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I've got seasonal allergies and I've got HIV. Is there anything I should know about dealing with my springtime bout of sniffles, congestion and weepy eyes?
-- P.H., Summerside, P.E.I.
Ryan Cooper, M.D.
Physician, Northern Alberta HIV Clinic
So far, there is no conclusive evidence indicating that seasonal allergies are more common or worse among people with HIV/AIDS (PHAs) compared with the general population. And, for the most part, PHAs with seasonal allergies can fend off their symptoms the same way everyone else does. However, it's important to know that some allergy medications can interact with certain anti-HIV drugs, so make sure your HIV doctor knows that you have seasonal allergies and keep your pharmacist in the loop about any new allergy medications you're taking, including over-the-counter ones, so he or she can check for potential drug interactions.
Here are some general tips for allergy sufferers:
If you're uncertain about the source of your allergy, get an allergy test. You may think you have a seasonal allergy to the pollens from trees, weeds or grasses outside when you're really allergic to the dust inside -- or you may be allergic to both.
Don't let your allergy symptoms get out of control. Ignore a chronically runny nose, for instance, and you could end up with a nasty bacterial infection of the sinuses (sinusitis).
Try to reduce your exposure to what you're allergic to. For many people, this may simply mean popping an antihistamine before going to the park or wearing a mask while mowing the lawn. Others, however, have such severe seasonal allergies that they must completely steer clear of what triggers their allergic reaction.
Vince Yu
Pharmacist, St. Paul's Hospital
If staying clear of what you are allergic to isn't enough or isn't possible, there are medications to help. The first option is usually over-the-counter antihistamines, and all the usual warnings about side effects apply to everyone. In most cases, choose the newer second-generation antihistamines such as fexofenadine (Allegra) or loratadine (Claritin) over older-generation medications like diphenhydramine (Benadryl) because newer antihistamines last longer and won't make you feel drowsy.
Save the older-generation antihistamines for when you're dealing with a severe allergic reaction because they are faster acting. But keep in mind that these pills are more likely than the others to cause side effects, including dry mouth and eyes, difficulty urinating, constipation and drowsiness. And be cautious about taking older-generation antihistamines if you have pre-existing glaucoma, thyroid disease, prostate problems or heart disease because these medications could make your condition worse.
Over-the-counter decongestant pills such as pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) and nasal sprays such as xylometazoline (Otrivin) improve nasal congestion and drainage from the sinuses. They are a good choice if congestion is your main symptom. In terms of side effects, these medications can cause insomnia and heart palpitations and can raise blood pressure. They should be used cautiously and you should be closely followed by a doctor if you have heart or thyroid disease, diabetes, glaucoma or prostate problems. Another piece of advice about decongestant nasal sprays: Take a break for a day or two after using them three days in a row. Otherwise these sprays might not work as well or may cause "rebound" congestion (plugged nose all over again) when you do stop. Try switching to a saline nasal spray -- it can help loosen things up without the same risks.
For more severe allergy symptoms, doctors may prescribe corticosteroid nasal sprays. These work well to bring down swelling, however, PHAs on anti-HIV therapy should use these medications, in particular fluticasone (Flonase), with caution. This is because some anti-HIV drugs, such as ritonavir (Norvir and in Kaletra), can slow the breakdown of corticosteroids and lead to a build-up of that drug in the body. Among other things, ongoing exposure to high levels of corticosteroids can cause Cushing's syndrome, a hormone disorder with symptoms that include weight gain, fatigue and a swollen face. If you are on ritonavir and need a corticosteroid, use the smallest amount for the shortest time needed.
For sinusitis, I also tell PHAs who are taking tenofovir (Viread and in Truvada and Atripla) to limit their use of over-the-counter anti-inflammatory pain pills such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) and naproxen (Anaprox). In rare cases, the combination may worsen kidney toxicity.
PHAs may have elevated levels of antibodies involved in allergic reactions due to the inflammation and immune activation thought to be caused by HIV. (Read "Inflammation Information," to learn more about HIV and inflammation.) This has led some researchers to think that allergies might be more common or worse among PHAs. Studies to date have not shown a conclusive link, but it is perhaps something to keep in mind.
Finally, allergy shots as a form of therapy to reduce the body's reaction to allergens are controversial in terms of safety and effectiveness in the PHA population. There is a need for more research in this area. This step definitely deserves a talk with your HIV doctor.
Paul Saunders, N.D., Ph.D.
Naturopath, Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine
I tell seasonal allergy sufferers that during allergy season they should avoid anything else they're allergic to. For instance, if you have seasonal allergies and are also allergic to pets, don't spend spring weekends at your pet-owning friend's cottage -- or at least don't let their cat snooze on your bed.
Also, about two or three weeks before allergy season begins, start taking quercetin with vitamin C twice or three times daily. When you take this plant-derived bioflavonoid with vitamin C, it functions like a natural antihistamine by reducing the body's production and release of histamine. And it doesn't cause drowsiness or dryness, which are symptoms often associated with over-the-counter antihistamines.
Thirdly, I find out more about my patients' exact symptoms in order to recommend a homeopathic remedy that helps remove their specific symptoms. One of the principles of homeopathy is that those ingredients that would cause a certain symptom in a healthy person can be given to help cure the same symptom in a sick person. We don't know exactly why this works; we just know it has helped a lot of people.
It's also worth mentioning that psychologist Louise Hay, who wrote a lot about the relationship between disease and emotional states, believed that sinusitis was, in some people, a psychological response created when people don't get enough space in a relationship. Based on my own experience with patients, I believe she may have been on to something.
To clear the sinuses, I often suggest a tincture of horseradish, or simply adding horseradish or wasabi to food, for example, wasabi-coated tuna or salmon. And, during the allergy off-season, keep your immune system strong so you are better equipped to deal with allergies in the spring. I often recommend taking a combination of the herbs astragalus and codonopsis, which improve immune function against viral infections. However, we don't know whether these herbs interact with anti-HIV drugs, as no studies have been done.
Make sure you exercise and eat well. Finally, although there are no studies about the effect of vitamin D on allergies, research does show that this vitamin is essential for maintaining a healthy immune system.
Jennifer McPhee is a Toronto-based freelance writer who contributes regularly to The Positive Side_. Her work has also appeared in numerous publications including_ Chatelaine_,_ The Globe and Mail and Childview_._
|Herbal Interactions
Some herbs can interact with prescription medicines, including anti-HIV drugs, and over-the-counter products. This can change the medication's effectiveness or make worse any side effects of the drugs. Be sure to let your doctor know about all the herbs, supplements and other complementary therapies you take.


