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Telework Training
Table of Contents
Introduction This course meets the requirements of the Telework Enhancement Act of 2010 to provide telework training to all GSA employees. The training covers our mobility and telework policy and explains our cultural transformation for supervisors to manage by results, not physical presence. It promotes enhanced customer relationships, a stronger work/life balance, and the sustainability of a telework program.
Chapter 1: Our Transforming World Our world is increasingly mobile. The federal government must respond by modernizing its work practices, and we're leading the way.
Chapter 2: Our Extreme Challenge Telework and other flexible workloads allow space to be consolidated, which helps agencies reduce carbon footprints, minimize travel costs, foster teamwork, and focus on performance outcomes.
Chapter 3: Changing Culture at GSA Our mobility and telework policy promotes changing our culture. It supports the greatest degree of flexibility and embraces all flexible work modes: telework, mobile work, satellite or remote work, and alternative officing.
Chapter 4: Enhancing Customer Service When employees have expanded flexibility and robust communication tools, they can serve customers without interruption and continue operations, even during emergencies or inclement weather.
Chapter 5: Telework Language Different work modes are often confused with telework. Legalities concerning employee protections and reimbursements vary according to work modes.
Chapter 6: Telework Eligibility Most of you are eligible to telework. Legislation defines two situations that would make you permanently ineligible to telework and defines two situations that would make a job position ineligible for telework.
Chapter 7: Telework is Optional Telework or participation in a form of alternative officing is not mandatory, except for in certain emergency situations.
Chapter 8: Telework Schedule Instead of reporting strict teleworking schedules, managers and teams must communicate about workflow to determine flexible schedules and timekeeping procedures that maximize productivity.
Chapter 9: Work Sites Alternative work sites must meet specific requirements and should be prepared before an employee teleworks.
Chapter 10: Alternative Officing Alternative officing lets you be productive while moving around and being flexible, even within a GSA facility.
Chapter 11: Telework as a Team Sport Managers and teams work together to establish teleworking norms.
Chapter 12: Manage Flexibility While working in a flexible physical environment, you're in official work status, and you must manage distractions and use collaboration tools effectively.
Chapter 13: Telework with Technology While we provide you with a computer that you can use for telework, you can use your personal equipment as long as it has Internet access with adequate security.
Chapter 14: Managing a Mobile Workforce Teleworking calls for a new form of management. Managers must treat office workers and teleworkers equally, recognizing that workers thrive within different levels of structure and engagement.
Chapter 15: Measuring Telework The GSA Telework Dashboard tracks participation and greenhouse gas emissions savings by service and region, maintaining compliance with the 2010 Telework Enhancement Act.


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Annual Fund – Unrestricted
When you make a gift to the Annual Fund at UMass Medical School and UMass Memorial you are providing important unrestricted financial support to our academic health sciences center. This allows us to put the funds to use wherever the need is greatest as specific needs arise throughout the year. This includes, but is not limited to, equipment and clinical care upgrades, faculty and staff recruitment, and curriculum advancements for our next generation of scientists, nurses and physicians.
You can make your gift to the Annual Fund conveniently through our secure online web page or you can mail your check, payable to UMMF, to the Office of Advancement.
For more information about our annual giving program, please contact Kate Gomes by email or by phone at 508-856-5540.


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Anti-tamper Techniques to Thwart Attacks on Smart Meters
Non-technical losses ("theft") account for billions of dollars of revenue loss for utility providers around the world as individuals are able to hack meters to slow or stop the accumulation of energy usage statistics. This loss has driven increased requirements for enhancing the protection designed into new smart meters. This training session will discuss different methods of attacking smart meters and how TI's analog portfolio can be used to detect or even prevent these attacks. In one scenario magnets are used to saturate any transformers present in the system.
Detecting case tamper attacks using inductive switches
The first line of defense against tampering by bypassing current, reversing connections, and disconnecting leads is the meter case. Due to this, it is common for utilities to require some form of intrusion detection system to detect when someone opens a case. In this section, we will cover how to detect someone trying to open the case of a meter.
Detecting magnetic tampering using hall-effect sensors
For anti-tampering, it is common to try to detect the presence of a strong magnet. In this section, we will cover the use of hall sensors for low-power detection of strong magnetic fields in three dimensions. Details on our magnetic tamper detection reference design, TIDA-00839, will be provided as well as some of the design considerations that were kept in mind when creating this reference design.
Hardening a meter against magnetic tamper attacks
In this section, we will cover how to harden a meter against these magnetic tamper attacks by using shunts for current sensors. For poly-phase implementations, I will go over how to use isolated delta sigma modulators to add the necessary isolation to use shunt current sensors and create magnetically immune poly-phase energy measurement systems. The TIDA-00601 and TIDA-01094 reference designs, which show how to implement a poly-phase isolated shunt measurement system, will be discussed as well as the associated AMC1304 high-side power supplies used in these designs.
In this section, a summary of the entire "Anti-tamper Techniques to Thwart Attacks on Smart Meters" training module would be covered. This summary would cover the "Detecting case tamper attacks using inductive switches ", "Detecting magnetic tampering using hall-effect sensors ", and "Hardening a meter against magnetic tamper attacks " sections of the training series. Links will be provided for the reference designs and design tools that were discussed during this training series.
How High-Voltage Isolation Technology Works
Want to understand how high-voltage isolation technology works? Watch and learn about reliability testing for isolation. Filmed in TI's high-voltage lab, this series of videos will focus on capacitive isolation structure, working voltage reliability, withstand voltage capability, methods for testing reliability, and more.
TI Precision Labs – ADCs: Determining a SAR ADC's Linear Range when using Instrumentation Amplifiers


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The illustrious surname lanane is classified as a habitation surname, which was originally derived from a place-name, and is one form of surname belonging to a broader group called hereditary surnames. Habitation names were derived from pre-existing names for towns, villages, parishes, or farmsteads. Topographic names, form the other broad category of surnames that was given to a person who resided near a physical feature such as a hill, stream, church, or type of tree.
Other local names are derived from the names of houses, manors, estates, regions, and entire counties. As a general rule, the greater the distance between an individual and their homeland, the larger the territory they were named after. For example, a person who only moved to another parish would be known by the name of their original village, while people who migrated to a different country were often known by the name of a region or country from which they came. lanane is a place-name from in Lanyon, in Cornwall. This makes it a habitational name, which is a type of hereditary surname, and is derived from an already existing place-name. There is little doubt that this family had their origin in Brittany; however, the Cornish place-name was in place long before this family came to England. However, it is quite possible that the place-name has similar roots in both Brittany and Cornwall, as the Cornish and Breton languages are quite similar. Brittany is a peninsula on the northwest coast of France. Formerly known as Armorica, a possession of the Roman Empire, this land consists of a plateau with a deeply indented coast and is broken by hills in the west. However, the region was renamed Britannia Minor by the Romans, following the emigration of six thousand Britons across the English Channel, an event which took place at the behest of the Roman Commander in Britain.
The surname lanane was first found in Cornwall where they settled in Lanyon. They entered England with Queen Isabella, King Edward II's bride, from Brittany where they also held the lands of Lanyon. Another source claims that the name was in fact Norman having derived from the town of Lannion in Brittany. [1] In this case, they must have settled during the time of Edward II. Their estate was also named Lanyon.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our lanane research. Another 156 words (11 lines of text) covering the years 176 and 1765 are included under the topic Early lanane History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Since the Old and Middle English languages lacked definite spelling rules, Breton surnames have many spelling variations. Latin and French, which were the official court languages, were also influential on the spelling of surnames. The spelling of surnames was rarely consistent in medieval times, and scribes and church officials recorded names as they sounded rather than adhering to any specific spelling rules. Therefore, it was common to find the same individual referred to with different spellings of their surname in the ancient chronicles. Moreover, a large number of foreign names were brought into England after the Norman Conquest, which accelerated and accentuated the alterations to the spelling of various surnames. The name has been spelled Lannyon, Lanyon, Lanyan, Lannyan, Lanion, Lannion, Lanine and many more.
More information is included under the topic Early lanane Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Some of the first immigrants to cross the Atlantic and come to North America carried the name lanane, or a variant listed above: T. Lanyan who settled in New York State in 1823; Thomas James Lanyon, who settled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1831; A.C. Lannean who arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1874..


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Boletín de la Sociedad Chilena de Química
Print version ISSN 0366-1644
Bol. Soc. Chil. Quím. vol.47 no.4 Concepción Dec. 2002
ELECTRODEPOSITION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZnX
(X=Se, Te) SEMICONDUCTOR THIN FILMS.
Instituto de Química, Universidad Católica de Valparaíso,
Av. Brasil 2950, Valparaíso, Chile.
Instituto de Física, Facultad de Ingeniería, Herrera y Reissig 565,
C.C. 30, 11000 Montevideo, Uruguay.
