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Vstock LLC/GettyAdvertisement - Continue Reading BelowReplacing your mattress can be an exhausting proposition. Not only are there hundreds of models to choose from, but a big part of what makes a good one is very personal: One person's luxury is another person's backache waiting to happen. Further, there's the matter of cost; mattresses can go for literally thousands of dollars. To some extent, it's a category in which you get what you pay for, says Michael Magnuson, CEO of goodbed.com, an independent mattress review website. Most Popular"For something that you're going to sleep on every day for 10 years, you want materials that are durable and high quality," he says. "And most likely, you won't find good materials that can withstand daily uses for under $1,000." That said, you should never pay full price for a mattress — always shop the sales, and don't be afraid to negotiate with the salesperson either for a discount or for extras (a bed frame, pillows, sheets) to be thrown in. Here's the savvy way to navigate a showroom full of mattresses with confidence: START WITH SUPPORT The first decision you have to make has to do with a mattress's core, which provides the support. There are four common types: innerspring, foam, latex, and air-filled. If you like a bed with bounce... Innerspring mattresses have that familiar bouncy feel. Still, you can choose how springy you want it to be. The metal coils are typically gauged anywhere from 12 (the thickest and firmest) to 18 (the thinnest and most compressible). Heavier folks tend to prefer a thicker gauge's support. Coils that are interconnected are extra-durable, but individual "pocketed" coils, each covered with fabric, reduce the ripple effect that happens when someone on one side of the bed moves. Innerspring mattresses typically have either a fiberfill or foam outer layer, covered in quilted ticking. But even if you want an uber-plush feel, don't be swayed by a thick-looking pillowtop. "A really puffy layer might feel great in the store, but in a few months, you'll see it compressing and not coming back," says Magnuson. It's often best to choose a firmer, well-quilted mattress, and then cover it with a replaceable mattress pad or feather bed. Advertisement - Continue Reading BelowIf you prefer an extra-firm base... Memory foam mattresses (which have a polyurethane core) have much less spring. "You sit on it, and it doesn't really sink or budge beyond the topmost layer," Magnuson says. To determine their quality, ask for the specs on a) how thick the layer of foam is, and b) the foam's density. Thickness can vary from 2 to 6 inches, which will determine how deep you'll sink. In terms of density, 5 pounds per cubic foot is considered very high quality, while down to 3 pounds per cubic foot is less so. If you like a little buoyancy... Latex mattresses are similar to memory foam models in terms of firmness, but have a bit more spring-back. Natural latex (some mattresses are synthetic) is also antimicrobial, resistant to mold and dust mites. These mattresses can be pricey, but claim to last up to 20 years or more. There are two types of latex: Dunlop latex is more dense and heavier than the lighter Talalay latex, which has a softer feel. If you like customization... Consider an an air-filled vinyl or rubber chamber mattress, which has a remote that lets you to control how much air is inside. Many have two side-by-side chambers, which allow the mattress firmness to be customized separately for you and your partner. The top surface is similar to an innersprings: quilted fiberfill or foam. Studio Box/GettyAdvertisement - Continue Reading BelowCONSIDER YOUR LIFESTYLE Beyond the four types of mattresses, there are other factors in their construction that you'll need to think about. From sleep style to body type, to negotiating with a bedfellow, your lifestyle can help you make the best choice: If you tend to sleep on your side... You'll want a surface with a lot of "pressure relief" or the ability to disperse while supporting your body weight, and conforming to your shape. "Imagine you're lying on a hard floor and there's a heat map showing the points at which your body is producing the most pressure," Magnuson says. Cushy memory foam or a mattress with a fluffy topper will have the most pressure relief, while a very firm mattress will offer the least. Innersprings may have more pressure relief than a foam or latex mattress. Test out mattresses lying down to get a real feel. Most PopularIf you tend to sleep on your stomach... Following that heat-map analogy, the last thing a stomach-sleeper probably wants is an enveloping memory foam — it would feel smothering! Instead, a firm top surface will provide the best support. Consider a dense innerspring, air-filled, or latex mattress. If you tend to sleep on your back... Here, you'll want something in the middle — a surface that supports, but has some give so your spine is kept in a healthy alignment. You'll find happiness with any of the mattress types, but you should do your best princess-and-the-pea impression to see what feels best to you. If your partner tosses and turns all night... Consider an innerspring mattress with pocketed coils, or memory foam, latex, or a dual-chamber air-filled mattress. These will all have good "motion isolation." But remember, these models could actually be less comfortable on the body of a restless sleeper, as there's little forgiveness against one's movements. If you and your partner's preferences don't match... The air-filled mattresses with dual chambers are made just for you. If you find that the top surface isn't comfy enough, you can add a separate topper. If you tend to sleep hot... Mattresses topped with foam or latex can hold in body heat, especially if they're very soft and a lot of your body sinks in. For this reason, you may prefer a fiberfill-topped innerspring mattress. Or — even better — use a removable fiberfill or feather mattress topper that can be removed and washed. If you have allergies... Foam and latex are both inherently antimicrobial and resistant to dust mites and mold. If you opt for innerspring or air topped with fiberfill, be sure to encase it in an allergen-resistant cover to keep irritants at bay. If you can't pinpoint what matters most ... Some savvy manufacturers make a hybrid style mattress that combines the buoyancy of an innerspring core with the motion isolation of memory foam. It's a best-of-both-worlds option that can satisfy many partner disputes and sleeping styles, though it comes at a cost — these luxury models can be pricey. GettyA NOTE ON LIFESPAN AND WARRANTIES You may think that a longer warranty shows a confidence in the product, or a promise of a certain lifespan. But, alas, that's not the case. "The warranty is a marketing thing," Magnuson explains. "It generally covers manufacturer's defect, which is most likely going to reveal itself in a year, when a spring pops, or the foam stops bouncing back." Plus, many warranties have lots of fine print: If the mattress is stained because you didn't use a mattress protector, or if you don't use a matching foundation (like a box spring) beneath the mattress, it could invalidate the warranty. Generally, the industry wants you to replace your mattress every five to seven years, though Magnuson says a good mattress should last you at least eight or 10. NEXT: Find the Headboard That Suits Your Style » Photos: Getty Watch Next:More from Good Housekeeping:
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creative commons photo courtesy of Alberto Alvarez-Perea
- 2007 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
Author - J. K. Rowling
My wife and I planned a trip recently where we would spend between 25 and 30 hours driving in our car. We both enjoy listening to audio books but our tastes and interests are different. I enjoy books on politics, biographies, military history, true crime, and legal thrillers. She is more likely to enjoy suspense and mystery novels, books on metaphysics spirituality, and romance. What were we to do? We asked the advice of our son, Samuel, who works at the Springville Road Branch of the Birmingham Public Library and he suggested Harry Potter audio books. We were skeptical but he checked out the first three books for us and we took them on the trip. We both had seen all of the Harry Potter movies but did not comprehend the complex plots devised by J. K. Rowling. We saw the movies out of curiosity concerning all of the media hype. After listening to the books, we became Harry Potter fans.
