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A temple without an altar of sacrifice is non-existent among primitive peoples, and is meaningless among Christians. And so in the Catholic Church the altar, and not the pulpit or the choir or the organ, is the center of worship, for there is re-enacted the memorial of His Passion. Its value does not depend on him who says it, or on him who hears it; it depends on Him who is the One High Priest and Victim, Jesus Christ our Lord. (Sheen, Calvary and the Cross)
There is a reason why Catholics traditionally called the liturgy 'The Most Holy Sacrifice of the Mass.' Why do we not hear that term anymore? I recently read an article over at Aleteia about why the Mass is called the Mass. I found it baffling how the author quoted Aquinas' explanation of the word Missa but quoted it out of context, stressing over the course of the article that the Mass is named primarily for us as going out into the world as a mission, "to be sent, or dismissed," The emphasis with modern Catholics always seems to be on the dismissal element when it comes to Ite, missa est. This however misses the essential point of calling the liturgy 'The Mass' as well as missing the point in "being sent." Aquinas' focus is on sacrifice! This shows how far modern Catholics have strayed from the sacrificial dimension of the Mass, which is its very essence! Ite, missa est is literally translated as "Go, it has been sent." At one point this term was linked only with the concluding prayer of the Mass meaning "dismissal." But as the term in the West gradually began to adopt Missa or Mass as representative of the entire liturgy, it took on a much deeper meaning. Let's first look at what Aquinas says about it,
The priest does not pray that the sacramental species may be borne up to heaven; nor that Christ's true body may be borne thither, for it does not cease to be there; but he offers this prayer for Christ's mystical body, which is signified in this sacrament, that the angel standing by at the Divine mysteries may present to God the prayers of both priest and people, according to Apocalypse 8:4: "And the smoke of the incense of the prayers of the saints ascended up before God, from the hand of the angel." But God's "altar on high" means either the Church triumphant, unto which we pray to be translated, or else God Himself, in Whom we ask to share; because it is said of this altar (Exodus 20:26): "Thou shalt not go up by steps unto My altar, i.e. thou shalt make no steps towards the Trinity." Or else by the angel we are to understand Christ Himself, Who is the "Angel of great counsel" (Isaiah 9:6: Septuagint), Who unites His mystical body with God the Father and the Church triumphant.
And from this the mass derives its name [missa; because the priest sends [mittit] his prayers up to God through the angel, as the people do through the priest. or else because Christ is the victim sent [missa] to us: accordingly the deacon on festival days "dismisses" the people at the end of the mass, by saying: "Ite, missa est," that is, the victim has been sent [missa est] to God through the angel, so that it may be accepted by God. (III, Q83, A4)
Notice how Christ's sacrifice is emphasized here in the context of the mystical body. Aquinas tells us the victim, Christ, has been sent as a sacrifice 'victim' to God. He thus puts the emphasis here on the reality of the end of the Mass completing the perfect sacrifice to God the Father. "It has been sent." The "It" being Christ's sacrifice. Of course at the end of the Mass we are called to go out and evangelize, to go and make disciples. Aquinas rightly says that we need to make the consecration "fruitful." But as to why the Mass is truly called the Mass, that was never the real point here for Aquinas. The author over at Aleteia puts the emphasis in the wrong place, that is on the original prayer at the end of Mass pointing to us being sent, which however true that may be, is not why the Mass is called the Mass. Yes, I know we hear this all the time by priests today after Mass, right? The reality is that it's called the Mass because it is the sacrifice of Christ who is perfect and accepted by God. The sacrifice is finished, let us go. In other words when they began using this term as a designation for the entire liturgy the word took on a deeper hidden meaning only known to Christians. The theological emphasis was be focused on the right place, that is the sacrifice of Christ, Christ being sent to the Father. Without that, we have no mission, we cannot be sent. This realty does not obscure our mission to go and be sent, it gives it its true meaning.
The Catholic liturgical theologian Nicholas Ghir explains clearly this term in the context of the liturgy. It is clear that Ghir puts the emphasis on Sacrifice in the context of liturgy.
...the dismissal prayer, namely, is conceived, supported and based in a manifold way. At one time by the subject of the day's celebration of the Sacrifice, at another by the celebration of the Sacrifice, again by participation in the Sacrificial Banquet, and also by all these motives combined. The goods and gifts implored are of most various kinds. They comprise all that may be beneficial to our welfare and salvation for time and for eternity. Chiefly do we pray for a plenteous outpouring, as well as for the preservation, of all the fruits of the Sacrifice and of the Communion celebration. What is more opportune at this moment than the ardent desire, that the Sacrificial Body and Blood of Christ, which we have received, may "as the vine bring forth a pleasant odor, the fruit of honor and riches" (Eccl. 24, 23), of virtue and sanctity unto perfection ! The Post-Communions are always recited by the priest in the plural number, that is, for all and in the name of all who have taken part in the Mass, either by actual (sacramental) Communion, as was generally the case in ancient times, or at least by Spiritual Communion, which should never be omitted by those who unite in the Sacrifice. (Ghir, The holy sacrifice of the mass; dogmatically, liturgically and ascetically explained)Finally, if we look to Archbishop Fulton Sheen we can see how he clearly understands both realities, yet is always sure to put the emphasis first on sacrifice. He compared the term Ite, missa est to "It is finished."-John 19:30, the work of salvation is finished. This clearly emphasizes Christ's sacrifice. However, Sheen beautifully takes Christ's sacrifice and calls us to join it to our lives. This is where the mission truly derives. We should not be telling people that ite missa est as the root to the name 'Mass' as merely the call to our mission, or for us to be sent, or dismissed. The term does not stand on its own. It is deeply tied to the sacrifice of Christ, which we never hear about from todays theologians or priests these days. Today we are given a watered down explanation divorcing the dismissal prayer from the essence of the altar. I am not implying that the author of the article does not believe that the Mass is a sacrifice. However, in his article on this topic its not mentioned once! He calls it the "celebration." It is time to reemphasize proper Catholic theology. Are we called to go out into the world at the end of Mass, yes! But this is not possible without first and primarily acknowledging how it is possible that we can go forth. It is only possible in that we are grafted into the cross of Christ! The Mass is literally His Sacrifice! This is why it is called the Mass.
He has finished salvation, we have not yet applied it to our souls. He has finished the Temple, but we must live in it. He has finished the model Cross, we must fashion ours to its pattern. He has finished sowing the seed, we must reap the harvest. He has finished filling the chalice, but we have not finished drinking its refreshing draughts. He has planted the wheat field; we must gather it into our barns. He has finished the Sacrifice of Calvary; we must finish the Mass. (Sheen, Calvary and the Mass)


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"And this is the condemnation, that the light has come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil" (Jn. 3:19). Some parade their evil deeds publicly by embracing and even applauding sin, while others cloak their evil deeds under the guise of respectability and religion. Jesus reveals the sinfulness of both categories.