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DIY Tricks To Combat Puffy Eyes
Puffy eyes – they are a common side effect of lack of sleep, sensitivity to cosmetics, too much salt, an allergy flare up, or just a good ol' fashioned (and sometimes much needed) cry session. And regardless of why you get them, they can be unsightly and take away from our natural beauty. Fortunately, for us sufferers, there are 3 simple ways to help un-puff those puffy eyes without even having to leave the house. Eager to de-puff? Read on.
Chill Out
One sure-fire way to ease the swelling around your eyes and get back to your hot self is to cool things down. Literally.
Ice helps to shrink the blood vessels around your eye area which can become engorged and ultimately cause your under-eye area to swell. All you have to do is simply grab an ice cube, wrap it in a thin (and clean) facecloth, run it under water for a few seconds (to get the ice to melt slightly), and then apply it directly to your eye area. Try to hold the ice over each eye for as long as you can stand it – ideally about a minute each eye. Once it becomes too cold to stand, move over to the other eye or hold it on your eyelid to calm down any swelling you might be experiencing there as well.
An Essential Remedy
If suffering through chilly treatments isn't really your thing, maybe a natural essential oil would be more suitable. The other day I came across an effective remedy that not only helps to shrink inflamed blood vessels but smells great and works out to be pennies per treatment!
The process is simple:
- combine 2 drops of rosemary essential oil with 1 teaspoon of olive oil (to dilute the solution)
- mix the two oils until well combined
- using your index finger, rub the oil mixture onto your eye area
- let the oils sit on your skin for a few minutes or until you notice the puffiness starting to subside
- wipe away the residual oil
Make sure you avoid getting the oils into your actual eyes as this could cause serious irritation and should be flushed away with water if it occurs. Once completed this treatment should act as an anti-inflammatory agent and cause the blood vessels around your eye area to constrict while also allowing your eyes to look more open and alert. And not only is it a cheap and easy fix, but it is gentle on your skin and full of natural ceffeic acid which should help to further de-puff the puff throughout your day. Bonus!
Un-Puffing So Easy You Won't Be-Leaf It
Once I break down this simple remedy, your mind will be blown with just how clever that title is, if I do say so myself! If the puffy bags under your eyes are masking your natural beauty, head on into your kitchen and grab yourself two tea bags. Pretty much any tea should work, as long as it's caffeinated. I personally prefer either green tea or white tea as I find they don't really stain your skin as much as darker teas do.
Once you have your tea bags, the process is easy:
- dampen your tea bags under a light stream of cold water for a few minutes
- squeeze out the excess water
- place the wet tea bags in your freezer for about 5 minutes or until they are cold to the touch
- after your time is up, take the tea bags out of the freezer, lie down, and place them onto your eyes
- let them sit there for about 20 minutes
- once your 20 minutes is up, take the tea bags off and rinse your face with cool water
You should notice the swelling subsiding after one quick treatment but if you are still experiencing some puffiness then try this de-puffing powerhouse remedy:
- grab yourself 4 or 5 tea bags (again green tea or white tea)
- allow them to steep in hot water for up to 20 minutes until you have a strong cup of tea
- let the tea cool down
- pour your strong tea into ice cube trays and place in your freezer
- once completely frozen, pop out an ice cube, wrap in a thin facecloth and place over your eye
- similar to the first remedy, leave the ice on your eye for as long as you can stand
- rotate eyes until your ice cube is melted
This treatment is oh-so-awesome because not only do you get the effects of the caffeine but you also get the cooling and constricting action of the ice.
Et voila! Three quick and easy ways to ease and erase those puffy bags under your eyes, without even having to leave the house! But what about you? Do you have any simple solutions for getting rid of the puffiness under your eyes? Leave them in the comment section below!
Vanessa is the chief blogging babe for BesSkincare.com where she blogs and vlogs about all things skincare including product reviews and handy DIY tips and tricks, such as How To Get Rid of Under Eye Circles, that help her readers to look and feel their very best!
About Guest Blogger (Guest Blogger's Profile)Love writing and trying out new vegan beauty products? Come write for Vegan Beauty Review! All we ask is that the products you review be vegan (i.e. no animal products). Interested? Drop me a line at email@example.com
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Puffy eyes have been my problem since I was in college and I never knew that tea bags are effective remedy for this. Thank you for this valuable information that you've shared.
Swollen or Puffy eyes are the worst sight for any woman, or man, for that matter. Puffy eyes ruin your look, and most people are at a loss on how to deal with the issue. Thankfully, being a doctor myself, I know that puffy eyes are best treated through sleep. Yes, believe it or not, getting adequate sleep is the best possible method to deal with the ugly puffy eye issue.

subset: commoncrawl


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Closers is a free game 3D action MMORPG developed by Naddic Games and released by South Korea's Nexon, Indonesia's Megaxus and Japan's Sega.
Seoul was rebuilt after the invading size monster was repulsed. This is the story of the new Seoul Closers.
Players will fight around New Seoul, defeat Dimension and complete the tasks assigned by each NPC. All players' environmental gameplay is played in an instantiated dungeon. Players can buy Closers Credits to talk to specific NPCs in each town.
The game-breaking game mainly revolves around the use of skills. There is a very basic venue for sprinting, jumping, sprinting and jumping combinations, which are mainly used for resource regeneration.
The mysterious size gates are open all over the world and have triggered a worldwide invasion of size monsters. No monsters and tactics affect the size of the monster's waves coming out of the size gate. Cities behind the city were ruthlessly destroyed.
However, the opening of the size door will not only cause damage and destruction. The mental power it wakes up also makes very few people have extraordinary psychological ability. With these spiritual warriors, governments around the world can use these monsters to reverse the tide of war. After incomprehensible losses, people on Earth successfully closed the door at least. As they closed the door, these psychology began to be called "CLOSERS", and the invasion of size monsters was named first-dimensional war.
So where can I buy Cheap Closers Credits? Of course, choose the most authoritative, safe and convenient mmoah. Guarantee to make you happy and full of rewards.


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Hey, this is Geena! I love to show my sexy body to the camera and really enjoy masturbating
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Drevviken > 07/09/10
Last edited: 2011-12-18 filed under: photos
lalalangue, which was a QTVR, has now been updated to a 360° image and is once again viewable and playable. Best viewed on desktop[View]
Freewheelin.nu is a site where e-lit, installations, digital art, blogs and other texts are linked in a maze of underpasses, highways, rivers, bridges, tunnels that intersect in the art project Plastic Spaces whenever possible.
And there is more. Image Music Text Technology.
Digital art and textual [dis]pleasures - the erratic vibrancy, evanescence and intangibility of the text/work - interfaces with the erotic body [electrified]


