will be working on a script with Steve Pink, the director of the last film (who is also in talks to return). Apparently they've been secretly developing the movie over the last few months, but "sources caution that deal-making is in an early stage and could fail." The trade adds that should everything work out, however, the film could be fast-tracked by MGM.
I liked the first film well enough, but I'm not entirely sure where the story goes from where the last movie ended (with Corddry staying behind and becoming a millionaire by "inventing" Google - or Lougle). The last film was a send-up of 80s movies, so maybe the sequel could head to the 90s?


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- Super-middleweight
Froch books O2 date with Kessler
Carl Froch has named the date and the venue of his super-middleweight rematch with Mikkel Kessler - and stamped the fight with a certificate 18 after predicting a brutal clash.
Froch's shot at avenging a 2010 loss to Kessler was announced in the middle of January, and on Friday he confirmed the fight would be at the O2 Arena in London on May 25.
The 35-year-old IBF title holder admitted his disappointment that the bout would not take place in his home city of Nottingham but still expects the support of a London crowd to spur him on. However, Scottish tennis player Andy Murray was booed when competing against Switzerland's Roger Federer at the O2 Arena in November.
Still, Froch knows that positive support could make the difference, as he believes it did for Kessler in Herning three years ago. But he warned that the fans had better expect blood to be spilled.
"It's at the O2 Arena on the 25th of May," Froch told Sky Sports News. "It ought to be certificated 18 actually because I think it's going to be brutal, I really do.
"When I lost a close points decision to Mikkel Kessler I think his home crowd rode him to victory, especially towards the end there. Kessler kept coming forward and I hit him with some big shots, some heavy shots and he just walked through them.
"He had some big shots, shots that caused damage. I broke my nose, I was bleeding but we both refused to give up and it's one of them. We are both cut from the same cloth, we are both warriors and we both want the same result, we both want to win."
He added: "Unfortunately the arena is not big enough in Nottingham but I don't think Mikkel Kessler would have gone to Nottingham anyway because he didn't want me to have the home-town advantage.
"The O2 is perfect, it's the capital and what a massive fight. I'm looking forward to it already. I'm really looking forward to getting on training camp and getting stuck in because I'm so motivated it's not true."


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Alumni News
- Josh Biddle - read how this non-traditional student from CCSF became the first community college transfer student to win the coveted UC Berkeley's University Medal at the May 2010 commencement.
- Iann Wu - read about CCSF's Jack Kent Cooke $30,000 Scholarship award winner for 2011!
Caution: The final responsibility for a successful transfer program
rests with the student. This information changes frequently and can
impact your admission to the university. It is highly advised that
you meet periodically with counselors at City College AND advisors
at the university to confirm your choice of classes and educational plan.
Home | Calendar | Latest News and Deadlines | Services | Transfer Basics | FAQ | Glossary | Alumni News | Contact Us | Quick Links | Meet Our Staff


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- Moving Malta
- About Us
- Buying
- Selling
- Letting
- Commercial
- Property Management
- News
The name Msida comes from the Arabic word "msayda", meaning 'a fisherman's place'. Today, it is known for vessels of a different kind as the creek hosts a modern Yacht Marina with over 250 berths. Msida began to take on the vestiges of a town in the early 1700s when a leading German Knight of the Order of St John, Baron Wolfgang Von Guttenberg had a house here. He funded the building of a washing place for local people. The vaulted building still stands today. Apart from pleasant marina-side walks and views, Msida highlights include one of Malta's unique cave chapels dedicated to the Immaculate Conception of Our Lady, and an elegant baroque church, dedicated to St Joseph, built at the turn of the 19th century. The town hosts the campus of the University of Malta and Mater Dei Hospital on its outskirts.


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The company address is at Plaza Volateria, 3, 08820, EL PRAT DE LLOBREGAT - Barcelona (Spain), Tax Identification Number (N.I.F.) B-62365820, and registered in the Barcelona Register of Companies, volume 32923, folio 167, page B-221946, entry 1A.
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To make reservations online, please fill in the reservation forms and follow the procedures indicated.
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Come join the Knitty City Spinner's Study. We will be spinning together weekly on Sundays from 4-5pm. Everyone is welcome, beginners and veteran spinners alike. Mary, from the shop, will lead the sessions, answer questions, and help with spinning techniques. Spindles and fiber are available for purchase in the shop for anyone who needs. $30 if you need a lesson, otherwise feel free to join and spin.
Can't find a class time that works for you?
We also offer private lessons at $50/hour for the first person + $25/hour for each additional person.
Please call us at 212-787-5896 or email email@example.com to register for our classes.
Materials not included unless specified.
Show: Calendar View / List All / Classes / Free Events / Knitting / Crochet / Spinning / Weaving / Beginner / Intermediate / Advanced / Kids Club / Designer Presentations / Book Club / Charity / Care to Knit / Men's Night / Outside Knitty City
Back to All Events
Earlier Event: April 3Crochet Lab
Later Event: April 4Beginner Knitting Part 1


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Earlier this week, I posted a pic and msg. about the antique Singer DH bought me for my birthday.
Not only did it have the original tin of attachments and button holer, but had the original instruction manual!
Then I went to singerco.com and had to sent them an email with the serial number. Quoting part of the email I received back....
Was I suprised and told DH, this has to the best b-day present Ever!Our records show serial #G9492798 belongs to Model 66, manufactured Aug. 8, 1922.


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All sessions of the VWBPE 2019 Conference are held in Second Life®. All times are in SLT (PST).
You may access this time zone converter for your local time: http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/converter.html.
Add these events to your personal calendar! To add all VWBPE conference events to your calendar, scroll down to the bottom of the calendar, find the "Subscribe" button and click on it. You will find options to add to your Google, Outlook or Apple calendar. To add individual events, click the event and find the "Subscribe" button on that page. You don't have to miss any events at VWBPE!
In most of the United States and most locations in Canada, Daylight Saving Time is in effect. Is your location affected? Check this page to find out when (and if) Daylight Saving Time begins for you.
Presenter: Mary Howard (SL: mrshoward118), Grand Island Central School District
Description: Virtual environments provides extraordinary opportunities to engage students in instruction. From building to immersive experiences, students can receive tremendous benefits from the use of virtual worlds. Learn how an Open Sim experience helped inspire and reinforce learning in the classroom from the inception of the grant to the wonderful opportunities it has afforded students with virtual scavenger hunts and exploratory learning opportunities.
To share virtual scavenger hunts as used in a middle school classroom.
Location: Lecture Area B
Accessibility: Voice and SpeakEasy HUD Tool


