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Scott Prozeller and the Crimson are 3-1 in their last four season openers (Gil Talbot).
The Game:
Harvard opens the 2011 campaign by hosting Northeastern in a non-conference matchup this evening.
Prior to the game, Harvard will host the second annual Fall Fiesta for undergraduate students. For complete information on the Fall Fiesta, click here.
The Crimson, which enters its second season under Carl Junot, the Virginia B. and James O. Welch '52 Head Coach for Harvard Men's Soccer, posted a 5-7-5 overall mark last fall.
The Matchup:
The Crimson and Huskies have met eight times and Harvard has won the last four meetings between the local rivals. The Crimson won the last contest, 4-0, on Sept. 8, 2006.
Season Openers:
Since 2007, Harvard is 3-1 in season openers, defeating Rhode Island (2007), Stony Brook (2009) and Stanford (2010).
New Captains:
Senior defender Tim Linden and junior midfielder Scott Prozeller will serve as co-captains of the Crimson in 2011.
About Harvard:
The Crimson returns all of its leading scorers from the 2010 season, including Brian Rogers, who paced Harvard with five goals and 11 points. Scott Prozeller (3-1-7), Connor McCarthy (2-2-6) and Kyle Henderson (1-3-5) all return to the Crimson lineup.
In net, Austin Harms owned a 1.15 goals-against average, to go along with a .746 save percentage last fall, while fellow goalkeeper Brett Conrad posted a 2-1-1 record with a 0.90 goals-against mark. Harms enters his senior season second in school history with 16 shutouts and sixth with 139 career saves. Harms needs three more clean sheets to tie Ryan Johnson '06 (19) for the program record.
Opponents outscored the Crimson, 20-17, last year and owned an edge in corner kicks, 77-50. Harvard finished the 2010 season with a 2-3-1 record in home contests.
About Northeastern:
The Huskies own a 2-0 record after defeating Providence, 2-1, Aug. 26, and Marist, 2-0, Sept. 1. Northeastern is 1-0 on the road after topping the Friars in the season opener.
Dante Marini (1-2-4) tops the team in points, while Ricardo McDonald (1-1-3), Mike Kennedy (1-1-3) and Andre Ciliotta (1-0-2) have also scored goals this fall. Marini and Ciliotta have each netted game-winning tallies.
Goalkeepers Oliver Blum and Jacob Aduama have both started games. Blum made two saves and recorded a shutout in the victory over Marist, while Blum stopped six shots, while surrendering one goal against Providence.
The Huskies are outscoring their opponents, 4-1, but shots are even, 22-22. Northeastern is also even in corner kicks, 6-6.
Home Turf:
In two games at the Soldiers Field Soccer/Lacrosse Stadium last season, the Crimson went 1-1, downing Stanford, 2-1, but falling to Providence, 2-1.
Up Next:
The Crimson heads on the road to visit St. John's Sept. 9, before returning to Cambridge for back-to-back home games against Rhode Island Sept. 11, and Massachusetts Sept. 16. Harvard will face URI at Ohiri Field, while the game against the Minutemen will be held at the Soldiers Field Soccer/Lacrosse Stadium.


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Black holes are regions of space where the density of matter becomes so high that space becomes sufficiently distorted that not even massless photons can escape the gravitational forces present. Originally thought to be relatively rare astronomical oddities, we now know that they are relatively common and exist throughout the universe. Large instances known as supermassive black holes are believed to exist at the center of most, if not all galaxies—our Milky Way included.
A few years ago, a team of researchers attempted to place a lower bound on the mass of a black hole using theoretical calculations and came up with the suggestion that it is the Planck mass—about 2×10-8 kg. A new analysis of observational data carried out by Yale astrophysicist Priyamvada Natarajan reveals that there may also be an upper limit on how massive a black hole can get.
The work is set to appear in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society and it predicts that the limit is reached once a black hole accumulates approximately 10 billion solar masses—about 1.98×1040 kg. After they form, black holes grow by accreting matter from the nearby regions of space, but this work suggests that once they get heavy enough, their growth is curbed and they stop gaining mass.
Natarajan used existing optical and X-ray data on various supermassive black holes to come up with this upper bound. According to the paper, in order for the measurements to be consistent, the mass of a black hole had to run into a ceiling at some point.Natarajan concludes that, not only is this upper bound currently in effect, but that it has always existed regardless of what epoch the universe is in. She postulates that as the biggest black holes grow larger and larger, they radiate off so much energy that they interfere with the surrounding gas and dust that they feed on, essentially starving themselves.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2008. Upcoming (arXiv.org link)Posted on
Categories :杭州夜生活

subset: commoncrawl


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George Cross & Sons presents the West Coast's largest Pomona Swap Meet & Classic Car Show at the Fairplex. You'll find over 2,500 vendor spaces full of hard to find car parts and accessories at low swap meet prices.
Thousands of original and restored Corvettes, Porsches, Street Rods, Volkswagens and pre-1985 Classic Cars will be on display and for sale. 5am to 2pm, rain or shine, we swap. General Admission is $10.00, children 12 and under are FREE.
Info: (714) 538-7091


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Recent News
April 11, 2013
Iowa Firm Recalls Pork Jerky Product Due to Misbranding and Undeclared Allergen
The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services received information regarding a nationwide recall of approximately 1,133 pounds of a pork jerky product because of misbranding and an undeclared allergen, wheat, which is not declared on the label.
The following products are subject to recall: [Label]
- 16-oz. individual packages of "Formosa Brand Pork Szu (Cooked Seasoned Dried Pork Product)"
The product bears the establishment number "EST. 2446" inside the USDA mark of inspection on the label. The product was produced on various dates through Nov. 29, 2012. There is no expiration date on the product. The product was distributed via Internet and direct sales nationwide.
The full recall can be found at www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_027_2013_Release/index.asp.


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Barkworthies® Knuckle Bone Fillets are a perfect beefy treat for medium and large breed dogs! These fillets are extra long lasting, durable dog chews that are great for aggressive chewers.
These Knuckle bone fillets come from grass-fed, free range cattle. Baked with the meat and tendons still attached, these chews will encourage chewing , giving your dog a natural flossing and provide them with a nice dental workout.
Barkworthies® Knuckle Bone Fillets come from grass-fed, free-range cattle.
Knuckle Bone Fillets are FDA approved and sourced straight from Brazil. Brazil is a leading beef producer and one of the highest quality beef sources in the world.
All Barkworthies® products are additive-free, chemical-free, and preservative-free dog chews. In fact, most Barkworthies® products are single-ingredient chews, making them all natural, healthy and safe for your dog.


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Leading the Way Since 1892 Call Now! 1-800-547-9393
OPW Engineered Systems specializes in the engineering, designing and manufacturing of Loading Arms for the safe and efficient loading and unloading of LPG.
The loading arm solutions typically applied in this application*:
*Please note that all applications are different and may be subject to design changes as warranted.
Liquefied petroleum gas (also called LPG, GPL, LP Gas, autogas, or liquid propane gas) is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles. It is increasingly used as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant, replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an effort to reduce damage to the ozone layer.
Varieties of LPG bought and sold include mixes that are primarily propane (C3H8), primarily butane (C4H10) and, most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane, depending on the season — in winter more propane, in summer more butane. Propylene and butylenes are usually also present in small concentration. A powerful odorant, ethanethiol, is added so that leaks can be detected easily. The international standard is EN 589. In the United States, thiophene or amyl mercaptan are also approved odorants
We are using cookies to give you the best experience on our website.
For more information, please see our privacy policy.


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Sergeant Preston of the Yukon – The Rookie (1955)
In 1955, the same year the radio show ended, Sergeant Preston of the Yukon premiered as a television series. Its the story of a RCMP Mounty who has to solve crimes with the help of his trusty dog Yukon King. In this episode Sergeant Preston and Yukon king follow the story of Francois Val, a New Orleans chef with miles to go protecting his bank roll.