Nicodemus comes to Jesus under the cover of darkness, only to be exposed. Like most religious people, Nicodemus struggles to accept a guilty verdict-that his personal righteousness is simply self-love and evil. It is inconceivable that he, a Pharisee, a teacher, a deeply religious person, is outside of the kingdom of God. He sees in Jesus what he does not see in himself--something more-and he longs to know what that something is. Jesus knows what Nicodemus needs: he needs a spiritual birth. Jesus tells him so: "Do not marvel that I said to you, 'You must be born again'" (Jn. 3:7).
Jesus uses two illustrations to teach Nicodemus about the spiritual birth-one from nature and the other from a familiar story in the Old Testament. He uses the wind to demonstrate the mystery of the spiritual birth and the bronze serpent to demonstrate the work of Christ in salvation and saving faith.
Nicodemus leaves the encounter with Jesus with a guilty verdict dangling over his head, and, "after these things, Jesus and His disciples came into the land of Judea" (3:22). What will Nicodemus do? Will he recognize Jesus not only as a good teacher, but as his only hope?
The Samaritan woman comes to the well in the middle of the day (other women would have come in the cool early morning hours) because her public sin has brought her shame and shunning. Jesus" request for water catches her off guard: "How is it that You, being a Jew, ask a drink from me, a Samaritan woman?"(Jn. 4:9). Jesus offers her living water, along with a request, "Go, call your husband, and come here" (4:16). Light exposes the emptiness of her life, the serial marital relationships that have ended in cohabitation and shame. Guilty is the verdict. She acknowledges her guilt, "Sir, I perceive that You are a prophet" (4:19), and finds the Living water for which she longs.
No one can come to Christ who refuses to acknowledge personal guilt.
Both religious people and "sinners" are guilty before God. Salvation comes to those who welcome exposure, acknowledge their guilt, and come to Christ-"For God did not send His Son into the world to condemn the world, but that the world through Him might be saved" (Jn. 3:17).
What do the conversations between Jesus and Nicodemus and Jesus and the Samaritan woman share in common? How do they differ?
What does Jesus see regarding Sychar and her citizens that the disciples miss? What does this reveal about human nature and even those on mission with Christ?
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The 365 Daily Devotion, written by Iva May, is a brief devotion drawn from the day's reading of the One Year® Chronological Bible delivered to your email. Each daily devotion concludes with several questions that strengthen reading engagement.


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tv News Al Jazeera November 17, 2015 5:00pm-5:31pm EST
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>> france carries out a third night of strikes against isil as the government reaches out to its european allies for help. i'm felicity barr and this is al jazeera live from london. also coming up, russia's president said he's ready to work with france and vow revenge in the downing of a russian plane in egypt. yemen's president returns to his country from exile for a second time and israel cracks down on a pro palestinian group that it accuses of encouraging
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violence. >> hello, following the worst attacks on french soil since world war ii, president françois hollande has called for countries to form a grand coalition to defeat the islamic state in iraq and the levant. that now appears to be a step closer. with russia's leader vladimir putin offering his cooperation. he has ordered the russian navy to work with the french military forces. the president promised punishment for isil which claimed responsibility. french jets are now conducting a third day of airstrikes targeting the stronghold of raqqa in northern syria. france is reaching out to its european union allies. as jonah hull reports are from paris, the u.s. has offered it's
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own message of support. >> as the immediate impact of friday's attacks recede, u.s. secretary of state john kerry met with president françois hollande to does a grand coalition against isil. >> we have to step up our efforts to hit them at the core where they're planning these things, and obviously to do more on boards in terms of the movement of people. but the level of cooperation could not be higher. >> france is rallying it's allies abroad while at home the president continues to strike a consistent cord of defiance. >> they thought by targeting a cambodian restaurant, an american rock concert, and a football match frequented by different nationalities, among
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the drama, friday night they thought they would weaken france's welcoming of the whole world. they have already lost, today by standing up right faced with terror we want to mark our indieour indestructible attachment no freedom. >> france is heavily stretched in operations from north africa to the middle east and now also at home the country has called on its neighbors for help invoking for the first time the e.u. pact. >> taking part in france's operations in syria or iraq or by easing the load or providing support for france in other operations, so lightening our load elsewhere. what i said to my colleagues is
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that france can't do everything. >> the police in central paris have discovered a third car with belgium number plates believed to have been use in friday's attacks and 300 separate raids have been carried out from the north to the south seizing weapons and making arrests. meanwhile live in the french capital is being revived. the city motto proudly painted on buildings. it refers to a ship at sea. she's in heavy waters but unsinkable. and so is paris herself. still very much afloat. paris is a city of light. it is the city of brightest philosophers, the city of freedom. paris is also a multi cultural city where we are all grieving, we're all uniting in front of
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the threat of daesh. >> and with that the city prepares to end three days of official mourning. jonah hull, al jazeera, paris. >> and now let's take you to paris and speak with emma hayward. they're looking now for an additional suspect? >> well, we appear to have a pew problems in our link with paris. we will try to get back to emma a little bit later. well, vladimir putin has offered to cooperate with france in its defense against isil. they reached out after vowing revenge against the group, which claims to have downed a russian plane in egypt. we have reports now from moscow. >> this was a carefully prepared television event recorded the day before his broadcast on russian tv.
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vladimir putin was briefed by security service chief russian's foreign and defense ministers, who lived intentatively. >> according to an analysis by our specialists, a homemade bomb detonated during the flight causing the plane to break up in midair which explains why parts of the fuselage was spread over a large area. >> the men rose for a moment of silence before putin delivered a prepared address. >> we should not apply an any--we'll find them on any spot on the planet and punish them. >> within hours of that prod cast he was briefed on a doubling of strikes against isil and other groups in syria. and signs of an emerging partnership with france. they said that putin and the
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french president agreed to coordinate their syrian strikes. putin has instructed his navy to work with french ships in the med mediterranean. >> i think he has the ability to improve russia's international standing here. he has already got himself a seat at the table over the future of syria by going into syria, but he was regarded prior to the downing of the jet in the airlining in the sinai as something prior because of the way he had gone into syria, and because of what he was doing in there. >> isil's early claim that it killed the 224 people inside this plane was initially scorned, a technical fault was considered more likely. but in the days following the disaster, more and more countries started to doubt the malfunction theory. the u.k. suspended flights to sinai, the u.s. said it was pretty much certain that the plane was brought down by a bomb. but although russia, too,
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suspended flights to egypt giving every impression that it was working to the same assumption, it's still publicly insisted that there might be other explanations. but that was before following the attacks in paris at the weekend hollande is now calling for the very thing that vladimir putin has been requesting for some time, a grand coalition to take on isil. acknowledging that russia has also been hit gives moscow a chance to repair tattered relations with the west. rory challands, al jazeera, moscow. >> let's go back to emma hay word. we were asking earlier about the police in the last couple of hours or so say they're looking for an additional suspect in the paris attacks. >> well, french media railroad only quoting french police sources at the moment, felicity saying there could have been a ninth attacker involved in the
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attacks from the cafe not far from where we are. of course that means that there could an succeed suspect on th the--a second suspect on the run. this is a knew dynamic on this situation. the focus has been trying to find the main suspect the police have issued two new photos of him, and a car which is thought to have been used by the attackers was found about a kilometers away from where we are now. >> the investigation still continuing. what about people in paris. tomorrow ends the three days of mourning. is there a sense that the city will get back to normal quite quickly or not?
