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Cycling Shoes. Remove all Shimano SH-RP3W Shoes - Women's .. Pearl Izumi Women's Select Road Shoes Pearl Izumi Select RD III Shoes - Women's.
The adaptive fit upper pattern features a BOA L6 closure system. Combined with a lower anatomic fit strap, it articulates to best fit the shape of the rider's foot.
The ErgoLogic footbed provides premium fit while the Stiffness Index 6 rated outsole efficiently transfers power to the pedals, providing just the right balance of stiffness and all-day comfort. Ah, the Australian sunset.
The reds, the pinks, the oranges—it's the perfect blend of peacefulness and fiery intensity. Stiffness Index All-around performance Off-road ameature cycling shoes for women shoe with Shimano quality, comfort, and function. LOOK KEO compatible road cleats - Unique 2 piece design allows you to change cleats /cycling shoes/ /erase/ losing position - Durable, high traction walking surface - Hardware included.
This all-round MTB shoe features a contoured, comfortable Ameature cycling shoes for women leather upper, with breathable mesh, and a rubber sole. Compatible with clip-in or platform pedals and has a screw-on cleat recess cover. A great shoe for spinning as well. Specialized Women's Torch Touring Shoes.
Specialized's Women's Torch Touring Shoes fit like a dream thanks to the top-notch ergonomics of Ameature cycling shoes for women Body Geometry soles and footbeds. They also boast a women's-specific last to get your power to the pedals and rubber soles for excellent walkability. Sharethrough Mobile. Even so, although Ebelt is happy with his resulting products, he acknowledges the benefits sidi shoes clearance carbon.
Of course, the retail price of these shoes will be higher than for the nylon outsole shoes.
But — just as not all carbon bike frames are equal — not all carbon soles offer the same advantages. Was metal plate supposed to come with cycling shoes? marks a flagship carbon shoe from a lesser option?
Finally, the range of positions for the cleat to sit in ameature cycling shoes for women also a good indicator of a better-soled shoe. Unless the cycling leg of the triathlon is the last leg of ametaure race, then there is a pretty good chance that you will have to change ameature cycling shoes for women of your triathlon cycling shoes and into a pair of other specialized shoes for ameatur next leg of the race.
Regardless of when you have to do this, there are few things that are as frustrating or spirit-sapping as having to struggle taking some piece of gear off to put on the gear necessary for the next leg. Thankfully, the Shimano TR9 triathlon cycling shoes understand this all too well and provide a couple of different features to make this process easier.
For instance, these triathlon cycling shoes feature a T1-Quick strap closure that is reinforced with a hook and loop forefoot strap to make ameature cycling shoes for women and loosening the Shimano TR9 triathlon cycling shoes quick and easy.
On top of that, the asymmetrical, offset heel loop makes pulling the Shimano TR9 triathlon cycling shoes a breeze. Because of its popularity and reputation, it might surprise some of you to find out that Louis Garneau is actually one of the most recent companies to be founded that we reviewed.
In fact, with a little under 4 decades of experience under its belt, some may wonder how the brand is able to consistently produce some of the best performing products on the market that are often used by first place professionals. When you are looking at budget products in a given market, the most important thing to first do is make sure it provides ameature cycling shoes for women good quality to whatever is the most important consideration.
For triathlon cycling shoes, the shoe clips target important consideration is the fit, and the Louis Garneau Tri X-Speed 3 triathlon cycling shoes provide a couple of ameature cycling shoes for women to ensure that the fit is secure.
Though it should be noted that the Louis Garneau Tri X-Speed 3 triathlon cycling shoes do have a tendency to run a size large, once you find the right size for you, they fit like a glove. Combined, they prevent the Louis Garneau Tri X-Speed 3 ameature cycling shoes for women cycling amesture from moving at both your forefoot and the heel.
On top of that, the Louis Garneau Tri Aneature 3 triathlon cycling shoes wire cycling shoes feature a reversed velcro closure ameature cycling shoes for women makes adjusting them on the fly mid-race much easier.
While the fit of all triathlon gear is extremely important, for the sake of triathlon cycling shoes, the fit is likely the most important quality you can consider when selecting a pair of triathlon cycling shoes.
As such, it is vitally important that you make sure the triathlon cycling shoes fit properly or you are liable to find yourself half a leg or more into syoes race before you realize that the wrong triathlon cycling shoes can completely shoes nike for girls down your race. It is interesting to note that cyclng importance ameature cycling shoes for women this works in all directions as being too large is just as bad, if not worse, as your triathlon cycling shoes being too small.
In fact, it is worth remembering that it is by wearing a pair of triathlon cycling shoes which are too large that you are most likely to develop blisters, a sharp departure from how shoe fit normally works where shoes which are too tight are the ones that cause blisters. Of course, shoes which are too tight can potentially cause blisters as well, but due schwinn empire xl the unique circumstances when pedaling a triathlon bike, a tighter fit is simply more likely to fatigue your feet rather than cause blisters.
Because the foot is continuously moving in every direction at a rapid pace, a pair of triathlon shors which are too large will ultimately have the room cheap mens road cycling shoes rub against the inner walls of the shoes and almost guarantee the development of blisters by the end of the cycling leg.
One thing to ameature cycling shoes for women in mind is that the fit of the triathlon cycling shoes will change depending on which leg of the race the cycling ameature cycling shoes for women is run. This is because as you run a triathlon, the different legs of the race affect your feet in different ways which cyclong then impact how the shoes you wear for the next leg of the race fit.
Five Ten Kestrel Lace Women's. Built off of the success of the original Kestrel, the women's Kestrel Lace is designed to transfer power to the pedals as efficiently as possible with a classic lace closure, lower total volume, and tighter fitting heel.
PU-Coated Polyester Mesh. Five Ten Freerider Contact. All-day riding performance.
The Freerider Contact features an innovative and treadless Ameature cycling shoes for women Outsole under the ball of the foot allowing for quick, on-the-fly adjustments without lug interference. The stiff midsole and added toe protection keep your feet safe and supported for all-day riding.
The abrasion resistant textile and synthetic upper shaves weight, making the Freerider Contact the lightest Freerider in the line. Five Ten Kestrel Lace.
Built off of the success of the original Kestrel, the Kestrel Lace is designed to transfer power to the pedals as ameature cycling shoes for women as possible with a classic lace closure. Five Ten Sam Hill 3. The Sam Hill is based off the original Impact Low, featuring a faster drying synthetic upper, stitched toe, and a waterproof insole board. Five Ten worked closely with Sam to design a shoe which would perform as well as the original Impact, with the key features that help Sam find such incredible racing success.
With a Stealth Ameature cycling shoes for women rubber outsole, the Sam Hill is burly and durable. A slingshot heel for a secure fit, compression molded midsole for extra support and a stitched and reinforced toe cap for protection from the hazards of the trail make mavic peloton cycling shoes reviews Sam Hill snoes and protective.
Five Ten Freerider Pro.
A completely updated version of Five Ten's legendary Freerider, the Freerider Pro touts superior toe protection and quicker drying than its predecessor while still utilizing a full, S1 dotty outsole for proven grip and durability. The Freerider Pro performs well for everything from all-mountain to light downhill. Chris Ameature cycling shoes for women is quoted as saying, "The Freerider Pro is my amazon cycling shoes shoe to date".
Five Ten Freerider Pro Women's. It's a perfect choice for everything ameature cycling shoes for women all-mountain to light downhill. Five Ten Kestrel. You can mix it up a bit so long as there is some elegance to it and some sense of synergy uniting the whole look.
Your helmet and clothing cover you up, but it is the little touches that matter.
Anything ameature cycling shoes for women breaks from the uniform and reveals a bit about your personality is good. I now like wearing glasses which are not performance glasses. Find your own look and make it yours. Pros carry saddle bags when they are out training by themselves too. But judge what you take based on how far you ride. For a short ride you probably only need one spare tube and a puncture repair kit, so take a small fitted saddle bag that is fastened on tight so it doesn't shake around.
News:Women's Cycling Shoes Reviews Today, women are participating in A select-grade nylon and composite fiber footplate is lightweight and If you are an amateur road cyclist, you will require shoes that clip very well on the bike pedal.
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Lapis Lazuli Chip Bags
Cheap and cheerful chip bags. Great to add to your collection or use for gridding, altar bottles, or even for arts and crafts.
There are so many things you can do with these little versatile beauties:
▪you can put them on top of your favourite candle and let then energies of the crystal infuse your space
▪popping them in your roller bottles to infuse your essential oil
▪ keeping them in a bowl and running your hands through them, it's so therapeutic
▪ putting them in a vase and watching your freshly cut flowers stay fresh for longer
▪ pop them in your pot plants and watch your plants grow strong and vibrant
▪ put them on mini crystal grids (which we sell)
▪ make gem elixir with them - make sure you take them out of the water before you drink it or give it to you pet.
▪ use them on your gemstone trees
▪ put them in your kid's pencil case and they can have the energy of the crystals at school and during exams
Each organza bag pack of 6 weighs about 200 grams.
People who bought this product, also bought
- Option1Option2Option3

subset: commoncrawl


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Redx Pharma Plc's (LON:REDX) new management team plans to focus its cash resources on progressing its drug leads in oncology and fibrotic disease to clinical proof-of-concept in 2019.
Following an extensive internal review, Redx's new CEO – former AstraZeneca (LON:AZN) UK president Lisa Anson – has set out plans for a slimmed-down pipeline in the two disease areas, with the aim of progressing the drugs to the clinical proof-of-concept stage, broker Hardman & Co said in a note to clients on Tuesday.
