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Home > Health Library > Vulvar Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI]
This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
Incidence and Mortality
Vulvar cancer accounts for about 5% of cancers of the female genital system in the United States.
Estimated new cases and deaths from vulvar cancer in the United States in 2019:[1]
The vulva is the area immediately external to the vagina, including the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, Bartholin glands, and perineum. The labia majora are the most common site of vulvar carcinoma involvement and account for about 50% of cases. The labia minora account for 15% to 20% of vulvar carcinoma cases. The clitoris and Bartholin glands are less frequently involved.[2] Lesions are multifocal in about 5% of cases. About 90% of vulvar carcinomas are squamous cell cancers.[3] This evidence summary covers squamous cell cancers and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasias (VIN), some of which are thought to be precursors to invasive squamous cell cancers.
Survival is dependent on the pathologic status of the inguinal nodes and whether spread to adjacent structures has occurred. The size of the primary tumor is less important in defining prognosis.[4] In patients with operable disease without nodal involvement, the overall survival (OS) rate is 90%; however, in patients with nodal involvement, the 5-year OS rate is approximately 50% to 60%.[5]
Risk Factors
Risk factors for lymph node metastasis include the following:[5,6,7,8,9]
Overall, about 30% of patients with operable disease have lymph nodal spread.
Other risk factors
In many cases, the development of vulvar cancer is preceded by condyloma or squamous dysplasia. The prevailing evidence favors human papillomavirus (HPV) as a causative factor in many genital tract carcinomas.[10] The HPV-related basaloid and warty types are associated with VIN. About 75% to 100% of basaloid and warty carcinomas harbor HPV infection. In addition to the much higher prevalence of HPV in these subtypes than in the keratinizing subtypes, the basaloid and warty subtypes also share many common risk factors with cervical cancers, including multiplicity of sex partners, early age at initiation of sexual intercourse, and history of abnormal Pap smears.[11] HPV-associated VIN (termed usual-type VIN when high-grade 2 and 3) is most common in women younger than 50 years, whereas non-HPV VIN (termed differentiated-type VIN when high-grade 3) is most common in older women. The former lesion-type VIN grade 1 is no longer classified as a true VIN.[12,13]
The pattern of spread is influenced by the histology. Well-differentiated lesions tend to spread along the surface with minimal invasion, whereas anaplastic lesions are more likely to be deeply invasive. Spread beyond the vulva is either to adjacent organs such as the vagina, urethra, and anus, or via the lymphatics to the inguinal and femoral lymph nodes, followed by the deep pelvic nodes. Hematogenous spread appears to be uncommon.
Presented below is an adaptation of the histologic classification of vulvar disease and precursor lesions of cancer of the vulva developed by the International Society for the Study of Vulvar Disease.[1] This evidence summary deals with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasias (VIN) and invasive carcinomas.
Non-neoplastic epithelial disorders of skin and mucosa
Paget disease of the vulva
Other histologies
The diagnosis of vulvar cancer is made by biopsy. The patient may be examined under anesthesia. Cystoscopy, proctoscopy, x-ray examination of the lungs, and intravenous urography (as needed), are used for staging purposes. Suspected bladder or rectal involvement must be confirmed by biopsy. The staging system does not apply to malignant melanoma of the vulva, which is staged like melanoma of the skin.[1]
Definitions: FIGO
The Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique (FIGO) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) have designated staging to define vulvar cancer; the FIGO system is most commonly used.[1,2] Stage is based upon pathology staging at the time of surgery or before any radiation or chemotherapy, if they are the initial treatment modalities.[3]
Grade is reported in registry systems. A two-, three-, or four-grade system may be used. If not specified, the following system is generally used:[1]
Standard primary treatment for vulvar cancer is surgery. Radiation is usually added to surgery in patients with stage III or IV disease.[1,2,3] Newer strategies have integrated surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy and tailor the treatment to the extent of clinical and pathologic disease. Patterns of practice in combining these treatments vary.[4]
Since invasive and preinvasive neoplasms of the vulva may be HPV-induced and the carcinogenic effect may be widespread in the vulvar epithelium, patients should be followed regularly for symptoms or signs of recurrence. Because there are few patients with advanced disease (stages III and IV), only limited data are available on treatment efficacy in this setting, and there is no standard chemotherapy regimen for these patients. Physicians should offer eligible patients with stage III or IV disease participation in clinical trials.
Information about ongoing clinical trials is available on the NCI website.
Role of Surgery
Primary surgery
Until the 1980s, the standard therapeutic approach to therapy for invasive locoregional vulvar carcinomas was radical surgery, including complete en bloc resection of the vulva and regional lymph nodes. Because of the high attendant complication rates, wound healing problems, lymphedema, and functional deficits, the trend since then has been toward more limited surgery, often combined with radiation therapy.[5] (Refer to the Role of Radiation Therapy section of this summary for more information.)
In tumors clinically confined to the vulva or perineum, radical local excision with a margin of at least 1 cm has generally replaced radical vulvectomy; separate incision has replaced en bloc inguinal node dissection; ipsilateral inguinal node dissection has replaced bilateral dissection for laterally localized tumors; and femoral lymph node dissection has been omitted in many cases. However, the different surgical techniques have not been directly compared in randomized controlled trials. In addition, even the nonrandomized studies suffer from lack of uniform staging definitions and clear descriptions of lymph node dissection or ancillary radiation.[6][Levels of evidence: 3iiiDii and 3iiiDiv] The evidence base is therefore limited.
Nodal surgery
Another strategy to minimize the morbidity incurred by groin-node dissection in patients with early clinical-stage disease is sentinel node dissection, reserving groin dissection for those with metastases to the sentinel node(s).
In a multicenter case series, 403 patients with primary vulvar squamous cell cancers smaller than 4 cm and clinically negative groin nodes underwent 623 sentinel node dissections using radioactive tracer and blue dye for sentinel node identification.[7] All patients had radical resection of the primary tumor. Node metastases were identified in 26% of sentinel node procedures, and these patients went on to full inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. The patients with negative sentinel nodes were followed with no further therapy.
Local morbidity was much lower in patients who underwent sentinel node dissection than in patients with positive sentinel nodes who also underwent inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy (wound breakdown 11.7% vs. 34.0%; cellulitis 4.5% vs. 21.3%; chronic lymphedema 1.9% vs. 25.2%, respectively) (P < .0001 for all comparisons). Mean hospital stay was also shorter (8.4 vs. 13.7 days) (P < .0001). After two local recurrences in 17 patients with multifocal primary tumors, the protocol was amended to only allow patients with unifocal tumors into the study. Actuarial groin recurrence for all patients with negative sentinel node dissections at 2 years was 3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1%–6%) and 2% (95% CI, 1%–5%) for those with unifocal primary tumors.[7][Level of evidence: 3iiiDiv]
Therefore, sentinel node dissection may be useful when performed by a surgeon experienced in the procedure, and it may avoid the need for full groin node dissection or radiation in patients with clinically nonsuspicious lymph nodes. (Refer to the Role of Radiation Therapy section of this summary for more information.)
Role of Radiation Therapy
Groin lymph node metastases are present in approximately 20% to 35% of patients with tumors clinically confined to the vulva and with clinically negative nodes.[7,8] Lymph node dissection is traditionally part of the primary surgical therapy in all but the smallest tumors. However, a major cause of morbidity after surgery is groin node dissection, which is associated with high rates of wound breakdown, lymphocele formation, and chronic lymphedema. Some investigators recommend radiation therapy as a means to avoid the morbidity of lymph node dissection, but it is not clear whether radiation therapy can achieve the same local control rates or survival rates as lymph node dissection in early-stage disease.
Inguinal nodes
A randomized trial to address the radiation therapy issue in patients with clinically localized vulvar cancer has been reported.[8,9] In that study, women with disease clinically confined to the vulva, who did not have groin lymph nodes clinically suspicious for metastases, underwent radical vulvectomy followed by either groin radiation (50 Gy in 2 Gy fractions) or groin dissection (plus groin radiation if nodes were pathologically involved).
Although the planned accrual was 300 patients, the study was stopped after 58 women were randomly assigned to it because of worse outcomes in the radiation therapy arm. Five (18.5%) of 27 women in the radiation therapy arm and 0 of 25 women in the surgery arm had a groin recurrence, but this difference was not statistically significant (relative risk [RR], 10.21; 95% CI, 0.59–175.78). There were ten deaths in the radiation therapy arm versus three deaths in the groin dissection study arm (RR, 4.31; 95% CI, 1.03–18.15). Disease-specific mortality was not statistically significantly different between the two arms; however, there were eight versus two vulvar cancer-related deaths (including one related to groin dissection), in the radiation therapy arm and groin dissection arm, respectively (RR, 3.70; 95% CI, 0.87–15.80).[8,9][Level of evidence 1iiA] There were fewer cases of lymphedema in the radiation therapy arm (0 vs. 7) and shorter hospital stays. The dose penetration of the radiation (3 cm for full dose) has been criticized as inadequate.[8] In summary, the trial was stopped prematurely, and little can be said about the relative efficacy of the two treatment approaches.[8]
Pelvic nodes
Pelvic radiation has been compared to pelvic node dissection in the setting of documented groin node-positive disease. Patients with clinical stage I to stage IV primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in whom groin nodal metastases were found at radical vulvectomy and bilateral groin node dissection were randomly assigned during the surgical procedure to receive either ipsilateral pelvic node resection or pelvic radiation (45 Gy–50 Gy at 1.8 Gy–2.0 Gy per fraction).[10] Because of a perceived emerging benefit of radiation, the planned accrual of 152 was stopped after 114 patients were randomly assigned. However, the apparent benefit of radiation was subsequently attenuated with further follow-up.
After a median follow-up of 74 months, the 6-year overall survival (OS) rate was 51% in the radiation arm versus 41% in the pelvic node dissection arm (hazard ratio [HR], 0.61; 95% CI, 0.3–1.3; P = .18). Vulvar cancer-specific mortality was statistically significantly lower in the radiation study arm (29% vs. 51% in the pelvic node resection arm) (HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.28–0.87; P = .015) However, there were 14 intercurrent deaths in the radiation therapy arm versus two deaths in the pelvic dissection study arm. Late chronic lymphedema was similar in the radiation therapy and pelvic dissection groups arms (16% vs. 22%), respectively.[10][Level of evidence: 1iiB]
Radical radiation therapy can be used for patients unable to tolerate surgery or deemed unsuitable for surgery because of site or extent of disease.[11,12,13,14]
Role of Chemotherapy
There is no standard chemotherapy for vulvar cancer, and reports describing the use of this modality in the setting of metastatic or recurrent disease are anecdotal.[5] Extrapolating from regimens used for anal or cervical squamous cell cancers, chemotherapy has been studied in combination with radiation in the neoadjuvant setting or as primary therapy in advanced disease. Chemotherapy regimens have included various combinations of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cisplatin, mitomycin-C, or bleomycin.[5] There is no clear evidence of improvement in survival or palliation. Given the advanced age and comorbidity of many patients with advanced or recurrent vulvar cancer, patient tolerance is a major consideration in the use of these agents.
Systemic treatment for inoperable patients
A systematic review of the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiation in patients who were considered inoperable or who would have required extensive surgery, such as pelvic exenteration, colostomy, or urinary diversion revealed no randomized trials.[15] Five nonrandomized studies that met the inclusion criteria of neoadjuvant chemoradiation administered in this population with an intent to permit curative surgery were reviewed.[16,17,18,19,20] The five studies used four different chemoradiation schedules and different radiation therapy dose-fractionation techniques. In the four studies using 5-FU + cisplatin or 5-FU + mitomycin-C, the operability rate after chemoradiation ranged from 63% to 92%.[16,17,18,19]
In the one study using bleomycin, the operability rate was only 20%.[20] In summary, there is evidence that neoadjuvant chemoradiation with 5-FU plus either cisplatin or mitomycin-C may convert patients to more operable status, but the evidence base is limited by study design. In addition to a paucity of randomized trials, interpretation of these studies is complicated by the lack of a standard definition of inoperability.[4][Level of evidence: 3iiiDiv] Treatment-related toxicity is substantial.
Systemic treatment for operable patients
There is also limited evidence regarding the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiation in advanced operable cases of vulvar cancer, but the available data do not suggest an advantage to this approach. A systematic review found only one randomized trial that addressed this issue, and it was published only in abstract form.[4,21] In that trial, 68 patients with advanced vulvar cancer (T2 >4 cm, T3, any case with positive lymph nodes) were randomly assigned to receive preoperative neoadjuvant radiation therapy (50 Gy) concomitantly with 5-FU plus mitomycin-C versus primary surgery. Neoadjuvant therapy-related serious toxicity was high (13 of 24 patients; 10 patients had wound diastasis). After a mean follow-up of 42 months, the 5-year OS rate was 30% in the neoadjuvant group and 49% in the primary surgery group (RR of death, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.94–2.06; P = .19).[4,21][Level of evidence 1iiA]
Traditionally, there were three grades of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). However, there is little evidence that all three grades are part of the same biologic continuum or that Grade 1 is even a cancer precursor. In 2004, the International Society for the Study of Vulvar Disease changed its terminology, reserving the designation VIN for two categories of lesions based on morphologic appearance:[1]
The term VIN 1 was eliminated.[1] Disease that was previously called VIN 1 (grade I) is generally observed without definitive treatment.
High-grade VIN is usually managed with active therapy because of a higher risk for progression to invasive disease.[2] Estimates of progression rates are imprecise. A systematic literature review that included 88 untreated patients with VIN 3 reported a 9% progression rate (8 of 88 patients) to invasive vulvar cancer during 12 to 96 months of observation. In the same review, the spontaneous regression rate was 1.2%, all of which occurred in women younger than 35 years.[3] However, in a single-center study, 10 of 63 (16%) untreated women with VIN 2 or VIN 3 progressed to invasive cancer after a mean of 3.9 years.[4]
VIN lesions may be multifocal or confluent and extensive. It is important to perform multiple biopsies in treatment planning to exclude occult invasive disease. VIN located in nonhairy areas can be considered an epithelial disease; however, VIN occupying hairy sites usually involves the pilosebaceous apparatus and requires a greater depth of destruction or excision because it can track along hair roots.
Surgical Interventions
The principal treatment approach is surgical, but there is no consensus on the optimal surgical procedure. The goal is to remove or destroy the entire VIN lesion while preserving vulvar anatomy and function. Simple vulvectomy yields a 5-year survival rate of essentially 100% but is seldom indicated. Other more-limited surgical procedures, including separate excision of multiple lesions, are less deforming.[5] The choice of treatment depends on the extent of the disease and the preference or experience of the treating physician. There are no reliable data comparing the efficacy and safety of the various surgical approaches.
A systematic literature review identified only a single randomized trial comparing any of the surgical approaches.[2] In that trial, 30 women with high-grade VIN were randomly assigned to receive carbon dioxide (CO2) laser ablation versus ultrasound surgical aspiration (USA).[6] There were no statistically significant differences in disease recurrence, painful dysuria or burning, adhesions, or eschar formation between the two treatments after 1 year of follow-up. Scarring was observed in 5 of 16 women treated with laser ablation and 0 of14 women treated with USA (P < .01), but consequences of the scarring on sexual function or quality of life were not reported.[6][Level of evidence 1iiDii] The trial was too small to draw reliable conclusions about the relative efficacy of these surgical techniques. The remainder of the surgical literature is derived from case series and is prone to important study biases.[Level of evidence 3iiiD]
Whatever procedure is used, patients are at substantial risk of recurrence, particularly when the lesions are high grade or multifocal.[7] The most common sites of recurrence are the perianal skin, presacral area, and clitoral hood. About 4% of patients treated for VIN subsequently develop invasive cancer.[8,9]
Nonsurgical Interventions
Because of the physical and psychosexual morbidity associated with many vulvar surgical procedures, nonsurgical approaches have been studied. Some of these approaches, including topical 5-fluorouracil, gamma-interferon, bleomycin, and trinitrochlorobenzene, have been largely abandoned because of intolerable local side effects, such as pain, irritation, and ulceration, or high recurrence rates.[10,11] Photodynamic therapy, using topically applied 5-aminolevulinic acid as the sensitizing agent for 635 nm laser light, has also been studied. However, data are limited to small case series with variable response rates.[12,13][Level of evidence: 3iiiDiv]
More recently, among women with high-grade VIN, substantial response rates and acceptable tolerability were reported for topical imiquimod 5%, an immune-response modifier with activity in HPV 6/11-associated vulvar condylomata. Three randomized placebo-controlled trials (including a total of 104 patients) with clinical response as their primary endpoints [Level of evidence: 1iDiv] have been reported in either peer-reviewed-journal or abstract format.[14,15,16,17] The results of these trials were summarized in a systematic review.[11] At 5 to 6 months, the complete and partial response rates in patients were 36 of 62 and 18 of 62 in the combined imiquimod arms versus 0 of 42 and 1 of 42 in the combined placebo arms (relative risk [RR], 11.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.21–44.51).
In the only trial reporting progression to cancer (at 12 months), there was no difference in progression rate, but the trial was severely underpowered because only 3 of the total 52 women included developed invasive disease by 12 months.[16] The only trial reporting quality of life [16] showed no difference between imiquimod and placebo. Local side effects of imiquimod included pain, edema, erythema, and a single case of erosion. However, no patients had to discontinue treatment as a result of toxicity.
Standard treatment options:
Current Clinical Trials
Use our advanced clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now enrolling patients. The search can be narrowed by location of the trial, type of treatment, name of the drug, and other criteria. General information about clinical trials is also available.
(Refer to the Treatment Option Overview section of this summary for a more detailed discussion of the roles of surgery, lymph node dissection, and radiation therapy.)
(Refer to the Treatment Option Overview section of this summary for a more detailed discussion of the roles of surgery, node dissection, and radiation therapy.)
(Refer to the Treatment Option Overview section of this summary for a more detailed discussion of the roles of surgery, node dissection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.)
Modified radical or radical vulvectomy with inguinal and femoral lymphadenectomy is the standard therapy.[1] Nodal involvement is a key determinant of survival.
Stage IVA
Standard treatment options:
Stage IVB
There is no standard treatment approach in the management of metastatic vulvar cancer. Local therapy must be individualized depending on the extent of local and metastatic disease. There is no standard chemotherapy for metastatic disease, and reports describing the use of this modality are anecdotal.[17] However, by largely extrapolating from regimens used for anal or cervical cancer, chemotherapy has been studied. Regimens have included various combinations of 5-FU, cisplatin, mitomycin-C, or bleomycin.[6,17,18] Given the advanced age and comorbidity of many patients with advanced or recurrent vulvar cancer, patient tolerance is a major consideration in the use of these agents. Physicians should offer eligible patients participation in clinical trials.
Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI website
Treatment and outcome depend on the site and extent of recurrence.[1] Radical excision of localized recurrence may be considered if technically feasible.[2] Palliative radiation therapy is used for some patients. Radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy may be associated with substantial disease-free periods in some patients with a small local recurrence.[3,4,5] When local recurrence occurs more than 2 years after primary treatment, a combination of radiation therapy and surgery may result in a 5-year survival rate of greater than 50%.[6,7]
There is no standard treatment approach in the management of metastatic vulvar cancer. There is no standard chemotherapy, and reports describing the use of this modality are anecdotal.[8] However, by largely extrapolating from regimens used for anal or cervical cancer, chemotherapy has been used, but with no clear evidence of improvement in survival or palliation. Regimens have included various combinations of 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, mitomycin-C, or bleomycin.[8,9] Given the advanced age and comorbidity of many patients with advanced or recurrent vulvar cancer, patient tolerance is a major consideration in the use of these agents. Physicians should offer eligible patients participation in clinical trials.
Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI website.
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
General Information About Vulvar Cancer
Updated statistics with estimated new cases and deaths from 2019 (cited American Cancer Society as reference 1).
This summary is written and maintained by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of NCI. The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or NIH. More information about summary policies and the role of the PDQ Editorial Boards in maintaining the PDQ summaries can be found on the About This PDQ Summary and PDQ® - NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database pages.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of vulvar cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians who care for cancer patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.
Reviewers and Updates
This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should:
Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary.
The lead reviewers for Vulvar Cancer Treatment are:
Any comments or questions about the summary content should be submitted to Cancer.gov through the NCI website's Email Us. Do not contact the individual Board Members with questions or comments about the summaries. Board members will not respond to individual inquiries.
Levels of Evidence
Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board uses a formal evidence ranking system in developing its level-of-evidence designations.
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. Although the content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text, it cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless it is presented in its entirety and is regularly updated. However, an author would be permitted to write a sentence such as "NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks succinctly: [include excerpt from the summary]."
The preferred citation for this PDQ summary is:
PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Vulvar Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/vulvar/hp/vulvar-treatment-pdq. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389203]
Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use within the PDQ summaries only. Permission to use images outside the context of PDQ information must be obtained from the owner(s) and cannot be granted by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the illustrations in this summary, along with many other cancer-related images, is available in Visuals Online, a collection of over 2,000 scientific images.
Based on the strength of the available evidence, treatment options may be described as either "standard" or "under clinical evaluation." These classifications should not be used as a basis for insurance reimbursement determinations. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.
Contact Us
More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website's Email Us.
Last Revised: 2019-02-01
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It just takes a quick look around your living room to confirm that we're far from living in a wireless world. But as this hanging Free Willy lamp shows, there are clever ways to deal with all the cables snaking through your home so you're not constantly tripping over them.
The solution here is to simply incorporate the extra cord slack into the lamp's design, which is elegantly accomplished by just stuffing it inside its hanging clear globe. The mish-mash of cable ends up surrounding the bulb and working as a sort of shade, diffusing its glow and casting unique patterns around a room. But at over $370 it's a pricey alternative to just wrapping a zip tie around the extra slack.


