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Brazilian Oral Research
Print version ISSN 1806-8324
Braz. oral res. vol.25 no.2 São Paulo Mar./Apr. 2011
Luxation injuries in primary teeth: a retrospective study in children assisted at an emergency service
Luciana Reichert da Silva AssunçãoI; Antônio FerelleII; Maria Luiza Hiromi IwakuraII; Liliane Silva do NascimentoI; Robson Frederico CunhaIII
IDepartment of Clinic, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pará, UFPA, Belém, PA, Brazil
IIDepartment of Oral Medicine and Pediatric Dentistry, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
IIIDepartment of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
The purpose of this study was to analyze luxation injuries in children between the ages of 0 and 5 years treated at an emergency service department. A total of 1,703 records, corresponding to a period of 10 years at the Emergency Center of the Baby Clinic at Londrina State University, Brazil, were analyzed. The age, gender, etiologic factors, type of injury, injured teeth, treatment and time interval between injury and treatment were determined for each patient. Of the examined records, 409 patients met the study criteria and included a total of 679 injured teeth. Statistical analyses were carried out using the chi-square test with the level of significance set at 5%. Trauma incidence was higher in boys (57.0%) and in children less than two years of age (40.3%). Falling while walking or running was the most predominant etiologic factor (37.7%), and the most prevalent type of injury was subluxation (32.6%). Luxation injuries decreased with increasing age (p = 0.045). Treatment usually occurred within the first 1-15 days and was significantly associated with the type of trauma (p = 0.041). "Monitor only" was the treatment most frequently observed (74.0%). In conclusion, more luxation injuries were found in younger children, predominantly in boys. Falls resulting from walking or running were the etiologic factor most observed, with subluxation as the most common type of trauma. Treatment usually occurred within the first 15 days after the injury. Despite the severity of these injuries, "monitor only" was the eligible treatment.
Descriptors: Tooth injuries; Tooth, Deciduous; Tooth Avulsion; Child.
Dental trauma is a serious public health problem among children, with most injuries constituting dental emergencies that require immediate assessment and management. Luxation injuries that affect the primary dentition are commonly reported and are associated with resilience of the alveolar bone and supporting structures in young children.1
Primary dentition plays an important role in the functional and psychological aspects of child development, which may contribute to new studies focused on trauma in the primary dentition.2 Additionally, researchers unanimously agree that dental trauma to primary teeth can lead to alterations in the succedaneous dentition, especially in cases of intrusive luxation and avulsion.3
The introduction of a dental practice for toddlers and babies in the field of Pediatric Dentistry may contribute to a variety of new studies about trauma in the primary dentition.2 Based on a preventive-educational philosophy, this field has created specialized centers for children between the ages of 0 and 3 years, with a special focus on dental trauma.4 Cunha et al.4 studied 1,654 pediatric patients at the Baby Clinic of the Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP, Brazil, and observed a 16.3% occurrence of dental trauma.
Similar to the preventative-educational program, the Baby Clinic at Londrina State University, Brazil, offers urgent care treatment for children ranging in age from 0-5 years. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to analyze primary tooth luxation injuries in children treated at the Emergency Center of the Baby Clinic at Londrina State University by investigating the age, gender, etiologic factors, type of injury, injured teeth, treatment and time interval between injury and treatment.
Material and methods
The records of 1,703 children, seen over the course of 10 years at the Emergency Center of the Baby Clinic at Londrina State University, Brazil, were analyzed. Criteria for inclusion in this study included:
a. a description of trauma to the anterior primary teeth;
b. age of the children in the moment of injury was up to five years;
c. trauma associated with subluxation, intrusive luxation, lateral luxation, extrusive luxation and avulsion, according to Andreasen et al.1
After analyzing 1,703 medical records, 409 (24%) patients met the inclusion criteria. Twenty of the children (4.8%) presented with more than a single occurrence of trauma to primary teeth; within this group, 17 patients reported two occurrences and three patients reported three episodes of dental trauma in their medical records. In total, 409 children suffered 432 occurrences of dental trauma. Medical records were analyzed to obtain dental trauma information and to determine the following factors: gender, age of the child at the time of trauma, type of injury, etiologic factors, injured teeth, treatment and the time interval between injury and treatment.
Children's age at the time of trauma
The children were divided into the following groups according to their age at the time of trauma:
up to 2 years;
2-3 years;
3-4 years; and
4-5 years.
Etiologic factors
The causes of the injuries were grouped as follows:
'category 1' (falls) and
'category 2' (other factors).
'Category 1' were further delineated into the following sub-categories:
falling while walking or running,
falling from a high place (e.g., bed, gate, cot),
falling onto an object (e.g., table, bathtub, stairs) and
falling from a moving object (e.g., bike, pram).
'Category 2' factors included causes that were rare and more difficult to categorize, such as trauma caused by biting a toy.
The following types of treatment provided to the traumatized teeth were evaluated: monitor only, prosthesis installation, extraction, splinting, repositioning, and repositioning and splinting. The treatments that were given as a result of the sequelae of dental trauma (i.e., endodontic treatment and delayed extraction) were not evaluated, resulting in the exclusion of 101 traumatized teeth.
Time elapsed before treatment
The time period between injury and treatment was divided into the following categories:
1 day,
2-15 days,
16-30 days and
greater than 30 days.5
For the analysis of this variable and the type of trauma, the intervals were divided into 1-15 days and more than 16 days. Sixty-seven traumatized teeth were excluded from this analysis due to a lack of information regarding the time interval.
Statistical analyses
The results were statistically analyzed using the chi-square (χ2) test, with the level of significance set at 5%. Data analyses were performed using the Epi Info 6.0 statistical program.
Among the 409 children included in the study, 235 (57.0%) were boys and 174 (43.0%) were girls, with a male:female ratio of approximately 1.3:1. Trauma prevalence was highest in the up to 2 years age group (40.3%), followed by the 2-3 year age group (29.8%), the 3-4 year age group (16.9%) and the 4-5 year age group (13.0%). The correlation between age and gender was significant (chi-square test = 14.12; p = 0.0069). Both genders showed a high prevalence for the up to 2 years age group (Table 1).
The causes of injury for the 432 episodes of dental trauma are outlined in Table 2. Falling caused by walking or running was the etiologic factor most often observed (37.7%), followed by falling against objects (18.8%).