READ: Redx Pharma ready to relaunch with AstraZeneca's former UK boss now at the helm
Next year will be an important year for the firm with the re-start of Phase I/IIa trial for RXC004, part of a niche, and potentially breakthrough group of cancer drugs called Porcupine inhibitors. They work by dialling down the Porcupine protein, which is the control switch for the Wnt pathway – known to be heavily involved in cell growth and division.
Hardman & Co said under Anson, Redx now has a clear vision and a streamlined pipeline focused on "high unmet needs in oncology and fibrotic diseases", and the ability to leverage its medicinal chemistry expertise.
The AIM-quoted biotech also aims to nominate one to two development candidates from a portfolio of three fibrosis programmes, with first clinical trials in 2020.
"After a difficult period, Redx has emerged in much better shape. While all early-stage pharma and biotech companies carry substantial risks and are capital intensive, the rewards can be substantial, as evidenced by the successful disposal of its BTK programme for £30.5mln in cash in 2017," Hardman analysts added.
Shares in Redx were 1.1% down at 8.60p in mid-afternoon trade.


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March 24, 2015
Our Store is brimming with new beautiful shoes, sandals, jewelry, and unique things for the home. We have bright colors and patterns to wake you up from the long, cold winter that is finally behind us!
Sacha London is back with her iconic spring suedes, light weight and great for every outfit this spring- orange and red are cute on the foot-$160
Below, Sacha London Black is introduced- a high end line , but the same well made construction with interesting mosaic detail in the platforms.
Black suede closed toe or the nude peep toe.
Big Buddha Bags have been delivered, great looking totes in cream or pink with a fun tassel. Light weight , made of vegan leather, $95.
Paired with a spring flat from Butter, denim with a pink leather bow detail- $265.
A beautiful line of Jewelry, made by IN2 Designs- 2 Swedish American ladies that have a love of pearls and contemporary accessories. Meet Inger and Inga "Louise".
Very fun, cool, and new.
Bracelets, long and short necklaces-$65-$145
Good gifts for the recent graduate, or your BFF- Pillows are great addition to a favorite resting spot-
"I'm so fancy","Gimme some sugar", "Good morning gorgeous", "&"- $58
Mugs-" Drink Coffee Read Vogue...", "I'd rather be sleeping", "Good morning gorgeous" -$28
A high wedge from Mystique with mother of pearl, adding a little bling to the neutral tone of this fabulous cork sandal. $185.
Keep your shades safe in our adorable hard case with our beach bunnies of yesteryear-!! $18
We have much more for you to see in the store- lots of new jewelry pieces, items for your home and gifts for your favorite people. Take a look at our gift corner!
We hope to see you!
Store hours
Monday- Friday 10-5 pm
Saturday 10-4pm
Closed Sundays
7625 Bellona Avenue Ruxton, Maryland 21204 410.825.3191


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With a background in economics and statistics, Sara has been working in applied statistics and machine earning techniques over two decades. She believes that a motivated team can help people #GetGoodDone and change the world in a positive way - this is why she joined the Good Festival last year. Sara is part of the Talent Acquisition team, searching for innovators and storytellers aiming to build a better world.
A combination of talent, hard work and a willingness to help out with anything and everything is what makes Alex such a valuable member of the team. As part of the family that started the GoodFestival, Alex has been through all the highs and lows of the first iterations of the festival and so knows what it takes to #GetGoodDone.
Having already been recognized for his design skills by winning a logo competition, Alex will continue to contribute his creative and technical expertise as the Design Lead of the GoodFestival while he starts his studies in Architecture at the EPFL. At the same time he is leading the production team of the Firestarter event and is excited to support a lot of new talent as they start their journey.
Ingrid has always known that she wants to find a way to help the people in her native Honduras. In particular she is concerned about the gender gap, which is particularly acute in low-income communities. Currently working on her second Masters Degree, Ingrid is developing the skills and tools necessary to tackle the interconnected challenges of education, health and women's empowerment. As a first step she is working with fellow GoodFestival volunteer Stephanie on a startup to bring products created by Honduran women to the European market, with the aim of reinvesting profits into social projects in Central America.
After pitching the project at the 4th GoodFestival, Ingrid was so inspired by the community of innovators all working on getting good done, that she decided to join the production team. Her passion and experience make her a perfect addition to the team planning the Great Women Leaders event.
It doesn't take more than a few minutes in conversation with Rajiv and watching how he engages with those around him to know that he is living the spirit of the GoodFestival everyday. After a global corporate career Rajiv initiated GoodFestival with an incredible team that is taking a bigger leadership role every day.
Rajiv dreams big and is the operations lead of the festival and supports and mentors the entire team.


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Yes, we've received many alternate options to get it in the reasonably priced range by an unusual individual. In relation to unique massive slabs which are costlier and very removed from atypical individuals. We have 4 inexpensive methods to get it they are: https://www.jhfcu.org/our-services/loans/other-loans/home-improvement-loans
Lowe'S Home Improvement Beaumont Tx
Renovating your kitchen will take time, cash and quite a lot of disruption. The kitchen is one of the most essential and heavily used rooms in the dwelling; it's the place we cook dinner, eat, discuss, make selections, entertain and spend high quality household time collectively.
Nys Home Improvement Grants
When you and your neighborhood/community/village or hamlet need to get began composting, here are some basic tips for those that will be bringing in material to be composted. Acceptable items are: All fruit and vegetable peelings and pits, non-greasy meals scraps or leftovers, rice, pasta, bread, cereal, espresso grounds with filter, tea baggage, hair and nails (animal or human), egg and nut shells, minimize or dried flowers, wreaths, houseplants and potting soil and all items marked as compostable akin to biodegradable tableware gadgets like plates, bowls and cups comprised of sugar cane, bamboo or different renewable fibers. Unacceptable items are: meat, hen and fish, greasy meals scraps, fat and oil, dairy objects: cheese, butter, dog or cat feces, kitty litter, coal or charcoal, coconuts, diseased and/or insect-infested houseplants and soil.
Lowe'S Home Improvement Citrus Heights Ca
3. Look and end ??? When choosing out of doors faucet, it's advisable to search for luxurious as much as you do for the interior fixtures. Significantly when a pure panorama within the home's garden or balcony is proposed, this alternative helps. Laviani in reality successful across the type of the globe office kitchen table lamp and in addition the interconnection this makes whereas using the capturing setting, developing a lit answer quite than lights program.
Lowe'S Home Improvement New Port Richey Fl
It is a limitation of images that the digital camera can only capture two walls and a piece of the ceiling and floor of any kitchen remodel set. Another high tip is to beat this omission by using spreadsheet software program to construct your personal components list, price sheet and be your own estimator.
Lowe'S Home Improvement Oakland Park Fl
"Finding the complete methods during which influenced the design associated with Orbital just isn't simple", states that Laviani, "there were being possible a lot of guidelines. Most likely the operate of the problem could be which it was comprised of your draw which under no circumstances customized by on the of the office kitchen desk lamp, and so far as I am able to do not forget, I do consider this could be a just time containing ever was held in case you ask me. inch
Disclosure of This Case
But even tiles can lose their seems, especially the grout used between the tiles which get soiled and discolored very fast. Cleaning the grout requires care as a result of you need to transfer the cooker to scrub the tiles, and that is not a job which the housewife can do simply. A new material that has began making its presence felt are coloured glass splashbacks for kitchens which has proved to be hygienic and provides the kitchen a very skilled look.
About Me
44 yrs old Orthopaedic Surgeon Stanforth from Frontier, has hobbies and interests for example marquetry, . and netball. Loves to visit unfamiliar places for example La Grand-Place.


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Singapore: Product Liability 2019
Chapter contentFree access
1.1 What systems of product liability are available (i.e. liability in respect of damage to persons or property resulting from the supply of products found to be defective or faulty)? Is liability fault based, or strict, or both? Does contractual liability play any role? Can liability be imposed for breach of statutory obligations e.g. consumer fraud statutes?
There is no legislation exclusively or specifically governing product liability of manufacturers as such. The issue of product liability is generally governed by negligence in the case of manufacturers and contract against sellers/suppliers.
Establishing a case in negligence involves proving the existence of a duty of care, a breach of that duty and that the breach caused the damage to the consumer. What amounts to negligence depends on the facts of each case. Where there is a duty to exercise care, reasonable care must be taken to avoid acts or omissions which can be reasonably foreseen to be likely to cause physical injury to the persons or property. Liability for death or personal injury resulting from negligence cannot be excluded. Other liability for negligence may be excluded if such restriction is reasonable.
A right to claim damages under contract is predicated on the claimant having entered into a contract with the supplier of the product and the supplier having breached a term of the contract, e.g. by supplying defective products. Liability is strict where the contract has been breached and will depend on the terms agreed between the parties or implied into the contract.
Standard conditions are implied into all contracts for the sale of goods under the Sale of Goods Act (Cap. 393) (SOGA) and Supply of Goods Act (Cap. 394) (SGA). Products sold in the course of business must be of satisfactory quality, and comply with the description applied to them or a sample supplied. The seller will not be liable for faults drawn to the buyer's attention prior to the contract, or which should have been revealed by the buyer's examination of the goods. As against a person acting as a consumer, the Unfair Contract Terms Act (Cap. 396) prevents the exclusion or restriction by contract of the seller's implied undertakings as to conformity of goods with a description or sample, or as to their quality or fitness for a particular purpose.
