text:
A history of Pi
|A chronology of Pi
|History Topics Index
And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the one brim to the other: it was round all about, and his height was five cubits: and a line of thirty cubits did compass it about. (I Kings 7, 23)The same verse can be found in II Chronicles 4, 2. It occurs in a list of specifications for the great temple of Solomon, built around 950 BC and its interest here is that it gives π = 3. Not a very accurate value of course and not even very accurate in its day, for the Egyptian and Mesopotamian values of 25/8 = 3.125 and √10 = 3.162 have been traced to much earlier dates: though in defence of Solomon's craftsmen it should be noted that the item being described seems to have been a very large brass casting, where a high degree of geometrical precision is neither possible nor necessary. There are some interpretations of this which lead to a much better value.
The fact that the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle is constant has been known for so long that it is quite untraceable. The earliest values of π including the 'Biblical' value of 3, were almost certainly found by measurement. In the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus, which is dated about 1650 BC, there is good evidence for 4 × (8/9)2 = 3.16 as a value for π.
The first theoretical calculation seems to have been carried out by Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212 BC). He obtained the approximation
Here is Archimedes' argument.
The diagram for the case n = 2 is on the right.
The effect of this procedure is to define an increasing sequence
Using trigonometrical notation, we see that the two semiperimeters are given by
an+1bn = (bn+1)2 . . . (2)
For of course there is no reason in principle why one should not go on. Various people did, including:
|(c. 150 AD)
|Zu Chongzhi
|(c. 800 )
|(c. 1430)
|14 places
| 9 places
|17 places
|Van Ceulen
|(c. 1600)
|35 places
Al-Khwarizmi lived in Baghdad, and incidentally gave his name to 'algorithm', while the words al jabr in the title of one of his books gave us the word 'algebra'. Al-Kashi lived still further east, in Samarkand, while Zu Chongzhi, one need hardly add, lived in China.
The European Renaissance brought about in due course a whole new mathematical world. Among the first effects of this reawakening was the emergence of mathematical formulae for π. One of the earliest was that of Wallis (1616-1703)
These are both dramatic and astonishing formulae, for the expressions on the right are completely arithmetical in character, while π arises in the first instance from geometry. They show the surprising results that infinite processes can achieve and point the way to the wonderful richness of modern mathematics.
From the point of view of the calculation of π, however, neither is of any use at all. In Gregory's series, for example, to get 4 decimal places correct we require the error to be less than 0.00005 = 1/20000, and so we need about 10000 terms of the series. However, Gregory also showed the more general result
π/6 = (1/√3)(1 - 1/(3.3) + 1/(5.3.3) - 1/(22.214.171.124) + ...
An even better idea is to take the formula
Clearly we shall get very rapid convergence indeed if we can find a formula something like
With a formula like this available the only difficulty in computing π is the sheer boredom of continuing the calculation. Needless to say, a few people were silly enough to devote vast amounts of time and effort to this tedious and wholly useless pursuit. One of them, an Englishman named Shanks, used Machin's formula to calculate π to 707 places, publishing the results of many years of labour in 1873. Shanks has achieved immortality for a very curious reason which we shall explain in a moment.
Here is a summary of how the improvement went:
|Sharp used Gregory's result to get 71 correct digits
|Machin used an improvement to get 100 digits and the following used his methods:
|de Lagny found 112 correct digits
|Vega got 126 places and in 1794 got 136
|Rutherford calculated 152 digits and in 1853 got 440
|Shanks calculated 707 places of which 527 were correct
Shanks knew that π was irrational since this had been proved in 1761 by Lambert. Shortly after Shanks' calculation it was shown by Lindemann that π is transcendental, that is, π is not the solution of any polynomial equation with integer coefficients. In fact this result of Lindemann showed that 'squaring the circle' is impossible. The transcendentality of π implies that there is no ruler and compass construction to construct a square equal in area to a given circle.
Very soon after Shanks' calculation a curious statistical freak was noticed by De Morgan, who found that in the last of 707 digits there was a suspicious shortage of 7's. He mentions this in his Budget of Paradoxes of 1872 and a curiosity it remained until 1945 when Ferguson discovered that Shanks had made an error in the 528th place, after which all his digits were wrong. In 1949 a computer was used to calculate π to 2000 places. In this and all subsequent computer expansions the number of 7's does not differ significantly from its expectation, and indeed the sequence of digits has so far passed all statistical tests for randomness.
You can see 2000 places of π.
We should say a little of how the notation π arose. Oughtred in 1647 used the symbol d/π for the ratio of the diameter of a circle to its circumference. David Gregory (1697) used π/r for the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its radius. The first to use π with its present meaning was an Welsh mathematician William Jones in 1706 when he states "3.14159 andc. = π". Euler adopted the symbol in 1737 and it quickly became a standard notation.
We conclude with one further statistical curiosity about the calculation of π, namely Buffon's needle experiment. If we have a uniform grid of parallel lines, unit distance apart and if we drop a needle of length k < 1 on the grid, the probability that the needle falls across a line is 2k/π. Various people have tried to calculate π by throwing needles. The most remarkable result was that of Lazzerini (1901), who made 34080 tosses and got
Still on the theme of phoney experiments, Gridgeman, in a paper which pours scorn on Lazzerini and others, created some amusement by using a needle of carefully chosen length k = 0.7857, throwing it twice, and hitting a line once. His estimate for π was thus given by
It is almost unbelievable that a definition of π was used, at least as an excuse, for a racial attack on the eminent mathematician Edmund Landau in 1934. Landau had defined π in this textbook published in Göttingen in that year by the, now fairly usual, method of saying that π/2 is the value of x between 1 and 2 for which cos x vanishes. This unleashed an academic dispute which was to end in Landau's dismissal from his chair at Göttingen. Bieberbach, an eminent number theorist who disgraced himself by his racist views, explains the reasons for Landau's dismissal:-
Thus the valiant rejection by the Göttingen student body which a great mathematician, Edmund Landau, has experienced is due in the final analysis to the fact that the un-German style of this man in his research and teaching is unbearable to German feelings. A people who have perceived how members of another race are working to impose ideas foreign to its own must refuse teachers of an alien culture.G H Hardy replied immediately to Bieberbach in a published note about the consequences of this un-German definition of π
There are many of us, many Englishmen and many Germans, who said things during the War which we scarcely meant and are sorry to remember now. Anxiety for one's own position, dread of falling behind the rising torrent of folly, determination at all cost not to be outdone, may be natural if not particularly heroic excuses. Professor Bieberbach's reputation excludes such explanations of his utterances, and I find myself driven to the more uncharitable conclusion that he really believes them true.Not only in Germany did π present problems. In the USA the value of π gave rise to heated political debate. In the State of Indiana in 1897 the House of Representatives unanimously passed a Bill introducing a new mathematical truth.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana: It has been found that a circular area is to the square on a line equal to the quadrant of the circumference, as the area of an equilateral rectangle is to the square of one side.The Senate of Indiana showed a little more sense and postponed indefinitely the adoption of the Act!
(Section I, House Bill No. 246, 1897)
Open questions about the number π
- Does each of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 each occur infinitely often in π?
- Brouwer's question: In the decimal expansion of π, is there a place where a thousand consecutive digits are all zero?
- Is π simply normal to base 10? That is does every digit appear equally often in its decimal expansion in an asymptotic sense?
- Is π normal to base 10? That is does every block of digits of a given length appear equally often in its decimal expansion in an asymptotic sense?
- Is π normal ? That is does every block of digits of a given length appear equally often in the expansion in every base in an asymptotic sense? The concept was introduced by Borel in 1909.
- Another normal question! We know that π is not rational so there is no point from which the digits will repeat. However, if π is normal then the first million digits 314159265358979... will occur from some point. Even if π is not normal this might hold! Does it? If so from what point? Note: Up to 200 million the longest to appear is 31415926 and this appears twice.
As a postscript, here is a mnemonic for the decimal expansion of π. Each successive digit is the number of letters in the corresponding word.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
List of References (30 books/articles)
Additional Material in MacTutor
- Squaring the circle
- Chronology of π
Other Web sites
- Math FAQ (Information about calculating π)
- R Knott (π and Fibonnaci numbers)
|History Topics Index
|A chronology of Pi
|Main index
|Biographies Index
The URL of this page is:


