text:
I have a HP Envy 15 on order. I could not resist the 30% off coupon. I will of course give you a couple of reviews. One after the first twenty four hours, and one after a couple of weeks. I hope HP has excellent thermals on this generation. [UPDATE for 1/5] FYI, I cancelled…
Year: 2011
Inside our Envisioning Lab
1961 Ford Thunderflite – For Sale
This rare concept car goes on the auction block soon.
Thief !!!
T-Mobile starts selling the NOKIA Lumia 710 on 1/11 for $49
Details at http://nokia-windows-phone.t-mobile.com/. Press release at http://newsroom.t-mobile.com/articles/nokia-lumia-710.
ROCCAT ISKU Gaming Keyboard looks cool
I like blue. http://www.roccat.org/Products/Gaming-Keyboards/ROCCAT-Isku/
Music and Dance–the universal language
Flash Mobbing in India with NOKIA.
OneNote Released for the iPad
Today, just in time for the holidays, we're releasing OneNote 1.3 for iOS. Since the launch of OneNote for iPhone nearly a year ago, a recurring request from our customers has been for a version that can be used more easily on the iPad's larger screen. We're happy to announce that today's new release of…
Lync 2010 released for Windows Phone
Lync 2010 for Windows Phone extends the power of Lync to your mobile device – including rich presence, instant messaging, audio conferencing, and calling features from a single, easy-to-use interface. Key Features: View colleagues' availability in real time and select the best way to communicate – initiating an instant message (IM), email, or a phone…
NOKIA Lumia 710 Goes Global
Espoo, Finland – Nokia today announced the Nokia Lumia 710 will hit shelves, less than one month after the Nokia Lumia 800 started turning heads. The Nokia Lumia 710 will start selling today in Taiwan alongside the Nokia Lumia 800. The Nokia Lumia 710 will then reach stores in Singapore, Hong Kong, India and Russia…


text:
Your Search Results
Job Training & Conferences, Health Insurance Benefits, Hardware
14 Companies
Relativity Space
3D Printing • Aerospace
We are working on some of the most challenging problems facing humanity. We rebel against the limits of traditional hardware and software on a daily basis and seek to create long-lasting impact. We are reinventing how we access space to build the future of humanity. Our long-term goal is to 3D print and launch the first rocket made on Mars.
110Local Employees
Hardware • Information Technology
Appetize is a modern point of sale technology company transforming how sports, entertainment, education and professional service industries manage and process customer transactions at scale. Our enterprise-level solution has grown more than 125 percent year-over-year, increasingly gaining a larger percentage of the total POS market.
125Local Employees
Los AngelesLocation
Flo Technologies
Hardware • Internet of Things
Water damage is 5x more likely than theft and 6x more likely than fire. More than 17 gallons are lost everyday due to leaks in a typical home. Flo Technologies works to prevent water waste and water damage in homes and buildings across the country with our smart home water monitoring technology and leak protection system.
35Local Employees
Culver CityLocation
First Resonance
Aerospace • Enterprise Web
First Resonance is powering next-generation hardware companies with a factory operating system to manage their real-world manufacturing information and make informed, data-driven decisions to improve products and processes. With combined data and manufacturing experience from SpaceX, Snap, Uptake, and Samsung; we are reinventing manufacturing.
3Local Employees
Los AngelesLocation
Virgin Hyperloop One
Hardware • Software
Virgin Hyperloop One is reinventing transportation to eliminate barriers of time and distance by using hyperloop transport to move cargo and passengers immediately, safely, efficiently, and sustainably. Our technology will transport passengers on-demand and direct from origin to destination.
185Local Employees
Los AngelesLocation
Ecosense Lighting
Hardware • Machine Learning
Ecosense is a technology company that designs and builds innovative LED luminaries and complete lighting technology solutions for some of the most beautiful spaces in the world.
110Local Employees
Los AngelesLocation
AdTech • Hardware
Gimbal is a marketing and advertising automation platform that translates location data from the real world into targeting, measurement, and insight products for our customers. Using its own hardware and software, Gimbal enables brands, media agencies, and marketers to improve their campaigns with personalized messaging and measurable results.
30Local Employees
Los AngelesLocation
Cannabis • Hardware
Puffco was founded with one simple mission: To bring the world the best possible portable vaporizer. Using the most advanced technology around and our knowledge of what our community wants, we did just that. The Puffco Peak is our flagship product, and the industry's best portable essential oil vaporizer.
42Local Employees
Los AngelesLocation
Automotive • Greentech
EVgo's mission is to build the nation's largest and most reliable public EV Fast Charging Network while improving the planet and boosting the economy. We put the right chargers in the right places, empowering drivers to charge faster and drive farther than ever before.
110Local Employees
Los AngelesLocation
Gaming • Hardware
We love building PCs and the people who build them.
70Local Employees
City of IndustryLocation
Romeo Power
Automotive • Greentech
We're a battery tech company making sustainability a reality. We build tighter and lighter packs that take electric vehicles further without gas or emissions. And we design energy storage systems that help businesses and utilities save money, prevent power outages, and harness wind and solar. Better batteries for a better world, built in LA.
135Local Employees
Hardware • Internet of Things
Cover delivers custom homes, built in a week. From architectural design through permitting, engineering, manufacturing, and installation, we've developed innovative solutions that provide clients with an outstanding home-building experience. Learn more at https://cover.build
17Local Employees
Hardware • Marketing Tech
LumaForge is the leader in video workflow solutions. We serve businesses, top brands, and content marketers who want to elevate their video content. Our team is driven by a deeply rooted curiosity of the world around them, a passion for people and an irrational belief that anything is possible.
15Local Employees
Hardware • Marketing Tech
BuzzyBooth is a fast-growing company that is changing the way that businesses are doing marketing. We provide photo kiosks at restaurants and bars to help turn their customers into brand advocates, and our marketing automation helps them bring more customers back to the business so business owners can focus on making more money!
5Local Employees
Culver CityLocation

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This is an archived article that was published on sltrib.com in 2013, and information in the article may be outdated. It is provided only for personal research purposes and may not be reprinted.
The question of whether death-row inmate Ron Lafferty is mentally competent to assist his attorneys with ongoing appeals aimed at thwarting his execution may be moot in light of a new U.S. Supreme Court decision.
On Jan. 8, the high court ruled in the cases of death-row inmates in Arizona and Ohio that, unlike trial proceedings, state prisoners do not have a constitutional or statutory right to suspend federal habeas proceedings based on incompetency. The court said judges, however, do have limited discretion to stay cases on that basis.
The case against Lafferty, convicted twice in the 1984 Utah County murders of his sister-in-law Brenda Lafferty and her 15-month-old daughter, Erica, has been on hold for three years while his current mental health has been assessed. A third psychological evaluation of Lafferty was filed under seal on Nov. 21 by the state.
But U.S. District Judge Dee Benson on Tuesday asked attorneys to address whether a competency determination is still warranted in light of the U.S. Supreme Court decision and whether the stay should be lifted. He gave the attorneys until the end of February to file and respond to each other's arguments.
The U.S. Supreme Court said that at trial "an incompetent defendant would be unable to assist counsel in identifying witnesses and deciding on a trial strategy." But, "given the backward-looking, record-based nature of most federal habeas proceedings, counsel can generally provide effective representation to a habeas petitioner regardless of the petitioner's competence," the court said in its unanimous decision.
It also rejected the argument that a right to counsel implies a right to be competent to assist that counsel.
Lafferty's attorneys say their client has paranoid schizophrenia and is unable to rationally discuss his case with them.
But state prosecutors will be arguing that no further stay is appropriate.
"The purpose of the delay was to find out if he was competent and not whether he has a right to be," said Thomas Brunker, a Utah assistant attorney general and lead counsel for the state. "The Supreme Court has now said he doesn't have that right."
Brunker previously argued that Lafferty's current competency is immaterial since federal appeals are a review of the state trial record and its competency decisions.
Ken Murray, a federal public defender representing Lafferty, said he had not yet reviewed the high court's ruling.
"All I can say is that we have to look at it and decide if and how the case applies," he said.
Murray declined to comment on Lafferty's current mental state because that information has been sealed by the court, saying only that "in general, it's his ability to assist us" which leads the defense to believe he is not competent.
Lafferty and his brother, Dan, were convicted of the killings.
According to trial testimony, Lafferty ordered the killings after claiming he received a revelation from God. Dan Lafferty slashed the victims' throats at their American Fork home on July 24, 1984.
Dan Lafferty, now 64, is serving a life without parole sentence, while Ron Lafferty, 71, first received the death penalty in 1985.
A federal appeals court overturned that conviction in 1991 after finding the wrong standard was used to determine his mental competency. Lafferty was subsequently found competent; at a second trial in 1996, he was again convicted and sentenced to death.
Twitter: Brooke4Trib


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Snow persists in my yard...
Snow Rose, C. Mauersberger, 2010
Snow Seat. C. Mauersberger, 2010
...and ice melts
Katharina Ludwig
photos: K. Ludwig
Katharina Ludwig exemplifies water as a precious commodity. As the ice melts, the skin gets wet and may also leave small red mark.
It's an interesting idea to communicate the scarcity of water in many parts of our world.
I am reminded that 1.5 million children die each year due to lack of access to clean water.
Katharina may not have intended to evoke my response, but her simple idea to freeze water for jewelry caused me to think about others today.
or perhaps she did.
See more of her innovative ideas on her site here.
Click on one of the dandelion seeds to see more.


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The 2013 Toyota Land Cruiser will make its North American debut at the Chicago auto show on Feb. 8.
The eight-passenger, full-size SUV has received some minor updates for the model year. Changes include an updated front grille and headlamps with HID low beams and LED daytime running lights.
The Land Cruiser is powered by a 5.7-liter V8 with 381 hp at 5,600 rpm and 401 lb-ft of torque at 3,600 rpm. Despite gobs of torque and horsepower the SUV is ULEV-II certified and runs on 87 octane gasoline.