El presente trabajo describe la síntesis y la caracterización de películas delgadas de ZnX (X = Se y Te) obtenidas por electrodeposición a potencial constante en medio ácido. Previamente, se realizó un estudio voltamétrico y fotovoltamétrico sobre diferentes substratos conductores los que permitieron determinar las mejores condiciones para la electro obtención de estos compuestos. Las películas delgadas de ZnSe y de ZnTe fueron analizadas por diferentes técnicas (SEM, EDS, XRD y medidas ópticas). Las películas de ZnTe presentaron una composición muy cercana a la estequiometrica, en tanto que las de ZnSe presentaron un exceso de Se el cual puede ser eliminado por un adecuado tratamiento térmico. La caracterización óptica de ambos semiconductores depositados sobre titanio arrojó valores de ancho de banda prohibida de transición directa de 2,64 eV para ZnSe y 2,27 eV para ZnTe, muy cercanos a los aceptados en bibliografía.
PALABRAS CLAVES: ZnSe, ZnTe, semiconductores, electrodisposición
In present work we report the one step electrodeposition of ZnX (X = Se y Te) thin films in acid solution. In order to establish the appropriate conditions for the electrodeposition, a voltammetric and photovoltammetric study on different substrates was previously performed. The films were analyzed by different techniques (SEM, EDS, XRD and optical reflectance). The composition of the ZnTe films was very close to the stoichiometric one, instead, ZnSe films presented a selenium excess that can be eliminated with a proper annealing. Optical reflectance characterization of ZnSe and ZnTe samples grown on titanium gave direct band gaps values of 2.64 eV and 2.27 eV, respectively, in agreement with those reported in the bibliography.
KEY WORDS: ZnSe, ZnTe, semiconductors, electrodeposition.
Thin films heterostructures involving wide band gap semiconductors are widely studied for optoelectronic applications, such as, light emitting diodes or laser diodes. A number of methodologies are employed in the formation of high quality thin films , including: chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, pulsed laser, evaporation, and sputtering. There is, however, an interest to investigate other approaches which could open new or supplementary possibilities in terms of device properties, structure or engineering. Deposition from solutions belongs to these alternative methods that are particularly adapted for the deposition of chalcogenide materials either by electrodeposition or chemical deposition. Chemical bath deposition of sulfides and selenides is already used for producing interfacial buffer layers in high efficiency thin film solar cells based in copper indium gallium diselenide. Additionally, highly efficient devices can be obtained by electrodeposition such as for electrodeposited cadmium telluride solar cells or electrodeposited wide band gap sulfide or oxides buffer/window layers.
Within direct wide-band semiconductor materials, the zinc chalcogenides compounds have been the object of numerous studies concerning thin film electrodeposition from aqueous solutions. Most of the studies deal, mainly, with ZnSe1-15 and, in a lesser extent, with ZnTe16-20 . However, most of the experimental conditions employed for the electrodeposition usually do not lead to electrodeposits of enough quality for device application. The poor crystalline character of the as grown films and a chalcogenide excess in the deposits are often the main problems associated with this technique and an annealing is required in order to improve film quality.
To characterize the electrochemical behaviour of the Zn/X system in acid solution a detailed voltammetric study of the precursors and their mixtures was firstly accomplished. Then, from this study we selected the experimental conditions for the one step electrodeposition of ZnSe and ZnTe thin films at controlled potential. The films were characterized as grown and also after annealing by XRD, SEM and EDS. Furthermore, considering the lack of references related with appropriate procedures for the optical characterization of ZnX electrodeposits, we developed a methodology in order to determine reliable values of the energy gap in our films. As the samples were grown onto opaque substrates, we have studied the optical properties through the study of their reflectance. The clear coloration of the samples let us have well determined sharp edges in these spectra associated with the band edge properties. We have determined the energy gap from these spectra using two different methods. Excellent agreement is obtained when comparing the results between them and with the bibliographic reported values.
All solutions were prepared from analytical grade reagents and 18 MW.cm Millipore water. ZnSe and ZnTe were cathodically deposited in a conventional three-electrode single compartment electrochemical cell under potentiostatic conditions, from unstirred solutions. In the case of ZnSe film growth, the electrolyte bath was an acidic aqueous solution (pH=2.0-2.5) containing 0.5 M ZnSO4 and 1mM H2SeO3, held at 60 oC. In the case of ZnTe deposition, electrolytic bath was an aqueous solution of 0.5 M ZnSO4 and 0.1 mM TeO2 at a pH of 4.3, thermostated at a temperature of 95 oC. To avoid the possible oxygen electroreduction, the electrolyte solutions were purged with nitrogen for 30 min prior to each experimental series and then kept under flowing nitrogen during the experiments. The substrates were titanium ( Aldrich ) plates (about 1 cm2 of geometric area), that before each experiment were polished with emery paper, rinsed with deionized water, immersed during 10s in 3% HF solution and finally thoroughly rinsed with water. The electrochemical measurements (cyclic voltammetry and photovoltammetry) were performed in a conventional three-electrode glass cell using polycrystalline gold and glassy carbon as working electrodes. The gold (Johnson Matthey) and glassy carbon(Aldrich) electrodes were polished with a 0.3 m m alumina suspension and ultrasonically cleaned in deionized water. A platinum wire was used as a counterelectrode and a saturated Ag/AgCl (Ag/AgCl(sat)) served as reference electrode in both, electrochemical growth and electrochemical measurements. All potential values are reported versus Ag/AgCl(sat).
The cyclic photovoltammetry technique consisted in examining the current response of the electrodeposit/electrolyte interface under conditions of voltammetric scanning and modulated light excitation8, 21. The electrode (gold, glassy carbon)/electrolyte interface was illuminated with white light which was manually chopped during voltammetric scanning. Thus, the photoresponse of the forming semiconductor serves as an in situ diagnostic probe of the deposition mechanism and product formation.
The electrochemical measurements were done using model IM6e BAS-ZAHNER potentiostat whereas electrodeposits were obtained using model 263A EG&G Princeton Applied Research potentiostat.
Powder X-ray diffraction spectra of films were recorded with a Philips PW3710 diffractometer using CuKa 1 radiation and a nickel filter in order to filter the Kß radiation. The accelerating voltage was set at 40 KV with a 25 mA flux. Scatter and diffraction slits of 1o and 0.1 mm collection slit were used.
Quantitative standard less microanalyses were obtained using an energy disperse X-ray analysis (EDS) with a JEOL JSM-5410 apparatus.
As the films were deposited onto opaque substrates, the optical characterization of the samples was made from optical reflectance measurements. We used a 1000 W Xe lamp (ORIEL 6271) light source, and a S2000 Ocean Optics fiber optic spectrometer (with a Sony ILX511 Linear CCD Array and a 100 m m fiber acting as input slit). The effective optical range of this equipment is 350 - 1000 nm. Both specular and diffused light were measured with no considerable differences between the results. We have determined the energy gap by two different methods: the maximum of the reflectance first derivative against wavelength and from the optical absorption estimated from reflectance.
3.1. Voltammetric studies
3.1.1. Study of Se(IV) and Te(IV) in aqueous acid solutions
The Zn2+ ion in an acidic solution (pH 2 - 2.5) is cathodically deposited on inert electrodes (Ti, glassy carbon (GC)) at potentials lower than -0.950 V vs. Ag/AgCl. This is in agreement with what is expected according to its standard reduction potential (-0.940 V vs. Ag/AgCl (sat)). Cyclic voltammograms show that the Zn deposited during the cathodic hemicycle is stripped in the anodic hemicycle, without any other electrochemical process, according to :
However, both the H2SeO3 (SeO2 in an acidic medium) and the HTeO2+ (TeO2 in an acid medium) show more complex voltammetric responses. Figure 1 shows the voltammetric scan recorded at a gold electrode in a 0.002 M H2SeO3 (pH = 1.5) solution. In order to facilitates the discussion of the voltammetric data, the following notation is used: individual voltammetric waves are labelled with a combination of capital letters, either "A" or "C", denoting anodic or cathodic processes, respectively; they are followed by consecutive arabic numerals and the element symbol of the species involved. Three cathodic waves, labelled C1Se, C2Se , and C3Se, respectively are observed. In spite of its very low wave amplitude, the C1Se process can be assigned to the reduction of H2SeO3 to Se0 on the surface of the gold electrode22. Additionally, when Se electrodeposits are made in the potential interval where C1Se process occurs, all the deposited Se0 is stripped to H2SeO3 in A1Se process. In spite of the fact that the latter presents two maximums (see below), they correspond to one single overall oxidation process. This is summed up in the following equation:
|Fig. 1. Cyclic voltammogram for a gold electrode in 0.2 M Na2SO4 at a pH=1.5 containing 2 mM H2SeO3. Potential scan rate 10 mV.s-1.
The resolution of the stripping wave A1Se into two peaks is consistent with the fact that the former (more cathodic) comes from a Se0 surface, whereas the latter is related to Se0 catalytically deposited on the gold surface22.