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>> i think it will take a long time for france to come to terms when 129 people were killed. but you look at the streets, and it is fairly busy. people are trying to return to normal. you go to restaurants, cafes. they're fairly busy. people are nervous. they're very worried about what happened. they're watching closely what their leaders are doing to try to protect them. and you do see more police on the streets. when you go to big shopping center, your bag is checked. you do feel that more is being done to try to secure paris at this moment in time. >> emma live with the latest from the french capital, thank you. well, earlier police in german evacuated the stadium over what they call concrete information about a bomb threat. the germany international team were due to play a friendly against the netherlands. chancellor angela merkel had
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been expected to attend that match. the police have since confirmed no explosive device was found at the stadium. well, joining me now on the phone, a football journalist who was at the stadium when it was evacuated. tell us what it was like, what happened? >> well, the police made an announcement, but they have found some questionable objects inside the stadium, and they felt there was a planned terror attack, that all the fans should leave the stadium and go home. afteof course, everyone left the stadium. we were all asked to walk back to our destinations, and the police took absolute control of the stadium searching every car, searching every bag, later on we
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were told that no explosives were found. but all that was after the minister of interior and of course it was shared that nothing of an explosive was found against the reports that there was concrete terror attacks planned. >> omar, thank you very much, indeed, for that update. joining us live. thank you. >> now to a developing situation in nigeria. after a suicide-bomb attack, let's go straight away live to the capital of abuja. what more do you know about this
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latest attack? >> well, the emergency worker confirmed the attack in northeastern nigeria, and more than 30 people so far have been confirmed dead, and more than 70 are also injured receiving treatment at hospital. this is a preliminary treatment that they have at the moment. of course, this is the second attack. the first attack happened just a few kilometers away. >> presumably the fingers of suspicion are going to be pointing at boko haram. >> exactly. for a while boko haram had been up in the northeast. but these attacks where boko haram has carried out atrocit atrocities. >> we're live there in the capital of abuja.
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we'll keep you up-to-date on the attack in yorba state. following the paris attacks, leaders around the world are trying to protect their citizens. the focus has been on syria where isil fighters are trying to retain control of key areas they have seized. john kerry said he's confident that the u.s. will be able to help turkey seal off the last section of its border with syria. isil fighters have been using the northern syrian border as a lucrative smuggling border. >> the turkish authorities are normally much more reticent to talk about military operational matters than the americans, however, the morning minute city has confirmed that there will be new steps that they're intent working with the u.s. to defeat isil. we understand that the area of border we're talking about is about 98 to 100 kilometers west of the euphrates. the other side is controlled by
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isil. it is perhaps the weak link along syria's border with turkey. turkey has for quite awhile worked to strengthen it's once porous border. it is much harder to come and go than it used to be, but it is still possible if you're intent on getting across there. the border area we're talking about is already being secured with a mixture of concrete blast walls, trenches, fencing, and patrolling. it is not a particularly arrested do youous difficult terrain to get through, it's not mountainous. it's flat and hilly in part. we understand that the work that will be going on will be to strengthen already existing measures that have been taken along there to make it much harder for people to come and go freely across that part of the border. >> all right, still to come on the program, claims that islamphobia is on the rise in the united kingdom.
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>> a reminder of the top stories. the french police say there is a second man on the ruin following friday's attacks in paris. it comes as the russian president orders his navy to establish contact with the french as he looks to step up the fight against isil. well following the attacks in paris, france invoked a never
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before e.u. clause to help support its fight against isil. and at least 32 people have been killed in a blast in northeastern nigeria city. yemen's exiled president has returned home from saudi arabia. he arrived in the southern port city of aden. his second visit there since the coalition started an offensive there in march. the forces that hav remained loyal to him are overseeing a campaign to retake the city of taiz. it's the second visit by abd rabbuh mansur hadi. backed by troops, the youthy rebels out of the city in july. it's not clear how long he intends to remain in the country. his arrival from self-forced
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exile. after the saudi arabia campaign to reinstate him. the offenses on the ground, after landing yemen, he went to the palace to supervise the offensive overtaking of taiz. >> the houthis right now are in anger because they did not want him to be part of the political scene of yemen's future. he's now in aden, showing that he is the president of yemen, whether the houthies and it's allies like it or not. >> the coalition forces on the ground and air launch offensive on monday with the support of local militias. >> this young boy was hit by a stray bullet.
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>> the thought houthis and forces against president hadi, god willing in the coming days we'll be more decisive. >> saudi arabia and it's allies averaged a war in march. when hadi left aden. although the war began with airstrikes, the coalition has provided ground forces. the u.n. said that 5,000 people, half of them civilians have been killed in yemen since the saudi-led campaign began. al jazeera. >> israel's government has banned a group called the islamic movement of israel after accusing it of inciting violence. the police searched more than a dozen officers around the country and seized files and computers. we have reports from west jerusalem. >> the overnight raid targeted
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17 officers. >> we're looking for digital materials, damaging information and material that is inciting. >> computers and funds were confiscated and premises sealed off. the security cabinet decided on disclosure of the movement two weeks ago but it was only made public after the raids took place. israel's prime minister said it is an essential step in maintaining public security. >> democracy must defend itself and those who undermine it. the islamic movement undermine the state. the movement incites violence against innocent civilians an has close relations and undermine the state with the aim of replacing it with an islamic caliphate. >> the islamic movement has
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grown substantially over the last decade. it's main slogan is al-aqsa is in danger. it has young men and women who protect the al-aqsa mosque and the compound surrounding it in jerusalem. but the israel >> at the core of the current wave of killings and unrest in israel and the occupied west bank, palestinian anger as what they see continuous provocation by far-right jewish groups who have recently breezed their access to the compound. the movement leader was summoned for questioning an was released a few hours later. no arrest warrant have been issued, but he does face jail time from a previous conviction where he was found guilty of incitement. al jazeera, west jerusalem.
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>> rwanda's president has moved a step closer to seeking an unprecedented third term in office after approval from the senate for a change in the constitution. he has been in power for the past 15 years and wants to change the current rule at the next election in 2017. the proposed change to the constitution will now go to a referendum. some of it has led to violent demonstrations but he's facing little opposition to his plans. south africa has been forced to reverse new visa rules created to combat child trafficking. too many young tourists were caught up in the resulting bureaucracy. we have more from cape town. >> traveling with high school classmates in the first visit to south africa. but it was not easy getting to cape town from scotland.