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hook + ALBERT Red Salsa large lapel flower
hook + ALBERT Red Salsa large lapel flower
19.00 30.00
- Lapel flower measures approximately 1.5 inches in diameter
- Handmade in New York City
- Shell button backing pushes through the lapel buttonhole for an easy + secure fit
- Fabric flower
- 100% shell button
"Our own version of a timeless staple – the boutonniere – hook + ALBERT style. Our flowers come in unique colors, patterns and textures that create a more sophisticated palette than anything else on the market. Hand cut, hand-starched + hand-made in New York City from the world's finest fabrics. Each unique flower comes equipped with a mother of pearl shell button to effortlessly attach to your blazer or jacket."


text:
The reason may be that:
Due to updates, the page has been moved or deleted.
The URL in the browser address field is misspelled. Please check that it is spelled correctly.
There are several ways to find the information you are looking for:
The blue main menu leads directly to the assigned topics. Use the search function or contact us.
Imprint | Legal notice | Privacy statement
© © Robert Bosch Middle East FZE, 2018. All rights reserved.


text:
Amantadine is a medicine that is used to treat and prevent
infection with influenza (flu) viruses. It also is effective in treating some
symptoms of
Parkinson's disease, although it is not clear how it
works. Amantadine may cause greater amounts of
dopamine to be released in the brain, and it may block
receptors for acetylcholine, a brain chemical that contributes to control of
movement. For normal motor or muscle control, acetylcholine and dopamine levels
need to be balanced carefully.
Amantadine can be used by itself to treat people who are in the
early stages of Parkinson's disease. It is best used in people who have mild to
moderate symptoms.
Amantadine also can be used with levodopa in the later stages of
Parkinson's disease to reduce
Amantadine can reduce dyskinesias in some people taking levodopa long-term for Parkinson's disease.1
All medicines have side effects. But many people don't feel the side effects, or they are able to deal with them. Ask your pharmacist about the side effects of each medicine you take. Side effects are also listed in the information that comes with your medicine.
Here are some important things to think about:
Call 911 or other emergency services right away if you have:
Call your doctor right away if you have:
Common side effects of this medicine include:
See Drug Reference for a full list of side effects. (Drug Reference
is not available in all systems.)
Amantadine doesn't work for everyone. It may take up to 2 weeks to
be fully effective. Benefits can continue for as long as 1 year but often wear
off during that period of time.
Do not drink alcohol when you are using this medicine. Alcohol can make some of the side effects of amantadine worse, such as dizziness, fainting, or confusion.
Medicine is one of the many tools your doctor has to treat a health problem. Taking medicine as your doctor suggests will improve your health and may prevent future problems. If you don't take your medicines properly, you may be putting your health (and perhaps your life) at risk.
There are many reasons why people have trouble taking their medicine. But in most cases, there is something you can do. For suggestions on how to work around common problems, see the topic Taking Medicines as Prescribed.
Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It's also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take.
Complete the new medication information form (PDF)(What is a PDF document?) to help you understand this medication.
CitationsPahwa R, et al. (2006). Practice parameter: Treatment
of Parkinson disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (an evidence-based
review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy
of Neurology. Neurology, 66(7): 983–985. Also available online: http://www.neurology.org/content/66/7/983.full.
Last Revised:
December 5, 2012
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Anne C. Poinier, MD - Internal Medicine & G. Frederick Wooten, MD - Neurology
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


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Clear Filter
Join MPM in holiday tradition as we Deck the Streets of Old Milwaukee to celebrate the season!
Read interesting books on a wide range of topics that complement Museum exhibits. MPM docents select the books and facilitate the discussions.
ALL visitors receive FREE access to the permanent exhibits of MPM on Kohl's Thank You Thursday, the first Thursday of every month.
Take a guided tour with Museum experts and experience MPM in a brand new way!
The Up Close and Personal tour series gives visitors a glimpse of members-only perks by exploring exhibit topics, artifacts, and related items from the Museum's collections up-close.
Meet costumed interpreters, see objects not normally on display, and participate in an array of fun activities.
MPM will be closed on the following dates: Independence Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day.
© 2019 Milwaukee Public Museum. All Rights Reserved.


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What I don't want to hear is how you, the self-professed lifelong hockey fan, are giving up on hockey. You're coming back. You know it and I know it, so let's admit the truth and move on.
The owners know it, too.
After all, NHL owners have experience in this sort of thing. It was only seven years ago that they shut down the league for an entire season. In the interim, the league has prospered to a once-unimaginable degree, its revenue having increased by 50 percent in that time. So naturally the response of the owners is to risk shutting down the league for a second time, apparently in the hopes that in so doing they will increase revenues even more between the institution and expiration of the next collective bargaining agreement.
Of course, that's a facetious remark. It's not as if the owners deserve any serious commentary.
But the people who love hockey will not abandon hockey. Even someone like myself, who likes it but who doesn't love it, misses it. Being involved on a day-to-day basis in the Bruins' successful chase to win a Stanley Cup in the spring of 2011 enhanced my appreciation for the sport and the people directly involved in it. On some nights, it was as good as the sport can get, and it caused me to follow the 2011-12 season closer than any previous season. I was surely looking forward to seeing the likes of Bergeron, Seguin, and Big Z again.
That I can't, and you can't, is surely not the fault of the NHL Players Association, and I'm sure there was a time in the past when I would never have dreamed I'd ever be saying that about any group whose chief spokesman was Donald Fehr. The players would have been happy with the status quo, and let us remember that the owners happily agreed to the terms negotiated at the conclusion of the last work stoppage.
Now, things can change in the course of seven years, and it came to pass that the terms of the agreement did not turn out to be as favorable for some teams as for others. This should not have come as a surprise to anyone, since it is obvious to anyone with half a brain that Phoenix is not the only franchise in the National Hockey League that does not deserve to exist.
All of our major sports leagues have their Haves and Have Nots or, at least, Haves and Have Less, but nowhere is the split graver than it is in the National Hockey League. The people in Nashville, Columbus, Raleigh, and Miami-Ft. Lauderdale will get along very well without hockey; I can promise you that.
Had the concerned owners been even remotely reasonable, and somewhat less imperious, they would not have opened the current negotiations by — and this phraseology is far kinder and less incendiary than the owners deserve — insulting the intelligence and very honor of the Players Association with an opening "offer" that would have been considered downright laughable had it been part of a work of print or celluloid fiction.
I mean, chopping the players' share of the pie from 57 percent to 43 percent? Proposing that a player must have 10 years of service before becoming eligible for free agency, this in a league where the percentage of players who actually play for a decade is in the single digits?
Even better, the owners tried to slip this jive by Donald Fehr? Even the Canadian owners should have been aware that Donald Fehr had proven time and time again during his tenure with the Major League Baseball Players Association to be an extremely intelligent and formidable, if not exactly lovable, individual.
But this is the thing about owners, you see. They don't give a damn.
By that, I mean they don't really give a damn about the players and they certainly don't give a damn about the fans. Are there occasional conspicuous exceptions? Well, yeah. But not many, not when it comes to any interference with the bottom line.
F. Scott Fitzgerald was correct. The rich are different from you and me. They do have more money. And they are used to having their way.
It is always amusing to see the exasperation of a multimillionaire or billionaire owner when he discovers that what has worked in his business life does not transfer so well to the world of sport. What it usually comes down to is the annoying fact that, in sports, people are not simply the means of producing the product or service, people are the product. People have brains. People have feelings. People have opinions. People have a sense of justice.
This is something we need to remember, as well. All too often, fans and media members assign to ourselves a primary role in this sports thing. Obviously, fans are necessary for professional sports (or even non-professional sports such as high school and college sports) to justify the activity, and absent media coverage, the experience would clearly be lessened.
But let us never, ever forget that the absolutely irreplaceable element in the sports partnership is the athletes themselves, and in the case of professional sports, the athletes are the very best in the world at what they do. At any given point in time, those elite athletes are essential to the process. It all starts with them.
This is why some of the ultra-rich prefer to stick to thoroughbred racing for their sports-owning fix. There are no horses' unions that we know of.
There is no seeming end to the owners' duplicity. A few weeks ago, there appeared to be a significant breakthrough in the negotiations when the owners said they would indeed go for a basic 50-50 split of revenues, a number the union has said all along it would be happy with.
It turned out to be a sad, fraudulent attempt to gain parity in the ongoing public relations battle. The 50-50 wasn't really 50-50 at all, at least not until a point deep into the length of the agreement, and under terms in which the NHL's version of what constitutes applicable "revenue" was somewhat different than the union's vision.
Once again I must ask: Don't these people know whom they're dealing with? Donald Fehr is not exactly a September call-up. He's a negotiating first-ballot Hall of Famer. Yet the owners clearly have no respect for him whatsoever, and by extension that means they have no respect for the players or the fans.
We'll all have to wait to see our hockey, but when we get it back, we'll know whom to blame for the delay. And it won't be the players.
Bob Ryan's column appears regularly in the Globe. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Here we are in the summer break and silly season is in full mode. So much talk about the drivers and who goes where.
I propose to rate the drivers on the grid, based mostly on the season they have had so far.
Here are my ratings:
1) Hamilton 2) Vettel 3) Ricciardo 4) Raikkonen 5) Alonso 6) Bottas 7) Verstappen 8) Hulkenberg 9) Gasly 10) Leclerc 11) Perez 12) Sainz 13) Magnussen 14) Ocon 15) Grosjean 16) Vandoorne 17) Stroll 18) Ericsson 19) Hartley 20) Sirotkin
Seb without the Germany mistake would have been first. Kimi with a win would have been 3rd. Verstappen to many mistakes, only 7th. Gasly impressive in the 9th best car deserved his 9th, maybe even more. Leclerc doing well in the Sauber. Magnussen doing at least what that Haas is capable of, Grosjean to many mistakes. Williams drivers not doing that car any favors.


text:
OpenStreetMap lists the malls in Albuquerque, but not the stores inside these malls.
Using the in-mall map/directory, wouldn't it be easy to add stores inside the mall?
Is anyone doing this?
Of course, a more fun way would be to visit every store in the mall, but using the mall directory seems more efficient.