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Mormonism is a heretical religious movement founded in the early 19th century by Joseph Smith, Jr. It is self-described as a form of Christian Restorationism, and it encompasses over one-hundred sects, each of which tends to differ significantly from the others. The largest of these churches is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS), with its headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah; while the second-largest is the Community of Christ church, headquartered in Independence, Missouri. Total membership for the LDS church as of 2008 is approximately 13,000,000,[1] with 250,000 in the Community of Christ[2] and perhaps twenty or thirty thousand more scattered throughout the other smaller sects.
Brief History
Mormonism had its formal beginning on April 6, 1830 in upstate New York, as the alleged "restoration" of the original Apostolic church. Its founder, Joseph Smith, Jr., asserted that he had seen a vision in 1820 of two celestial "beings" who claimed to be God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. These "beings" supposedly told Smith that all existing churches--including the Orthodox Church--were false, and that he was to "restore" the true Church, which Smith claimed had vanished completely from the earth sometime after the deaths of the last of the Holy Apostles.
Attracting a host of converts, Smith's new religion also garnered a great deal of persecution, necessitating moves in turn to Ohio, Missouri (where the Mormons were brutally expelled in 1838 after a civil war between themselves and the state militia, culminating in the issuance of an order from Missouri's governor for their "extermination") and ultimately Illinois, where Joseph Smith was murdered in 1844. Smith's movement fragmented following his demise, with the majority eventually following Brigham Young to Utah. Here, the Mormons were able to finally establish themselves, planting numerous settlements in Utah and adjacent states.
The Mormon practice of plural marriage, itself a source of considerable dissension within their religion (especially between the Utah Mormons and the Community of Christ, which has always rejected polygamy), caused considerable trouble with the U.S. government until the Mormon church finally banned it in 1890. During the twentieth century, the Mormons successfully fought to project an image of wholesome, family-oriented Christianity, reaping millions of converts in the process and becoming a force to be reckoned with on the world religous scene. With the fall of communism, Mormons have extended their prosletyzing efforts into traditionally Orthodox countries, including Russia, which passed a law in 1997 designed to hamper their efforts and those of other Western sects.
Mormon Organization and Theology
(This section is concerned with the organization and theology of the Utah LDS church, which encompasses over 95% of the world's Mormons. While the Community of Christ church is similarly organized, its theology and beliefs differ rather sharply from LDS Mormonism in many respects, as do the beliefs and organization of the smaller sects.)
Mormonism as a whole encompasses a mélange of many different religious beliefs, the vast majority of which are contrary to Orthodox Church teaching. Joseph Smith obtained inspiration from various religious movements of his time, including Campbellite, Restorationist, and Universalist. However, the foundation of Mormon belief is the acceptance of modern prophecy.
Smith and early Mormon leaders taught that any person with a testimony of Christ is a prophet. However, the LDS church is a highly hierarchial organization, with a president-prophet (usually assisted by two "Counselors") who claims to alone possess all the "keys" to prophetic power and authority. Most modern members of the LDS church believe that their current president, Gordon B. Hinkley (as of 2008), is a living prophet, and the sole person authorized to speak definitively for God on the earth today. Below this president and his counselors are twelve "Apostles," who are also considered "prophets, seers, and revelators," but who do not have the authority of the church president. Beneath the Mormon apostles are "Seventies," concerned mainly with heading up Mormon missionary efforts worldwide, together with a "presiding Bishopric" mostly concerned with temporal church affairs.
A local Mormon congregation, called a "ward" (equivalent to an Orthodox parish) is headed by a "bishop" (equivalent to an Orthodox parish priest), while a group of wards occupying a specific geographical area is organized into a "stake" (equivalent to an Orthodox diocese), headed by a "stake president" (equivalent to an Orthodox bishop; the disparity between Mormon and Orthodox usage of the term "bishop" can cause confusion for the uninitiated!).
Another pillar of Mormon belief is their concept of deification, which they refer to as the "Doctrine of Eternal Progression." This doctrine bears no resemblance whatsoever to the Orthodox doctrine of theosis, as explained by the Holy Fathers of the Church. In diametric opposition to the Trinitarian dogmas of the First and Second Ecumenical Councils, Mormons believe that God the Father was originally a human being, who was spiritually "begotten" by another "god" (and his "godess" wife) who had lived before him. "Eloheim" (the Mormon name for God the Father) lived an ordinary human life on another planet, and by following that world's version of Mormonism, he gradually "progressed" to "become" a god.
Having attained to "godhood," this "Eloheim" and his wife (or wives) were able to create and populate their own world--namely, ours--with pre-existent spiritual offspring who, by coming to earth and taking human flesh, embracing and living the Mormon religion, and "enduring to the end" in the same, could themselves "progress" to "godhood," where they could begin the process anew. It should be noted that the Mormon doctrine of "pre-existence" of spirits, by which we all are alleged to have existed "spiritually" in heaven prior to our birth on this earth, was specifically condemned by the Fifth Ecumenical Council.
The Mormon Encyclopedia states this "eternal progression" doctrine succinctly:
- "There is no ultimate disparity between the divine and human natures; Joseph Smith asserted that mankind is of the same species as God, having been made in God's image (theomorphism) and being eternal, with unlimited capacity." One early LDS leader proclaimed, "As man now is, God once was. As God now is, man may be" (Lorenzo Snow). Latter-day Saints speak of man as a God in embryo" (under section Christology)
Deification, then, in Mormon terminology, is a system of progression by which man becomes a god.
For a casual observer, this may seem similar to the Church's teaching of theosis, but this is emphatically not so:
- First, there is a definite distinction in the Church between God and mankind, between the Creator and His Creation. God is eternal, and existed for eternity prior to (and entirely separate from) His creation. The incarnation of the pre-eternal Word of God, the Second Person of the Most Holy Trinity as Our Lord Jesus Christ, was a unique union between God and His creation, which had never existed before. Mormonism, on the other hand, teaches that only matter and intelligence are eternal (not God), and that all of the "gods" essentially "evolved" in the same fashion, from physical matter.
- Second, the Orthodox Church clearly teaches that the Holy Trinity has always existed precisely as one God: "the Trinity, One in essence, and undivided." Mormonism, on the other hand, not only teaches a multiplicity of potentially millions or even billions of "gods;" it equally teaches that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are one in "purpose" only, and most emphatically not one in essence or hypostasis (as the Orthodox Church teaches). They are three "gods," say the Mormons, and not one in anything except a common purpose and mindset. This is diametrically opposed to Orthodox Christian teaching.
- Third, Theosis is a unification between God and mankind, not the creation of an entirely separate deity (or dieties).
For the Orthodox, exaltation is explained as becoming, through the sacrifice of Christ, a co-inheritor with Jesus in all that the Father possesses (Romans 8:16-17); as children of God we are enabled to become one with God as Jesus is one with God, inheriting the same divinity and perfection They enjoy, eternally acting under Their guiding influence and authority.
While Mormonism claims to focus on salvation through the atonement of Jesus Christ, exaltation goes far beyond this. All mankind, say the Mormons, will be saved from death through the resurrection of Jesus Christ; but it is only those whom God judges as obedient and faithful, who receive specific saving ordinances (which will be offered to every person that has ever lived), and who fully accept the atonement of Jesus Christ before the judgment who will be exalted to the highest of the three "degrees of glory" which comprise the Mormon vision of heaven. Only those exalted to this highest, "Celestial glory" will become "gods" and go on to create their own worlds. Those in lower degrees, while enjoying a blessed and happy state, will still be limited in their "progression" and will become "servants" to those in the highest "degree."
The Mormon hell is limited to those who have apostasized from the Mormon religion, broken their oath of secrecy about the Temple rituals (see below), committed murder after becoming a Mormon, or committed other very serious offenses.
To attain to the "Celestial glory" (and thus, Mormon "godhood"), one must be baptized as a Mormon by "true authority" (meaning a regularly-ordained member of the LDS church), confirmed by "true authority," and then receive certain "Sacred" or "Higher" ordinances that can only be had within a Mormon temple. While Orthodox Christians tend to use the term "temple" to refer to any Orthodox Church building, Mormons use this term only for specific structures specially dedicated as "temples."[3]
Within these structures, Mormons practice (for themselves, or on behalf of others):
- Baptism for the Dead, where proxies act on behalf of deceased persons who are then "baptized" into the LDS church; names are obtained from geneological research, for which the Mormons are world-famous. This practice was rejected by the Council of Hippo and the Third Council of Carthage, and St. John Chrysostom associated it with the heretical Marcionites. St. Clement of Alexandria indicated that Baptism for the Dead was a doctrine also particular to the Gnostics.
- The so-called "Endowment," where initiates are taught the "fullness" of Mormon doctrine on such subjects as the "plurality of Gods," the Mormon version of creation, and the process by which one may "progress to godhood." Additionally, participants take a solemn oath never to reveal anything that goes on in the temple, as well as oaths to faithfully abide by all of the Mormon teachings. This ceremony essentially becomes a "contract" between the Mormon "god" and his adherents, by which they promise to obey his laws and earthly leadership, and he in turn promises to advance them to "godhood" upon their resurrection. Many elements of this ceremony were stolen from the rituals of the heretical Freemasons, and Joseph Smith (who had been a Master Mason himself) was expelled from membership in that fraternity as a result.
- Marriage for Eternity, where participants, upon receiving their "Endowment," are married "for time and all eternity." This is seen as an indespensible requirement for "godhood." The Orthodox Church has traditionally rejected this concept.
"The Great Apostasy and Apostolic Succession"
Like many Restorationist heresies that arose in the early 18th and 19th centuries, Mormons believe that the Church entered an age of opprobrium several years after its founding. Since most Mormons tend to follow the erroneous Western viewpoint that posits Roman Catholicism as the "ancient church" (rather than Orthodoxy), they are often surprised to hear that Orthodoxy even exists, much less that it predates Roman Catholicism and all other Christian sects. But no matter, say they; the original Church of Christ--whatever its name might have been--"fell away" completely sometime after the Apostolic Age. In doing so, it lost all right to perform sacraments, consecrate priests, or otherwise act in the Name of God. And from that moment until 1830, say the Mormons, there was no true Church of any kind anywhere on the earth.
While Mormons offer no specific date for this alleged event, they largely tend to believe that it had been accomplished by the time of St. Constantine the Great and the calling of the First Ecumenical Council in A.D. 325. Essentially, Mormons reject the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church, by professing that while it may have once been the Church founded by Jesus Christ and promulgated through his Apostles, it long ago ceased to be so. The Orthodox Church, which at this very moment traces its unbroken succession to the Apostles themselves and alone teaches the fullness of their doctrine and practice, ergo is in apostasy according to the Mormons.
Mormons point to New Testament scriptures[4] that they assert as speaking of a complete apostasy of the entire Church, as proof of their assertions. While Orthodox Christians would agree that these passages did indeed speak of apostates to come (such as Arius, Nestorius and Paul of Samosata, for instance), they emphatically reject the Mormon interpretation (advanced to varying degrees by nearly all Protestants) that the entire Apostolic Church would fall into heresy. In St. Matthew 16:18, our Lord clearly states that the "gates of hell shall not prevail" against the Church He Himself founded, and which the Mormons themselves agree indeed existed (but which they claim to have been subsequently lost).
Mormons believe strongly in the concept of Apostolic Succession, which they refer to as "Priesthood succession" or "Priesthood lineage." However, since they recognize no church prior to the establishment of their own in 1830, they trace their succession to one of four "exalted beings,"[5] who they claim visited Joseph Smith on two separate occasions in the 1820's, just prior to their church's founding.
Book of Mormon
In 1823 Smith claimed to have a visitation by an angel named Moroni, who told him of a chronicle of ancient history which was supposedly engraved in an ancient Egyptian dialect (which Smith referred to as "Reformed Egyptian") on tablets of gold and buried in a hill near Manchester, New York. Smith was also told that he would be the instrument to bring this knowledge to the world. He allegedly obtained these plates in 1827 and supposedly translated them into English via the use of two seer-stones which he called the "Urim and Thummim" (Hebrew for lights and perfections). These stones are not to be confused with the Old Testament Urim and Thummim, the stones on the High Priest's breastplate used to relay messages from God to his people, though Mormons themselves sometimes try to connect the two.
This translation became The Book of Mormon, which is revered as "Another Testament of Jesus Christ" by Mormons. The monikers referring to the church as "the Mormon Church" or "Mormonism" and its members as "Mormons" are derivations from the name The Book of Mormon. The book purports to be a religious and secular history of the ancient inhabitants of the Americas, called Nephites, Lamanites, Mulekites, and Jaredites, from about 2200 B.C. to A.D. 421. It claims that at least some of the American Indians are descended from various groups of Near Eastern peoples (mostly Jews) who immigrated during pivotal periods in Israel's history.
Smith claimed that many of these people were openly-practicing Christians, before the birth of Jesus Christ, with a functioning church organization that mirrored that later taught by the Holy Apostles, administering baptisms, confirmations and the Holy Eucharist eons before the coming of the Savior. The book even claims that our Lord came to visit these peoples Himself after His Ascension--after raining down several days of death and destruction on the apostates and other evildoers among them. About four-hundred years after this alleged event, the godly "Nephites" were destroyed by the evil "Lamanites," who became the principal ancestors of the Native American peoples.
Interestingly, over 3,000 changes have been noted between the Book of Mormon currently published by the LDS Church, and the original edition published by Joseph Smith. Most of these changes were made by Smith himself, in later editions of the book printed during his lifetime. Of potential interest to Orthodox Christians are passages in I Nephi 11:32, where our Lord is originally referred to as "the eternal God," but is now referred to as "the son of the eternal God;" and I Nephi 11:18, where the Theotokos is originally referred to as "the mother of God, after the manner of the flesh," while today she is referred to as "the mother of the Son of God, after the manner of the flesh."[6]
Connections between the history and civilization portrayed in The Book of Mormon and evidence found by archaeologists in the Americas is debatable. Evidence of items like horses, elephants, cattle, barley, wheat, steel swords, chariots, shipbuilding, and other Old World paraphernalia has not been found to exist in the Americas until the advent of the Europeans. Evidence of these people, the gold plates, or the "seer-stones" has yet to be found.[7]
Mormons also accept as Scripture the "Doctrine and Covenants," containing 138 revelations and two "Official Declarations" allegedly given to Joseph Smith and his successors; together with the "Pearl of Great Price," containing the "Book of Moses" (a rewrite by Joseph Smith of the first part of the Book of Genesis), the "Book of Abraham" (a purported account of the Holy Patriarch Abraham, containing references to multiple "gods" in the act of creation, rather than one God), and various other texts by Smith.
Additionally, Joseph Smith rewrote the entire Bible "by inspiration" during his lifetime, making substantial additions to the text, deleting the Song of Solomon entirely, and otherwise shaping its text to conform to his own teachings (including an alleged prophecy of his own coming). While this text was never officially adopted by the main LDS church (it was adopted, on the other hand, by the Community of Christ), portions of it appear in the "Pearl of Great Price" and as footnotes in the official LDS editions of the King James Version of the Bible (still the "official" LDS version).
Mormonism and Polygyny
Plural marriage was practiced by early Mormon church leaders. Many sources say that Smith had as many as twenty to thirty wives, while Brigham Young counted fifty-two.[8] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, the mainstream Mormon sect, practiced polygyny until 1890, when they ended the doctrine to ensure Utah's statehood.
Today about 70% of Utah is Mormon and around 60,000 practice polygyny (5% of Utah Mormons), though the main LDS Church excommunicates anyone advocating or practicing it. Other Mormon sects practice polygyny secretly all over the world. Despite the huge publicity campaign the LDS Church has constructed to dissuade people from associating them with polygyny, Mormons and plural marriages are still commonly associated in contemporary culture. While such a practice may have been given up by the mainstream, there is no doubt that Mormonism and the unholy practice of plural marriage remain closely entwined, especially since even mainline LDS members are required to affirm the propriety of polygamy when it was authorized by their church (prior to 1890).
The Orthodox Church condemns all forms of plural marriage as an unnatural practice.
- ↑ "LDS Church says membership now 13 million worldwide", Salt Lake Tribune, June 25, 2007.
- ↑ http://www.cofchrist.org/news/GeneralInfo.asp
- ↑ The regular Mormon meetinghouses are generally called "chapels" or "stake centers."
- ↑ I Timothy 4:1, II Timothy 3:1-5, Acts 20:28-31, among others.
- ↑ The Mormons claim these beings to have been St. John the Baptist, and the Holy Apostles SS Peter, James and John.
- ↑ http://www.geocities.com/swickersc/mormonbkchange.html.
- ↑ See, for instance, the Smithsonian Institutes' offical statement on the Book of Mormon, at http://www.irr.org/mit/smithson.html.
- ↑ D. Michael Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power, Signature Books, Salt Lake City, 1994, 685 pages, ISBN 1-56085-056-6; Appendix 6, "Biographical Sketches of Officers of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saints, 1830-47" pp. 607-608).
Sources and External Links
- The Official LDS Website
- Mormonwiki.com
- Wikipedia: Mormonism
- To Those Who Are Investigating Mormonism by Richard Packham (Packham is a former member of the LDS)
- HBO's Big Love (Big Love is a television drama portraying Mormon polygamists living secretly in modern-day Utah)