The time that elapsed until dental care was provided was highest in the period up to 1 day (43.5%), followed by 2-15 days (34.0%), as shown in Table 3.
The 432 trauma occurrences involved 679 injured primary teeth. Most of the affected teeth belonged to the maxillary arch (95.0%). The maxillary central incisors were most affected (563/679), followed by the maxillary lateral incisors (82/679) and mandibular incisors (28/679). The primary canines were affected in only six cases (Figure 1).
Subluxation was the most common type of injury with 221 cases (32.6%), followed by intrusive luxation with 202 cases (29.7%), as shown in Table 4. In general, the prevalence of luxation injuries decreased with increasing age (p = 0.045) (Figure 2).
With regard to the treatment provided for injured primary teeth, the most common treatment was "monitor only" (74%), followed by splinting (9%) (Figure 3).
Table 5 shows the relationship between the time elapsed before treatment and the type of dental trauma. There was a significant preponderance of injuries in the 1-15 days interval (chi-square test = 17.17; p = 0.041).
This study evaluated luxation injuries of primary teeth and injury-associated factors in children who were treated at an emergency center. Most of the dental trauma data available in the literature has been collected retrospectively from cross-sectional studies or from longitudinal studies of patient records.6 In the current study, the assessment of standardized trauma records with information collected at the time of assistance enabled the authors to obtain more reliable data relative to previous retrospective studies in which injuries were only registered if signs and/or symptoms were evident at the time of examination.
A slight difference was observed between genders affected by dental trauma. There is a consensus among international studies that boys experience significantly more dental injuries to permanent dentition than girls.7,8 In primary teeth, however, there does not appear to be a difference between genders.9,10 Children between the ages of 1 and 5 years are exposed to the same risk factors, and there is no difference between genders with regard to the games and sports played by this age group.11
Previous studies confirm that younger children are more susceptible to dental trauma when they are learning to walk, combined with other behavioral factors, including their curiosity and lack of danger perception; these factors are known to contribute to facial trauma.12,13 The findings of the current study, which show a higher percentage of younger children with a history of dental trauma, are in agreement with some studies of children in similar age groups,14-17 but are in disagreement with other studies that found increased susceptibility in children between the ages of 3 and 5 years.10,18,19 However, careful attention should be paid when comparing studies in the field of dental trauma, as data may vary according to the location where the study is conducted and the type of methodology applied.6,11,20
Falls were the most prevalent etiologic factor in traumatized teeth (82.4%). This finding is consistent with other studies.15,21,22 When considered separately, falling caused by walking or running was the most prevalent cause of dental trauma (37.7%), which disagrees with the findings of Garcia-Godoy et al.,9 who reported that falling against an object was the most frequent cause of dental injuries.
The reason for the selection of luxation injuries was related to the higher prevalence of these injuries in the study location and the fact that these injuries are the type of trauma most related to sequelae in the permanent teeth.3,23,24 Studies have found luxation injuries to be the type of trauma most prevalent in the primary dentition.1 In this study, subluxation was the most common type of trauma, which is in agreement with previous reports.16,21 Extrusive luxation was the least common type of injury, which is in agreement with studies by Cunha et al.4 and Yagot et al.,25 both of which reported a rate of 1% for extrusions. In contrast, in a study by Andreasen,26 extrusive luxation was the type of trauma most often found in the primary dentition (34.0%). In general, the occurrence of luxation injuries decreased with increasing age in the current study, and an increase in the episodes of intrusive luxations was observed from the ages of 3-4 and 4-5 years.
The treatment of trauma to primary teeth is a topic that has only recently found a place in the specialized literature. In cases of luxation, dental extraction has been the treatment of choice. This action is justified, mainly due to the difficulty of handling dental treatment in young children and the damage caused to the germ of the permanent successor.27
The therapeutic protocol for traumatized primary teeth at the Baby Clinic at Londrina State University is based on procedures developed since 1986. This program attempts to provide a more conservative approach to traumatized primary teeth. The findings of the current study reflect this concept, as "monitor only" was the most common treatment among the analyzed cases (74.0%). In agreement with the current findings, Cunha et al.28 also observed a higher prevalence of "monitor only" (85.4%), even for luxation injuries, when evaluating dental trauma among babies and toddlers. In general, the time lapse between injury and treatment played a significant role in the type of treatment, because immediate care can provide a better prognosis for injured teeth. Even so, most luxation injuries heal spontaneously, and conservative treatment of acute dental trauma is recommended.29
With regard to the time lapse between injury and treatment, most of the cases fell into the category of "1 day," which is in agreement with the results of previous studies.5,14,21 The time spent by parents seeking assistance was strongly related to their educational background and the information available to them regarding dental care services.8 In a study of traumatized permanent teeth, Zaitoun et al.30 found a mean time of 22.6 hours from the time of injury until initial presentation to a health care professional. Based on their findings, they emphasized a need for educational programs and clinical support when services are provided.
More severe trauma generally resulted in slicing of the soft tissue and bleeding, which increased the anxiety among parents or guardians21,26 and led them to seek treatment more quickly. In the current study, there was a statistically significant relationship between the type of trauma and the time period between injury occurrence and treatment, with a higher prevalence for the period "1-15 days" for all evaluated trauma. Pugliesi et al.5 analyzed hard-tissue injuries and supporting-tissue lesions and also found a statistically significant relationship between the type of dental trauma and the time until treatment was sought: worse trauma promoted a quicker response to seeking treatment. The results of the current study showed that treatment usually occurred within the first 15 days after the injury.
The most frequent type of injury occurred on the maxillary central incisors of children in the "up to two years" age group. In general, the prevalence of luxation injuries decreased with increasing age. Boys suffered from dental trauma significantly more often than girls. Falling as a result of walking or running was the most common etiologic factor. Subluxation was the most common type of trauma. Treatment usually occurred within the first 15 days after the injury. Despite the severity of these injuries, "monitor only" was the most common treatment.
This work was supported by a Brazilian research funding agency (CAPES).
1. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, Andersson L. Text book and color atlas of traumatic injuries to the teeth. 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Munsksgaard; 2007. 770 p. [ Links ]
2. Joho JP, Marechaux SC. Trauma in the primary dentition: a clinical presentation. ASDC J Dent Child. 1980 May-Jun;47(3):167-74. [ Links ]
3. Da Silva Assunção LR, Ferelle A, Iwakura ML, Cunha RF. Effects on permanent teeth after luxation injuries to the primary predecessors: a study in children assisted at an emergency service. Dent Traumatol. 2009 Apr;25(2):165-70. [ Links ]
4. Cunha RF, Pugliesi DMC, de Mello Vieira AE. Oral trauma in Brazilian patients aged 0-3 years. Dent Traumatol. 2001 Oct;17(5):210-2. [ Links ]
5. Pugliesi DM, Cunha RF, Delbem AC, Sundefeld ML. Influence of the type of the dental trauma on the pulp vitality and the time elapsed until treatment: a study in patients aged 0-3. Dent Traumatol. 2004 Jun;20(3):139-42. [ Links ]
6. Bastone EB, Freer TJ, McNamara JR. Epidemiology of dental trauma: a review of the literature. Aust Dent J. 2000 Mar;45(1):2-9. [ Links ]
7. Altun C, Ozen B, Esenlik E, Guven G, Gürbüz T, Acikel C, et al. Traumatic injuries to permanent teeth in Turkish children, Ankara. Dent Traumatol. 2009 Jun;25(3):309-13. [ Links ]
8. Onetto JE, Flores ML, Garbarino ML. Dental trauma in children and adolescents in Valparaiso, Chile. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1994 Oct;10(5):223-7. [ Links ]
9. García-Godoy F, Morbán-Laucer F, Corominas LR, Franjul RA, Noyola M. Traumatic dental injuries in preschoolchildren from Santo Domingo. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1983 Apr;11(2):127-30. [ Links ]
10. Kramer PF, Zembruski C, Ferreira SH, Feldens CA. Traumatic dental injuries in Brazilian preschool children. Dent Traumatol. 2003 Dec;19(6):299-303. [ Links ]
11. Wendt FP, Torriani DD, Assunção MC, Romano AR, Bonow ML, da Costa CT, et al. Traumatic dental injuries in primary dentition: epidemiological study among preschool children in South Brazil. Dent Traumatol. 2010 Apr;26(2):168-73. [ Links ]
12. Moss SJ, Maccaro H. Examination, evaluation and behavior management following injury to primary incisors. N Y State Dent J. 1985 Feb;51(2):87-92. [ Links ]
13. Diab M, Elbadrawy HE. Intrusion injuries of primary incisors. Part I: review and management. Quintessence Int. 2000 May;31(5):327-34. [ Links ]
14. Cardoso M, de Carvalho Rocha MJ. Traumatized primary teeth in children assisted at Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Dent Traumatol. 2002 Jun;18(3):129-33. [ Links ]
15. Fleming P, Gregg TA, Saunders IDF. Analysis of an emergency dental service provided at a children's hospital. Int J Paediatr Dent. 1991 Apr;1(1):25-30. [ Links ]
16. Galea H. An investigation of dental injuries treated in an acute care general hospital. J Am Dent Assoc. 1984 Sep;109(3):434-8. [ Links ]
17. Rasmusson CG, Koch G. Assessment of traumatic injuries to primary teeth in general practice and specialized paediatric dentistry. Dent Traumatol. 2010 Apr;26(2):129-32. [ Links ]
18. Granville-Garcia AF, de Menezes VA, de Lira PIC. Dental trauma and associated factors in Brazilian preschoolers. Dent Traumatol. 2006 Dec;22(6):318-22. [ Links ]
19. Skaare AB, Jacobsen I. Primary tooth injuries in Norwegian children (1-8 years). Dent Traumatol. 2005 Dec;21(6):315-9. [ Links ]
20. Oliveira LB, Marcenes W, Ardenghi TM, Sheiham A, Bönecker M. Traumatic dental injuries and associated factors among Brazilian preschool children. Dent Traumatol. 2007 Apr;23(2):76-81. [ Links ]
21. Choi SC, Park JH, Pae A, Kim JR. Retrospective study on traumatic dental injuries in preschool children at Kyung Hee Dental Hospital, Seoul, South Korea. Dent Traumatol. 2010 Feb;26(1):70-5. [ Links ]
22. Harrington MS, Eberhart AB, Knapp JF. Dentofacial trauma in children. ASDC J Dent Child. 1988 Sep-Oct;55(5):334-8. [ Links ]
23. Andreasen JO, Ravn JJ. The effect of traumatic injuries to primary teeth on their permanent successors. II. A clinical and radiographic follow-up study of 213 teeth. Scand J Dent Res. 1971;79(4):284-94. [ Links ]
24. Brin I, Fuks A, Ben Bassat Y, Zilberman Y. Trauma to the primary incisors and its effect on the permanent successors. Pediatr Dent. 1984 Jun;6(2):78-82. [ Links ]
25. Yagot KH, Nazhat NY, Kuder SA. Traumatic dental injuries in nursery schoolchildren from Baghdad, Iraq. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1988 Oct;16(5):292-3. [ Links ]
26. Andreasen JO. Etiology and pathogenesis of traumatic dental injuries. A clinical study of 1,298 cases. Scand J Dent Res. 1970;78(4):329-42. [ Links ]
27. Borum MK, Andreasen JO. Sequelae of trauma to primary maxillary incisors. I. Complications in the primary dentition. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1998 Feb;14(1):31-44. [ Links ]
28. Cunha RF, Pugliesi DMC, Percinoto C. Treatment of traumatized primary teeth: a conservative approach. Dent Traumatol. 2007 Dec;23(6):360-3. [ Links ]
29. Flores MT. Traumatic injuries in the primary dentition. Dent Traumatol. 2002 Dec;18(6):287-98. [ Links ]
30. Zaitoun H, North S, Lee S, Albadri S, McDonnel ST, Rodd HD. Initial management of paediatric dento-alveolar trauma in the permanent dentition: a multi-centre evaluation. Br Dent J. 2010 Mar;208(6):E11. [ Links ]
Corresponding author:
Luciana Reichert da Silva Assunção
School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pará - UFPA
Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01
CEP: 66075-900 Belém - PA - Brazil
E-mail: email@example.com
Received for publication on Oct 14, 2010
Accepted for publication on Feb 15, 2011


text:
AT&T says it is on track to deliver nationwide, mobile 5G in the first half of next year.
The operator says that it has completed 60% of its 700MHz 4G public safety FirstNet deployment now, which is 5G-ready for AT&T's low-band spectrum deployment in 2020.