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Mr CC and I have just returned from Bruges and whereas some people – let's call them weird people – would be looking through photos of their day trips and adventures, I am looking through my photos of cakes; some of which were eaten by me, others just admired from afar.
Bruges is a very beautiful city in the Flemish region of Belgium; so beautiful that the entire city centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
While there are so many stunning buildings in Bruges you almost stop noticing them, one in particular caught my eye. I have a new patisserie-crush and its name is Prestige:
This is the counter that greets you on entry:
Every tea or coffee cup arrives with a little delight in the saucer; it differed every time (we went there once or twice...by the end of our stay the staff recognised us! I'm not sure if I should be embarrassed by that?):
The cakes were – of course – awesome and all made on the premises. This looks like a simple strawberry tart, but no. The sable pastry base was biscuity and light, the crème patisserie filling was like eating a creamy cloud and the strawberries were sweet and fruity. I could eat one every day for the rest of my life.
Mr CC chose a "Javannais". I expected this to taste of coffee i.e. java but it didn't. I would call this a japonaise as it was many layers of nutty meringue with creamy buttercream separating them.
The giant raspberry macaron was a purchase made from sheer greed, as the cakes are generously sized...but just look at it...how could I possibly walk away from the counter and leave it there?
We did actually sample other patisseries/cafes and found some delights. This beauty was a Delice:
It was a chocolate sponge and mousse outer, with a thick custard filling. My excuse for gobbling it down in about 3 seconds flat was that I was worried that it would melt in the sun:
The apple tart was simple and elegant and Mr CC liked that it wasn't overly sweet:
This custard slice had an element I've never seen before. Each layer of puff pastry had a crisp coating of the kind you get on the top of a crème brulee. I would imagine that they scattered sugar on the cooked puff pastry then took a blow torch to it. The result was lovely as each mouthful of pastry also had a crisp, sticky caramel layer too.
Bruges – you may be a small city but you excelled yourself with your cakey offerings!


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Very excited
We just received these and they seem really awesome. Looking forward to see how my little man like them.
Park City, UT United States
Is your toddler ready to leave cloth diapers behind and start using training pants? These soft and absorbent training pants from Best Bottom have the look and feel of real underwear. They consist of a soft stretchy cotton outer with a wick resistant trim. Each training pant comes with three Snap-In Feel Wet Inserts that are made from absorbent microfiber topped with soft flannel prints. A waterproof zone on the inner helps prevent accidents.
To use, snap the insert into the Best Bottom Training Pant. When wet unsnap the wet insert and replace with a clean insert. If soiled slide the training pant down and carefully unsnap the soiled insert. There are no side snaps on the training pants because toddlers tended to associate the side snaps with being too much like diapers. Reuse the outer until soiled or until wash day.
While you can reuse the outer, you will need as many inserts as accidents. Early potty training will require more inserts than later potty training. 6-9 inserts per outer is a typical amount needed for potty training.
Because toddlers don't need multiple sizes during training Best Bottom Training Pants are offered in three size options.
Small - 2T - 20-28 lbs
Medium - 3T - 25-35 lbs
Large - 4T - 30-40 lbs
You can also snap Best Bottom Inserts into the training pants for early potty training in order to provide greater absorbency. As your child starts having success with potty training move them to the Best Bottom Snap-In Feel Wet Training Pant Inserts.
Washing instructions:
Machine wash or hand wash on warm. Tumble dry on low. Do not use bleach or fabric softeners.
Made in the USA.
We just received these and they seem really awesome. Looking forward to see how my little man like them.
Park City, UT United States
Wish had more colors to select from. Excellent product.
Rochelle Kilmer
Tucson, AZ United States


text:
finding a prom date. There was only
one thing I was sure about and that was my college choice! I had already
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College Chicago without a doubt. I knew what my dorm looked like and exactly how I wanted it decorated. In
my head I was screaming, "PINK!" I couldn't wait to get to the
stores and shop for my room. That's one thing I should have done differently: waited. I went shopping for dorm
things super early! Then when the end
of the summer came, I saw so many things that I bought for full price were on SALE! I couldn't believe all the deals I missed out on, and the money I could have saved!
Some stores with the best deals are:
1. Wal-Mart
2. Target
3. Bed
Bath and Beyond
4. Macy's
5. Sears
places, but consider the smaller stores too. I would have never thought that
I could find so many cute things at these smaller stores:
1. Marshalls
4. Big
5. Burlington
Coat Factory
It's always fun to go
shopping for your room right away,
but just consider waiting and trying
stores you would have never walked in before!


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|Happy Holidays to You and Yours from the West End!
|The Northern Pacific Railway | Route of the Great Big Baked Potato
The Main Street of the
Northwest on the
World Wide Web.
page offers links to more than one hundred
The author would like to thank
the following
Without generous contributions
this information
These pages are not sponsored or
endorsed by any
Season's Eatings!BANANA NUT BREAD
One-third cup shortening
Two-thirds cup sugar
Two eggs
One-and-three-quarters cup sifted all-purpose flour
One-half teaspoon salt
Two-and-three-quarters teaspoons baking powder
One cup mashed ripe bananas
One-half cup chopped English walnuts
Cream together shortening and sugar.
Add eggs and beat well.
Sift together flour, salt, and baking powder.
Add to creamed mixture alternately with
mashed bananas, blending well after each addition.
Stir in walnuts.
Pour into a well-greased nine-by-five-inch loaf pan.
Bake at 350 degrees for about 50 minutes.
Remove from pan; cool completely on rack.
Wrap and store overnight for full flavor.
Makes one loaf.
McKenzie, William A.
Dining Car Line to the Pacific.
An Illustrated History of the Northern Pacific Railway's
Famously Good Food, with 150 Authentic Recipes.
St. Paul [Minn.]: Minnesota Historical Society Press,
1990, p. 148.


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Desperately Thrashing Breitbrats Misrepresent Boston Herald Anti-Hagel Op-Ed
Today at right wing propaganda outlet breitbart.com, there are no less than 14 front-page articles (there may be more by the time you read this) attacking Secretary of Defense nominee Chuck Hagel in every possible way; I haven't seen the Breitbrats this worked up since last November.
And they're also up to the same old tricks again, misrepresenting an opinion piece in the Boston Herald as an official editorial: BOSTON HERALD TO OBAMA: WITHDRAW HAGEL. (h/t: Mark.)
Breitbart "News" says:
Monday night, the Boston Herald ran an editorial calling for President Obama to pull Secretary of Defense nominee Chuck Hagel…
But here's the page at the Boston Herald: Prez Should Pull Hagel's Nomination. It's clearly labeled as an Op-Ed in their Opinion category, and it's by Peter Brookes, who is not a Boston Herald editor but … wait for it … a senior fellow at the Heritage Foundation.
Is this just the usual no-standards Breitbart sloppiness, or are they deliberately misrepresenting the op-ed? It really doesn't matter, because for all their thrashing and lying and smearing, Chuck Hagel is going to be confirmed as the next Secretary of Defense: Chuck Hagel Clears Senate Hurdle Toward Confirmation.
The Senate voted 71-27 on Tuesday to end debate on Chuck Hagel's nomination to become secretary of Defense, ending a Republican campaign that forced Democrats to fight for every step toward confirmation, which is expected later in the day.
I think the Breitbrats may actually have helped Hagel get the SecDef job. Between them and the McCarthy-like ranting of Ted Cruz, the right really made themselves look like deranged buffoons… and all over someone who is basically a mainstream Republican. (Or what used to be mainstream, anyway.)