text:
BAQUBA, Iraq (Reuters) - A suicide bomber killed 22 people and wounded 60 in a crowded election campaign tent in the Iraqi city of Baquba on Saturday, police and medics said.
A decade after the U.S.-led invasion, Iraq is still struggling with political instability and violence that in recent weeks has killed at least 10 candidates who had planned to run in forthcoming local elections.
The vote is due to be held across the country later in April, but has already been delayed in two Sunni Muslim-majority governorates due to security concerns.
The suicide bomber attacked a gathering for Sunni candidate Muthanna al-Jorani in Baquba, 65 km (40 miles) northeast of the capital Baghdad. Jorani himself escaped unscathed.
Candidates in Iraq often put up tents during campaigning as a venue to meet potential voters and explain their policies.
"First a hand grenade targeted the tent next to the one I was in," a 23-year-old wounded in the attack told Reuters by telephone from hospital. "People were running in every direction and bits of chair were scattered all over the place.
"A few seconds later, an explosion took place in the same tent."
Most of the 10 candidates killed earlier belonged to the Sunni-backed Iraqiya bloc led by former Prime Minister Iyad Allawi, a secular Shi'ite politician.
Sectarian and ethnic tensions have risen since the U.S. withdrawal from Iraq in December 2011, inflamed by the conflict in neighboring Syria, where mainly Sunni rebels are trying to oust President Bashar al-Assad, who is backed by Shi'ite Iran.
Tens of thousands of Sunnis have staged street protests in Anbar and other provinces against Iraq's Shi'ite-led government, which they accuse of marginalizing their minority sect.
Anbar, which borders Syria, was almost entirely controlled by al Qaeda at the peak of Iraq's insurgency and Sunni militants are again finding strongholds there, security experts say.
The United States has urged the government to reconsider its decision to suspend elections in Anbar and Niniveh governorates, saying it is vital that all Iraqis vote simultaneously.
"We are very concerned by the decision ... to postpone provincial elections in two provinces, Anbar and Nineveh, on the stated grounds of security," said a U.S. diplomat.
Attacks in Iraq are less common than during the Sunni-Shi'ite slaughter that reached a climax in 2006-07, but shootings and bombings still occur almost daily.
Iraq is home to a number of insurgent groups including the al Qaeda affiliate, Islamic State of Iraq, linked by the United States to the militant Nusra Front which is fighting in Syria.
Additional reporting by Raheem Salman; Writing by Isabel Coles; Editing by Alistair Lyon


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Arkansas Canoe Club
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Pool Sessions in NW Arkansas - Jones Center
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Which Paddling School is right for me?
School of River Paddling
Structure of the School
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Event Map
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ACC Membership
We invite you to join the Arkansas Canoe Club to add your voice and support to the many events and activities that the Arkansas Canoe Club is involved with.
Social networking:
The ACC provides a huge network of paddlers from throughout Arkansas and beyond. Get to know paddlers like yourself who share your interests...whether that is steep creek whitewater, canoe camping, leisurely exploring swamps and lakes, or a little bit of everything!
The ACC provides instruction in skills and safety for all aspects of paddling, from our weekend-long
Schools of Whitewater Paddling
River Paddling
, to clinics on Swift Water Rescue. Our
Education Committee
works to provide quality training of American Canoe Association-certified instructors in Arkansas so that we have a highly qualified cadre of instructors to provide both formal and informal instruction.
The ACC is highly active in issues which affect the health and natural beauty of streams in Arkansas and beyond. We work with a number of other conservation and environmental organizations and both state and federal government agencies to support projects and policies which aid in the preservation the waters of Arkansas. We also work to maintain
open access
to our rivers and streams by working with private landowners, as well as state and federal agencies, to make sure these bodies of water can be enjoyed by anyone who wants to paddle them.
to Join Online Today!
for a Printable Application that can be mailed in!
Benefits of membership include:
Quarterly newsletter of paddling and river conservation related news from around the state. You can receive the newsletter as an electronic file (PDF) via email, or in the mail as a paper copy. You have either choice, but consider going electronic to conserve paper and printing costs for the club!
Discounted membership to join American Canoe Association: because the Arkansas Canoe Club is a "Paddle Sports America" club with the ACA, our members can join the American Canoe Association at a discount ($10 off an individual membership). Visit
for more information.
Discounted membership to join American Whitewater ($10 off basic 1 year membership). Visit
for more information.
10% Discount at local area outfitters: Ouachita Outdoor Outfitters in Hot Springs, AR;
Ozark Outdoor Supply in Little Rock, AR;
Lewis & Clark Outfitters in Springdale, and Rogers.
Discounted fees for Arkansas Canoe Club instructional events…if you are already an ACC club member, then registration fees for club events are lower for you!
Discounted costs for select instructor, first aid and CPR training.
Access to Pool sessions organized by the club…including sessions in Little Rock
at UALR, Fort Smith,
Russellville and Fayetteville.
Check your chapter web page or the message board for updated information.
Of course, the biggest benefit of all is being part of a wonderful, active community of paddlers who love Arkansas
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text:
How to Make a Call with Your iPhone 4S
With everything else you can do with your iPhone 4S, you may forget that you can actually make calls. To call someone, start by tapping the Phone icon on the Home screen. Choose your method by tapping one of the icons that show up at the bottom of the screen.
With your iPhone 4S you can also use the aptly named Voice Control feature to dial a name or phone number by voice or ask Siri to voice-dial.
Making a call on your iPhone 4S through your Contacts
To start a call from your Contacts, tap the Contacts icon in the Phone app. (Contacts hangs out in the Utilities folder as well and also defaults to the second Home screen page.) From Contacts:
Flick your finger so the list of contacts on the screen scrolls rapidly up or down.
Alternatively, you can move your fingers along the alphabet on the right edge of the Contacts list or tap one of the letters to jump to names that begin with that letter, easier said than done given how tiny those letters are.
You can find a list of potential matches also by starting to type the name of a contact in the search field near the top of the list. Or type the name of the place your contact works. You may have to flick to get the search field into view. Another way to find people is by using Spotlight.
When you're at or near the appropriate contact name, stop the scrolling by tapping the screen.
Note that when you tap to stop the scrolling, that tap doesn't select an item in the list. Tap the status bar or the tiny magnifying glass on the upper-right corner to automatically scroll to the top of the list and bring the search field into view.
Tap the name of the person you want to call.
You see a bunch of fields with the individual's phone numbers, physical and e-mail addresses, and possibly even a mug shot, as shown in the following figure. You may have to scroll down to see more contact info.
Tap the phone number, and the iPhone initiates the call.
Your own iPhone phone number, lest you forget it, appears at the top of the Contacts list, provided you arrived in Contacts through the Phone app.
Making a call on your iPhone 4S through your Favorites
You can keep a list of the people and numbers you dial most often in your Favorites — it's the iPhone equivalent of speed-dialing. Merely tap the person's name in Favorites, and your iPhone calls the person.
You can set up as many favorites as you need for a person. So, for example, you may create separate Favorites listings for your spouse's office phone number, cell number, and FaceTime entry.
Making a call on your iPhone 4S through your Recents
Tapping the Recents icon displays the iPhone call log. The Recents feature houses logs of all the, well, recent calls you made or received, as well as calls you missed.
Here's a tricky concept: Tap All to show all the recent calls and Missed to show just those you missed. Under the All list, completed calls and missed calls that have been returned by tapping the red entry are shown in black, and missed calls that haven't been returned in this fashion are in red, along with a descriptor of the phone you were calling or received a call from (home, mobile, and so on).
By tapping the small blue circle with the right-pointing arrow next to an item in the list, you can find out the time calls were made or missed, as well as any known info about the caller from your Contacts information.
To return a call, just tap anywhere on the name.
Making a call on your iPhone 4S using the keypad
From time to time you have to dial the number of a person or company who hasn't earned a spot in your Contacts. Or you need to access a keypad to navigate a voicemail system. That's when you'll want to tap the Keypad icon to bring up the large keys of the virtual touchtone keypad:
Just tap the appropriate keys and tap Call.
To add this number to your address book, tap the + silhouette key (that's a plus sign and the silhouette of a person) on the keypad and tap either Create New Contact or Add to Existing Contact.


text: This LEGO Batman trailer has everything we love: LEGO, Batman, video games and moving pictures. We didn't think the goofiness of a LEGO game (LEGO Star Wars was quite fun) would carry well over the darkness and gravitas of the recent Batman flicks, but this works quite well as something completely separate. It's campy, but we think there's enough room for a campy Batman again.


text:
The new year is only a couple of months old but there are already reasons for staff and faculty to pay attention to potential changes in financial aid. With the fiscal cliff, sequester, and uncertainty in Washington, federal aid to students is an ever-changing landscape.
Part of a deal passed January 1 to avert the so-called fiscal cliff, education tax benefits previously set to expire were extended for five years. Through 2017, families or students can claim the American Opportunity Tax Credit (AOTC) to receive a credit of up to $2,500 for college expenses, including tuition and textbooks. (Find out about renting textbooks.)
Other changes include the revival of the Tuition and Fees Deduction, which had expired in 2011 but can now be claimed through 2013. Students, spouses, or parents can deduct up to $4,000 on their income tax returns for qualifying education expenses paid, including any school-mandated fees necessary to enroll or attend.
The future of other federal education funding for 2013 is still up for debate, as cuts to popular financial aid programs such as federal work-study have happened due to automatic cuts known as sequestration.
The National Association of Financial Aid Administrators has provided a state-by-state analysis of what happened when sequestration went into effect in its current form. Portland State University's Office of Scholarships and Student Financial Aid don't expect to see any significant cuts to financial aid awards due in part to the minimal amount we receive.
The fate of subsidized student loan interest rates also rests with Washington politicians, who last year put a temporary freeze on a pending doubling of interest rates for certain undergraduate loans. Instead of rising from 3.4 percent to 6.8 percent last July 1, the interest rate on subsidized Stafford loans was kept at 3.4 percent through June 30, 2013. If Congress doesn't take action beforehand, the rates will automatically double on July 1 of this year for new loans.
The potential interest rate uptick may not be immediately recognizable to many students. Usually, the effects of changes in interest rates aren't felt by students until after they graduate and are in repayment on their student loans.
For more information on loan repayment and the process for students, find out at how to start paying off student loans.
To stay up to date on the most recent changes to student financial aid, such as student loan interest rates, stay in contact with PSU's Office of Financial Aid & Scholarships. We want you to be up to date on the exciting and always changing financial aid landscape.