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This material has 2 associated documents. Select a document title to view a document's information.
written by
Wolfgang Christian and
Francisco Esquembre
This Java archive contains a collection of simple Easy Java Simulations (EJS) programs for the teaching of computer-based modeling. The materials and text of this resource appeared in an article of the same name in The Physics Teacher [Phys. Teach. 76, No. 45, pp. 474-480 (2007)].
Last Modified October 17, 2008
This file has previous versions.
A multi-model source code archive to accompany the Modeling Physics with Easy Java Simulations article in TPT. Unzip this archive in your EJS Workspace to compile and run these models using EJS.
Last Modified July 6, 2009


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Find Peyton, Colorado pharmacies and drug stores. Pharmacies provide information on prescription drugs and medicines, name brand, generic and discount drugs, over the counter (OTC) medications.
There are 2 Pharmacies in Peyton, Colorado, serving a population of 254 people in an area of 3 square miles. There is 1 Pharmacy per 127 people, and 1 Pharmacy per 1 square miles.
In Colorado, Peyton is ranked 3rd of 568 cities in Pharmacies per capita, and 32nd in Pharmacies per square mile.
Safeway Pharmacy 7655 McLaughlin Road Peyton, CO
Walgreens Pharmacy 7392 McLaughlin Road Peyton, CO
Peyton Pharmacies are establishments where medicines and drug compounds are prepared and dispensed or sold in Peyton, CO. In addition to Community Pharmacies, which are Peyton retail Pharmacies that serve the general public, there are numerous other types of Pharmacies that meet the specific needs of customers.You may contact the Pharmacy for questions about:
A Community Pharmacy, or Retail Pharmacy, may be located within another store or it may be a stand-alone Peyton store. Pharmacists at Peyton Pharmacies dispense prescription medications available to the general public, provide customers with information on the safe and effective use of medications, and may assist customers in understanding and managing health insurance co-pays and reimbursements for medications.Hospital Pharmacy
Peyton Hospitals and health clinics often house their own Pharmacies, primarily to serve their patients. A Clinical or Hospital Pharmacy works in cooperation with the hospital's in-house health professionals to ensure that medication is effectively coordinated with patient care.Ambulatory & Home Care Pharmacies
Peyton Ambulatory Pharmacies are mobile services that are designed to serve geriatric patients and patients in rural areas. They are typically part of a managed health care organization and help to minimize the number of hospital visits that members require. Similarly, Home Care Pharmacies in Peyton prepare and deliver medical injections to critically ill patients in their homes.Colorado Board of Pharmacy
Colorado has a Board of Pharmacy, Commission of Pharmacy, or similarly named agency that is responsible for ensuring that all Peyton Pharmacies meet standards for safe practices. They license and register Pharmacies, pharmacists, pharmacist interns, prescription drug wholesalers, and other drug outlets. They also monitor and educate Pharmacy professionals, investigate complaints, and enforce disciplinary actions against violators of Colorado Pharmacy and related laws and regulations.Controlled Substances Act & FDA Regulations
Pharmacies are highly regulated operations, affected by regulatory agencies at the federal and Colorado State level of government. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency enforces the Controlled Substances Act, including its requirements for prescribing, administering, and dispensing controlled substances in Peyton, CO. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for approving drugs for sale after they have been tested for safe and effective use. The FDA also oversees the production of drugs and medical products.


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|Cecil Shorts, the 2009 D3football.com offensive player of the year, will next wear a Jacksonville Jaguar uniform.
Cecil Shorts became the highest selection for a Division III player in the NFL draft in the seven-round era, going 114th overall to the Jacksonville Jaguars and ending a two-year D-III draft drought.
There hadn't been a Division III football player drafted by an NFL team since Pierre Garcon and Andy Studebaker were taken two spots apart in 2008.
Of the past 10 Division III players drafted, just one had gone any earlier than the sixth round: UW-Stout cornerback Tony Beckham, who was selected in the fourth round, 115th overall, in 2002. Chris Warren (1990) and Pete Metzelaars (1982) were each drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the first 100 selections previously.
One hundred fifty-seven players were selected in Saturday's final four rounds, but Shorts was the only player selected. Because of the lockout, undrafted players cannot be signed by NFL teams, a process which usually sees another handful of Division III signees.
Shorts, a three-time D3football.com All-America selection, caught 70 passes for 1,196 yards and 18 touchdowns for the Purple Raiders last season, leading them to the Stagg Bowl for the sixth consecutive year. He even played quarterback and a little on defense in Mount Union's title-game loss to UW-Whitewater.


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b. Sept. 4, 1915
d. May 19, 2000
h/o Helen (Boykin) Murphy
Site # NW/14/01
Photo taken by Lee Krsiean
Contributed on 2/9/14 by jlwight
Email This Contributor
Record #: 91006
Thank you for visiting the Arizona Gravestone Photo Project. On this site you can upload gravestone photos, locate ancestors and perform genealogy research. If you have a relative buried in Arizona, we encourage you to upload a digital image using our Submit a Photo page. Contributing to this genealogy archive helps family historians and genealogy researchers locate their relatives and complete their family tree.
Submitted: 2/9/14 • Approved: 3/14/14 • Last Updated: 3/25/18 • R91006-G0-S3


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Found 6 resultsAuthor Title [ Type] Year
Filters: Author is Chen, Jing Ming [Clear All Filters]
Journal Article
Boreal forest CO2 exchange and evapotranspiration predicted by nine ecosystem process models: Intermodel comparisons and relationships to field measurements. 106(D24):33623-33648.. 2001.
Climate control of terrestrial carbon exchange across biomes and continents. Environmental Research Letters. 5:034007.. 2010.
Comparison of boreal ecosystem model sensitivity to variability in climate and forest site parameters. 106(D24):33671-33687.. 2001.
Inverse modeling of CO2 sources and sinks using satellite observations of CO2 from TES and surface flask measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions. 11(2):4263-4311.. 2011.
A model-data comparison of gross primary productivity: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis. Journal of Geophysical Research. 117(G3). 2012.
Modeling global atmospheric CO2 with improved emission inventories and CO2 production from the oxidation of other carbon species. Geoscientific Model Development Discussions. 3:889–948.. 2010.