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Dear Abby: I'm three months pregnant. Before I got pregnant, my husband and I enjoyed having wine with dinner or a margarita when we were out on the town. We didn't drink to excess, but we enjoyed alcohol in moderation.
Obviously, I can't drink anymore, but my husband carries on like nothing has changed. I'm becoming resentful every time we go out to eat.
I asked him once if he'd quit drinking until our baby arrives. He looked shocked and said, "Why? I'm not pregnant." I guess I feel left out because he's having fun. I want him to suffer with me, and this is really getting on my nerves. Any advice?
– Resentful in Tennessee
Dear Resentful: Yes. If you feel you are missing out on "fun" if you can't drink, you have a potential alcohol problem.
Tell your husband that when he drinks in front of you, it makes you crave alcohol, and ask again that he respect your feelings and not do it. A considerate husband and father-to-be should respect that you are doing the heavy lifting (literally) and help all he can.
Disabled man wants to date
Dear Abby: I'm a 28-year-old man who was born disabled. I have not had a date in years. I'd like to date and have a girlfriend, but when women look at me, all they see is my wheelchair.
I'm a good person, well-mannered, respectful, caring and compassionate. Any advice you can offer would be appreciated.
– Lonely in Illinois
Dear Lonely: I'm glad you wrote because it's important that you not allow yourself to be isolated. Get out and participate in activities you enjoy that include like-minded people. While you may have been born disabled, I'm sure you have abilities and talents that would be welcomed if you choose to volunteer them.
If you haven't already, search the various online dating sites for both disabled and nondisabled individuals or contact a disability advocacy organization for guidance or to help you get access.
Seek advice within the disabled community (in person or online) from individuals who have more experience with dating than you do. They can also help you navigate any physical barriers that might prevent you from dating, if that's an issue.
There's a saying, "Seek and ye shall find," and it applies in your situation. I wish you the best of luck.
Dear Abby is written by Abigail Van Buren, also known as Jeanne Phillips, and was founded by her mother, Pauline Phillips. Write Dear Abby at www.DearAbby.com or P.O. Box 69440, Los Angeles, CA 60069.


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Gender On The Shakespeare Stage
Helen Mirren plays the role of Prospero in a new film of The Tempest. In a recent interview with the Huffington Post she said: 'I played the man role. Shakespeare very often had boys dressed as girls but not so often women dressed as men, but I play it as a woman. I don't play it as a man.'
That may be so, but Shakespeare intended Prospero to be a man. It is true that one can really do as one likes with a Shakespeare play as long as one sticks to the text, and anything that one does throws new light on the text for the generation in which it's done. However, although in his time Shakespeare was forced to use boys to perform female roles, he was very clear about whether his characters were male or female.
Helen Mirren is confused. When she says that Shakespeare very often had boys dressed as girls she is not altogether right. Shakespeare always had boys dressed as girls in plays with female characters, and every one of his plays had female characters. He was forced to use boys as it was against the law for girls and women to appear on the stage. But each role was clearly either male or female.
Shakespeare was unconcerned about having to use boys to play women and went ahead and wrote the roles as though women were going to perform in them. Think about Juliet and her authentic teenage girl's passion. And in Antony and Cleopatra, often referred to as the greatest love story ever told, Cleopatra is female through and through, from her passion, through her flirting and sexual scheming, to her ability to make all men fall in love with her, a quality absolutely authentically portrayed in the text.
Shakespeare tried to neutralize the effect at times, however. He took advantage of the theatrical convention of using disguises. In some plays a character would start dressed as a woman and then disguise herself as a boy or a man, which would enable the actor to be a convincing male throughout most of the play. He would then be revealed as a woman and act out the last part of the final scene as a woman. Clever.
There is no real reason for the selection of Helen Mirren to play Prospero, apart from the fact that she has a huge fan base and will therefore bring in the money. But, as she says, 'It would just give a new take on the relationships in the play. Shakespeare is such an extraordinary writer — you can do all kinds of things with him and the core of the piece stays strong, but you do get different reverberations through the play.' That's true, and it's a testament to the genius of Shakespeare that whatever you do doesn't ruin the play – it adds new insights for that particular generation. And that will go on for as long as the English language exists.