text:
By completing your order, you understand that the products(s) you are purchasing are U.S. models and may have power / voltage requirements different from that of your country.
Prices shown in currencies other than US Dollars are estimates based on current exchange rates. We will charge your credit card in US Dollars on the day your order is shipped, and the conversion to your local currency will be done at the prevailing rate by your credit card issuer.
PSSL will not mark your parcel as a "gift", declare a value lower than the actual price paid, or otherwise prepare false customs information.
Ushio's Ultra 5™ Fluorescent lamps were designed to provide the greatest lumen package in the shortest possible linear tube. Thus the Ultra 5™ series of lamps provides energy efficiency, high color rendition, optical control and improved lumen maintenance in one of the slimmest linear fluorescent lamps on the market today.
Energy Efficiency - A system utilizing Ultra 5™ lamps can deliver up to 104 LPW, thus outperforming standard T8 systems (90 LPW) and T12 systems (66 LPW).
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Improved Lumen Maintenance - Through the use of a proprietary phosphor coating which reduces mercury absorption and a special coiled cathode, the Ultra 5™ lamp is able to maintain a more stable lumen output over the life of the lamp. Light output of these lamps actually increases as the operating temperature increases. The light output of the T5 lamps peak at 95° F (35° C) which makes these lamps especially bright when used in higher heat locations and compact luminaires.Specifications


text:
Brick Road Poetry Press
513 Broadway
Columbus, GA 31901
Columbus, GA 31901
Phone: (706) 649-3080
Fax: (706) 649-3094
The mission of Brick Road Poetry Press is to publish and promote poetry that entertains, amuses, edifies, and surprises a wide audience of appreciative readers. We are not qualified to judge who deserves to be published, so we concentrate on publishing what we enjoy. Our preference is for poetry geared toward dramatizing the human experience in a language rich with sensory image and metaphor, recognizing that poetry can be, at one and the same time, both familiar as the perspiration of daily labor and outrageous as a carnival sideshow.
Brick Road Poetry Press is listed in the following categories:


text:
LEARN RELATIVITY AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT!Now anyone can grasp Einstein's great theory of relativity -- without formal training, unlimited time, or a genius IQ. InRelativity Demystifiedtheoretical physicists (and student-savvy authors) David McMahon and Paul Ansing provide an effective, illuminating, and entertaining way to learn the essentials and formulas of Einstein's theories.WithRelativity Demystifiedyou master the subject one step at a time at your own speed. This unique self-teaching guide offers problems at the end of each chapter and part to pinpoint weaknesses, and a 100-question final exam to reinforce the entire book.This fast and entertaining self-teaching course makes it much easier to: Master theoretical physics at your own pace Learn the formulas and principles of special and general relativity from hundreds of worked examples Use practical mathematical tools for solving relativity problems Receive layperson's explanations for Schwarzhild spacetimes, black holes, gravitational radiation, and actual current research Perform better in one of the scariest courses of all Take a final exam and grade it yourself!Simple enough for beginners but challenging enough for those who already know something about relativity,Relativity Demystifiedis the best self-teaching tool or brush-up you can find!McMahon, David is the author of 'Relativity Demystified ', published 2006 under ISBN 9780071455459 and ISBN 0071455450.[read more]
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text:
http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=443049038423&set=a.202104533423.133 676.166940908423&ref=nf#!/photo.php?fbid=443039688423&set=a.202104533423.133 676.166940908423&pid=5561288&id=166940908423
What am I supposed to write in 50 characters?
That looks pretty official.
Was an xl-5, now its vxl-ent!
OMG I have to have one bc I have been debating between the pede vxl and slash 4x4
Vxl Slash
Xerun E-Maxx
HT Aftershock
well i guess ill have to get a stampede when this come's out!!!!
rustler vxl 2.4
that would be awesome, i would pick one up
Last edited by ARP1500; 10-20-2010 at 08:25 PM.
All my rc's may be up for sale lol...
I have a mini revo because I like 4 wheel drive action and speed but a lighter truck, but it's a little too small. I have a bl revo 3.3, but it's a little heavy. I have a stampede because it has groundclearance, is fast, and is light enough it doesn't break everytime I roll it, but it's not 4wd. And I have a rusty, which I'd probably keep lol.
460, straightpipes, buried throttle, nuff said :D
This had better NOT be a tease... THIS is what ive been waiting for. Its the ONLY thing id ever replace my pede for. It does look pretty official too... lots of differences from a 2X4 pede. Personally, I think this is a WAY better idea than many of the stuff ive seen coming lately. This truck would appeal to a huge audience who like the size of the pede but want 4X4.
i womder if it will have the same chassis setup as the slash 4x4!!??
rustler vxl 2.4
Most likely.Originally Posted by rustler09
It's hard to tell in the pictures, but it does look like it.
I'm having a hard time believing that's a hoax. AWESOME, CAN'T WAIT!
.....tries to keep out thoughts of a rustler 4x4 and bandit 4x4... there are similar versions of all 4 2wd electric trucks, 2 down for 4x4!!!!
PLEASE do not PM me and immediately go offline :p
me and my dad where talking tonight saying a 4x4 rustler would be awesome and then i read this tonight
i guess it makes sense, but it would be cool if the old pede tranny was mounted in the middle of the chassis and then driven from there.Originally Posted by trx33
rustler vxl 2.4
go on the facebook page and there are more pics
I agree.Originally Posted by trx33
Also on that facebook page, a mini summit and a rally with a titan 12t in it!
PLEASE do not PM me and immediately go offline :p
So does the timing mean availability after the first of the year?
Oh my gosh, the first pic on this page is so not as official as the facebook page is. Im actually considering selling my stuff NOW to wait for the pede 4X4... id also look at a mini summit... maybe an onroad VXL... where is the money going to come from???? I have no idea.
On a different note, how the heck can this magazine do this. I work in the media... I go to media introductions like the one these pics came from all time for snowmobiles and ATVs... in the past other magazines have done what this magazine has done and released information that was embargoed (you usually have to sign a sheet saying you wont talk about it until a certain date) and without question, those magazines NEVER get invited back. I have to think this is a pretty serious breach of confidence by the magazine in question.
Either way... yay for the 4X4 pede.
Last edited by pavmentsurfer; 10-20-2010 at 09:34 PM.
that pic at the top looks like a shorter wb than the slash 4x4. i am pretty excited...
Ya can't polish fertilizer...
What im seeing is a body thats very similar to the 2X4 pede which would not fit over a slash width chassis... which leads me to believe the chassis will be more pede like than it is slash like. It would also be way smarter IMO to keep the chassis similar to the current pede. Building a shorter slash style chassis would leave people feeling like it was no longer a stampede. Just my thoughts and observations.
stampede vxl 4x4 platinum!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ya can't polish fertilizer...
i think i see a steering rack btween the shock and rt ft tire
Ya can't polish fertilizer...
Just thought id post up the other 2 pics that involve the pede 4X4
somebody snuck those pics out lol.
Ya can't polish fertilizer...
this is like a real cool bootleg movie...
im in line for one of these
is there an 'AA' for RC addicts?
Wow. I've wanted this for SO LONG! I agree with Pave on this one: I would get rid of all my other stuff for a stampede 4x4 (except my current pede vxl, that stays 4 life!) and a mini summit sounds awesome!!!
Traxxas, thanks for listening to us. This is why you're on top of the rc game!
Just a word of advice tho, dont release it until its deemed stampede worthy!! -simple, easy to work on, and RELIABLE... the stampede 4x4 has big shoes to fill!
Just say when, and my money is yours.
Mr nitro? Not since going brushless!
Nitro Sport Pro. 15
VXL BlackSlash w/ DX2.0
...under $400, and out before Christmas!!!
I wonder if they did anything to make the axles stronger?
Isnt this just a slash 4x4 with talons?
Thx for posting that vid TraxxArmy
Mr nitro? Not since going brushless!
Well, there goes the tax check.
Snake Eyes Racing est. 1994 Stampede/MSC
Thanks for posting this...the facebook pictures didn't do it justice. Glad these things are coming out since I'm bored with my Slash trucks. Hopefully my MMM 2650 combo will be a direct fit.Originally Posted by TraxxArmy
XO-1|SlashUE-MMM2200|Rally-SV2&MERV-MMP w/NEU1112
The chassis looks shorter than the Slash 4x4. I like the front bumper/shock guard. Fantastic looking track!!! Great job Traxxas!!!
Was an xl-5, now its vxl-ent!
Looks great to me. Get that weight lowered/centered and still keep the high chassis in the middle. Nice! Great job.
Last edited by jsmithy; 10-21-2010 at 07:33 AM.
Stampede VXL
Looks like the pede 4x4 will have the same driveline/debris issue. I just wish it came with a new tire option. Also for the 4x4 is the easy install of the 1/8 systems and the shock guards that are attached to the arms (great for my slash 4x4 mt[extended pede 4x4???] build). This will be an awesome Christmas release. Many people have been waiting many years for this.
Last edited by rag6; 10-21-2010 at 08:15 AM.
Ya can't polish fertilizer...
Hope they release the summit in a mini pede version, that would be killer.
Ya can't polish fertilizer...
Wonder if it's using the same wheels front and rear?
i would assume with the slash 4x4 platform similarities...
Ya can't polish fertilizer...
Of all the new trucks/cars Traxxas is coming out with the Stampede 4x4 is at the top of my want list.
BlindMan Racing
Rusty - MERV - Pede 4x4-Alias
SPC Lipo Power
Be great to run over the boy's TC with.
Alt-248 on the number pad = °
guys i found this but dont know how to pose pics on here
I got em.
Ya can't polish fertilizer...
So basically a Slash 4x4 with Stampede wheels and tires ?
Diff chassis tires body and the shock shields at least are different. Oh and the wheelie bar and body mounts also.
Ya can't polish fertilizer...