There are also various statutes that foster consumer protection. When a consumer enters into a consumer transaction involving an unfair practice in relation to goods and services, he has a right of action against the supplier under the Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act (Cap. 52A) (CPFTA). Section 4 CPFTA states that:
It is an unfair practice for a supplier, in relation to a consumer transaction –
(a) to do or say anything, or omit to do or say anything, if as a result a consumer might reasonably be deceived or misled;
(b) to make a false claim;
(c) to take advantage of a consumer if the supplier knows or ought reasonably to know that the consumer –
(i) is not in a position to protect his own interests; or
(ii) is not reasonably able to understand the character, nature, language or effect of the transaction or any matter related to the transaction; or
(d) without limiting the generality of paragraphs (a), (b) and (c), to do anything specified in the Second Schedule.
The Second Schedule sets out specific unfair practices, including:
■ Representing that goods or services have sponsorship, approval, performance characteristics, accessories, ingredients, components, qualities, uses or benefits that they do not have.
■ Representing that goods or services are of a particular standard, quality, grade, style, model, origin or method of manufacture if they are not.
■ Representing that goods are new or unused if they are not or if they have deteriorated or been altered, reconditioned or reclaimed.
■ Representing that goods have been used to an extent different from the fact or that they have a particular history or use if the supplier knows it is not so.
■ Representing that a service, part, repair or replacement is needed or desirable if that is not so, or that a service has been provided, a part has been installed, a repair has been made or a replacement has been provided, if that is not so.
■ Using small print to conceal a material fact from the consumer or to mislead a consumer as to a material fact, in connection with the supply of goods or services.
The CPFTA defines "supplier" as:
A person who, in the course of the person's business –
(a) provides goods or services to consumers;
(b) manufactures, assembles or produces goods;
(c) promotes the use or purchase of goods or services; or
(d) receives or is entitled to receive money or other consideration as a result of the provision of goods or services to consumers,
and includes any employee or agent of the person.
Liability only arises if the unfair practice arose in relation to a "consumer transaction", i.e.:
(a) the supply of goods or services by a supplier to a consumer as a result of a purchase, lease, gift, contest or other arrangement; or
(b) an agreement between a supplier and a consumer, as a result of a purchase, lease, gift, contest or other arrangement, in which the supplier is to supply goods or services to the consumer or to another consumer specified in the agreement.
Hence, for example, if a manufacturer makes a misrepresentation in his sale to the retailer, but does not address that misrepresentation directly to the consumer, the unfair practice may not be considered to relate to a consumer transaction.
Whether conduct has been misleading or deceptive under sections 4(a) and (b) CPFTA is tested objectively, in relation to one or more sections of the public. However, the state of mind of the supplier may be relevant to whether his conduct conveyed a misleading or deceitful meaning. Some of the specific unfair trade practices listed in the Second Schedule expressly require the establishment of actual or imputed knowledge. The implication is that the other representations which do not specify knowledge do not require knowledge to be established. It is not possible to contract out of the provisions of the CPFTA.
Sections 12A to 12F of the CPFTA came into effect on 1 September 2012 to protect consumers against defective goods that fail to conform to contract, or fail to meet satisfactory quality or performance standards at the time of purchase. Sections 12A to 12F are set out below:
Interpretation of this Part
12A. –(1) In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires –
"applicable contract" means –
(a) a contract of sale of goods;
(b) a contract for the transfer of goods; or
(c) a hire-purchase agreement;
"contract for the transfer of goods" has the same meaning as in the Supply of Goods Act (Cap. 394);
"contract of sale of goods" has the same meaning as in the Sale of Goods Act (Cap. 393);
"delivery" has the same meaning as in the Sale of Goods Act;
"goods" —
(a) in relation to a sale, has the same meaning as in the Sale of Goods Act; and
(b) in relation to any other transfer, has the same meaning as in the Supply of Goods Act;
"hire-purchase agreement" has the same meaning as in the Hire-Purchase Act (Cap. 125);
"repair" means, in cases where there is a lack of conformity in goods within the meaning of subsection (4), to bring the goods into conformity with the contract;
"transferee" –
(a) in relation to a contract of sale of goods, means the buyer within the meaning of the Sale of Goods Act;
(b) in relation to a contract for the transfer of goods, has the same meaning as in the Supply of Goods Act; and
(c) in relation to a hire-purchase agreement, means the hirer within the meaning of the Hire-Purchase Act;
"transferor" –
(a) in relation to a contract of sale of goods, means the seller within the meaning of the Sale of Goods Act;
(b) in relation to a contract for the transfer of goods, has the same meaning as in the Supply of Goods Act; and
(c) in relation to a hire-purchase agreement, means the owner within the meaning of the Hire-Purchase Act.
(2) References in this Part to dealing as consumer are to be construed in accordance with Part I of the Unfair Contract Terms Act (Cap. 396).
(3) For the purposes of this Part, it is for a transferor claiming that the transferee does not deal as consumer to show that he does not.
(4) For the purposes of this Part, goods do not conform to –
(a) a contract of sale of goods if there is, in relation to the goods, a breach of an express term of the contract or a term implied by section 13, 14 or 15 of the Sale of Goods Act;
(b) a contract for the supply or transfer of goods if there is, in relation to the goods, a breach of an express term of the contract or a term implied by section 3, 4 or 5 of the Supply of Goods Act; and
(c) a hire-purchase agreement if there is, in relation to the goods, a breach of an express term of the contract or a term implied by section 6A, 6B or 6C of the Hire-Purchase Act.
(5) The following provisions shall not apply to this Part:
(a) the definitions of "consumer" and "goods" in section 2(1);
(b) section 2(2); and
(c) the provisions in Part IV.
Application of this Part
12B. –(1) This Part applies if –
(a) the transferee deals as consumer;
(b) the goods do not conform to the applicable contract at the time of delivery; and
(c) the contract was made on or after the date of commencement of section 6 of the Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) (Amendment) Act 2012.
(2) If this section applies, the transferee has the right –
(a) under and in accordance with section 12C, to require the transferor to repair or replace the goods; or
(b) under and in accordance with section 12D –
(i) to require the transferor to reduce the amount to be paid for the transfer by the transferee by an appropriate amount; or
(ii) to rescind the contract with regard to the goods in question.
(3) For the purposes of subsection (1)(b), goods which do not conform to the applicable contract at any time within the period of 6 months starting from the date on which the goods were delivered to the transferee must be taken not to have so conformed at that date.
(4) Subsection (3) does not apply if –
(a) it is established that the goods did so conform at that date; or
(b) its application is incompatible with the nature of the goods or the nature of the lack of conformity.
Repair or replacement of goods
12C. —(1) If section 12B applies, the transferee may require the transferor to –
(a) repair the goods; or
(b) replace the goods.
(2) If the transferee requires the transferor to repair or replace the goods, the transferor must –
(a) repair or, as the case may be, replace the goods within a reasonable time and without causing significant inconvenience to the transferee; and
(b) bear any necessary costs incurred in doing so (including in particular the cost of any labour, materials or postage).
(3) The transferee must not require the transferor to repair or, as the case may be, replace the goods if that remedy is –
(a) impossible;
(b) disproportionate in comparison to the other of those remedies; or
(c) disproportionate in comparison to an appropriate reduction in the amount to be paid for the transfer under paragraph (a), or rescission under paragraph (b), of section 12D(1).
(4) One remedy is disproportionate in comparison to the other if the one imposes costs on the transferor which, in comparison to those imposed on him by the other, are unreasonable, taking into account –
(a) the value which the goods would have if they conformed to the applicable contract;
(b) the significance of the lack of conformity with the applicable contract; and
(c) whether the other remedy could be effected without causing significant inconvenience to the transferee.
(5) Any question as to what is a reasonable time or significant inconvenience is to be determined by reference to –
(a) the nature of the goods; and
(b) the purpose for which the goods were acquired.
Reduction in amount to be paid or rescission of contract
12D. –(1) If section 12B applies, the transferee may –
(a) require the transferor to reduce the amount to be paid for the transfer of the goods in question to the transferee by an appropriate amount; or
(b) rescind the contract with regard to those goods,
if the condition in subsection (2) is satisfied.
(2) The condition is that –
(a) by virtue of section 12C(3) the transferee may require neither repair nor replacement of the goods; or
(b) the transferee has required the transferor to repair or replace the goods, but the transferor is in breach of the requirement of section 12C(2)(a) to do so within a reasonable time and without causing significant inconvenience to the transferee.
(3) For the purposes of this Part, if the transferee rescinds the contract, any reimbursement to the transferee may be reduced to take account of the use he has had of the goods since they were delivered to him.
Relation to other remedies, etc.
12E. –(1) If the transferee requires the transferor to repair or replace the goods, the transferee must not act under subsection (2) until he has given the transferor a reasonable time in which to repair or replace (as the case may be) the goods.
(2) The transferee acts under this subsection if –
(a) he rejects the goods and terminates the contract for breach of condition; or
(b) he requires the goods to be repaired or replaced (as the case may be).
Powers of court
12F. –(1) In any proceedings in which a remedy is sought under this Part, the court may, in addition to any other power it has, act under this section.
(2) On the application of the transferee, the court may make an order requiring specific performance by the transferor of any obligation imposed on him by virtue of section 12C.
(3) Subsection (4) applies if –
(a) the transferee requires the transferor to give effect to a remedy under section 12C or 12D or has claims to rescind under section 12D; but
(b) the court decides that another remedy under section 12C or 12D is appropriate.
(4) The court may proceed –
(a) as if the transferee had required the transferor to give effect to the other remedy; or
(b) if the other remedy is rescission under section 12D, as if the transferee had claimed to rescind the contract under that section.
(5) If the transferee has claimed to rescind the contract, the court may order that any reimbursement to the transferee be reduced to take account of the use he has had of the goods since they were delivered to him.