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Two of the most followed financial leaders on Monday called for Greece to abandon the euro to save the eurozone.
Both Mohamed El-Erian of PIMCO and Nouriel Roubini, a leading economic strategist, suggested the move was the only way forward.
El-Erian, CEO and co-CIO of PIMCO, says an exit from the joint currency bloc for Greece and possibly one or two other countries (likely Portugal and Ireland, though he does not specify) will make for a stronger eurozone with a currency better able to resist "policy mistakes and market accidents."
Roubini, co-founder and chairman of Roubini Global Economics, says that Greece must default on its debts and leave the eurozone in order to escape its current disastrous economy and "rip-off" debt exchange deal.
El-Erian advocates saving the euro, via the departure of peripheral, bailed-out nations—one of only two courses of action open to the 17-nation bloc. In an opinion piece originally appearing Saturday in the German business newspaper Handelsblatt and reported by the Huffington Post, El-Erian said the euro was not only "central to Europe's economic prosperity, financial stability and political harmony," but "critical to placing an increasingly multi-polar world economy back on the path of high growth and job creation." To that end, he said, Europe must make some hard decisions concerning both structures and institutions, and its approach must change.
Calling upon Germany, France, Austria, Finland and the Netherlands to decide on just what they envision for European integration, he said that the status quo was no longer acceptable and that neither choice available to them is easy: either maintaining the eurozone at its current size, or reducing it to a smaller and stronger entity.
While both options are expensive and controversial, he added, with the strong possibility of "collateral damage and unintended consequences," he pointed out that the first choice, of keeping the eurozone intact, depends on a number of factors, one of which is the willingness of stronger economies to shore up weaker ones—but they cannot help them grow their economies; the weaker countries themselves must work to do that, a task that is growing less likely as their citizens are increasingly subject to austerity fatigue and the perception that they are being forced into austerity by richer neighbors.
The alternative is to give weaker countries a "sabbatical" from the euro—another highly risky strategy that could, however, result in a stronger Europe. The decision, he concluded, must be made quickly, because "[t]here is little time to waste."
Roubini, on the other hand, approached the matter from Greece's point of view and said that the only way Athens can extricate itself from "a vicious cycle of insolvency, low competitiveness and ever-deepening depression" is to leave the euro behind, default on its massive debt and return to the drachma.
In a Monday blog, Roubini wrote that the only feasible way to return to growth within a reasonable amount of time is for Greece to abandon the euro and devalue the drachma. That strategy would lead to losses for core eurozone financial institutions, he acknowledged, but those problems could be overcome—and no other option exists that would allow Greece to return to reasonable economic health within a period of time endurable by its citizens than an orderly default and devaluation.
Pointing to Argentina as an example of how such a strategy might be managed, and urging rapid recapitalization of eurozone banks to avoid disaster from other debt-ridden member countries, he compared it to a painful and costly divorce, but said that "watching the slow disorderly implosion of the Greek economy and society will be much worse."
Markets were not happy with the news, or with the continuing saga of eurozone debt woes. All Asian and European markets with the exception of the Nikkei, which was closed for a holiday, were down substantially; the FTSE and DAX both closed down more than 2%, and the CAC lost 3%. U.S. markets followed, with the Dow down 1.63% in afternoon trading and looking set to close lower.