text:
Wednesday, April 21, 2010
Spooky little girl
35 comments:
- OooKellyNicky said...
Wow, your actually in a grave yard... that's kinda creepy, you look chic though, I love the earings.
my blog: ♥La Stylin Girraffe♥
- April 21, 2010 at 8:27 PM
- carly. said...
i love cemetaries too. i think why people are drawn to them is because they are 100% guaranteed to be quiet and peaceful. my mum & i use to walk through cemetaries all of the time when i was younger, i find them very interesting!
- April 21, 2010 at 9:12 PM
- BerthaLey said...
I love the touch that the earrings give to the outfit. And the trees. :) Who would've thought that a cementery was so beautiful?
- April 21, 2010 at 9:17 PM
- A-C said...
Everything about this outfit is awesome. The earrings, the silhouette, the hair, EVERYTHING! Also, that this is a great and calming place is not surprising. It looks beautiful and peaceful.
- April 21, 2010 at 9:21 PM
- Kathyrine said...
I wouldn't want to be there at night though!
Your earrings are lovely!
- April 21, 2010 at 9:22 PM
- L. said...
have you ever heard "The Long Black Veil" by Johnny Cash? Because this post is seriously reminding me of that song.
"But some times at night, when the cold wind moans
In a long black veil, she cries over my bones"
sorry...didn't mean to make this seem any more morbid...it's just a really good song.
- April 21, 2010 at 9:25 PM
- Orchid Grey said...
L. I love that song!
- April 21, 2010 at 9:31 PM
Your earrings are beautiful and you do not look like any spooky girl at all more like someone out of this world in beauty.
- April 21, 2010 at 10:11 PM
- Sydney said...
I love these pictures. I think cemeteries are so gothic and gorgeous, and I feel like your outfit goes perfectly with the setting! Also, your nose piercing is awesome!
- April 21, 2010 at 10:39 PM
- Amy said...
There's a graveyard about 5 mins from my house but i've never gone in though i've always meant to... these pictures are really pretty, love the outfit :)
- April 21, 2010 at 11:02 PM
- lumikha said...
i would be sooo spooked. my imagination is a little too creative and i would probably end up scaring myself...on the other hand, your outfit looks totally comfy! i like!
- April 21, 2010 at 11:29 PM
- lion heart vintage said...
wow, what a beautiful setting. i grew up across from an amazing, old cemetery as a child and it actually had a tree just like that one! i also found solace there... maybe it's the finality of it all? it just seems peaceful once you get over that initial fear! :)
your outfit is so very elegant. i love how the earrings are long just like the dress. seems like something audrey hepburn would wear!
- April 22, 2010 at 1:18 AM
- Under Urooba's Umbrella! said...
- April 22, 2010 at 2:37 AM
- Anna said...
I really like your earrings!
- April 22, 2010 at 3:25 AM
- kelly ann said...
i think cemeteries are one of the most peaceful places. i also find them really intriguing... every name on every gravestone, i want to know more! who were they, what did they do, were they married, did they have kids? of course, there's also such a rad eeriness to a cemetery that i love. i'm actually in the middle of planning a film project right now that takes place in a cemetery - i'm super excited about it! :)
you look fantastic!
- April 22, 2010 at 4:35 AM
- Hannah said...
I've always loved cemetaries too. Maybe it's morbid, but I like going to look at the graves and wonder about the people.
When I was little my aunt would take me to cemetaries to do "rubbings" of the gravestones sos we could keep the designs. Those are some of my favorite memories.
- April 22, 2010 at 6:23 AM
When I was growing up, I would walk past the most enchanting cemetery to my bus stop. It was always a favorite peaceful hangout for me because of the gorgeous trees and flowers. So, basically, I get your obsession!
I love your outfit--a great fresh look for a maxi dress! And your earrings are HOT!
- April 22, 2010 at 7:42 AM
- Alli XT said...
Not weird at all - my favorite place in Boston is the Forrest Hills Cemetery - it's amazing. If you've never been you should check it out on your next visit.
I love the striped top and the long earrings.
- April 22, 2010 at 7:57 AM
- katie b. said...
Aww... "Spooky Little Girl Like You" is one of my parents songs! I love it...
My local cemetery is one of my friends on twitter. No joke! It is such an incredible place... http://www.oaklandcemetery.com/
- April 22, 2010 at 9:22 AM
- kate, miss twinkletoes said...
I love the earrings - Her shop has been one of my etsy faves for a long time!!!
- April 22, 2010 at 9:31 AM
That graveyard is actually really pretty. I adore your earrings. I've just started wearing earrings again, too. Dangley ones are the best!
- April 22, 2010 at 9:56 AM
- chicfaced said...
what beautiful shots! I love your outfit - super sophisticated and chic though it still looks way comfy. The earrings are awesome w/your hair pulled up like that too.
xo, Megan
- April 22, 2010 at 10:01 AM
- futurelint said...
These are so lovely! Those earrings look amazing with your hair up like that!
- April 22, 2010 at 12:26 PM
i LOVE these photos of you. So full of life!
xo, Kim www.crowded-closet.com
- April 22, 2010 at 1:08 PM
- MOUSEVOX VINTAGE said...
Your earrings are intense! I like that.
- April 22, 2010 at 2:00 PM
- Lewis said...
I love those pictures and i also think cemetaries on warm days are one of the most relaxing places... Your outfit with your hair do makes you look so noble! beautiful! x
- April 22, 2010 at 2:29 PM
Checking out her shop, those are amazing earrings. These pictures are very different from your usual style, but I like it!!
- April 22, 2010 at 2:47 PM
- Bad Taste Toast said...
Ooh I love that you did the photos in the cemetery! I don't think it's spooky at all. I love to take a walk through a cemetery from time to time, it's so quiet and peaceful there and the angel statues are beautiful photo motifs.
Your photos look great btw!
- April 22, 2010 at 4:56 PM
I like my local cemetery too! My friends think I'm weird, but I find it so peaceful. Glad to know I'm not the only one!
- April 22, 2010 at 8:57 PM
- LovelyLeigh said...
This is so high fashionable! The dress makes you look so tall and the earrings are lovely! I love that you rock the septum!!! Tree branch mustache is hilarious!
- April 23, 2010 at 3:26 PM
- Becca Jane said...
These photos remind me of The Graveyard Book about a little boy that lives in a graveyard raised by ghosts.. sounds morbid but actually a lovely story.
- April 23, 2010 at 6:00 PM
- Penny said...
i love this outfit!feels so boho and relaxing!
- April 24, 2010 at 6:12 PM
- Carolina said...
you're right, cemeteries are so relaxing and their kinda gothic cachet makes them such a great place for a fashion shoot! keep on smiling dear ^^
- April 25, 2010 at 9:24 PM
- Ecclecsis said...
I'm obsessed with cemeteries too! Also you make me really want to get my nose pierced haha :)
- April 26, 2010 at 3:49 PM
- Danielle said...
Your earrings are so cool!
- April 29, 2010 at 7:41 PM
Post a Comment
Thank you so much for your comment and for reading Orchid Grey! If you have a question, I will either respond in the comment section or in a future post, so check back! I also encourage questions on my blog's Facebook page, see the link on the sidebar to get there!