(6) The court may make an order under this section unconditionally or on such terms and conditions as to damages, payment for the goods and otherwise as it thinks just.
(7) Subject to its jurisdiction under section 5 of the Small Claims Tribunals Act (Cap. 308), a Small Claims Tribunal may, in addition to its powers under that Act, act under this section.
Where goods fail to conform to an applicable contract at the time of delivery, the transferee (dealing as a consumer) has the right to require the transferor to repair or replace the goods within a reasonable time and without causing significant inconvenience to the consumer. An "applicable contract" is defined as a contract of sale of goods, contract for the transfer of goods or hire-purchase agreement. Goods will be presumed not to conform to the applicable contract at the time of delivery if they do not conform within six months of the date of delivery of the goods. The presumption is rebuttable if it is established that the goods did conform at the time of delivery, or if the presumption is incompatible with the nature of the goods or the nature of the lack of conformity.
If repair or replacement is impossible or disproportionate, or if the transferor fails to repair or replace the goods within a reasonable time and without significant inconvenience to the consumer, then the consumer may require the transferor to reduce the amount to be paid for the transfer of the goods by an appropriate amount, or rescind the contract. The question as to what is a reasonable time or significant inconvenience is to be determined by reference to the nature of the goods and the purpose for which the goods were acquired.
It is also possible for misleading or deceptive conduct to give rise to an actionable misrepresentation under the Misrepresentation Act (Cap. 390).
Another statute that safeguards consumers against unfair practices is the Consumer Protection (Trade Descriptions and Safety Requirements) Act (Cap. 53) (CPTDA), which prohibits the misdescription of goods supplied in the course of business and regulates the affixing of safety marks on certain goods.
Provisions for the recall of products can be found in various statutes; this is elaborated on in our response to question 1.5.
Liability for breach of statutory duty may be imposed where a statute is intended to create a private law right, actionable by the individual harmed by the breach. However, such rights have not previously been found to arise from breach of statutes that regulate consumer protection.
1.2 Does the state operate any schemes of compensation for particular products?
No formal schemes exist.
1.3 Who bears responsibility for the fault/defect? The manufacturer, the importer, the distributor, the "retail" supplier or all of these?
The manufacturer, importer, distributor, and "retail" supplier may be liable for the fault/defect. See the response to question 1.1.
In negligence, fault lies with the negligent party. In contract, liability may extend to anyone with whom the plaintiff can establish privity of contract, subject to any exclusions of liability.
1.4 May a regulatory authority be found liable in respect of a defective/faulty product? If so, in what circumstances?
No, as the regulatory authority is not the manufacturer, importer, distributor or "retail" supplier of the product, it is unlikely to be found directly or indirectly liable in respect of a defective/faulty product.
1.5 In what circumstances is there an obligation to recall products, and in what way may a claim for failure to recall be brought?
Provisions for recall of products can be found in various statutes.
For example, under the Health Products Act (Cap. 122D) (HPA), which regulates the manufacture, import, supply, presentation and advertisement of health products and of active ingredients used in the manufacture of health products, where a manufacturer, importer, supplier or registrant of a health product becomes aware of any defect in the health product, or any adverse effect that can arise from the use of the health product, they shall inform the Health Sciences Authority (HSA) which may then, by notice in writing, require them to recall the health product and secure the immediate stoppage of its manufacture, import, supply, use or administration. The HSA may also require any person who has supplied any health product or active ingredient to recall the same if it does not comply with the HPA.
It is also possible for a manufacturer, importer, supplier or registrant of a health product to voluntarily effect a recall of the health product, and he should notify the HSA of the recall and the reasons therefor. The HSA may then require the manufacturer, importer, supplier or registrant of the health product to issue to the general public a statement informing them of the recall.
Under the Consumer Protection (Safety Requirements) Regulations (Cap. 53, Regulation 1), which regulates goods such as components of the liquefied petroleum gas system, gas cookers, hairdryers, audio products, etc., where the supply of any registered controlled goods is prohibited, SPRING Singapore, as the Safety Authority, may require the Registered Supplier to effect a recall of the goods. Supply of such goods may be prohibited for various reasons, e.g. that the goods do not conform to safety requirements.
Under the Wholesome Meat and Fish (Processing Establishments and Cold Stores) Rules (Cap. 349A, Rule 3), which regulate the slaughtering of animals and the processing, packing, inspection, import, distribution, sale, transhipment and export of meat and fish products, where any meat or fish product that has been processed in a licensed processing establishment is adulterated, contaminated or otherwise unfit for human consumption, the Agri-food and Veterinary Authority (AVA) may require the licensee to recall all stocks and to cease the sale, supply or distribution, of the product.
The AVA may also direct local importers and retailers to recall food products which have been voluntarily recalled overseas by their manufacturers.
It is an offence to fail to comply with any notice for recall issued under statute.
1.6 Do criminal sanctions apply to the supply of defective products?
Under the CPTDA, any person who, in the course of any trade or business, supplies goods that contravene CPTDA regulations shall be guilty of an offence, punishable with a fine and/or imprisonment.
There are also specific regulatory statutes dealing with particular types of products, e.g. food and drugs, contravention of which is an offence punishable with fines and/or imprisonment.
2.1 Who has the burden of proving fault/defect and damage?
Generally, the burden of proof falls on the party who initiates the civil action (the plaintiff) to pursue damages and other remedies in respect of the product defect in question, whether arising under a contract or otherwise.
Under the CPFTA, the supplier must show that he has complied with the provisions of the CPFTA or its regulations. If a defect is found within six months of delivery, it is assumed that the defect existed at the time of delivery, unless the retailer can prove otherwise. Beyond six months, the burden falls on the consumer to prove that the defect existed at the point of delivery.
2.2 What test is applied for proof of causation? Is it enough for the claimant to show that the defendant wrongly exposed the claimant to an increased risk of a type of injury known to be associated with the product, even if it cannot be proved by the claimant that the injury would not have arisen without such exposure? Is it necessary to prove that the product to which the claimant was exposed has actually malfunctioned and caused injury, or is it sufficient that all the products or the batch to which the claimant was exposed carry an increased, but unpredictable, risk of malfunction?
In negligence, the traditional test for causation is the "but-for test", i.e. whether the plaintiff would not have suffered the loss "but for" the defendant's negligence. The court may also assess whether the defendant's negligence materially contributed to the plaintiff's loss. What constitutes a "material contribution" will depend on the facts of each case.
In contract, the plaintiff must show that the breach of contract was a cause of the loss which has been sustained, i.e. the breach of contract is the "effective" cause of the loss, as opposed to an event which merely gives the opportunity for the claimant to sustain the loss. The courts have generally avoided laying down any formal tests for causation in contract, and have instead relied on common sense as a guide to decide whether a breach of contract is a sufficiently substantial cause of the claimant's loss.
If the product to which the claimant was exposed did not actually malfunction and cause injury, but the products or the batch to which the claimant was exposed merely carried an increased, but unpredictable, risk of malfunction, it is unlikely that the claimant would succeed as no actual loss was incurred. Actual loss is required to succeed in an action for tortious liability.
If there is no actual loss suffered by the claimant, the claimant could argue that under section 14(2A) of the Sale of Goods Act, there is an implied condition that goods sold in the course of a business are of satisfactory quality. The claimant must show that the product malfunctioned in a way that does not meet the standard that a reasonable person would expect a product to be in order to be satisfactory. This inquiry is an objective one from a reasonable person placed in the buyer's position armed with his knowledge and background, and considering at every stage any and all factors that may be relevant to the hypothetical reasonable person (Compact Metal Industries Ltd v PPG Industries (Singapore) Ltd [2006] SGHC 242).
2.3 What is the legal position if it cannot be established which of several possible producers manufactured the defective product? Does any form of market-share liability apply?
In such a case, the claimant cannot satisfy its evidential burden and the claim is likely to be dismissed.
2.4 Does a failure to warn give rise to liability and, if so, in what circumstances? What information, advice and warnings are taken into account: only information provided directly to the injured party, or also information supplied to an intermediary in the chain of supply between the manufacturer and consumer? Does it make any difference to the answer if the product can only be obtained through the intermediary who owes a separate obligation to assess the suitability of the product for the particular consumer, e.g. a surgeon using a temporary or permanent medical device, a doctor prescribing a medicine or a pharmacist recommending a medicine? Is there any principle of "learned intermediary" under your law pursuant to which the supply of information to the learned intermediary discharges the duty owed by the manufacturer to the ultimate consumer to make available appropriate product information?
Failure to warn may give rise to potential liability under statute and the tort negligence. In the event that death is caused, there could also be ramifications under the Penal Code (Cap. 224).
Under the CPFTA, it is an unfair practice for a supplier, in relation to a consumer transaction, to do or say anything, or omit to do or say anything, if, as a result, a consumer might reasonably be deceived or misled. Hence, silence on the part of the supplier can result in a breach. Misrepresentations made to intermediaries, which are not addressed directly to the consumer, may not be considered unfair practices relating to the consumer transaction.
Under the Penal Code, a person may be imprisoned and/or fined for causing death by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide. The failure to warn, or the conscious avoidance of an obvious risk, may constitute a "rash" act.
In negligence, manufacturers and suppliers owe consumers a duty of reasonable care to provide adequate warnings with their products. There is no duty to warn of risks that are obvious or a matter of common knowledge.
The "learned intermediary" doctrine (as described above) has not been specifically recognised in Singapore.
3.1 What defences, if any, are available?
Under the CPFTA, the onus falls on the supplier to argue that his statements were unreasonably relied upon by the ordinary consumer, to avoid a finding of "unfair practice".