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Events and New Releases Calendar
About APG
For over 30 years Atlantic Publishing has been providing millions of readers information to jump-start their careers, start businesses, manage employees, invest, plan for retirement, learn technologies, build relationships, and live rewarding, fulfilling lives. Our award-winning authors and publication staff strive to make our products the best and most up-to-date available. We go further than most publishers to get our customers the best products. Awards are great, but we do not stop there:
We give you the latest and best information explained in an easy to read and understandable manner. We spend countless hours interviewing successful experts on each subject. Our products explain the ins and outs and provide insider secrets and proven methodologies.
Most of our books contain actual case studies from people who share their techniques to achieve unprecedented success. You will learn hundreds of tested hints, tricks, and secrets for using the subject matter to achieve real-world success.
Many of our books are bundled with companion CD-ROM's. Packaging a book and CD-ROM is a labor-intensive and costly procedure. But we think the process is worth it, as there is so much information packaged on each CD-ROM.
In all our books, where pertinent, we supply extensive glossaries and often hundreds of links to more information and resources on the Internet. We thoroughly and individually check each link to these valuable resources, as well as every fact cited.
Thank you for your interest in our publications. Knowledge has certainly been the key to our success, and we hope that our information products will bring success to you, your patrons, and customers. If at any time you need any help finding a product, have a question or concern, you may call us at 352-622-1825 or email us at


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This is not an offer for credit and should be used for estimation purposes only based on the information you provided. You should not base your decision on this estimate alone. Title, registration, tax and other fees, and personal circumstances such as employment status and personal credit history, were not considered in the calculations.
Maybe you want a touring bike that's like nothing else out there. Maybe you want a cruiser that's not a cookie–cutter clone. Maybe you just want a bike that's big enough to take you wherever you want to go, and do it in comfort and style, with plenty of class and independence.
If that's what you're after, Honda's Gold Wing F6B is your kind of bike. Big, smooth, powerful. The Gold Wing F6B uses technology gathered from our own Honda Gold Wing, a bike that's set the standards in Luxury Touring for the last 40 years. But the F6B is lighter, trimmer and leaner. You're going to find that it's perfect for around-town rides, shorter trips or weekend getaways. You're also going to find that it will blow away just about any conventional cruiser in terms of looks and commanding presence—not to mention on-road performance.
You asked for it, so here it is. And the F6B is still available in two trim levels—standard and deluxe with a new Matte Pearl White. With plenty of storage capacity and with many of the Gold Wing's comfort and luxury features, the F6B is ready to take you wherever adventure calls. Isn't it about time you answer?
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Rear - Pro Arm® single-side swingarm with Pro-Link® single shock with remote-controlled spring-preload adjustment; 4.1 in. travel
Matte Pearl White
Matte Silver
MSRP excludes destination charge. Visit powersports.honda.com to view applicable destination charge amount.
ALWAYS WEAR A HELMET, EYE PROTECTION AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. NEVER RIDE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DRUGS OR ALCOHOL, AND NEVER USE THE STREET AS A RACETRACK. OBEY THE LAW AND READ THE OWNER'S MANUAL THOROUGHLY. For rider training information or to locate a rider training course near you, call the Motorcycle Safety Foundation at 800-446-9227. Gold Wing® is a registered trademark of Honda Motor Co., Ltd.


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|By Jeremy Geelan
Article Rating:
|August 26, 2009 02:30 PM EDT
Cloud computing is an approach to computing that enables organizations to leverage scalable, elastic and secure computing resources as services with the expected results of simplified operations, significant savings in cost and resources and an increase in operational flexibility.
With its deep experience and rich technological innovation and capabilities in the enterprise server marketplace, as well as its involvement in transaction-intensive, mission-critical environments, Unisys is in a unique position to provide cloud computing that is secure enough and scalable enough for enterprise-class computing.
As a pioneer in large-scale computing, Unisys has tackled some of the toughest security challenges in the world for both public and private sector clients. The company brings a holistic approach to security that spans digital and physical environments, securing a client's people, places, assets and data.
SYS-CON Events is accordingly delighted to announce that the Opening Keynote at its 4th International Cloud Computing Conference & Expo is to be given by Richard Marcello, President of Systems & Technology at Unisys.
Unisys unveiled this week an innovative cloud computing strategy and solutions portfolio for organizations to move enterprise application workloads securely to tailored cloud environments with greater confidence in maintaining the integrity of critical information.
"I believe that cloud computing will revolutionize the way enterprises obtain business and IT services and change the kind of payback they get from their IT investments," says Marcello, adding:
"Our clients tell us that they see great value in moving enterprise applications and data to the cloud. However, they have lacked the comprehensive security to make them confident in doing so."
In his keynote, Marcello will outline how Unisys intends to customize and manage the cloud experience, from consulting to determine what can be moved and how, all the way through ensuring peak performance and delivery against SLAs with a fully managed cloud service.
"I believe that cloud computing will revolutionize the way enterprises obtain business and IT services and change the kind of payback they get from their IT investments," says Marcello. His keynote will be given at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA, on November 2, 2009.
"Bringing the Economics of the Web to Enterprise IT Through Cloud Computing" is the conference theme and our organizing principle is that through our intensive three-day schedule of keynotes, and general and breakout sessions, attending delegates will be assured of leaving the Conference with abundant resources, ideas and examples they can apply immediately to leveraging the Cloud, helping them to maximize performance, minimize cost and improve the scale of their endeavors.
Marcello's keynote will set the tone for the Enterprise IT focus of the entire conference.
Topics to be discussed November 2-4 in Santa Clara include all aspects of providing or using massively scalable IT-related capabilities as a service using Internet technologies.
- Hollywood's A-List Celebs Choose Yacht Charters for Total Escape
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- Priene, the Ancient Holy City of Ionia
- The Ancient City of Perge
- Croatia Yacht Charter Presents Magnum Nautica
- Mayor of Bodrum Mehmet Kocadon Should Just Hang Himself
- Rhodes Island Excursion Programme