text:
Should Albert Pujols switch to DH sooner than later?
ARLINGTON, Texas -- Albert Pujols hates it.
Too young, he says.
Too talented, they say.
And too much pride, he says, to be a full-time DH.
Then again, after turning the Rangers Ballpark in Arlington into his own playground Saturday afternoon, Pujols may have to reconsider.
HAMILTON:Angel's wife needed security
Pujols, employed as the Los Angeles Angels' DH for the first time this season instead of their first baseman, smacked two home runs in his only two official at-bats, leading the Angels to an 8-4 laugher over the Texas Rangers.
He became the first American League player, and only third in major-league history, to hit two homers and receive three intentional walks in the same game. The other two were David Wright of the 2007 New York Mets and Claudell Washington of the 1980 Mets.
So much for a repeat of last year's ugly April, when Pujols hit .217, went the entire month without homering, driving in only four runs.
"It seems like when people doubted me,'' Pujols said, "I have that chip on my shoulder. I like to prove people wrong. I've been doing that since my first day they gave that opportunity to become a professional. People doubted I wouldn't be in the big leagues, so I keep proving people wrong.
"When people say negative things, I like to let my work do my talking.''
Pujols conceded Saturday that he simply put too much pressure on himself, contributing to last year's slow start. The Angels were supposed to win a World Series, and Pujols was supposed to win a Triple Crown.
"I wanted to have a great start coming to a new ballclub,'' Pujols said, "I just put a little too much pressure on myself, trying to do too much. It wasn't just me. Everybody was trying too hard because we knew what kind of ballclub we had.
"I was a big part of that, there was a big expectation, having one of the biggest contracts. It was a big story.
"But I never lost that focus. I know what I can do. And I know I can play this game.''
Now, it's new teammate Josh Hamilton feeling the pain and pressure of signing a lucrative free-agent contract. Rangers manager Ron Washington ordered his pitchers to intentionally walk Pujols three times to get to Hamilton, and Hamilton went hitless in four at-bats. He is now hitting just .050 with 10 strikeouts in 20 at-bats.
"I think it was a smart move,'' Hamilton said of the Rangers' strategy. "Albert dominated today, obviously. So if I was I was in that situation, I'd have done the same thing.''
Pujols, realizing that Hamilton is feeling the same pressure he did a year ago, says it's time for everyone to chill. Hamilton, who signed a five-year, $125 million contract, will start hitting. It's just a matter of time.
"We're only five games into the season,'' Pujols said, "let the guy settle in. You guys talked about me, and at the end of the year, I proved a lot of people wrong.''
Pujols, 33, in the second year of a 10-year, $240 million contract, realizes he'll be spending the rest of his career trying to prove critics wrong, believing it's impossible to be productive by the time his contract ends at the age of 41.
Pujols has news for you.
The day he stops being productive, the day he believes he can no longer contribute at the level he has during his 12-year career, he'll simply walk away.
"The day I feel I can't compete anymore at this level,'' he said, "I'll walk out. I don't want to embarrass myself. I love this game so much, but if I lost that passion, that competitiveness, it's time to walk out.''
Yet, Pujols concedes that he'll likely have to be a full-time DH before his career ends. He doesn't have to like it, but he's starting to learn to master the position.
Pujols had no idea what to do with his spare time during games when he was a DH in 34 games last year. So he kept taking swings in the indoor cage. Too many.
"I tired myself out; I didn't know what to do,'' said Pujols, who hit .246 with a .299 on-base percentage in 34 games as a DH, with just four homers and 19 RBI in 144 plate appearances.
So he summoned advice from his close friend David Ortiz, the Boston Red Sox's full-time DH. Ortiz told him to just relax. Don't take too many swings while waiting, but stay loose.
Pujols took the suggestion, spent his free time during the game riding an exercise bicycle, and only took four or five swings in the sixth inning.
Voila! Immediate success.
Still, Pujols doesn't want the Angels to get any bright ideas. He still wants to be the Angels' full-time first baseman, and plans to put off the inevitable as long as possible.
"I might be doing some DH here and there,'' Pujols said, "but not as much as I thought I was going to. It's a long season. We'll see what happens. I go day by day.
"I can't predict the season.''
He also can't forecast the severity of pain in his left foot, plantar fasciitis, which has never bothered him so badly this early in a season.
Pujols, who had arthroscopic surgery on his right knee during the winter, believes the surgery might have created stress on his left foot.
"Usually, it bothers me the most late in a season,'' Pujols said, "but this year it started early in spring training. I'm surprised. It's never bothered me this early in a season.
"It's never hurt this early in a season, not like this.''
Pujols, who entered Saturday hitting .071, says his knee actually feels fine.
"I can't be more happy with my knee,'' Pujols said. "It feels really, really good. I'm really, really excited.''
Yet, it's the plantar fasciitis, which first started bothering him seven or eight years ago, that has him perplexed. He no longer is limping, but still not running without pain.
"The [plantar fasciitis] is probably caused now because of my knee,'' he said. "That's the only thing I can think of.
"I don't know, maybe I'm just getting old.''
It's not exactly the words the Angels want to hear, owing Pujols $212 million after this season, but the DH duty sure has a funny way of delaying that nasty aging process.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
KCCashHomeBuyers.com is a homebuyer you can trust
Behind on taxes. Divorce. Death of a loved one. Inheritance. Home needs extensive repairs. Job loss. Facing a short sale. Foreclosure looming.
People need to sell their house for many different reasons, and now a local company can help you.KCCashHomeBuyers.com
, owned by Brandon Logan and Brett Shelton, offers a variety of solutions for homeowners needing immediate relief from the economic burden of ownership.
Logan started the business in 2005 and was joined in 2009 by Shelton, his college roommate. Logan has an extensive real estate background as a member of one of the top-producing sales teams in the Kansas City area. Shelton's expertise is a background in accounting and remodeling.
Logan knows the Kansas City area real estate market, so he is able to realistically value the homesKCCashHomeBuyers.com KCCashHomeBuyers.com
isn't their best option for selling.
"Homeowners need a homebuyer they can trust," Logan said. "They don't need a national company that just puts their house into a formula to make a low offer. They need to sell but want someone to help them make the best decision. We offer honest solutions for local sellers."
"We fix these homes so that they are like brand new," Shelton explained. "We bring value to the neighborhood by repairing the house, eliminating blight, and since we are a local company, all the money spent on renovation and the money paid for the remodeled house stays in Kansas City."
The amountKCCashHomeBuyers.com
pays for a house depends on the comparable value of other homes in the neighborhood as well as the amount of work needed to renovate it. Logan said after touring a house, he can usually make an offer within 24 hours and since the company pays cash, closing can be within as little as a week.
"Many houses are unsellable because they won't pass inspections," Logan said. "Most buyers don't want to buy a house and then work on it. Often these repairs can cost thousands. They want a move-in-ready house."
The owner may have lived there for 35 or 40 years. The house may have asbestos tile and lead paint that need to be removed or wiring and plumbing that needs to be brought up to code.
"We do all of that," Logan said. "The seller, who might not have the money to make the repairs, is relieved of that burden."
"We buy all over the Kansas City metro," he added.
Logan's background as a real estate agent for banks is especially helpful to homeowners facing foreclosure or a short sale.
"I have experience working with banks in those situations," he said. "If you know someone going through hard times and about to lose their home, have them call me as soon as possible. We can help them avoid foreclosure and get them a fresh start in life."
offers advantages that similar national companies cannot," Shelton said, "because we know the Kansas City area real estate market and local home values, we use our own construction company to do the renovation and all of the money generated by buying, renovating and reselling the homes stays here. These advantages allow us to pay more than our competitors."
Those who want to sell their home quickly for cash may visit the websiteKCCashHomeBuyers.com


text:
What Do I Do Monday?
(Dutton, 1970, Heinemann, 1995. Currently out of print, 2013.)
"How do we make available to children the experience of writing, putting down on paper some of the real thoughts and feelings they have inside? One thing we must not do. We must not treat writing as a "skill," something that can be exercised all by itself. As Wendell Johnson put it, 'You can't write writing." We cannot teach children "the skill of writing" in a vacuum of ideas and feelings, by having them write exercises or essays that we think are good for them, and then expect them to take the "skill" and being to use it to write something important. They can only learn to write well by trying to write, for themselves, or other people the want to reach, what they feel is important. It is not much help to say, "Write about anything you want." This freedom of choice is essential for children, but it may not help them much if they have no idea what the possible choices are. And it won't help at all if the writing they have already done in school has made them feel that all writing is painful and dull or that they can't do it."


text:
Retro Black 42mm with Steel band
Welcome to our world of Retro! The ARC-TIC Iceland Retro watches are a unique Icelandic design, designed with timeless elegance in mind for style conscious people.
Our ARC-TIC Iceland Retro Watch is sleek and streamlined and comes with a soft leather band and an easy change Icelandic flag Nato strap. The 42mm steel case has a slim 8mm profile and features an minimalist dial with easy-to-read hour markers. Rich leather, Nato strap and highly polished steel make this timepiece stylish enough for formal occasions as well as every day use and is made for people who like their style somewhere between casual and cool.
Watch details:
Solid 316l stainless steel
42mm polished watch case
Swiss part quartz movement
Scratch resistant, hardened mineral glass
5 ATM Water resistance
Rhodium plated hands and numbers
High quality stainless steel strap
High quality Nato strap
Spring bar tool for easy strap change
Each watch individually numbered
2 year warranty
All prices include free worldwide Express 2-3 day shipping.
Price in Icelandic Krona 34.900,-
Approximate price in Euros: 293,-