For me the books were fun because they contain all of my favorite types of reading. There was the politics of the Ministry of Magic and the meeting of the Minister of the wizarding community with the muggle (non-wizard) Prime Minister. The stories were biographical because we learned the pedigree of Harry Potter and other characters. Also, they were comparable to military history because of the war between the Dark Lord and the Order of the Phoenix. There was true crime due to the mischief and murders caused by the Death Eaters. And there were even elements of a legal thriller as Harry was put on trial for performing under-age sorcery outside of wizard school. My wife, Pat, enjoyed the suspense, the thrills, and the fantasy elements, the supernatural features, and the romantic interplay hinted at between certain characters.
The audio books were all unabridged and they were very well read by the narrator. Although reading is not how I would describe this listening adventure. These books were performed by Jim Dale. He was masterful in creating the voice of each character, whether male or female, wizard or human, elf or giant, and so on. Each character came to life
through Dale's portrayal of a unique voice. He was perfect for the narrator's role as he has won a Grammy Award, a Tony Award, three Audie Awards, and he has an Academy Award nomination.
Another highlight for us was to go back and view each movie - five have been produced to date - immediately after listening to the audio book. The movies now made sense. The characters were clearer. We understood the background and the complicated plot created by the author.
The Harry Potter septology was written in the decade of 1997 through 2007. It has proved to be a publishing phenomenon. But to the busy person or the person who feels they cannot commit the time to reading very long books, our alternative of listening to the books and then viewing DVD's was terrific. And best of all, each media version is available at the libraries of Jefferson County.
Samuel A. Rumore, Jr.
Trustee, Birmingham Library Board

subset: commoncrawl


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Hi lovelies! I hope that you all are having a fantastic week! I can't believe it's already Wednesday and I'm just a couple days away from some amazing weekend plans- but more on that in my next post. Today I want to talk a little about the expectations that we have for ourselves. As women, we grow up watching those around us juggle- family, work, social lives, hobbies, etc. and as we get older and start taking on more responsibility, we begin the juggle ourselves. At times, it's fun and exciting to have so many different things going on and challenging to keep all the balls in the air. But then one drops.
This happened to me tonight when I forgot that I was supposed to join some friends for a dance class. Although we had pre-paid and had been looking forward to it, I've been so busy with work that it completely slipped my mind. Was I disappointed? Yes. Did I feel like I let them down? Yes. But rather than stress about it like I would normally do, I told myself three simple words "It is OK".
Some other things that are ok…
-Starting off eating a square of dark chocolate and suddenly realizing half the bar is gone
-To eat clean most of the time and then find that one day your eats have consisted entirely of boxed goods and bars
-To have a Diet Coke because it sounded good
-To skip the gym on a cold morning when staying under the covers is more appealing
…Or whatever you may have done that is different from your usual routine. We are human and it is normal to get off track every once in a while. In fact, I'd say that it's truly the healthy thing. Each day is full of new opportunities to make decisions. Rather than chastising yourself for wherever you think you may have dropped the ball, pick it up and start juggling again. Feel proud of yourself for keeping it up for so long and let your shoulders drop knowing that you don't have to be perfect. You are all amazing and I admire you!
-Where have you felt yourself slipping up or dropping the ball lately?
-How do you keep things in perspective?


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Who's your Daddy? … Reviewing Bioshock 2
Remember the last genuinely scary movie you saw?
Yeah, me neither.
But I can now recount the last scary video game I played. Bioshock 2, from the 2K Games family, is just that. An interactive horror movie.
Obviously, any game that merits a sequel brings something to the table, but because I never had a chance to play the original, I was limited to the second offering.
Portrayed in the game as "Big Daddy," I have to battle my way through the usual maze of challenges associated with a first-person shooter, constantly chasing and attempting to reunite with my "Little Sister" (who always conveniently seems out of reach) while battling every crazy imaginable along the way.


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ALEX Toys Rub a Dub Draw in the Tub Crayons
Please check your favorite toy retailer for availability. Prices may vary.
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Product Description
Draw on the tub, draw on the walls, draw on yourself whatever.' Wait? Did you just tell your little one to do that? You did! With Draw in the Tub Crayons, it's OK. This bath toy comes with 6 brightly colored crayons can be used on skin, tub or tile, and blended to create even more colors. And when bath time's over, just wipe away with a sponge.
Washing Instructions: Wash from skin with soap and water if necessary . Washes off nearly all fabrics with normal laundering, soak in warm water to remove severe stains.
Caution: Do not apply to eyes or lips. Avoid contact with porous surfaces – excessive coloring may cause it not to wash off from grout.
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Cisco Catalyst 6500 Sets Throughput Records
Network World finds results "impressive" in an independent Clear Choice Test.
» Read Review
The Cisco Catalyst 6500 Virtual Switching System (VSS) 1440 takes the flagship Catalyst 6500 platform to the next level with network system virtualization.