In the tort negligence, the tortfeasor can raise a defence that the claimant voluntarily agreed to the risk in full knowledge of the nature and extent of the risk. Contributory negligence may be relied on to limit liability where the claimant's conduct fails to meet the standard of care required for his own protection, and is a contributing cause in bringing about the damage.
Under the SOGA, the buyer's primary remedy is a rejection of the goods. However, the buyer will be deemed to have accepted them when he intimates to the seller that he has accepted them, or when the goods have been delivered to him and he does any act in relation to them which is inconsistent with the ownership of the seller, or when after the lapse of a reasonable time he retains the goods without intimating to the seller that he has rejected them.
3.2 Is there a state of the art/development risk defence? Is there a defence if the fault/defect in the product was not discoverable given the state of scientific and technical knowledge at the time of supply? If there is such a defence, is it for the claimant to prove that the fault/defect was discoverable or is it for the manufacturer to prove that it was not?
A "state of the art/development risk defence" (as described above) has not been specifically recognised in Singapore.
In the tort negligence, the state of scientific and technical knowledge can be relevant to the determination of the scope of the duty of care that should be exercised by the manufacturer in the circumstances. However, in all tort actions, a defendant must take his victim as he finds him. Under the "egg shell skull rule", which normally applies to personal injuries, this concept is adapted to allow recovery even for unforeseeable damage. The "egg shell skull rule" applies in circumstances where, due to a claimant's innate physical susceptibility to illness or injury, he suffers extreme and unforeseeable damage which is triggered by the initially foreseeable damage caused by the defendant's negligence (Smith v Leech Brain & Co Ltd [1962] 2 QB 405). Hence, the defendant is made to bear all risks where physical injury to the primary victim is concerned, and the state of scientific and technical knowledge may only be a limited defence.
3.3 Is it a defence for the manufacturer to show that he complied with regulatory and/or statutory requirements relating to the development, manufacture, licensing, marketing and supply of the product?
Compliance with regulatory and/or statutory requirements is generally not a defence, although in some circumstances, compliance with such requirements can establish that a manufacturer took adequate care in production.
In negligence, if a manufacturer intends his products to reach the consumer in the form in which they left him, with no reasonable possibility of intermediate examination, and with the knowledge that the absence of reasonable care in the preparation or putting up of the products will result in injury to the consumer's life or property, he owes a duty to the consumer to take reasonable care.
3.4 Can claimants re-litigate issues of fault, defect or the capability of a product to cause a certain type of damage, provided they arise in separate proceedings brought by a different claimant, or does some form of issue estoppel prevent this?
Under the doctrine of res judicata, parties are estopped between themselves from re-litigating issues determined by final judgment or award of any competent court or tribunal. The narrower principle of issue estoppel prevents the prosecution from calling into question issues determined in the accused's favour in an earlier proceeding.
While different claimants may be able to re-litigate issues in separate proceedings, a claimant could be prevented from re-litigating an issue decided in a previous proceeding, not involving the same parties, on the grounds of abuse of process by re-litigation. Where the doctrines of res judicata and abuse of process do not apply, the prior findings of another court based on similar facts can be persuasive.
3.5 Can defendants claim that the fault/defect was due to the actions of a third party and seek a contribution or indemnity towards any damages payable to the claimant, either in the same proceedings or in subsequent proceedings? If it is possible to bring subsequent proceedings, is there a time limit on commencing such proceedings?
The Civil Law Act (Cap. 43) provides that any person liable in respect of any damage suffered by another person may recover contribution from any other person liable in respect of the same damage (whether jointly with him or otherwise). Order 16 rule 1 of the Rules of Court (ROC) provides that a third party notice may be issued by a defendant against a person who is not already a party to the action.
Such claims can be brought in either the same or subsequent proceedings. For subsequent proceedings, the claim should be brought within two years from the date of judgment or settlement of the claimant's claim.
3.6 Can defendants allege that the claimant's actions caused or contributed towards the damage?
See the response to question 3.1.
4.1 In the case of court proceedings, is the trial by a judge or a jury?
The trial is by Judge. In Singapore, the jury system was abolished in 1970.
4.2 Does the court have power to appoint technical specialists to sit with the judge and assess the evidence presented by the parties (i.e. expert assessors)?
Order 40 rule 1 ROC allows the court to appoint an independent expert at any time, on its own motion or on the application of any party, in any cause or matter in which any question for an expert witness arises, to inquire and report upon any question of fact or opinion not involving questions of law or of construction.
It is more common, however, for the parties to engage their own experts to give or prepare evidence for the purpose of court proceedings. Under Order 40A rule 1, the court may limit the number of expert witnesses who may be called at the trial. If a material issue arises between evidence from the parties' own experts and a report from a court-appointed expert, the experts may be cross-examined.
4.3 Is there a specific group or class action procedure for multiple claims? If so, please outline this. Is the procedure 'opt-in' or 'opt-out'? Who can bring such claims e.g. individuals and/or groups? Are such claims commonly brought?
Order 15 rule 12 ROC provides that the represented group must consist of "numerous persons" who have the "same interest" in the proceedings. One or more of the parties may represent all or all except one or more of them in the proceedings. Although the class members are not required to come forward individually, it is usual for the purpose of costs, the presentation of evidence and other litigation issues that the members of the class are ascertained and invited to join the action. The person who wishes to initiate the representative action may take whatever steps he considers necessary to communicate with the other members of the class.
Representative actions are not commonly brought in Singapore. However, the Court of Appeal considered the application of the representative action rule in the case of Koh Chong Chiah and others v Treasure Resort Pte Ltd [2013] SGCA 52, where it underlined a two-stage test. The threshold requirement of demonstrating the "same interest" would first need to be met, and only then would the Court exercise its discretion as appropriate in the circumstances of the case.
With regard to the first part of the test, the Court held that the following legal principles should be applied:
- The class of represented persons must be capable of clear definition.
- The proposed representative(s) must adequately represent the interests of the entire class, and must capably prosecute the interests of the class.
- There must be significant issues of fact or law common to all the claimants.
- All the claimants must have the same interest in the relief granted.
With regard to the second part of the test, the Court weighed factors in favour of representative action against the prejudice that might arise from the procedural limitations of representative action and found there would be considerable time and costs savings for both the claimants and the defendant and that any suggestions of prejudice to the defendant were more hypothetical than real. The Court underlined that Order 15 rule 12 ROC is to be applied in a broad and flexible manner so as to preserve the principle of access to justice, describing it as a flexible tool of convenience in the administration of justice.
4.4 Can claims be brought by a representative body on behalf of a number of claimants e.g. by a consumer association?
In a representative action, the persons who are to be represented and the person representing them should have a common interest, a common grievance and the relief in its nature must be beneficial to all. A claim cannot be brought by a representative body if it has not suffered the same damage as the claimants.
4.5 May lawyers or representative bodies advertise for claims and, if so, does this occur frequently? Does advertising materially affect the number or type of claims brought in your jurisdiction?
It is permissible for a lawyer to publicise his practice or the practice of his firm within Singapore in accordance with the Legal Profession (Publicity) Rules. However, rule 7(1)(b) provides that no advocate and solicitor shall publicise his practice or the practice of his firm in a manner which may reasonably be regarded as being misleading, deceptive, inaccurate, false or unbefitting the dignity of the legal profession, and rule 7(2)(d) states that publicity shall be considered to be misleading, deceptive, inaccurate or false if it is likely to create an unjustified expectation about the results that can be achieved by the advocate and solicitor or his firm. Hence, advertisements in relation to specific claims may run the risk of being considered to be misleading as they are likely to create an unjustified expectation about the results that can be achieved, e.g. if the advertisement suggests that the law practice will be able to recover compensation in a certain claim for product liability. It is not common for lawyers to advertise for specific claims in Singapore.
4.6 How long does it normally take to get to trial?
Generally, a case in the High Court takes about 15 to 18 months from the issuance of the writ to the start of the trial.
4.7 Can the court try preliminary issues, the result of which determine whether the remainder of the trial should proceed? If it can, do such issues relate only to matters of law or can they relate to issues of fact as well, and if there is trial by jury, by whom are preliminary issues decided?
Order 33 rule 2 ROC provides that the court may order any question or issue arising in a cause or matter, whether of fact or law or partly of fact and partly of law, and whether raised by the pleadings or otherwise, to be tried before, at or after the trial of the cause or matter, and may give directions as to the manner in which the question or issue shall be stated. The court may try preliminary issues of law and fact.
4.8 What appeal options are available?
The High Court exercises both original and appellate civil and criminal jurisdiction. It hears appeals from the District and Magistrates' Courts.
The Court of Appeal hears appeals from decisions of the High Court made in the exercise of its original and appellate civil and criminal jurisdiction.
4.9 Does the court appoint experts to assist it in considering technical issues and, if not, may the parties present expert evidence? Are there any restrictions on the nature or extent of that evidence?
See the response to question 4.2.
4.10 Are factual or expert witnesses required to present themselves for pre-trial deposition and are witness statements/expert reports exchanged prior to trial?
There is no procedure for taking pre-trial depositions. Witnesses are required to reduce their evidence in chief to an affidavit which is filed and served on the opposing party about six weeks before trial. The witness must be present in court for cross-examination before his affidavit is admitted by the trial judge as evidence.
4.11 What obligations to disclose documentary evidence arise either before court proceedings are commenced or as part of the pre-trial procedures?