text:
UK Aerial photography
|Print Prices
|Commission prices
|JPEG file / licence prices
|3d Models
|Main Gallery
England - counties
Special subject galleries
Big City quick links;
New Gallery from January 2018
Welcome to one of the worlds largest on-line collections of oblique aerial photographs of the UK.
New Gallery for 2018 : After more than a decade of service my old gallery has become somewhat wobbly and so all the images have been uploaded to a new gallery. It will take some time to update all the image descriptions. I am also upgrading the images to larger sizes suitable for modern screens. My aerial photographs of Wales and Scotland are now finally ordered by county. The image library contains tens of thousands of aerial photographs of England Scotland and Wales , UK . Webb Aviation is run by Jonathan C.K.Webb BA(Hons)DipM ARPS
Click here to visit the new gallery.
Although based in the UK I also
work abroad, particularly in Germany. All the aerial
photographs in the picture library are free to view as
full page images and
available to purchase as prints or for licence as high
resolution digital files. I am currently shooting a
huge number of aerial photographs every
year so there are many more photographs in stock than
on-line so it is always worth emailing a special
request. With 2 million visitors per year my
gallery is one of the biggest and
most popular galleries in the world for free to
view on-line oblique aerial photographs of the UK.
An Englishman abroad
My German night aerial photographs have been in a recent series of articles in the Bild newspaper entitled is " Nachtflug über Leipzig / Köln / Halle " - Night flight over Leipzig / Cologne / Halle. The articles include a short resume under the title " Dieser Engländer machte die Fotos"! I have now published many of the images in 3 new German books: Cologne, Leipzig and Düsseldorf from above.
|All Bild extracts © of and reproduced with kind permission
of Bild Newspaper www.bild.de
May 2008, The Royal Photographic Society have awarded me the distinction of Associate of the Royal Photographic Society. This is a great honor and is a little unusual in that it is based purely on my aerial photographic work and also unusual that I have gained the distinction of Associate without first having gained the distinction of Licentiate.
Technological revolution: I always use the latest and
best cameras In 2008 I bought
the Canon 1DS Mk III, Kenlabs KS-8 Gyro stabilizer
coupled with some pretty special lenses. With them I
can easily read many car numbers from 1500 feet
with the long lens photographs and can photograph in
complete darkness with my ultra fast lenses. From 2013 I
made further improvements with the new Canon 5dIII with
even more detail and from Summer 2015 we have bene using
the new 50MP Canon 5DS .
Night aerial photographs of Germany including Cologne Cathedral.
|Book releases
( Click here for more info and purchasing my books)
North Wales from the Air
Liverpool from the Air
Birmingham from the Air
Stations from the Air
Stockport from Above
Manchester from the air
Second Edition
Leeds from the air
Tyneside from the air
New for 2012: 3 German Language books: Leipzig von oben, Köln von obenand Düsseldorf von oben which were unveiled at the Leipzig Book Fair.
As a specialist in professional aerial photography I can produce a very high resolution image. Click here to see an example of my l aerial photography and here to see another full resolution sample but this time taken at night. I usually fly from Stapleford Aerodrome in Essex, providing specialist aerial photography in London and the South East, Wellesbourne aerodrome covering the midlands and Manchester, covering northern England and Edinburgh covering Scotland. I also have one aircraft available in Wales. All Webb Aviation gallery images are taken by me , Jonathan C.K.Webb BA(Hons)DipM ARPS I am a specialist professional aerial photographer and undertake aerial photography surveys of a variety of subjects including; farms, plant , factories , farmland, schools, businesses, homes, archaeological sites, conservation projects building projects and land for development, providing traditional negative prints or digital images. Images can also be digitally manipulated to show proposed buildings or to tidy up unsightly parts of a property.
There have been articles about Webb Aviation Aerial Photography Picture Library in the Professional Photographer magazine , Bild Zeitung, Local life magazine and the Staffordshire Country Magazine as well as various newspaper and radio interviews. Our images can also be seen in numerous publications worldwide including books, magazines, post cards, advertising, film and TV .
Webb Aviation aerial photographers
is run by Jonathan CK Webb, who has been in
the UK aerial photography business since 1991.
While much of our work is commissioned oblique and
near vertical aerial photography surveys for
a wide range of blue chip U.K. commercial and
public sector clients we also run the gallery where
members of the public can browse for an aerial
photo of their house or street. I hope you will
enjoy looking through our image library as much as
I have enjoyed taking the photographs. I have been
pleasantly surprised at just how popular this has
been and we have a huge number of visitors ( up to
2 milion a year! ) from throughout the world,
especially ex pats looking up their old home towns
and students looking to see what real life is like
in the UK . My aerial gallery is a real picture of
British life, not just the chocolate box tourist
scenes. I show life as it really is from beautiful
York to the industrial North West of England with
its factories and terraced streets. I take our
aerial photographs flying at altitudes of 800 to
3000 feet ( in the United Kingdom it is not
allowed to fly below 500 feet) Our aerial views
are used for publishing, industrial site
management, property sales, construction progress
recording, boundary disputes, schematic maps* and
planning applications as well as just a
fascinating aerial picture to hang on the wall. As
well as the UK I also take aerial photographs in
Germany and have recently added a comprehensive
selection new aerial photos of German cities. I am
often flying over London and am currently adding a
lot of images to my London
To see the full selection of my UK aerial photographs visit my online gallery where you will find a vast number of aerial pictures including recent new photos of Manchester , Birmingham, Sheffield, Coventry, Leeds, Leicester, London, Oxford , Maidstone, Liverpool , Edinburgh Glasgow , Swansea , Cardiff , Sheffield, The Lake District , football stadiums , castles aerial archaeology and many more towns in the U.K. For the full selection you need to go to gallery and then select the county you are interested in , then from the county page select the appropriate town link. .
Please note that
due to the level of bad emails I delete unopened all emails
that do not say " aerial photographs " in the subject line
(well actually its just the word "aerial" that's needed as
then the email is put in a separate aerial inbox where I can
see it straight away! ) . Sorry, but unwanted email is now
at crisis level with over 100 bad emails to every genuine
customer one.
Please note I am an
"etailer" and do not have a physical showroom or visitor
centre for my photographs.
EU Cookie Law . The Webb
Aviation website is Cookie Law compliant. All non essential
cookies such as those found in adverts and webstat programs
have been removed. Remaining are only cookies essential to
the functioning of this website, eg for the shopping cart.
To comply I have simply removed all advertising and at the
time of writing there are no advertisements on the website.
Aviation, "Villa Minimus" 14 Laleham Green, Bramhall,
Cheshire, SK7 3LJ, England UK
Hochstr.2 58285 Gevelsberg, Deutschalnd
Tel (0044) (0) 161 439 5197 Mob 0776 968 8748 Email [email protected]
All images are © www.webbaviation.co.uk and may not be copied,saved, hotlinked or reproduced without written permission. All rights reserved and all moral rights asserted . Cyber-shoplifters will be prosecuted! To reproduce these images you must first purchase the digital file and licence. Unauthorized users of my photographs will be charged and may face penalties and legal costs. See my copyright page (click here ) .or email [email protected] for more information.Legal notice: Jonathan C K Webb trading as Webb Aviation is an independent artist, not affiliated to or endorsed by any of the subjects depicted. All images are sold without property or model releases, customers are required to obtain any additional releases needed. None of the images in this website are so called "Orphan Works" and none of the images are available to license under any "Extended Collective Licencing Scheme" I hereby contract out of any and all extended collective licencing schemes. To use any of my images you must first agree and pay for a license directly with, and only with myself, Jonathan C K Webb. © www.webbaviation.co.uk 2018 Privacy


text:
Today's prompt from NaPoWriMo is to write a " poem with a secret – in other words, a poem with a word or idea or line that it isn't expressing directly. The poem should function as a sort of riddle, but not necessarily a riddle . . ." As well, my GoodRead's author quote will start with an author's name beginning with the letter D, for the A to Z Challenge.
"A picture is a secret about a secret, the more it tells you the less you know." ― Diane Arbus
On precious plush lips, she rests her hand,
She'll never tell you what thoughts she's had.
Preferring mostly, to let you wonder,
To pillage her plunder,
Yet to never understand who she is.
The secret so hidden and complex; this —
Illusion she portrays, by and by, everyday.
You can search through her closets array,
Of clothes and shoes, or her jewelry gleaming,
With her nothing is as it seems.
You'll never find it hidden in kitchen drawers,
Packed away in the cupboard's coffee tin or —
When you find out her password to her page,
Or look in private documents, bills or her wages.
It's not in some box in the garage,
And begging her won't assuage —
What you can never seem to pin point,
What you can never find in her poise —
The grace of her movements, her brilliant blue —
Eyes, searching yours, praying that you've a clue.
She'll let you touch her how you like,
She knows your confusion without spite.
She's hoping you'll find it, but will you ever know?
The truth it lies within her soul,
And when you know — you'll know.
©Mandibelle16. (2017) All Rights Reserved.


text:
Lark Manor Vieux 3-Light Outdoor Hanging Lantern
Special Price
$209.99 (This is not last updated price)
Reasons you should buy Lark Manor Vieux 3-Light Outdoor Hanging Lantern
The minute you enter an online outdoor hanging light store, you can find what you want a lot faster than you can going from department to department in a big mall store. If you would like to buy this furniture today but you are worried about the this furniture price tomorrow will be reduced. We recommend that you should buy gold to keep and sell on future. If you would like to own this furniture Now and you have enough money to buy this furniture. You should ask yourself, Why do you waiting to buy?, If you don't have a good reason, I think you can buy now but you may would like to see any more information before to buy. Sometime for shopping The shipping delivery time is very important as I would like to buy a car spare part for repair my car Then I must choose express shipping for that product. Although I have to pay more expensive. But if you would like to buy this furniture Today you should decide that. You would like to use this furniture now. If you can wait. We suggest that you should not choose express shipping for save your money.
Fixture: 20.5 H x 9 W x 9 D Adjustable Hanging Length: Yes
Lark Manor Vieux 3-Light Outdoor Hanging Lantern's Review.
Guide to Buy Best outdoor hanging lightThis is very chic model. outdoor hanging light is a good choice that you can't miss it. Highly Recommend !! We think you go to this page via a Search Engine by your smart keywords. We are not sure what you're looking for the price of outdoor hanging light or not. However, if you are searching for discount rates of outdoor hanging light and we hope that the information in this page is useful to you. We know that everyone would likes to buy at the cheapest price in outdoor hanging light. But sometimes a little more expensive but it's faster shipping, it's a great alternative to shopping. Purchases that involve purely electronic transactions can be completed in a few seconds (or minutes, on a very busy day). If you buy outdoor hanging light via the Web, you get confirmation in less than a minute.
Customer Reviews
Hierdie produk is so wonderlik, nou het ek dit in 1 kleure. Dit is ongelooflik veelsydig en jy kan my oral vergesel. Dit is stewig, luuks, sag en dit lyk seker of ek meer daarvoor betaal het. Ek sal dit aanbeveel aan enigiemand wat die perfekte produk soek en gaan.
Ek het hierdie produk vir my vriendin gekry oor Kersfees en sy het dit liefgehad. Kan gebruik word gedurende die dag of nag. So pragtig dat ek dit in 2 verskillende kleure gekoop het. Hierdie produk is oulik en van hoë gehalte. Ek beveel dit aan!
Hierdie produk is perfek. Ek het gevra nadat ek die swart in die winkel gekoop het. Ek is absoluut van hierdie en ek verstaan dit. Implementeer al die tyd! Dit lyk duur, beste van alles, dit is goed onder die vergelykbare produk geprys.


text:
VATICAN CITY — Pope Benedict XVI had just walked by when I saw some of his fans in St. Peter's Basilica for the closing Mass of the Synod of Bishops for the Middle East.
This was in the people's section of the basilica, an area for ardent fans, (who know where the pope will arrive), but also for those with no expectations of seeing the pontiff.
It's an area where you can wear your heart on your sleeve and the pope just might reach out to you. It's OK to wear a red T-shirt saying, "Catholic Est. 0033," or other Catholic fan apparel.
The scene in the people's section reminded me of attending Sunday Mass in Pittsburgh on game day. Many people wear their yellow and black Steelers jerseys to Mass as they prepare for the big game. Similarly, what better way to show your affection for the pontiff than by wearing a "Benedict 16" jersey?


text: Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in 2009. Behrouz Mehri /AFP/Getty Images hide caption toggle caption Behrouz Mehri /AFP/Getty Images The Two-Way Iran Defiant Amid Talk Of Israeli Attack On Its Nuclear Sites February 3, 2012 Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei warned of retaliation if Israel tries to hit Iran's nuclear sites. His comments followed word that Defense Secretary Leon Panetta believes there's a strong likelihood of such action by Israel this spring. Lourdes Garcia-Navarro reports Listen Toggle more options Download Embed Embed <iframe src="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/146333240/146334157" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" title="NPR embedded audio player">


text:
More refinements
Hodgkinson Real Estate - Tuggeranong
Hodgkinson Real Estate...
Offers Above $529,000
Impact Properties - GUNGAHLIN
Impact Properties -...
Realestate.com.au is Australia's #1 home for property, listing real estate for sale in ACT, and other property listings by real estate agents in Australian Capital Territory. If you're looking to sell or buy a villa in ACT, Realestate.com.au can provide you with ACT auction times, and auction results for ACT. Property data and house prices for ACT is available as well as sold property in ACT recently. People looking for ACT rentals and houses to share in ACT are catered to as well and everyone visiting Realestate.com.au can take advantage of our free and helpful real estate resource section.