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the new visa rules require all minors leaving the and entering the country must have written permission from their parents an and a birth certificate that states both names of their parents. >> i don't have much contact with my dad. i found him in sweden and i managed to get him to sign it. >> the laws are designed to top child trafficking. >> we've seen a 44% decline of children traveling in june, july and august. from 158,000 lost international tourists coming in by air and if we extrapolate that to learn it's half a million tourists that we lose. >> while the government has had to reconsider its laws, minors traveling from countries that need visas to enter south africa still have to provide the necessary documentation. for those who don't need visas,
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carrying a birth certificate is no longer mandatory but advised. the green market square is one of the most visited tourist destinations. while it may appear busy, traders say that numbers are down lower for this time of year. the bureau cratic delays mean that she's been waiting for a birth certificate for a year. without one she can't apply for a passport. with her father gravely ill in australia she chose to stay in south africa with her son. >> but not to be able to bury your father is something that i just--i just can't imagine would happen to me. i think that the frustration is all come out in my arguments. i'm head-on, i'm pushing forward. i'm not giving up. >> when the new laws were implemented the department of
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home affairs said this it had a backlog of 4,000 applications for detailed certificates. but there is working to clear it. for people like injury dean it's more than just an inconvenience. >> the number of muslims in the u.k. have experienced islamphobia has gone up. a report on the human rights commission found an increase in anti-muslim discrimination in the past five years. the complaints range from negative stereotyping to verbal and physical abuse. demonstrators have gathered outside of the headquarters of the mining company in rio de janeiro. protesters are calling for justice after two dams burst that are owned by the company. now the oxford dictionary has announced its word of the year for 2015.
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and it is not actually a word because for the first time a simple picture called an emoji has been chosen. officially known as face with tears of joy, it and others like it are shared between people as they use online messaging services. this was the most popular in 2015. and people at oxford university press give the word of the year. we asked a few people what they thought. >> let me show you a picture and ask you what it is called the generic term. >> an emoji. >> what do they denote? >> they denote feeling. >> would you use this? >> yes, i use them. >> it's an emoji. people use it on in phones, on facebook, and online, really. >> can you just tell me what you think that's called, and how you might use this? >> that would be cheery, not
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cheery, you but cheerful. >> what is the generic name for the icon. >> that's the smiley face. >> but they're called a? >> a zuch. >> emoji. >> emoji, yes. >> would you use it? >> would i use it? i use my sms and stuff--maybe. >> england and france went ahead with their friendly football match at we wily stadium tonight. heightened security surrounded the fixture in london. 90,000 strong crowd was encouraged to sing the french national anthem together in a show of solidarity with the victories. and ended with england beating france 2-0. well, friday's attacks have prompted a widespread ou outpowering of sympathy on social media. a twitter account has been dedicating one tweet to every person killed in the attacks in
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paris. the tweets include a victim o picture of each victim, their age. >> you can find more about the paris attacks and all the other news at our website. the address is www.aljazeera.com. >> taking risks, sometimes it's, you know, doing that, i find something that didn't exist for me. or i can create something that nobody else will. >> she's best know for being one third of the famed group labelle. lady marmalade was their biggest hit. but it was just one of many that topped the charts. she grew up in new jersey, influenced by gospel music. she was cr
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R. v. Tri-M Systems Inc. (B.C.S.C.)
|NOTE: The following is copyright of the respective owner(s). SENSE does not assume any liability pertaining to the accuracy of the information presented. Readers are advised to independently verify information they intend to rely upon, and should obtain original copies if they intend to present the following case in court.
Counsel for the Appellant: Roger F. Cutler
Counsel for the Respondent: Barbara E. Brown, R. Hart
Place and Date of Hearing: New Westminster & Vancouver, B.C., September 29 & October 1, 1998
[1] The issue on this appeal is whether the photo radar scheme in British Columbia set out in s.83.1 and 83.2 of the Motor Vehicle Act R.S.B.C. 1996, c.318 contravenes s.7 or s.11(d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.THE LEGISLATIVE SCHEME
[2] In this case Tri-M Systems Inc. ("Tri-M") received a violation ticket alleging the offence of speeding setting out the following:An Enforcement Officer says that he/she has reasonable and probable grounds to believe and does believe that on 12 October 1996, at or near new Westminster, in the Province of British Columbia, a motor vehicle that bore B.C. licence plate number EKD740 was recorded speeding contrary to s.151(1), as it then was, of the Motor Vehicle Act and pursuant to s.76.1 of the same Act Tri-M. Systems Inc. are liable as the owner of the vehicle for the commission of the offence of speed in municipality.[3] In the Court below the parties agreed to the following facts:
- Douglas Stead, representative for the accused, received the following documents for Violation Ticket SA00391011
- a copy of Violation Ticket SA00391011;
- a copy of Registered Owner's Offence Image;
- a copy of Certificate of Enforcement Officer Photographic Evidence executed by Paul Ronto;
- a copy of Photographic Radar Program Vehicle Image;
- a certified copy of Certificate of Enforcement Officer Qualified Operator executed by Bernie Schutz; and
- a copy of Vehicle Ownership Licensing Information Certificate of an Enforcement Officer of the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia.
- The specified penalty for violation of s.151 of the Motor Vehicle Act in this case is a $100 fine.
- Photographic radar is not being used in all communities in British Columbia.
- Since the introduction of photographic radar in 1996, some municipalities passed motions attempting to opt out of the use of photographic radar devices to enforce speeding offences in their jurisdiction.
- Photographic radar is not being used in the Municipality of Surrey.
- Other methods of speed enforcement other than a photographic radar device continue to be used in British Columbia to enforce speeding offences under the Motor Vehicle Act.
[4] The legislative scheme allows the use of a photographic radar device to detect speeding vehicles. The scheme may be summarized as follows:THE DECISION APPEALED FROM
[5] After processing, which takes a number of weeks, the violation notice is sent to the registered owner of the motor vehicle. The sanction is a fine: no points are levied and offenders are not at risk of any imprisonment if the fine is not paid. The only other potential sanction is found in s.26(1)(c) of the Motor Vehicle Act which provides that I.C.B.C. "may" refuse to issue a driver's license if a fine remains unpaid.
- S.83.1(1) of the Motor Vehicle Act defines a speed monitoring device to be photographic radar;
- S.83.1 of the Act provides that the registered owner is liable for the offence of speeding if the evidence was obtained by a photo radar device unless the owner establishes that another person was driving the car and that the owner had exercised care and diligence in entrusting the motor vehicle to another person;
- S.83.2(2) permits an enforcement officer to provide evidence by completing and signing a certificate and 83.2(3) provides that:A certificate under this section is, without proof of the signature or the official position of the person signing the certificate, evidence of the facts stated in the certificate;
- S.83.2(4) requires the accused to obtain leave of the court to require the attendance of the enforcement officer for the purposes of cross examination;
- S.24 of the Interpretation Act, R.S.B.C. 1996, c.238 provides that:If an enactment provides that a document is evidence or proof of a fact, unless the context indicates that the document is conclusive evidence, the document is admissible in any proceeding, and the fact is deemed to be established in the absence of evidence to the contrary.
[6] In the Court below, the learned Justice of the Peace concluded that driving a motor vehicle is a right protected by s.7 of the Charter. In so holding he relied upon the British Columbia Court of Appeal decision in R. v. Robson (1985), 45 C.R. (3d) 68, R. v. Sengara (1988), 26 B.C.L.R. (2d) 71 (S.C.) and Horsefield v. Ontario (Registrar of Motor Vehicles) (1997), 34 O.R. (3d) 509 (Gen. Div.).IS DRIVING A RIGHT PROTECTED BY SECTION 7?