"We're on track for nationwide 5G in the first half of next year," said CEO Randall Stephenson on the operator's second-quarter earnings conference call. AT&T currently has its high-band 39GHz millimeter-wave networks up in 20 markets in the US.
The CEO, however, is especially bullish on its FirstNet deployments for 5G. "It's allowing us to deploy this 5G hardware with one touch on the cell site," he says. The FirstNet deployment is expected to be 70% finished by the end of the year.
So they'll put up a single 5x5 on n5 sharing B5 with HSPA+ so that one of the 7 channels that be CA'ed together is 20% faster than it would be on LTE... all so they can crayon in the map with actual 5G. Riiiiiiiiiiiiight.
At least it will still be blazingly fast, since the other bands will still be carrying most of the load on LTE including wider channels on B2/4/12/14/30 depending on the market.
Meanwhile, they will probably still have a few T1-backhauled 3G towers hanging around in ME, MN, WI, OR, or somewhere like that.
Also, does this mean bye-bye to B5 LTE outside of the few markets where AT&T owns both sides of the CLR spectrum?
The article only mentions 700 Mhz. It doesn't say anything about 850 Mhz.
All equipment being added onto new sites (or a very large percentage of it) includes radio heads capable of broadcasting n5, as that is the only lowband certified band in existence within the United States as of 7/24/2019 that AT&T can use.
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Last edited by BentleyBeard; 07-24-2019 at 11:38 PM.
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http://www.isu.edu (Idaho State University)
Any equipment that has been installed and is 5G ready will be updated to 5G next year and be able to use Dynamic Spectrum sharing (that's Ericsson's term for it) will allow all the spectrum to be used on an as needed basis.
Sprint's already doing this where Samsung is their vendor - Samsung calls it something else but its part of the 5G spec. This is unlike the move to 4G where they had to dedicate spectrum for one use or the other. Nokia and Ericsson are behind them in rolling this out.
In 2020 all carriers will have this capability with all spectrum on already installed 5G ready equipment.
I've found that if you add a year or two to the projected dates of these projects, it's usually closer to reality versus the the PR releases coming from the providers.
Nexus 5x, Pixel 2, 3, 3a, Moto X4, G6 & G7 on Google Fi
iPhone XR & ZTE R2 on Visible
Where do you see a T1 site in MN? Curious.
Chicago, IL
I think AT&T will go all in on dynamic spectrum sharing. That will give them a big 5G footprint but speed will lack if they use band 5 cause of the smaller size block. From previous articles you can tell they also wanna use up the CBRS spectrum. The only problem is the lack of small cells so AT&T won't get those blazing fast 5G speeds on sub 6Mhz.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A little background
My GATE preparation started in November 2016. It was the middle of 7 month holidays(you read that right). The holidays started as normal one month inter-semester break(end of 4th semester). I had already decided to devote my entire 1 month holiday in learning Android. But in the middle of the 1 month break one of the top militants in Kashmir Burhan Wani was killed. Indefinite strike was called by the separatist leaders. Since it was only the mid of holidays I thought things would become normal towards the end of the holidays. But I was wrong. At the end of holidays the strike was still going. My college extended the holidays by 1 month. Since my android app was not complete I decided to focus my mind on that. Even at the end of this extension the strike did not ended. Now I got little frustrated. Bad thoughts started coming to my mind. What if something like this happens just before the placements. I had come to know that NIT Srinagar 7th semester placements were taking place at NIT Delhi. But still it wasn't the same as getting placement in one's own college. At this time I started thinking about other options. And one of the options that I found was GATE. For the next 10–15 days I read extensively about GATE and related things. And after that I decided that I would not be sitting in placements and GATE became my one and only aim. But there was one big problem. I did not know whether I should go for coaching or not. Previous year toppers had not recommended coaching for GATE. But still I had doubts. So I decided to solve some of the GATE problems to get an idea about whether I can crack it on my own. At that time the only things that I knew from GATE topics was data structures, C programming and combinational circuits. I tried to solve previous year questions of these subjects and I was able to solve most of them. This convinced me that I could do this on my own. After this I noted down the list of subjects which would be taught to us in the upcoming sem and also in GATE syllabus. There were four of them: OS, DBMS, Algo and COA. I decided that I will cover these subjects parallely in college( I was hopeful that the college would reopen soon). I ordered standard books of these subjects online. It took around 1 week to arrive and by this time September had ended. I was ready to execute my plan but at this time the college extended the holidays by another month and put out a notification asking us to undergo training at some place. I did my training in Computer Networks and during that time I did not study GATE. However I read some network topics from Tanenbaum. Finally the college put out a notice that college would now resume in February since it was already start of November and colleges in Kashmir don't remain open in these months due to extreme cold.
Beginning of something Big!
So I started my GATE preparation. And when I started the only thing in my mind was rank 1. Nothing less. I decided to leave algorithms for future and concentrate on OS, DBMS, COA and networks. During this period I was putting too much hard work and no smart work. I had noted the list of subjects from GATE syllabus and started reading the book even without having a look on the topics to read. This has been a problem since my childhood. While preparing for any examination I would read the entire book even if only half the chapters were to come and since I never joined coaching(even during my JEE preparation) nobody told me about this mistake. And I had some more problems such as:
Due to all these I faced a lot of problems. I had decided to start with OS and networks. I read networks but after some time I would forget what I had read. At this time for the first time in my life I decided to make notes. But since I was making notes for the first time they were terrible. I was not able to decide what to write on notes and what to leave. I remember studying Ethernet and making its notes only to find that I had written almost everything written in book. I threw away those notes and made a fresh set. They were much better but still nowhere good. After sometime I got bored of reading networks and OS. Then I decided to read COA. I wasted a lot of time reading topics which were never going to come in GATE. At end of December I had read a lot but a substantial percentage of this was never to come in GATE. And I had prepared notes for networks only. I did not get time to study in the month of January as I was visiting my village after a very long time.