text:
Hello all,
Ive been think and talking about this for a long time and I think its time I started putting up kitlists for the 1916 -1921 period. there are a number of reasons for this. Firstly alot of people have been e-mailing me and asking me through the site what is and isnt period. Secondly there are still people who have been re-enacting the period for a number of seasons and still have very sloppy kit. Finaly and most importantly In my opinion there is absolutely no excuse for having poor kit for this period of Irish history.
If some one is re-enacting medieval Ireland or some other early period they have to base their kit on the book of Kells, stone carvings, period descriptions translated from historical texts and occasional archaeological finds etc. The result is often debates here on what is and is not period and filling in the gaps with informed conjecture. However in the 1916 period we have an abundance period photos, survivors accounts, displays of the actual uniforms and equipment used in both Collins Barracks Museum and Kilmainham Jail. We can even buy origional bandoliers and leatherwork used at the time. Even if someone dosent have the money to buy a uniform you can wear civilian clothes from the time and still be perfectly accurate with a pair of courduroy trousers, tweed jacket and waistcoat that you bought in oxfam. So there is no shortage of evidence and no acceptable excuses for bad kit.
When Ive done War of Independence re-enactment at multiperiod gigs people from other groups have often thrown a trenchcoat over their lets say 1798 kit and taken part after they have borrowed a hat a rifle and a few other pieces of equipment from me. While this help was and is greatly appreciated - the standard of our kit has to improve all round and simply throwing on a trench coat is no longer acceptable.
For Ray Murphy, Eamon Dunne and myself who have been doing this period since the Khaki and Green was founded in 2004 we have seen people spend alot of time getting kit together, researching it and making it look as accurate as possible - sometimes even making moulds of origional buttons to get things as close to perfect as we can. However its always a shame to see ten people in accurate kit for the period followed by another two wearing a modern Irish Army style trench coat, a 1930's style bandolier and the wrong colour trousers bringing down the portrayal of the whole group.
So this is my attempt to help people out, show them what is accurate for the period and the standard that we need to improve to. If any one wants more information or has any queries id be glad to help them out just e-mail me at firstname.lastname@example.com
Brief History of the Irish Citizens Army
The army rose out of the great strike of the Irish Transport and General Workers Union in 1913, known as the Lockout of 1913. The dispute was over the recognition of this labour union founded by James Larkin. It began when William Martin Murphy, an industrialist, locked out some trade unionists on August 19, 1913. In response, Larkin called an all out strike on Murphy's Dublin United Tramway Company. Other companies, encouraged by Murphy, sacked ITGWU members in an effort to break the union. The conflict eventually escalated to involve 400 employers and 25,000 workers.This strike caused most of Dublin to come to an economic standstill and was marked by vicious rioting between the strikers and the Dublin Metropolitan Police, particularly at a rally on O'Connell street on August 31, in which two men were beaten to death and about 500 more injured. Another striker was later shot dead by a strike-breaker. The violence at union rallies during the strike prompted Larkin to call for a worker's militia to be formed to protect themselves against the police. The Citizen army for the duration of the lockout was armed with hurling sticks and bats in order to protect worker's demonstration from the police. Jack White, a former British Army Captain, volunteered to train this army and offered 50 pounds towards the cost of shoes to workers so they could train. In addition to its role as a self defence organisation, the army, which was drilled in Croydon Park in Fairview by White, provided a diversion for workers unemployed and idle during the dispute. After a six-month standoff, the workers returned to work hungry and defeated in January 1914. The original purpose of the ICA was over, but it would soon be totally transformed.
The Irish Citizen Army was totally reorganised in 1914. In March of that year, a demonstration of the Citizen Army was attacked by the police and Jack White, its commander, was arrested. Sean O'Casey then suggested that the ICA needed a more formal organisation. O'Casey wrote a constitution stating the Army's principles as follows: the ownership of Ireland, moral and material, is vested of right in the people of Ireland and to "sink all difference of birth property and creed under the common name of Irish people".
On Larkin's insistence, all members were also required to be members of a trade union, if eligible. In mid 1914,
James Larkin left Ireland for America in October 1914, leaving the Citizen Army under the command of James Connolly. Whereas during the Lockout, the ICA had been a workers' self defence militia, Connolly conceived of it as a revolutionary organisation - dedicated to the creation of an Irish socialist republic "The Workers Republic". He had served in the British army in his youth and knew something about military tactics and discipline. Other active members in the early days included Sean O'Casey, Countess Markievicz, Francis Sheehy-Skeffington. Sheehy-Skeffington and O'Casey left the ICA when it became apparent that Connolly was moving towards the radical nationalist group, the Irish Republican Brotherhood.
James Connolly was a convinced Marxist socialist and Irish Republican and believed that achieving political change through physical force, in the tradition of the Fenians, was legitimate.
Lenin would later describe the Citizen Army as being the first red army in Europe. This organisation was one of the first to offer equal membership to both men and women and trained them both in the use of weapons. The army's headquarters was the ITGWU union building, Liberty Hall and they were almost entirely Dublin based. However, Connolly also set up branches in Tralee and Killarney in county Kerry. In October 1915, armed ICA pickets patrolled a strike by dockers at Dublin port. Attempts were made to set up Branches of the ICA in Limerick but were not successfull. (However in the Years 1919 and 1920 the remnants of The Citizen Army did organise small groups in Waterford, Cork and Monoghan)
Appalled by the participation of Irishmen in the First World War, which he regarded as an imperialist, capitalist conflict, Connolly began openly calling for insurrection in his newspaper, the Irish Worker. When this was banned, he opened another the Worker's Republic. The British authorities tolerated the open drilling and bearing of arms by the ICA, thinking that to clamp down on the organisation would provoke further unrest. A small group of Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) conspirators within the Irish Volunteers movement were also planning a rising. Worried that Connolly would embark on premature military action with the ICA, Connolly was approached and inducted into the IRB's Supreme Council to co-ordinate their preparations for the armed rebellion known as the Easter Rising.
The ICA never numbered more than 250 to 300 men and women nation wide. On Monday April 24, 1916, 220 of them (including 28 women) took part in the Easter Rising, alongside a much larger body of the Irish Volunteers. They helped occupy the General Post Office on O'Connell Street (then Sackville Street), Dublin's main thoroughfare. Mallin, Connolly's second in command, along with Markievizc and an ICA company, occupied St Stephen's Green. Another company under Sean Connolly took over City Hall and attacked Dublin Castle. Finally, a detachment occupied Harcourt Street railway station. ICA men were the first rebel causalties of Easter Week, two of them being killed in an abortive attack on Dublin Castle. Sean Connolly, an ICA officer, was the first rebel fatality. A total of eleven Citizen Army men were killed in action in the rising, five in the City Hall/Dublin castle area, five in Stephen's Green and one in the GPO.
Connolly was made commander of the rebel forces in Dublin during the Rising and issued orders to surrender after a week. He and Mallin were executed by British army firing squad some weeks later. The surviving ICA members were interned in Frongoch in Wales until 1919.
Many of them later joined the new Irish Republican Army (IRA) from 1917 on, but the Citizen Army remained in existence until the 1930s. According to some reports ICA units were involved in various IRA operations during the Irish War of Independence. However the ICA always maintained its Independence never fully coming under IRA control for example ICA members stationed at Liberty Hall were not informed about or asked to take part in the burning of the Customs House in May 1921 and were forced to watch the ensuing drama from the steps and windows of Liberty Hall directly across the road. During the fighting in Dublin that began the Irish Civil War in June 1922, some elements of the ICA (which by this time had about 140 members) were involved in the Anti-Treaty IRA occupation and defence of the Four Courts while others occupied Liberty Hall, the Trade Union headquarters
In the 1920s and 1930s, the ICA was kept alive by veterans such as Seamus MacGowan, Dick McCormick and Frank Purcell, though perhaps only as an old comrades association by veterans of 1916.
Uniformed Citizen Army men provided a guard of honour at Constance Markievicz's funeral in 1927.
In 1934, Peadar O'Donnell and other left wing republicans left the IRA and founded the Republican Congress. For a brief time, they revived the ICA as a paramilitary force, intended to be an armed wing for their new movement. According to Brian Hanley's history of the IRA, the revived Citizen Army had 300 or so members around the country in 1935. However, the Congress itself split in 1935 and collapsed shortly afterwards. Most of the ICA members joined the Irish Labour Party. The ICA's last public appearance was to accompany the funeral procession of union leader James Larkin in Dublin in 1947.
Uniform of The Irish Citizen Army
Taken from R.M. Foxs Book - The Irish Citizen Army Page 68
"Until the uniforms came (in 1914), the rank and file wore Irish linen armlets of a light blue colour with the letters ICA on them, while the officers wore bands of crimson. When a consignment of belts, havoursacks and bayonets arrived the men were soon busy cleaning, polishing and oiling with enthousiasm. Big slough hats conpleted the turn out. ... When the uniforms came the enthousiasm was greater than ever. They were of a darker green than those worn by the Irish Volunteers, and it became the custom among the Transport Union members to fasten up one side of the big slouch hats with the red hand badge of the Union."
The mens uniform was of a good quality serge coloured a very dark grenn - almost exactly the same colour as the R.I.C. bottle green. The uniform had a high collar and had two brest pockets and two large box pockets. The buttons used were the "football" type compressed leather buttons in both dark and light brown. (These buttons were also standard issue on Cumann Na M-Bann uniforms and were used on Irish Volunteer and later IRA uniforms becoming more common post 1916 as the official brass "IV" buttons became harder to get. Theres an illustration below - Im alsp reproducing them if anyone needs any) The slouch hat was of the same very dark green colour. It was similar in style to the hats worn by the ANZAC's in the British Forces and the Boer "Cronje" hat. The Cap badge of the Irish Citizens army was the Irish Transport And General Workers Union badge for 1913 The red hand of Ulster which sometimes had the letters ITGWU on it in raised detail. Ordinary ranks sometimes wore a shoulder title in block letters reading ICA.
The ICA belt was of the same pattern as the RIC belt with the Brass "Snake S" Bely Buckle. Those carrying rifles wore black bandoliers and all members carried a white linnen ammunition and kit bag. The trousers were the same dark green colour and matierial, but appart from one picture of Marcivictz wearing Puttees I have never seen a photo of any other member of the ICA wearing putees or leather leggings.
The womens uniform was of a similar dark green colour but was of a much coarser heavy tweed matierial. It had an open V - neck style collar. The following is a reference to it from Helena Maloneys Bureau of Military History statement. Countess Marcivictz was the most photographed female member of the ICA however she is usually pictured wearing a mans uniform - as explained below. Which gave the idea that ICA men and women both wore the same uniform.
Helena Maloney -"In his book Sean O Faoilain attributed vanity to Madame Marcivictz as the motive of her nationalist and military activitys, and stressed her fondness for uniforms. The truth was she had never bought a uniform - like many other members of the Citizen army except a Boy Scouts shirt which then cost 3/6 d, and a boy scouts hat. Her Citizen Army dress up to the week before the Rising consisted of a plain tweed costume with a sam browne belt and black turned up hat, similar to the men's with a small bunch of cocks feathers. She went out to the rebellion in the uniform coat of Michael Mallin, who had got a new uniform. And he was so slim his coat fitted her perfectly."
Women wore the same bandoliers and white kit bags as the men but sometimes wore sam browne belts rather than the "Snake S" buckle belts. Most women wore a skirt in the same colour but some such as marcivictz wore trousers underneath of just simply trousers. (Note women wearing trousers in 1910;s Ireland was exceptionaly unusual and broke entirely with accepted ideas of dress style and morality.
Officers Uniform
ICA officers essentialy wore the same uniforms as the ordinary member. Except that instead of the Block letter ICA shoulder title they wore a scrolled of italic pair of badges with the letters ICA on their collars as illustrated on the picture of Marcivictz below.The full photograph (Not Illustrated) of Marcivictz wearing Mallins old uniform shows that it had raised patches in a similar shape to I.V and British army officers uniforms but there were not outlined with lace like the I.V. and British uniforms. The ICA later adopted diamond shaped brass rank markings worn in pairs on the epaluttes. A post 1917 ICA uniform on display on the Ulster Somme Heritage centre Newton Ards has used Irish Volunteer brass "Trefoil" rank markings on the epaluttes in sunstitution for the official diamond shaped rank markings which were presumable not available. James Connolly had a uniform made for himself just before the Easter Rising and it is described in Ina Connolly Herons book "Portrait of a Rebel Father"
Citizen Army Boy Scouts
As well as founding Na Fianna Eireann countess Marcivictz also ran the ICA Boy Scouts Their uniform was similar to the Fianna except that they had red facings and wore blue neckerchiefs or scarves. The Irish National Guard a small breakaway group from trhe Fianna again with a slightly different uniform were also closely allied to the ICA Boy Scouts. Clan Na Gael Girl Scouts were founded after some branches of Na Fianna Eireann - "The Irish National Boy Scouts" refused to admit girls as members they also worked closely with the ICA. Below is a reference to the ICA Boy Scouts and their Uniform in Cork in 1920 from James Alan Busby's Bureau of Military History Statement No 1628
"Late in 1918 or perhaps early in 1919 , a Fianna representative from Dublin came to Cork and created a split in our ranks. A rival group known as the Citizen Army Boy Scouts was started in Cork. At the same time we had a girls contingent attached to the Fianna known as the Clan Na Gael Girl Guides. The Misses Wallace ofSt. Augustine Street Cork, were amongst the leaders of the latter group. There was no difference in policy between the Fianna and the Citizen Army scouts. There was however a small distinction in the uniform, we wore a saffrom scarf while they wore a blue scarf. They had as far as I remember about forty boys at most in the organisation, but to the best of my belief it petered out about 1920."
Weapons and Armament.
like the Irish Volunteers the ICA used a motley variety of weapons and were glad of anything they could get their hands on. Many of their cartridges and bombs/grenades were manufactured by members of the ICA in the basement of Liberty Hall. In comparison to the Irish Volunteers the ICA being a small force were far better uniformed arm armed. Photos {see below) of the army in training at Croydon Park Dublin show up to 70 men all armed with rifles. The most common rifle used was a german bolt action mauser. Contarty to many reports the ICA did not take part in the Howth Gunrunning of 1914 but some ICA members managed to steal "Howth Mausers" hidden by the Volunteers when they were confronted by the Kings Own Scottish Borders and RIC on their way back into the city that evening. Members of the ITGWU worked on the docks in Dublin and were later able to smuggle in quantities of mauser rifles for the ICA before 1916. Lee Enfield rifles were initaly scarce in the ICA up to 1916 but in the War of Independence they managed to find a source in a sympathetic British soldier who managed to smuggle out Lee Enfields from Portobello Barracks. Officers most commonly carried C96 Broom Handle mauser pistols and Countess Marcivictz is also photographes with a Webly ans Scot Long barrelled .45 revolver, though she used a mauser pistol in the rising itself. Officers would have used a variety of revolvers including colts and automatic pistols such as luger 9mm parabellums smuggled in from Germany.
Unlike Cumann Na m-Bann whose duties were usualy restricted to more traditional sexist roles of cooking, first aid and despatch carrying the women of the ICA carried weapons and were of equal rank with the men. Margret Skinnider an ICA member from Scotland and Countess Marcivictz both fought in the front line with rifle and revolver.
the Citizen Army carried a "Plough And The Stars" of "Starry Plough" flag It was a bluey-green field with an image of a plough in yellow, with a sword as a ploughshare that had the big dipper/ ursa major constellation of seven eight pointed silver stars imposed on it. The plainer starry plough of a plain blue field with seven five pointed stars still used by the Irish left was not used by the ICA until it was reformed by the Republican Congress in the 1930's
The origional Starry Plough was flown from the imperial hotel in O Connell St. during the Rising. On St. Patricks day 1916 the ICA hoisted a plain green flag with a golden or yellow harp over liberty hall. The remnants of this are on display in Collins Barracks. A scroll was also unveiled across the front of Liberty Hall in 1914 after the outbreak of WW1 which read "We serve neither King nor Kaiser but Ireland!"
Final Note
Unlike the Irish Volunteers who were mostly Catholic (with notable exceptions Bulmer Hobson etc...) a fairly large section of the ICA were of minority religions. Marcivictz was Protestant as were Jack White and Dr. kathleen Lynne. Jack White later declared himself an Atheist and embraced Anarchisim during the Spanish Civil war. The first casulty of the 1916 rising was Abraham Weeks, attached to the G.P.O. Garrison (See Manus O Riordan - James Connolly, Liberty Hall and the 1916 Rising) Weeks was an English Jew and member of the International Workers of the World Union who came to Dublin from London in 1916 to avoid conscription to the British Army and to join the ICA.
Citizen Army Group Firing
The photos arent the greatest quality but you can click on them to enlarge. This photo shows two ordinary ICA members armed with rifles the one closer to the camers has the more typical mauser rifle. The captain kneeling and pointing is armed with a C96 broom handle mauser and is the group leader (female) closest to the camera. Note also she has a feathered hat similar to marcivictz and wears the 'scrolled' ICA letters on her collar not the Block ICA letters on the epaluttes worn by the others. She also has the officers Slade wallace pattern belt and is the only one wearing putees.
Citizen Army Captain firing C96 Broomhandle Mauser Pistol
This is a Citizen Army Captain or NCO firing a Broom handled mauser. The weapons wooden holster could be fixed to the guns handle and used as a stock transforming the weapon into a carabine. If you enlarge the inage you can clearly see the red hand ITGWU badge used to pin up the hat and the block letter ICA shoulder title
Two Members of ICA
The Captain on the left had his mauser in the wooden holster, and though he does not have the brass diamond shaped rank marking fixed to his epaluttes, the fact that his "Snake S" buckle type strap in the style of a sam browne and that he has a pistol rather than a rifle shows he is of senior rank. The Ordinary member wears the black bandolier and his belt does not have a cross strap. the white linen ammunition and kit bags are worn on opposite sides because of the ICA Captains cross strap and mauser holster - more normaly it would be worn in the fashion of the ordinary ICA member. These are old RUC uniforms that have been bought and doctored for the purpose at E 4o for tunic and trousers - not a small fortune! in re-enactment terms
Captain Jack White and Irish Citizen Army at Croydon House Dublin
You can see how well armed and uniformed the ICA realy were from this. The officer on the right closest to the camera is captain Jack White a vetern of the Boer war with the British army. The sword he is carrying is a British Army officers sword
Citizen Army on Roof of Liberty Hall
The men in uniforms are armed with mauser rifles - the most common weapon in the ICA. The uniformed man in the centre has the red hand badge clearly visible pinning up the side of his cap. The man standing behind with the revolver in civilian clothes is also a member of the force. Again if E4o is beyond your budget for a uniform civilian clothes courdruoy, tweed or even an old suit from oxfam with the addition of a made up ICA blue or red armband is cheaper still and perfectly accurate.
Origional Citizen Army Button
Taken from a womens ICA uniform in a private collection, note the dark green rough tweed matierial rather than the serge used in the mens tunics. The camera flash had brightened the colour but trust me its dark green. Im reproducing these buttons if anyone needs them other wise modern leather buttons are acceptable and cost little.
Countess Marcivictz in Officers Uniform
Note she is wearing an officers slade wallace belt, and if the resolution is good you can see the officers collar badges. This was Malins old uniform mentioned above. Photo taken about one week before the Rising.
Countess Marcivictz in ICA Boy Scouts Uniform
This photo was taken circa 1917 -1918 note how imprisionment and hungerstrike have worn on the countesses face, the wrinkles, blackened and broken teath and grey hair were all touched up when the photo was used to promote her for election. Compare to the above photo. Shows what these people realy went through for our freedoms? All the more reason why if we are going to re-enact the period we should do their memory justice. Any way she is wearing the ICA Boy Scouts uniform - quite similar in design to the Fianna Eireann one.
So thats it for now - from this on there are no excuses for getting your kit and speel on the ICA wrong. Im ready and willing to help out anyone who needs a hand with their ICA kit. But this guide took me a lot of time and effort to put together so ill not be tolerating sloppy kit for much longer.
Khaki and Green War of Independence Re-enactment Group