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Fans Can Engage with Compelling and Thought Provoking Second Screen Experience Honoring Movie's 50th Anniversary; USA and Viggle To Match Points Fans Generate to Network's Characters Unite Nonprofit Partners
USA and Viggle are using Social TV to provide entertaining and informative content during the network's exclusive airing of "To Kill a Mockingbird" this Saturday, April 7 at 8/7c brought to viewers by USA, the American Film Institute (AFI) and Universal Pictures. The partners are tapping into 50 years of history to create an engage-through experience during the telecast. Fans will learn about iconic moments, celebrity recounts, exclusive photos and videos as they watch Universal's digitally remastered and fully restored classic being broadcast nationally for the first time.
This second screen experience is a social companion element aimed at driving discussion and providing more context around this iconic film. Viewers can use Viggle to check into the movie and will earn points by participating in Viggle LIVE's second screen experience to learn more about the "To Kill a Mockingbird" and USA's Characters Unite campaign which highlights the importance of tolerance and respect. USA and Viggle will match the amount of points being generated by fans and make a donation of up to $20,000 to the Characters Unite nonprofit partners championing civil and human rights. Fans can also convert their Viggle points into charitable donations for charities of their choice in the Viggle app rewards section.
The film, based on Harper Lee's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, tells the story of lawyer Atticus Finch (Gregory Peck) and his struggle for justice in a small community in Alabama. With its timeless depiction of issues that are still prevalent today, the film's themes lend themselves to the Social TV environment, where viewers can share their thoughts and access new, relevant content. ?Characters Unite, USA's award-winning public service program, is a community designed to promote greater understanding and acceptance and was created to address the social injustices and cultural divides still prevalent in our society.
Inspired by USA's iconic "Characters Welcome" brand and with the support of leading national nonprofit organizations, the ongoing campaign is dedicated to supporting activities and messaging that combat prejudice and intolerance while promoting understanding and acceptance -- on-air, online, and in communities across the country.
The #1 network in all of basic cable, USA Network is seen in 115 million U.S. homes. USA is a leader in scripted programming with a powerful stable of originals including POLITICAL ANIMALS, SUITS, NECESSARY ROUGHNESS, WHITE COLLAR, ROYAL PAINS, BURN NOTICE, PSYCH, COVERT AFFAIRS, COMMON LAW, FAIRLY LEGAL and IN PLAIN SIGHT. The network offers 52 weeks of spectacular live television with WWE MONDAY NIGHT RAW and is home to the best in blockbuster theatrical films, a broad portfolio of acquired series and entertainment events. A trailblazer in digital innovation and storytelling, USA is defining, driving and setting the industry standard for Social TV. USA is a program service of NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment, a division of NBCUniversal. The award-winning website is located at www.usanetwork.com.
Characters Welcome.