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Monobloc taps are a very useful device for use in all manner of scenarios. Whether in the kitchen bathroom or anywhere else you may happen to require a compact mixer tap they perfectly fulfil the role of two separate taps with no compromise in function aesthetics or longevity. By combining the plumbing for both hot and cold water flow within one compact unit they are space saving and attractive not to mention fully suitable for use with single tap hole basins and sinks.
The compact design of these taps makes them an ideal solution for cloakroom suites and en suite bathrooms. By hiding all of the technical aspects within the main stem and also having the flow and temperature controls attached to this central unit – or bloc; they allow for use in tight spaces or in association with relatively small basins or bowls. As the name would suggest the Mayfair Series F Cloakroom Mono Mixer Tap is absolutely perfect for use in secondary washrooms or cloakroom suites. With its sleek styling and ability to operate with water systems with pressure as low as 0.2 bar this great value tap strikes the perfect balance between practicality and looks.
The Tapshop321 collection of monobloc taps boasts an exciting mixture of traditionally styled basin taps minimal and sleek monoblocs and sensational designer taps which although unique in their styling still offer everyday practicality. The selection of taps is truly dazzling with an array of features and options to choose from. Whether you'd prefer cross head or lever style temperature and flow controls or smooth and rounded contours or angular and stark shapes we're certain you'll find the exact tap you're after.
In addition to a choice of quality monobloc taps from manufacturers such as Mayfair Hudson Reed and Home of Ultra we're also proud to offer both unbeatable value and flawless service. Many of these taps are available at a saving of more than £100 compared to the manufacturer's recommended retail price to ensure you get the best deal. Similarly the lengthy warranties provided to assure the long life of our taps and expert advice and after sales service provided by our in-house team ensure that you make the right decision in terms of both design and compatibility.
If you would like to find out more about the benefits of monobloc taps discover which tap is most suitable for your project or receive in-depth technical information about any particular product then please get in touch. Our sales department can be contacted by phone or email during business hours from Monday to Friday and are ready and waiting to help you to decide which monobloc tap is best for you. At Tapshop321 we specialise in providing the best taps for the lowest possible prices and look forward to guiding you towards a sound and practical bathroom investment.


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Western Carolina University's Mountain Heritage Center will host and sponsor a free performance of "The Liars Bench" Southern Appalachian variety show at 7 p.m. Thursday, Aug. 4.
"The Liars Bench" was founded by Sylva writer and storyteller Gary Carden in June 2010, and the show's cast presented monthly programs at City Lights bookstore in Sylva during its first year. The ensemble gave its first performance in the Mountain Heritage Center auditorium in July to a standing-room-only crowd.
"Cherokee in a Changing World" will be the theme for the upcoming performance at the museum. Cherokee storyteller Lloyd Arneach will speak about the myth of the Nunnihi, Carden will deliver a tale titled "When the Tourist Came," and Barbara McRae, editor of The Franklin Press newspaper, will give a presentation on the Nikwasi Mound.
Also during the show, Robert Conley, WCU's Sequoyah Distinguished Professor in Cherokee Studies, will discuss major issues facing the Cherokee people today, as well as present some theories about an ancient Cherokee ritual known as the "Booger Dance." Barbara Duncan, a musician and poet from the Museum of the Cherokee Indian, and Liars Bench regular Paul Iarussi, a claw-hammer guitarist, also will perform.
For more information about the show, call the Mountain Heritage Center at 828-227-7129.
Tags: asheville, WCU, event, western carolina, Mountain Heritage Center


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Before there were hashtags, more than a thousand protesters were arrested for trying to shut Wall Street down for a day ...
Finding Rootedness
Robin Broad and John Cavanagh report from their search for rootedness—the social, environmental, and economic anchoring that sees us through tough times.
With the eyes of the world on mass protests against corporate control of governments, El Salvador debates a new ban on gold mining.
To protect their water supply, Salvadorans are trying to ban corporate gold mining—and facing threats and violence as a result.
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Local opposition to a proposed road in Trinidad brings new understanding of "progress," and what it means to be rooted.
Does travel have a place in a future of "rootedness"?
Can the small fishers of Trinidad and Tobago become pillars of a new economy when the oil- and gas-based economy finally runs dry?
With the citizen-backed blockage of a proposed aluminum smelter, is Trinidad and Tobago changing course toward a rooted future?
How a once nutritious grain was transformed into something unhealthy to eat.
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As food prices rise, how can governments support small-scale, sustainable farmers?
Some say that organic farming means going "backwards." These farmers think otherwise.
After decades of chemicals, farmers in the Philippines are seeing the benefits of organic farming. But what convinced them to make the switch in the first place?
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How the 2008 financial crash redefined what it means to be economically vulnerable.
More and more people, communities, and nations are taking steps to reduce their vulnerability to a volatile global economy.
In an increasingly vulnerable world, we're searching for rooted communities—and what we can learn from them.