Carrying out cyclic voltammetry tests with a rotating disk electrode, it was observed that process C2Se presents a limiting current(Fig.2) which obeys Levichs equation, i.e. it is proportional to the square root of disc rotation rate23. This indicates that the process is controlled by the mass transport from the bulk of the solution towards the electrode surface. Considering that apart from the H+ ion the only electroactive species in solution is H2SeO3, C2Se can be related to the transport of this species to the electrode surface. As this process is developed, the electrode surface appears covered with the characteristic red colour of amorphous selenium. This fact supports the assumption that C2Se is associated to the electroreduction of H2SeO3 to Se0 onto the selenium previously deposited on C1Se, through a process similar to that represented by Eq. (2). However, it is observed that the charge under C1Se and C2Se is much greater than that corresponding to A1Se , indicating that not all the deposited selenium is stripped. This partial oxidation is due to the amorphous character of red selenium, which makes it very resistive to charge transfer. In this way, the stripped selenium corresponds to the grey crystalline phase which is jointly deposited in a lesser amount with the amorphous red selenium24. This would explain the red colour of the electrode after the cyclic voltammogram is carried out.
|Fig. 2. a) Voltammograms of the cathodic hemicycle for a rotating disk gold electrode in 0.2 M Na2SO4 at a pH = 1.5 containing 2 mM H2SeO3. Potential scan rate 10 mV s 1 ;
b) jlim v/s w 1/2 graph (Levichs graph). jlim data were selected at - 0.500 V.
According to Eq. (2), the C2Se process should present a of -59 mV variation per pH unit. In fact, measurements of the C2Se peak potential between pH 1 and 2 gives a variation of -64 mV pH-1, which is close to the expected value for this reaction. Lastly, the C3Se process is attributed to hydrogen discharge reaction.
A similar approach was used to study the behaviour of a HTeO2+ solution in acidic medium. Due to the low solubility of this species, which is pH dependent (log CHTeO2+ = -2.07-pH)25, work was done at lower pH in order to maintain an appreciable amount of HTeO2+ in solution. Figure 3 shows the voltammetric response at a glassy carbon electrode in 4.1x10-4 M HTeO2+, 0.5 M Na2SO4 , pH 1 solution. Unlike selenium, four cathodic processes (C1Te, C2Te, C3Te and C4Te) and one single anodic process (A1Te) ) are observed.
The latter is proportional to C1Te and are directly related. In this way, C1Te is attributed to Te0 deposition and A1Te to its subsequent stripping according to the following reaction:
|Fig. 3. Cyclic voltammogram of a glassy carbon electrode in 0.5 M Na2SO4 at a pH=1.04 containing 0.4 mM HTeO2+. Potential scan rate 10 mV.s-1.
Experiments with the rotating disk electrode show that the C1Te limiting current obeys the Levich equation (Fig4). Assuming that HTeO2+ is the only electroactive species present (same as in the case of selenium), this result confirms the participation of the process presented in equation (3). Accordingly, for C1Te a variation of -45 mV pH-1 is predicted. In fact, a variation of -50 mV pH-1 between pH 1 and 3 was observed, which is very close to what is expected.
The C2Te process corresponds to the reduction of the deposited Te to H2Te according to the following reaction26:
|Fig. 4. Cathodic hemicycle for a rotating disk glassy carbon in 0.5 M Na2SO4 at a pH=1.04 containing 0.4 mM HTeO2+. Potential scan rate 10 mV.s-1. ; inset: jlim v/s w 1/2 graph (Levichs graph) for processes CTe1,and CTe3. jlim data were selected at - 0.500 V and - 0.900 V respectively.
According to this equation, a variation of 59 mV pH-1 should be observed in this process. Measurements of the variation of C2Te peak potential between pH 1 and 2 give a value of 56 mV pH-1, which agrees with what is expected.
As H2Te cannot go on reducing, the C3Te process is initially attributed either to the progressive reduction of Te0 , that may continue being deposited, or to the direct reduction, via six electrons, of HTeO2+ to H2Te. When experiments with a rotating disk electrode are carried out (Fig.4), it is observed that the C3Te processes is under mass-transport control (obeying Levichs equation), presenting a limiting current density that is equivalent to that found in the C1Te process. These findings demonstrate that C3Te depends on the Te(IV) in solution (the concentration of H+ ion is very high to be able to control the reaction by mass transport) and that it is a reaction occurring with the same number of electrons as in C1Te. Assuming that 4e- are involved in C1Te we can rule out the idea that C3Te might be the direct reduction of HTeO2+ to H2Te via 6e-. Nevertheless, it is also possible that H2Te reacts chemically with HTeO2+ present in solution to form Te0 according to:
In order for reaction (5) to occur, it is necessary that reaction (4) occurs twice. In this way, combining equations (4) and (5), we have:
The combination of the two reactions results in equation (3), which depends on the HTeO2+ present in the solution, and in which 4e- are involved. It should be borne in mind that the way in which reaction (6) occurs is different to that of reaction (3), although the reagents and products are the same. Finally, the C4Te process corresponds to the hydrogen discharge.
3.1.2. Study of the Zn(II)-Se(IV) and Zn(II)-Te(IV) systems
No considerable changes are observed in the voltammetric response by the addition of Zn(II) to a H2SeO3 solution, excepting for processes related to A1Se as the A1Zn-Se oxidation is much more intense than A1Se. The cyclic photovoltammetry technique, unlike its "dark" cyclic voltammetry counterpart, has the potential of identifying the formation of photoactive species (e.g., semiconductors) on an electrode surface8,21. When a photovoltammogram is done, see inset (b) of Fig. 5, it is observed that the appearance of a cathodic photocurrent after the C2Zn-Se process has reached its maximum development. This photocurrent is not observable when only the H2SeO3 is present in the solution (result not shown) and from is direction a p-type conductivity response could be inferred.
|Fig. 5. Cyclic voltammogram (a) and cyclic photovoltammogram (inset figure (b)) for a gold electrode in 0.2 M Na2SO4 electrolyte (pH=1.5) containing 2 mM H2SeO3 and 0.05 M ZnSO4. In the inset, the vertical arrow denotes the direction of the photoresponse, which was always cathodic in this case. Potential scan rate 10 mV.s-1.
The appearance of a photocurrent indicates that in presence of Zn(II) a semiconducting phase is forming on the gold electrode, probably ZnSe. However, in agreement with Kröger theory27 , the formation of this semiconducting phase occurs after Se0 deposition. In this way, the formation of the binary compound ZnSe would occur in accordance with the following sequence: first, Seo formed via reaction (2) undergoes a subsequent electrochemical reduction that proceeds via reaction
which is assisted by the free energy of formation of the ZnSe (D Gº = -137 KJ mol-1). Then, the deposition of the binary compound is displaced to a more positive potential than that for elemental Zn alone.
The stripping is attributed to both, Se0 (as happened in the previous case, see reversal of Equation (2)), and ZnSe oxidation, explaining thus the charge increasing of A1Zn-Se as compared to the oxidation in the absence of Zn(II):
In fact, as is shown in Figure 6, the deconvolution of peak A1Zn-Se supports this assumption.
|Fig. 6. Deconvolution of anodic peak A1ZnSe showing the contributions of Se and ZnSe stripping to the overall anodic charge.
As Zn(II) concentration is increased, the C2Zn-Se process diminishes in intensity. This is possibly due to the ZnSe increases in the electrodeposits, which in turn increases the resistance for the charge transfer at the electrode/solution interface.
A similar general behaviour regarding the addition of Zn(II) to Se(IV) solution is observed when adding Zn(II) to HTeO2+ solution (see Fig. 7). However, a new reduction process (C3Zn-Te) and two new oxidation processes (A2Zn-Te and A3Zn-Te) are observed.
|Fig. 7. Cyclic voltammogram (a) and cyclic photovoltammogram (inset figure (b)) for a glassy carbon electrode in 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte (pH=1.04) containing 0.4 mM HTeO2+ and 0.05 M ZnSO4. In the inset, the vertical arrow denotes the direction of the photoresponse, which was always cathodic in this case. Potential scan rate 10 mV.s-1.
C3Zn-Te corresponds to Zn2+ electroreduction and A3Zn-Te to zinc stripping. It is observed that the charge of A3Zn-Te is lower than that of C3Zn-Te, due to the chemical reaction between the electrodeposited metallic Zn and the strong acid medium. The A2Zn-Te process, however, does not have a clear origin, although it is believed that could be associated with the ZnTe oxidation.
The inset (b) of Fig. 7 shows the photovoltammogram for a glassy carbon electrode in the Zn(II)+Te(IV) electrodeposition solution. As in the case of selenium , a photocurrent is also observed after the Te0 has been deposited, something that is not observed when the experiment is carried out in the absence of Zn(II). The semiconducting phase responsible for the photocurrent is believed to be ZnTe formed in accordance with the following equation:
where Teo is previously formed via reaction (3).
Following Krögers theory reaction (9) is assisted by the ZnTe formation free energy (ZnTe = -141.6 KJ mol-1). From the direction of the photocurrent a p-type response could be inferred. When the concentration of Zn(II) in solution is increased, the C2Zn-Te process gradually disappears, due to the greater quantity of ZnTe formed, and to the lesser quantity of Te0 to be reduced.