text:
While sexual harassment has been a pervasive problem for women throughout history, only in the past three decades have feminist litigators won definition of sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination and have women come forward in droves to demand remedies and institutional change. In the United States, sexual harassment in employment, housing (harassment by a landlord or building manager), or academia is illegal.
What to Do if You or Someone You Know is Sexually Harassed
Women around the world are beginning to tell their stories and expose the pervasiveness of sexual harassment in their societies. A 1992 International Labor Organization survey of 23 countries revealed what women already know: that sexual harassment is a major problem for women all over the world. Sexual harassment affects women's mental and physical health as well as their social and economic status. The level of tolerance for sexual harassment varies from culture to culture. For information on the incidence of and remedies for sexual harassment in a variety of countries, see Shockwaves: The Global Impact of Sexual Harassment by Susan Webb (MasterMedia Limited, New York, 1994)
What Is Sexual Harassment
Any of the following unwanted behavior may constitute sexual harassment:
- leering
- wolf whistles
- discussion of one's partner's sexual inadequacies
- sexual innuendo
- comments about women's bodies
- 'accidentally' brushing sexual parts of the body
- lewd & threatening letters
- tales of sexual exploitation
- graphic descriptions of pornography
- pressure for dates
- sexually explicit gestures
- unwelcome touching and hugging
- sexual sneak attacks, (e.g., grabbing breasts or buttocks )
- sabotaging women's work
- sexist and insulting graffiti
- demanding, "Hey, baby, give me a smile"
- inappropriate invitations (e.g., hot tub)
- sexist jokes and cartoons
- hostile put-downs of women
- exaggerated, mocking 'courtesy'
- public humiliation
- obscene phone calls
- displaying pornography in the workplace
- insisting that workers wear revealing clothes
- inappropriate gifts (ex. lingerie)
- hooting, sucking, lip-smacking, & animal noises
- pressing or rubbing up against the victim
- sexual assault
- soliciting sexual services
- stalking
- leaning over , invading a person's space
- indecent exposure
Compiled by Martha Langelan in Back Off! How To Confront And Stop Sexual Harassment and Harassers
Sexual Harassment and Workplace IssuesSexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination when it would not have occurred but for the person's gender. It is covered under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act . Some of the most recognized forms of sexual harassment are:
- Direct sexual advances or propositions, including higher-ranked employees asking for sexual favors.
- Intimidating or excluding women employees to jeopardize their employment status.
- Creating a hostile workplace for women by using sexist jokes, remarks, or pinning up sexually explicit or pornographic photos.
The 1994 Merit Systems Protection Board Study of sexual harassment noted that women in in traditionally male-dominated occupations such as construction, policing, the military are more likely to be harassed. Additionally, other studies have found that harassment is more commonly found in female-dominated workplaces where majority of women earn low wages and the management is predominantly male ( see Frank E. Saal, "Men's Perceptions of Women's Interpersonal Behaviors and Sexual Harassment" in Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Perspectives, Frontiers and Response Strategies. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, 1996.)
A victim of sexual harassment may file legal claim even if s/he has tolerated the behavior for fear of retaliation or losing their job.
The law remains unclear whether a woman "who is not herself the object of sexual harassment might still have a hostile environment claim." (Women and Sexual Harassment: A Practical Guide to the Legal Protections of Title VII and the Hostile Environment Claim by Anja Angelica Chan, JD, [Harrington Park Press: New York, 1994]).
Offensive and demeaning behavior does not have to be tangibly detrimental (ex. wage loss, passed promotion) to the job to be considered sexual harassment.
Preventing Sexual Harassment in the WorkplaceEmployer Liability
Employers are responsible for the conduct of supervisors and managers. Employers also have a responsibility to protect their employees from harassment by non-employees (e.g., customers, vendors, suppliers, etc). Managers are liable for sexual harassment between co-workers if they knew or should have known about it and took no steps to stop it. The existence of a company grievance procedure alone does not automatically insulate employers from liability. Employers should also take responsibility to take action against sexual harassment once they are aware it is occurring.
An effective sexual harassment policy stresses the illegality of sexual harassment and delineates a clear and appropriate complaint process while ensuring the confidentiality for the victim . Additionally, such a policy encourages witnesses or victims to report the behavior immediately and mentions that retaliation against persons reporting harassment is illegal and will not be tolerated.
Once finalized, an organization's sexual harassment policy should be distributed to all employees and a copy posted in an accessible and prominent location. Employers should also consider scheduling seminars or workshops on sexual harassment to promote company-wide knowledge of the policy.
Many states have drafted state prevention model policies for employer use. Other employer resources concerning may be obtained from federal employment discrimination enforcement agencies such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and state fair employment agencies, or national organizations combatting sexual harassment, such as Legal Momentum, which offers an "Employer Legal Resource Kit".
Benefits of Sexual Harassment Policies
Ignoring problems of sexual harassment can cost the average company up to $6.7 million a year in low productivity, low morale, and employee turnover and absenteeism, not including litigation or other legal costs. Following clear and proactive formal policies against sexual harassment in the workplace is one way to prevent lawsuits and drops in productivity and efficiency. ("Sexual Harassment in the Fortune 500", Working Woman, Dec. 19, 1988).
Stopping Sexual Harassment
If possible, and if the harassment is not too severe or violent, directly confronting the harasser may be useful. Also, although having protested is not necessary for a claim, it would strongly strengthen a claim.
In Back Off! How To Confront and Stop Sexual Harassment and Harassers, Martha Langelan recommends taking these steps:.
- Do the unexpected: Name the behavior. Whatever he's just done, say it, and be specific.
- Hold the harasser accountable for his actions. Don't make excuses for him; don't pretend it didn't really happen. Take charge of the encounter and let people know what he did. Privacy protects harassers, but visibility undermines them.
- Make honest, direct statements. Speak the truth (no threats, no insults, no obscenities, no appeasing verbal fluff and padding). Be serious, straightforward, and blunt.
- Demand that the harassment stop.
- Make it clear that all women have the right to be free from sexual harassment. Objecting to harassment is a matter of principle.
- Stick to your own agenda. Don't respond to the harasser's excuses or diversionary tactics.
- His behavior is the issue. Say what you have to say, and repeat it if he persists.
- Reinforce your statements with strong, self-respecting body language: eye contact, head up, shoulders back, a strong, serious stance. Don't smile. Timid, submissive body language will undermine your message.
- Respond at the appropriate level. Use a combined verbal and physical response to physical harassment.
You may also file an internal complaint through the appropriate avenues offered by the organization's policy on sexual harassment if it has one.
If the victim is a union member, reporting the harassment to the union steward may garner support and secure a potential ally. According to the National Labor Relations Act, unions must represent and aid their members in stopping sexual harassment, a form of discrimination. There are strict limits on filing grievances. They must be filed with 6 months of the date of the incident you are complaining about. If the union is uncooperative, the victim may file a complaint (also within those 6 months) with the NLRB (National Labor Relations Board).
Documenting Harassment
Documenting the harassment is important for use as evidence in a case or complaint.
You should:
- Photograph or keep copies of any offensive material at the workplace.
- Keep a journal with detailed information on instances of sexual harassment. Note the dates, conversation, frequency of offensive encounters, etc.
- Tell other people, including personal friends and co-workers if possible.
- Obtain copies of your work records (including performance evaluations) and keep these copies at home
Legal RemediesIf you decide to file a complaint with an outside agency, it is advisable to consult an attorney, although you are not required to retain counsel in order to file. Attorney referrals can be obtained by contacting local (e.g women's centers, rape crisis centers) or national women's organizations, your union (if member), specialized employee interest groups, law schools, legal aid community services, state Fair Employment Practice (FEP) agencies, or state Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) offices. In addition, your friends and professional contacts may know suitable attorneys.
Interview all attorneys who may potentially represent you. At the very least, any attorney you choose must specialize or have experience in employment discrimination law. Ask the attorney if she/he has prior experience dealing with sexual harassment cases, and what the outcomes of those cases were. Pay attention to the attorney's demeanor and to your "gut" feeling about this person. Once you retain an attorney, pay attention to how she/he treats your case. Are your phone calls returned within a reasonable time frame? Does your attorney take your concerns into consideration as she/he develops your case? Like anyone else you may hire, you have the option of firing an attorney who does not adequately represent you.
For more information on dealing with attorneys see: "Lawyerland: The World of Attorneys" in The Frugal Shopper by Ralph Nader and Wesley J. Smith. (Washington, DC: Center for Responsive Law, 1992); "Legal" in Why Women Pay More: How to Avoid Marketplace Perils by Frances Cerra Whittelsey. (Center for Study of Responsive Law, Washington, DC, 1993) and "Lawyers and Legal Research" in Sexual Harassment on the Job by William Petrocelli and Barbara Kate Repa. (Nolo Press: Berkeley, CA, 1995).
Overview of Legal Options:Remedies Under Civil Law
- Filing your claim with the EEOC (under Title VII
of the 1964 Civil Rights Act).
You must file a claim with the EEOC within 180 days of the last incident of harassment to begin the process for obtaining relief under Title VII. An EEOC claim can be filed in a manner to protect the victim's identity. Title VII covers all public and private employers in the United States, as well as U.S Citizens working for a U.S. company based in a foreign country. Complaints can be filed through EEOC district offices are located across the United States. The Civil Rights Act covers only companies with 15 or more employees. State fair employment agencies (FEP) laws may be more generous and extend to smaller companies.
The EEOC conducts its own investigation of the company or organization. Through the investigation, the EEOC determines whether or not harassment occurred, whether harassment is provable in court, and whether other employees have suffered from sexual harassment as well. Upon finishing the investigation, the EEOC makes a determination. If the EEOC finds in the favor of the victim (agrees you were harassed), it can pursue (settle) the case for you (happens in less than 1% of cases filed) or issue you a 'right-to-sue' letter so you and your lawyer can file a lawsuit independently. If the investigation finds you were not harassed, you can appeal the EEOC's finding.
The EEOC investigation can be lengthy and take over a year. If you wish, you and your attorney can skip the EEOC investigation, but you must at least file a claim with the agency before you can obtain the right to sue letter that allows you to enter court.
Few sexual harassment cases get to federal court, and those that do can take years. Victims who win sexual harassment cases in federal court can receive the following remedies : attorneys fees; reinstatement of promotion; compensatory and punitive damages; pay for lost wages and benefits; injunctive relief (changes in workplace policy and practice to prevent future harassment). The amount of damages awarded depends on the size of the company.
- Filing your claim under state Fair Employment Practice (FEP ) statutes: States statutes are modeled after Title VII. Most states have a Fair Employment Practice agency located in the state capital that is responsible for enforcing state statutes banning sex discrimination. Most states also have an investigative process which varies. Be aware that some states have weak FEP laws that provide for little or no remedy at all. Time limits for filing claims with FEP agencies range from 6 months to one year. Most FEP agencies do not protect the victim's identity.
- Filing a common law tort suit: This allows victims to receive money for compensatory damages (personal injury, lost wages, or health care expenses), or money from punitive damages (money awarded to victim in order to punish company). Assault and battery or wrongful discharge cases can also file this suit. Confidentiality is not guaranteed, nor is the woman protected from company retaliation. The EEOC and state fair employment practice agencies will first attempt to settle your case out of court.
- Dual filing: Filing your case with more than one agency (both EEOC and state or local agency) is also an option. They sometimes work together or share information on cases. But the EEOC has a huge backlog and will often refer cases to local agencies or local FEP automatically.
- Criminal Remedies: If the harassment crosses over into the criminal realm (e.g., sexual assault and rape), you should report the incident(s) to the police.
Sexual Harassment in Schools, Colleges and Universities
What Constitutes Sexual Harassment in an Educational Setting?
Sexual harassment in schools is illegal under Title IX of the 1972 Education Act. This law applies to schools, colleges and universities that receive any amount of federal funding. Title IX allows the U.S. Department of Education to investigate complaints, order remedies, and withhold funding from educational institutions in violation of Title IX. Enforcement of Title IX is administered by the Department's of Education's Office of Civil Rights.
In 1992, Christine Franklin, a high school student from a Georgia school district, became the first to win a Supreme Court case for sexual harassment under Title IX. She claimed to have been sexually harassed by her male science teacher for two years. The harassment culminated in rape on three occasions.
Equity in education is compromised and jeopardized by the existence of sexual harassment in educational institutions. In the 1993 American Association of University Women (AAUW) study "Hostile Hallways", 85% of all girls and 76% of boys reported having been sexually harassed at school. But, says Anne Bryant, former director of AAUW, "The impact on girls is far more devastating". Many more girls than boys said that, as a result of the harassment, they were afraid in school or less confident about themselves.
Most of the harassment in junior high and high schools happens in hallways. Classrooms are the second most frequent location where harassment occurs. The most common complaints were inappropriate jokes, looks, or gestures. Sexually suggestive touching, grabbing, or pinching was the second most common complaint.
Most of the harassers are students, although 18% of all students in the survey said they had been sexually harassed by a school employee.
Many ask how one can tell whether the questionable behavior is normal flirting, the effect of raging hormones, or when it is sexual harassment. Nan Stein, of the Wellesley Center for Research on Women and an expert on the sexual harassment of young women, suggests considering the following checklist:
|Sexual Harassment
|feels bad
|feels good
|feels unattractive
|feels attractive
|is degrading
|is a compliment
|feels powerless
|in control
|negative touching
|positive touching
|negative self-esteem
|positive self-esteem
Originally appeared in USA Today
What To Do if You are Harassed in a Federally-Funded Educational Institution
Incidents of sexual harassment in elementary, middle or high school should first be reported to the Principal, if possible. They may also be reported to the Vice-principal, school counselor, a member of the school board, or the district Superintendent of Schools. College and university students and staff should consult their student and staff handbooks for information on how to file grievances. Schools, colleges and universities that have not already done so should develop grievance policies and procedures regarding sexual harassment and distribute this information to students, teachers and administrators. Persons experiencing harassment should first follow grievance procedures established by the school, college or university. If this action is ineffective, the victim should report sexual harassment to the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights at (202) 260-7250 (phone) (202) 260-7250 (fax). If any criminal behavior has occurred (e.g. sexual assault, rape), you should report this to the police as soon as possible.
The information and materials on this site have been provided for general informational purposes only, are not comprehensive, not complete and are not legal advice. The information contained in the site is general information about sexual harassment and should not be construed as legal advice to be applied to any specific factual situation. None of the information is intended to constitute, nor does it constitute, legal advice. For information about your legal rights you should consult an attorney.