Creating a VSS 1440
The key enabler of a VSS 1440 is the Virtual Switching Supervisor 720-10G. Any two Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switches with this supervisor engine can be pooled together into a VSS 1440*. The two switches are connected with 10 GbE links called Virtual Switch Links (VSLs). Once a VSS 1440 is created it acts as a single virtual Catalyst switch delivering the following benefits:
Operational Manageability
- Two Catalyst 6500s share a single point of management, single gateway IP address, and single routing instance
- Eliminates the dependence on First Hop Redundancy Protocols (FHRP) and Spanning Tree Protocol
Non-Stop Communications
- Delivers deterministic, sub-200 millisecond layer 2 link recovery through inter-chassis stateful failovers and the predictable resilience of Etherchannel
Scales to 1.4 Tbps
- Scales system bandwidth capacity to 1.4 Tbps by activating all available bandwidth across redundant Catalyst 6500 switches
- Up to 132 ports of 10 GbE per system
* See Virtual Switching System 1440 on the Catalyst 6500 Series White Paper for complete requirements.
|Featured Content
Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series VSSE 720 with 10GE uplinks
Better Manageability, Reliability, and Scalability (Flash)


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Corporate marketing deals in distorting reality to pressure people to buy products, typically manifesting itself in one of two ways. First, there is direct coercion, pushing people to buy something this very minute, because if they do not they will lose a certain amount of money. Then, there is the more tactful, yet mildly reproving, suggestive approach, saying that if you buy the proposed product you will end up saving, and that if you do not buy it you will lose out, and the more you buy, the more you will save in the long run.
Naturally, this is all done with the "customer" in mind, a provision of a selfless public service for the good of the customer, by marketers concerned that if you do not act now it will be a mistake you will regret for the rest of your life.
It is clear, then, that although the techniques and actual practice of this form of coercive salesmanship can vary to a considerable degree, these differences are largely cosmetic, and the basic underlying principles remain unchanged: The skill is in hoodwinking or confusing the audience.
Nevertheless, although the actual intentions behind such dubious assertions seems difficult to discern, for the most part, in everyday experience, they really could not be more obvious. The sellers just want to get rid of their goods and get your cash, while the potential customer that is their target in this scenario is faced with the flipside of this: You have to sell your goods, but you will be getting your hands on my cash, so of course you would say it is a good deal.
When we hear that a seller trying to sell their goods is "thinking of the customer," they are assuring you that when your cash disappears — although it is actually going to them — that you have actually gained from the transaction, and that in fact the more cash that disappears, the more you stand to gain.
The wording itself is always pretty harmless, but you also have to take into account the manner in which it is delivered, and what is actually being said. The fact of the matter is that it is nothing other than blatant intimidation and menace, the idea being that this opportunity will not come again, and if it does, it certainly will not be at this bargain price.
When Premier Jiang Yi-huah (江宜樺) announced that the government would accept the result of a referendum on the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant in Gongliao District (貢寮), New Taipei City (新北市), did not his expression resemble that of a salesman assuring customers he had their best interests at heart? In his soft-spoken manner and silken tones gently persuading the public: "Why not seize the opportunity today? Now let me see the color of your money." Did he not come across like a maestro of marketing, giving the public the classic "the more you spend, the more you gain" spiel?
If people are distrustful of the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant referendum, suspecting that it is essentially a form of political maneuvering and opportunism, then perhaps they should trust that feeling. Certainly, a lot of the people I have asked believe this to be a fairly accurate summation of the situation.
And to repay the government for this unprecedented show of sincerity and goodwill — and of course in the referendum we only have to impart our votes, and not part with our cash — we potential voters/customers declare that we will vote in the referendum, no matter what form it takes or how the question is posed, we are resolved to do it. For if we do not vote, we lose all, and if we do vote, we gain what we want, and the more of us who vote, the more we gain. And that is what it really comes down to: People trying to outwit each other, while political planners think of the next move.


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The Met Office has issued weather warnings for today (Sunday) as strong winds reaching up to 60mph and heavy rain are forecast for the region.
The yellow 'be aware' warning for rain is valid from this morning until 2pm this afternoon.
And the 'be aware' warning for wind is valid until 8pm tonight.
A Met Office spokesperson said: "A blustery weekend is expected across much of the UK but particularly on Sunday, where severe gales are expected to affect some areas. Inland gusts of 50 to 60 mph could occur, perhaps most likely across western areas together with parts of northern England.
"Outbreaks of rain on Sunday morning and early afternoon are expected to be heavy at times.
"Although rainfall accumulations are not expected to be particularly large, rivers remain high from previous rainfall and are expected to respond, leading to the risk of flooding.
"Please be aware of the possibility of some localised disruption."


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A class for individuals with Down syndrome and other special needs on healthy living and wellness.
WHAT: DSAW-Family Services is offering a course focused on teaching individuals with Down syndrome and other special needs about the importance of healthy living and wellness, including exercise, nutrition, and independent cooking. DSAW-Family Services has created an innovative curriculum geared towards individuals ages 18 to 30.
The learning goals of the course are:
Create a firm awareness for the importance of integrating exercise into daily life
Build a foundation of healthy nutrition and help individuals understand what to eat, portion size, how to make choices at restaurants, and about emotional/obsessive eating habits
Learn to cook healthy food independently
Learn to eat food with appropriate social manners
Understand the consequences of poor nutrition and lack of exercise on health and wellness
In order to achieve these learning goals, the course will incorporate a variety of hands-on learning techniques. Each four-hour session will include one hour of fitness, two hours of cooking, and one hour of learning activities, discussion, and debrief. We will bring in dieticians and nutritionists to assist with the healthy eating and portion control sections of the course. To help participants reach their goals outside of class, we will also incorporate a variety of tools, such as the Weight Watchers "points" system, Fitbits / other tracking devices to track activity, and a group messaging app to help participants hold each other accountable and encourage each other during the week. These tools will also allow parents or other caregivers to participate in the curriculum outside of class.
WHEN: Mondays and Wednesdays from 8:30am - 12:30pm. The winter session will run from January 14, 2019 until April 17, 2019.
WHERE: There will be two sessions, both running the same dates and times.
Down Syndrome Association of Wisconsin (11709 W Cleveland Ave, Suite 2, West Allis, WI 53227)
Harry & Rose Samson Family Jewish Community Center (6255 N Santa Monica Blvd, Whitefish Bay, WI 53217)
PAYMENT: This class is IRIS billable, or can also be paid for privately.
To apply for the class, or to learn more, click the button below. Our program director will follow up with you shortly to discuss the class, as well as payment options.