3.2. Zn-Se and Zn-Te film growth.
Several set of zinc chalcogenide thin films were prepared for various cathodic potentials, ranging between -0.8 V to -1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl and -0.6 to -0.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl for the ZnSe and ZnTe films respectively. All the films were typically ca. 0.4 µm thick, estimated from the total charge passed and applying the Faraday law to reactions (2)+(7) and (3)+(9).
Bath temperature was found to affect growth significantly. Increasing bath temperature resulted in higher growth rates, enhancing smoothness and adhesion of the films. Crystallinity of the films also has been improved by higher bath temperatures16, 17. Figure 8 presents the morphology of the deposits, the mean size of the crystallites is about 10µm.
|Fig. 8 SEM image of an annealed ZnSe film electrodeposited at -0.900 V vs Ag/AgCl(sat).
The Zn/chalcogenide electrodeposits ratio was determined by EDS analysis. Practically for the whole potential interval studied, the occurrence of large amounts of elemental selenium was observed in the as-grown Zn+Se samples (Table 1). This elemental selenium probably was in an amorphous phase, as it was not possible to detect it by XRD diffraction (see below). Furthermore, the as-grown films present a reddish color when observed with the naked eye, changing to lemon-yellow after the heat treatment. In fact, for example, Zn/Se stoichiometric ratios of 20/80 and 48/52 for the as-grown and annealed samples respectively, were observed for films deposited at 0.950 V(Table 2).
Table 1 : EDS analysis of the as grown ZnSe films.
|E Dep. / V
|% Zn
|% Se
Table 2: EDS analysis of the ZnSe film obtained at- 0.950 V, before and after annealing.
|E Dep 0.950 V
|% Zn
|% Se
|Before Annealing
|After annealing
The compositions of the Zn+Te electrodeposits analyzed by EDS were studied in the -0.600 to -0.800 V vs. Ag/AgCl potential range. A Zn/Te stoichiometric ratio of 40/60 relatively independent of the applied potential in the potential region between -0.600 and -0.700 V, has been observed Table (3). Because both Zn and Te are not soluble into the other, the only compound formed should be ZnTe, with some tellurium in excess. At potentials more negative than -0.700 V the zinc content in the deposits increases; i.e. at -0.800 V Zn/Te composition ratios of 55/45 were obtained. In general, the ZnTe layers were brick-red to greyish brown, and well adding to the substrate. Figure 9 shows the morphology of the deposits whose size is very similar to that found for ZnSe films.
Table 3: EDS analysis of the ZnTe films obtained at different potentials.
E Dep. / V
|% Zn
|% Se
|- 0.600
|- 0.700
|- 0.800
|Fig 9. SEM image of an annealed ZnTe film electrodeposited at -0.800 Vvs Ag/AgCl(sat)
3.3. Structural characterization.
X-ray diffraction studies were done in order to identify the crystallinity and phases of the thin films. Figure 10 a shows the XRD pattern obtained for a typical Zn+Se as-grown film deposited at 0.900 V. The JCPDS pattern of ZnSe stilleite28 is also reported for comparison in Fig. 10 b. The diffraction peaks at 2q = 27.4o, 45.4o and 53.9o are attributed to the (111), (220) and (311) cubic ZnSe planes, respectively. As can be seen, in comparison with the JCPDS pattern, apart from the titanium substrate, no other compound is detected. Raising the deposition potential further to -1.050 V, however, resulted in the disappearance of the ZnSe diffraction peaks. Only those corresponding to the substrate can be seen (results not shown).
|Fig. 10. (a) X-ray diffraction spectra for an as-grown ZnSe thin film deposited at -0.900 V vs. Ag/AgCl(sat) and (b) JCPDS pattern for the cubic ZnSe stilleite structure. The film thickness is about 0.4 _. (__) Peaks due to ZnSe; the others are due to titanium
In order to improve the crystallinity of the films and to eliminate the eventual excess of elemental selenium, some of the samples were annealed at 300 oC during 30 minutes, under argon atmosphere7,11. However, XRD patterns of annealed films are very similar to the as-grown ones, indicating that a good morphology was obtained in the as-grown ZnSe films.
An estimation of the mean size of the crystallites in the as-grown ZnSe polycrystalline films was obtained from the broadening of the (111) X-ray diffraction peak according to the Scherrer formula29. The thinnest titanium peak was used as the measure of instrumental broadening. The mean crystallite size was found to be on the order of 9 µm similar to values obtained from SEM micrographs.
The X-ray diffraction pattern of a typical as-grown Zn+Te film deposited at -0.600 V on a titanium substrate is shown in Fig. 11 a. Its thickness is approximately 0.4 µm. The sharp (111) peak at 2q =25.2º establishes the formation of a highly oriented cubic phase ZnTe film, however diffractions peaks at 41.6o and 49.5o corresponding to the (220) and (311) planes were also seen. The JCPDS pattern for cubic ZnTe30 is also shown in Fig. 11 b, for comparison. ZnTe is known to possess either a cubic or hexagonal structure like ZnS and ZnSe. However, in our case no diffraction peaks corresponding to a hexagonal phase (e.g. (103) diffraction plane peak31) were observed , as was the case in electrodeposited ZnTe from a nonaqueous bath32. Furthermore, no diffraction peaks corresponding to Te can be observed. The crystallite sizes estimated from the X-ray diffraction peak width (see above) appear to be on the order of 400 Å.
|Fig. 11. (a) X-ray diffractogram of as-electrodeposited ZnTe layer at -0.600 V vs. Ag/AgCl(sat) and (b) JCPDS pattern for the cubic ZnTe structure. The film thickness is about 0.4 µm. ()Peaks due to ZnTe; the others are due to titanium.
3.4 Optical characterization.
We have studied the electronic band-edge of these samples from the reflectance spectra, as their opaque substrate did not allowed us to determine the optical transmission. We have tried to transfer the film to glass substrates using a transparent glue33, but the electrodeposited films were so well adhered to the titanium substrates that the gluing method did not work: the films remained firmly adhered to the substrate instead of being transferred to the glass. We have also tried to grow the films onto ITO coated glass, but selenium excess appeared on such samples34. Thus, we have determined the band-edge properties just from the reflectance.
The upper dotted curves of Fig. 12 are the reflectance spectra R(l) for ZnSe (a) and ZnTe (b). For both cases, the reflectance in the low wavelength (high photon energy) region of the spectrum is smaller than in the high wavelength (low photon energy) region, although these reflectance spectra decrease also for wavelengths well into the infrared region35. In addition, both spectra show a sharp edge in the middle of the visible region (close to 500 nm). These edges were always present for different specular or diffused configurations, between the incident and detected light beams. For ZnSe the edge is between 460 to 520 nm, and for ZnTe is between 520 to 580 nm; i. e. for ZnSe is in lower wavelengths (higher energies) than in ZnTe. These edges in the reflectance give the samples their characteristic colorations: yellow for ZnSe15, 35 and brown for ZnTe16. In some cases, for very thin films, interference fringes appear altering these spectra and the sample color; but such fringes are not remarkably present in the spectra of Fig.12
|Fig. 12 Optical Reflectance Spectra R(l) (upper dotted curves) for ZnSe (a) and ZnTe (b) films deposited onto titanium. Both curves have sharp edges near 500 nm. First Derivatives of the Reflectance dR(l)/dl (lower full curves) have peaks at lg = 470 nm (for ZnSe) and 550 nm (for ZnTe). These values correspond with energy gaps at Eg = 2.64 and 2.27 eV, respectively.
The sharp edges indicate that they are originated in direct gap transition. For determining the energy gaps associated with them we have studied the first derivative dR(l)/dl of the reflectance spectra against the wavelength l. These derivatives are shown in Fig. 12 (full lines) and have prominent peaks in the onset of the sharp edges of the reflectance: the peak positions are at 470 nm (for ZnSe) and 547 nm (for ZnTe). As we show in the Appendix, the energies corresponding to these peak positions (2.64 eV and 2.27 eV for ZnSe and ZnTe, respectively) give us a direct band-gap energy measurement. Both values are very close with the most accepted room temperature ones: 2.68 eV for ZnSe36, 37 , and 2.26 eV36, 38 for ZnTe.
We have also obtained these energy gaps using a different method: we have deduced them from the absorption coefficient estimated from the same reflectance spectra. In this kind of samples, the diffused reflectance may be assumed essentially proportional to the transmittance through the thin film. This is because the main contribution to the diffused light comes from the backscattering at the opaque substrate. The backscattered light goes twice through the semiconducting thin film. Assuming the substrate is optically neutral (and highly reflective) in the region of interest, the reflectance spectra will be proportional to the transmittance and we can essentially write, in this approximation39:
where is the absorption coefficient spectrum against photon energy hn , l is the film thickness, is the diffuse reflectance spectrum in any arbitrary direction, and Rmax (Rmin) is the maximum (minimum) value of the reflectance in the vicinity of the sharp edges under study. The presence of Rmax and Rmin in the previous equations is for normalization reasons.