text:
Monday, March 15, 2010
Glass Dharma: helping saving the earth one glass straw at time!
I had a friend over for lunch this afternoon, we went for a walk with the kiddos down to the mail box.
I have been excitingly awaiting the glass straws I ordered
from Glass Dharma, with my $25 gift certificate I won from
An Opera Singer in the Kitchen.
I really like the packaging they came in, and the straws are super cool.
Easy to clean because I ordered the scrub brush too!
These are solid straws.. and if they ever break, glass dharma will replace them for free!
Of course I had to make a smoothie and try'm out....Berry Blast!
1 cup frozen berries
1 banana
1/4 cup orange juice
1/2 cup soy milk (you could use any type)
1 tbsp maple syrup
Put everything into a blender and blend!
6 comments:
Congrats on winning a GC to Glass Dharma. We love them over here too!ReplyDelete
Lovely! I've seen these before and think they're such a fun (and practical) idea. And the smoothie looks great, too!ReplyDelete
What a great idea! Of course my first thought was "how would you clean them?" and then you neatly dispersed that with your mention of the wee scrub brush!ReplyDelete
Oh I have to keep my eye out for giveaways! I want some of these straws so badly!ReplyDelete
I love my glass dharma straws too :)ReplyDelete
- SimoneJune 7, 2011 at 9:28 PM
Have you seen the works of art by Strawesome Glass Straws? I won them and couldn't understand what the hype was, but now I do and have ordered them as gifts and she's personalized them for me! www.strawesome.comReplyDelete
As long as we aren't using plastic, hurray for all of us!
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Senior Astronomer and Director, Center for SETI Research
What If ET Is Out There?
Seth Shostak at TEDxSanJoseCA
BiPiSci takes on big questions by interviewing leading researchers and weaving together their stories of discovery in a clever and off-kilter narrative style.
New episode every Monday ➞
© 2014 -
Designed and developed by Science Sites: websites for scientists