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Supporting the Oakland Raiders on the field is apparently not paying off for the ladies on the sidelines.
A Raiderette is blowing the whistle, saying she and the other cheerleaders are being treated unfairly, a claim that has the Raiders playing defense.
The cheerleader, known as Lacy T., says she and her fellow cheerleaders are not even making minimum wage, so she is going on the offensive to fight for better pay, as well as compensation for things like hair and public appearances.
Lacy T. says she and the other cheerleaders receive $1,250 for the whole season. That's $125 per game, or less than $5 an hour. They pay out-of-pocket for everything else.
Wednesday, she filed a lawsuit in Alameda County Superior Court, hoping the Raiders will change their business practices.
The first-year Raiderette told NBC Bay Area she was thrilled to have landed a spot as one of "football's fabulous females."
"This is a dream job for me, and probably for most of the girls on the team," she said.
But Lacy T. said her dream job turned into a nightmare when she realized that she and her fellow Raiderettes would not be getting paid until the end of the season, and only for games, nothing else.
"I realized, wait a minute, we're not going to paid minimum wage for all these hours we're putting in," Lacy T. said. "I'm not going to see a paycheck for nine months."
That's when she turned to Sharon Vinick, an Oakland-based attorney who specializes in employment and labor issues. She said the case was about an "exploitation of women."
"Not paying somebody until the end of the season. Blatantly illegal," Vinick said. "Requiring them as a condition of their employment to agree never to sue the Raiders, that's blatantly illegal. And that's a provision in their contract."
Lacy T. and her attorney are taking the Oakland Raiders to court, saying the team is in violation of California wage and employment laws. They are hoping to be certified as a class action on behalf of all current and former Raiderettes who have cheered for the Raiders since 2010.
"I hope that they step forward and they get brave and stand next to me, and hopefully make a big difference and change the future for Raiderettes to come," Lacy T. said.
The Raiders declined to comment when NBC Bay Area reached out to the team.
But David Rosenfeld says the team doesn't have a strong defense anyway. He is an Alameda-based union labor law attorney who has written a book called California Workers' Rights.
"Looking at the allegations of the complaint, and particularly the attached agreement, I don't think they got a defense to any of this," Rosenfeld said. "For example, they require the women to pay for lots of expenses, hairstylists, makeup and things like that, and California law has been explicitly clear that an employer must pay for or indemnify for anything that he or she expends."
Lacy T. said her fellow Raiderettes are her motivation for stepping forward and fighting for respect.
"If nothing else, we deserve to be paid minimum wage for every single hour worked and reimbursed for out-of-pocket expenses and paid in a timely manner," Lacy T. said. "So, if that is what comes out of this, then it was 100 percent worth it."
Aubrey Aquino, a former Raiderette who cheered for two seasons more than a decade ago, told NBC Bay Area she thinks the cheerleaders should be better compensated.
"However, the majority (if not all) of the ladies in the pro ranks aren't doing it 'for the money,'" Aquino said. "What this job offers are priceless memories and friendships."
Vinick said, by her estimates, the women who cheered for the Raiders last season could be entitled to somewhere between $10,000 and $20,000 each in wages and penalties.


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Email has been sent to with instructions on resetting your password.
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By selecting "I Agree" or "Create Account" and clicking the box "I AGREE" below, you acknowledge and agree that you have read, understood and accepted the terms of service at the hyperlink below:
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Mike Mangas
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Sporty luxury
The 2013 Jeep Grand Cherokee continues to deliver class-leading capability with refinement and features that consumers appreciate. Since its introduction, the current generation Jeep Grand Cherokee has become the most awarded SUV ever.
For the 2013 model year, Jeep Grand Cherokee Overland Summit models have new standard features that raise the bar even further in terms of luxury.
Jeep Grand Cherokee Overland Summit
Sporting a unique front appearance with a fully chromed grille and riding on 20-inch bright, polished aluminum wheels, the Overland Summit model is the Jeep Grand Cherokee to a higher level of indulgence and refinement for drivers seeking the ultimate personal driving statement in a premium sport-utility vehicle.
New features for 2013 include an all-black Nappa leather interior color choice, which is now available with accent stitching done in Saddle. Additionally, black Berber floor mats feature a black binding.
The award-winning Black lower and New Saddle upper interior trim, along with saddle-color Nappa heated and ventilated leather seats – with perforated inserts, accent piping and unique stitching – and Berber floor mats with Black and Chestnut accent binding is still available.
The Jeep Grand Cherokee features unique Black Olive burl real wood trim blended into the instrument panel. The distinctive polished trim wraps into the upper panels of both the front and rear doors surrounding passengers with the highest levels of craftsmanship.
In addition to the exclusive Rugged Brown exterior color, the Jeep Grand Cherokee Overland Summit is also available in Mineral Gray, White Gold and Brilliant Black.
3.6-liter V-6 Engine
The 2013 Jeep Grand Cherokee features the award-winning 3.6-liter V-6 engine. This flexible-fuel 3.6-liter V-6 engine is standard and delivers 290 horsepower and 260 pound-feet of torque at 4,800 rpm.
The 4x2 models have a rating of 17 mpg in the city and 23 mpg on the highway while 4x4 models achieve 16 mpg in the city and 23 mpg on the highway.
5.7-liter V-8 Engine
The available 5.7-liter V-8 engine with fuel-saver technology delivers 360 horsepower and 390 pound-feet of torque at 4,250 rpm. The 5.7-liter V-8 also features VVT, which delivers performance and fuel efficiency. The fuel-saver technology alternates between smooth high-fuel-economy four-cylinder mode when less power is needed and V-8 mode when more power from the 5.7-liter engine is requested.
The 5.7-liter V-8 engine is mated to the 65RFE automatic transmission. The 4x2 models have a fuel economy rating of 14 mpg in the city and 20 mpg on the highway rating. All 4x4 models have fuel economy ratings of 13 mpg in the city and 20 mpg on the highway.
Starting MSRP for the 2013 Jeep Grand Cherokee is $27,695, and it is assembled at the Jefferson Avenue North Assembly Plant in Detroit, Mich.
The Jeep vehicle lineup consists of the Compass, Grand Cherokee, Patriot, Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited. To learn more about the Jeep Grand Cherokee or any of its siblings, visit your local Southeast Texas Jeep dealer or www.jeep.com.


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STS-134 mission original schedule
Flight Day 1
- Launch
- General support computer activation
- Shuttle Remote Manipulator System checkout
Flight Day 2
- Thermal protection system inspection
- EVA suits checkout
- Rendezvous preparation
Flight Day 3
- Rendezvous pitch manoeuvre
- Rendezvous and docking to ISS with Orion
Relative Navigation System activation
- Hatch opening, ingress ISS, middeck transfers
- Deployment of Express Logistics Carrier 3
Flight Day 4
- Deploy AMS-02 from Shuttle and berth to
ISS, using both the Space Station Remote
Manipulator System and the Shuttle
Remote Manipulator System
- First Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA-1) preparation
Flight Day 5
- EVA-1 by Feustel and Chamitoff. Each
spacewalk will last about six hours
- Retrieve MISSE 7experiment containers
from ISS and install them in Shuttle Bay
- Remove MISSE 8 experiment container
from Shuttle Bay and install it on ISS
- Fluid line routing
Flight Day 6
- Focused inspection
- Water dump
- EVA-2 preparation
Flight Day 7
- EVA-2 by Feustel and Fincke
- Inspect and lubricate Port Solar Array
Rotary Joint
- Fluid line routing and ammonia fill
- Water dump
Flight Day 8
- Late inspection with Orbiter Boom Sensor
System with Endeavour still docked to the ISS
- Shuttle crew half day off-duty
- EVA-3 preparation
Flight Day 9
- EVA-3 by Feustel and Fincke
- Integrated Boom Assembly stowed on the
truss orbital support equipment
- Swap Electrical Flight and Power & Data
Grapple Fixture
- Perform preparation tasks on spare Special
Purpose Dexterous Manipulator
- Middeck transfers
Flight Day 10
- Added flight day to accommodate work on the U.S. carbon dioxide removal system and other maintenance tasks.
Flight Day 11
- Off duty, crew conference
- Experiment stow, hatch close
- EVA-4 preparation
Flight Day 12
- EVA-4 by Fincke and Chamitoff
- Integrated Boom Assembly stowed on the
truss orbital support equipment
- Undock from ISS
- Fly-around with Orion Relative Navigation
System activation
- Re-rendezvous for Orion Relative
Navigation System Test
Flight Day 13
- Flight Control Systems checkout
- Cabin stow
- Entry preparation
Flight Day 14
- Deorbit preparation
- Entry and landing