[7] The learned Justice also concluded that the scheme violates s.11(d) of the Charter. In his reasons he noted that the legislation enables the Crown to prove all of the elements of the speeding offence by the introduction into evidence of the certificate and that as set out in s.24 of the Interpretation Act, the facts in the certificate are "deemed to be established in the absence of any evidence to the contrary."
[8] In his reasons he contrasted the photo radar procedures with the procedural safeguards available to an accused in the breathalyzer provisions of the Criminal Code R.S.C. 1985, c.C-46 and concluded that:The protections available to those charged with driving while impaired contrary to s.253 of the Criminal Code are not available to the accuseds facing a photo-radar charge.He concluded that:The aggregate procedure consisting of (a) evidence gathered through the use of a prescribed device and (b) adducing all relevant facts on certificates creates a reverse onus situation and violates a person's right to be presumed innocent contrary to s. 11(d) of the Charter.
SECTION 11(d) OF THE CHARTER
[9] Section 7 of the Charter provides:Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice.[10] The issue here is whether the ability to drive a motor vehicle engages the liberty interest in s.7.
[11] In Robson in 1985 the B.C. Court of Appeal held that while there exists no absolute right to drive and that while age, infirmity and other impediments may restrict the granting of a driver's licence, once granted:there becomes attached to it the general liberty to employ one's skill and ability - in this case the ability to drive.[12] The principle that the right to drive a motor vehicle is a liberty interest protected by s.7 of the Charter was followed by this court in 1988 in Sengara.
[13] In the case at bar the learned Justice of the Peace also relied on the more recent 1997 decision of the Ontario General Division in Horsefield. In that case Stong J. held that the automatic 90 day driving suspension provisions of the Ontario Highway Traffic Act R.S.O. 1990, c.H.8 triggered whenever a police officer is satisfied that a driver has either failed a roadside breath or blood test or has refused to provide a sample on demand infringed s.7 of the Charter.
[14] However Horsefield is under appeal and pending the hearing of that appeal, the Ontario Court of Appeal stayed Stong J.'s decision. Of note is that in so doing Finlayson J.A. expressed the view that:... the judgment under appeal makes a limited analysis of existing case law and is not directly supported by any authority. (Horsefield v. Ontario (1997), 118 C.C.C. (3d) 184 at 191.)[15] The issue as to whether the right to drive is constitutionally protected under s.7 was recently considered in Buhlers v. British Columbia (Superintendent of Motor Vehicles) (1998), 33 M.V.R. (3d) 164 (B.C.S.C.). In Buhlers Melvin J. concluded after an extensive review of the jurisprudence both preceding and following Robson that driving is not a right protected by s.7 of the Charter:Is there then a right to hold a valid driver's licence to operate a motor vehicle within the Province of British Columbia and is that right caught within the language of the s.7 right to liberty? A driver's licence is granted, suspended or cancelled by the appropriate government agency in accordance with criteria that it sets. An individual has the right to move about within Canada and physical interference with that right may be in violation of s. 7. However, the right to move does not, in my opinion, carry with it the constitutional right to a particular mode of movement. (para. 35)[16] Melvin J. concluded that Horsefield was not supported by the weight of judicial authority in this country. In my view Melvin J.'s conclusion is consistent with the many decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada which have repeatedly held that the ability to drive is not a constitutionally protected right nor is it incorporated within the term "liberty" in s.7 of the Charter.
[17] In Reference Re Section 94(2) of the Motor Vehicle Act (1985), 24 D.L.R. (4th) 536 the Supreme Court of Canada, in considering mandatory imprisonment for driving while prohibited, stated at p. 565:Leaving aside for the moment the mandatory imprisonment sanction, I cannot find an interference with life, liberty or security of the person in s.94 of the Motor Vehicle Act. It is true that this section prevents citizens from driving their vehicles when their licenses are suspended. Citizens are also prevented from driving on the wrong side of the road. Indeed, all regulatory offences impose some restriction on liberty broadly construed. But I think it would trivialize the Charter to sweep all those offences into s.7 as violations of the right to life, liberty and security of the person even if they can be sustained under s.1.[18] In R. v. Dedman (1985), 20 C.C.C. (3d) 97 (S.C.C.) the Court addressed the right to circulate in a motor vehicle on a highway and LeDain J. for the majority stated at p. 121 that driving:... is not a fundamental liberty like the ordinary right of movement of the individual, but a licensed activity that is subject to regulation and control for the protection of life and property.[19] In addressing whether an individual should be compelled to submit to roadside screening device testing the Court in R. v. Bernshaw (1995), 95 C.C.C.(3d) 193 (S.C.C.) stated at 210:This requirement to undergo the A.L.E.R.T. testing immediately should be regarded as one of the obligations that flows from the right to drive. In Galaske v. O'Donnell (1994), 112 D.L.R. (4th) 109 at p. 118, [1994] 1 S.C.R. 670, 21 C.C.6.7. (2d) 1, it was noted that the driving of a motor vehicle is neither a God given nor a constitutional right. Rather, it is a privilege granted by license.[20] In R. v. Pontes (1995), 41 C.R. (4th) 201 (S.C.C.), the Court reviewed s.92 of the Motor Vehicle Act (now s.99) to determine whether an individual's rights under s.7 were violated by the absolute liability offence of driving while prohibited. While the section provided for an automatic driving prohibition on conviction, the majority of the Court concluded that as there was no possibility of imprisonment "liberty" was not engaged. At p. 219 Cory J. stated:Thus, an accused convicted under ss.92 and 94 of the B.C. Motor Vehicle Act faces no risk of imprisonment and there is, accordingly, no violation of the right to life, liberty and security of the person under s. 7 of the Charter.[21] The minority opinion of Gonthier J. (three other justices concurring) although differing with the majority as to whether s.92 constituted an absolute liability offence, agreed with the majority that as there was no possibility of imprisonment, section 7 of the Charter was not engaged. At p. 240 Gonthier J. stated:As a result, when a licensed driver violates one of the conditions attaching to his licence he should not be considered as being without fault simply because he was unaware of that condition. There is no fundamental right to drive a motor vehicle, any more than there is a fundamental right to own a gun or any other instrument of potential destruction. It is a privilege, a privilege which, sadly, is often abused with tragic repercussions. A legislature can provide for consequences which are to attach when this privilege is abused and stipulate standards of behavior for continued licensing.[22] In R. v. Ladouceur (1990), 56 C.C.C. (3d) 22 (S.C.C.) the Court considered random stops by police of motor vehicles and Cory J. said at p. 39:It is fitting that governmental action be taken to prevent or at least to lessen this carnage on our highways. Proper laws and regulations are necessary to regulate the privilege of driving a motor vehicle on public thoroughfares.[23] Most recently the court in R. v. Richard (1996), 110 C.C.C. (3d) 385 (S.C.C.) in addressing traffic ticket offences, held that s.7 is not engaged when there is no possibility of imprisonment.... it is entirely different in the context of regulatory offences for which imprisonment is not a possibility and which accordingly do not bring the liberty component of s.7 into play.[24] Appellate courts in other provinces have all held that driving is not a right protected by s.7 of the Charter:R. v. Neale (1986), 52 C.R. (3d) 376 (Alta C.A.);[25] Tri-M agrees that "the right to drive" is not an absolute or constitutional right and the granting of a licence is subject to regulation and licensing requirements set out in s.3 of the Motor Vehicle Act. However, relying on Robson, Sengara, and Horsefield, Tri-M also says that once a license has been issued, the right to use one's skill and ability to drive is protected under s.7 of the Charter and cannot be taken away except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice.