text:
I often use my laptop in the subway / office buildings where internet connection may be laggy / absent for some period of time. Is there any network monitorying software that can constantly monitor my network connection quality (for example, by sending ping to google.com every few second) and display a green-yellow-red icon in the notification area so I will know if i have a normal internet connection or not?
Google search doesn't show any such software :(


text:
This recipe will astound your meat-eating friends and make your mouth water simply by looking at it! Pistachios add a unique, delicious flavor to the burgers. Combining with sun-dried tomatoes and herbs creates a lovely synergy. The bread is fluffy and chewy; a perfect partner to the crunchiness of the burger. Double the recipe; your friends and family will thank you!
1 cup pistachios, shelled and soaked for 2 hours
1/2 cup sun-dried tomatoes, soaked for 1 hour
1 Tbsp olive oil
1/2 cup lentil sprouts
1/2 cup cilantro, fresh
1/2 tsp Kalahari salt
1/2 tomato, sliced
1/2 avocado, sliced
Handful of baby heirloom lettuce
Handful of sprouts
1 cup almond pulp (fiber from almond milk)
1 cup ground flax seeds
1/2 cup sun-dried tomatoes, soaked for 1 hour and chopped
1/2 tsp Kalahari salt
First, make the burgers. In a food processor, add ingredients for burger except for cilantro. Process until well incorporated. Pulse in fresh cilantro. Form into patties and place on dehydrator sheet. Dehydrate overnight (approximately 12 hours).
Now, make the bread. Make almond milk, and place the pulp from making the milk in a bowl. Add ground flax seed, sun dried tomatoes and salt. Form a loaf with your hands. Cut this loaf into bread-sized pieces and place on dehydrator sheet. Dehydrate for 4-6 hours.
Now, make your burger with the extras. Enjoy!


text:
I need to remove the down arrow in the Smooth Navigational Menu, but not by changing the display to "none" in css as this leaves the spacing of the menu incorrect. Theres a JS fix version here that works, but this is for a really old version. Is there the same tweak for the latest version 1.51+
Many Thanks


text:
CAMBRIDGE, Mass.—Seeking its fourth win in five games, the Harvard men's hockey team visits Dartmouth Friday night in a rematch of a 2011 ECAC Hockey quarterfinal series. The opening faceoff is scheduled for 7 p.m. at Thompson Arena.
Game Notes (PDF)
ECAC Hockey Scoreboard
National Scoreboard
Looking Back to Tuesday
Boston Herald: Harvard storms back to beat UNH
U.S. College Hockey Online: Blackwell leads Harvard's "crazy game" comeback over New Hampshire
Follow From Home
Dartmouth will provide live video with a subscription and free live statistics at the links above. Live audio will be available from WHRB-FM 95.3 and WHRB.org with Brendan Roche and Raafi Alidina on the call.
Game On
• The Crimson came back from four goals down to defeat New Hampshire, 7-6, Tuesday night at Bright Hockey Center. Colin Blackwell (North Andover, Mass.) scored the tying and go-ahead goals in the third period, after Alex Killorn (Montreal, Que.) notched two goals and an assist in the second period. It was Harvard's greatest scoring output since the 2008 ECAC Hockey playoffs.
• Harvard has won three of its last four games and has lost once in its last five (3-1-1).
• This is the 196th meeting between the Crimson and Big Green. Harvard leads the series, 126-60-9, but Dartmouth took two out of three in last season's playoffs, with each game decided by one goal.
• Harvard is 10 for 38 on power plays through seven games, ranking fourth nationally in power-play efficiency at 26.3 percent. The Crimson has netted at least one power-play tally in each game this season and has scored two man-advantage goals in three of its seven outings.
• The Crimson ranks 12th nationally in scoring at 3.43 goals per game.
• Alex Killorn leads Harvard with five goals and nine points. He ranks 13th nationally in goals per game (0.71) and is tied for 19th in points per game (1.29).
• Danny Biega (Montreal, Que.) leads the Crimson with six assists and ranks second on the team with eight points. He is tied for fifth nationally among defensemen in scoring at 1.15 points per game. Patrick McNally (Glen Head, N.Y.) has six points on two goals and four assists. He ranks 14th in scoring among the nation's defenseman, third among freshman defensemen.
Last Time Out
The Crimson scored seven goals over the final two periods to storm back from a four‑goal, first‑intermission deficit and defeat New Hampshire, 7-6, Tuesday night at Bright Hockey Center. Colin Blackwell netted the tying and go‑ahead goals in the third period, while Alex Killorn notched two goals and an assist to lead the Crimson to a dramatic win in its first non-league game of the season.
Eric Kroshus (Calgary, Alta.), Alex Fallstrom (Stockholm, Sweden) and David Valek (Zagreb, Croatia) also scored as Harvard trimmed a 4-0 UNH lead after one period to 5-4 through two and went ahead in the third. Fallstrom and Valek also recorded assists, while Danny Biega and Patrick McNally logged two helpers apiece. Steve Michalek (Glastonbury, Conn.) stopped 24 of the 28 UNH shots he faced in a relief win.
Goals, Goals, Goals
Harvard's seven goals Tuesday marked its greatest output since defeating Quinnipiac, 11-0, to open the ECAC Hockey quarterfinals March 14, 2008. The Crimson last scored seven or more goals in a regular‑season game in an 8-1 win at Union Feb. 1, 2005. Tuesday's game featured the most combined goals in a Harvard game since an 8-6 home win against Princeton Nov. 13, 2004.
Comeback Crimson
Harvard last rallied from a four-goal deficit to win Feb. 6, 2004, when the Crimson trailed 4-0 after one period and 5-1 in the second before coming back to win, 7-5, in New Haven, Conn.
So You're Telling Me There's a Chance
This season, Harvard trailed in two of its three wins so far and its tie against No. 19 Quinnipiac.
Who's Hot?
Patrick McNally is riding a team-high four-game point-streak and has six points on two goals and four assists in that span. Danny Biega has logged two straight multi-point games and has two goals and three assists in the last three contests. Marshall Everson (Edina, Minn.) has registered an assist in each of the last three games. Alex Killorn has totaled two goals and two assists in the last two.
Poll Position
Harvard has received votes in four of the eight weeks of the U.S. College Hockey Online poll.
Defensemen assisted on six of Harvard's goals Tuesday and have scored or assisted on 17 of the Crimson's last 19 tallies.
Middle Men
Harvard has outscored its opponents, 14-5, in second periods this season. The Crimson outscored UNH, 4-1, in Tuesday's second period.
Consistent Output
The Crimson has scored in 10 of its last 11 periods and has netted at least three goals in three of those frames.
Road Warriors
Harvard is playing the first of seven straight road games. The Crimson returns home to face Union Jan. 13.
Last Season
Dartmouth swept a home-and-home series from the Crimson on Thanksgiving weekend last year, but Harvard had turned around its season by the time the teams met with a berth in the ECAC semifinals in Atlantic City, N.J., on the line.
Visiting Harvard won the first game, as Alex Killorn, Alex Fallstrom and Michael Del Mauro '11 scored and the Crimson hung on, 3-2. In Game 2, Michael Biega '11 scored in the third period to tie the game, but Andrew Owsiak bounced a puck off a defender 97 seconds into overtime for a 2-1 win. Fallstrom scored twice in the third game, but James Mello's 35 saves keyed a 4-3 Big Green win to advance.
Series History
Harvard owned a 6-1-1 record in the previous eight meetings with Dartmouth before the Big Green swept the 2010-11 regular season series. The Crimson previously lost just once (7-0 in 2000-01) to the Big Green in a 20-game span from 1996 to 2004 and owns a 126-60-9 all-time series edge. The teams first met Feb. 7, 1907, a 12-3 Crimson win at Harvard Stadium.
Scouting the Big Green
Dartmouth won three of its first four games and climbed to No. 17 in the USCHO.com national poll but has lost three of its last four. The Big Green is coming off a North Country split that ended with a 4-0 loss at Clarkson.
Rookie Tyler Sikura leads Dartmouth with four goals, while Dustin Walsh has logged a team‑high seven points (2-5-7). The Big Green boasts a pair of senior goaltenders. Second-team all-league pick James Mello started the team's first six games, but former ECAC Rookie of the Year Jody O'Neill has started the last two. O'Neill leads the team with a .922 save percentatge and 2.02 goals-against average.
Power Surge
Operating at a 26.5-percent clip in ECAC Hockey play, the Crimson's power play ranks first in the league. Dating back to last season, Harvard has scored at least one power-play goal in 11 straight games and has netted 20 man‑advantage goals in its last 12 ECAC Hockey games.
Power Players
Danny Biega and Alex Killorn share the league lead with five power-play points each in ECAC games. Killorn and Patrick McNally are tied for second in the league with two power-play goals apiece. Killorn leads Harvard with three total power-play goals, including one Tuesday.
Block Party
Max Everson (Edina, Minn.) blocked three UNH shots Tuesday, giving him a team-high 12 blocked shots on the season. Ryan Grimshaw (Rochester, N.Y.) has blocked 10 shots, while David Valek has blocked nine.
On the Dot
Alex Killorn leads Harvard's centers in faceoff win percentage at .571 (56-42), while Colin Moore is 35-32 (.522). Alex Fallstrom (15-6, .714) and Daniel Moriarty (Bienfait, Sask.) (11-5, .688), usually wings, have the team's highest percentages.
Staying Positive
Dan Ford leads Harvard in plus/minus at +3. David Valek is +2.
Fresh Impact
The six healthy freshman skaters in Harvard's highly ranked rookie class have combined for six goals and seven assists in the last four games.