text:
Watch Cars (2006) Full Movie Streaming
Cars tell story about "Lightning McQueen, a hotshot rookie race car driven to succeed, discovers that life is about the journey, not the finish line, when he finds himself unexpectedly detoured in the sleepy Route 66 town of Radiator Springs. On route across the country to the big Piston Cup Championship in California to compete against two seasoned pros, McQueen gets to know the town's offbeat characters..".
Cast : Owen Wilson, Paul Newman, Bonnie Hunt, Larry the Cable Guy, Tony Shalhoub, Cheech Marin, Michael Wallis, George Carlin, Paul Dooley, Jenifer Lewis, Guido Quaroni, Richard Petty, Michael Keaton, Katherine Helmond, John Ratzenberger, Joe Ranft, Jeremy Piven, Jeremy Clarkson, Dale Earnhardt Jr., Mario Andretti, Michael Schumacher, Jay Leno, Tom Hanks, Tim Allen, Billy Crystal, John Goodman, Dave Foley, Bob Costas, Darrell Waltrip, Richard Kind, Edie McClurg, Humpy Wheeler, Tom Magliozzi, Ray Magliozzi, Lynda Petty, Andrew Stanton, Sarah Clark, Mike Nelson, Joe Ranft, Jonas Rivera, Lou Romano, Adrian Ochoa, E.J. Holowicki, Elissa Knight, Lindsey Collins, Larry Benton, Douglas Keever, Sherry Lynn, Mickie McGowan, Jack Angel
- Runtime : 117 minutes (1' 57")
- Genre : Animation Adventure Comedy Family
- Production : Pixar Walt Disney Pictures
- Release : June 08, 2006
- Countries : United States of America
- Languages : English


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New iPod In-Ear Headphones reviewed: Apple's best yetAfter a false start two years ago, Apple has released a new set of in-ear buds that are finally worth trading up to from the company's own pack-in models and which may well compete against third-party earbuds that are significantly above its price class. We explain why.
The first attempt: the original In-Ear Headphones
Of all the iPod accessory markets Apple has dipped into since launch over seven years ago, the company has ironically been the most conservative around personal audio. It wasn't until 2005 that Apple offered anything more than a replacement set for the (necessarily) cheap earbuds that have always come with the company's portable music players.
These buds, the first iPod In-Ear Headphones, have commonly been regarded as outright flops. They only cost $39, but it was painfully obvious that this was Apple's first attempt and that it was built to a price. The flush, almost conical shape was very difficult to keep in one's ear even in ideal conditions, and most of the improvement in audio quality simply came from moving the sound deeper into your ear opening.
As such, there was almost no incentive to buy Apple's own take on higher-end earbuds; unless you just had to have the lanyard set for the early iPod nano, you were better-off buying something in a similar price range or slightly higher that fit better and had more than just a passive audio enhancement. And of course, in the era of iPhone and iPod touch, the absence of either a microphone or a remote was virtually a deal breaker.
Comfort and fit options
The new earbuds are, in a sense, an admission by Apple that the original design didn't work: the new design has a right-angled shape that fits much more directly.
To say it's an improvement in stability would be an understatement. The new buds can be inserted deeply enough into the ear passage that there's little if any room for them to slip out, although they do require a degree of "massaging" (really, wiggling) to get a perfect fit. Running with the In-Ear set didn't jostle it out of place or create any real doubts.
The silicone ear tips have also changed somewhat, though not by much: they're now a set of clear, very thin covers instead of the earlier solid gray models. They look nicer, but they're importantly very soft and comfortable on the ears. We've used a set of Shure E2Cs in the past that were certainly comfortable most of the time but were bulky enough to potentially cause discomfort over a long stretch of listening. We wore Apple's earbuds for hours and not once felt any pain or signs they'd been in place for too long.
It's also noteworthy that listeners aren't forced to wear the earphones a particular way: they remained snug both inserted directly and hooked over the ears, although the cords were more likely to come loose than on earbuds intended to be worn this way, as with the Shures.
Like most earphone makers, Apple includes both small and large eartips in the box, and given the comfort of the mediums should easily accommodate unusual ear sizes. For some reason, however, Apple has chosen to package them in a "pill" that opens at either end rather than simply stuffing them in a bag. It's a nice touch, but it's utterly excessive: most iPhone and iPod owners don't share their earbuds with others that also happen to have different ear sizes and don't really need an elaborate container as a result.


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Check out this video. And no mum, I didn't film this, nor was I on the bridge watching. Don't worry, your baby boy is safe and sound…
Tag Archives: Bogota
Reason #6: Because the Spanish is the Best in the World
Yet, I stand corrected by a friend. By definition, Spain has the best Spanish in the world. But a walk through the streets of Barcelona might have you questioning that. Continue reading
There I was… on my one year anniversary…
There I was. Exhausted, absolutely drained, yet at the same time full of life. I was standing in Piso 30 (also called "The End"), one of the most popular and extravagant clubs in Bogotá watching the sunrise. As light was cast over Bogotá, I thought about how many sunrises I have seen since being here. It is in the hundreds, but all from waking up at five in the morning and heading to work. This was the first one I had seen from staying up all night. With this game called "life," we have to make decisions. In my state of "reflection," I realized how close I came to never experiencing this moment. There I was, and I began to think… Continue reading
Colombian Time
Here in Colombia, they don't believe in the normal time. What do I mean by that? Let's say you are meeting someone at 7 in the evening. If you show up before 8, you're early. Allow me to explain. Continue reading
Reason #3: Because Even Bad Days Are Still Considered Awesome
Life is a roller coaster. Sometimes you're at the top of the mountain, and other days, you're free falling with no end in sight. But, for me, even those horrible days outweigh my best days back in my home country. Continue reading
Filed under 101 Reasons, Bogota, Colombia
From Banana Skin Flip Flops
I'm not one to republish content, but this one (Catch the Pigeon) was to good to pass up. One of my close friends down here, Vicki, is a freelance journalist. In her free time, she keeps a blog about her adventure filled life from Bogotá, Colombia. Highly recommended… especially this blog she recently posted. Check out her blog here, or her more professional work here. Continue reading


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Ten-X The Future of Real Estate
Projects, Case Studies and Clients
Projects, Case Studies and Clients - 1025
Thinking Minds Photo 2018-06-07 20:35
Botanicals with Strong Cognitive Benefits
These botanicals have "very promising" evidence for combating cognitive decline, including Alzheimer's disease, according to a new systematic review. By guest writer Mae Chan #health
IELTS Official Photo 2018-06-07 14:11
Do you agree with what this astronaut said?
Cambridge Assessment English Video 2018-06-07 10:03
Time for you to get busy! Choose a single noun to complete each of these idiomatic phrases related to being busy. Then take a look at the answers at the end. Let us know how you got on!
Thinking Minds is with James Ford and Armaan Bhati.
Improve your English in Florida with ELS/Orlando!
When you study at #ELSOrlando, you will be improving your English about an hour's drive away from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean beaches, and be near Florida's thrilling and iconic theme parks! Learn more: ELS.edu/Orlando #ELSCenters
Yahya Adel Ibrahim - The Ideal Muslimah 2018-06-06 16:43
Yahya Adel Ibrahim: SubhanAllah have you been following this beneficial series by Shaykh Yahya? A juzz a day :)