Finally the college opened in February. The college authorities decided that the 5th semester would be completed within two months and the 6th semester within 3 months and no gap between 5th and 6th sem.I set two objectives at the beginning of 5th sem. The first one was GATE, the second one was to get an above 9 pointer in this sem. My overall pointer upto this point was 7.5 and I decided that I will make it 8 by the time I complete my B. Tech. I decided not to make the same mistakes that I earlier did while preparing. This time I read only selected topics instead of reading the whole book. OS and DBMS became my favourite subjects. For future candidates I would suggest the book by Galvin for OS and korth book for database. If you use these two books wisely I bet you can solve all questions of GATE. Similarly Cormen is more than sufficient for algorithms. For COA, I used book by Carl Hamachar. This book is very good but it does not cover some(only 2–3) topics. You can cover those topics from internet. While reading these books I noted down only those things which I would forget after some time. For example I would note down the name of the process scheduling algorithm only, not the description of the algorithm. My OS notes were less than 30 pages and same was the case for DBMS. For future candidates my advice is that always prepare your own notes. There are some things which our mind is able to store after reading once(and hence must not be recorded in notes) and there are other things which need repeated reading to make it stick. Since these two things differ from individual to individual one should always prepare his own notes. I would revise from these notes at an interval of around 3–4 days. After 3–4 revisions I decided to revise after 7 days and finally changed the interval to 15 days. The 5th sem was extremely hectic but I managed to achieve both of my objectives. I got a SGPA of 9.04 in that sem and my CGPA shot to 7.8.
When the 6th sem started my objectives remained the same as 5th sem. There were two subjects to cover -computer networks and TOC. I had already studied some part of networks from Tanenbaum. So I decided to use it for further reading. For TOC I was confused between Peter Linz and Ullman. After a lot of thought I decided to buy Peter Linz and I haven't ever regretted that decision. One of my friends was preparing computer networks from Farouzan. I gave it a try and found it to be better than Tanenbaum(only for GATE). I threw away my network notes which I had made during the holidays and made fresh set of notes. This sem went quite well with me getting a SGPA of 9.32, CGPA of 8.05 and throughly completing both networks and TOC. At the end of this sem we were given holidays of 1 month.
Upto this time I had covered OS, DBMS, TOC, data structures, algorithms and networks completely. During the holidays I started Machine learning and Python. I devoted my entire holidays in learning these. However I made sure that I keep revising those subjects which I have already learnt.
GATE is more about persistence than talent
7th sem started in the month of August. This was the sem students were waiting for, the sem of placements. I had already decided before starting my GATE preparation that I was not going to sit for placements. My focus was now on Maths portion of GATE. I started with discrete maths. When I had made a plan for this sem I did not take into account that I would be getting a lot of holidays since every time a company came we used to have a 3–4 holidays. Since I had extra time I parallely studied machine learning. I also joined ACE test series and started giving subject tests. I used to get 15–16 marks out of 25 in those tests. I was happy since I felt that with practice I will definitely be getting more in time. Now my life was like ML, Discrete Mathematics, Compiler Design and tests. I took a print out of GATE syllabus and pasted it on my room wall. For Discrete Mathematics I used Kenneth Rosen. I found it sufficient for GATE. For Compiler Design I bought book by Aho. This book gave me a lot of trouble. I found its language to be extremely difficult. But my mam was teaching this subject well so I decided to follow whatever she is teaching. Also I watched some of ******'s free videos. It had been some time since I joined the test series and my marks instead of increasing started decreasing. Now I was getting 12–13. First I thought this may be once in a while case but no. Those 12–13 became very regular. I felt dejected and lost my confidence. This was the only time during my GATE preparation that I began to question my abilities and decisions. I thought maybe I should have sit in placements. I left GATE preparation and started doing thing which I enjoyed the most- playing cricket. I had stopped playing altogether after the 7th sem started. For a week I left studies altogether. I just played and played. After this I joined madeeasy test series, took the 1st test and scored well. Playing has provided my mind the break that it needed. After this I never stopped playing in that sem. Now I started giving full tests. I remember scoring 52 in my first test(without attempting the aptitude part). After 4–5 tests my score rose to 60 and I felt very happy. After scoring 60 I did not take any more tests in that sem. For some time I focused only on sem exams, seminar and pre project. I ended the sem with 8.92 SGPA and 8.17 CGPA. The lesson learned here is:
Never stop enjoying your life while preparing for GATE or any other exam
Never stop enjoying your life while preparing for GATE or any other exam
Our exams ended on 20 November and now was the time for winter break(upto beginning of march). After I reached home I gave a full test only to score less than 60. This was the effect of not studying for around 20 days. Around this time my friend told me about GO facebook group and asked me join it. At first I was not impressed with the group and I could not understand why the Admin was adamant on staying away from test series. My initial reaction was this group sucks.But after sometime I found some good questions posted on it. So I decided to use it for one hour everyday. Things that were remaining- some part of maths, sequential circuits, aptitude, Decidability in TOC and some part of algorithm. For probability I used SC gupta. For other topics in maths I used NCERT books. For sequential circuits NesoAcademy videos on youtube was used. During the month of December I studied for around 12 hours each day. I would wake up at 8AM, start taking my full length test at 10 AM, finish at 12:30(leave 30minutes for aptitude),and then check my mistakes. After this I would take my lunch and again sit from 2–7. Then I would watch TV, have my dinner and again continue from 9PM-around 1AM(sometimes 2AM). My father and mother have never seen me studying with this much dedication. They supported me with all they can. Both of them never asked me to do anything and even if I tried to do something they would ask me to focus on my study and leave it to them. At the end of December I had covered everything apart from aptitude. I practiced aptitude for 6–7 days and found it boring and then left it hoping to get 12–13 marks in GATE exam. After this I decreased my studying time to 8–9 hours and didn't study anything new. In the last few days I solved previous year question papers. I found GATEOVERFLOW site very useful during this time as madeeasy book had lot of wrong answers. While solving previous year papers I finally got why Arjun Suresh sir focuses too much on previous year questions and less on test series. Test series questions were nothing but previous year questions with minor modifications. So if one solves previous year questions then he does not have to depend too much on test series. Still test series is a must for improving speed and accuracy. While attempting tests I did a lot of experiments. During the initial days I used to solve 10 marks section and then the 2 marks section. But I found that towards the end of tests my accuracy decreases. So I should attempt 20 marks section first and then one marks section. It is my advice to every future candidate that try to experiment something like that and find something which suits you. And not take test series too seriously, if u are getting good marks keep going and if u getting bad marks try to see if they are asking irrelevant questions. Sometimes test series put questions which are not even in GATE syllabus and sometimes they put a question which is too hard to solve. Some even ask a lot of theoretical questions. You would know these things if you have solved some previous year papers which I had not done. The great thing during this period was that my never rank never crossed above 10 while giving tests(ACE, Madeeasy, Gateforum and testbook). It is not necessary to join 4 test series like I did. Two are sufficient. I attempted 4 because I started giving full tests too early and hence completely used ACE and madeeasy. I hoped that I would be able to replicate my performance in test series during the GATE exam. The only thing that worried me that I used to make a lot of mistakes while solving easy questions but my accuracy was good with difficult questions(since I solved them carefully).