text: While hundreds of books have been written about slavery, in the main they tend to be either microhistories of individual slaves and slave families or broad social histories of the peculiar institution. Redemption Songs uniquely features both approaches. VanderVelde not only knits together the stories of a dozen distinct individuals with one thing in common-their status as litigants-and little else, she also provides a rich and eye-opening account of the legalfoundations of the larger system.


text:
Many small businesses don't have the resources to hire staff
specifically for safety training. By giving one or more existing
employees the tools to become their company's safety trainer(s), the
CTSP program not only allows business owners to establish a safety
program for a modest investment, it also provides a new career path for
these key employees, increasing their job satisfaction and company
The 2008-2009 Tree Care Industry Accident Survey
compiled data from more than 300 companies and over 5.2 million work
Results: Accredited companies with a CTSP experience 'recordable
accidents' (requiring medical attention) and lost workday accidents half
as frequently as non-member, non-accredited companies without a CTSP.
This means fewer accidents, injuries, less lost time, and reduced costs –
*With a CTSP on staff, your company could be saving money on business
insurance. TCIA has endorsed the ArborMax® insurance program to give our
members a full service, commercial insurance program. TCIA
Accreditation and CTSP can also make your company eligible to apply for
Workers' Compensation coverage.
Contact Peter Gerstenberger (Sr. Advisor for Safety, Standards & Compliance) or Irina Kochurov (Credentialing Administrator).


text:
Graduate Studies
Admission | Courses | Program | Requirements |Profile
Interim Chairperson: Lloyd Kilmer
Program Coordinator: Holly Nikels
Graduate Committee Chairperson: Carrie Alexander-Albritton
Office: WIU-Quad Cities
Telephone: (309) 762-1876 Fax: (309) 762-6989
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: wiu.edu/counselored/
Location of Program Offering: Quad Cities only
Graduate Faculty
- Rebecca Newgent, Ph.D., The University of Akron
- Holly J. Nikels, Ph.D., University of South Dakota
- Leslie W. O'Ryan, Ed.D., University of South Dakota
Associate Graduate Faculty
Associate Professor
- Carrie Alexander-Allbriton, Ph.D., Idaho State University
Assistant Professor
- Tiffany Stoner-Harris, Ph.D., University of Iowa
Program Description
The Department of Counselor Education offers a Master of Science in Education (M.S.Ed.) in Counseling at the WIU-QC campus. The department offers a unique blend of courses designed to provide the skills and knowledge necessary to become a competent counseling professional. Acceptable academic performance and experiential mastery are both required for successful completion of the program. Students may select either of two options: Clinical Mental Health Counseling or School Counseling.The Clinical Mental Health Counseling option prepares students for work as clinical mental health counselors in a variety of clinical settings including mental health centers, rehabilitation hospitals, recovery centers, private practice, university counseling centers, and employee assistance programs. The School Counseling option prepares students for work as elementary and/or secondary school counselors in public and private schools. The school counselor option within the Department of Counselor Education is the only program at Western Illinois University that prepares students for school counselor licensure.
The counseling programs are accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). The School Counseling option is also accredited by the Illinois State Board of Education.
Admission Requirements
Application deadline of January 15 for Summer/Fall admission consideration and August 15 for Spring admission consideration. A Departmental Selection Committee must recommend applicants for admission to the graduate program in the Department of Counselor Education. The Selection Committee requires three references, transcripts, a screening interview, an essay, and official scores on a Basic Skills Test (for school counseling applicants). Applicants seeking school counseling licensure for Illinois or Iowa should contact the Program Coordinator of the Department of Counselor Education for those requirements. Consideration for screening interviews will not take place until all required documents are received and approved by the deadline.
Fingerprint-based Illinois State Police and FBI criminal background investigations are required as part of the admissions process. Students may be prohibited from completing field work if background investigations reveal certain criminal offenses, arrests, and/or convictions. It is important to be aware that some schools/agencies may have additional background investigations prior to acceptance at their field site. Please email the Department of Counselor Education at email@example.com for additional information.
Applicants must have completed a Bachelor's degree (undergraduate course work) in any field from a regionally accredited university.
Applicants must have a cumulative undergraduate GPA of 3.0 or higher (includes all undergraduate work attempted at all institutions), or 3.25 for the last two years (60 semester hours) of undergraduate work.
Applicants failing to meet the minimum undergraduate requirements may be considered for probationary admission with a cumulative undergraduate GPA of 2.75-2.99. Applicants with a cumulative undergraduate GPA between 2.6-2.74 may request consideration for probationary admission – an additional portfolio must be submitted by the applicant at the time of application. The additional material included in the portfolio is intended to assist the Selection and Retention Committee's evaluation of the applicant's potential success as a graduate student in the Department of Counselor Education. All applicants admitted as probationary students must petition for full admission after completing nine graduate hours from any of the following courses: CN 540, CN 541, CN 545, CN 551, CN 552, or EIS 500.
Applicants with undergraduate GPAs not meeting the above requirements may request individual consideration based upon exceptional circumstances. This is done only with rare exception. Applicants must contact the Program Coordinator of the Department of Counselor Education to set up a meeting prior to applying to the department. Applications received from individuals who do not meet the requirements above and have not met with the Program Coordinator will not be considered.
If applicants have a completed master's degree from a regionally accredited university, then a cumulative graduate GPA of 3.0 or higher is required (includes all graduate work attempted at all institutions). Undergraduate GPAs will not be considered if you have a completed master's degree; nor will probationary status be offered for those with a completed master's degree.
Students will be required to complete a disclosure status (indicating whether or not a student's criminal background status has changed) during the semester prior to enrollment in techniques of counseling, counseling techniques for children and adolescents, practicum, and internship. All students must register for the Comprehensive Examination while enrolled in internship. The exam will be given during the student's internship semester and a passing score is required to advance to degree completion. The Comprehensive Examination policy may be viewed at wiu.edu/counselored.
Please note that admission requirements are subject to change when state regulations and/or National Accreditation regulations change. Some changes may occur after submission of your application. Please make sure to keep abreast of these changes.
Degree Requirements
The M.S.Ed. in Counseling degree has two options. Students may pursue a School Counseling option, which requires a minimum of 56 semester hours or may select a Clinical Mental Health Counseling option, which requires a minimum of 60 s.h. Students should consult with their advisor regarding proper sequencing of courses and specialization in either option.
The Department of Counselor Education limits the number of allowable semester hours of "C" grades or lower to 6 semester hours.
School Counseling Option
A grade of A or B is required for the following courses: CN 500, CN 547, CN 581, CN 593, CN 597, and CN 598.
I. Required Core Courses: 48 s.h.
EIS 500 Methods of Research (3)
CN 500 Pre-Practicum in Counseling (3)
CN 519 Crisis and Trauma Counseling (3)
CN 540 Marriage, Family, and Relationship Counseling (3)
CN 541 Lifestyles and Career Development (3)
CN 542 Assessment Techniques in Counseling (3)
CN 545 Counseling Theories and Applications (3)
CN 547 Techniques of Counseling (3)
CN 549 Professional, Legal, and Ethical Issues in Counseling (3)
CN 552 Counseling/Helping in a Multicultural Society (3)
CN 554 Counseling Across the Lifespan (3)
CN 581 Group Counseling: Theories and Procedures (3)
CN 593 Practicum: Counseling (3)
CN 597 Internship I (3)
CN 598 Internship II (3)
CN 600 Diagnosis (3)
CN 655 Comprehensive Examination (0)
II. Required Directed Electives: 8 s.h.
CN 544 Counseling Techniques for Children and Adolescents: Literacy and Play (3)
CN 546 Developing and Managing Comprehensive School Counseling Programs (2)
CN 556 Developmental Counseling (3)
TOTAL PROGRAM: 56 s.h.
Clinical Mental Health Counseling Option
A grade of A or B is required for the following courses: CN 500, CN 547, CN 549, CN 581, CN 593, CN 597, CN 598, CN 600, and CN 604.
I. Required Core Courses: 48 s.h.
EIS 500 Methods of Research (3)
CN 500 Pre-Practicum in Counseling (3)
CN 519 Crisis and Trauma Counseling (3)
CN 540 Marriage, Family, and Relationship Counseling (3)
CN 541 Lifestyles and Career Development (3)
CN 542 Assessment Techniques in Counseling (3)
CN 545 Counseling Theories and Applications (3)
CN 547 Techniques of Counseling (3)
CN 549 Professional, Legal, and Ethical Issues in Counseling (3)
CN 552 Counseling/Helping in a Multicultural Society (3)
CN 554 Counseling Across the Lifespan (3)
CN 581 Group Counseling: Theories and Procedures (3)
CN 593 Practicum: Counseling (3)
CN 597 Internship I (3)
CN 598 Internship II (3)
CN 600 Diagnosis (3)
CN 655 Comprehensive Examination (0)
II. Required Directed Electives: 13 s.h.
CN 520 Foundations and Professional Orientation to Clinical Mental Health Counseling (3)
CN 521 Standards of Care and Management in Clinical Mental Health Counseling (3)
CN 522 Psychopharmacology in Counseling (1)
CN 551 Counseling for Addictions (3)
CN 604 Psychopathology (3)
TOTAL PROGRAM: 61 s.h.
Course Descriptions
Counseling (CN)
433G Special Problems in Counseling. (1, repeatable for different titles) Designed to provide a group of students an opportunity for further professional growth and to apply problem-solving approaches in dealing with specific educational problems. Graded S/U. Prerequisite: Permission of instruction.
500 Pre-Practicum in Counseling. (3, repeatable to 6) Introduction to basic counseling skills that facilitates development of a competent and authentic professional counselor. Experiential in nature, this course fosters the development of basic counseling skills necessary for establishing therapeutic relationships and serves as an opportunity for personal growth. Grade of A or B required. Prerequisite: Graduate standing in Counseling and permission of the Department Chairperson. Prerequistie/corequisite: CN 545.
515 Research and Program Evaluation. (3) This course provides an understanding of research methods, statistical analysis, needs assessment, and program evaluation, including the importance of research in advancing the counseling profession and the use of research to inform evidence-based practice.
519 Crisis and Trauma Counseling. (3) This course is designed to acquaint students with the special models, theories, and techniques of crisis intervention. Special attention is given to grief and trauma. Topics include prevention and intervention. Crisis management resources are explored in relation to grief, post-traumatic stress, suicide, domestic violence and child abuse. Ethical, legal, and social issues related to crisis intervention will also be addressed.
520 Foundations and Professional Orientation to Clinical Mental Health Counseling. (3) Introduction to the profession of clinical mental health counseling: history, accreditation, licensure, credentialing, professional organizations, advocacy, counseling philosophy, and use of technology. Topics include roles, functions, professional identity, and scope of practice/standards of care unique to the field of clinical mental health counseling with specific attention given to the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics and professional competencies.
521 Standards of Care and Management in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. (3) Current trends in the counseling literature/research and strategies for counseling specific to clinical mental health are explored. Designed to provide an understanding of the range of mental health service delivery such as inpatient, outpatient, partial treatment, and aftercare/and the clinical mental health counseling services network. Particular attention is given to managed care, HIPAA, public policy, needs assessment, consultation, and prevention. Prerequisites: Graduate standing in Counseling.
522 Psychopharmacology in Counseling. (1) Students will demonstrate knowledge of commonly prescribed Psychotropic medications including antipsychotic, antidepressant, anti-anxiety and sedative/hypnotic agents. Students will understand and have a basic knowledge of creating psychological evaluations using the mental status exam and psychosocial history when developing treatment plans.
540 Marriage, Family, and Relationship Counseling. (3) An introduction to basic concepts of family counseling and their application in school and agency settings.
541 Lifestyles and Career Development. (3) Assisting clientele in various settings with life's decisions; emphasis on development with respect to life roles; theories, procedures, materials, and informational resources related to lifestyle and career development counseling.
542 Assessment Techniques in Counseling. (3) Principles of measurement and assessment. The use of various assessment instruments, achievement, aptitude, intelligence, interests, and personality. Supervision in administering, scoring, and interpreting of individual evaluation methods.
544 Counseling Techniques for Children and Adolescents: Literacy and Play. (3) Counseling theories, skills, materials, and methods of reading/reading for working with children and adolescents are covered. Children's developmental stages, tasks, and needs relative to clinical practice are applicable. Play therapy techniques, adventure based counseling skills, and consultation is included. Prerequisites: CN 500 and graduate standing in Counseling .
545 Counseling Theories and Applications. (3) This course will survey the major concepts, practices, and applications of contemporary therapeutic systems in counseling. Students will gain an overview of the divergent contemporary approaches to counseling.
546 Developing and Managing Comprehensive School Counseling Programs. (2) Procedures for planning, organizing, and evaluating a school counseling program. Principles of administration, staffing, and budgeting for the school counseling program will be studied. Prerequisites: Graduate standing in School Counseling or permission of the instructor.
547 Techniques of Counseling. (3, repeatable to 6) The development and mastery of basic counseling skills through a combination of didactic and experiential approaches. Video and audio tapes, role playing, simulation, and practice in procedures will be utilized. Graded A or B required for majors. Prerequisites: CN 500 with a grade of A or B; CN 545. Majors only.
549 Professional, Legal, and Ethical Issues in Counseling. (3, repeatable to 6) This course provides an exploration of the legal, professional, and ethical dilemmas faced by professional counselors. Unique issues of professional identity will also be addressed. Familiarity with and application of the current American Counseling Association Code of Ethics as well as relevant state of Illinois and Iowa, and federal civil and criminal law will be demonstrated by students. Grade of A or B required for majors.
551 Counseling for Addictions. (3) Principles and practices of addiction prevention and counseling with special application to the functions of counselors.
552 Counseling/Helping in a Multicultural Society. (3) Didactic and experiential course to expand personal and professional relationship competencies in working with people in our contemporary pluralistic society. This course cannot be audited.
554 Counseling Across the Lifespan. (3) This course will address counseling theory in relation to issues pertinent to human development from a counseling and prevention perspective. It will focus on contemporary counseling approaches in addressing stages of human development, from normal and abnormal populations across the lifespan, stages of human development within a contextual and cultural perspective, and issues pertinent to human development.
556 Developmental Counseling. (3) A comprehensive developmental school counseling model will be presented. The model will be applicable for school counselors in public or private school settings, K-12. Prerequisites: CN 546 prerequisite or co-requisite and graduate standing in the School Counseling option.
581 Group Counseling Theories and Procedures. (3) Didactic and experiential learning in group theory and practice. This course involves experience as a group participant to develop self-awareness, acceptance, and effective interpersonal skills. Grade of A or B required. Prerequisite or co-requisite: CN 500 and CN 545, lab fee required. Majors only.
593 Practicum: Counseling. (3, repeatable to 6) Supervised experience in counseling. Prerequisites: A GPA of 3.0 or higher in all counseling coursework; a grade of A or B in CN 581 and CN 547; additionally, for the clinical mental health option a grade of A or B in CN 549 and CN 600; additionally, for the school option a grade of A or B in CN 548 and CN 602.
597 Internship I. (3) The first internship experience requires completion of a minimum of 300 clock hour supervised internship in the student's designated program area intended to reflect the comprehensive work experience of a professional counselor. Grade of A or B required. Must retake if grade of C or below. Prerequisite: A grade of A or B in CN 593. Graduate standing in Counseling.
598 Internship II. (3) Requires completion of a minimum of 300 clock hour supervised internship in the student's designated program area intended to reflect the comprehensive work experience of a professional counselor. Grade of A or B required. Must retake if grade of C or below. Prerequisites: A grade of A or B in CN 597and graduate standing in Counseling.
599 Independent Study. (1–4, repeatable) An investigation of problems related to the student's major area. Ordinarily a substantial written and/or oral report will be required. Students will arrange the topic, procedures, and methods of reporting with the instructor. Graded S/U. Prerequisites: Graduate standing in Counseling and permission of the instructor.
600 Diagnosis. (3) This course examines the diagnosis of mental disorders employing the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). Principles and practices related to DSM diagnosis, etiology, assessment, treatment planning, interviewing, and interventions are emphasized. Grade of A or B required. Prerequisites: CN 545. Majors only.
601 Thesis. (3) Master's thesis in counseling. Graded S/U. Prerequisite: Graduate standing in Counseling and permission of the Department Chairperson.
604 Psychopathology. (3) Course explores various aspects of counseling related to psychopathology. Abnormal and maladaptive behaviors are presented. Counseling interventions related to behavioral and emotional disorders, psychoses, and maladaptive behavior patterns are addressed. Grade of A or B required. Prerequisites: CN 545. Majors only.
655 Comprehensive Examination. (0) The comprehensive examination is required of all degree-seeking counseling students to determine whether students have attained the level of competence in the field of counseling. A passing score is required for degree completion. Students must pass by 3rd attempt. Graded S/U. Prerequisites: Concurrent enrollment in CN 597; have an overall average of 'B' or better in all core courses (CN 554, CN 552, CN 545, CN 547, CN 581, CN 541, CN 515, and either CN 548 or CN 549); and be a student in good standing.
Table of Contents
- General Information
- Campus and Facilities
- University Services
- Special Programs
- Admission
- Academic Guidelines
- Graduate School Policies
- Costs and Financial Assistance
- Programs of Study
- Integrated Baccalaureate/Master's Degrees
- Post-Baccalaureate Certificates
- Other Departments Offering Courses for Graduate Credit
- Index
- Table of Contents