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I-News: Disappearing pathways to middle class
In the 1960s, the giant CF&I steel plant on the southern end of Pueblo was the economic driving engine and racial equalizer for Colorado's southernmost major city.Former Pueblo city council president Ray Aguilera, in his early 20s during the mill's last heyday as a large-scale employer, recalls wives dropping their husbands – Latinos, Italians, Slovenians – at the tunnel entrance leading under the roadway to the 7,000 lucrative jobs on the other side. The work often did not require college degrees or even high school diplomas."Why would anybody want to go college when you can go out to the mill and make (today's equivalent of) $60,000, $70,000 a year," Aguilera said.The towering steel mill stacks and their billowing clouds of smoke were symbols of a unique prosperity, one in which the smelter was a melting pot in more ways than one.When the city's soldiers, sailors and Marines returned from War World II, they all expected a fair shake from Pueblo's major employer. Soon, the mill's segregated showers for whites and Latinos disappeared."So in 1945, things began to change even in the mill, CF&I," Aguilera said. "(Latinos) began to get good jobs. This was the beginning of the transformation of Pueblo, this convergence."I thought Pueblo was Shangri-la. It was a period of prosperity for all these guys that worked in the mill."CF&I churned 24-7, with workers from each of the three shifts piling into Gus's or another neighborhood bar for a shot and a beer before heading home. High wages and generous overtime led to Latino families buying homes, sometimes even cabins and boats for family vacations, said former state senator and Pueblo native Abel Tapia.One in five Pueblo workers held manufacturing jobs in 1970, according to Census data.Two-thirds of Pueblo County's Latino households owned their own homes in 1970, according to an I-News analysis of six decades of U.S. Census data. Latino families, on average, earned more than 80 percent of the countywide average that same year."It was a life to go for," Tapia said. "Then all of a sudden, it kind of went away."By 1982, manufacturing operations in Pueblo and across the United States were hit by stiff international competition that led to drastic cutbacks and factory closures. CF&I went from 13,000 jobs statewide, including all of its subsidiaries, to eventually 1,300 at its bottom in the 1990s.Pueblo certainly wasn't the only steel town in the U.S. to be rocked by change. But when the Colorado Fuel and Iron plant drastically downsized, Pueblo became emblematic in Colorado of the state's economy pivoting away from heavy manufacturing.For a large segment of the state's minority population, it was as if the pathway to the middle class had disappeared.An I-News analysis of Census Data from 1960-2010 tracked important measures of social progress -family income, poverty rates, high school and college graduation, and home ownership -among Colorado's whites, blacks and Latinos. The study found widening disparities in more recent decades.Progress made by minorities in the 1960s and 1970s faded in most every measure. One reason why: The state's economic landscape shifted precipitously away from good paying blue-collar jobs."It was terrible," Aguilera said. "The thought of losing all those jobs and closing this plant was absolutely a nightmare, the way the community felt."Said Tapia, who himself was laid off by C&FI where he had worked as a college-educated engineer, "We're about 50 percent Hispanic here. It hit us very hard."The downturn in manufacturing hurt minority workers disproportionately in Colorado and across the U.S. It is one of the reasons cited by researchers for the widening gaps with white workers on key economic and educational measures.I-News found that Colorado was a more equitable state than the national average in the first of the decennial studies covered by the analysis, but that the state's disparities were greater than the national average in more recent decades."In a way, Colorado was by virtue of its older economy a more equal place than the rest of the United States," said Alan Berube, research director for the Brookings Institution's Metropolitan Policy Program. "But it's just picked up in droves these elements of the national economy and it's now more like a caricature of the United States in terms of the imbalance between the high end and the low end -where the high end is disproportionately employing highly educated whites and the low is probably employing disproportionately, less educated Latinos and African Americans."I-News found that manufacturing jobs in Colorado fell from 14 percent of all jobs in the state in 1970 to 7.5 percent of all jobs in 2010The analysis also found Latino workers in Colorado were heavily impacted. In 1970, one in four Latino workers in Colorado had a manufacturing job. Today, it is less than one in 10. The lost manufacturing jobs have not been replaced by similar paying jobs accessible to those without college degrees.One in seven black workers held manufacturing jobs in 1980 and only one in 15 held similar jobs in 2010.The Gates Rubber Co., which employed 5,500 workers in the 1950s and 1960s, closed its Denver manufacturing facility in 1991. Samsonite, the luggage manufacturer, had 4,000 workers at its peak in the 1960s and 1970s at its Montbello facility. When it closed in 2001 it was down to 340 employees.IBM changed from a manufacturing operation in Boulder County to a white-collar data center.Colorado's changing employment profile saw a rise in retail, tourism and health care jobs as the number of manufacturing jobs fell. CF&I, Gates and Samsonite have been replaced by companies such as Lockheed Martin, Western Union and Level 3.The changing economic and political environment also took its toll on federal government jobs, another major source of employment for minority workers during the civil rights era in part as a result of affirmative action policies.Those jobs have also dwindled in scope over the past four decades.Former Denver Mayor Wellington Webb said all presidential administrations since Reagan have emphasized shrinking the size of the federal government."Frankly, that trend continued under Bush, under Clinton, under Bush and under Obama," Webb said. "Each one is proud of talking about how they've shrunk the size of federal government."With the shrinking came less focus on affirmative action, Webb said.The intent and thrust of affirmative action, as envisioned by President John F. Kennedy in an executive order in 1961 and strengthened and expanded by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965, has clearly been diminished with passing decades.The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that affirmative action for minorities is unfair if it leads to reverse discrimination against the majority. Some states, including California, voted to ban affirmative action programs. However, Colorado voters rejected such a ban in 2008.Colorado has one of the largest federal workforces among the states. In total federal payroll, it ranks No. 8. Yet, federal jobs fell from 6 percent of all jobs in the state to 3 percent between 1970 and 2010. For black workers, the jobs dropped even more dramatically – from 15 percent of all jobs held by African Americans in the state to 6 percent.The percent of the Latino work force in federal jobs in Colorado has gone up and down between 1970 and 2010.It is another example of the changing job profile of Colorado that has had a major impact on the Latino and black work force.In 1970, one in four black workers either was employed in manufacturing or by the federal government. By 2010, that had dropped to one in eight.Among Latino workers, more than one in three held manufacturing or federal government jobs in 1970. That had fallen to fewer than one in four by 2010.As the manufacturing jobs dwindled in Pueblo, the gaps between the county's Latino and white residents widened.Tapia and Aguilera said decades of not needing college or even high school degrees to get good paying manufacturing jobs came home to roost when the steel mill jobs disappeared."People up north used to say they'd hate to be in Pueblo because you got that big ugly steel mill," said Tapia. "Well, the people that raised a family didn't think it was big and ugly. They thought it was great and then it went away."Generations grew up thinking a college education was not necessary, Aguilera said."A lot of it was their dad didn't graduate, so they weren't graduating," Tapia said.Many fathers wanted their daughters to stay home and raise families, rather than go to college, added Aguilera.Consequently, the city has had to deal with a devastating high school dropout rate.In 1994, a letter to the editor from a high school senior at Central High published in the Pueblo Chieftain brought the problem home. She wrote that she had 390 classmates in her freshman year and now two weeks from graduation only 187 remained."We were the ones stunned," Aguilera recalled. "We had no idea. What happened to all of those kids?"Teenage pregnancies in Pueblo rose to among the highest rates in Colorado, almost double the state rate."We have babies raising babies," Aguilera said. The predominately Latino part of the city had the highest rate in Colorado of grandparents raising grandchildren.As the decades went by, Latino median family incomes fell to 65 percent of white incomes. Home ownership rates fell to 58 percent and poverty hit more than one out of every four Latinos in the county."That is so scary," said Ray Kogovsek, former congressman from Pueblo. "Right now the system isn't working."
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Summary: Ephrin
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Ephrin Edit Wikipedia article
structural and biophysical characterization of the ephb4-ephrinb2 protein protein interaction and receptor specificity.
|Pfam clan
Ephrins (also known as ephrin ligands or Eph family receptor interacting proteins) are a family of proteins that serve as the ligands of the eph receptor. Eph receptors in turn compose the largest known subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs).
Since ephrin ligands (ephrins) and Eph receptors (Ephs) are both membrane-bound proteins, binding and activation of Eph/ephrin intracellular signaling pathways can only occur via direct cell-cell interaction. Eph/ephrin signaling regulates a variety of biological processes during embryonic development including the guidance of axon growth cones,[1] formation of tissue boundaries,[2] cell migration, and segmentation.[3] Additionally, Eph/ephrin signaling has recently been identified to play a critical role in the maintenance of several processes during adulthood including long-term potentiation,[4] angiogenesis,[5] and stem cell differentiation.[6]
Ephrin ligands are divided into two subclasses of ephrin-A and ephrin-B based on their structure and linkage to the cell membrane. Ephrin-As are anchored to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage and lack a cytoplasmic domain, while ephrin-Bs are attached to the membrane by a single transmembrane domain that contains a short cytoplasmic PDZ-binding motif. The genes that encode the ephrin-A and ephrin-B proteins are designated as EFNA and EFNB respectively. Eph receptors in turn are classified as either EphAs or EphBs based on their binding affinity for either the ephrin-A or ephrin-B ligands.[7]
Of the eight ephrins that have been identified in humans there are five known ephrin-A ligands (ephrin-A1-5) that interact with nine EphAs (EphA1-8 and EphA10) and three ephrin-B ligands (ephrin-B1-3) that interact with five EphBs (EphB1-4 and EphB6).[4][8] Ephs of a particular subclass demonstrate an ability to bind with high affinity to all ephrins of the corresponding subclass, but in general have little to no cross-binding to ephrins of the opposing subclass.[9] However, there are a few exceptions to this intrasubclass binding specificity as it has recently been shown that ephrin-B3 is able bind to and activate EPH receptor A4 and ephrin-A5 can bind to and activate Eph receptor B2.[10] EphAs/ephrin-As typically bind with high affinity, which can partially be attributed to the fact that ephrinAs interact with EphAs by a "lock-and-key" mechanism that requires little conformational change of the EphAs upon ligand binding. In contrast EphBs typically bind with lower affinity than EphAs/ephring-As since they utilize an "induced fit" mechanism that requires a greater conformational change of EphBs to bind ephrin-Bs.[11]
Axon guidance
During the development of the central nervous system Eph/ephrin signaling plays a critical role in the cell-cell mediated migration of several types of neuronal axons to their target destinations. Eph/ephrin signaling controls the guidance of neuronal axons through their ability to inhibit the survival of axonal growth cones, which repels the migrating axon away from the site of Eph/ephrin activation.[12] The growth cones of migrating axons do not simply respond to absolute levels of Ephs or ephrins in cells that they contact, but rather respond to relative levels of Eph and ephrin expression,[13] which allows migrating axons that express either Ephs or ephrins to be directed along gradients of Eph or ephrin expressing cells towards a destination where axonal growth cone survival is no longer completely inhibited.[12]
Although Eph-ephrin activation is usually associated with decreased growth cone survival and the repellence of migrating axons, it has recently been demonstrated that growth cone survival does not depend just on Eph-ephrin activation, but rather on the differential effects of "forward" signaling by the Eph receptor or "reverse" signaling by the ephrin ligand on growth cone survival.[12][14]
Retinotopic mapping
The formation of an organized retinotopic map in the superior colliculus (SC) (referred to as the optic tectum in lower vertebrates) requires the proper migration of the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from the retina to specific regions in the SC that is mediated by gradients of Eph and ephrin expression in both the SC and in migrating RGCs leaving the retina.[15] The decreased survival of axonal growth cones discussed above allows for a gradient of high posterior to low anterior ephrin-A ligand expression in the SC to direct migrating RGCs axons from the temporal region of the retina that express a high level of EphA receptors toward targets in the anterior SC and RGCs from the nasal retina that have low EphA expression toward their final destination in the posterior SC.[16][17][18] Similarly, a gradient of ephrin-B1 expression along the medial-ventral axis of the SC directs the migration of dorsal and ventral EphB-expressing RGCs to the lateral and medial SC respectively.[19]
Ephrins promote angiogenesis in physiological and pathological conditions (e.g. cancer angiogenesis, neovascularisation in cerebral arteriovenous malformation).[20][21] In particular, Ephrin-B2 and EphB4 determine the arterial and venous fate of endothelial cells, respectively, though regulation of angiogenesis by mitigating expression in the VEGF signalling pathway.[20][22] Ephrin-B2 affects VEGF-receptors (e.g.VEGFR3) through forward and reverse signalling pathways.[22] The Epherin-B2 path extends to lymphangiogenesis, leading to internalization of VEGFR3 in cultured lymphatic endothelial cells.[22] Though the role of ephrins in developmental angiogenesis is elucidated, tumor angiogenesis remains nebulous. Based on observations in Ephrin-A2 deficient mice, Ephrin-A2 may function in forward signalling in tumor angiogenesis; however, this ephrin does not contribute to vascular deformities during development.[23] Moreover, Ephrin-B2 and EphB4 may also contribute to tumor angiogenesis in addition to their positions in development, though the exact mechanism remains unclear.[23] The Ephrin B2/EphB4 and Ephrin B3/EphB1 receptor pairs contribute more to vasculogenesis in addition to angiogenesis whilst Ephrin A1/EphA2 appear to exclusively contribute to angiogenesis.[24]
Several types of Ephrins and Eph receptors have been found to be upregulated in human cancers including breast, colon and liver cancers.[24] Surprisingly, the downregulation of other types of Ephrins and their receptors may also contribute to tumorigenesis; namely, EphA1 in colorectal cancers and EphB6 in melanoma.[24] Displaying similar utility, different ephrins incorporate similar mechanistic pathways to supplement growth of different structures.
Migration factor in intestinal epithelial cell migration
The ephrin protein family of class A and class B guides ligands with the EphB family cell-surface receptors to provide a steady, ordered, and specific migration of the intestinal epithelial cells from the crypt[clarification needed] to villus. The Wnt protein triggers expression of the EphB receptors deep within the crypt, leading to decreased Eph expression and increased ephrin ligand expression, the more superficial a progenitor cell's placement.[25] Migration is caused by a bi-directional signaling mechanism in which the engagement of the ephrin ligand with the EphB receptor regulates the actin cytoskeleton dynamics to cause a "repulsion". Cell remain in place once the interaction ceases to a stop. While the mucus secreting Goblet cells and the absorptive cells move towards the lumen, mature Paneth cells move in the opposite direction, to the bottom of the crypt, where they reside.[26] With the exception of the ephrin ligand binding to EphA5, all other proteins from class A and B have been found in the intestine. However, ephrin proteins A4, A8, B2, and B4 have highest levels in fetal stage, and decline with age.