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(Phoenix, Ariz. -- August 25, 2010) Attorney General Terry Goddard today announced that Harold Smith Lee, Jr. of Tempe, Michael Orlando, of Sun City West, and a third unnamed defendant have been indicted on six counts related to running an illegal gambling operation.
The third defendant is not identified at this time because grand jury secrecy requires his name be withheld until he has been served.
The charges are one count of conspiracy, one count of conduct of operating an illegal enterprise, two counts of promotion of gambling, one count of benefiting from gambling, and one count of betting and wagering.
The charges include two Class 3 felonies, two Class 5 felonies and two Class 1 misdemeanors. Also indicted was the non-profit "International Card and Game Players Association" (ICGPA) operated by Lee and based in Tombstone, Ariz.
"Arizona statutes are clear as to when and where gambling should be allowed in our state," Goddard said. "I will enforce the will of the people and prosecute illegal gambling wherever it occurs."
"We are working with law enforcement agencies throughout the state to raise awareness about illegal gambling and the importance of combating it," said Mark Brnovich, director of the Arizona Department of Gaming. "These types of operations present significant risks for the operators, the patrons and our communities."
The charges arise from the now-closed Ace High Card Room and Social Club (Ace High), located at 12751 West Bell Road in Surprise. According to court documents, Lee, who refers to himself as Judge Lee from his prior position as a justice of the peace in northeast Phoenix, is alleged to have provided advice regarding the set-up and operation of Ace High, which was run by Orlando and unnamed defendant.
In exchange for this assistance, Lee and ICGPA allegedly received a portion of Ace High's revenue. Ace High, which was operated by Orlando and the unnamed defendant from July of 2008 until July of 2010, is alleged to have taken wagers for a fee and to have collected a fee prior to hands of Texas Hold-em poker.
This case was investigated by the Arizona Department of Gaming. The case is being prosecuted by Assistant Attorney General Todd Lawson. Indictments were handed down by the State Grand Jury on August 23. The defendants are scheduled to be arraigned in Maricopa County Superior Court on September 7.
A copy of the indictment is attached. For more information, contact Press Secretary Molly Edwards at (602) 542-8019.


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HAYWARD — After a woman's complaints that her dogs can't legally run free in an area park, the Hayward Area Recreation and Park District is reviewing its ban on off-leash dogs.
The current rules do not allow her to enjoy East Avenue Park in unincorporated Hayward, Fairview resident Donna Fletcher told park district directors on Monday. Because dog regulations were not on the agenda, directors by law could not comment on the proposal. However, board President Lou Andrade referred the matter to a committee for study.
Dogs are only allowed off-leash in HARD's four dog parks, according to district general manager John Gouveia. Neither Alameda County or the city of Hayward city have ordinances that allow dogs to be off leash.
Fletcher does not want a dog park at East Avenue. She said Wednesday that the only time her dog was attacked was at a dog park, and she maintained that pet owners often do not pay attention to their animals at such parks.
East Avenue Park neighborhood dog owners are responsible, she said. "We clean up after our dogs, we control them, we encourage our pets to socialize with other dogs," she said in a written statement that she read to the board.
HARD has received numerous complaints about canines running loose in East Avenue Park, according to Karl Zabel, parks operations and development supervisor. He said parents have called about fights between dogs in the playground area. "One time, a dog attacked a patron," he said. In addition, children playing in the open areas have been bothered by dogs.
The 30-acre park is a staging area for nearby trails, and both bicyclists and horseback riders have complained about dogs. Problems also have occurred with dogs off-leash near summer day camps, Zabel said.
HARD rangers gave more than 20,000 warnings and issued 928 tickets in 2012, he said. Of those, 21 were for dogs not on leash; that number includes all of the district's parks, not just East Avenue. Zabel did not have exact figures for that park but said the number is a "very, very small percentage of all the citations we issue."
Fletcher said Wednesday she usually visits the park twice a day and lets her dogs run off leash.
"I've been going to that park for 14 years. We have a whole group of friends who let our dogs off leash when the rangers aren't around, and I've never had an issue," Fletcher said. Although she has been ticketed many times over the years, she said she had not received a ticket for eight years until 2012, when she and her husband were both cited once each.
"There seems to be no give and take. Much of time we're the only people in park," she said Wednesday.
Fletcher agreed that pet owners who let their dogs run without supervision should be cited. She said she has even called the district about aggressive dogs running loose in the playground area.
She urged the board to consider allowing dogs to run at large under the control of the owner or handler within designated areas away from the parking lot and playground. The owner would be required to have a leash for each dog and uncontrolled dogs would have to remain on leash.
Fletcher said she used East Bay Regional Park District off-leash regulations as a guideline for her suggestions. Dogs are allowed off-leash in open space and undeveloped areas of EBRPD parks. They must be on leashes on developed areas, lawns, turf areas, play fields and picnic areas.
Contact Rebecca Parr at 510-293-2473 or follow her at Twitter.com/rdparr1. Read her blog at ibabuzz.com/hayword.