In the month of February I gave 4 mock tests. And in the 3rd test for the first time my rank crossed above 50. I was terrified. Have made a lot of mistakes. On the day before the GATE paper I gave another test and in this my rank was above 100. My friend has already warned me against taking tests one day before the exam but when I had listened to my friends? Above 100 rank was a disaster but I told myself not to worry about that. The final exam is the only one that matters. I watched two movies on that day: Thor Ragnarok and Wonder Woman. Finally I went to sleep at 11PM hoping to get a sound sleep and wake up at 6AM(since my exam centre was far away from my home). But I slept till 12 AM only. I found myself awakened at 12 AM with my throat dry and feeling extremely thirsty. I drank a glass of water and came back to bed hoping to sleep again. But sleep didn't come till 3AM. I slept between 3AM and 6AM. I woke up and I knew that I am in serious trouble since I haven't slept properly. I met my friend(another GATE candidate) in the bus. I told him that I want the paper to be as difficult as possible and he just smiled(He wasn't surprised, has known me all my B.Tech). For future candidates I would advise not to take any test on the previous day of examination.
The D-day
The exam started. As I have always done during tests I started with 2 marks questions. I couldn't solve the first question. I skippped that question only to meet a question from database which I was not being able to solve. I was shocked. How could I not solve something from database, my favourite subject. I tried harder but at last I gave up on that question. 10 minutes gone, nothing solved. Couldn't solve the 3rd question either, worst possible start. I started to panic but then I told myself if these are hard for me they are hard for everyone. Finally the 4th question appeared. It was on hard disk and we had to calculate the power consumption. I did it and did it carefully. Took some time but the important thing was that it gave me some confidence. But then the 5th question I was once again unable to solve. I wanted the paper to be difficult but not so much difficult that I couldn't solve it. 30 minutes were gone. But after this my luck changed. I solved most of the upcoming questions. I looked at the time, 1 hour 40 minutes gone. But still I was satisfied. Now I moved to 1 marks section. It felt too easy. Solved within 30 minutes(left only 1 question). Now attempted aptitude, done in 20 minutes(one 2 marks question left). Looked at the time, 30 minutes time. Now comes the part which cost me my under 10 rank(if not, definitely under 50). Upto this time I had attempted 55 questions. And if I had done nothing for the next 30 minutes I would have got 70.66(definitely under 50 rank). And if had just revised my 2 marks section I would have got under 10 rank. But I was caught in a dilemma. When I used to attempt test series most of the times I had faced this situation where at the end of aptitude part I had done almost 55 questions. The situation was the same here. But the time remaining was different. During test series I used to complete those questions in 2 hours. So the next half hour I used to revise my 2 marks section and the last hour was devoted to solve those unattempted questions. But here in the real exam I had just 30 minutes. I had to make a decision and I made a wrong one. I decided to solve the unattempted questions. I could attempt only 5 questions during that period and all 5 were wrong(2 of them were objective type 2 marks question and hence brought down my marks to 69.33). And among these questions there was that database question which I was initially able to solve. I again wasted a lot of time in solving that and I finally did it wrong. But I never regret for this question. The question which I regret the most was a networking question based on carrier sensing. After wasting 10 minutes I found the answer to be 50(it was numerical type, 2 marks). Before writing the answer I read the question once more and it said something like rounding to the nearest integer. This got me confused and I thought why were they asking to round it. Then I made some complicated assumptions and I finally wrote the answer as 51( 50 was the right answer). When the paper ended I had attempted 91 marks. I felt that the paper was easy and definitely this time someone would score more than 90. There are many lessons here:
I knew that I would not get under 10 but still expected to be under 50. I came home and opened gatecse overflow to match my answers with other people. All my excitedness disappeared after some time. Most of the questions that I checked, I found that I had solved them wrong. I thought that I have only checked 20 questions and 8 of them are already wrong. No need to check any further. I felt depressed for 2–3 days. Then I started preparing for infosys(company to come when the college reopened) since I knew that I am getting nothing from GATE. I also started my B. tech project to take my mind off. Some days after response sheet came and then by using GATE predictor I checked my marks. It read 72 total, 2.66 negative, 69.33 final. I couldn't believe my eyes. Then I checked my answers. Entire aptitude section was correct. Out of 24 one marks questions attempted, 23 were correct. In the 2 marks section, the questions that I had not earlier checked were correct. Finally I felt some sense of relief. When I started for GATE preparation I would not have accepted this rank but the same rank now made me more happy than ever. As I was checking my response sheet I checked that network question and found the answer as 50. I literally slapped myself. I knew that those 2 marks would hurt in future(They did hurt, didn't get IISC as well as ONGC). The lesson learned here:
Never calculate your marks too early. Wait for the response sheet to come.
Never calculate your marks too early. Wait for the response sheet to come.
Time went by and my rank kept on increasing. It stabilised after reaching 60 and I predicted my rank to under 70. On 16th March as I was browsing gatecse overflow I saw that someone had posted that GATE results were out. I went to the site and logged in to found my rank as 67. I ran outside and told all my friends about my rank. One of the happiest days of my life.
I would like to thank:
The tests are there but it ain't free. Cost is...


text:
An interview with Dr Stephane Bermon
by Kay Hare
Late one Thursday evening I visited Bermon who is a sports Doctor at his office in Im2S Monte Carlo, bumping into the last patient leaving his practice on my way in. It had been a long and a busy day. Stephane was not perturbed by the late appointment and seemed delighted to see me as I was greeted with a friendly introduction to his practice.
Doctor Stephane Bermon is a Sports Medicine and Traumatology Specialist based in the heart of Monte Carlo. He set up his practice 12 years ago and has never looked back. Currently, he sees on average 20 clients per day however sometimes the number increases due to sheer volume of clients. He is over prescribed with patients which is reflected in his character, he is the kind of person who will always give more than is expected and has a genuine interest and patience with people. I believe there is now a waiting list to see him, so I set out with a list of questions to find out why:
Why did you want to become a sports Doctor?