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25 Back-to-School Discounts
School's back in session and so are special deals for students and teachers. (Most discounts require an ID card or a valid .edu email address as proof.)
Discounts for Students and Teachers
- The Limited: Get 15% off a new fall wardrobe, thelimited.com
- Loft: Stay in style and receive a 15% price reduction, loft.com
- J.Crew: Update your wardrobe using a 15% discount at retail and factory stores, jcrew.com
- Banana Republic: Buy select full-price apparel at 15% off, bananarepublic.com
- Apple Stores: Desktops, notebooks, software and other select items are marked down. (There's a maximum on how many can be purchased in a year and discounts vary.) store.apple.com
- HP: Computers, printers and ink are 15% off, http://hp.force.com/external/hpacademy
- Sony: Buy a Vaio PC with an extended service plan and save 10%, store.sony.com
- Borders: Members of the free rewards program receive 30% off hardcover bestsellers and free shipping on online purchases over $25, borders.com
- T-Mobile: New or existing customers save up to 15% on monthly service plans, t-mobile.com
- The New York Times: Students and teachers in participating college readership programs get a discounted subscription rate that includes digital access, homedelivery.nytimes.com
Discounts for Students
- Student Advantage: Starting at $22.50 a year (and up to $52.50 for four years), students receive a discount card for websites and local and chain stores nationwide. Participants include Amtrak, Target, Macy's, Allposters.com, Drugstore.com, Foot Locker and more, studentadvantage.com
- Studentrate.com: Get free notifications about student-only local and national deals (AT&T, Netflix, Megabus and Urban Outfitters have all been previously listed) and giveaways on the site's discussion groups, Facebook and Twitter, studentrate.com
- Amazon Student: Sign up for one free year of Amazon Prime benefits, including no-cost two-day shipping and exclusive deals, amazon.com
- International Student Identity Card: For $22, it offers full-time students over age 12 thousands of discounts, including on airfare, restaurants, shopping and museums, isic.org
Discounts for Teachers
- Barnes & Noble: Enjoy 20% off select books, toys and games and more, barnesandnoble.com
- Book Warehouse: All books are 15% off, book-warehouse.com
- Scholastic: Up to 40% discount books and educational products, scholastic.com/teacherstore
- ShopPBS.org: Sign up for the PBS teachers service to receive 15% off all items, pbs.org/teachers
- Staples: Earn 10% back in reward points, which can later be redeemed for select new products, on all purchases, staplesrewards.com
- FedEx/Kinko's: Copying, printing and select products (not shipping) are reduced 15%, psg.kinkos.com/educator
- JoAnn Fabrics: Register for the teacher rewards program for 15% off merchandise, joann.com
- A.C. Moore: Purchases are reduced by 10%, acmoore.com (discount in-store only)
- Container Store: A discount of 15% on online, in-store or phone orders, containerstore.com/teachers/
- Aerosoles: Orders over $39.99 are 15% off, aerosoles.com
- Sprint: Education Association members qualify for 18% off monthly charges, sprint.com
Originally published in the September 2011 issue of Family Circle magazine.


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Movie Quartets for Allarr. Michael Story - Alfred Music Publishing
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A versatile, educational and fun collection intended for like or mixed instruments to perform in any size group or combination of instruments. Perfect for concerts with family and friends, recitals, auditions and festivals. Available for brass, woodwinds, strings, and percussion. Titles include: Hedwig's Theme; Over the Rainbow; And All That Jazz; The Magnificent Seven; Theme from A Summer Place; Eye of the Tiger; There You'll Be; Blues in the Night; The Pink Panther; You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch; Parade of Charioteers and Hakuna Matata.
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East Penn Releases New Fahrenheit Battery Design at NACV Show
East Penn Invests in Commercial Truck Battery Technology That Helps Reduce Downtime and Emergency Repair
East Penn Expands Innovation Investment by Acquiring Majority Share of Navitas Systems
ChargeMate Flyer (0623)
Our steadfast commitment to quality and environmental standards has helped us achieve globally recognized certifications.
East Penn has always been committed to taking actions that protect the health, safety, and vitality of our environment, our employees, and the surrounding community.
East Penn appreciates your business and values your questions and comments. Contact us today by email, phone, or the web.


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The Cambia Clutch™ Interchangeable Handbag Collection
By Marcy McKenna
The three-in-one purse comes with three chic interchangeable flaps, and is handcrafted with only the finest materials including the softest Italian lambskin leather and triple dipped hardware. And because the interchangeable covers stack completely flat for packing and storage, you can now fit three different purses in your suitcase or closet while taking up the space of only one. Inspired by designs from the runway, this unique handbag system offers the style-conscious woman the ability to stay on the forefront of fashion at a tiny fraction of the cost. After becoming a "Customer Pick" on HSN and garnering nearly five star ratings across the board, The Cambia Clutch™ sold out and is now available exclusively on our website for $119.00 including FREE SHIPPING.
Absolutely Amazing!… geeperz, FL 8/9/2011
First of all, the quality is outstanding. The finest quality leather and smells like it too. Unbelievable idea for a high-end bag to have this versatility and interchangability. It's quality all the way–even the way the parts go together, secure and easy. Love the size. Can fit cell phone, keys, essentials. Wish I would have gotten the black as well.
Very nice leather clutch!… charbe15, CA 8/9/2011
I am so glad I ordered this beautiful clutch. I got the brown with the three flaps. I hope the black is available again. Great job, Marcy!
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I am so glad I ordered it! The leather is exceptional quality, and I love the versatility the 3 flaps give you. I get many compliments when I use it. Couldn't be happier with this purchase! 5 stars all the way!!!


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How to Search for Individual Words in R
When you're working with text, often you can solve problems if you're able to find words or patterns inside text. R makes this easy to do. Imagine you have a list of the states in the United States, and you want to find out which of these states contains the word New.
To investigate this problem, you can use the built-in dataset states.names, which contains — you guessed it — the names of the states of the United States:
> head(state.names) [1] "Alabama" "Alaska" "Arizona" [4] "Arkansas" "California" "Colorado"
Broadly speaking, you can find substrings in text in two ways:
By position: For example, you can tell R to get three letters starting at position 5.
By pattern: For example, you can tell R to get substrings that match a specific word or pattern.
A pattern is a bit like a wildcard. In some card games, you may use the Joker card to represent any other card. Similarly, a pattern in R can contain words or certain symbols with special meanings.
Search by position in R
If you know the exact position of a subtext inside a text element, you use the substr() function to return the value. To extract the subtext that starts at the third position and stops at the sixth position of state.name, use the following:
> head(substr(state.name, start=3, stop=6)) [1] "abam" "aska" "izon" "kans" "lifo" "lora"
Search by pattern in R
To find substrings, you can use the grep() function, which takes two essential arguments:
pattern: The pattern you want to find.
x: The character vector you want to search.
Suppose you want to find all the states that contain the pattern New. Do it like this:
> grep("New", state.name) [1] 29 30 31 32
The result of grep() is a numeric vector with the positions of each of the elements that contain the matching pattern. In other words, the 29th element of state.name contains the word New.
> state.name[29] New Hampshire
Phew, that worked! But typing in the position of each matching text is going to be a lot of work. Fortunately, you can use the results of grep() directly to subset the original vector:
> state.name[grep("New", state.name)] [1] "New Hampshire" "New Jersey" [3] "New Mexico" "New York"
The grep() function is case sensitive — it only matches text in the same case (uppercase or lowercase) as your search pattern. If you search for the pattern "new" in lowercase, your search results are empty:
> state.name[grep("new", state.name)] character(0)