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Kelley Stoltz is an American musician originally from Michigan who now lives in San Fransisco. In the 90s he worked as a fan-mail sorter for Jeff Buckley's management company, and in 2006 his first full-length album Below the Branches was released on the Sub Pop label.
Now I didn't know any of that until I looked him up on Wikipedia just now, but what I do know is I've been in love with his song "Prank Calls" ever since I heard it on Pandora in high school. Much like Pavement's Gold Soundz, there's just something inherently delightful and pleasant about this song. The lyrics just barely stay on the right side of "too cutesy", the through-a-megaphone-kinda-sorta vocals are neat, the piano solo is light and melodic, the beat is driving but not intense or overbearing. What's not to like? Give it a listen, and have a mellow Sunday evening. [Spotify, Amazon, iTunes]


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Wooden Hangers Tmd 028 - Chinaprice: contact company for price
Description: wooden deluxe hanger
Item No. : TMD- 028
Size: thickness: 1.8cm
length: 44.5cm
color finish: cherry( color available)
ball Hook: 5.0mm brass( others available)
Minimum Order Quantity: 3000pcs
Package: 24pcs/ ctn
Wooden Hangers Tmd 028
Thank you in advance for your consideration
Company Contact:
- Posted By: Guilin Timmy Hangers Co.,Ltd
- Phone: 867733672861
- Address: No.2,Jinxing Road, 7stars Dist., Guilin , China
- Email:
- Website: http://www.timmyhangers.com
Published date: May 16, 2014 -
- Business Description: Guilin Timmy Hangers Co., Ltd supply differently kinds of hangers,
including wooden hangers, Coat Hanger, Trouser Hanger, Plywood Hanger,
Plastic Hanger.etc.
Our factory established at 1998 and got export license in 2012 summer.
We have 150 employees in our 4 production line and office.
We are in capacity of supplying about 50 containers per month.
We have following feathers of our company:
Delivery: we always care about prompt and accurate production.
Customize available.
Do not ignore small order quantity; we accept all kinds of order.
Price: we offer reasonable and favorable prices to all projects.
We are looking for partners and inviting your enquiry!
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Barack Obama may avoid mentioning Social Security in his speech today, but the Senate may not let him off the hook. Both Democrats and Republicans in the upper chamber demanded movement on reform to salvage Social Security with calls for higher retirement ages. The Hill reports that a small group of Democrats have demanded reform — enough to give Republicans the votes to force it:
Several Democratic senators are separating themselves from their leadership and encouraging President Obama to cut Social Security benefits by raising the retirement age in order to keep the entitlement solvent.
Sens. Tom Carper (D-Del.) and Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.) and Sen.Joe Lieberman (I-Conn.), who caucuses with the Democrats, are all openly calling for reform, and making it plain that the party is disunited on the issue when a titanic debate over debt is gathering momentum.
If the president called for raising the Social Security retirement age by a year or two, phased in slowly over several decades, these senators say they could support him.
Later, Republicans answered with a plan for hiking the retirement age and means-testing benefits:
Three Republican senators on Wednesday will propose a Social Security reform package that would raise the retirement age to 70 and cut benefits for the wealthy.
Sens. Lindsey Graham (S.C.), Rand Paul (Ky.) and Mike Lee (Utah) previewed their proposal on Fox News, saying that it will put the entitlement program on a long-term path to solvency without raising taxes.
The senators said that their plan would gradually raise the retirement age from 67 to 70 and would not affect individuals age 56 or older. Graham said that the proposal uses the same formula Congress used to raise the retirement age from 65 to 67, so that people born in 1970 would become the first group to have a retirement age of 70.
Means-testing is a sensitive topic. Social Security is positioned as an earned pension system, not a welfare system, although in reality it's closer to the latter than the former now. Means-testing will be popular in the same way that higher taxes on the wealthy are, ie, as a class-warfare argument. However, disconnecting benefits from contributions will turn Social Security into an explicit wealth-redistribution system, and it's likely to lose more political support in the long run — and for little real benefit, as the issues of solvency hardly involve benefit payments to the wealthy but the structural issues of longer payments to everyone through extended life expectancy:
Having both Republicans and Democrats working on Social Security reform in the Senate makes it more likely that some sort of bipartisan compromise will emerge. If Obama fails to get ahead of this effort in the same way he failed to get ahead of budget cuts and entitlement reform in the last few weeks, the White House will lose even more credibility in political leadership.


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Sunday, July 13, 2008
PG Tips: England's Top Tea Readily Available in US
England's Number 1 Tea Now Easily Available to US Consumers
(from a press release)
Previously, fans of England's number 1 tea had to try and find their favorite brand. Now, the full selection of authentic PG Tips tea can be found at teadog.com, an Internet tea retailer.
English tea drinkers can get PG Tips in 80- and 240-tea bag boxes, PG Tips Decaffeinated in 40- and 80 tea bag boxes, PG Tips Loose in an 8.8 ounce box and PG Tips Special Blend in an 80 tea bag box. Scottish Blend, a blend of PG Tips created for the soft waters of Scotland, also is available.
PG Tips is one of the United Kingdom's top brands and still made in Manchester, England. In the UK, 150 million cups of tea are consumed daily with 35 million being PG Tips tea.
PG Tips was formerly introduced in the 1930s and quickly became one of the United Kingdom's top brands. In 1960, PG Tips in tea bags was introduced. PG Tips Decaffeinated became available in 2004 for tea drinkers preferring a caffeine-free option.
In 2005, PG Tips celebrated its 75th birthday and introduced a special limited edition tea. PG Tips Special Blend Limited Edition Tea was originally intended to be available for a short time. But the tea proved so popular it became a permanent addition to the PG Tips family of tea.
shop for tea books.
tea, green tea, food, food and drink
3 comments:
- Nic said...
This is great news - I'm crazy about PG tips! The Tetley "British Blend" released here in the US was always the nearest and most accessible alternative to PG Tips for me.
Thank you!
- zandrame said...
You can buy this tea at any World Market (Cost Plus). Here's the info link (says sold in store only), but they have a store locator on the site.
- Margaret's Fine Imports said...
Margarets Fine Imports sells 3 types of PG Tips, Regular, Loose, and Decaf. You can buy PG Tips on the Britsh Tea page. www.MargaretsFineImports.com/britishteas.html
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text:
- Delivery time
- 30 days return policy
- UPS delivery directly to your home 1-3 working days to Europe and 4-6 working days to America, Asia and Pacific.
- The returned product should be in its original packaging, unused and in condition that allows it to be resold.
Product Information
Designed in Finland
Designer: Finlayson
Pattern: Solid colour
Made in Turkey
Manufacturer: Sedat Ugurlu Tekstil
Product Code: 60012-0006-00-10
See how our factory operates
Fabrics: 100% cotton
Weight: 135 g/m²
Thread count: 120
Product Care
Wash with like colours in plenty of water. Shrinkage max 6%. Washing recommended before using the product.
Read our treatment guidelines >
This product has been awarded the Finnish Allergy, Skin and Asthma Federation's label, which guarantees that the materials and substances used in the product do not cause irritation or sensitivity of the skin, fragrance sensitivity symptoms or other allergic or asthma reactions.
Read more >
This product has been awarded the STANDARD 100 by OEKO-TEX® label, which guarantees that the product does not contain harmful chemicals and is safe to the consumer.
Read more >


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High-Speed Vertical Form Fill Seal Packaging Machine
The GEA SmartPacker TwinTube C automated by B&R was showcased during Pack Expo 2014. Watch the machine in action.01/27/2015
Pharmaceutical Industrial Labeling Machine
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Glueless Cut-and-Stack Rotary Labeler
This cut-and-stack rotary labeler was automated by B&R and it was unveiled by Weiler Labeling Systems and Pack Expo 201401/27/2015
ABB Talks About the Benefits of Joining the Industrial Internet Consortium
ABB has been participating in the development of the industrial internet since the inception of the idea. What does now joining a group like the Industrial Internet Consortium offer its participants? Watch this video where Claes Rytoft, Head of ABB Corporate Research, talks about it.12/08/2014
Machine Controls Change What's Possible With Labeler
Partnership with an adhesive maker can be fully leveraged with control system's speed and precision11/05/2014
PC-Based Controls Change Everything
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MooreHawke's Trunksafe Fault-Tolerant Fieldbus System
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Eyeball Marketing Eyeball Marketing
Eyeball Marketing offers a strategic marketing service with a focus on the latest trends in digital marketing and social networking. It specialises in bringing 'community' to business and 'business' to non-profit organisations. Selective with regards the clients it will work with, as far as possible it choses to focus on those with an ethical approach. This is an integral part of the eyeball brand.
Karen is qualified to Chartered level in Marketing (MCIM) and has been working in this field for the past nine years. From 2009-11 Karen supported the Torbay Film Club, managing their marketing and taking them through to winning London's national marketing and publicity award from 550 film socities: http://eyeballmarketing.co.uk/news/
Prior to self-employment, Karen worked in the International Marketing Departments within the university sector, promoting education overseas and travelling extensively.
Eyeball Marketing is currently working with the charity/non-profit sectors. The Director entered and won a place on a national competition, competing for one of 500 places from over 5000 applications with Vodafone's World Of Difference programme.
The charity Eyeball Marketing has chosen to work with is 'Tibetan Child Aid' which provides education and welfare to Tibetan children in Nepal. In May 2012 Karen was featured in an article released by Vodafone on their national website and Facebook Page: http://worldofdifference.vodafone.co.uk/news/archives/11353
View my website http://www.eyeballmarketing.co.uk/
My Location
Website: http://www.eyeballmarketing.co.uk/