Fig. 13a shows the absorption coefficient spectra calculated using Eq. 10. The absorption increases abruptly for both spectra close to the expected values given by the first derivative method. Fig. 13 b shows plots of (a (hv)* hv)2 vs. hv, and linear fittings of them in the region corresponding to the sharp edges. Extrapolating from these linear plots to their zero crossing, we obtain two new estimations to the energy gaps: 2.58 eV for ZnSe and 2.24 for ZnTe. These values, although rather smaller than the previous ones are still quite close to the accepted ones.
Fig. 13 . Optical Absorption Spectra for ZnSe and ZnTe films deposited onto titanium. (a) Absorption Coefficient a against photon energy (hv) obtained from the reflectance spectra using Eq. (10). (b) Direct Energy Gap determination extrapolating from linear fitting of (a * hv)2 against h?. Note that the zero reference line is up shifted for ZnTe spectra in both figures.
The difference between the energy gap values found by one method and the other are inherent of each method. Effectively, it is usually found that the determination of the absorption coefficient from reflectance measurements give rise to underestimations of energy gap values with uncertainties on the order of 0.1 eV40, 41. Then the values given by this last method are quite reasonable, while better results are expected by the first derivative method.
The bigger discrepancy is found for ZnSe, for which the value found by the (a (hv)* hv)2 vs. hv method is 0.06 eV smaller than the value found from the first derivative method. We see from Fig. 13b that the linear region of the data in this plot, although sharp, spreads over a narrow region of the spectrum. This is in agreement with the wide peak of the first derivative method (Fig. 12a), although the peak agrees quite well with the accepted value for ZnSe. Fig. 13a also shows that, for energies smaller than the 2.58 eV energy gap value, the ZnSe absorption coefficient increases smoothly. This dependence follow closely a linear dependence in a (a (hv)* hv)1/2 vs. hv Tauc plot42. The zero crossing of a linear fitting of this plot gives evidence of an indirect gap in 1.83 eV. This may correspond with the presence of trigonal selenium, which has an indirect gap in 1.85 eV43. The presence of excess selenium was already reported by the authors for ZnSe grown onto ITO/glass films34.
For ZnTe, instead, both methods give a lesser discrepancy of just 0.03 eV. Moreover, the linear plot of (a (hv)* hv)2 vs. hv. for ZnTe on Fig. 13 b, agrees in a far wider region than for ZnSe. This is in agreement with the narrower peak of the first derivative in Fig.12 b, and it is important because it supports the first derivative method for this case. Some oscillations can be seen in both the reflectance spectrum and its first derivative, which may be due to interference effects. The presence of interferences peaks would invalidate the first derivative method, but the good agreement between both methods denies any uncertainties due to this effect.
The electrochemical behaviour of the Zn/X (X= Se,Te) system and their corresponding precursors has been characterized through a detailed voltammetric and photovoltametry study. From this study we got useful information intended to select experimental conditions in order to prepare ZnX thin films by one step electrodeposition at constant potential.
Regarding films composition, as has been previously reported by other authors, EDS films characterization showed that the one step electrodeposition of ZnSe and ZnTe in acid media gave as grown films that always contained an excess of elemental chalcogenide that can be eliminated by annealing. However, XRD analysis revealed a good crystallinity for the as grown films, indicating that the experimental conditions we employed were appropriates for achieving good quality films.
The quality of the films was also evidenced after the results obtained in their optical characterization. In fact, optical reflectance characterization of ZnSe and ZnTe samples grown on titanium gave us direct band gaps values of 2.64 eV and 2.27 eV, respectively, that were obtained from the first derivative method. While the same parameters obtained from the absorption coefficient deduced from reflectance gave us smaller values, 2.58 eV and 2.24 eV respectively, the first method gave closer results with the accepted room temperature values of 2.68 (for ZnSe) and 2.26 eV (for ZnTe). This is in agreement with the statement that the first derivative method has less uncertainty than that one arising from absorption obtained from reflectance, that is on the order of 0.1 eV40, 41.
This work was supported by FONDECYT (Grant Nº 8000022) and DI-UCV (Grant 125-721). R. E. M. and E. A. D. thank CSIC Universidad de la República and PEDECIBA-Física (Uruguay) for financial support.
The dependence of the reflectance R(l), with the wavelength l, in this kind of samples, comes from its dependence f with the wavelength dependent refraction index n(l) and extinction coefficient k(l). Thus:
where the extinction coefficient can be expressed in terms of the absorption coefficient a(l):
The mathematical details of f are due to the specific experimental conditions. For example, for normal incidence of light over a flat interface we will have44:
The first derivative of the reflectance as a function of the wavelength l has two distinguishable terms, one depending on the variation of the index of refraction, and the other on the extinction coefficient:
The most relevant of these dependences is the one in the extinction coefficient:
Near a direct or indirect energy band gap, the absorption coefficient follows a potential dependence with the photon energy , measured from the energy gap Eg we want to determine:
where a = ½ (2) for a direct (indirect) energy band gap, and A is just a proportionality constant. As:
we have:
then (for hv > Eg):
We expect, for the wavelength that corresponds with the energy gap :
for both direct and indirect energy band gaps, while:
This would indicate the presence of a sharp peak in the derivative of (unless ) for a direct band-gap, while this would not be so for an indirect band-gap.
Moreover, the Kramer-Krönig relation let us write:
where the P-integration means Cauchy principal value; i. e. the integration should be carefully done between the hv value:
Taking in consideration the absorption coefficient given by Eq. (A-6) we will have that:
For hg < Eg the integration is well defined for a direct band gap (a = ½). For an indirect band gap (a = 2) problems may arise with the limit for E®¥. Nevertheless, in this case, we must remember the dependence of given by (A-6) is verified just near the gap, while the function must be convenient smooth for . Then we can calculate the derivative for both cases of the refraction index, at least in this region hg< Eg:
In the limit for hg smaller than (but close to) Eg we will have:
Then for a direct band-gap (a = ½):
while for an indirect band-gap (a = 2)
Finally, the index of refraction also verifies Eq. (A-8) as the extinction index, so its derivative, and the first term in Eq. (A-4), diverges for an direct band-gap, while it is not necessary the case for an indirect band-gap.
In practice, other contributions to the reflectance (impurity states, crystal disorder, etc.) appear that will prevent a divergence on the reflectance. However, unless some very particular conditions are fulfilled, the reflectance will have a peak near a direct energy gap, being the position of the peak a measurement of the energy gap.
The derivations presented in this appendix, to justify the validity of the first derivative method against the absorption coefficient derived from reflectance follows similar arguments that are used in modulation reflectance measurements45, 46.
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First Rides on the Exocet Wind SUP - Board Review
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Posted: Mon Jul 02, 2012 12:22 pm
Post subject: First Rides on the Exocet Wind SUP - Board Review
Having been windsurfing for many years and more recently taking up SUP paddling , I have been continually searching for that one - do it all board. I have been looking for a board that can offer you both SUP and Windsurfing fun and also be especially good for light wind wave sailing. Although I have rode a number of different designs that sail, paddle and work well for this purpose a new design has really caught my attention. That board is the Exocet Wind SUP and I am sure it is destined to become a classic. Thanks to a good friend who has recently bought one, I have been lucky enough to both paddle and sail it this last couple weeks. I am amazed at the versatility of this board whether paddling or windsurfing, on the ocean or in flat water.
While flat water paddling in SUP mode the Wind SUP is super stable, easy to paddle, and tracks well. Thanks to its 118 in length, 31 width, and generous 200 liters volume, it lets rank beginners stand up and paddle away with confidence. Although certainly not a high performance flat water or surfing design SUP, for paddling around with friends, and SUP eco-touring it is hard to beat. Although the board comes with a 44cm windsurfing fin, once fitted with a smaller more wave oriented fin, such as the MFC San Carlos Weed Wave 25cm which we were using, it paddles turns, and surfs very nicely.
Most impressive though as an SUP is the ease with which it catches waves. Thanks to its beautiful shape and design you can catch virtually every wave you want to. Although a shorter and lower volume SUP would likely be preferred by most for larger waves, in small waves the Wind SUP is super fun. Plus for less experienced paddlers new to SUP surfing, the boards excellent stability due to its 31 width and volume is really nice when the conditions are choppier.
The most amazing thing about this board however, is its all around light wind ocean and wave sailing ability. I have had a lot of previous light wind wave sailing experiences especially on my Exocet Kona 11-5. So I was very excited yesterday to be able to ride the Wind SUP while down at Topsail Island, North Carolina. I rigged up an Aerotech Phantom 7.5 sail in the SSW side-on winds ranging from 5 15 knots. The waves were small at only 1-3 and the board just cruised right over the breaking white water easier than any other windsurfing board I have ever been on, period!! Once past the surf zone it sailed out through the ocean swells and waves with ease. I found it is super easy and comfortable to sail even when not planing thanks to its shape, volume and stability. Even In the lightest of winds, and when rocking about in the swells and waves, up-hauling and tacking the board was very easy. Again this was thanks to its overall volume and wide nose shape offering plenty of support when transitioning around the mast while tacking.