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This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
Oropharyngeal cancer is uncommon and typically involves patients in the fifth through seventh decades of life; men are afflicted three to five times more often than women.[1,2,3]
Similar to other cancers of the head and neck, tobacco and alcohol abuse represent the most significant risk factors for the development of oropharyngeal cancer.[3,4] (Refer to the PDQ summaries on Hypopharyngeal Cancer Treatment and Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer Treatment for more information.) Other risk factors may include:[5]
Defective elimination of acetaldehyde, a carcinogen generated by alcohol metabolism, poses an additional risk factor for oropharyngeal cancers. In individuals, primarily East Asians, carrying an inactive mutant allele of alcohol dehydrogenase-2, alcohol consumption is associated with a susceptibility to multiple metachronous oropharyngeal cancers that are caused by the decreased elimination of acetaldehyde.[12]
Anatomically, the oropharynx is located between the soft palate superiorly and the hyoid bone inferiorly; it is continuous with the oral cavity anteriorly and communicates with the nasopharynx superiorly and the supraglottic larynx and hypopharynx inferiorly. The oropharynx is divided into the following sites:[13]
The regional lymph node anatomy of the head and neck contains lymph nodes that run parallel to the jugular veins, spinal accessory nerve, and facial artery and into the submandibular triangle; an understanding of this anatomy and the status of regional lymph nodes is critical to the care of head and neck cancer patients.[3,14] The regions of the neck have been characterized by levels (I–V) to facilitate communication regarding the lymph node anatomy:
Histologically, almost all oropharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs).[3] Other cancers in this area include minor salivary gland carcinomas, lymphomas, and lymphoepitheliomas, also known as tonsillar fossa. (Refer to the PDQ summaries on Salivary Gland Cancer Treatment, Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment, and Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment for more information.)
The concept of field cancerization may be responsible in part for the multiple, synchronous primary SCCs that occur in oropharyngeal cancer. This concept, originally described in 1953, proposes that tumors develop in a multifocal fashion within a field of tissue chronically exposed to carcinogens.[15] Molecular studies detecting genetic alterations in histologically normal tissue from high-risk individuals have provided strong support for the field cancerization concept.[16,17,18,19,20]
Clinically, cancers of the base of the tongue are insidious. These cancers can grow in either an infiltrative or exophytic pattern. Because the base of the tongue is devoid of pain fibers, these tumors are often asymptomatic until they have progressed significantly.[13]
Symptoms of base-of-the-tongue cancers may include the following:[3,13]
(Refer to the PDQ summary on Pain and for more information on weight loss, refer to the Nutrition in Cancer Care summary.)
Lymph node metastasis is common because of the rich lymphatic drainage of the base of the tongue. Approximately 70% or more of the patients have ipsilateral cervical nodal metastases; 30% or fewer of the patients have bilateral cervical lymph node metastases.[13,21] The cervical lymph nodes involved commonly include levels II and III.
The symptoms of tonsillar lesions may include the following:[3,13]
The anterior tonsillar pillar and tonsil is the most common location for a primary tumor of the oropharynx.[13] Lesions involving the anterior tonsillar pillar may appear as areas of dysplasia, inflammation, or a superficial spreading lesion. These cancers can progress across a broad region including the lateral soft palate, retromolar trigone and buccal mucosa, and tonsillar fossa.[3,13] The lymphatic drainage is primarily to level II nodes.
Lesions of the tonsillar fossa may be either exophytic or ulcerative and have a pattern of extension similar to those of the anterior tonsillar pillar. These tumors present in advanced-stage disease more often than cancers of the tonsillar pillar. Approximately 75% of patients will present with stage III or stage IV disease.[3,13] The lymphatic drainage is primarily to level V nodes. Tumors of the posterior tonsillar pillar can extend inferiorly to involve the pharyngoepiglottic fold and the posterior aspect of the thyroid cartilage. These lesions more frequently involve level V nodes.
Soft palate tumors are primarily found on the anterior surface.[13] Lesions in this area may remain superficial and in early stages.[3] The lymphatic drainage is primarily to level II nodes.
Tumors of the pharyngeal wall are typically diagnosed in an advanced stage because of the silent location in which they develop.[3,13]
Symptoms of pharyngeal wall tumors may include:
These lesions can spread superiorly to involve the nasopharynx, posteriorly to infiltrate the prevertebral fascia, and inferiorly to involve the pyriform sinuses and hypopharyngeal walls. Primary lymphatic drainage is to the retropharyngeal nodes and level II and III nodes. Because most pharyngeal tumors extend past the midline, bilateral cervical metastases are common.
Precancerous lesions of the oropharynx include leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and mixed erythroleukoplakia.[5] These are clinical terms that have no specific histopathologic connotations.[22] Leukoplakia, the most common of the three conditions, is defined by the World Health Organization as "a white patch or plaque that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease."[23] The diagnosis of leukoplakia is one of exclusion; conditions such as candidiasis, lichen planus, leukoedema, and others must be ruled out before a diagnosis of leukoplakia can be made.[5]
The prevalence of leukoplakia in the United States is decreasing; this decline has been related to a reduction of tobacco consumption.[24] Although erythroplakia is not as common as leukoplakia, it is much more likely to be associated with dysplasia or carcinoma.[5,25]
The clinical anatomic staging of oropharyngeal cancers involves both clinical assessment and imaging techniques.[3,14] One study has reported that positron emission tomography scans are more accurate than computed tomographic scans or magnetic resonance imaging in detecting occult nodal disease.[26] Diagnostic methods involve the molecular analysis of tissue from the margins of lip and oral cavity SCCs (i.e., molecular staging) to detect tumor-associated genetic alterations in cells that appear normal by conventional light microscopy. Molecular staging may predict the likelihood of recurrence and may help to establish the relationship between index lesions of SCCs and subsequent lesions.[27,28]
Traditionally, surgery and/or radiation therapy have been the standards for treatment of oropharyngeal cancers; these treatment modalities are frequently complicated by suboptimal control of locoregional disease and significant long-term functional deficits.[3,29] Although specific indications for primary surgical resection exist, some investigators suggest that the concurrent use of multiagent chemotherapy and radiation has become the standard of care for the management of patients with late-stage disease, and surgery is often reserved for salvage of those patients who fail definitive nonoperative treatment.[27,29,30] Studies using aggressive and uncompromised radiation therapy with concurrent multiagent chemotherapy have consistently demonstrated a survival and locoregional control benefit.[31,32,33,34,35] This treatment approach emphasizes organ preservation and functionality. New treatments under development include various biologic therapies (i.e., vaccines, growth factor-receptor antagonists, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, oncolytic viruses, and others) and photodynamic therapy.[27,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43]
The rate of curability of cancers of the oropharynx varies depending on the stage and specific site. Local control rates for early base-of-tongue cancers approximate 85%.[3] In a large retrospective study involving 262 patients with base-of-tongue cancer, the overall 5-year disease-specific survival rate for patients with all stages of disease was approximately 50%. Treatment modalities included surgery with and without radiation therapy and radiation therapy alone. None of the treatment modalities had a significant survival advantage either overall or within the stages.[44,45]
In a retrospective study involving 162 patients with tonsil carcinoma, 84 patients were treated with primary surgery, which was followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy if histologic signs of aggressive behavior were identified. Survival rates were 89% for stage I, 91% for stage II, 79% for stage III, and 52% for stage IV.[46] In a retrospective study of 188 patients with SCC of the soft palate, uvula, and anterior tonsillar pillar, treatment to the primary site consisted of radiation therapy for 150 patients, surgery for 28 patients, and combined therapy for 10 patients. The overall determinant survival was 80% at 2 years, but it fell to 67% at 5 years.[47] In another retrospective study, 148 patients received definitive radiation therapy for SCC of the pharyngeal wall. Cause-specific survival rates were 89% for stage I, 88% for stage II, 44% for stage III, and 34% for stage IV. Twice-daily fractionation, stage I to stage II disease, and an oropharyngeal primary site were associated with improved locoregional control.[48]
HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers may represent a distinct disease entity that is causally associated with HPV infection and that is also associated with an improved prognosis. Several studies indicate that individuals with HPV-positive tumors have significantly improved survivals.[10,49,50,51] In a prospective study involving 253 patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent head and neck SCC, HPV was detected in 25% of the cases. Poor tumor grade and an oropharyngeal site independently increased the probability of HPV presence.[10]
The risk of developing a second primary tumor in patients with tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract has been estimated to be 3% to 7% per year.[52,53] Because of this risk, surveillance of these patients should be lifelong. Patients should be counseled that continued smoking and alcohol consumption after treatment has been associated with the development of second primary tumors of the aerodigestive tract.[54,55,56] (Refer to the PDQ Smoking Cessation and Continued Risk in Cancer Patients summary for more information.)
To date, SCC of the oropharynx has not been associated with any specific chromosomal or genetic abnormalities. Genetic/chromosomal aberrations in these cancers are complex.[57,58] Despite the lack of specific genetic abnormalities, testing for genetic alterations or ploidy in early oropharyngeal lesions may identify patients who are at the greatest risk for progression and may lead to more definitive therapy.[27]
Most oropharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs).[1,2] Other oropharyngeal cancers include:
(Refer to the PDQ summaries on Salivary Gland Cancer Treatment, Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment, and Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment for more information.)
SCCs may be noninvasive or invasive. For noninvasive SCC, the term carcinoma in situ is used. Histologically, invasive carcinomas are well-differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated, or undifferentiated. SCCs are usually moderately or poorly differentiated.[2] Grading the deep invasive margins (i.e., invasive front) of SCC may provide better prognostic information than grading of the entire tumor.[3]
Immunohistochemical examination of tissues for the expression of the biomarker Ki-67, a proliferation antigen, may complement histologic grading. As a molecular indicator of epithelial dysplasia of the oropharynx, Ki-67 expression appears to correlate well with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in tumor cells. In a retrospective study involving 43 tissue samples from 25 patients, the assessment of proliferation with Ki-67 was found to be a better surrogate for LOH than histologic grading.[4]
Leukoplakia should be used only as a clinically descriptive term meaning that the observer sees a white patch that does not rub off, the significance of which depends on the histologic findings.[5] Leukoplakia can range from hyperkeratosis to an actual early invasive carcinoma or may only represent a fungal infection, lichen planus, or other benign oral disease. (Refer to the General Information About Oropharyngeal Cancer section of this summary for more information.)
Note: The American Joint Committee on Cancer has recently published a new edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, which includes revisions to the staging for this disease. The PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board, which is responsible for maintaining this summary, is currently reviewing the new staging to determine the changes that need to be made in the summary. In addition to updating this Stage Information section, additional changes may need to be made to other parts of this summary to ensure that it is up-to-date. The changes will be made as soon as possible.
The staging systems for oropharyngeal cancer are all clinical, based on the best possible estimate of the extent of disease before treatment. The assessment of the primary tumor is based on inspection and palpation, when possible, and by indirect mirror examination. The appropriate nodal drainage areas are examined by careful palpation.
The tumor must be confirmed histologically, and any other pathologic data obtained from a biopsy may be included. Additional radiographic studies may be included. As an adjunct to clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging is used to evaluate the extent of disease in the soft tissues; computed tomography is used to evaluate the mandible and maxilla.[1] Positron emission tomography has been investigated as an imaging modality for recurrent oropharyngeal cancer.[2]
Complete endoscopy, typically under general anesthesia, is performed after completion of other staging studies to assess the surface extent of the tumor accurately, to assess deep involvement by palpation for muscle invasion, and to facilitate biopsy. Because of the incidence of multiple primary tumors occurring simultaneously, a careful search for other primary tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract is indicated.[3]
Definitions of TNM
The American Joint Committee on Cancer has designated staging by TNM classification to define oropharyngeal cancer.[3] Nonepithelial tumors such as those of lymphoid tissue, soft tissue, bone, and cartilage are not included.
On attempting to define the optimal therapeutic approach to the oropharynx, it becomes clear that no single therapeutic regimen offers a clear-cut superior survival over other regimens. The literature is filled with reports highlighting various therapeutic options but does not contain reports presenting any valid comparative studies of therapeutic options. The ultimate therapeutic choice will depend on a careful review of each individual case, paying attention to the staging of the neoplasm, the general physical condition of the patient, the emotional status of the patient, the experience of the treating team, and the available treatment facilities.
A review of published, clinical results of radical radiation therapy for head and neck cancer suggests a significant loss of local control when the administration of radiation therapy was prolonged; therefore, lengthening of standard treatment schedules should be avoided whenever possible.[1,2] Patients who smoke during treatment with radiation therapy appear to have lower response rates and shorter survival durations than those who do not;[3] therefore, patients should be counseled to stop smoking before beginning radiation therapy. The posttherapy performance status of patients with base-of-tongue primary tumors appears to be better following radiation therapy than following surgery. Local control and survival is similar in both, which suggests that radiation therapy may be superior.[4,5]
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated a high incidence (i.e., >30%–40%) of hypothyroidism in patients who have received external-beam radiation therapy to the entire thyroid gland or to the pituitary gland. Thyroid function testing of patients should be considered prior to therapy and as part of posttreatment follow-up.[6,7]
Surgery or radiation is equally successful in controlling this stage of oropharyngeal cancer.
Standard treatment options:
When radiation is given, careful choice of radiation technique by a radiation oncologist experienced in managing head and neck cancers is essential. The choice of treatment is dictated by the anticipated functional, cosmetic, and socioeconomic results of the treatment options as well as by the available expertise of the surgeon or radiation therapist. Treatment is individualized for each patient.
Treatment options under clinical evaluation:
Current Clinical Trials
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage I oropharyngeal cancer. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI Web site.
When radiation is given, careful choice of radiation technique by a radiation oncologist experienced in managing head and neck cancers is essential. Interstitial radiation techniques may be used when indicated. The choice of treatment is dictated by the anticipated functional, cosmetic, and socioeconomic results of the treatment options as well as by the available expertise of the surgeon or radiation therapist. Treatment is individualized for each patient.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage II oropharyngeal cancer. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
The management of stage III carcinomas of the oropharynx is complex and requires multidisciplinary input to establish the optimal treatment.
New surgical techniques for resection and reconstruction developed in the last 7 to 10 years that provide access and at least partial function restoration have extended the surgical options. External-beam radiation therapy augmented with interstitial implantation and multiple daily treatment schemes have given new insights into the use of radiation for this group of tumors.[9] All of these patients may be considered for entry into neoadjuvant chemotherapy trials.
In general, the preferred treatment has been to combine surgery with postoperative radiation therapy when possible, as shown in the RTOG-7303 trial, for example.[1] This approach has become the standard in this specific grouping whenever it can be applied. Aggressive radiation therapy alone will give equivalent control rates to surgery for cancers originating in the tonsil or on the base of the tongue.[2,10]
Specific surgical procedures and their modifications are not designated here because of the wide variety of surgical approaches to the area, the variety of opinions about the role of modified neck dissections, and the multiple reconstructive techniques that may give the same results. This group of patients should be managed by surgeons who are skilled in the multiple procedures available and actively and frequently involved in the care of these patients.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage III oropharyngeal cancer. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
Resectable Oropharyngeal Cancer
The management of stage IV carcinomas of the oropharynx is complex and requires multidisciplinary input to establish the optimal treatment.
New surgical techniques for resection and reconstruction developed in the last 7 to 10 years that provide access and at least partial function restoration have extended the surgical options. External-beam radiation therapy augmented with interstitial implantation and multiple daily treatment schemes have given new insights into the use of radiation for this group of tumors.[4] All of these patients may be considered for entry into neoadjuvant chemotherapy trials.
In general, the preferred treatment has been to combine surgery with postoperative radiation therapy when possible, as shown in RTOG-7303, for example.[1] This approach has become the standard in this specific grouping whenever it can be applied. Patients with stage IVA cancer of the tonsil treated by aggressive radiation therapy alone have similar results to patients treated with combination therapy.[2][Level of evidence: 3iiiDiii]
Specific surgical procedures and their modifications are not designated here because of the wide variety of surgical approaches to the area, the variety of opinions about the role of modified neck dissections, and the multiple reconstructive techniques that may give the same results. This group of patients should be managed by surgeons who are skilled in the multiple procedures available and actively and frequently involved in the care of these patients.
Treatment options under clinical evaluation:
Similar approaches in patients with resectable disease, when resection would lead to a major functional deficit, are also being explored in randomized trials.[13] A trial has shown that chemotherapy (i.e., carboplatin plus fluorouracil) with radiation therapy provides better local control and improved 3-year actuarial overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival than daily radiation therapy alone.[14,15]
A meta-analysis of 63 randomized, prospective trials published between 1965 and 1993 showed an 8% absolute survival advantage in the subset of patients receiving concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy.[16][Level of evidence: 2A] Patients receiving adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy had no survival advantage. Cost, quality of life, and morbidity data, however, were not available; no standard regimen existed; and, the trials were felt to be too heterogenous to provide definitive recommendations. The results of 18 ongoing trials may further clarify the role of concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy in the management of oropharyngeal cancer.
Unresectable Oropharyngeal Cancer
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy as given in clinical trials has been used to shrink tumors and thereby render them more definitively treatable with either surgery or radiation. Many drug combinations have been used in neoadjuvant chemotherapy.[21,22,23,24,25,26]
Posttreatment follow-up:
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage IV oropharyngeal cancer. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
Standard treatment options:
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent oropharyngeal cancer. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
Editorial changes were made to this summary.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians who care for cancer patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.
Reviewers and Updates
This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should:
Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary.
The lead reviewers for Oropharyngeal Cancer Treatment are:
Any comments or questions about the summary content should be submitted to Cancer.gov through the Web site's Contact Form. Do not contact the individual Board Members with questions or comments about the summaries. Board members will not respond to individual inquiries.
Levels of Evidence
Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board uses a formal evidence ranking system in developing its level-of-evidence designations.
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. Although the content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text, it cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless it is presented in its entirety and is regularly updated. However, an author would be permitted to write a sentence such as "NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks succinctly: [include excerpt from the summary]."
The preferred citation for this PDQ summary is:
National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Oropharyngeal Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/oropharyngeal/HealthProfessional. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.
Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use within the PDQ summaries only. Permission to use images outside the context of PDQ information must be obtained from the owner(s) and cannot be granted by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the illustrations in this summary, along with many other cancer-related images, is available in Visuals Online, a collection of over 2,000 scientific images.
Based on the strength of the available evidence, treatment options may be described as either "standard" or "under clinical evaluation." These classifications should not be used as a basis for insurance reimbursement determinations. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Coping with Cancer: Financial, Insurance, and Legal Information page.
Contact Us
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Nettle Gnocchi
A rustic Italian potato pasta recipe colored with stinging nettlesRead More
chef, forager, teacher
I've had a passion since childhood to create. Farm-to-table long before it was a buzzword. Creating everything from soaps and textiles to meals designed around locally sourced and foraged foods.
I am currently the executive chef at The Bees Knees Cafe, a farm to table cafe located on Heather Ridge Farm, an Animal Welfare Approved farm that raises grass fed and pastured meats, poultry, eggs, and honey. We're available to cater private events and curated dinner parties using locally-resourced, seasonal foods. Special consideration is taken for gluten free and paleo diets, vegetarian meals may be prepared by request.
In addition to weekly brunch and lunch offerings, we organize a monthly "Supper Club" at the farm. This is a five or six course tasting dinner crafted with our own meats and complemented by locally grown and foraged produce, herbs, and flavors. I also teach monthly cooking classes that aim to provide a technique based approach to cooking that is accessible to cooks of all skill levels. For more information about the tasting dinners and cooking classes, please visit the Heather Ridge Farm website HERE
Please take a moment to review a sampling of my work on these pages.
A rustic Italian potato pasta recipe colored with stinging nettlesRead More
My thoughts on "pumpkin spice", and a recipe for a spicy pumpkin moleRead More