text:
Some People Make The World A Better Place/
I have always thought that evolution is too slow. Too many of us are too content with just being normal human beings. And then there are those who refuse the paltry limits our existence has imposed us...
I am pretty sure that the super hero industry is America's top export after the aerospace industry. Although this is generally due to the film industry, it also has had some nice repercussions in other lands. Angle Grinder Man rescues illegally parked cars in London. Mexico City's SuperBarrio organizes labor and files petitions. Polarman shovels sidewalks in Canada.
Oh, did you know that SUPER opens on 4/1/11?


text:
Brantley moves to seventh among AL outfielders
CLEVELAND -- Michael Brantley has continued to produce at the place into June, and his recognition has grown along with it.
As of Sunday's American League All-Star ballot update, Brantley remained Cleveland's only representative among the league's top vote-getters, ranking seventh best among the outfielders with 720,961 votes -- up from a ninth-place ranking in last week's update. This marks the 27-year-old Brantley's second appearance on the 2014 voting leaderboards in as many weeks.
CLEVELAND -- Michael Brantley has continued to produce at the place into June, and his recognition has grown along with it.
As of Sunday's American League All-Star ballot update, Brantley remained Cleveland's only representative among the league's top vote-getters, ranking seventh best among the outfielders with 720,961 votes -- up from a ninth-place ranking in last week's update. This marks the 27-year-old Brantley's second appearance on the 2014 voting leaderboards in as many weeks.
Blue Jays outfielder Jose Bautista, who sports a .309 batting average to go with 15 home runs this season, took over as the overall leader in votes with 2,135,223. He is trailed by Angels center fielder Mike Trout (1,945,170) and Tigers first baseman Miguel Cabrera (1,477,420).
Entering Monday's action, the left-handed Brantley has a .298/.361/.479 line with nine home runs and eight steals. He also owns the fourth-best OPS (.857) and the fourth-most RBIs (42) among AL outfielders while sitting tied with Bautista for the second-most outfield assists (six).
In May, Brantley strung together a team-high 15-game hitting streak. He has hit safely in 31 of his last 35 games, batting .329 with 10 doubles and 23 RBIs in that stretch.
"He's probably one of the best players I've seen be consistent day in and day out," Tribe designated hitter Jason Giambi said. "He takes incredible at-bats every day. He's really stepped up being a team leader this year, and I think it's starting to show because he's taken that responsibility -- that 'Hey, I can offer this to my ballclub.' It's starting to show in his numbers."
If Brantley earns a selection, it would be the fifth-year outfielder's first trip to the Midsummer Classic.
Infielder Lonnie Chisenhall, though he has yet to garner enough at-bats to qualify for league-leader status, would seem another Cleveland player that deserves voter acknowledgment. Entering Monday, his .365 average leads all players with at least 150 plate appearances, and his .950 OPS ranks fifth best among AL hitters that meet those same requirements.
Chisenhall has amassed 19 RBIs and hit four home runs in his last 18 games while splitting time between first base, third base and designated hitter.
"He's just doing everything," Indians manager Terry Francona said last week. "He's just playing the game really well. And then you add on to that, you can move him from third to first in a one-run game or a tie game and not even think anything of it. That's quite an accomplishment on his part."
Fans can cast their votes for starters at MLB.com and all 30 club sites -- online or on a mobile device -- using the 2014 All-Star Game MLB.com Ballot Sponsored by Experian until Thursday, July 3, at 11:59 p.m. ET. The 2014 All-Star Game will be played at Target Field on Tuesday, July 15.
Fans may submit up to 25 online ballots, but they can also earn a one-time bonus of 10 additional online ballots. To access these additional online ballots, you must be logged into your MLB.com account when you submit any online ballot. If you do not have an MLB.com account, register on the site in accordance with the enrollment instructions for a free MLB.com account.
Fans this year once again can participate in the Home Run Derby Fan Poll. Fans will have the opportunity to select three players in each league who they would most like to see participate in the Home Run Derby. The 2014 Home Run Derby will be broadcast live on ESPN, ESPN HD, ESPN Deportes and ESPN Radio in the United States beginning at 8 p.m. ET on Monday, July 14.
The 2014 American League and National League All-Star teams will be unveiled on the 2014 MLB All-Star Game Selection Show during the weekend of July 5-6, with further details to follow on MLB.com. Immediately following the announcement of the AL and NL All-Star rosters, fans can begin voting to select the final player for each league's 34-man roster via the 2014 All-Star Game MLB.com Final Vote Sponsored by Experian. Fans will cast their votes from a list of five players from each league over the balloting period.
And the voting doesn't end there. The final phase of All-Star Game voting will again have fans participating in the voting for the Ted Williams All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award presented by Chevrolet. During the Midsummer Classic, fans will vote exclusively online at MLB.com via the 2014 All-Star Game MLB.com MVP Vote Sponsored by Pepsi, and their voice will represent 20 percent of the overall vote that determines the recipient of the Arch Ward Trophy.
MLB.com will provide extensive online coverage of the All-Star Week festivities.
The 85th All-Star Game will be televised nationally by FOX, in Canada by Rogers Sportsnet and RDS, and worldwide by partners in more than 200 countries via MLB International's independent feed. ESPN Radio and ESPN Radio Deportes will provide national radio coverage of the All-Star Game. MLB Network and SiriusXM will also provide comprehensive All-Star Week coverage. For more information, please visit allstargame.com.
1. Matt Wieters, Orioles: 1,235,369
2. Brian McCann, Yankees: 827,200
3. Derek Norris, A's: 813,053
4. A.J. Pierzynski, Red Sox: 491,709
5. Kurt Suzuki, Twins: 465,202
1. Miguel Cabrera, Tigers: 1,477,420
2. Jose Abreu, White Sox: 845,059
3. Albert Pujols, Angels: 707,924
4. Chris Davis, Orioles: 659,800
5. Mark Teixeira, Yankees: 436,504
1. Robinson Cano, Mariners: 1,111,880
2. Ian Kinsler, Tigers: 887,544
3. Dustin Pedroia, Red Sox: 778,700
4. Brian Dozier, Twins: 488,524
5. Jose Altuve, Astros: 392,416
1. Derek Jeter, Yankees: 1,376,054
2. Alexei Ramirez, White Sox: 1,212,362
3. J.J. Hardy, Orioles: 754,764
4. Jose Reyes, Blue Jays: 536,525
5. Jed Lowrie, A's: 401,798
1. Josh Donaldson, A's: 1,470,544
2. Evan Longoria, Rays: 729,092
3. Manny Machado, Orioles: 720,761
4. Adrian Beltre, Rangers: 707,952
5. Brett Lawrie, Blue Jays: 469,855
1. Nelson Cruz, Orioles: 1,404,275
2. David Ortiz, Red Sox: 1,036,055
3. Victor Martinez, Tigers: 843,215
4. Edwin Encarnacion, Blue Jays: 738,107
5. Brandon Moss, A's: 480,597
1. Jose Bautista, Blue Jays: 2,135,223
2. Mike Trout, Angels: 1,945,170
3. Melky Cabrera, Blue Jays: 1,096,784
4. Adam Jones, Orioles: 820,336
5. Jacoby Ellsbury, Yankees: 813,357
6. Yoenis Cespedes, A's: 799,123
7. Michael Brantley, Indians: 720,961
8. Carlos Beltran, Yankees: 712,154
9. Nick Markakis, Orioles: 691,023
10. Torii Hunter, Tigers: 666,116
11. Shin-Soo Choo, Rangers: 532,267
12. Alex Rios, Rangers: 483,151
13. Brett Gardner, Yankees: 453,169
14. Coco Crisp, A's: 444,433
15. David Lough, Orioles: 396,085
Alec Shirkey is an associate reporter for MLB.com.