Prince Edward Island (Registrar of Motor Vehicles) v. Rankin (1991), 30 M.V.R. (2d) 122 (P.E.I.S.C.A.D.);
Ginther v. Sask. Govt. Ins., [1988] 4 W.W.R. 738 (Sask. C.A.);
Paganelli v. Ontario (Reg. Of Motor Vehicles) (1987), 6 M.V.R. (2d) 252 (Ont. Div. Ct.);
R. v. LeClair (1990), 20 M.V.R. (2d) 47 (Man. Q.B.);
White v. Nova Scotia (Registrar of Motor Vehicles) (1996), 20 M.V.R. (3d) 192 (N.S.S.C.);
R. v. Smith (1989), 14 M.V.R. (2d) 166 (Y.C.A.)
[26] In Robson the Court of Appeal concluded that while the right to drive was not an absolute or constitutional right, once properly licensed it became such a right and at that point became constitutionally protected. The court appears to have concluded that the effect of issuing a licence to a driver does not just confer upon the driver the privileges and obligations as set out in the regulatory scheme, but it also has the effect of transforming what was not a constitutionally protected right into a constitutionally protected right by reason of the issuance of a license in accordance with the regulatory scheme.
[27] In my respectful view the weight of authority in Canada is to the contrary. In 1985 in Reference Re Section 94(2) of the Motor Vehicle Act the Supreme Court of Canada warned against "trivializing the Charter" by sweeping regulatory restrictions against driving while one's licence is suspended "into s.7 as violations of the right to life, liberty and security of the person even if they can be sustained under s.1".
[28] Since that decision the Supreme Court has consistently held in the cases to which I have earlier referred that there is no fundamental right to drive and that driving a motor vehicle in Canada is a privilege which must be exercised in accordance with the regulatory scheme that the legislators choose to put in place. In my view the Court has rejected the Robson approach and it is at least implicit if not in fact explicit in their many consistent decisions on this point that the Supreme Court has rejected any notion that the non constitutional right to drive a motor vehicle is somehow transformed into a constitutionally protected right by reason of the issuance of a driver's licence.
[29] With respect, I believe that the learned Justice of the Peace erred in following Robson, Sengara and Horsefield. I agree with Melvin J. of this court that these decisions do not represent the current state of the law in Canada. In my view, the ability to drive a motor vehicle is not incorporated within the meaning of "liberty" within s.7 of the Charter and I would allow the Crown's appeal on that point.
[30] The Court below concluded that the use of the photographic radar device to gather evidence and "adducing all relevant facts on certificates creates a reverse onus situation and violates a person's right to be presumed innocent contrary to s.11(d) of the Charter."THE PRESCRIBED DEVICE
[31] Section 11(d) of the Charter provides:Any person charged with an offence has the right:[32] S.11(d) protects three essential components of the presumption of innocence:
(d) to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal;an accused must be proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt;[33] The scope and extent of a right under s.11(d) will vary with the context. The scope of s.11(d) is somewhat limited in this case as the matter involves a regulatory offence for which imprisonment is not a possibility. However even for non- criminal regulatory offences, the presumption of innocence in s.11(d) still applies. The Crown is obliged to prove the actus reus of regulatory offences beyond a reasonable doubt. (See R. v. Wholesale Travel Inc. (1991), 8 C.R. (4th) 145 at 184).
the State must bear the burden of proving the essential elements of the offence; and
criminal prosecutions must be carried out in accordance with fair, public and lawful procedure. (R. v. Oakes (1986), 24 C.C.C. (3d) 321 (S.C.C.) at 334-335)
[34] In R. v. Osolin, [1993] 4 S.C.R. 595 Cory J. for the majority stated the principle as follows:The fundamental principle protected by s.11(d) is the guarantee of a right to be presumed innocent, that is, that an accused is not to be convicted when there exists a reasonable doubt as to his guilt. Any law which places a persuasive burden on the accused to prove either the existence or non-existence of a fact essential to guilt will infringe upon the right guaranteed by s.11(d).[35] The issue in this case is whether the characteristics of the photo radar scheme infringe upon this right to be presumed innocent. The Crown says that the legislative scheme neither requires nor permits a finding of guilt when a reasonable doubt exists; Tri-M argues that the scheme creates a mandatory presumption insofar as the legislation provides that certain documents, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, are deemed to establish or prove certain facts and that in the circumstances the trier of fact is required to convict the accused on the basis of the presumed facts, unless the accused presents evidence to the contrary. Tri-M says that this mandatory presumption violates s.11(d).
[36] Section 83.1(8) permits the Lieutenant Governor in Council to prescribe a speed monitoring device for enforcement of s.83.1. Section 83.1(1) defines "speed-monitoring device" as a "device... capable of photographing or capturing the image of a motor vehicle while accurately and simultaneously measuring and recording its speed." By Regulation (s.41.01 of the Motor Vehicle Act Regulations) the Lieutenant Governor in Council prescribed the Auto-Patrol Speed Camera PR 100 pursuant to s.83.1(8).THE CERTIFICATE EVIDENCE
[37] It is not uncommon nor is it unconstitutional to use evidence gathered by scientific means to prove elements of the criminal charge against an accused. This may be done by various means including photographic evidence, audio and video evidence, DNA evidence or radar gun evidence. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that such scientific evidence may constitute cogent and convincing evidence not subject to the frailties of eye witness testimony and that such evidence alone can be a sufficient basis to establish guilt. (R. v. Nikolovski (1996), 111 C.C.C. (3d) 403).
[38] However in the case at bar Tri-M's principal objection is not with respect to the use of the prescribed device; rather, it says that under the provisions of the Motor Vehicle Act and s.24 of the Interpretation Act, all of the ingredients of the offence can be proved by the Crown by the simple measure of introducing the Certificate into evidence.
[39] At paragraph 49 of his reasons the learned Justice of the Peace appears to have adopted this submission where he says:The impugned legislation, Mr. Stead believes, allows the Crown to submit certificates as evidence to prove all the essential elements of the offence of speeding. Pursuant to s.24 of the Interpretation Act R.S.B.C. 1996, c.238, in the absence of the accused leading evidence to the contrary, the Crown must be presumed to have proven its case beyond a reasonable doubt. This mandatory presumption requires the Court to convict the accused even if reasonable doubt exists and imposes an evidentiary burden on the accused. (emphasis added).[40] In the next paragraph of his reasons the learned Justice of the Peace concludes that:... the legislation requires the Court to accept the Certificate evidence as proof of the facts contained in them and to convict an accused on the basis of that evidence.[41] In my view the real issue is whether the legislative scheme taken as a whole does in fact require the Court to convict on the basis of the Certificate evidence or whether the scheme merely allows the Crown to establish a prima facie case.