Experiment done with Eph receptor knockout mice revealed disorder in the distribution of different cell types.[26] Absorptive cells of various differentiation were mixed with the stem cells within the villi. Without the receptor, the Ephrin ligand was proved to be insufficient for the correct cell placement.[27] Recent studies with knockout mice have also shown evidence of the ephrin-eph interaction indirect role in the suppression of colorectal cancer. The development of adenomatous polyps created by uncontrolled outgrowth of epithelial cells is controlled by ephrin-eph interaction. Mice with APC mutation, without ephrin-B protein lack the means to prevent the spread of ephB positive tumor cells throughout the crypt-villi junction.[28]
Reverse signaling
One unique property of the ephrin ligands is that many have the capacity to initiate a "reverse" signal that is separate and distinct from the intracellular signal activated in Eph receptor-expressing cells. Although the mechanisms by which "reverse" signaling occurs are not completely understood, both ephrin-As and ephrin-Bs have been shown to mediate cellular responses that are distinct from those associated with activation of their corresponding receptors. Specifically, ephrin-A5 was shown to stimulate growth cone spreading in spinal motor neurons[12] and ephrin-B1 was shown to promote dendritic spine maturation.[29]
- ^ Egea J, Klein R (May 2007). "Bidirectional Eph-ephrin signaling during axon guidance". Trends in Cell Biology. 17 (5): 230–238. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2007.03.004. PMID 17420126.
- ^ Rohani N, Canty L, Luu O, Fagotto F, Winklbauer R (Mar 2011). Hamada H, ed. "EphrinB/EphB signaling controls embryonic germ layer separation by contact-induced cell detachment". PLoS Biology. 9 (3): e1000597. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000597. PMC 3046958 . PMID 21390298.
- ^ Davy A, Soriano P (Jan 2005). "Ephrin signaling in vivo: look both ways". Developmental Dynamics. 232 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1002/dvdy.20200. PMID 15580616.
- ^ a b Kullander K, Klein R (Jul 2002). "Mechanisms and functions of Eph and ephrin signalling". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 3 (7): 475–486. doi:10.1038/nrm856. PMID 12094214.
- ^ Kuijper S, Turner CJ, Adams RH (Jul 2007). "Regulation of angiogenesis by Eph-ephrin interactions". Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 17 (5): 145–151. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2007.03.003. PMID 17574121.
- ^ Genander M, Frisén J (Oct 2010). "Ephrins and Eph receptors in stem cells and cancer". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 22 (5): 611–616. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2010.08.005. PMID 20810264.
- ^ "Unified nomenclature for Eph family receptors and their ligands, the ephrins. Eph Nomenclature Committee". Cell. 90 (3): 403–404. Aug 1997. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80500-0. PMID 9267020.
- ^ Pitulescu ME, Adams RH (Nov 2010). "Eph/ephrin molecules--a hub for signaling and endocytosis". Genes & Development. 24 (22): 2480–2492. doi:10.1101/gad.1973910. PMC 2975924 . PMID 21078817.
- ^ Pasquale EB (Oct 1997). "The Eph family of receptors". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 9 (5): 608–615. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80113-5. PMID 9330863.
- ^ Himanen JP, Chumley MJ, Lackmann M, Li C, Barton WA, Jeffrey PD, Vearing C, Geleick D, Feldheim DA, Boyd AW, Henkemeyer M, Nikolov DB (May 2004). "Repelling class discrimination: ephrin-A5 binds to and activates EphB2 receptor signaling". Nature Neuroscience. 7 (5): 501–509. doi:10.1038/nn1237. PMID 15107857.
- ^ Himanen JP (Feb 2012). "Ectodomain structures of Eph receptors". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 23 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.025. PMID 22044883.
- ^ a b c d Marquardt T, Shirasaki R, Ghosh S, Andrews SE, Carter N, Hunter T, Pfaff SL (Apr 2005). "Coexpressed EphA receptors and ephrin-A ligands mediate opposing actions on growth cone navigation from distinct membrane domains". Cell. 121 (1): 127–139. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.020. PMID 15820684.
- ^ Reber M, Burrola P, Lemke G (Oct 2004). "A relative signalling model for the formation of a topographic neural map". Nature. 431 (7010): 847–853. doi:10.1038/nature02957. PMID 15483613.
- ^ Petros TJ, Bryson JB, Mason C (Sep 2010). "Ephrin-B2 elicits differential growth cone collapse and axon retraction in retinal ganglion cells from distinct retinal regions". Developmental Neurobiology. 70 (11): 781–794. doi:10.1002/dneu.20821. PMC 2930402 . PMID 20629048.
- ^ Triplett JW, Feldheim DA (Feb 2012). "Eph and ephrin signaling in the formation of topographic maps". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 23 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.026. PMC 3288406 . PMID 22044886.
- ^ Wilkinson DG (Mar 2001). "Multiple roles of EPH receptors and ephrins in neural development". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 2 (3): 155–164. doi:10.1038/35058515. PMID 11256076.
- ^ Cheng HJ, Nakamoto M, Bergemann AD, Flanagan JG (Aug 1995). "Complementary gradients in expression and binding of ELF-1 and Mek4 in development of the topographic retinotectal projection map". Cell. 82 (3): 371–381. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90426-3. PMID 7634327.
- ^ Drescher U, Kremoser C, Handwerker C, Löschinger J, Noda M, Bonhoeffer F (Aug 1995). "In vitro guidance of retinal ganglion cell axons by RAGS, a 25 kDa tectal protein related to ligands for Eph receptor tyrosine kinases". Cell. 82 (3): 359–370. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90425-5. PMID 7634326.
- ^ Mann F, Ray S, Harris W, Holt C (Aug 2002). "Topographic mapping in dorsoventral axis of the Xenopus retinotectal system depends on signaling through ephrin-B ligands". Neuron. 35 (3): 461–473. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00786-9. PMID 12165469.
- ^ a b Salvucci O, Tosato G (2012). "Essential roles of EphB receptors and EphrinB ligands in endothelial cell function and angiogenesis". Advances in Cancer Research. 114 (2): 21–57. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-386503-8.00002-8. PMC 3500853 . PMID 22588055.
- ^ Bai J, Wang YJ, Liu L, Zhao YL (Apr 2014). "Ephrin B2 and EphB4 selectively mark arterial and venous vessels in cerebral arteriovenous malformation". The Journal of International Medical Research. 42 (2): 405–15. doi:10.1177/0300060513478091. PMID 24517927.
- ^ a b c Wang Y, Nakayama M, Pitulescu ME, Schmidt TS, Bochenek ML, Sakakibara A, Adams S, Davy A, Deutsch U, Lüthi U, Barberis A, Benjamin LE, Mäkinen T, Nobes CD, Adams RH (May 2010). "Ephrin-B2 controls VEGF-induced angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis". Nature. 465 (7297): 483–486. doi:10.1038/nature09002. PMID 20445537.
- ^ a b Pasquale EB (Mar 2010). "Eph receptors and ephrins in cancer: bidirectional signalling and beyond". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 10 (3): 165–80. doi:10.1038/nrc2806. PMC 2921274 . PMID 20179713.
- ^ a b c Mosch, Birgit; Reissenweber, Bettina; Neuber, Christin; Pietzsch, Jens (2010). "Eph Receptors and Ephrin Ligands: Important Players in Angiogenesis and Tumor Angiogenesis". Journal of Oncology. 2010: 1–12. doi:10.1155/2010/135285. ISSN 1687-8450.
- ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2007). Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Sciences. p. 1 440–1441. ISBN 978-0815341055.
- ^ a b Batlle E. "Wnt signalling and EphB-ephrin interactions in intestinal stem cells and CRC progression" (PDF). 2007 Scientific Report.
- ^ Islam S, Loizides AM, Fialkovich JJ, Grand RJ, Montgomery RK (Sep 2010). "Developmental expression of Eph and ephrin family genes in mammalian small intestine". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 55 (9): 2478–88. doi:10.1007/s10620-009-1102-z. PMC 3947671 . PMID 20112066.
- ^ Pitulescu M. "Eph/ephrin molecules-a hub for signaling and endocytosis". 2010 Genes & Development. doi:10.1101/gad.1973910.
- ^ Segura I, Essmann CL, Weinges S, Acker-Palmer A (Mar 2007). "Grb4 and GIT1 transduce ephrinB reverse signals modulating spine morphogenesis and synapse formation". Nature Neuroscience. 10 (3): 301–310. doi:10.1038/nn1858. PMID 17310244.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR001799
This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.
Ephrin Provide feedback
No Pfam abstract.
External database links
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR001799
Ephrins are a family of proteins [PUBMED:7838529] that are ligands of class V (EPH-related) receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. Initially identified as regulators of axon pathfinding and neuronal cell migration, the Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands are now known to have roles in many other cell-cell interactions, including those of vascular endothelial cells and specialised epithelia [PUBMED:11780069].
Ephrins are membrane-attached proteins of 205 to 340 residues. Attachment appears to be crucial for their normal function. Type-A ephrins are linked to the membrane via a GPI linkage, while type-B ephrins are type-I membrane proteins.
The globular ephrin receptor-binding domain (ephrin RBD) is a beta barrel composed of eight strands arranged in two sheets around a hydrophobic core. Interspersed between beta strands are two alpha helices and one 3(10) helix. The sheets are composed of mixed parallel and antiparallel beta strands arranged in a Greek key topology. Like other cell-surface proteins, ephrins contain disulfide bonds to enhance stability. Two buried disulfide bonds are present: one pair holds together beta strands C and F, and the other pair anchors two small helices, E and I, at the top of the barrel [PUBMED:11780069, PUBMED:11703926].
Gene Ontology
The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.
|Cellular component
|membrane (GO:0016020)
Domain organisation
Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...
The graphic that is shown by default represents the longest sequence with a given architecture. Each row contains the following information:
- the number of sequences which exhibit this architecture
a textual description of the architecture, e.g. Gla, EGF x 2, Trypsin.
This example describes an architecture with one
Gladomain, followed by two consecutive
EGFdomains, and finally a single
- a link to the page in the Pfam site showing information about the sequence that the graphic describes
- the UniProt description of the protein sequence
- the number of residues in the sequence
- the Pfam graphic itself.
Note that you can see the family page for a particular domain by clicking on the graphic. You can also choose to see all sequences which have a given architecture by clicking on the Show link in each row.
Finally, because some families can be found in a very large number of architectures, we load only the first fifty architectures by default. If you want to see more architectures, click the button at the bottom of the page to load the next set.
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Pfam Clan
This family is a member of clan CU_oxidase (CL0026), which has the following description:
Many of the proteins in this family contain multiple similar copies of this plastocyanin-like domain.
The clan contains the following 15 members:Copper-bind COX2 COX_ARM Cu-oxidase Cu-oxidase_2 Cu-oxidase_3 Cu_bind_like Cupredoxin_1 CzcE DP-EP Ephrin hGDE_N PAD_N PixA SoxE
We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the UniProtKB sequence database, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...
There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.
Alignment types
We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:
- seed
- the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
- full
- the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
- Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
- UniProt
- alignment generated by searching the UniProtKB sequence database using the family HMM
- alignment generated by searching the NCBI sequence database using the family HMM
- meta
- alignment generated by searching the metagenomics sequence database using the family HMM
You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:
- jalview
- a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
- an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
- PP/Heatmap
- an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.
You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:
- Selex
- Stockholm
You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.
You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.
View options
We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.
|Representative proteomes
1Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available
Key: available, not generated, — not available.
Format an alignment
Download options
We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.
|Representative proteomes
|Raw Stockholm
You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.
HMM logo
HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...
If you find these logos useful in your own work, please consider citing the following article:
This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.
Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.
Curation and family details
This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
|Seed source:
|Pfam-B_1390 (release 2.1)
|Previous IDs:
|Sequence Ontology:
|Bateman A
|Number in seed:
|Number in full:
|Average length of the domain:
|125.90 aa
|Average identity of full alignment:
|36 %
|Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:
|45.82 %
HMM information
|HMM build commands:
build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 45638612 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
|Model details:
|Model length:
|Family (HMM) version:
|download the raw HMM for this family
Species distribution
Sunburst controlsHide
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Colour assignments
|Other sequences
|Unclassified sequence
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This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...
This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.
How the sunburst is generated
The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.
In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:
- superkingdom
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
Colouring and labels
Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.
As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.
Anomalies in the taxonomy tree
There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.
Missing taxonomic levels
Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.
Unmapped species names
The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.
So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".
Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.
Too many species/sequences
For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.
Tree controlsHide
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Selected sequences
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- graphically
- as an alignment
- sequence accessions
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The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...
Species trees
We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.
Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.
If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.
Interactive tree
For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.
We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.
Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.
We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.
You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:
- show/hide the summary boxes
- highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
- expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
- select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
- save a plain text representation of the tree
Please note: for large trees this can take some time. While the tree is loading, you can safely switch away from this tab but if you browse away from the family page entirely, the tree will not be loaded.
There are 5 interactions for this family. More...
We determine these interactions using iPfam, which considers the interactions between residues in three-dimensional protein structures and maps those interactions back to Pfam families. You can find more information about the iPfam algorithm in the journal article that accompanies the website.
For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Ephrin domain has been found. There are 42 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein sequence.
Loading structure mapping...