Under Order 24 rule 1 ROC, the court may at any time order any party to give discovery by making and serving on any other party a list of the documents which are or have been in his possession, custody or power, and may also order him to make and file an affidavit verifying such a list and to serve a copy thereof on the other party. The duty to give discovery continues throughout the proceedings.
It is possible for a party to make an application for an order for the discovery of documents before the commencement of proceedings under Order 24 rule 6. The order may be conditional on the applicants giving security for the costs of the person against whom it is made.
4.12 Are alternative methods of dispute resolution required to be pursued first or available as an alternative to litigation e.g. mediation, arbitration?
The main modes of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) practised in Singapore are mediation, arbitration, neutral evaluation, expert determination and conciliation. The leading ADR institutions in Singapore are the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (www.siac.org.sg) and the Singapore Mediation Centre (www.mediation.com.sg). The Singapore International Mediation Institute (SIMI) and the Singapore International Mediation Centre (SIMC) were launched in 2014 to serve as international mediation service providers offering quality panels of international mediators and experts. Consumers may lodge a complaint with the Consumer Association of Singapore (CASE), which may then invite the retailer and consumer to take part in mediation when the matter has reached a deadlock, or when both parties are agreeable to come forward for mediation.
ADR is not required to be pursued before litigation, although the courts have encouraged parties to consider ADR. In the State Courts, all civil cases are automatically referred to ADR unless one or more party opts out. Refusal to use ADR for reasons deemed unsatisfactory by the registrar may result in cost sanctions under Order 59 rule 5 of the Rules of Court. In the High Court, a party wishing to attempt ADR may serve an "ADR offer". The High Court will take into account the ADR offer and the response to the offer in deciding on appropriate costs orders under Order 59 rule 5 of the Rules of Court.
Section 35B of the Supreme Court Practice Directions provides that it is the professional duty of advocates and solicitors to advise their clients about the different ways their disputes may be resolved using an appropriate form of ADR.
4.13 In what factual circumstances can persons that are not domiciled in your jurisdiction be brought within the jurisdiction of your courts either as a defendant or as a claimant?
Under section 16(1) of Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Cap 322) and section 19(3) of the Subordinate Courts Act (Cap 321), any party may invoke the jurisdiction of the court of first instance, or become amenable to the court's jurisdiction provided only that the defendant has been properly served with the necessary process.
Any plaintiff (Singaporean or non-Singaporean) will be able to commence proceedings in the Singapore Court if he can establish that a cause of action arises and connecting factors enable a Singapore court to take jurisdiction in a matter.
Before commencing an action, a plaintiff should consider if Singapore is the appropriate forum to commence proceedings or risk having the action stayed on the ground that there is clearly a more appropriate forum outside Singapore. A party who wishes to stay an action on such a ground will have to show that it is in the interests of the parties and of justice to try the case in another forum. The court will have to determine whether the other forum has the most real and substantial connection to the dispute, taking into account factors such as the governing law of the transaction, place of manufacture, place of sale, the location of witnesses, etc. In addition, the court will also consider whether there are circumstances which militate against a stay, including whether substantial injustice will be caused in sending the plaintiff to a foreign court.
The court may grant leave to a plaintiff to serve a writ on a defendant outside Singapore. Before a court grants leave, it must be satisfied that the plaintiff has a good arguable case falling under one of the limbs of Order 11 rule 1 ROC which, inter alia, include instances where relief is sought against a person who is domiciled, ordinarily resident or carrying on business or who has property in Singapore and/or an injunction is sought ordering the defendant to do or refrain from doing anything in Singapore and/or the claim is founded on a tort, wherever committed, which is constituted, at least in part, by an act or omission occurring in Singapore, and/or the claim is brought in respect of a breach committed in Singapore of a contract made in Singapore. The court has to be satisfied that there are serious issues to be tried. If leave is granted, service outside Singapore has to be in accordance with the laws of the country in which service is effected. The recipient of an Order 11 service may also apply to set aside such service on the basis that Singapore is not the most appropriate forum to try the dispute.
5.1 Are there any time limits on bringing or issuing proceedings?
Yes, there are.
5.2 If so, please explain what these are. Do they vary depending on whether the liability is fault based or strict? Does the age or condition of the claimant affect the calculation of any time limits and does the court have a discretion to disapply time limits?
Under the CPFTA, a consumer may not commence an action for unfair practice against the supplier later than two years from the date of the occurrence of the last material event on which the action is based, or the earliest date on which the consumer had knowledge that the supplier had engaged in the unfair practice, whichever occurs later.
Under the Limitation Act (Cap. 163), for actions founded on a contract or tort, the limitation period is generally six years from the date on which the cause of action accrued. There are exceptions to this rule in the case of actions where the damage claimed consists of latent injuries and damage. For personal injury claims for damages in respect of negligence, nuisance or breach of duty, the claim must be brought within three years from the date on which the cause of action accrued, or the date of knowledge by the claimant of certain facts. In actions for damages for negligence, nuisance and breach of duty which do not involve a claim for personal injury, the claim must be brought within six years from the date on which the cause of action accrued, or three years from the date of knowledge by the claimant of certain facts.
If on the date when the right of action accrued, the person to whom it accrued was under a disability, the action may be brought any time before the expiration of six years, or, in the case of personal injury claims for damages in respect of negligence, nuisance or breach of duty, three years from the date when the person ceased to be under a disability or died, whichever event first occurred. Under the Limitation Act, a person is deemed to be under a disability if he is a minor or lacks capacity to conduct legal proceedings.
5.3 To what extent, if at all, do issues of concealment or fraud affect the running of any time limit?
Where an action is based upon fraud or the right of action is concealed by fraud, the period of limitation only begins to run when the plaintiff has discovered the fraud, or could with reasonable diligence have discovered it.
6.1 What remedies are available e.g. monetary compensation, injunctive/declaratory relief?
Under the CPFTA, a court may order the following types of relief:
(a) restitution of any money, property or other consideration;
(b) damages;
(c) specific performance;
(d) direct the supplier to repair or replace goods or provide parts for goods; or
(e) vary the contract between the supplier and the consumer.
The CPFTA also provides that where there are reasonable grounds for believing that a supplier has engaged, is engaging or is likely to engage in an unfair practice, a specified body, e.g. CASE, may invite the supplier to enter into a voluntary compliance agreement (VCA). The VCA includes an undertaking that the supplier will not engage in a certain unfair practice, and may require the supplier to compensate any consumer who has suffered loss or damage as a result of an unfair practice. If the supplier is unwilling to enter into the VCA, or breaches the VCA, the specified body may obtain a declaration or an injunction.
The court may also make a declaration that a supplier is engaging in an unfair practice or grant an injunction restraining a supplier from engaging in the unfair practice, and require the supplier to advertise the particulars of any declaration or injunction granted.
Under the SOGA, the buyer's primary remedy for a defective product is the rejection of the goods in question, for example, the buyer rejects the goods because of a breach of any conditions that have been implied by the application of the SOGA or the SGA. After rejection, the buyer is also entitled to recover the purchase price and any loss of bargain occasioned by the breach, i.e. loss of damage.
However, the buyer may elect to treat any breach on the part of the seller as a breach of warranty. The buyer will then not be able to reject the goods by reason only of such breach of warranty, but may claim against the seller for a diminution or extinction of the price, or maintain an action for damages for the breach of warranty.
6.2 What types of damage are recoverable e.g. damage to the product itself, bodily injury, mental damage, damage to property?
Damages for a breach of contract are awarded in a quantum which places the innocent party in the position which he would be if the contract was performed according to its terms. The damages claimed must be for losses which were within the reasonable contemplation of the parties at the time of the contract. Unusual losses must have been communicated to the other party at the time of the making of the contract before a claim can be brought to recover such losses. The innocent party may not recover compensation for losses which would not have been suffered if he had taken reasonable steps to reduce his losses or which were caused by unreasonable steps which increased the loss suffered.
Damages in tort are made with the intention of placing the plaintiff in the position he would have been if the tort had not been committed. Damages are subject to the rules of remoteness namely that the loss recoverable will not exceed that which was reasonably foreseeable as liable to result from the breach. Damages are recoverable for physical injury, damage to property or death. There have been developments which improve the innocent party's right to sue for pure economic loss.
Under the CPFTA, the tortious measure of damages is usually applied.
6.3 Can damages be recovered in respect of the cost of medical monitoring (e.g. covering the cost of investigations or tests) in circumstances where the product has not yet malfunctioned and caused injury, but it may do so in future?
No, they cannot.
6.4 Are punitive damages recoverable? If so, are there any restrictions?
The Court of Appeal has held that the general rule is that punitive damages cannot be awarded for breach of contract (PH Hydraulics & Engineering Pte Ltd v Airtrust (Hong Kong) Ltd and another appeal [2017] SGCA 26). The Court of Appeal noted that there are a number of other possible alternative remedies (including the award of damages for mental distress for breach of contract) that could also be invoked by the court to do practical justice while respecting the compensatory function of damages for breach of contract. However, the court also recognised that the instances in which a breach of contract can occur are manifold, and did not rule out the possibility that there might be a "truly exceptional case" to persuade the court that punitive damages should be awarded for breach of contract.
6.5 Is there a maximum limit on the damages recoverable from one manufacturer e.g. for a series of claims arising from one incident or accident?
Under the CPFTA, the "amount of claim" shall not exceed the current prescribed limit of S$30,000.
With contractual/tortious claims there is no maximum limit on the damages that are recoverable.
6.6 Do special rules apply to the settlement of claims/proceedings e.g. is court approval required for the settlement of group/class actions, or claims by infants, or otherwise?