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What do creationists believe about natural selection?Question: "What do creationists believe about natural selection?"
Answer: Natural selection is considered to be the survival of the fittest and is often confused with evolution. But far from being proof for evolution and against creationism, natural selection is quite a reasonable and "God-given" process whereby we observe a certain genotype (the genetic makeup of an organism or group of organisms) that has pre-existed and has gradually adapted to one particular environment. Genes that are pre-existent are those genes that have always been there but certain environmental factors behave as a selection pressure that weeds out other genetic traits that are unsuitable. Hence, those that carry unsuitable genotypes are eventually removed from the gene pool.
The best example of natural selection in a modern-day environment is the peppered moth, Biston betularia. This moth has adapted through changes in genotype— not the result of random or spontaneous mutation, as evolutionists would prefer—to having two different appearances or "traits" within that species. The peppered variety live in the country on surfaces covered in lichen. Their "peppered" appearance has developed so as to appear invisible to birds. In the cities, where there is more pollution, the surfaces are darker, and the melanic form dwells there. These two types are of the same species, but environmental factors have predisposed a "selection" pressure on each type, so that only one type exists in each particular environment.
Clearly, the peppered moth types were rapidly spotted in the towns, by birds and other predators, and so were easy prey. However, within the pool there were a small number which were dark and less visible and survived to be able to pass on their traits, which in time led to a "gene pool" of predominantly dark moths. The environment only has an indirect effect; the provision of one particular allele leads to the selection of one favorable genotype. This genotype is permitted the survival of the fittest.
It is because natural selection favors "pre-existent" genetic traits in any particular environment or situation that enables creationists to agree with the process. Clearly, there are many arguments against evolution, but the very fact that natural selection permits the expression of genetic material that may have never been manifested, due to the effects of being recessive or being diluted due to other, stronger traits, suggests that God has provided the means for survival in changing environments. If anything, natural selection would have been more prevalent after the flood due to the rapid change in climatic conditions. Despite all the consequences that the Fall brought into creation, the Most High had the wonderful ability to foresee the need for a process that would ensure the continuing survival of life on earth, for which He continues to care (Psalm 24:1; Job 12:7-9).
Recommended Resource: Thousands not Billions by Don DeYoung
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Join our diverse and talented team and help us change what is possible for our brokers, clients, their industries, and insurance carriers.
Press release and news articles regarding Schinnerer products and programs
Contact a member of the business development team today
Commercial real estate agent, Dana Smith, was hired by Justin Brown to list his commercial building. Days after the listing was posted, she received a contract offer to purchase the property. When Dana contacted Justin to discuss the terms of the offer, he told her he was very busy with another business transaction and would give her authorization to sign the offer on his behalf as long as the purchase price would net him $500,000.
Continue Reading
One Sunday evening, Jeff, owner of ABC Development Group, was reviewing plans for a new restaurant construction project starting Monday. While reviewing his Builders Risk insurance policy, Jeff realized the policy only included a $50,000 limit for transit and temporary storage coverage yet he needed $85,000.
What Happened Next
Smith & Smith, LLP, a midsize law firm, held confidential information on many of their clients, as well as information on merger opportunities they were exploring. A hacker based in Russia gained access to their computer system and the confidential information on it.
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text:
(scroll down for the video walkthrough below)
The Areas
- Fun House
- Boardwalk Rides
- Boardwalk Games (Blimp)
- Boardwalk Arcade
- The Beach
- Under Boardwalk
The Set-up
Coming out of your Blimp, you land in an area of Wimpy Boardwalk Island called Boardwalk Games. First, talk to Greg, the very skinny kid on your right. Wind will blow his $20 bill out of his hands after you talk to him and into the hands of a mean Big Kid. The Big Kids will run and Greg will take off after them. Rowley, the kid on your left with a t-shirt that reads "I Survived the Cranium Shaker", will ask you if you can help. Of course you will. The quest has begun!
Head right to the Boardwalk Arcade area and keep going until you see Greg. Talk to Greg, then head right again to an area called The Beach. You just have to enter the Beach area. Then turn around and head back left to the Boardwalk Arcade to find out what happened to the Big Kids and what they're doing with Greg's 20 bucks!
In order to get Greg's 20 bucks back to him, you'll need to outwit the Big Kids. They've taken the $20 bill and are hanging out underneath the Boardwalk Arcade. They're slipping the bill up between the boards and are pulling it away just as anyone tries to grab it. Jerks! You'll need to get a crab to hold onto the bill to stop them from pulling it away. To get the crab you're going to need a REMOTE CONTROLLED HELICOPTER. But the kid with the helicopter won't let you have it until you can give him a JUMBO PRIZE by beating all five of the Boardwalk Games. And to do that…you're going to need a LUCKY RABBIT'S FOOT.
Part One: Getting the Lucky Rabbit's Foot
Part Two: Winning the Jumbo Prize
Part Three: Airlifting the Crab
- GAME TOKENS – As you walk around the Wimpy Boardwalk, you'll see Game Tokens lying on the ground. Grab 'em! You'll need them later to play the 5 Boardwalk Games. (You'll be able to collect even more tokens, when you can play the METAL DETECTOR game later.) For now, though, don't worry about how many you have, just grab them as you see them.
Part One: Getting the Lucky Rabbit's Foot
Head left to the area called Boardwalk Rides. You'll need to jump over a trash can buzzing with flies. (The entrance to the Fun House is here. You can go in to see that Rowley is in the ball pool and his mother is there looking for him. But there's nothing to do here now, so head back out to Boardwalk Rides.) Keep going left until you reach a parking lot. There is a woman with a red purse who is looking for her CAR KEYS. It's up to you to find those keys!
Go back to the right of Boardwalk Rides and click on the cotton candy cart. The clue is that cotton candy is "sweeter than honey". Now jump onto the Cranium Shaker ride to the left of the cotton candy cart. On one of the cages at the upper right is the TRASH CAN LID (you'll end up holding it, it won't go into your backpack). Holding the TRASH CAN LID go to the trash can. You'll automatically put the LID on it. Next, push the trash can to the cotton candy cart. Click on the LID, then click again on the can.
- Move the Trash – Using your mouse, simply click and drag the objects in the trash can out of the way until you uncover an empty BAG OF POPCORN.
Head left towards popcorn cart. Click on the cart (not the vendor) to fill your BAG OF POPCORN.
Now head right, past the Boardwalk Games and Boardwalk Arcade areas, until you reach an area called The Beach. Just past the Souvenir Keychain Picture vendor is a trash can. Climb up on the trash can. When the seagull flies by, jump up to get the KEYCHAIN PICTURE. See who's in the picture? It's the guy with the metal detector on the beach right next to you! He'll trade the KEYCHAIN PICTURE for his METAL DETECTOR. Head right until you're standing next to the blonde woman sunbathing on the striped towel. Dump the BAG OF POPCORN near her. Seagulls will come down to eat the popcorn and chase her away. If you don't chase her away, you can't get the CAR KEYS in the next part. Now use the METAL DETECTOR to start a game.
- Metal Detector Game – You can use the METAL DETECTOR game to get coins that you can later use to play the Boardwalk Games. But the important item here are the CAR KEYS. To get coins: start at the upper left and slowly sweep the detector back and forth…like the game of Hot and Cold, the light will beep faster when you're "getting hot" (closer) and slower when you're "getting colder". When the light turns green, click on it. To get the CAR KEYS: put the METAL DETECTOR on the striped towel towards the middle and click when the detector light turns green
Now that you've got the CAR KEYS, head back left to the Boardwalk Rides area. Give the CAR KEYS to the woman in parking lot and she'll give you her FLIP FLOPS.
Head to the right to the Boardwalk Arcade. Standing between the Arcade itself and the Tee Time t-shirt shop is a kid in an orange shirt who is crying and upset. His frisbee is stuck on the roof, right above him. If you try to jump up without anything on your feet, the scorching hot roof will knock you back. It's a good thing, then, that you have those FLIP FLOPS the woman gave you. Put them on, then jump up on the trash can to the right of the t-shirt shop, then onto the hot roof until you reach the FLYING DISC. Give the FLYING DISC to the upset kid and he'll tell you a secret: "If you jiggle the handle on the Claw Game, you can get a free game".
Go left to the Volcano Claw Game that's inside the Arcade (it has an "out of order" sign on it)
- The Volcano Claw Game – Click on the game, then click on the joystick. Move it back and forth (jiggle it) until the Start button glows. Click the start button, then use the joystick to maneuver the claw over each of the large items (the blue robot, the football, and the yellow unicorn), clicking the Drop button to move them out of the way. Once they're out of the way, drop the claw onto the green blob to get the FAKE VOMIT.
Run back to the Boardwalk Rides area until you get to the bumper car ride. There's a long line of people waiting to ride the bumper cars. Use the FAKE VOMIT to clear out the line that's been forming, then talk to the bumper car attendant to start the bumper car game.
- Bumper Car Game – Keep bumping the red car with Rowley in it to get the LUCKY RABBIT'S FOOT before the time runs out.
With your LUCKY RABBIT'S FOOT, head to the Boardwalk Games area. It's time to get the JUMBO PRIZE.
Part Two: Winning The Jumbo Prize
There are 5 games you need to play (from left to right on the Boardwalk listed below) to win the JUMBO PRIZE. You need one token to play each game. If you run out of tokens, go to the Beach and use the METAL DETECTOR to get more. After you win each game, you'll get the respective prize for that game.
- Himalayan Hurl – You just need the LUCKY RABBIT'S FOOT in your backpack to win this game, otherwise it's not possible to win. Simply click on the red hole and marvel at how lucky you are!
- Fastball Fury – In this game you throw three baseballs into a catcher's mitt by clicking on the ball. After the first two balls are thrown, you'll be shown their speed. To win you need to correctly guess the speed of the third ball. The trick is to use some object as a marker and always throw (click) when the power bar is at the same spot relative to the marker. I used the wooden shelf, which was roughly 80 mph.
- Circus Soaker – To win this game you have to fill the green balloon with water, by shooting water into the clown's mouth. The trick is to aim at the small hole in the side of the open clown's mouth. While it might seem like you're not getting any water in, the balloon will fill and eventually burst.
- Space Fling – Hold the mouse button down to pick up a ring, then "fling" the ring at the bottle by moving the mouse up and releasing the button. Don't worry, it's easier than it sounds. You only need to get one ring on a bottle to win.
- Pirate Panic – This uses the same mechanic as the Space Fling game. Just "fling" the ball by holding down the mouse button, moving it towards the bottles, then letting go of the mouse button. Easy peasy.
If you run out of tokens, remember you can use the METAL DETECTOR on the Beach to find more.
Once you beat the 5th Boardwalk Game, you're automatically awarded the JUMBO PRIZE.
Part Three: Airlifting the Crab
From the Boardwalk Games area, head right to the Beach and click on the Souvenir Keychain Photo guy. He'll give you the SUNBLOCK. Head right across the beach until you hit the water. The sunburned guy on the beach will trade your SUNBLOCK for OILY SUNTAN LOTION.
Now go left all the way back to the Boardwalk Rides area where the kid with the helicopter is. Trade your JUMBO PRIZE for his REMOTE CONTROLLED HELICOPTER.
Keep going left and enter the Fun House. Rowley has gotten himself stuck inside the slide! Use the OILY SUNTAN LOTION to grease the slide. Rowley will fall into the ball pool and a red-haired kid named Fregley will pop out. His mother will give you his left-over FISH STICKS as a reward for finding him.
Use the FISH STICKS, they will get hung on the end of the HELICOPTER. Go back to the Beach area once again and use the HELICOPTER with the FISH STICKS bait near the crab at the water's edge. The crab will grab on to the helicopter. Click back on yourself to put it back in your backpack.
Finally, it's time to take care of those mean Big Kids! Go to the Boardwalk Arcade where the Big Kids are tricking people with the 20 Bucks. Use the HELICOPTER with the crab attached to it to grab the money. Once the crab has the money in its claw, you can click on it. Greg will appear and the two of you will go to the final area: the Under Boardwalk. You'll chase the Big Kids away and Greg will finally get his money back back. Congratulations! You've just earned the Wimpy Boardwalk Island Medallion!
(Later that day…)The Bonus Quest is to help Greg play the arcade game Thunder Volt. Greg has the high score on the Thunder Volt game, but some hooligans have played a trick on him. The high score reads "Greg" and the second highest score reads "Is An Idiot". In order to undo the humiliation, you have to beat the second highest score (80,000) on the Thunder Volt game.Thunder Volt is a classic arcade game: hold your mouse down to shoot all of the enemies, without getting hit yourself. The more enemies you kill, the more power ups and health boosts you'll get. (They'll fall off of the enemies.)Beat the score of 80,000 to complete the Bonus Quest and get all the extra goodies!
Video Walkthrough
Here's the complete video walkthrough for Wimpy Boardwalk Island.
Our Original Post When Wimpy Boardwalk was first announced:
The Poptropica Creators made a special teaser announcement on the official Poptropica blog about an upcoming island, which will be called Wimpy Boardwalk and will feature Greg Heffley from Diary of a Wimpy Kid. In the blog title, they called it the next island coming to Poptropica and it will arrive this summer. They didn't mention anything about the space-themed island we've been seeing in all the sneak peeks.
The biggest news for Wimpy Boardwalk is that it will be in color. The earlier Diary of a Wimpy Kid adventure in Poptropica, Wimpy Wonderland was entirely in black and white.
Here is a trailer for the upcoming Wimpy Boardwalk island adventure on Poptropica:
So what do you think of the news? I'm hoping that this isn't the actual next island and that we get the space island first, but only time will tell.