text:
WALTHAM, Mass. -- Junior Liz Hood (Albuquerque, N.M./Albuquerque Acad.) had a terrific evening on the first night of the 2013 Brandeis Volleyball Invitational, helping the Judges to a split with a 3-0 win over Wesleyan University and a 3-1 defeat at the hands of Wellesley College. With the split, Brandeis will take a 3-2 record into Day 2 of the tournament.
In the opening win against Wesleyan, Hood had the second-highest hitting percentage of her career in a 25-20, 25-9, 26-24, victory. In 22 total attacks, Hood had 15 kills without an error, for a .682 hitting percentage, second only to a .720 performance (18 K, 0 E, 25 TA) against Rhode Island College in 2011. It was her third career match with a percentage higher than .600. In the loss to the Blue in the nightcap (22-25, 26-24, 17-25, 16-25), Hood recorded a season-high 20 kills, her sixth career match reaching that plateau. She made just seven errors in 37 attempts for a .351 percentage to lead the Judges.
Senior OH Si-Si Hensley (Fullerton, Calif./Troy) was Brandeis's second-best offensive weapon on the night, with eight kills in each match. She hit for a .231 percentage (8 K, 2 E, 26 TA) in the opener, but was forced into seven errors on 29 attacked (.034) in the second match.
Defensively, junior libero Elsie Bernaiche (Plantsville, Conn./Southington) had 12 digs against the Cardinals and 15 against the Blue, tying two Wellesley players for match-high honors. Senior setter Yael Einhorn (Cherry Hill, N.J./Cherry Hill East) had 28 assists and three service aces against Wesleyan and 33 assists and 11 digs against Wellesley. It was her second double-double of the season and the 24th of her career. Junior middle blocker Carly Gutner-Davis (Del Mar, Calif./Canyon Crest Acad.) had one block solo in each match.
The Judges return to action tomorrow against Tufts at noon and Coast Guard at 4 p.m.