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Agenda: May 16, 2013 Community Involvement PEG
Community Involvement Policy Expert Group
Meeting No. 12
Date: May 16, 2013
Time: 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m.
Location: Portland Building, 1120 SW 5th Ave, 2nd Floor, Room B **NOTE NEW LOCATION**
Meeting Goals
- Refine policy recommendations for Chapter 1 and Community Involvement elements of Chapter 8
- Review draft CI PEG Summary Memo and determine process for detailed revisions
Welcome, Meeting Overview and Introductions (6:00 p.m. / 5 minutes)
Facilitator: Deb Meihoff
FACILITATED DISCUSSION: Discuss and Refine Recommendations for Changes to the Working Draft (6:05 p.m. / 90 minutes)
Facilitator: Deb Meihoff
Description: Paul Leistner, with the assistance of the PIAC work group, has conducted a gap analysis of the community involvement goals and policies in the Working Draft against best practices from literature review and public feedback from the community survey and workshops. The facilitated discussion will review change ideas identified through this analysis and determine additional CI PEG recommendations for revisions or additions to the Working Draft goals and policies.
Discussion will be structured around these questions:
- Is the identified gap in Working Draft policy an element that the CI PEG recommends carrying forward?
- Is the existing and/or newly recommended policy or goal nested in the right location of the refined organizational structure - ongoing policy, project-specific policy, administrative policy, or community involvement manual?
- Is there anything else missing in the policy document that will lead to positive change in the way the City practices community involvement under the Comprehensive Plan?
Background Materials:
- Community Involvement gap analysis of Working Draft Goals and policies
- Working Draft Part 1 of the Comprehensive Plan
Initial Review of Draft CI PEG Summary Memorandum (7:35 p.m. / 10 minutes)
Facilitator: Deb Meihoff
Description: Review draft summary memo structure and field ideas for changes to order or content. Discuss most effective and efficient way to edit the memo and prepare to finalize at the last CI PEG meeting in June.
Public Comment (7:45 p.m. / 10 minutes)
Next Steps and PEG Check-in (7:55 p.m. / 5 minutes)
Presenter: Marty Stockton, BPS
- Preparation / assignments for FINAL MEETING in June
- PEG Check-in: Please complete evaluation form.
Adjourn (8:00 p.m.)
For more information, please contact either Marty Stockton, BPS at 503-823-2041 or email@example.com; Paul Leistner, ONI at 503-823-5284 or email@example.com; or Deb Meihoff, Facilitator at 503-358-3404 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Agile ALM Virtual Study Group PART 1: Technical Assets
jl.marechaux 060001NWA6 Visits (11255)
Session 1: Understand and reuse the technical solution assets
(See the Agi
During the first session on this series, we want to describe what the IBM Rational Solution for Agile ALM with Scrum is, and what are the technical assets it contains. We also want people to understand how to find, install, and use those assets quickly. So we will cover the following topics:
Note that basic knowledge of the Scrum framework is important to understand the IBM Rational Solution for Agile ALM solution. The session will start with a brief introduction to Scrum.
After this session, attendees should be able to start a project in Rational Team Concert using assets from the IBM Rational Solution for Agile ALM with Scrum.
Links to demos, recording and enablement assets related to session 1 (Sept 24).