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Ensure that you are affiliated with a TriClub so that you give them the best opportunity to be champions of our Triclub Divisional Rankings and earn maximum rewards along the way!
The IRONMAN TriClub Program, launched in 2012 in North America, was created as a way of giving back to the hundreds of Triathlon Clubs that have long been an integral part of the Triathlon Community. Supporting not only the sport of triathlon, but IRONMAN and IRONMAN 70.3 races around the world. Since then, the IRONMAN TriClub Program has grown into a global community of over 2,500 clubs and teams.
Registered clubs generate points throughout the year based on their member's participation and performance at IRONMAN, IRONMAN 70.3. 5150 and Multi Sport Triathlon events. At the end of the year, clubs are ranked by country, region and globally.
IRONMAN invites clubs from around the world to join this FREE Program, where you can receive a range of great benefits and prizes and have the chance to race against each in a bid to be crowned IRONMAN World TriClub Champion!


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Call to Action: Retire NATO, Create Jobs & Fund Peace
|Activities - Comments
Chicago – May 2012
Sponsored by: Network for a NATO-Free World: Global Peace and Justice*
In a land that's known as freedom
How can such a thing be fair
Won't you please come to Chicago
For the help that we can bring
We can change the world
Re-arrange the world
It's dying ... to get better
Crosby, Stills & Nash
NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is holding a summit meeting in Chicago, May 2012. We, peace and justice activists, will gather at a counter summit to voice a new vision of global security and peace.
Join us in Chicago May 18 & 19 for a counter-summit conference to conceive and help build a more peaceful, economically secure and environmentally sustainable world.
As the majority of the U.S. people know, it's long past time to end the U.S./NATO war in Afghanistan, bring home all U.S. and NATO troops from Afghanistan, Iraq and around the world, to end the attacks on Libya and to begin to rid the world of weapons of mass destruction and redirect monies from wars and weapons back to our communities.
Despite its claims, NATO was never a defensive alliance, and since the end of the Cold War has been transformed into global alliance structured to wage "out of area" wars in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, as well as to "contain" China. NATO's creed is aggressive, expansionist, militarist and undemocratic.
From Yugoslavia to Afghanistan and Libya the US has used NATO to enhance and extend its military, economic and political aims that ensure U.S. and European dominance of the resources, markets and labor of the Global South. It has spread the cost of these adventures to its NATO partners.
While ignoring human needs here at home, the U.S. has spent more than a trillion dollars on the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, and tens of billions of dollars more each year to maintain hundreds of military bases and nuclear weapons across Europe. Instead of wasting money on NATO, our tax dollars should be used to provide real security by creating green jobs and investing in infrastructure modernization for the 21st century, clean water, education, housing and health care for all.
The crisis of every day life in countries around the globe demands international cooperation based on respect for international law, and national sovereignty, not wars and an escalating global arms race - an arms race of one, driven by the US.
The NATO summit provides an opportunity to join in solidarity with our international counterparts to mount an education campaign to help people across the United States and in other NATO nations understand the true nature of NATO and mobilize to abolish it.
By joining together, we can visibly and nonviolently demonstrate how NATO undermines people's real security in every dimension of life. As we discuss and demand alternative and life-affirming foreign policies, we will help to build the worldwide movement that opposes NATO and its wars, and create a world of peace, justice and economic prosperity.
Diplomacy, international law, national sovereignty, international collaborations, and nonviolent conflict resolution are the foundations of real, global security.
Help us mobilize activists to come to Chicago to participate in an international conference.
A better, more peaceful, secure and prosperous world is possible.
We demand:
- Complete withdrawal of all U.S. and NATO troops from Afghanistan.
- Withdrawal of all foreign deployed U.S. troops, bases, nuclear weapons and "missile defenses,"
- Substantial reductions in U.S. and NATO military spending to fund our communities and to meet human needs.
- Restitution of the UN Charter and International Law as means of resolving international disputes.
- Retire NATO!
Network for a NATO-Free World: Global Peace and Justice (List in formation): American Friends Service Committee-Peace and Economic Security Program, Code Pink, Fellowship of Reconciliation, Lawyers Committee on Nuclear Policy, Maryknoll Office of Concerns, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, Peace Action, United for Peace and Justice, US Labor Against the War, US Peace Council, War Resisters League. Chicago: American Friends Service Committee-Chicago, Code Pink, Greater Chicago Area Peace Action, New New Deal, US Labor Against the War,
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|Overstatement from Davos 2017.
Liberal corporative capitalism, for reasons of lowering traveling costs, proposed not to travel to history alone but packed togather with NATO, EU and unipollar World Order.
Workers participation has good chances to step in provisionally, buying time for full scale workers selfmanagment.