I have always practised sports since the age of 5. At the beginning of my career as a medical student, I was a ski instructor and a professional snowboarder. So, associating sports and medicine appeared very natural and logic to me at that time. So far, I have never regretted this choice.
What is the safest form of sport for the average person and how much should someone exercise to feel good?
It would probably take dozens of pages to explain which sport is the safest. It is up to your sports physician to help you address this question. While choosing your physical activity or sports practice, you should, as a priority, consider your musculoskeletal status (arthritis, unstable joints, weight or non-weight bearing activity etc) and your cardiorespiratory status (undiagnosed or pre-existing cardiorespiratory condition, asthma, medicine intake etc).
The World Health Organisation recommends for adults aged 18–64, that their physical activity should include leisure time physical activity (for example: walking, dancing, gardening, hiking, swimming), transportation (e.g. walking or cycling), occupational (i.e. work), household chores, play, games, sports or planned exercise, in the context of daily, family, and community activities. This all helps to improve cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, bone health and reduces the risk of non-communicable diseases and depression.
Adults aged 18–64 should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity or at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. Aerobic activity should be performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes duration.
For additional health benefits per week, adults should increase their moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes, or engage in 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. Muscle-strengthening activities are encouraged to strengthen major muscle groups two or more days a week.
Does medicine inspire you or is it the interest of helping the patient recover?
The whole process (should we name it like that) is fascinating. As a physician, I concentrate on the diagnosis process. Linking the aggregated results obtained from both the patient and the clinical and preclinical investigations, with their previous history is interesting. As Nietzsche quoted "Devil is in the detail"; 80% of diagnoses can be reached without really looking at these details but, you have to be really cautious should you aim at diagnosing part of the remaining 20%. The treatment-related aspects rely more on psychology and help you to build a (sometimes) long-term relationship with the patient.
What is the most common sports injury you deal with?
These are micro traumatisms related to misuse or overuse. Tendonitis is probably the most frequent. The knee is the most frequently affected joint.
Do you think sometimes people injure themselves self-consciously in order to slow down in life and take a rest?
It may happen but this conscious process is very rare in my opinion. However, I very often see overuse injuries or infections which are the result of an excessive and inappropriate training load. This leads to injury or illness which in turn forces the athlete to rest.
Do you think many sports injuries can be prevented?
Yes indeed. There are numerous research groups around the world conducting efficient research on injury prevention. Basically, and as far as sport is concerned, this can be achieved through three different axes:
The evolution of sports materials. The improvement of preventive methods, training and recovery sciences. The rules of the sport.
Do you always prescribe medicine or sometimes can the patient heal themselves either by resting or carrying on with a lighter form of sport?
When it comes to sports medicine and traumatology, rest and recovery are essential components of the healing process. Surprisingly, it is very difficult to convince many athletes to take time out and rest. Medicines and physical rehabilitation are also helpful. However, I believe that the Hippocratic precepts "Primum non nocere" are still valid in 2018. In some cases, the patient will heal spontaneously; our treatment, if properly conducted, only speeds up the process.
What is your belief in mind over matter? Do you think people can heal their bodies through a positive mindset?
Again, answering such a question deserves several symposia. I am convinced that some patients with a positive mindset are less prone to injury or illnesses. Should they experience a medical condition, this positive mindset is a powerful ally. One should, however, be cautious not to turn this into a dogma which will then prevent some patients to receive appropriate medical care in due time.
Are you as a Doctor still learning and seeing the body as a tool, as a subject to learn from. Does the human body still surprise you from the point of view of healing?
Indeed, the more experience one gains in medicine, the more tempting it is to take shortcuts for diagnosis and treatment. Shortcuts are dangerous in medicine. Taking shortcuts, you'll succeed nine times, but you and your patient will fail the tenth time. I learn every day from my patient, and the more experienced I become, the more I doubt.
As our lives get busier and we are living longer, do you feel medicine is progressing fast enough that keeps up with our evolution?
There are two ways to answer this question. The optimist would say that our life expectancy significantly improved during the last century and this is a result of the progress made in Medicine. The pessimistic would argue that in spite of a significant reduction of infectious disease during this last century we are still facing serious and alarming issues with non-communicable diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic and pollution-related diseases. Like Daedalus and Icarus, many of us are convinced that technology will always help us to find a solution to escape from above. I am not sure of that and believe that we should more focus on the human behavioural changes as possible levers.
What field of medicine do you think has advanced and expanded the most in your career?
Medical Imaging, as far as my own speciality is concerned.
Do all your patients fully recover or do you have to refer some patients to specialists?
No, many of my patients do not fully recover. For instance, you cannot actually recover from a degenerative disease (arthritis is a degenerative disease). It is of utmost importance to work with a network of colleagues. In sports medicine, like in many other specialities, even a skilled doctor cannot achieve good results alone.
You regularly write scientific articles and give lectures at Oxford University (Green Templeton College). What inspires these papers? And, where can we read them? Are they published or can we find them online?
Yes, most of my scientific work is published in English peer-reviewed journals (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Bermon+S). However, they often deal with complicated sports medicine and exercise physiology topics which are academics papers.
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Winter Storm Warning for Wyoming Black Hills, Wyoming
The National Weather Service has issued a Winter Storm Warning for Wyoming Black Hills, Wyoming, USA.
Heavy snow and winds gusting as high as 35 mph are expected in the forecast area. Total snow accumulations of 3 to 7 inches are expected.
ADDITIONAL DETAILS: Winter driving conditions can be expected. Rapidly accumulating snow could make travel difficult over some locations. Visibility may be suddenly reduced at times in heavy snow. The hazardous conditions could impact commutes through the entire warning period.
The warning remains in effect from 3 PM this afternoon to 8 PM Saturday, 3/9/2019.


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When should you go to the doctor after a slip and fall accident? Does Texas law limit the time you have to seek medical care or file a personal injury lawsuit? Here's what you need to know.
What Texas Law Says About Slip And Falls
Actually, Texas state law has nothing specific to say about how long you have to go to the doctor after a slip and fall accident. Like most states, Texas has a statute of limitations on filing personal injury lawsuits, which is two years from the date of injury or the date you learned of your injury.