text:
As health problems go, a stye is usually no more than a minor annoyance. If your child develops one, you can probably treat it at home.
A stye is a red, painful bump on the eyelid, caused by a backed-up oil gland. Styes can appear on either the upper or lower eyelid, as well as the inside or the outside of the eyelid, near the edge of the eyelid where the eyelashes are.
Eyelids have lots of oil glands. They can't be seen without a microscope, but these glands produce the liquid-like substance that helps lubricate the front of the eyes along with tears.
Sometimes, these glands can get clogged with old oil, dead skin cells, and old skin bacteria. When this happens, liquid builds up in the clogged gland and can't get out.
The result is a little bump on the upper or lower eyelid that might look like a pimple. A stye can become infected and get very red and swollen.
If your child has a stye, you'll want to get the clogged-up oil out of it. Applying heat helps the oil become more liquid. To do this, soak a clean washcloth in warm (not hot!) water. Wring out the excess water, then place the washcloth over the eye for a few minutes. Repeat this several times a day.
You also can clean the eyelid with special eye-scrub soap (available at drugstores) or with watered-down baby shampoo, which is designed to not hurt eyes. Soak a cotton swab in the solution and use it to clean your child's eyelid.
If your child wears contact lenses, have him or her switch to wearing glasses until the stye goes away. Clean the contacts thoroughly before your child wears them again.
If your child has pain in the eyeball or problems seeing, call your doctor. Also call if there is any swelling and redness beyond the eyelid (in the eye or other parts of the face).
The stye should begin to improve over a few days. If it doesn't or it becomes worse, call your doctor.
The doctor may give you an antibiotic cream to use on the stye or prescribe antibiotics. In rare cases, the doctor might make a tiny cut in the eyelid to let out the clogged-up material. The doctor also will determine whether your child has something other than a stye and, if so, treat it.
Kids who get one stye are at higher risk of getting another one. To make that less likely, your child should:
Reviewed by: Jonathan H. Salvin, MD
Date reviewed: September 2015
© 2019 Brenner | Site Policies & Statements
The information on this Website is for general informational purposes only and SHOULD NOT be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified healthcare provider. If you have a medical problem or a health-related question, consult your physician or call Health On-Call at 336-716-2255 or 1-800-446-2255.


text:
ConAgra Foods Introduces Orville Redenbacher's Flavors Gourmet Popping Corn
Orville Redenbacher's Gourmet Popping Corn, a brand ConAgra Foods, Omaha, Neb., shakes up the microwave popcorn category by adding a flavorful twist to one of America's favorite snack foods with Orville Redenbacher's Flavors. Individually wrapped bags of the brand's microwave popcorn come with a separate seasoning packet, allowing users to sprinkle on just the right amount of flavor.
Just pop the delicious and fluffy snack by following the package directions, open the seasoning packet and sprinkle over the popcorn as desired. Close the popcorn bag, shake it until flavor is distributed evenly, open and enjoy. And since popcorn is a good source of fiber and made with whole grain, it's a snack the whole family can feel good about while customizing it to their own personal tastes. Varieties include White Cheddar, Extra Cheese or Sea Salt and Vinegar.
"Orville Redenbacher's has been popping up fresh, delicious popcorn for decades," says Jesse Spungin, vice president for the brand. "We've found consumers more than ever want to control the flavor of their food. That's why we're excited to introduce Orville Redenbacher's Flavors as the latest creation that lets popcorn lovers customize the flavor of their favorite snack."
Suggested retail price is $1.19 to $1.29 for individually wrapped, single 3.24-oz bags.


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While I had planned to show how to use the typechecker monad presented in in an earlier blog post by showing how to typecheck MiniML, I was positively surprised to find out that people had actually started using due to it's simplicity. More specifically, Saizan in the #haskell channel on Freenode had written a type-checker for a simple typed lambda-calculus. With his permission, I have presented it here along with some modifications. His original code was a bit shorter, which goes to show how easy the monad is, but I've introduced a few helper functions that I should've introduced in the original blog post but didn't because at the time I felt like they would confuse the issue too much. As such, the contents of the actual typechecking is almost the same, except for a few details which I shall mention in the body of this blogpost.
I'm just going to walk straight through the code as it's rather straightforward.
> module STLC where
> import TypeChecker
> import qualified Data.Map as M
> import Control.Monad
> import MonadScope
> import MonadEnv
> import MonadSupply
First we introduce a function that replaces type variables with other type variables in types, this is rather straight forward. Given an environment, replace variables when you find them.
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> -- substVar : Replaces variables with other variables within a type
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> substVar :: [(Var, Var)] -> MonoType -> MonoType
> substVar subst tx@(TyVar x) =
> case x `lookup` subst of
> Nothing -> tx
> Just y -> TyVar y
> substVar subst (TyConst n ts) =
> TyConst n . map (substVar subst) $ ts
> substVar subst (TyFun ta tb) =
> TyFun (substVar subst ta) (substVar subst tb)
Next is an important function, and something that Saizan missed in his original post. This is actually part of my TypeChecker.hs file which I trimmed down for the previous blogpost. When you have a polytype (some type that says \forall variables. type) and you want to actually use it, you have to make a monotype out of it. Now, a polytype contains a monotype, but it can not simply be used as is. This is something that was missing in the original code, though in the case of this specific code, it would not have made a difference so it. It is important to instantiate a polytype's free-variables with fresh type-variables, or you can end up over-specifying a type. More specifically, I think this is what makes or breaks the Monomorphism Restriction, though if I'm wrong, feel free to point that out. Just to give you an idea, assume the following code (in -some- functional language)
let id x = x in
(id 'b', id 1)
What will happen, when typechecking this code is that in the scope of the body of that let-clause, the identifier 'id' will refer to a polytype (Namely: forall a. a -> a). Now, if this polytype's forall bit is simply dropped and the mono-type is used, we'll end up with the 'a' being unified both with Char and Integer. Hence, it is important to instantiate each use of 'id' to make sure that fresh variables are used instead of 'a'. The following function does that, using the functionality of substVar.
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> -- instantiate : Instantiates a polytype, making sure all free type-variables
> -- are fresh
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> instantiate :: (TyperMonad m) => PolyType -> m MonoType
> instantiate (TyPoly is t) = do
> is' <- mapM (\x -> supply) is
> return $ substVar (zip is is') t
Because we have scoping, we want to find the type of a variable. The following code finds the poly-type of a let-bound (or lambda-bound) variable in the scope, and then makes sure to instantiate it properly so that we do not get the monomorphism restriction.
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> -- findType : Finds the type of a variable within the current scope
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> findType :: (TyperMonad m) => String -> m MonoType
> findType x = find x >>= (maybe (error $ "Variable not in scope: " ++ x) instantiate) >>= normalize
Obviously, since we're dealing with scopes, we also have to create new scopes.
The following function comes directly from Saizan's code, except that I've taken out the dual of instantiate, namely generalize. Additionally, sometimes it's useful to get a poly-type without generalizing any of the free-variables in the monotype (for instance patterns, though at the moment I can't recall why). Actually, Saizan corrected me after this post went public, lambda-bound variables should be non-generalized (which looking back at my old-code makes sense, since they're also patterns).
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> -- generalize : Generalizes a monotype to a polytype by generalizing over all
> -- of its free variables
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> generalize :: (TyperMonad m) => MonoType -> m PolyType
> generalize = liftM toPoly . normalize
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> -- nogeneralize : Turns a type into a polytype without generalizing any of
> -- it's free variables (and thus when instantiated, this can lead to the
> -- monomorphism restriction)
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> nogeneralize :: (TyperMonad m) => MonoType -> m PolyType
> nogeneralize = liftM (TyPoly []) . normalize
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> -- withinScope : Applies a TyperMonad action within a nested scope with a new
> -- variable with a given type
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> withinScope :: (TyperMonad m) => String -> MonoType -> m a -> m a
> withinScope x t ma = do
> pt <- nogeneralize t
> scope (M.insert x pt) ma
A last little helper function to generate unique typevariables…
> supplyVar :: TyperMonad m => m MonoType
> supplyVar = liftM TyVar supply
… and we get to the actual lambdacalculus. It's a very simple calculus, with only three forms: identifiers (variables), lambda abstractions and function application.
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> -- Simple Typed Lambda Calculus
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> type Id = String
> data Expr = Var Id
> | Lambda Id Expr
> | App Expr Expr
Here the code differs just -slightly- with Saizan's original code. Instead of normalizing after checking each sub-expression, it is perfectly fine to normalize at the end. Even if you were decorating the expression-tree, you'd still have to wait until the end, because only then could all types be normalized. So there's no point, really, in normalizing before typechecking (and thus unification) is finished.
> typeCheck :: (TyperMonad m) => Expr -> m MonoType
> typeCheck e = check e >>= normalize
> where check (Var x) = findType x
> check (Lambda x b) = do
> tx <- supplyVar
> tb <- withinScope x tx $ check b
> return $ TyFun tx tb
> check (App a b) = do
> ta <- check a
> tb <- check b
> te <- supplyVar
> unify ta (TyFun tb te)
> return te
There's a few alterations, but the gist of Saizan's core which prompted this blog-post is all there, and I want to thank him for this great illustration of how to use the typermonad, since I did not think about it myself at all. Notice that the only code that would change in the case of a different type-checker is the code that came after the definition of the lambda-calculus. All the code that came before that were generic helper functions that I did not introduce in the prior blog post as then they would've not been clear as to why they are useful, but they -should- go into TypeChecker.hs.
Finally, let's show some examples that Saizan originally showed, and see how nicely they typecheck
> id' = Lambda "x" (Var "x")
> flip' = Lambda "f" (Lambda "a" (Lambda "x" (App (App (Var "f") < font color="Green">(Var "x")) (Var "a"))))
> run m = evalTyperT M.empty m
> -- *STLC> run $ typeCheck (App flip' id')
> -- b -> (b -> g) -> g
As usual, this blogpost is a literate haskell file, and if you have any comments, questions or suggestions, feel free to leave a comment on my blog


text:
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