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Hi all, I have been playing about in a primitive way with the Tonic or Dominant approach where the I, iii, vi diatonic chords are tonic and in C you play C major flavour lines and the ii, V, IV, viii are viewed as dominant so you play (in C) D Dorian or G Mixolydian flavour lines. Also you can look at all subdominants and tritone subs as dominants in this method. The dominants all share the 4th of the home key.
I have tried out some of this approach and find it very exciting. Of course it is just the bare bones of an approach and I am exploring it after self teaching myself lots of scales, knowing what notes are in each chord and arpeggios, I don't think it would have made such an impression without some hard work before hand. You can also look at various A minor forms over the tonic group of chords. Presumably the various alterations you can do with either the Major (tonic group) or the Dorian (dominant group) scales as you play will then colour the feel in interesting ways, for example if you start playing Dorian #4 over the ii,V,IV, VII dominant group chords in a progression. I think this seems quite a cool way to develop interesting lines while simplifying your approach and not having to learn loads of different scales with confusing names. You just think major or dorian and then alterations. I have been experimenting with jamming and then when I find a line I like going back and seeing what I did on a more technical level. Sometimes it works and sometimes it is a train wreck but fun to do!
However I need to dig more into the theory as there are things I don't really get. Specifically if we are playing a tonic minor progression in natural minor it works the same way. However what about when we bring in chords from Melodic Minor or Harmonic minor we are not really looking at the minor chord as being a ii chord of a major key. It feels like it's own thing. For example my tiny mind can't get how we would divide up the chords of C Harmonic Minor into the tonic /dominant grouping and then whether we are still going to use the dorian / major approach? I have tried some lines and they sound interesting but not sure if they are the same approach.
I thought the C-maj7 is obviously the tonic and also the III, VI. The G7b9 is the dominant along with ii, iv, vii?
In Melodic or Harmonic Minor chord choices or progressions does the tonic (major) and dominant (dorian) approach still work?
Cminmaj7 Dm7b5 Ebmaj7#5 Fmin7b5 G7b9 Abmaj7 Bdim7
Those are well beyond "beginner" questions. As for a "primitive" approach as mentioned in your first paragraph, many jazz greats used just that much theory to play amazing jazz (e.g., Joe Pass). It's all about developing your "ear," which is what studying chords, arpeggios, scales is supposed to do along with learning lines that you really like from recordings.Beauty is as close to terror as we can well endure. -Rainer Maria Rilke
Warren Nunes taught essentially the same thing. I iiim Vmaj7#11 vim are all interchangeable. Also iim IVmaj V7 vim - all interchangeable. He said, there are two types of chords, type I and type II. Others might call them major and dominant types. And, as you noted, it's all about the 4th.
Warren taught that melodic minor is another sound of jazz, but I don't recall how he organized it.
Mark Levine wrote, in Jazz Theory, that all melodic minor chords are, essentially, the same chord. Meaning they're all interchangeable. Try it, you'll hear that they all sound different but they all work. So, just one type.
"Learn the repertoire. It's all in the songs. If you learn 200 songs, you will have no problem improvising."
Frank Vignola
Cmaj7 Em7 and Gmaj7#11 -- none of these has an F.
Dm7 Fmaj7 G7 -- all have an F.
Am7 would therefore seem like it would be a type I because it does not have an F.
But, in practice, A C E G works pretty well over G dominant. From the point of view of a G7, it's got 9, 11, 13 and R. That 11 could be a sus4. You might need to be a little careful with the C.
Peter Bernstein thinks this way
The way I have it laid out so far is that if playing in C for these chord groups I play lines like this.
in C Major for example
Tonic ie I iii vi and the alternations - C Ionian lines
Dominant ie ii V iv vii and the alterations - G Mixolydian lines (or D Dorian, altering the root adds interesting colours)
Over melodic minor chords.
Tonic ie I - i III vi - I play C Melodic minor
Dominant ie ii IV V vii - I actually find the G mixolydian lines work better than still playing C MM.
I am going to now play groups of Harmonic Minor chords and see what works as a base scale starting point for melodies and update. I am also going to mix up mm and hm and dorian chords as a minor group and see the best approach to a mixed modal tonic and dominant group in a minor context and update.
PS the reason I put this in beginners section is that I am a total beginner as far as jazz goes. However I found this approach completely opened up for me a way into jazz. I am not talking about a short cut because there is no such thing but as a way to focus on melody, lines and to train my ear and listen rather than be reliant on CST. I now play a line, here what I like and what I don't like and make adjustments. The cool thing is that lines I may not like the sound of someone else make love and make musical!
As long as it goes hand in hand with other study I have found it useful and I think some other beginners may like it to.
I've practiced this, but never organized it with scales that much. Mostly think of chords and resolution, doesn't really matter what the overlying scales are, it is just different colors. Tonic means consonant, something in agreement with the current chord, resolving movement, dominant means dissonant, something with different notes, creating movement.
If playing over C-7 I might use C melodic minor as a mildly outside sound (rather than natural minor or Dorian), so I would think of i-iii-vi as tonic and create cadences over them with 2-5s and similar stuff. But if I think G7alt, then the G altered scale comes up which is Ab melodic minor. Now I see all chords of this Ab melodic minor as dominant motion over the original C-7 chord. Then I create different cadences mixing it up, or different lines using other scales over the chords.
For me it's not the actual chord or scale, but the function, how it works on the particular moment and place. The goal is to practice superimposing different cadences every time, so adding variety and richness to even the most basic chord passages. Most of this was explained to me by Ritchie Hart, and I feel it really helped me understand how this particular way of thinking works. Then you see players like Bernstein who take it so far they can play different stuff forever. That's one of my favorite practice sessions theme, to start over one chord, or one 2-5-1, and see what comes up! It never ends!
There have been a few threads about the T/D approach, and there seems to be a few variants of it. For myself, I, iii and vi are "T", whereas ii, V and vii(m7b5) are D. The IV I see as ambiguous, it can be both despite the apparent "avoid" 4th/11th over the T.
Take ATTYA, when you get to the IV chord, try it as T and then as D. It can work both ways. In other contexts I may prefer D over T for a IV...
I think it's important to consider any Vb9 or Valt chord as belonging to a third, different group. For me I relate these chords to a Diminished group, with a further subdivision between V alt chords containing either a 13th or b13th. Just how I like to look at it, YMMV...