That said, it's in your absolute best interest to go to the doctor as soon as possible following a slip and fall accident. Not only is this critical to ensure you do not have serious injuries, but it's also important to show that you did not delay seeking medical treatment should you file a lawsuit with a Texas Personal Injury Lawyer later on.
Where Should You Go?
Where you go to seek medical treatment depends largely on the type of injuries you have and when you sustain the injuries.
Emergency Room
You should go to the emergency room if you are in extreme pain after your slip and fall, if you hit your head, or for any other injury that you would ordinarily seek emergency care for. You should also go to the emergency room if you're injured in a slip and fall if the accident occurs after clinic hours.
Urgent Care Clinic
If you are only moderately injured and do not need critical care, you should go to your local urgent care or walk-in clinic. Typically these clinics have extended hours, but won't be open in the middle of the night.
Your Family Doctor
If you don't seem to be injured at all, you can go to your family doctor within a day or so of the incident. For example, if your accident occurred in the middle of the night but you don't appear to be hurt, you may wait to see your family doctor until the next day, or the day after.
You should avoid waiting longer than 48-72 hours after a slip and fall accident to go to any type of doctor.
Contact Gregory Bevel & Wesley Gould Today
If you or a loved one have been injured in a slip and fall accident, you could be entitled to compensation from the owner of the property. Call today for a consultation at (214)-580-2555.


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RF Microneedling Treatment In India – Benefit, Procedure And Cost
Radiofrequency Microneedling (RF Microneedling) is a new-age technology that helps in improving the skin texture. It helps in rejuvenating your skin and visibly reducing acne scars, open pores, wrinkles, stretch marks, sagging and dullness.
What Is RF Microneedling?
RF Microneedling (MNRF) is a minimally invasive technique that combines the traditional micro-needling procedure effectively with the element of radio frequency energy to rejuvenate the appearance of your skin. The RF pulse carried through fractional technique deep into the dermis enhances skin tightening and reduces acne scars by stimulating the synthesis of both collagen and elastin. The entire procedure causes minimal damage to the upper layers of skin; therefore, it involves marginal downtime.
Also Read: Improve Appearance Of Scars Or Remove Them With Non-Surgical Treatments
Top Benefits Of RF Microneedling Treatment
MNRF is a "one shop stop" solution for problematic skin. Let's look at some of the benefits of micro needling therapy.
- Improves skin tone and texture
- Reduces wrinkles and fine lines
- Rejuvenates and tightens skin
- Reduces acne scars, skin pigmentation, open pores, and stretch marks
Common Application Of RF Microneedling
RF Microneedling is a procedure that is suitable for all skin types and offers a wide range of benefits for each skin indication. MNRF helps treat the following:
- Scars due to inflammatory acne especially rolling and box scars
- Minor hypertrophic scars due to acne, vaccination, burns, and chickenpox
- Large open pores
- Saggy skin, wrinkles, and fine lines
- Stretch marks
- Dull complexion
Also Read: Reduce Your Skin Dullness And Improve Skin Tone With Skin Lightening Treatment
What Is The RF Microneedling Treatment Procedure?
An hour before your MNRF procedure, your dermatologist may apply numbing cream on the target area to avoid any pain or discomfort. He will then proceed to use the advanced equipment by gently pressing it on your skin. This will enable the needles in the tip to deposit the radiofrequency energy at the desired depth. The skin specialist controls the depth of the penetration of the microneedles with precision and continues the process until he achieves desirable results.
What Is The Before And After Result?
MNRF procedure before and after image:
Common Side Effects Of RF Microneedling
Here are a few minor side effects of MNRF.
- Some patients may feel initial discomfort during the procedure.
- RF Microneedling may cause mild swelling and redness, which is normal and generally subside within an hour or so.
- You may develop mild tiny crusts on the target area after the procedure. The dermatologists recommend not to pick the scabs with bare hands, and let them fall on their own.
RF Microneedling Treatment After-Care Tips
Here are a few do's and don'ts you need to follow after undergoing MNRF treatment
- Make sure you regularly use a non-comedogenic sunscreen with minimum SPF 30+.
- Strictly follow the skin care regimen your dermatologist suggests.
- Avoid salon procedure for a week.
How Much Does RF Microneedling Cost In India?
A single session of Radio Frequency Micro-Needling treatment in any reputed skin clinic in India costs from Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 25,000 per session. The overall cost of this treatment may vary from one person to another based on the severity of the condition, the target area, the thickness of the skin and the number of sessions recommended. The price mentioned here is indicative only and may vary from one clinic to another based on its reputation, location, equipment used and the experience of the doctor. It is advisable to visit a dermatology clinic to know the exact cost of the MNRF treatment.
Also Read: How Much Does A Laser Treatment For Acne Scar Cost In India?
- How Is Fractional Radiofrequency Scar Treatment Different From Laser?
– RF uses radio frequency energy waves to heat the collagen under the skin. These waves flow between electrodes positioned on the surface of the skin. Heat flows through the layers of skin with less impedance and stimulates the synthesis of new collagen and elastin thereby tightening the skin.
– The laser uses a highly focussed light beam, which converts into thermal energy (heat). It breaks down and remodels the scars, and over a period, they begin to heal.
- Does RF Microneedling Hurt?
This procedure for scar reduction is probably the least painful one. The lighter setting does not require the use of any numbing cream. However, before using the higher radio frequency for micro needling, your dermatologist may use one to eliminate any discomfort.
- What Is The Downtime Of RF Microneedling?
The downtime of RF Microneedling procedure is very less. Depending on the intensity of the treatment, it may take a day or two for your skin to recover.
- How Many Sessions of MNRF Should I Take And How Often?
Most people require 3-5 sessions of MNRF for over six months to attain visible results. The number of sessions depends on your skin's response to the treatment.
The time interval between each session depends on the severity of the condition as well the type of RF micro-needling you need to undergo. The dermatologist may suggest treatment sessions after a gap of 4-6 weeks.
- How Do At-Home RF Microneedling Systems Compare To The Professional Services?
At-home RF micro-needling has its pros and cons. It can be cheaper but dangerous. If your research is not thorough, you may mishandle the equipment. Professional MNRF micro-needling is suitable for people who want to have a safe experience. It might be costly, but the results are optimal.
Remember, MNRF does not just treat acne scars, but it can also help you get beautiful skin.
Now, that you know all about RF micro-needling go ahead and book an appointment at your nearest Oliva Skin Clinic and experience the best dermatological care in the country!


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