Coming back in towards the beach though, the board really comes to life as it surfs down the swell faces and jumps up on a plane with ease. Once planing the Exocet Step Tail design makes the board seem significantly shorter than it is and turns are considerably easier than on a traditional long board of similar length. Then once entering the surf zone it catches pretty much any wave you want to ride. Again thanks to the generous volume and size of the board, tacking or jibing in the surf zone to head back out is even easier than it is on my older Kona 11-5 light wind wave board. This will especially be a big help for less experienced sailors! The Wind SUP I rode did not have foot straps attached but I found that I really didnt miss them except a couple times when I got really powered up in the gusts and was full on planing. They would have been nice as hand holds though for getting the board in and out of the water! The board does come with foot strap holes but you have to purchase straps separately.
Another excellent feature of the Wind SUP is that it has a daggerboard. When kicked down you can really cut up wind. So if you want to sail surf some swells or otherwise go way down wind there is no worry about getting back up wind. Plus I am certain that having the dagger board will allow you to light wind wave sail or just enjoy sailing out on the ocean, in pretty much any wind direction from side-off to on- shore if you want to. My only complaint about the dagger board design system is that it is a looser fit having a little more side to side play than I am used to compared to other long boards such as the Mistral Equipe and the newer Kona One. Although this does make the Wind SUP daggerboard easier to kick up and down, a tighter fitting dagger board would likely give better performance at higher speeds. However since I doubt anyone is going to get a Wind SUP for racing or for high performance up wind sailing, the Wind SUP daggerboard system has not seemed to hinder its performance much. The dagger board can also be very easily and quickly removed for SUP paddling and surfing too. The daggerboard is also going to be a big assistance to beginners learning to sail up wind.
So obviously I am very impressed and excited about this board. It should seriously be considered by anyone who wants a highly versatile, all-in-one board for recreational SUP paddling, surfing, and windsurfing on the ocean, bays, or inland venues. This is especially true if you want to include light wind wave sailing capability. I have also read several other comments that on the flatter waters and in higher winds that the Wind SUP is surprisingly fast too despite its size and shape. Yes, I am sure there are better boards out there for those who only want SUP paddling performance. Likewise there are smaller and more performance oriented windsurfing boards I would rather be on out on the ocean or in the sound when the wind picks up in the 15-20 knot+ range. Still, when considering the Wind SUPs, ease of use, stability, cross over performance from flat water and surf paddling to ocean and wave sailing, plus its use as a teaching platform, it is a superb option for beginners to experts.
Good winds,
Surf City, NC
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Joined: 21 Aug 2002
Posts: 3314
Posted: Sun Jul 15, 2012 2:09 pm
Post subject:
some performance notes.
today i was blessed by the wind gods. i went out to the beach with only the 11'8 wind SUP in my van. not much expectation of wind, but the swell was great and the tide was right.
a squall came thru and blew hard, side shore for about 75 minutes or so. i had zero expectation of it lasting that long. had a great time.
did learn that a 38 cm fin was too big for lit up down the line wave sailing with the board. i had been using a 32 cm fin for the past few months for all conditions, and had just started using the 38 with good results in lighter winds.
did not experiment with the mast base positions to see if the board would loosen up with the base further forward when the wind got cooking. i was just happy to be planing.... maybe the need to fin down would have gone away had i moved the base forward 15 cm or so? i'll try next time. i've had it all the way aft ever since my first few times planing.
wind settled back down and i got back into the right performance characteristics for my tastes in my venue. but, i'm learning still about how to get the most out of my 11'8 wind SUP.
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Xiamen GRAND SLAM | 22 - 27 October 2013
Xiamen, China, October 23, 2013 – Newly crowned Sao Paulo Grand Slam champions Pedro Solberg Salgado and Bruno Oscar Schmidt of Brazil kept their winning momentum at the 2013 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour Xiamen Grand Slam as they posted two come-from-behind victories here on Wednesday in the pool play of the men's Main Draw.
Following an 2-1 (12-21, 21-14, 15-6) win over France's Yannick Salvetti/Jean-Baptiste Daguerre in the morning, Pedro/Bruno needed to rally from one set down again before overcoming Italy's Alex Ranghieri/Andrea Tomatis in full sets (19-21, 21-15, 15-10) to lead pool B with a 2-0 win-loss record.
"They were so great and played so well. I couldn't find a way to get out of that situation. But in the second set we calmed down, and we have nice shots and we cheer with each other. That's why we got a good score," said Pedro after the match with Ranghieri/Tomatis.
Having reaped three World Tour gold medals in Shanghai with his former partner Harley Marques in 2007, 2008 and 2010, Pedro would love to keep the winning momentum and his good luck in China.
"We hope to keep winning and have a harvest season in this year," Pedro said. "I am so excited for the Xiamen Grand Slam. It is so important. I love playing in China. I had good results in Shanghai and I hope I can also do well here. This is my first trip to Xiamen. It's very nice and I am so excited."
Alison Cerutti and Vitor Goncalves Felipe of Brazil also set off to a fine start in Xiamen, winning a pair of matches to stay atop of pool G. After rallying past Evandro Goncalves Oliveira/Emanual Rego 2-1 (15-21, 21-16, 15-6) in an all-Brazilian contention in the morning, Alison/Vitor romped past Swiss tandem Alexei Prawdzic/Sebastian Chevallier 21-10 and 21-17 in the afternoon.
"I am very happy with the wins, it's only the second time I play with Alison, last time was in Moscow," said Vitor, who changed side of court with Alison. "Now I have to play in different position and I think it's a good experience. We just want to play the best volleyball and we want to go as far as we can."
Ricardo Alex Costa Santos/Alvaro Morais Filho were not as lucky as their Brazilian compatriots. Following an opening 2-0 win over Wiliam Montgomery/Stafford Slick of the United States, the third seeds were upset by the 19th seeded Russian duo Ruslan Bykanov/Yaroslav Koshkarev 2-0 (22-20, 21-18) in a second round pool C match. Austria's Lorenz Petutschnig/Alexander Horst now led pool C with two wins against no loss.
Other teams undefeated so far in the pool play were Pablo Herrera Allepuz/Adrian Gavira Collado (Spain), Chen Cheng/Yang Cong (China), Alexander Brouwer/Robert Meeuwsen (Netherlands) Jon Stiekema/Christiaan Varenhorst (Netherlands), Nicolai Paolo/Daniele Lupo (Italy) and Robin Seidl/Alexander Huber (Austria).
Thirty-two teams are playing a single round robin in eight groups with top three finishers from each group to advance to the 24-team knockout stage.
The double gender Xiamen Grand Slam is the last of a record 10 Grand Slam events on the 2013 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour calendar with the women's Main Draw to start on Thursday.
China has hosted more than 23 women's and 14 men's tournaments on the FIVB World Tour, but this is the first visit for an FIVB international beach volleyball event in the city of Xiamen. The event in Xiamen is one of three FIVB international beach volleyball events being held in China this year. The first was the 2013 FIVB Open tournament held in Fuzhou on April 23 to 28, followed by the Shanghai Grand Slam, which took place from April 30 to May 5, 2013.
For more info contact email@example.com
07.11.2013 14:08:37
Watch Xiamen Grand Slam highlights
Lausanne, Switzerland, November 7, 2013 – The final FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour event of the year wrapped up last month in Xiamen, China, but fan... More...
27.10.2013 10:24:35
Ross/Walsh hold off Lima/Talita for back-to-back Grand Slam titles
Xiamen, China, October 27, 2013 – April Ross and Kerri Walsh of the United States held off world No. 1 Taiana Lima and Talita Da Rocha Antunes of Braz... More...
26.10.2013 11:53:54
Alison/Vitor rally past Brouwer/Meeuwsen to win Xiamen Grand Slam
Xiamen, China, October 26, 2013 – Alison Cerutti and Vitor Felipe of Brazil rallied past reigning world champions Alexander Brouwer and Robert Meeuwse... More...
26.10.2013 08:51:27
Unbeaten Lima/Talita storm into Xiamen Grand Slam semis
25.10.2013 12:19:07
All-Dutch semis set up at Xiamen Grand Slam
25.10.2013 10:16:57
Xue/Xia lead eight teams unbeaten at Xiamen Grand Slam
24.10.2013 11:19:19
Top teams dominant in Xiamen Grand Slam women's Main Draw
24.10.2013 11:12:17
Dollinger/Fluggen upset Pedro/Bruno at Xiamen Grand Slam
23.10.2013 10:34:40
Antonelli/Agatha storm into Xiamen Grand Slam women's Main Draw
22.10.2013 10:51:04
Ranghieri/Tomatis lead eight teams into Xiamen Grand Slam men's Main Draw
02.10.2013 19:26:49
Germany and Brazil provide three apiece for Xiamen Grand Slam
27.09.2013 16:40:13
Xiamen upgraded to become 10th Grand Slam of the year
30.07.2013 10:03:01
China to host women's 2013 FIVB Beach Volleyball Xiamen Open


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The Department of Psychology at the University of Nevada, Reno is dedicated to excellence in teaching and research, as well as providing service to the community. Providing a high quality undergraduate and graduate education is central to the department's mission. The faculty's commitment to research would not be possible without the integral work by the students.