In fact, my diminished concept helps me deal with most Valt situations without resorting to the usual modes of MM which I personally don't care for. I prefer the sound of chromatically embellishing the altered tones as opposed to couching them in various MM modes.
As for applying T/D to minor keys, well that can get complicated but once again, you can investigate your own solutions. Me, I try to apply Tonic / Diminished, or Dominant-Dorian / Diminished instead of the Tonic / Dominant approach as you would for major keys. There are exceptions of course, but it mostly works the way I like to do it (which is not terribly "modern")...
My advice is to work out your own "system" - it's fun and guarantees you will find your own distinctive style through it.
White belt
My Youtube
I have a slightly different view. It's tonic and subdominant and the dominant is one form of chromatic voice movement between the two.
So anything with the 4th of the key in = subdominant
Anything without = tonic
The former category of diatonic 7ths gives you the 'family of four'
V7 viim7b5 iim7 IVmaj7
The latter gives the tonic chord and two most common tonic subs
Imaj7 iiim7 ivm7
So that's quite good as a working model I think. Model interchanges also can be used.
Everything else (mostly) is handled as voice leading.
vim7 is also an extension of IVmaj7, so I agree it's ambiguous.
Keep in mind, while Bernstein thinks this way (mixolydians) he is NOT just playing G mixoldian over a G7 chord...
I'm a big fan of this--I and V, tension and resolution. I started a thread some time back called "playing to targets" which had some great replies.Jeff Matz, Jazz Guitar:
"Jazz is like life...it goes on longer than you think, and as soon as you're like 'oh, I get it,' it ends."
--The Ghost of Duke Ellington
I do a similar thing with half diminished pitch groups which get used over non altered Dominants (using extensions up to 13th), as well as to maj 6 groups for Tonic situations. It's weird, I know, but I dig it, and it's why I encourage others to roll their own concepts.
Bet you're sorry you asked! ...
Fwiw, this is one of my main approaches.
I omitted viimb5 from my description of Warren Nunes' system. That's because I can't remember how he taught it. I have a vague recollection that it was a category of its own rather than a "type 2". Anybody know?
a rootless V7b9 is a diminished chord/arp, right?
I'm just remembering that the first time I encountered this function concept was in a book about Motivic jazz improv.
I think this may be it: The Motivic Basis for Jazz Guitar
written by the same guy who did the excellent Tal Farlow book from whence I first learned a IIm7 chord is just a V7sus4 (useful info!) and the moving 5th concept
However it seems to be out of print! I'd like to revisit, as I never really read beyond page 1 in a music shop, and found it confusing because I was in the throws of a CST vibe at the time (20 years ago). But the idea lodged in my head ...
Last edited by christianm77; 04-28-2019 at 03:56 PM.
Man, Steve Rochinski, i studied with him at Berklee. This guy was a master of harmony, really passionate! Wrote most of the Berklee harmony books. Never talked to him about that specific stuff unfortunately..
Jeff Matz, Jazz Guitar:
"Jazz is like life...it goes on longer than you think, and as soon as you're like 'oh, I get it,' it ends."
--The Ghost of Duke Ellington
Took a minute but got it, I guess I called it "Going after targets" not "playing to targets."
Anyway, a lot of folks had some really good contributions, check it out.
Going after targets...Jeff Matz, Jazz Guitar:
"Jazz is like life...it goes on longer than you think, and as soon as you're like 'oh, I get it,' it ends."
--The Ghost of Duke Ellington
Jeff Matz, Jazz Guitar:
"Jazz is like life...it goes on longer than you think, and as soon as you're like 'oh, I get it,' it ends."
--The Ghost of Duke Ellington
I've been watching this thread and finally I started this post originally with, "What in the world are you guys promoting?", but after a cup of coffee I'm calm now... ...so I will try to be as nice as possible raising some thoughts here... my observations, and some leading questions.
This whole class of dual approaches (Tonic / Dominant, Type 1 / Type 2, Major / Dominant, Tonic / Diminished, Dominant-Dorian / Diminished, Subdominant / Dominant, etc.) really appears to be minimalist versions of some kind of chord scale theory, which I find surprising because the usual common wisdom around here is that CST as an applied strategy tends to be frowned upon, tending to perhaps produce "sounds of the cook book".
If CST, (which I don't care for and so am not defending) using all its theoretical machinery to relate complex chords and complex scales tends to sound lousy, for argument's sake, then how is it going to sound when the chord set and scale set are restricted to about two members each, fairly directly connected?
Taking this...
in C Major for example
Tonic ie I iii vi and the alternations - C Ionian lines
Dominant ie ii V iv vii and the alterations - G Mixolydian lines (or D Dorian, altering the root adds interesting colours)
...means the same seven notes available for all of the seven chords and their alterations. How do you express the harmonies of the altered chords without using the altered notes?
If "play Dorian with its tonic on the roots of the subdominants and tri-tone subs" means what it reads, I'm not hearing a jazz sound from that either. Dorian does not have the correct pitches.
"So anything with the 4th of the key in = subdominant" fails to convince my ear. The 13th chord on the bii as a tri-tone sub for the V has the 4th of the key (the major third of the 13th chord), but it does not sound subdominant, it sounds dominant (it is literally subbing for the dominant).
Am I wrong?
The good sounds are coming from beyond ionian and dorian, especially when the harmonies are altered... melodic minor, augmented, synthetic symmetric diminished, and my favorite - made up things that sound right.
Now, this thread, and a few others at the moment, are very much concerned with teaching. There is a thing in teaching where one first learns the incomplete or even "wrong" way of thinking about something until one is ready for the "right way". Maybe this is based on some incorrect assumption about what one can learn or perceive.
Ever notice that children's books and toys favor garish fully saturated colors, as if their new little eyes and minds were too undeveloped to perceive subtle hues and shades? The real world is almost entirely the subtle hues and shades.
Ever see how books about drawing want you to start by decomposing the subject figure into circles, ovals, and other primitive blobs, from which one is encouraged to add smaller same blobs until enough form is apparent that one can finally depict the figure? In the real world we perceive the figure as a whole, not as a composite of approximate blobs.