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|Publication Date
|SP28 Digital Elevation Model of Delaware
|Wang, L.T.
|DIS1 Explore Delaware Geology
|Wang, L.T.
|B21D Using Numerical Models to Assess a Rapid Infiltration Basin System (RIBS), Cape Henlopen State Park, Delaware
|He, C., Andres, A.S.
|B21C Groundwater Quality and Monitoring of Rapid Infiltration Basin Systems (RIBS), Theory and Field Experiments at Cape Henlopen State Park, Delaware
|Andres, A.S., Walther, E.F., Türkmen, M., He, C., Chirnside, A.E.M., Ritter, W.F.
|B21A Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Options Used in Rapid Infiltration Basin Systems (RIBS)
|Türkmen, M., Walther, E.F., Andres, A.S., Chirnside, A.E.M., Ritter, W.F.
|GM17 Geologic Map of the Harbeson Quadrangle, Delaware
|Ramsey, K.W., Tomlinson, J.L.
|GM16 Geologic Map of the Fairmount and Rehoboth Beach Quadrangles, Delaware
|Ramsey, K.W.
|GM15 Geologic Map of the Georgetown Quadrangle, Delaware
|Ramsey, K.W.
|RI72 Geology and Extent of the Confined Aquifers of Kent County, Delaware
|McLaughlin, P.P., Velez, C.C.
|OFR45 Characterization of the Potomac Aquifer, an Extremely Heterogeneous Fluvial System in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of Delaware
|McKenna, T.E., McLaughlin, P.P., Benson, R.N.
|RI64 Results of Hydrogeologic Studies of the Cypress Swamp Formation, Delaware
|Andres, A.S., Howard, C.S.
|RI63 An Evaluation of Sand Resources, Atlantic Offshore, Delaware
|Ramsey, K.W., McKenna, K.K.
|RI62 The Cypress Swamp Formation, Delaware
|Andres, A.S., Howard, C.S.
|RI58 The Pliocene and Quaternary Deposits of Delaware: Palynology, Ages, and Paleoenvironments
|Groot, J.J., Jordan, R.R.
|OFR41 Beach Sand Textures from the Atlantic Coast of Delaware
|Ramsey, K.W.
|RI55 Geology of the Milford and Mispillion River Quadrangles
|Ramsey, K.W., Groot, J.J.
|RI53 Geology of the Seaford Area, Delaware
|Andres, A.S., Ramsey, K.W., Groot, J.J.
|Geology and Hydrology of the Cockeysville Formation Northern New Castle County, Delaware
|Plank, M.O., Woodruff, K.D., Werkheiser, W.H.
|OFR28 Potential for Ground-Water Recharge in the Coastal Plain of Northern New Castle County, Delaware
|Petty, S., Miller, W.D., Lanan, B.A.
|OFR14 Sinkholes, Hockessin Area, Delaware
|Talley, J.H.