[42] The answer is to be found in the wording of s.24 of the Interpretation Act. That provision stipulates that the evidence of the facts stated in a certificate are "deemed to be established in the absence of evidence to the contrary." This does not create a requirement to convict where a reasonable doubt exists.
[43] It is open to the accused to raise a reasonable doubt based on the contents of or omissions from the certificate itself and/or to apply for an order that the author of the certificate attend for cross-examination. Either or both of these steps are available to an accused and allow him to attempt to raise a reasonable doubt without having to testify.
[44] In my view all that the certificate evidence does is serve to establish at most a prima facie case which then shifts the evidentiary burden to the accused to raise a reasonable doubt. This does not constitute a violation of s.11(d) of the Charter since it is a shift of only the evidentiary burden. The legal burden of proving all ingredients of the offence beyond a reasonable doubt always remains with the Crown.
[45] In R. v. Proudlock (1978), 43 C.C.C. (2d) 321 the Supreme Court of Canada interpreted s.24(1) of the Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1970, c.I-23. In language virtually identical to s.24 of the B.C. statute, this federal statute provides:24(1) Where an enactment provides that a document is evidence of a fact without anything in the context to indicate that the document is conclusive evidence, then, in any judicial proceedings, the document is admissible in evidence and the fact shall be deemed to be established in the absence of any evidence to the contrary.[46] The court held that this provision did not shift the legal burden but created only a prima facie burden. In speaking of the effect of a presumption that establishes a prima facie case the court held at p. 325:The burden of proof does not shift. The accused does not have to "establish" a defense or an excuse, all he has to do is to raise a reasonable doubt. If there is nothing in the evidence adduced by the Crown from which a reasonable doubt can arise, then the accused will necessarily have the burden of adducing evidence if he is to escape conviction. However, he will not have the burden of proving his innocence, it will be sufficient if, at the conclusion of the case on both sides, the trier of fact has a reasonable doubt.[47] Tri-M argues that the offensive aspect of the photo radar scheme is that it allows the Crown to prove not just one or even several of the ingredients of the offence through certificate evidence, but rather all of the elements of the offence. In my view this does not undermine the validity of the scheme.
[48] The essential question is whether a court is required to convict when it has a reasonable doubt. What Proudlock says is that the language of the Interpretation Act does not oblige the court to convict if a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the accused is raised by reason of the contents of the certificate or the cross-examination of the author of the certificate. Accordingly I conclude that the photo radar legislation does not offend s. 11(d) of the Charter and I would allow the Crown's appeal on that point as well.
[49] In the result the Crown's appeal will be allowed and this matter remitted to the provincial court for a new trial.
"D. Brenner, J."
|Rev: 1998.11.28


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Time now running out to solve the pensions crisis
THE pensions crisis continues to deepen. A bleak retirement now beckons for millions of workers who will be forced to survive on meagre incomes far below their own expectations or the levels enjoyed by previous generations of pensioners.
The extent of this catastrophe is spelled out in a survey by major investment firm Scottish Widows, which shows that less than half of all workers are saving enough for later life.
Even more disturbingly one fifth of all employees are not putting aside any money whatsoever for their retirement.
The average total pension pot in today's terms is worth just £150,000, a sum that would provide an income of just £5,700 per year. Yet according to Scottish Widows most people say they would need an income of £24,500 to feel comfortable in their old age.
We have to rebuild a culture of saving but that will be no easy task given that public faith in pensions has been shattered by a host of factors, including Gordon Brown's disastrous tax raid on dividends from funds, the gross misselling of savings products, the recession, poor returns on investments and the expansion of the gargantuan welfare system, which has undermined the ethic of personal responsibility.
Moreover crippling taxation, used partly to pay for goldplated pensions in the public sector, has left most average workers with little cash to set aside.
But the politicians have to meet the challenge of devising new policies that will enable people to save, otherwise widespread poverty beckons.


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Home Tags Mike Dopud
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Netflix's It's Bruno!: Cast, Characters & Descriptions (with Spoilers)
A character guide for Netflix's It's Bruno! featuring cast members names, character descriptions, and noteworthy information.
It's Bruno! – Season 1, Episode 8 "Welcome Bruno" [Season Finale] – Recap, Review...
In the season finale, Malcolm finds happiness. Yet, it is short lived in more ways than one.


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In Hall of Shame Part 2, I focused on the shame we feel about the things pertaining to us but what about the shame we experience due to the actions of others?! Perhaps, it's a sibling that has a mental illness or addiction that impacts negatively upon his/her behavior (and your sense of peace), an adult child that has not lived up to the hopes or expectations you had for him/her, a close relative who is incarcerated for some hideous crime, a parent that holds racist views, or a friend/significant other who betrayed your trust.
Personally, I was ill-prepared the challenges that came along with parenting a child with special needs. One of my children has special needs and I'll never forget a family gathering when my daughter (then 5 years old) picked up my toddler nephew. Before I knew it, she was holding him upside down and dropped him on his head by accident before any of us could reach her. Fortunately he wasn't injured but the awkwardness of the situation led to us leaving the gathering soon afterwards out of embarrassment. There would be many other times my daughter would act out at school, church, and just about anywhere else there was an audience. I remember feeling that I could never truly relax in public due to the angst of what she might do next. I wish I could say I always handled her outbursts with patience and understanding but that would be far from accurate.
The mistake I made was believing the narrative that I was a bad parent because I could not control her behavior. Needless to say, believing this narrative led to feelings of deep shame, helplessness, and failure as a parent. Unfortunately, our society is quick to judge or blame the parents of poorly-behaved children? We are so quick to blame that mother, whose child is acting up at the grocery store instead of having compassion for her struggles. We assume she is a bad, incompetent parent and we give little consideration to other factors that might be contributing to the child's behavior.
Perhaps, part of my shame came from my tendency to have such judgmental thoughts towards other parents…at least until I found myself on the other side of that fence. I often reacted to my daughter's misbehavior out of frustration and anger, as if she intentionally acted out to embarrass me. It was a very slow and difficult process working through the denial of her disability but our relationship has matured me in some of the most unimaginable ways. My daughter has a heart as big as an elephant's when it comes to love, grace and forgiveness and she has taught me so much about what it means to love someone unconditionally.
So what do we do about this kind of shame? Fortunately, we are part of a very supportive family and church community that have helped immensely throughout this entire process. I am also learning (with the help of my wife Lela) the importance of not my daughter's occasional issues to bring me to a place of shame. I need to remind myself frequently that those behaviors stem from a disability beyond anyone's control and not from a failure on my part. We'll look at yet another facet of shame in Part 4. Until next time, Peace.


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HIGH POINT, N.C. - The Belmont Abbey men's Outdoor Track & Field team competed in the VertKlasse Meeting this weekend, hosted by High Point University.
Junior Michael Koceja dashed to a first-place finish in his 400m heat, with a 49.36-second run. He came in ninth place overall as he set a new Belmont Abbey record in the event. In the 100m, Matthew Difrancesco was the Crusaders leader, as he ran to an 11.24-second finish. Andrew Bryant (12.03) and Peter Heron (12.03) also competed in this event.