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LEWISBURG, Pa. — A black braid hangs thick over his shoulder, trailing down his traditional Chinese garb and past his slippered feet to the floor. The brim of his hat reaches toward the ceiling. His gaze trails just to the right of the camera.
No photographs of Wong Chin Foo — the man who, records indicate, was Bucknell University's first Chinese and second international student — were thought to exist until this one was located last year in the University Archives by Curator of Special Collections/University Archives Isabella O'Neill.
"I just about jumped out of my skin when I saw it," said author Scott D. Seligman.
Seligman had written a book about Wong, a leader of and a fighter for Chinese-American equal rights who had attended Bucknell University — then known as the University at Lewisburg — in 1869-70. || Read more about Wong in Bucknell Magazine
Wong was a compelling and controversial figure. He became an American citizen in 1874, just before the 1882 passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act, which halted most Chinese immigration for 10 years and rendered America's more than 100,000 Chinese ineligible for citizenship.
He was the first to employ the term "Chinese American," which appeared in the newspaper he launched in 1883 —the first Chinese-language newspaper east of the Rockies.
Wong also established America's first association of Chinese voters and was probably the first Chinese ever to testify before Congress. In fact, Wong was arguably the most famous Chinese person in the nation during his lifetime.
And yet the only image of the Bucknell alumnus that Seligman had found for his book, The First Chinese American: The Remarkable Life of Wong Chin Foo, was a sketch that appeared in Harper's Magazine in 1877.
"I had always had faith that a photo would turn up," said Seligman. In a last-ditch effort before publication, he contacted O'Neill, who had assisted him earlier in his research by unearthing Wong's academic transcript in Bucknell's University Archives. At his request, O'Neill delved back into the University Archives and came up with a surprise.
"The undated photograph of Wong Chin Foo was located in a biographical file labeled 'Wong Sa Kee,' the boyhood name Wong used while a student that appeared in the University Academy ledger," said O'Neill. It was taken by William M. Ginter, a Lewisburg photographer. Written on the back of the photograph is, "Wong Sa Kee. Papa played chess with him."
The portrait O'Neill located was the first photograph modern scholars were able to see of Wong. It, in turn, has served to authenticate at least four other portraits of him in private collections.
Seligman's book — and the photograph in Bucknell's archives — have brought to light Wong's role in Chinese-American history. Lit by a long-ago photographer's flash, he does not smile. But we do.
The following links are virtual breadcrumbs marking the 27 most recent pages you have visited in Bucknell.edu. If you want to remember a specific page forever click the pin in the top right corner and we will be sure not to replace it. Close this message.


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The HER Foundation also endeavors to achieve the following:
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text:
About Us
Transition 101
Transition Towns
Knowledge Hub
Transition US blogger, Joanne Poyourow of Transition Los Angeles recently wrote a reply on behalf of Transition US to Lorna Salzman's open letter to Bill McKibben and 350.org, which was published in the May 3rd issue of the Nation Magazine (read the letter here). In this response, Joanne outlines five strategies for how we can achieve a global CO2 reduction down to 350ppm.
- -
How to get to 350ppm
To Lorna Salzman
in reply to your open letter to Bill McKibben and 350.org
In your widely publicized May 2010 letter to Bill McKibben, you ask for specific strategies to achieve a global CO2 reduction down to 350ppm. Here's how, from the United States arm of the international Transition movement.
1. Understand the full magnitude of the problem.
Climate change isn't the only massive, sweeping problem humanity faces right now; it's simply the very visual one that's currently getting the most environmental press. The companion issue, which we must tackle simultaneously, is humanity's ecological footprint – the amount of resources we consume overall.
One of the most worrisome of these footprint issues is peak oil, the understanding that our planet contains a finite amount of oil and that we are currently burning into the second half of that planetary supply. Everything in our modern society, from transportation to food to water to health care, is completely dependent upon oil. We must wean ourselves off the stuff, starting immediately. And because wind and solar and other renewables are nowhere near picking up the slack, green tech isn't going to "save" us. The only answer is powerdown – decreasing our energy consumption overall.
But oil isn't the only resource for which we are hitting "peak." We're also up against peak natural gas, peak uranium, peak copper, peak fisheries, and much more. Richard Heinberg calls it peak everything. In short, peak everything demands fundamental redesign of our society, and one of the first steps means abandoning the fiction of expecting a "growth economy" on a finite planet. Globalization is passé. North American opulent consumption is history. "Economic recovery" won't happen – nor should it, because it is inadvisable to get back on the road toward doom.
Truly viable "solutions" must work for the full array of problems. "Solutions" for peak oil (i.e. coal) are unthinkable for global warming. "Solutions" which have been proposed for global warming (i.e. petroleum-intense ethanol, petroleum-dependent nuclear) won't work with limited oil. Massive-scale solar is unlikely amid economic contraction. When we consider peak oil + climate change + economic contraction combined, we end up with a well-defined set of workable powerdown solutions. As George Monbiot wrote, "There simply is no substitute for cutting back."
2. Think "radical system change."
Many organizations – including environmental organizations – have published lists of greener choices, lightweight "10 things you can do" lists. We must be clear that those are only the beginning baby steps. The American public probably knows this; people sense that cloth bags and CFL bulbs simply aren't enough to "save the planet." It's going to take a whole lot more.
While we're talking about it, it isn't "save the planet." The appropriate phrase should be "save the human race" or "save all life forms as we currently know them," if James Hansen is at all close to accurate. The rocks will survive. (Come to think of it, the cockroaches probably will too.) Really, this is about our basic survival.
Whenever people begin to talk about radical change and "cutting back," someone cries "What about the economy?" It is very important to remember: the economy exists within the environment, not the other way back. The economy is simply how humans do transactions with each other. The environment is all that surrounds us, including city streets, fresh air, land and water resources, and our fellow human beings. It is functioning ecosystems – humanity's life support system. The people who insist on "economy first" are denying humanity's interdependence with the ecosystems of the earth. They are undermining our life support system and our long-term survival in favor of current-day greed.
That said, survival need not be bleak. Rob Hopkins asserts that the creativity that got us into this mess can get us out of it. Some environmental thinkers – McKibben among them – have called for a rallying of ingenuity, entrepreneurialism, effort, and dedication that eclipses the innovations we saw in the space program. Transition from our current high-consumption, energy-intense ways into this new future can involve plenty of the joys of life, including calling upon art and music and dance and comedy to further the vision.
David Holmgren points out that we have become a society of consumers, and must instead become producers once again. In this new world, that will mean producers of fresh, organic vegetables, grown right where the population centers are. It will mean rainwater harvesting and passive solar retrofitting and a panorama of functions surrounding "reuse." It will mean creating local economies and community-centric finances. These things aren't new news: when Time Magazine cites some of them as ideas for the next 10 years, you know that people already sense the inevitable.
3. Plan for resilience.
Make a great plan – an Energy Descent Action Plan: a clear, positive vision of what a lower-carbon, lower-consumption, post-petroleum future could hold, together with a roadmap of how to get from here to there. Communities around the world are beginning to create Energy Descent Action Plans (EDAPs). And they are marvelous to behold.
Transition initiatives focus on increasing local resilience – the ability of the local community to flex and adapt to change. If our food supply line is thousands of miles from farm to table, fully fossil-fuel dependent the entire distance, we aren't very resilient when a gas shortage comes around or when petroleum prices skyrocket. If instead our food supply is – at least partially – grown locally in backyard or community garden plot, we stand a much better chance of maintaining food on the family table through such crises. And we stand a much better chance of avoiding food riots, civil unrest, and the worst of what peak oil might have in store, if our entire community is thus prepared.
A lower-carbon, lower-consumption, post-petroleum future in most cases will mean close-knit communities. It will mean working together with neighbors in ways that those of us alive today have never experienced.
Sure, it will mean less travel, but it will also mean less time spent stressing in freeway traffic or sitting in a stifling aluminum tube far above the planet's surface twisting your body-clock completely out of whack. Instead of over-processed, preserved, chemical-laden, genetically modified franken-foods, it will mean fresh local vegetables where you either know the farmer or grew the plants yourself.
Did you know that a truly fresh egg tastes and cooks up totally unlike the mass-produced globules we tell each other are "food"? Fresh, home cooking will once again become a reality rather than a slogan on a glossy advertisement banner. Our daily work will be much more tactile and tangible and, because its ties to our daily needs will be much more obvious, it will likely feel more meaningful and fulfilling.
An EDAP is a grassroots gameplan. Peak oil means we'll have far less transportation in the future, thus an EDAP focuses primarily on the local: radical (i.e. root-level) comprehensive community-centric restructuring in nearly every sector of human experience. Food, water, business, garbage and sewage, transportation, energy, culture and education, local government policy, all will require systemic overhaul to meet this new future.