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Doctor insights on:
Clopixol Medication
Hello , i have take Clopixol injection , and i am very afraid of its side effects , is the side effects of this medication always happens or what ?
No when side: effects are listed, those are just some potential things that could happen. Some side effects could be common & some could be rare. See: https://patient.info/medicine/zuclopenthixol-clopixol ...Read more
What are the side effects of clopixol depo?
Several: Clopixol Depo can several side effects but the most common are: drowsiness, anxiety, movement disorders, insomnia, agitation, tremors, hypotension, and increased heart rate. ...Read more
What are common side effects of clopixol depo?
Clopixol side effect: May cause drowsiness & blurred vision. Antipsychotic medicines can sometimes affect the ability of the body to control core body temperature. Antipsychotic medicines are associated with an increased risk of getting a blood clot in a vein-deep vein thrombosis or in the lungs -pulmonary embolism. Consult your doctor if you experience abnormal movements, particularly face, lips, jaw, or tongue. ...Read more
What are some of the main side effects of clopixol depo?
Clopixol side effect: May cause drowsiness & blurred vision. Antipsychotic medicines can sometimes affect the ability of the body to control core body temperature. Antipsychotic medicines are associated with an increased risk of getting a blood clot in a vein-deep vein thrombosis or in the lungs -pulmonary embolism. Consult your doctor if you experience abnormal movements, particularly face, lips, jaw, or tongue. ...Read more
I m suffering from schizoeffective disorder. Which Depot injection should I try:
Paliperidone (Xepilon) OR
Zuclopenthixol Decanoate (Clopixol)?
I m diabetic. Male 33.
Not a DIY project: Please don't try to treat yourself. The conditions you name are not easy to manage even for trained folk - so definitely get assistance. It's important and true! Best wishes for best health! ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Is it true that Clopixol Injection cause erectile dysfunction ?
Yes, but very rare..: Yes, Clopixol may induce ED at a rate of 0.1-1 %, that is, very rare. ...Read more
I feel flat, numb, exhausted and have no interest in anything/anyone. I feel overwhelmed by life. Am I getting depressed again or is this clopixol?
Depression: Sounds like depression and you need professional health. ...Read more
What is a "medication HA"?
I think: Medication headache....a type of frequent or daily headache. I'm not positive though. Need to see what the context the phrase was used. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
I need a refill on my medication?
So call your doc: This is the HT public information site.We are thousands of volunteer docs based primarily in the US who answer medical questions.We do not offer treatments. State medical boards require a physician/patient relationship,a retrievable record,recent exam with vital signs for prescribing.Failure to do so can lead to loss or restriction of license. It may seem minor to you but it is not. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
I need refills on my medications?
Not here: For that you will likely need the prime service of healthtap. Easier to call your pop imo ...Read more
Are expired medications effective?
Sometimes: Sometimes they are. For the most part, expired drugs simply lose potency once past their expiration date. There are, however, some drugs that actually become harmful if taken after they expire. As such, it is best to throw out any medications you have after a year. ...Read more
Safest medication to take for pain?
ASPRIN: Actually no one has decided on 'safest'. Asprin has been around since before you were born and unless you take too much (yes, too much of anything isnt good) most people are okay with it. If the pain it too severe for asprin you need to know what causes it. Good diagnosis is called for. See the dr. ...Read more
How can I dispose unused medications?
Several options: You can take them to your local pharmacy for proper disposal. Some medically oriented charities will also take medication for distribution to the disadvantaged. ...Read more
Is there medication for a widows peak?
No: I do not know why you are asking this question. ...Read more
Please describe the medication: topical?
Applies to skin: Topical just refers to how a medication is applied. In this case to the skin and is meant to treat local skin problems. Some meds are applied to the skin but are meant to be absorbed into the body in which case we use the term "transdermal" since it is meant to pass through the skin to affect the whole body. ...Read more
What medications are given fordepression?
Why R you depressed?: If your depression is affecting your life and/or those around you and you have trouble dealing with it or not knowing how to etc..It is very reasonable to seek help, either from a therapist, your physician/nurse, or both. Psychotherapy may be adequate for some, others may need both meds (many choices, depending on your symptoms/needs) and therapy. Consult doc. Good luck. ...Read moreSee 2 more doctor answers
What to expect after going on medication
Be more specific: Please be more specific.Get a more detailed answer ›
What medication is equivalent to covance d?
Yes: Covance d is a combination of losartan and hydrochlorthiazide- a diuretic). There are a number of such combinations for the treatment of hypertension. If this is a question of your co-pay, ask your physician about generic alternatives. ...Read more
What medication need to be taken for acidity?
Antacid: An h2 blocker (like Pepcid (famotidine) or its generic) once or twice daily, provides relief for many after about a week. If this fails, a proton pump inhibitor (ppi--like Prilosec or its generic) will often work where h2's have failed. If both fail after at least one week trial of each, see your dr or a GI dr for eval. ...Read more
Would it be okay if I use hash as medication?
Condition?: There are some conditions that medical marijuana is helpful for. However there can be significant problems related to cannabis use. Thus, would only consider this when prescribed or directed by a physician who is knowledgable in this area. Take care. ...Read more


text:
Every university has a campus. Ours just happens to be an entire city.
You won't find any Frisbee golf courses or frat houses. What you will find, however, is world-class culture, big-league sports, Fortune 500 internships and a slew of great restaurants, shops and pubs.
Point Park University is not your typical college. And in our unique, urban learning environment, you'll not only come into your own. You'll be changed forever.
That's a fact. To learn more about Point Park University and our four schools, please follow the links below:
- University Fact Sheet
- School of Arts and Sciences Fact Sheet
- Rowland School of Business Fact Sheet
- School of Communication Fact Sheet
- Conservatory of Performing Arts Fact Sheet