Has anyone ever taught the finished end result (like a Wes record) from the beginning? I think so, but maybe we are those who were self taught... the finished end was always the complete actual sound, with all its hues and shades, its whole figure, no unreal primary colors, no nonexistent blobs...
Thanks for listening."Bent my ear to hear the tune and closed my eyes to see."
I occasionally lurk at tgp (I do other things I'd be embarrassed to divulge) and think you might get something out of this lengthy thread.
The George Benson Method To Playing Changes. Get Ready To Improve | The Gear PageIgnorance is agony.
So,as you say, the T/D thing in the natural minor works like the major scale with a different root:
Cmin7 Dm7b5 Ebmaj7 Fmin7 Gm7 Abmaj7 Bb7 T D T D T/D D D
So the other scale in common use in a minor key is the harmonic minor. Melodic minor is not so important for functional harmony. It's either an alteration to make melodies flow better (classical) or a colouristic sound to make individual chords sound richer or add more voice leading (jazz.) So anyway, harmonic minor:
Cminmaj7 Dm7b5 Ebmaj7#5 Fmin7 G7b9 Abmaj7 Bo7 T D T D D D D
Not much fundamental difference, but the difference is the Bb going to a B gives us a sound that probably works better on V7 then it does on IIm7b5. So there is a bit of a difference. Just the leading note really. You can hear that in lots of jazz lines. Try playing a C minor blues line on Dm7b5 for instance and resolve it to Cm by using the B note.
B is the most important note here. It's what gives the V7 sound its movement in minor.
So... in your terms, we would use dorian on IV (natural minor) or mix on bVII but then move to a dorian #4 on IV. That would give you the Bb --> B movement.
Now that second chord also where you would tend to use the altered scale.
Instead of using IV dorian #4 use IV locrian #2 is what it is called, but TBH I often just think bVI melodic minor. Easier, right? Still has the B, but also has the Bb as well, which is more useful than you might think.
Has anyone ever taught the finished end result (like a Wes record) from the beginning?
Sorry my fault for being unclear. I am just not clear on which chords within the HM system you are referring to require the locrian and dorian #4 scales you mention as different from the natural minor? I think you are referring to the IV and the VII? Sorry very tired from work so probably just not being very preceptive as moist of your post made total sense!
Babaluma -
Tell you what I think. I think when you try to simplify everything down to two chord-types, only dominant and tonic, it ends up being ten times as complicated as it was in the first place.
There's no short cut. I don't think any player in his right mind would think 'Now the dorian #4, now the dorian #2' and all that. It just doesn't work like that unless you're crazy.
Look at some transcriptions by anybody - Wes, Pass, Raney, even Parker - and half the time they're just arpeggiating or playing within the chord with passing notes.
Here's one. At 0.38 there are two 2-5-1s, Em7b5-A7-Dm and Gm7-C7-FM7. There's nothing fancy about either of them. He's using the ordinary notes with a couple of passing notes.
At 0.47 there are two minor 2-5-1s. Same thing, mostly chromatic runs between chord tones... etc. That's how real people play :-)
Here's another one. The solo begins at 0.50. Check it out for yourself. At 2.02 at the bottom he uses the blues scale quite a lot.
What Ragman said, for me anyway. I get the concept, I actually came upon it myself before I knew it was actually a concept, but I feel you still need to deal with every chord's individual tones, not just "a scale" that lacks "wrong" notes.Ignorance is agony.
TBH I just think of chord types... It's all about the leading tone, B, right?
So if I play in C harmonic minor I can play
F Ab C Eb = Fm7
But if I want to create a true dominant function, we need to use the B. There's these secret chords hiding out in the harmonic minor if you use the B that wouldn't come up if you just go through the scale like major... They are things like:
F Ab B Eb = misspelled Fm7b5 (really Fm7#11) = Abm6
Which gives upper structure of G7b9b13
You can then relate that Abm6 chord to the Ab melodic minor, and you have the altered scale sound. It's all near at hand.
The Fm7b5 opens the door.
G Ab B C D Eb F = C harmonic minor from G
G Ab Bb B Db Eb F = G altered
So the main difference is the Bb and, particularly, the Db (b5) - that note gives you altered.
So now we have the E, right?
It's about being aware of the colour of particular notes... The Bb/A# you see a lot (#9) and can come from a lot of places (including the blues scale or mixing up the natural and harmonic minor. But the Db/b5 is a very strong colour, like a strong spice.


text:
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text:
SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT (publ. 1/19/2013, pg. A2)
An item in the Police Blotter about a man threatening a security guard on a school campus incorrectly reported the name of the school at which the incident occurred. The incident occurred at Menlo School in Atherton.
400 block of North 26th Street, 1:27 a.m. Monday A person was robbed of cash and property by someone who was armed.
Hayes and Lean avenues, 5:46 p.m. Monday A shooting believed to be gang-related left a person with serious injuries.
100 block of Hayes Avenue, 5:46 p.m. Monday A 20-year-old male is expected to survive injuries from a gang-related shooting.
Park Estates Way and Willow Estates, 7:40 p.m. Monday An armed robbery occurred.
Higgins and Robinson avenues, 8:55 a.m. Jan. 6 Police arrested a man in an alley who had methamphetamine and burglary tools.
Lawrence Expressway and Helen Avenue, 2:01 a.m. Jan. 8 A stolen vehicle was recovered during a traffic stop when an officer noticed the radio missing and the steering wheel damaged. The driver was subsequently arrested.
2400 block of Lawrence Expressway, 4:36 p.m. last Thursday A hit-and-run driver accused of striking a cyclist was located from information provided by a witness and arrested.
Reeve and Main street, 5 p.m. Friday Police caught a male driving a stolen vehicle and arrested him.
Reservoir Road, 5:09 p.m. Saturday Mail was reported stolen.
Los Gatos-Saratoga Road, 11:39 a.m. Saturday Police arrested a 58-year-old man for public intoxication, vandalism and petty theft.
Lorton Avenue, 4:43 p.m. Friday Several mailboxes at an apartment complex were pried open.
3100 block of Frontera Way, 6:53 p.m. Friday A laptop computer was stolen from an apartment.
Dwight Road, 12:07 a.m. Sunday A female pedestrian reported being harassed by two men in a blue van.