Under Order 22A rule 7 ROC, a party under disability (a minor or a person lacking capacity) may make, withdraw and accept an offer to settle, but no acceptance of an offer made by him and no acceptance by him of an offer made by another party is binding on him until the settlement has been approved by the court. The court may take into account the settlement terms or the fact that settlement has been reached.
For class actions, the court will have to be satisfied that all aspects of the action have been settled in relation to all parties.
6.7 Can Government authorities concerned with health and social security matters claim from any damages awarded or settlements paid to the claimant without admission of liability reimbursement of treatment costs, unemployment benefits or other costs paid by the authorities to the claimant in respect of the injury allegedly caused by the product. If so, who has responsibility for the repayment of such sums?
No, they cannot.
7.1 Can the successful party recover: (a) court fees or other incidental expenses; (b) their own legal costs of bringing the proceedings, from the losing party?
Assessment of costs is at the court's discretion. In civil proceedings, the losing party will generally be ordered to pay the reasonable legal costs and disbursements of the successful party. Costs are normally awarded on a "standard" basis, as opposed to an "indemnity" basis.
Where costs are taxed on a "standard" basis, a reasonable amount in respect of all costs reasonably incurred shall be allowed. On an "indemnity" basis, all costs shall be allowed unless they are of an unreasonable amount or have been unreasonably incurred.
In criminal proceedings, any compensation made to victims may operate as a mitigating factor.
7.2 Is public funding, e.g. legal aid, available?
The Legal Aid Bureau (www.lab.gov.sg) provides legal aid and advice for civil matters. There is no government funded legal aid for criminal matters.
7.3 If so, are there any restrictions on the availability of public funding?
Legal aid is available to Singapore citizens or permanent residents in Singapore.
Applicants for legal aid must satisfy the means and merits tests. Under the means tests, a person may be granted legal aid if he and his spouse have a combined disposable income of not more than S$10,000 per annum and a disposable capital of not more than S$10,000. Under the merits test, aid will be granted if the Legal Aid Bureau is of the opinion that the applicant has a good reason to bring or defend his case under the law.
7.4 Is funding allowed through conditional or contingency fees and, if so, on what conditions?
No, it is not.
7.5 Is third party funding of claims permitted and, if so, on what basis may funding be provided?
Third-party funding arrangements may be unenforceable if they are found to be champertous, i.e. where one party agrees to aid another to bring a claim on the basis that the person who gives the aid shall receive a share of what may be recovered. However, the courts have acknowledged that where the third party funder has a genuine commercial interest in enforcing proceedings, funding may not be champertous.
In March 2017, the Civil Law Act was amended to allow third-party funding but only in the field of international (but not domestic) arbitration and related proceedings, and not in court-based litigation. Such related proceedings include:
(a) court proceedings arising from or out of international arbitration proceedings;
(b) mediation proceedings arising out of or in connection with international arbitration proceedings;
(c) application for a stay of proceedings referred to in section 6 of the International Arbitration Act; and
(d) proceedings for or in connection with enforcing an award or foreign award under the International Arbitration Act.
7.6 In advance of the case proceeding to trial, does the court exercise any control over the costs to be incurred by the parties so that they are proportionate to the value of the claim?
One way in which the Court helps to manage costs is through holding regular pre-trial conferences (PTCs) to monitor the progress of the case. At PTCs, the Registrar will usually seek an update on the status of an action. Directions will then be given for the parties to progress the action in an expeditious and fair manner, e.g. the filing of interlocutory applications and the timelines therein. An action may go through several PTCs. Parties who reach a settlement at a PTC may record the settlement before the Registrar. Otherwise, trial dates will be given for matters that cannot be settled.
Parties are also encouraged to offer to settle any one or more of the claims in proceedings, to save costs and time for both the litigants and the courts. Under Order 22A rule 9 ROC, a party who rejects a reasonable offer from the other party will, upon being awarded judgment less favourable than the terms of the offer to settle, be penalised with certain adverse costs orders, while the other party will correspondingly be rewarded with such costs.
8.1 Please provide a summary of any new cases, trends and developments in Product Liability Law in your jurisdiction including how the courts are approaching any issues arising in relation to new technologies and artificial intelligence.
In TV Media Pte ltd v De Cruz Andrea Heidi [2004] 3 SLR(R) 543, the plaintiff consumed a weight loss drug and subsequently suffered impending liver failure. The plaintiff sued to recover damages for pain and suffering and medical expenses incurred. The High Court held the importing company, its director, and the sole distributor of the drug liable. The director and sole distributor appealed. The Court of Appeal upheld the High Court decision and found that a distributor or wholesaler owes a duty of care to the ultimate consumer to take reasonable care in ensuring the safety of its products. Also, despite a company being a separate legal entity, a director may be held personally liable for negligent acts.
As of the time of writing, there have not been any reported court cases dealing with product liability issues in relation to new technologies and artificial intelligence. However, as mentioned in the response to question 1.1 above, a "lemon law" was introduced (Sections 12A to 12F of the CPFTA) to protect consumers against defective goods that fail to conform to contract, or fail to meet satisfactory quality or performance standards at the time of purchase. This provides for the additional remedies of repair and replacement, beyond just rejecting the goods and getting a refund. The CPFTA provides the same protection to consumers whether their purchases are made online, or from physical stores.
In January 2019, The Straits Times reported that CASE had received complaints about an online fashion retailer that automatically enrolled consumers in a membership programme, without their knowledge, and charged them recurring membership fees (https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/case-says-more-than-38-misled-by-e-shop-for-hiding-membership-fees-fashion-interactive). CASE took the matter up with the retailer, which agreed to fully refund consumers. CASE's position was that consumers must opt-in for the membership voluntarily and the recurring monthly charges should be clearly brought to their attention, instead of being written in fine print. Under the Second Schedule of the CPFTA, omitting to provide a material fact to a consumer, using small print to conceal a material fact from the consumer or misleading a consumer as to a material fact, is a specific unfair practice.


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365 Things to Do with LEGO Bricks
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Winner of the Best Book category Creative Play Awards 2016.365 Things to Do with LEGO (R) Bricks inspires you to look at your LEGO bricks in new and exciting ways and enjoy LEGO fun every day of the year.Featuring imaginative play and building ideas, from LEGO games that take just a few minutes and... read more require a handful of bricks, to inspirational build ideas and activities to keep you occupied for hours. 365 Things to Do with LEGO (R) Bricks is packed with fun and quirky activities, such as: build your own LEGO pet; challenge your friends to make the tallest LEGO tower against the clock; and learn how to make a stop-motion LEGO movie.365 Things to Do with LEGO (R) Bricks includes a countdown timer and activity selector, allowing you to choose an activity at random, to time your activities and to race against the clock. Packed with 365 LEGO activities you'll be inspired all year round. (c)2016 The LEGO Group. Produced by Dorling Kindersley under licence from the LEGO Group.
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This book links to another book also published by IUC aiming to constitute two sides of the same coin. Having a different scope, both result from the same research project centered on the theme of integrity and academic fraud and they balance each other. In this book we gathered some of the texts that supported the interventions made by their authors in the final conference of the research project, which took place at the Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra on 8 and 9 May 2014. These are authors whose reflections were very important for the design and development of the project. Some of them took the external consultants function and its contribution extends far beyond the reflections they wrote here. This is a highly theoretical work, unlike the other book (which organizes the empirical results achieved under the project, related to academic fraud committed by students in Portugal). Integrity and academic fraud and its variants and dimensions; its causes and consequences; obstacles and solutions inherent to his combat; the actors involved and the contexts of their occurrence are, among others, targets of conceptualization, scrutiny and discussion. Discussion is also expressed by the publication, in a conversational tone, of the debates occurred among the participants over the two days of the symposium.
Academic integrity --- Academic fraud --- Plagiarism --- Higher Education
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Academic fraud committed by students is a problem of institutional, social and moral order. It compromises the solidity of the basic structures of society, such as trust in institutions and interpersonal trust. This book presents and discusses the results of an extensive study conducted by professors of Coimbra University, also researchers of Centre for Social Studies, on academic fraud committed by students in higher education in Portugal, under which 7,292 students and 2,727 teachers were questioned.
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Parliament Square Construction Updates
Parliament Square Construction Update – April 2019
Parliament Square Construction Update – July 2019
Parliament Square Construction Update – September 2019
Parliament Square Development Progress
Parliament Square is the first ever skyscraper to launch in the Baltic Triangle, a cool and clear-cut district of Liverpool city centre. Luxury residential apartments with New York-style interiors, terraces with beautifully curved glass balustrades and a range of outstanding onsite facilities make up this striking new apartment tower complete with an extraordinary façade. The glistening panelled architecture will be a landmark on Liverpool's rapidly changing skyline.
The facilities are what make this development stand out from the rest, with the same quality amenities of a five-star hotel. A rooftop swimming pool and spa steal the show whilst there is also a private gym, cinema, top grade office spaces and a Wi-Fi lounge. A courtyard lined with bars and restaurants forms the communal heart of the development and the 24-hour concierge works around the clock to satisfy the needs of tenants living in the apartments.
Views of the stunning Anglican Cathedral can be seen from the best apartments, as well as the waterfront and city centre. This will be one of the highest view-points in the city topped with a multi-million-pound penthouse apartment adding to the luxury feel of the development. Apartments start from as low as £94,950 which is an amazing deal for the highly regenerating area, with 7% NET rental returns assured for the first year of your buy to let investment.
The estimated completion date for Parliament Square is Q4 2020. Keep up to date with the latest Parliament Square construction update for regular progress summaries.