If one were to imagine an EDAP at a state or national level it would probably include legislative issues such as you have raised, Ms. Salzman. It would probably include policies such as those suggested by Climate Justice Now. But it would also include termination of subsidies that take us in the completely wrong direction (oil and gas subsidies, subsidies of industrialized agriculture, biofuel subsidies), and shifting of those monies toward organic urban agriculture, solar and wind energy, ultra-efficient mass transit, and widespread powerdown education. It would include an end to the corporate legal status of personhood, which currently protects Monsanto executives from prosecution for the crimes against humanity they have sewn by manipulating our global food supply. It would include campaign finance reform so that we can replace the politicians who are deeply invested in the old ways of doing things. And it would include Fair, Ambitious, and Binding caps on global warming emissions – far, far stronger than those written into the Kyoto Protocol. But this is all supposition because we don't have an EDAP on the state or national scale – and we probably won't anytime soon. Transition movement EDAPs are locally-focused and community-created because we are convinced that if we wait for government to do these things, it will be too little too late. If we act solely as individuals, it will be too little. But if we act as communities, it might just be enough, just in time.
Probably the reason Mr. McKibben and 350.org haven't given you the specific strategies you yearn for is that (1) most EDAPs are still being written, (2) EDAPs are necessarily different, fully customized for each local geography and set of local issues, (3) McKibben and company probably don't yet have their own local EDAP in their Vermont neighborhood, and (4) most people outside of the Transition movement – yourself included – haven't thought so far as to what such a comprehensive realistic plan for the future might or should contain.
4. Begin the Transition today.
First and foremost, start changing your personal habits. Today. "Business as usual" simply is no longer an option, and hanging on to the fantasy may even impede progress.
Even before your neighborhood has created its EDAP, you know which way things are headed. Start shifting to local food, and powering-down your transportation habits, your energy consumption, and the overall amount of goods you use. Try urban chickens. Collect rain water. Hang your laundry out to dry. Learn how to save seed from heirloom vegetables. Rabbi Arthur Waskow once wrote that we should regard this process with as a "constantly moving standard" by which we strive to be doing what is more respectful, less damaging to the earth than what we did last year.
Become an example within your circle of friends and within your community. Encourage others to join you. Bring them with you as you attend classes in breadbaking or pickling. Build a solar cooker together. Compare notes and success stories. Within our conversations with our friends, we set the tone of our culture: your "oh wow" reaction condones an acquaintance's weekend trip to Paris. Instead, use the power of your network of friends to applaud the good things: "Oh wow, you set up your composting system!" Celebrate progress in the direction of the new future.
Transition your job as well. The jobs of the future aren't likely to be 9-to-5 paycheck-type jobs at globalized corporations. They're much more likely to be local businesses, sole proprietorships, hands-on-craftsmanship, making the very real and tangible things we need for everyday living. Clothing, tools, building materials – the very things we've gleefully outsourced during this past 50 years of energy surplus – resilient communities will need local sources for all of these. What skills do you have? What skills would you like to learn? Find a class or an apprenticeship. Now is the time to reorient your skill base for the new future.
Even as you continue your activism and your group continues its rallies, campaigns, and awareness-raising, begin the road toward powerdown. 350.org created a revolution in how activist campaigns could be run: hometown sites, worldwide networking, high media visibility, relatively low organizer input, and – relative to the vast number of participants – low carbon footprint. Cut the old 10,000 person marches on Washington, and cut the 10,000 carbon-cranking air flights that entails. Opt instead for 1,000 person gatherings in 10,000 local towns, each person traveling by bicycle with zero carbon footprint.
Within your local community, gather the neighbors. Tell them the things you've learned about the realities of the future. Start working on a plan; every neighborhood should eventually have one, regardless of demographics or ethnicity. How can you raise awareness and get the word out to other neighbors? Take an inventory: What powerdown skills do you already have within your immediate geography, and what skills will your local neighborhood need to acquire? Who do you know who can teach these things – perhaps elders within your community? What physical projects might be good to undertake now to assist your community in the Transition? Who else do you know who is doing similar things and how can you work together? These are the beginnings of the journey of Transition.
But we can't leave out the fine print, our cheerful disclaimer: We don't know if this will work. We are in the midst of a social experiment that is being played out on a massive scale. Mankind truly doesn't know how to "solve" or adapt to climate change + peak oil + economic contraction. We've never had to do this before. We're completely making this up as we go.
It becomes pretty obvious to a serious observer that some things are much more likely to work than other things: Living within planetary limits might be a good idea. To get to that state, it's pretty evident that we'll have to make some significant adjustments in the way we have been doing things. We also can't sit back and expect someone else to do the work. The people within the Transition movement are simply getting things started.
5. Use teamwork.
Realize that no one single organization – including 350.org and Bill McKibben – can do everything; each organization has its place. Joanna Macy identifies 3 types of work we need to get to The Great Turning. She emphasizes that all three types of action are necessary; all are integral to the process and any potential outcome.
One type of work is "stopping action," preventing further destruction. The heroic efforts of McKibben, 350.org, Gore, Greenpeace, and myriad others fall in this category.
Another type of work is "creating new structures" for the new future, structures which are more healthful and nourishing to us all. As the old societal structures crumble and fail, these new structures will be in place and functioning. Projects like the Simple Living Network, the Permaculture movement, the urban farming movement, local currencies and community economies, and the Transition movement are all working along this avenue.
The third type of action Macy describes is "a shift in consciousness." Macy's body of work reminds us that at the root of our societal problem, we have lost track of who we are. Our Western civilization has forgotten that man fits into environment, that we are not independent from it. Our daily activities, our economies, our ways of feeding ourselves and earning our living have become completely human-centric, far removed from the natural cycles of the planet. Humanity's consciousness-shifting journey will involve a re‑membering process – once again becoming true members of the interrelated ecosystems of the earth. For this, McKibben has been exemplary in that he has called upon religions of all practices, faiths, and denominations to come aboard and help facilitate humanity's redefinition of self.
Ms. Salzman, you criticize Bill McKibben and 350.org for not outlining a strategy, yet this is not their function. They are doing a great job at what they do: raising widespread awareness and beginning to influence policymakers. To his credit, in the final chapters of his latest book, Mr. McKibben does lightly outline a vision which has many parallels to the above. Yet the real work of strategy-making and "creating new structures" for powerdown and resilience falls to other shoulders. For this, come join the Transition movement.
- -
Joanne Poyourow is a blogger at Transition United States and the "initiator" who helped found the Transition Los Angeles city hub. She is the co-founder of the Environmental Change-Makers community group which promotes Transition ideas in her local neighborhood within Los Angeles. The author of two books on comprehensive environmental solutions, Joanne designed the local community garden and continues to manage its plantings for abundant year-round harvests.


text:
Tuesday, June 9, 2009
16 comments:
- Aiden McKenna said...
Can't wait to see it honey, I'm sure it'll all look absolutely fantastic as usual! Love you. xo
- June 9, 2009 at 7:32 AM
- Math Hue said...
Looks great! Congrats. ^_^
- June 9, 2009 at 8:54 AM
awesome, congrats!
- June 9, 2009 at 9:42 AM
- Colleen Clark said...
great to see you back on etsy. just posted about the fall collection here: http://nanabanana.typepad.com/nana_banana/2009/06/holy-crap-holy-crap-holy-crap-.html.
- June 9, 2009 at 10:28 AM
I was just looking at your etsy and so glad you posted more dresses that I could drool over!! :] they're all beautiful, good luck on the last bits of production!
- June 9, 2009 at 10:38 AM
- emmyray said...
beautiful, beautiful, I can't get enough of your work!
- June 9, 2009 at 11:22 AM
- Hannah&Sophie said...
oh leanne i love everything you do! i watched the entire show on youtube because i had no other way to see it!karalyn looks amazing in that colour!
- June 9, 2009 at 6:31 PM
- the lanky dance said...
Yay! I'm so happy things are going well! I can't wait to see Yvettes dress. Hope we get to see you soon.
- June 9, 2009 at 7:27 PM
- meredith cheng - munaluna said...
Your work is gorgeous! Everything you make is so beautiful and original. The blue of that dress is so striking!
- June 10, 2009 at 8:11 AM
- Wilson said...
hi Leanne :)
- June 13, 2009 at 7:50 PM
- glam.spoon said...
I'm holding my breath for the blue fly collection! I wonder if there are obstacles that happen to everybody... it's hard to give up that control of making something yourself, but it's absolutely necessary.
- June 15, 2009 at 9:55 AM
- la casita de wendy said...
Hi! i just discovered your blog and your work is amazing!! i really love it, we are fashion designers from spain!!
- June 16, 2009 at 2:50 PM
- JoanneAngelina said...
Loving your blog and what you do... great stuff!
- June 24, 2009 at 10:35 AM
- Amanda said...
I love the blue dress, looks good on the larger model too! I particularly like what you did with the side draping overlays on the skirt. The zipper scares me but looks really awesome and presents a subtle "naughty" element to an playfully elegant cocktail dress. Oh and did I mention that's one of my favorite colors?
- June 26, 2009 at 12:44 PM
- Sheryl W said...
congrats! I'm looking forward to seeing more of your work!
Thanks for dropping by! I'm so glad to hear from you again!
- July 30, 2009 at 9:43 AM
- MizzJ said...
I just checked out your Etsy store and your designs are awesome! I love that edgy wedding dress and the model in this post is stunning.
Thanks for visiting my blog :)
- August 10, 2009 at 6:46 PM