Various locations, Sunday Calls for police assistance benefited a fall victim, a person who fell ill on a bus, a boy whose head got stuck in a fixture, an injured raccoon and a juvenile with a nose bleed. The woman reported to be suffering from mental health problems checked out OK.
200 block of Peninsula Avenue, 4:58 p.m. Monday Bikes were taken from the rear yard of a residence.
Hiller Street and Marine View Avenue, 3:30 p.m. Sunday A man who pulled up in a dark red older model Toyota Camry and asked a woman for a directions exposed himself.
600 block of Woodside Way, 6 a.m. Friday A property owner interrupted a person about to burglarize a shed.
Woodside and Canada roads, 4:51 p.m. Friday A male in a truck admitted spinning his tires near four people on the island at the intersection and saying "You guys are not welcome here.'
Pinehurst Lane, 3:44 p.m. Saturday Property valued at more than $1,000 was removed overnight from two vehicles.
Trace Lane, Sunday morning Property was taken overnight from vehicles.
150 Valparaiso Avenue, 1:36 p.m. Monday A male on campus at Sacred Heart Preparatory became irate and when asked to leave told the security guard that he'd be back.
3714 Peralta Blvd., 11:35 p.m. Sunday Responding to the Mojo Lounge after receiving multiple calls about a man with a concealed weapon in his jacket, police detained two men, 23 and 26. Both were felons and subsequently arrested for possession of loaded guns and an assault weapon, which police found in an associated vehicle.
5280 Mowry Ave., Monday Three people who hooked up in the parking lot at Denny's with a person selling a pair of shoes on Craigslist and then stole them at gunpoint were located and arrested in Union City. The shoes were recovered along with the gun, which had been reported stolen in Brentwood.
200 block of Tennyson Avenue, 3:15 p.m. Monday Tools were taken during a residential burglary.
East Calaveras Avenue, Monday An assault occurred.
Pinewood Way, Monday A residence was burglarized.
East Capitol Avenue, Monday A vehicle was stolen.
Lincoln Avenue and Clinton Street, 6:29 p.m. Friday A woman in pajamas was reported to be going door-to-door selling candy.
Broadway, 10:16 p.m. Friday A vehicle was stolen.
Veterans Boulevard and Walnut Street, 9:52 a.m. Saturday A male exposed himself in a parking lot and drove away in an older gray vehicle.
Page Street, 9:57 a.m. Saturday A vehicle was stolen.
Rolison Road, Hoover Street and Yarnell Place, and Ebener Street, 8:39-8:58 p.m. Saturday Gunshots were heard.
Poplar Avenue and Hess Road, 9:59 a.m. Monday Two males who committed a strong-arm robbery got away with cash.
Oak Avenue, 10:07 a.m. Monday A female's vehicle was vandalized twice in two weeks.
Redwood Avenue, 11:47 a.m. Monday A vehicle was stolen.
Woodside Road and Rutherford Avenue, 5:21 p.m. Monday A man seen standing on a trash can tried to enter a duplex.
Redwood Avenue, 6:45 p.m. Monday A white 2005 Chevrolet Tahoe was stolen.


text:
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The Research Experience for Peruvian Undergraduates is a peer-organized program that trains and unites the next generation of Peruvian scientists.
Funding for research and support for graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in Peru is minimal. Young scientists often are forced to take on additional jobs to support themselves and end up pursuing masters and doctoral degrees abroad. To make matters worse, most of these scientists lose their connection to Peruvian scientific networks. The net result: Peru produces only a small number of scientists with graduate or post-graduate training, and many promising students follow other career paths or leave the country, resulting in a Peruvian scientific brain drain.
Many experts underscore the necessity of a concerted effort by international institutions, the national government, the private sector and academia in reversing this trend (1). A commitment from the top is critical for sustained national scientific development. However, efforts from current graduate students and postdoctoral fellows can provide unique help, as they are, in many respects, better suited for reaching and guiding the younger generation of scientists.With this in mind, in 2007, two Peruvian graduate students at Vanderbilt University and Hospital do Cancer A.C. Camargo launched the Research Experience for Peruvian Undergraduates, a program that seeks to complement Peruvian undergraduate scientific education with a three-month research-intensive internship in laboratories in the United States. REPU aims to establish a strong connection among participants and encourage students to be active in the greater scientific community in Peru and abroad.
REPU received 16 applications in its first year and was able to invite one student to Vanderbilt University in January 2008 thanks to the support of faculty members Susan Wente and Daniela Drummond-Barbosa. For three months, V. Kenyi Saito-Diaz worked on stem cell regulation in the fly egg chamber in the Drummond-Barbosa lab.
"Kenyi's visit to our lab was a very positive experience for everyone involved," recalls Drummond-Barbosa. "We all enjoyed having him in the lab … he showed a lot of interest in the research going on in the lab, he read the literature with enthusiasm, he learned a lot of new experimental procedures, he kept his data organized, and he was always willing and eager to learn new things. It is always a pleasure to work with smart, enthusiastic and motivated students."
The response to the program in its first year showed that Peruvian students were interested in this type of scientific training and that the U.S. scientific community was willing to help with the initiative. However, it also became apparent that networks for Peruvian undergraduate and graduate science students were minimal. As a result, undergraduate students were not familiar with available training opportunities or the work of Peruvian scientists abroad.
In 2009, REPU moved to Yale University and was able to invite one student to work on small noncoding RNAs with faculty members Christian Tschudi and Elisabetta Ullu. In 2010, the REPU program received more than 70 applications from all over Peru, and the program expanded to invite four students who worked in labs studying autophagy, ribosome biogenesis, protein quality control and calcium signaling. Again, REPU participants were very successful, and two of them were invited by their Yale advisors to stay for a year to continue their research with full financial support from their host labs.
As the number of REPU participants grew, the program started to implement new training approaches. In 2010, students presented papers relevant to their projects to each other at weekly journal clubs. They also presented their research to their peers and lab members at the end of the program. Students began to develop professional skepticism when reading manuscripts and came to understand that presenting science in a clear and engaging way was a challenge for everyone. The students also attended informal meetings in which they discussed common research approaches and techniques, the scientific interests of established Peruvian scientists, and how best to help the development of science in Peru.