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K-12 Outreach Programs
Herkimer College is committed to providing learning opportunities for K-12 students in schools throughout our community. From our College Now concurrent enrollment program that allows high school students to earn college credits to our vocational programs to our participation in the Adopt-A-School initiative to our youth camps and clinics, Herkimer College's dedication to promoting education and learning extend far beyond our classrooms.
Our goal is to promote economic development and community-building in our region by giving students a financial edge, launching their college careers, teaching new professional skills, and helping children develop self-esteem and effective teamwork approaches.
We believe that by investing in the future and engaging area students from kindergarten through twelfth grade, we can have a positive impact on their character – and, consequently, an impact on the character of our community.


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Art is the all-defining term for this site. While almost all of the creative endeavors covered on this site can be defined as "art", this page is specifically for the display of visual arts, including painting, drawing, design and any combination of these and more.
Latest Articles
Digital Deer Paintings
Samples of deer paintings rendered on a computer. Art by Don Olson.
Planetary Nebula
Computer art of a planet in a nebula.
Martian Landscape
Digital painting of a martian landscape.
Digital Wildlife Art
My first attempts at wildlife art using a computer. Art by Don Olson.
The Value of Art
An essay on the value of art.
My Industrial Art
Some unusual digital art composed from my photos and a portrait.
Feasts of Creativity
Graphic of a crystal photo manipulated to look like a dragon.
Martian Thaw
Martian Thaw original oil painting.
Dreamers Moon
Dreamers Moon is an original painting.
Whitetail Buck
I retouched a whitetail buck I sculpted many years ago. Art by Don Olson.


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Two women - Chiquita Dior Snipes and Kenisha Neal - who were charged with the 2010 murder of 2-year-old Ty'Quan Edge were in court this week to face multiple charges related to the toddler's death. One pleaded guilty and the other trial is ongoing.
FRIDAY UPDATE: Snipes was found by the 12-member jury to be guilty on all five counts against her. Judge Christopher Edwards sentenced her to life in prison without the possibility of parole.
Verdict: Guilty on all five counts
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Invite a Friend and Earn Credit
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Earn $20-$300 in credit for each friend that spends $20 or more.
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain. The inflammation may be in the whole brain or just parts of the brain. The swelling can stop the brain from working properly, increase pressure in the skull, and damage brain tissue.
Encephalitis is often caused by a viral infection. The most common viruses that cause encephalitis include:
- Herpes simplex virus (HSV)—most common cause of viral encephalitis
- Viruses carried by mosquitoes such as West Nile or Eastern equine encephalitis
- Chickenpox virus
- Enterovirus
- Influenza virus
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
- Polio virus
- Measles virus
- Mumps virus
- Rotavirus
- Rabies
Not all encephalitis is caused by a virus. Some may be due to an overreaction of the immune system.
Risk Factors
Factors that may increase your chance of viral encephalitis include:
- Living, working, or playing in an area where mosquito- or tick-borne viruses are common.
Not being immunized against diseases, such as:
- Measles
- Mumps
- Chickenpox
- Polio
- Rotavirus
- A suppressed immune system caused by certain medications, or health conditions, such as HIV infection
- Newborns of mothers who have genital herpes are at risk for herpes simplex encephalitis.
Certain cancers can overstimulate the immune system. This can increase the risk of encephalitis.
The symptoms may range from mild to severe. Severe encephalitis can lead to permanent brain damage and death.
Milder symptoms include:
- Fever
- Weakness, severe fatigue
- Headache
- Sensitivity to light
- Stiff neck and back
- Vomiting
- Muscle aches
- Rash
- Yawning
More severe symptoms may include:
- Changes in consciousness
- Personality changes
- Confusion
- Irritability
- Seizures
- Loss of mobility
- Progressive drowsiness
- Trouble walking
- Trouble speaking
- Trouble swallowing
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
To look for signs of infection your bodily fluids may be tested. This can be done with:
- Blood tests
- Lumbar puncture to test the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
A brain biopsy may also be done to look for problems in the brain tissue.
Images may be taken of your head to look for swelling or damage. This can be done with:
Your brain's electrical activity may be tested. This can be done with an electroencephalogram (EEG).
There are very few treatments for viruses, they simply have to run their course. Most treatment will focus on supporting the body until the virus has passed. Treatment will be based on individual needs but may include:
- Antiviral drugs to shorten the duration of the illness
- Steroids to reduce inflammation in the brain
- Diuretics to decrease pressure inside the head
- Intubation to support breathing; may also help decrease pressure in the head
- Anticonvulsant medication to prevent and/or treat seizures
To help reduce your chance of encephalitis:
- Make sure that you and your children have recommended vaccinations
Protect yourself from mosquito bites especially in area at high risk of infection. Helpful steps include:
- Fix window screens.
- Drain standing water around your home.
- Wear long clothes after dark.
- Use repellent when you are outside.
- If you are sleeping outside, use proper mosquito netting at night. Look for netting treated with insecticide.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Rimas Lukas, MD
- Review Date: 09/2018 -
- Update Date: 03/13/2017 -


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You are currently browsing the tag archive for the 'pancake drink' tag.
Invest in a good rice cooker, even if you're not Asian.
It will change your life.
Having a quality rice cooker is like having a gym buddy who always wants to work out.
Making quinoa and brown rice will become so easy that you'll stay super motivated to eat healthy, with an intensity greater than Lou Ferrigno's desire to beat Ahhnold.
Aside from making rice with a touch of a button, my rice cooker also keeps me from cheating on my diet by having my meals organized in advance. It's like my personal health assistant. And a rather fiiine one at that. By having a surplus of warm rice on hand, I always stay one step ahead of my next meal.
Oh, and it also happens to sing "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" whenever as it starts cooking for me.
That Zojirushi… she's a keeper.
Whenever I make brown rice or quinoa for dinner, I always make sure to cook an extra ½ cup – 1 cup. With this rice reserve, I never suffer from that Starvation Scramble anymore. You know, when you're so hungry that you resort to trying the strangest combination of foods in your fridge just to silence that gurgling in your stomach? Tortilla chips dipped in Wasabi Mayo? Tried that.
Having to wait an hour to cook rice when you're starving is almost as painful as watching a clogged Brita slowly trickle water when you're hungover and dying of thirst.
It's the worst when you fill up the Brita, leave for a good 5 minutes, only to come back to a nearly full loading tank. Then out of desperation you decide to pour yourself a glass anyways, and of course the lid pops off, exploding water all over your counter and leaving your glass half empty. Fail.


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Richard Engel and two members of his crew, Ghazi Balkiz and John Kooistra, appeared on the "Today" show Tuesday morning to discuss their "traumatizing" experience as captives of what they believed were government militia loyal to Syrian President Bashar Assad's government. Looking unshaven and tired but otherwise remarkably composed, Engel still held bandages made from bed sheets during his captivity. Engel said he feared execution every time he and his crew were blindfolded and moved.
We weren't physically beaten or tortured. It was a lot of psychological torture -- threats of being killed. They made us choose which one of us would be shot first and when we refused there were mock shootings. They pretended to shoot [NBC producer Balkiz] several times.
Engel also witnessed a firefight -- a confrontation between his captors and Syrian rebels manning a checkpoint -- that led to his freedom and the death of two of his captors.
"While we're obviously very happy, there are people who are still not at liberty to do this kind of thing. There are still hostages and there are still people who don't have their freedom inside Syria and we wish them well," Engel added.
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