The field events were also very strong. Freshman Aspen Dillard had a 1.79m leap in the High Jump, good enough for sixth place in his flight out of 20 competitors. Freshman Julian Smallwood recorded a 15.25m shot put, earning him a 5th-place finish out of 39 throwers. Tomas Cerdeiras came in sixth place in his javelin flight with a 41.09m throw.
Head Coach Nick Radkewich had some positive comments on his team's efforts this weekend, stating: "We had an outstanding performance from Men's Captain Mike Koceja, a new Crusader men's record in the 400m Dash by over half a second. Julian Smallwood overcame the most challenging conditions while finishing 5th in the men's shotput on Friday in a downpour."
Belmont Abbey will next compete in the Susan Rouse Invitational on April 7-8. That meet will be hosted by Conference Carolinas member Southern Wesleyan University.


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Inventions fascinate many. I would starting to say, almost universally. The further we judge some sort of invention from currently within our own capabilities to produce, the more involved we are due to it. I doubting I would have ever thought behind the aerofoil. Perhaps even simpler inventions be successful with from us your sort of applause review for InventHelp the recipient that easily could quite possibly have been me, had I also been a little more rapid. If the current sticky-note inventor attained not been born I am truly many other people today would have idea of it.
Most of our website have heard how the phrase, "necessity is now the mother about invention." This allegedly American proverb (actually it is any older) is accepted as an adequate explanation for InventHelp Inventions, while saying nothing at all just about what "is" a fantastic invention. The French, in a curiously similar manner, think that "Fear is a great inventor." Even Mark Twain were compelled to declare an abstract link to inventing when he said, "Accident is the identify of the highest of all creators." While necessity, fear, and accidents may all be seen and materially recent preceding the victory of an invention, none of these defines an invention; none of some tells us how a human getting to be invents. At best, these phrases describe a catalyst or simply a motivator, the are not finish descriptions. These are perhaps not definitions.
The word "invention" means finding because discovery, if this is my introduction to Latin is of each value. This might give us a number of insight initially nevertheless , let us peek into whether that what type of is discovered is literally original or how the result of a handful previous input. Often the words of Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792), both objective with sincere, appear desirable of investigation: "Invention strictly speaking, is little more rather than a new merging of those files which have within the gathered and laid down in the memory; nothing can appear from nothing." The entire key contention proffered by Sir Joshua Reynolds is, free can come with nothing.
The human kind of response often elicited as a result of an invention when perceived initially clearly shows some universal reach a decision worth noting. Due to often thereat i actually hear exclamations such as, "That fellow was thinking!" as well "what a smooth idea!" If regarding two exclamations possess value, we should be able to then say which experts claim thoughts and designs are essential to actually inventions. What definitely is a thought? Things is an belief? If we doable that thoughts are actually the work amongst the mind, furthermore if we carried on allow that secrets are that during which the minds works we in many cases can readily explore and even formulate a sensible doctrine about inventing, even if the idea is done always on a hypothetical premise. That which is ordinarily hypothetical in your current formula is not at all far-fetched or irrational. Let us first at the resources substance of the act of thinking, the idea. Produced by there we will most likely easily grasp about how this thing labelled as the idea can sometimes be manipulated.
The idea was the mind's illustration of a simple fact. This is the common understanding western civilization. That this mind acquires and accumulates ideas, in the beginning from sense experience after said end up with passes through the process of abstraction. Often, with some of the theater of lifetimes experiences, sense experience is stored wearing the proper supply but abstracted essences arrived at to the mind performing upon sense experience, are stored back in another faculty, this intellectual memory. Those same abstracted essences are often ideas.
Ideas are deemed under several areas but let american briefly consider the main category of complication. An idea will either simple and / or maybe compound. A easy to understand idea needs sole one note to describe it. "Dark" or "fast" or just "wet" or "yellow" are examples together with simple ideas. A compound idea would make multiple simple choices to describe this can. Most of many ideas are supplement that is exactly we have dictionaries listing the setup of simple helpful hints which define the particular compound idea. Within this realm of activity lies a person's process of creating. Thus we see, by the very simple fact that dictionaries exist, that we may very well be capable of taking apart compound solutions into the collective of specific effortless ideas describing pronounced compound idea. All of us call this "taking apart" analysis. We can also perceive that simple suggestions can be joined together to construct replacement and original component ideas. This "combining" is called activity. I think their observant reader definitely been knows by this time what an developer is or the activities it means to invent.
Analysis and functionality are two ordinary acts of the mind and these kind two actions encompass the heart within inventing. Inventing 's essentially an work of synthesis. What kind of is synthesized? From the act of inventing that which is synthesized could be an arrangement together with simple ideas furthermore this arrangement compensates a InventHelp new inventions compound idea. While your arrangement may grow to be original the ingredient parts are no original. Similarly a single very common consideration like a load of bricks may also be rearranged therefor producing a structure unlike any past arrangement of stones. The bricks include not an actual idea. The new structure could be very very original. To whom then, is best likely to create?
Every man made being that has functioning emotional faculties could certainly invent. Only one need only just perform its simple performance of all of the mind called abstraction with order into store, to begin from logic experience, any library of simple notions. These policies thus kept on are recalled and sorted in a trustworthy new and as a consequence original structure that mainly responds to finally a require. What a great inventor does first may be define an actual need. A person then works to career arranging opportunities until she finds wonderful arrangement just that works. Each disposition on the way to inventing, which often is usually the willingness to make sure you define a need, whenever well in view that the drive to investigate within and thus without over order that can discover a wonderful arrangement that may solves usually the need, must be of course of action essential with the inventor's personality. While addition you can this paramount disposition might be the excellent library including simple ideas, abstracted and therefore stored ranging from many final projects.
Due to actually the significant variety of life history from that can he ought to draw, currently the seasoned author sometimes shows up way too confident which involves the challenge in front one of your furry friend. Just consult with him to tell anybody about all of most of the things david made whom didn't carry out. You could very well not definitely enjoy an important good laugh, you will almost certainly also come to can be sure that good inventors have failed usually. They managed to do not flop permanently the fact that every troubles added to their local library of ideas. Failing intelligently is foundational to how to become a decent inventor.


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WOMEN PILE-LINED FLEECE LONG-SLEEVE FULL-ZIP HOODIE (JW Anderson)
$ 59.90 $ 49.90
Additional Information
Product Detail
Materials & Care
The playful JWA-like colors are eye catching. A warm item that can be used for both casual occasions and outdoor activities.
- New LifeWear that combines UNIQLO's focus on design, fit, fabric, and functionality with JW ANDERSON's focus on traditional British apparel into innovative designs.
- A fun item with playful color combinations.
- Fluffy pile-lined fleece so it is warm and extremely comfortable.
- We used a bungee cord with fun coloring for the zipper pulls.
- Perfect for the outdoors or hiking.
- [Body] Face: 100% Polyester/ Back: 100% Polyester/ Woven: 100% Nylon
- Machine wash cold, gentle cycle
- Imported
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Date published: 2019-11-10
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