"REPU provides a unique opportunity that makes you redefine yourself as a scientist, your interests, what you are capable of doing, and the way you approach and think about science as well as your future goals and the role and type of contribution you would like to make to science in the long run," says María Jesús Olarte, who participated in the program in 2010.
"REPU is a young and promising program, and I am very proud to be part of it at this stage," adds 2010 participant Omar Julca. "I am confident that we are helping Peru in different ways, but there is still much to be done, and I am sure we will improve the program every year."
The 2011 REPU program invited three new students and facilitated the return of another two. The students worked on topics ranging from the biophysics of DEAD-box helicases and autophagy to stem cell activation, germline development and neural crest formation. The students also were encouraged to apply for international training internships and to communicate their experiences with their peers at their home institutions and at conferences in Peru.
"REPU was a great opportunity to know about research, grad school and a grad student's lifestyle," says 2011 participant David Romero.
Jill Goldstein, a graduate student in Romero's lab, adds, "It was a great experience to work with the Peruvian student program. David brought a curiosity and enthusiasm with him that was contagious in the lab. He cultivated a number of scientific techniques during the program and organized his work into a sophisticated final presentation at the end of the program. This was a great experience for everyone in the lab."
The program's priority is to give students a strong foundation in scientific research and communication in order to prepare them for success in their future scientific training. In addition, REPU seeks to create a strong network of scientists who will work together and help each other at different stages of training.
Click here for information on an ASBMB initiative to unite scientists in the U.S. and Latin America.
REPU has served as a springboard for students to pursue additional training opportunities. Sofia Espinoza, who participated in REPU in 2009, was invited to attend the Pan American Studies Institute on Function and Regulation of the Cytoskeleton in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. REPU 2010 participant María Jesús Olarte presented her research at the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology's recent annual meeting in Washington, D.C. And, in the summer of 2011, REPU 2010 student Omar Julca will be the first Peruvian student to participate at the Vienna Biocenter Summer School in Austria.
REPU also has established a connection between extremely talented students from Peru and graduate programs in the U.S. In 2009, Kenyi Saito-Diaz joined the interdisciplinary graduate program at Vanderbilt University, and Sofia Espinoza will start in the biological and biomedical sciences doctorate program at Yale University in August 2011. These achievements increase the recognition for these programs in Latin America and serve as an example of how these institutions can work to benefit scientific development in Peru while providing a new source of bright and motivated future graduate students.
REPU participants also have had an impact on the greater Latin American community by collaborating with University of California, San Francisco, researcher Ronald Vale and his graduate student Sarah Goodwin and the American Society for Cell Biology to translate 27 iBioMagazine lectures from English to Spanish. These free online lectures are given by leading scientists from around the world, highlighting top-notch science and the human side of research. The lectures are powerful educational tools for biology classes all over Latin America.
REPU alumni starting in doctoral degree programs automatically are involved in the selection process and organizational decisions of REPU. In this way, the program secures a continuous flow of people and ideas and maintains a population of younger scientists who can relate to and mentor senior undergraduate students. A promising sign for the continuity and growth of the program is that several REPU students beginning graduate training are planning on starting REPU sites at their own universities.
"Being part of REPU has given me invaluable opportunities," says Sofia Espinoza. "So now, as a grad student, I plan to pay that forward by mentoring and hosting new Peruvian students."
REPU's success has been limited by three main hurdles: recruiting laboratories, securing visas and obtaining funding. As REPU learned from previous experiences, the first two limitations were overcome. Economic support remains the main restriction on the growth of the program. Participants invest personal funds to cover the expenses of visas, travel and room and board. Limited support from Peruvian universities and the Peruvian government is funneled to students with greater economic needs. This lack of funding reduces the pool of qualified students. As a consequence, many gifted students have been unable to participate in the program.
REPU's success in the biomedical sciences suggests that the same approach can be applied to other fields, such as chemistry, physics and ecology. Expanding to these disciplines would help nucleate a wide network of Peruvian undergrads, graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, faculty members and professional scientists. This network would impact Peruvian science positively and give a natural foundation for interdisciplinary collaborations. Importantly, one of the main goals of the program is network building. Therefore a long-term goal is to expand beyond Peru and include other Latin American countries with similar needs, such as Ecuador and Bolivia.
Programs like REPU are well suited to complement scientific development in countries where graduate education in the sciences has not developed fully. This is the case in most countries in the region, the big exceptions being Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Mexico, where an established scientific community thrives in comparison. In fact, these countries invest five to 10 times more in research and development than their neighbors. As a result, exceptional opportunities like the one offered by the Pew Latin American Fellows Program mostly benefit these countries (97 percent of Pew Latin American Fellows come from these countries).Generating a strong peer network of budding scientists is a critical component for advancing science in Latin America. A generation of well-trained, well-connected, socially engaged scientists will support the long-term goal of establishing a strong scientific community in developing countries. This approach constitutes a perfect complement to the ongoing efforts to transform the scientific reality of Latin America.*
We would like to thank Mev Dominguez, cofounder of REPU, the Office of International Student and Scholar Services at Yale and Vanderbilt Universities, and hosting department business offices for help with visas; Enrique De La Cruz, Michael Bradley, Dawn Turton, David Castro (BioUnalm), Hugo Flores, Modesto Montoya, Kristy Lamb, the De Camilli and Wente labs, PIs and labs hosting students, REPU participants, CONCYTEC, and UPCH for financial support; and Yale and Vanderbilt Universities for providing a site for the program to develop.
*In Peru, important initiatives to organize scientists and to stimulate research and education are well underway. The National Center for Technology and Technological Innovation in Peru has secured a large investment grant from the Inter-American Development Bank and the Peruvian government to fund several research and development projects. Large international scientific meetings (ECIs) hosted in different parts of the country and high school science fairs that introduce children to the wonders of the discovery process disseminate information about science. And major universities have established re-entry grants to attract highly trained Peruvian scientists working abroad. In this context, and in a collaboration with UPCH, Carlos Bustamante at University of California, Berkeley, has established a mirror lab at UPCH to conduct single molecule studies on proteins of clinical interest in Peru. The REPU program fits perfectly with these initiatives and complements these efforts.
1. Sagasti, F. (2004) Knowledge and Innovation for Development: The Sisyphus Challenge of the 21st Century. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.
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