text:
The AAA 110th Annual Meeting will take place this year in Montréal, Quebec, Canada from November 16-20, 2011. Now is the time to renew your membership, pre-register for the Annual Meeting, book your hotel, and add the workshops to your itinerary.
There are many sessions, workshops and events to attend during the AAA Annual Meeting. AAA President Virginia Dominquez will give a Presidential Address on Saturday, November 19 from 6:15pm to 7:30pm. This leads to today's trivia question:
What is the title of the Presidential Address?
E-mail your answer to firstname.lastname@example.com by the end of today.
Two lucky people with the correct answer will win an Annual Meeting mug from the new AAA Café Press shop. Winning answers will be announced here later in the week, so check back often.
Need a hint? Check out the searchable online program.
Quick links:
Renew your membership
Complete your meeting registration
Book your hotel
Add a workshop
Purchase the Annual Meeting Abstracts
Order your Annual Meeting Gear


text:
Modelling and simulation
Analyzing system behaviour in a virtual environment
SKF has the most comprehensive and powerful sets of modelling and simulation packages in the bearing industry, ranging from easy-to-use tools based on the SKF General Catalogue formulas, to the most sophisticated calculation and simulation systems. The company's strategy is to develop a wide range of software packages to satisfy a large number of customer requirements, from fairly simple design checks and moderately complex investigations to the most advanced simulations for bearing and machine design.
SKF combines the ability to model generic mechanical systems using shafts, gears, housings, etc. with a precise bearing model for in-depth analysis of the system behaviour in a virtual environment. This SKF program is the result of several years of specific research and development.
Dynamic calculation of bearing calculationsFor dynamic calculations, SKF has programs to study and optimize the complex behaviour of noise and vibration critical bearing applications (e.g. electric motors, gearboxes), providing an in-depth understanding of, and advice on, the dynamic behaviour of an application.
For the most precise simulations of the detailed dynamics inside the bearing, SKF software can be seen as a virtual test rig, performing detailed studies of forces, moments etc. under virtually any load condition. The SKF Spindle Simulator is advanced simulation software for analyzing spindle applications. This program takes account of the effect of the operating speed and temperature on the bearing shaft and housing fits, as well as the bearing preload. In addition, at each point in the spindle's duty cycle, it analyzes the effect of the external loads on the shaft and the bearings and delivers precise information about each contact for each rolling element on each bearing. The program supports the analysis of spindles and contains detailed models of super-precision bearings.