text:
With the number of billionaires in the Middle East forecast to grow from some 150 in 2007 to around 220 in 2017, it is more important than ever for those doing business with them to have a greater understanding of their purchasing patterns. A new study by Airbus corporate jets provides some new insights.
One of the findings is that when billionaires travel, they want to take their lifestyle into the air, and that often means travelling with an entourage – such as those looking after them and advising them on the ground – which already understands their needs and preferences. Giving wings to their lifestyle, whether it be work, rest or play, is important to billionaires because it helps them to make the best use of their time – as well as making their travel more comfortable.
"Airbus corporate jets enable larger groups to take their business and social activity into the air, because their wider, taller and more spacious cabins allow them to carry more people, in more comfort, than any other business jet," points out Airbus Chief Operating Officer, Customers John Leahy. "Company executives, family groups and government delegations are more easily accommodated in Airbus corporate jets, because they provide the room for them to continue doing in the sky what they would want to do on the ground," he adds.
The study found that billionaires in the Middle East favour travel to Europe, including the Mediterranean, which can be reached in flights of just a few hours.
It also showed that differences in billionaires' buying behaviour can be explained by variations in age, how long they have possessed wealth, and their geographic region. Billionaires in the Middle East have an average age of 61, for example, and tend to be focused on passing on their attitudes and values, as well as their wealth.
The study also found that luxury still has a meaning for billionaires, but that it is mostly about having products and services tailored to their needs and making the best use of their time.
Airbus offers a complete range of business jets, all derived from the world's most modern aircraft family, comfortably seating 19 to more than 100 passengers.