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|A library for FilePath manipulations, using Windows style paths on all platforms. Importing System.FilePath is usually better.
|Separator predicates
|File and directory names are values of type String, whose precise meaning is operating system dependent. Files can be opened, yielding a handle which can then be used to operate on the contents of that file.
The character that separates directories. In the case where more than one character is possible, pathSeparator is the 'ideal' one.
Windows: pathSeparator == '\\' Posix: pathSeparator == '/' isPathSeparator pathSeparator
The list of all possible separators.
Windows: pathSeparators == ['\\', '/'] Posix: pathSeparators == ['/'] pathSeparator `elem` pathSeparators
Rather than using (== pathSeparator), use this. Test if something is a path separator.
isPathSeparator a == (a `elem` pathSeparators)
The character that is used to separate the entries in the $PATH environment variable.
Windows: searchPathSeparator == ';' Posix: searchPathSeparator == ':'
Is the character a file separator?
isSearchPathSeparator a == (a == searchPathSeparator)
File extension character
extSeparator == '.'
Is the character an extension character?
isExtSeparator a == (a == extSeparator)
|Path methods (environment $PATH)
Take a string, split it on the searchPathSeparator character.
Follows the recommendations in http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap08.html
Posix: splitSearchPath "File1:File2:File3" == ["File1","File2","File3"] Posix: splitSearchPath "File1::File2:File3" == ["File1",".","File2","File3"] Windows: splitSearchPath "File1;File2;File3" == ["File1","File2","File3"] Windows: splitSearchPath "File1;;File2;File3" == ["File1","File2","File3"]
|Get a list of filepaths in the $PATH.
|Extension methods
Split on the extension. addExtension is the inverse.
uncurry (++) (splitExtension x) == x uncurry addExtension (splitExtension x) == x splitExtension "file.txt" == ("file",".txt") splitExtension "file" == ("file","") splitExtension "file/file.txt" == ("file/file",".txt") splitExtension "file.txt/boris" == ("file.txt/boris","") splitExtension "file.txt/boris.ext" == ("file.txt/boris",".ext") splitExtension "file/path.txt.bob.fred" == ("file/path.txt.bob",".fred") splitExtension "file/path.txt/" == ("file/path.txt/","")
Get the extension of a file, returns "" for no extension, .ext otherwise.
takeExtension x == snd (splitExtension x) Valid x => takeExtension (addExtension x "ext") == ".ext" Valid x => takeExtension (replaceExtension x "ext") == ".ext"
Set the extension of a file, overwriting one if already present.
replaceExtension "file.txt" ".bob" == "file.bob" replaceExtension "file.txt" "bob" == "file.bob" replaceExtension "file" ".bob" == "file.bob" replaceExtension "file.txt" "" == "file" replaceExtension "file.fred.bob" "txt" == "file.fred.txt"
Remove last extension, and the "." preceding it.
dropExtension x == fst (splitExtension x)
Add an extension, even if there is already one there. E.g. addExtension "foo.txt" "bat" -> "foo.txt.bat".
addExtension "file.txt" "bib" == "file.txt.bib" addExtension "file." ".bib" == "file..bib" addExtension "file" ".bib" == "file.bib" addExtension "/" "x" == "/.x" Valid x => takeFileName (addExtension (addTrailingPathSeparator x) "ext") == ".ext" Windows: addExtension "\\\\share" ".txt" == "\\\\share\\.txt"
Does the given filename have an extension?
null (takeExtension x) == not (hasExtension x)
|Alias to addExtension, for people who like that sort of thing.
Split on all extensions
splitExtensions "file.tar.gz" == ("file",".tar.gz")
Drop all extensions
not $ hasExtension (dropExtensions x)
Get all extensions
takeExtensions "file.tar.gz" == ".tar.gz"
|Drive methods
Split a path into a drive and a path. On Unix, / is a Drive.
uncurry (++) (splitDrive x) == x Windows: splitDrive "file" == ("","file") Windows: splitDrive "c:/file" == ("c:/","file") Windows: splitDrive "c:\\file" == ("c:\\","file") Windows: splitDrive "\\\\shared\\test" == ("\\\\shared\\","test") Windows: splitDrive "\\\\shared" == ("\\\\shared","") Windows: splitDrive "\\\\?\\UNC\\shared\\file" == ("\\\\?\\UNC\\shared\\","file") Windows: splitDrive "\\\\?\\UNCshared\\file" == ("\\\\?\\","UNCshared\\file") Windows: splitDrive "\\\\?\\d:\\file" == ("\\\\?\\d:\\","file") Windows: splitDrive "/d" == ("","/d") Posix: splitDrive "/test" == ("/","test") Posix: splitDrive "//test" == ("//","test") Posix: splitDrive "test/file" == ("","test/file") Posix: splitDrive "file" == ("","file")
Join a drive and the rest of the path.
uncurry joinDrive (splitDrive x) == x Windows: joinDrive "C:" "foo" == "C:foo" Windows: joinDrive "C:\\" "bar" == "C:\\bar" Windows: joinDrive "\\\\share" "foo" == "\\\\share\\foo" Windows: joinDrive "/:" "foo" == "/:\\foo"
Get the drive from a filepath.
takeDrive x == fst (splitDrive x)
Does a path have a drive.
not (hasDrive x) == null (takeDrive x)
Delete the drive, if it exists.
dropDrive x == snd (splitDrive x)
|Is an element a drive
|Operations on a FilePath, as a list of directories
Split a filename into directory and file. combine is the inverse.
uncurry (++) (splitFileName x) == x Valid x => uncurry combine (splitFileName x) == x splitFileName "file/bob.txt" == ("file/", "bob.txt") splitFileName "file/" == ("file/", "") splitFileName "bob" == ("", "bob") Posix: splitFileName "/" == ("/","") Windows: splitFileName "c:" == ("c:","")
Get the file name.
takeFileName "test/" == "" takeFileName x `isSuffixOf` x takeFileName x == snd (splitFileName x) Valid x => takeFileName (replaceFileName x "fred") == "fred" Valid x => takeFileName (x </> "fred") == "fred" Valid x => isRelative (takeFileName x)
Set the filename.
Valid x => replaceFileName x (takeFileName x) == x
Drop the filename.
dropFileName x == fst (splitFileName x)
Get the base name, without an extension or path.
takeBaseName "file/test.txt" == "test" takeBaseName "dave.ext" == "dave" takeBaseName "" == "" takeBaseName "test" == "test" takeBaseName (addTrailingPathSeparator x) == "" takeBaseName "file/file.tar.gz" == "file.tar"
Set the base name.
replaceBaseName "file/test.txt" "bob" == "file/bob.txt" replaceBaseName "fred" "bill" == "bill" replaceBaseName "/dave/fred/bob.gz.tar" "new" == "/dave/fred/new.tar" replaceBaseName x (takeBaseName x) == x
Get the directory name, move up one level.
takeDirectory x `isPrefixOf` x takeDirectory "foo" == "" takeDirectory "/foo/bar/baz" == "/foo/bar" takeDirectory "/foo/bar/baz/" == "/foo/bar/baz" takeDirectory "foo/bar/baz" == "foo/bar" Windows: takeDirectory "foo\\bar" == "foo" Windows: takeDirectory "foo\\bar\\\\" == "foo\\bar" Windows: takeDirectory "C:\\" == "C:\\"
Set the directory, keeping the filename the same.
replaceDirectory x (takeDirectory x) `equalFilePath` x
Combine two paths, if the second path isAbsolute, then it returns the second.
Valid x => combine (takeDirectory x) (takeFileName x) `equalFilePath` x Posix: combine "/" "test" == "/test" Posix: combine "home" "bob" == "home/bob" Windows: combine "home" "bob" == "home\\bob" Windows: combine "home" "/bob" == "/bob"
|A nice alias for combine.
Split a path by the directory separator.
concat (splitPath x) == x splitPath "test//item/" == ["test//","item/"] splitPath "test/item/file" == ["test/","item/","file"] splitPath "" == [] Windows: splitPath "c:\\test\\path" == ["c:\\","test\\","path"] Posix: splitPath "/file/test" == ["/","file/","test"]
Join path elements back together.
Valid x => joinPath (splitPath x) == x joinPath [] == "" Posix: joinPath ["test","file","path"] == "test/file/path"
Just as splitPath, but don't add the trailing slashes to each element.
splitDirectories "test/file" == ["test","file"] splitDirectories "/test/file" == ["/","test","file"] Valid x => joinPath (splitDirectories x) `equalFilePath` x splitDirectories "" == []
|Low level FilePath operators
Is an item either a directory or the last character a path separator?
hasTrailingPathSeparator "test" == False hasTrailingPathSeparator "test/" == True
Add a trailing file path separator if one is not already present.
hasTrailingPathSeparator (addTrailingPathSeparator x) hasTrailingPathSeparator x ==> addTrailingPathSeparator x == x Posix: addTrailingPathSeparator "test/rest" == "test/rest/"
Remove any trailing path separators
dropTrailingPathSeparator "file/test/" == "file/test" not (hasTrailingPathSeparator (dropTrailingPathSeparator x)) || isDrive x Posix: dropTrailingPathSeparator "/" == "/" Windows: dropTrailingPathSeparator "\\" == "\\"
|File name manipulators
Normalise a file
Posix: normalise "/file/\\test////" == "/file/\\test/" Posix: normalise "/file/./test" == "/file/test" Posix: normalise "/test/file/../bob/fred/" == "/test/file/../bob/fred/" Posix: normalise "../bob/fred/" == "../bob/fred/" Posix: normalise "./bob/fred/" == "bob/fred/" Windows: normalise "c:\\file/bob\\" == "C:\\file\\bob\\" Windows: normalise "c:\\" == "C:\\" Windows: normalise "\\\\server\\test" == "\\\\server\\test" Windows: normalise "c:/file" == "C:\\file" normalise "." == "." Posix: normalise "./" == "./"
Equality of two FilePaths. If you call System.Directory.canonicalizePath first this has a much better chance of working. Note that this doesn't follow symlinks or DOSNAM~1s.
x == y ==> equalFilePath x y normalise x == normalise y ==> equalFilePath x y Posix: equalFilePath "foo" "foo/" Posix: not (equalFilePath "foo" "/foo") Posix: not (equalFilePath "foo" "FOO") Windows: equalFilePath "foo" "FOO"
Contract a filename, based on a relative path.
There is no corresponding makeAbsolute function, instead use System.Directory.canonicalizePath which has the same effect.
Valid y => equalFilePath x y || (isRelative x && makeRelative y x == x) || equalFilePath (y </> makeRelative y x) x makeRelative x x == "." null y || equalFilePath (makeRelative x (x </> y)) y || null (takeFileName x) Windows: makeRelative "C:\\Home" "c:\\home\\bob" == "bob" Windows: makeRelative "C:\\Home" "c:/home/bob" == "bob" Windows: makeRelative "C:\\Home" "D:\\Home\\Bob" == "D:\\Home\\Bob" Windows: makeRelative "C:\\Home" "C:Home\\Bob" == "C:Home\\Bob" Windows: makeRelative "/Home" "/home/bob" == "bob" Posix: makeRelative "/Home" "/home/bob" == "/home/bob" Posix: makeRelative "/home/" "/home/bob/foo/bar" == "bob/foo/bar" Posix: makeRelative "/fred" "bob" == "bob" Posix: makeRelative "/file/test" "/file/test/fred" == "fred" Posix: makeRelative "/file/test" "/file/test/fred/" == "fred/" Posix: makeRelative "some/path" "some/path/a/b/c" == "a/b/c"
Is a path relative, or is it fixed to the root?
Windows: isRelative "path\\test" == True Windows: isRelative "c:\\test" == False Windows: isRelative "c:test" == True Windows: isRelative "c:" == True Windows: isRelative "\\\\foo" == False Windows: isRelative "/foo" == True Posix: isRelative "test/path" == True Posix: isRelative "/test" == False
not . isRelative
isAbsolute x == not (isRelative x)
Is a FilePath valid, i.e. could you create a file like it?
isValid "" == False Posix: isValid "/random_ path:*" == True Posix: isValid x == not (null x) Windows: isValid "c:\\test" == True Windows: isValid "c:\\test:of_test" == False Windows: isValid "test*" == False Windows: isValid "c:\\test\\nul" == False Windows: isValid "c:\\test\\prn.txt" == False Windows: isValid "c:\\nul\\file" == False Windows: isValid "\\\\" == False
Take a FilePath and make it valid; does not change already valid FilePaths.
isValid (makeValid x) isValid x ==> makeValid x == x makeValid "" == "_" Windows: makeValid "c:\\test:of_test" == "c:\\test_of_test" Windows: makeValid "test*" == "test_" Windows: makeValid "c:\\test\\nul" == "c:\\test\\nul_" Windows: makeValid "c:\\test\\prn.txt" == "c:\\test\\prn_.txt" Windows: makeValid "c:\\test/prn.txt" == "c:\\test/prn_.txt" Windows: makeValid "c:\\nul\\file" == "c:\\nul_\\file"
|Produced by Haddock version 2.6.1


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Video: Griddled Bacon, Filipino Burgers, and Fried Chicken Sandwiches
Whether or not you're going to the Great GoogaMooga this weekend, it seems easy to agree that their food and drink lineup is impressive. To highlight some of the dishes attendees can expect to see this year, our buddy Liza de Guia at Food Curated filmed behind the scenes videos at Landhaus, Jeepney, Northern Spy Food Co., and Joseph Leonard's. Check 'em out below.
Landhaus' Bacon Sticks
Jeepney's Chori Burger
Northern Spy Food's Egg Begley, Jr.
Joseph Leonard's Fried Chicken Sandwich