Invest in Liverpool's Baltic Triangle
After receiving over £128 million in transformative investment, the regeneration of the Baltic Triangle continues with £62 million on site and a further £600 million firmly in the pipeline for the area of Liverpool city centre. It's being developed by LDA Design who worked on regenerating London 2012's amazing Olympic Park. The regeneration specialists are working to expand the area which is already established as a flourishing tech business hub, transformed from the derelict warehouses and yards which came before. Now home to creative and digital firms from music producers to web designers, it's been compared to the Silicon Roundabout of London and California's Silicon Valley and has been voted the coolest place to live in the UK.
There's a cluster of trendy bars, cafés and restaurants as this part of the city centre is now a hotspot for nightlife and food finds. There are also plans for a brand-new hotel worth over £70 million, and over 500,000 extra square feet of high-quality commercial space as this regeneration zone becomes a major residential hub of the city.
It's by far the most lucrative place to invest in buy to let within Liverpool at the moment, whilst property prices remain low but still benefit from immense capital appreciation. Average house prices have risen by over 20% in the Baltic Triangle over the last five years and this healthy increase is predicted to continue amidst the future regeneration plans taking place.


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Shop Gruber\'s Complete Sat Guide 2009 2008by Sol 4.6
A Collection of WWII Letters
To and From The Home Front.
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Hey Vorb!
Camp Kaitoke (the YMCA holiday camp) has introduced MTB training sessions for the youngsters that attend the camps.
As part of that initiative they have reopened an old bridal path up to the Rimutaka Pylon track. It enables access to the Pylon track from the Upper Hutt side of the Rimutaka's. (The Rimutaka Pylon track is described in the Sixth edition the Kennet Bros' Book)
The track and carpark at the Camp will be open to the mountain biking public - in return for a donation. (The size of the donation is up to you) The RED donation box is underneath the D.O.C sign in the car park.
A Community Max team has ripped out a lot of gorse and rebenched some of the old bridal track.
Work is still being undertaken on the track during the weekdays - but the track is in a ridable condition and no one will be working on the track during the weekends.
The bridal path is an uphill climb to the Pylon track and involves a couple of river crossings - in some sections track will be greasy when wet, and down right muddy in a others - so choose your day carefully.
The view from the top of the Pylon track is pretty spectacular - The Plyon track itself is a bulldozed, gravelled four wheel drive track to the top of the Rimutakas. Once you embark on the Pylon Track climb it's a solid climb - there will be no rest for the weak or the wicked...
http://www.ymcagreaterwellington.org.nz ... ntact.html
p.s The Camp won't be taking kids up these tracks for any training runs - it's a little to extreme for beginners... Work is currently underway on an easier track network through some of the native forest at the Camp. This network is not open to the public.
p.s The Camp currently has a donation scheme running that allows trampers to leave their cars in the carpark while tramping in the area - This scheme is an extension of that idea. Trampers leave their cars in the Camp car park to avoid vandals in the area..


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Children's Health℠ Andrews Institute Orthopedic Walk-in Clinic
Fax: 469-303-4520
Orthopedic Walk-in Clinic
When your child needs same-day treatment for an orthopedic injury, you can trust the caring team at Children's Health℠ Andrews Institute for Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine to provide expert and convenient care that is specialized for kids, teenagers, and young adults.
Whether your child has suffered a concussion playing sports, a sprained or strained ankle or another activity-related injury, we are here to help get them on the road to recovery. Our team provides convenient, family-centered orthopedic urgent care for children and young adults through age 22.
- Monday - Friday 8:00 am - 4:30 pm
Conditions Treated
We provide convenient treatment for a variety of orthopedic and sports medicine conditions that affect children and teens, including:
- Acute sport injuries, such as sprains, strains, stress fractures or other sports-related trauma
- Bone fractures
- Concussions
Check out this article for more information on understanding the differences between chronic and acute injuries.
While appointments are not required, calling ahead to schedule an appointment may reduce your wait time.
Call the clinic directly at: 469-303-3000.
Pediatric Subspecialties at Children's Health℠ Andrews Institute Orthopedic Walk-in ClinicFracture Care
Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery
Orthopedics and Sports Medicine - Plano
Sports Concussion Program
Sports Medicine Center
Facility Features & Amenities at Children's Health℠ Andrews Institute Orthopedic Walk-in Clinic
Our convenient pediatric walk-in clinic location makes getting the care you need easier for you and your family. We have an orthopedic doctor and specialists on-site, so you can be sure your child receives expert care quickly. We offer:
- On-site advanced imaging such as X-rays and MRIs
- Full-service orthopedic care including casting and bracing
- An orthopedic surgeon available for immediate consultation on serious injuries and follow-up appointments as needed
In most cases, a visit to our walk-in clinic will cost your family less in co-pays and other costs, versus going to the emergency room for an urgent orthopedic concern.


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Furniture Design Consultation - Complimentary
Furniture consultations are most productive when clients meet with us at our shop. During this consultation we will explore the scope of your custom furniture project by discussing your vision, offering guidance in the design of your project, reviewing material and finish selections, as well as addressing budget needs and project timeline. If you're interested in learning more about what we do and our creative process, we would be happy to give you a brief tour of our facility during our time together. This is a great opportunity to get a feel for working with the Beyond Stock team to see if we are a good fit for your project. To get started, visit our contact page and tell us about your vision! Furniture design consultations are complimentary and by appointment only.
Custom Cabinetry Consultation & Design Services
Our custom cabinetry design encompasses kitchens, bathrooms, custom closet & storage solutions, as well as small- and large-scale millwork. A member of our design team will meet with you in your space for a 2 hour design consultation to discuss the scope of your project, address your design needs, and take measurements of the space. We will then create a design that reflects your spacial needs and style preferences. Door, moulding, and finish selections will be provided for consideration and confirmed before the construction phase begins. Cabinetry consultations are by appointment only.
2 hour in-space consultation - $250 (applied to cost of project if proceeding)
Small-scale millwork design rendering - $350 ($200 applied)
Custom closet & storage solution design rendering - $750 ($400 applied)
Large-scale millwork design with scaled floor plan and elevations - $1,000 ($500 applied)
Kitchen cabinetry design with scaled floor plan and elevations - $1,200 ($600 applied)
*Rates may vary depending on size and scale of project. Consultation rates do not apply to wholesale clients.
Our custom cabinetry is designed and crafted by hand with you in mind. Here are some of the features that define our commitment to heirloom craftsmanship:
+ Multi-ply solid maple plywood cabinetry boxes with pre-finished interiors
+ 3/4" cabinet sides, 1/2" tops, bottoms, and backs
+ Standard thickness for face frames is 3/4"
+ Standard thickness for doors is 3/4"
+ Doors are crafted with solid maple stiles and rails with MDF panel for painted cabinetry only. MDF does not expand and contract with seasonal wood movement, so it is used to minimize cracking in the joints for painted doors.
+ All sink cabinets are lined with AlumaSteel for an added layer of protection against pipe leaks and easy cleaning
+ 5/8" dovetail solid maple drawer boxes, pre-finished
+ All hardware is undermount, full extension, and soft close (we use Blum brand for slides and hinges)
+ Wide range of custom door panels and mouldings are available
+ Roll-outs and interior accessories are available
+ Custom cabinet lighting options are available
+ Spray-applied VOC compliant conversion varnish top coats and painted finishes (all finishes are applied in our facility, not on-site)
Color Matching Services & Custom Finishes
At Beyond Stock, we have the unique ability to offer our clients color matching services. We can match the existing finish, stained or painted, on a cabinet or furniture piece that you have already grown to love in your home. Maybe you would love a new furniture piece to compliment an existing one, or need a replacement cabinet door that will fit in with all the rest. We have you covered!
We also offer unique aged finish options, such as wet glazes, Antik Tinktur dry glazes, and distressing packages.
Color matching for stained finishes - $275 per color match
Color matching for existing painted finishes - $375 per color match
Color matching for multi-step finishes - $450 per color match
Wet glaze - add 10%
Antik Tinktur dry glaze - add 30%
*Distressing package - add 10-15%
* Distressing package rates may vary depending on size and scale of project.
Geometric Furniture Tops & Cabinetry Panels
Are you looking for that unique, timeless detail to take your furniture or cabinetry piece to the next level? We have the ability to add some pizazz to your furniture or cabinetry project with the inclusion of geometric patterns. We offer geometric table tops as well as geometric back panels for cabinetry in any hardwood you choose.
Shiplap - $40 per square foot
Chevron - $45 per square foot
Herringbone - $50 per square foot
Parquet - $55 per square foot
Double herringbone - $55 per square foot
Diagonal herringbone - $60 per square foot


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Choose your room
We would like to cheerfully welcome you to the A8 Hotel Tonghe - Guangzhou.
Make yourself at home
To reach your comfy room on one of the upper floors we recommend you to use the elevator.
Our impressive lobby will start your trip off right.
To assist you in having a pleasant stay, the hotel offers you the use of our laundry service.
The team from the hotel restaurant looks forward to your visit while you are staying in the hotel.
Where you will stay
Desks are available in all of the hotel rooms.
Services, for instance a cable television set, are in all of the rooms.
In all of the rooms at our hotel we offer an easy-to-use telephone.
In each room we offer a bathroom with a shower.
Useful information:Other names for A8 Hotel Tonghe - Guangzhou:


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Tanz Bozen-Bottles
"Tanz Bozen - Bolzano Danza" aims to contribute to environmental protection and sustainability. So this year, recyclable stainless steel bottles with our logo (produced by 24Bottles) can be purchased. The drinking bottles can be refilled again and again with our excellent tap water. Available at the course office and at the evening events in the foyer of the city theater.