text:
Sorry for the late post.)
Even though the dust had cleared, Min couldn't tell if the Sarghress were winning the battle. She told the rest of the SEALs and ERA to move up and support the Legionnaires and Raiders, while she will help move the wounded Emberi to safety inside the SUV. She asked the soldier, "<Can you get up?>"The Emberi faintly replied, "<I-I think so. I don't think they hurt my legs.>" "<That's good to hear. We are going to get you under cover inside this vehicle.>" She then motioned to Jonathan, "<<Joke, help me set this guy in the back seat.>>"
Meanwhile, Dice was catching his breath while taking cover behind the tactical. "<<Holy fuck! That sonofabitch just cleaved that driver's head in two! He almost got me too. I...>>" He shook his head, then spoke to himself, "<<Keep it together, Brian, you're a SEAL for fuck's sake!>>"
Despite the noise of the battle, he could hear someone yelling in Emberi from one of the bunkers,"<No, please! I have a wife and children! AHHHH!!>"
"<<Oh shit! They're executing the prisoners!>>" He loaded a shell into the chamber of his M1014, then put seven more in its magazine. He then told Kenji, Twitch, and an ERA soldier to come with him to clear the building out.
Luckily, the Black Suns were too busy fighting the Sarghress to notice the four men moving towards the prisoners. Out of the corner of his eye, Brian caught a glimpse of the fight between the Black Sun leader, Inynda and Shynt. The burned Drow swung his axe, but failed to break the Raider's spear.
As he entered the bunker, he heard a Drow say, "Ya beas'! 'Ake anodaha s'ep, an' I'll chop anadah..." Before the large woman could say another word, Dice raised and fired his shotgun. The buckshot nearly took half of her head off. A second Drow that was in the room dropped her weapon and raised her hands. "Ah give up! Ah did'n' lay ah fingah on dem, ah swear! Da big bidch was da one who was killin' 'em, no me!" Dice kept his gun pointed at her, not to can chances in case you pulled the past one."<<ON THE GROUND NOW! Kenji, tie her up.>>"
Unknown to them, a Black sun with a crossbow is hiding in the other bunker, waiting for one of the men to walk back out.