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Microsoft® Office 365 from GoDaddy
Get Office 365 –
now, way better.
Simple set up, expert 24/7 support and more.
All plans include:
And, every time Microsoft releases a new version (currently, Office 2016), it gets delivered to you automatically, at no extra charge. No big upfront cost now. No big upgrade cost later. Just a low monthly price so you'll always have the latest version. Including:
- Improved performance for Office programs you use most – Excel, Word, Outlook, Access (PC only) and PowerPoint.
- Seamless integration with OneDrive lets you easily save and access files anywhere, on any device.
- Rebuilt for cross-platform users who switch between Windows and Mac.
- Real-time co-authoring in Word for PC lets multiple users edit the same document at the same time.
- OneNote desktop application for Mac users.
Plus, Office 365 from GoDaddy is a great value because you can install it on up to 5 PCs or Macs per user. Business and Business Premium only.
Your anytime, anywhere office.
Office 365 from GoDaddy brings you the best of both worlds: mobility and security.
Email that works. For you.
Plus, more tools for your business.
As low as
₱539.00 per user/mo
On sale - Save 30%
Renews at ₱779.00 per user/mo4
More than just office
Choose your best plan:
Online Essentials
Business Premium
Office Desktop for up to 5 devices
Office Desktop for up to 5 devices
Automatic Office upgrades
Automatic Office upgrades
Office Mobile: Apps for iPhone, Android and Windows phones
Office Mobile: Apps for iPhone, Android and Windows phones
1 TB secure online storage
1 TB secure online storage
Office Online: Web versions of Word, Excel, Teams and more
Office Online: Web versions of Word, Excel, Teams and more
Professional email using your domain name
Professional email using your domain name
50 GB storage for email, contacts and calendars
50 GB storage for email, contacts and calendars
Sync across all devices
Sync across all devices
Unlimited online meetings & HD video conferencing
Unlimited online meetings & HD video conferencing
World-class spam filtering and data security
World-class spam filtering and data security
Frequently asked questions
Why should I buy Office 365 from GoDaddy? if I already have Office on my desktop?
If you purchase our Business Premium plan, you'll get the latest version of Office, featuring the latest versions of the desktop applications you know and love—Excel, Word, Outlook, PowerPoint, Access (PC only), OneNote and Publisher. And whenever Office is updated, you will automatically receive the latest upgrade at no additional charge so that you're always on the current version of Office.
Our Office 365 plans give you the ability to easily and securely share and collaborate on documents using OneDrive for Business and Office Online. With Online Essentials, and Business Premium you can also create a domain-based email address and share calendars and contacts with people inside and outside of your company. Finally, unlike the Office you currently have, Office 365 from GoDaddy gives you the ability to have real-time online meetings and screen sharing using Skype for Business (PC) and Lync (Mac).
With the Business Premium plan, can I download the 5 installs of Office on my employees' computers?
The desktop Office licenses that come with the Business Premium plan is associated with an individual user's account, including that individual's sign in and password information. Downloading a copy onto an employee's computer would gives them access to your documents.
We highly recommend that anyone in your organization needing the latest desktop version of Office have their own Business Premium account.
Will the Excel, PowerPoint and Word programs I already have installed on my computer work with my cloud storage and Office Online?
OneDrive for Business Premium cloud storage and Office Online work best with the latest version of Microsoft Office, Office 2013, Office 2010, and Office 2011 and 2016 for Mac.
With these versions of Office, you can select files stored in the cloud and edit them using your desktop applications instead of Office Online. Simply open the file you wish to edit, click 'Edit in Word/Excel/PowerPoint' and when you click 'Save' within those applications, your document will sync back to your storage.
Which desktop applications come with the Business Premium plan?
This depends on which plan you choose and whether you're using a PC or Mac. PC users can download the latest version of Office, versions of Word, PowerPoint, Access (PC only), Excel, Outlook, OneNote, Publisher and the desktop version of Microsoft Teams (formerly Skype for Business) Mac users will be able to download the latest version of Office, versions of Word, PowerPoint, Excel, Outlook, OneNote and Teams as part of the Business Premium plan. 1
What if I already have a Workspace email account from GoDaddy?
If you would like to switch your Workspace email to Office 365, please call us at (02) 8231-2988 and we can help you make the right decision regarding your existing email plan.
I am part of a larger organization - can I use Microsoft Office 365 from GoDaddy?
Our plans are designed for businesses that require fewer than 300 accounts. You may purchase up to 300 accounts of each plan (up to 900 accounts total.) If you have questions, just give us a call at (02) 8231-2988. Our award-winning team is here to help 24/7.
Will the latest version of Microsoft Office work on my computer?
To use the 5 desktop downloads you get with the Business Premium plan, you must be on one of the following operating systems:
PC: Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7 Service Pack 1, Windows 10 Server, Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Server 2012, or Windows Server 2008 R2
Mac: Mac OS X 10.10
If you are running a different operating system, remember that you can still use Office Online, browser-based versions of your favorite Microsoft tools like Excel, Word or PowerPoint, which are included with the Online Essentials or Business Premium plans.
What is Skype for Business/Lync?
Skype for Business (PC) and Lync (Mac), included in the Online Essentials and Business Premium plans, allow you to communicate with your colleagues, customers and partners via online conference call or HD video conference. With just a couple of clicks, you can share your screen or invite up to 250 people inside or outside your company to take part in an online conversation.
I have a Mac. Can I still use Office 365 from GoDaddy? What about the Business Premium plan?
Yes. Office Online is compatible with Mac. And if you choose the Business Premium plan, you'll be able to download the latest version of Office for Mac, which is fully compatible with Mac OS X 10 (see prior section).
What is the cloud?
Working or storing files in 'the cloud' means that your files are stored securely on the Internet — not on your hard drive – so you can access them anytime, anywhere, from almost any device connected to the Web.
You don't need to buy additional software and you're not dependent on your computer to get work done. Plus, since your documents are stored on secure servers, you have peace of mind knowing that, even if your hard drive crashes or you spill coffee on your computer, your documents and programs are safe and accessible from any web browser.
What are the benefits of having domain-based email addresses?
A domain-based email address, like firstname.lastname@example.com, helps you look more professional with customers and promotes your website and company. In fact, customers are 9 times more likely to choose a company with a professional email address+. Every time you send an email from a domain-based address, you're putting your domain name in front of customers and encouraging them to visit your website.
And with each plan, you can create free 'alias' addresses – like one using your first name (firstname.lastname@example.com) and others for different departments (firstname.lastname@example.com) -- that all feed into a single inbox and make you look even more professional.
What is Office for iPad?
Office for iPad includes the full-featured, touch-friendly versions of the most popular Office apps: Word, Excel and PowerPoint.
Office for iPad is available with the Business Premium plan, which includes a license that's valid for up to 5 iPads or Windows tablets, as well as up to 5 PCs or Macs, for a single user.
What is Office Online?
Office Online features versions of Word®, Excel®, PowerPoint® and OneNote® that are designed to use within a web browser. You can access Office Online from your cloud storage to create new files, edit existing files, share and collaborate online with clients or colleagues.
What is online document collaboration?
With our Online Essentials and Business Premium plans, documents created or stored in your OneDrive for Business cloud storage can be simultaneously edited with others inside or outside your company – anyone with a link to a document can make edits at the same time as you. You can even see each other's edits as you go, so you'll always be on the same page with the latest version, all without having to send documents back and forth via email.


text:
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 4, by Edward Gibbon, [1788], at sacred-texts.com
Among savage nations, the want of letters is imperfectly supplied by the use of visible signs, which awaken attention, and perpetuate the remembrance of any public or private transaction. The jurisprudence of the first Romans exhibited the scenes of a pantomime; the words were adapted to the gestures, and the slightest error or neglect in the forms of proceeding was sufficient to annul the substance of the fairest claim. The communion of the marriage- life was denoted by the necessary elements of fire and water; 49 and the divorced wife resigned the bunch of keys, by the delivery of which she had been invested with the government of the family. The manumission of a son, or a slave, was performed by turning him round with a gentle blow on the cheek; a work was prohibited by the casting of a stone; prescription was interrupted by the breaking of a branch; the clinched fist was the symbol of a pledge or deposit; the right hand was the gift of faith and confidence. The indenture of covenants was a broken straw; weights and scales were introduced into every payment, and the heir who accepted a testament was sometimes obliged to snap his fingers, to cast away his garments, and to leap or dance with real or affected transport. 50 If a citizen pursued any stolen goods into a neighbor's house, he concealed his nakedness with a linen towel, and hid his face with a mask or basin, lest he should encounter the eyes of a virgin or a matron. 51 In a civil action the plaintiff touched the ear of his witness, seized his reluctant adversary by the neck, and implored, in solemn lamentation, the aid of his fellow-citizens. The two competitors grasped each other's hand as if they stood prepared for combat before the tribunal of the praetor; he commanded them to produce the object of the dispute; they went, they returned with measured steps, and a clod of earth was cast at his feet to represent the field for which they contended. This occult science of the words and actions of law was the inheritance of the pontiffs and patricians. Like the Chaldean astrologers, they announced to their clients the days of business and repose; these important trifles were interwoven with the religion of Numa; and after the publication of the Twelve Tables, the Roman people was still enslaved by the ignorance of judicial proceedings. The treachery of some plebeian officers at length revealed the profitable mystery: in a more enlightened age, the legal actions were derided and observed; and the same antiquity which sanctified the practice, obliterated the use and meaning of this primitive language. 52
A more liberal art was cultivated, however, by the sage of Rome, who, in a stricter sense, may be considered as the authors of the civil law. The alteration of the idiom and manners of the Romans rendered the style of the Twelve Tables less familiar to each rising generation, and the doubtful passages were imperfectly explained by the study of legal antiquarians. To define the ambiguities, to circumscribe the latitude, to apply the principles, to extend the consequences, to reconcile the real or apparent contradictions, was a much nobler and more important task; and the province of legislation was silently invaded by the expounders of ancient statutes. Their subtle interpretations concurred with the equity of the praetor, to reform the tyranny of the darker ages: however strange or intricate the means, it was the aim of artificial jurisprudence to restore the simple dictates of nature and reason, and the skill of private citizens was usefully employed to undermine the public institutions of their country. !_0048 The revolution of almost one thousand years, from the Twelve Tables to the reign of Justinian, may be divided into three periods, almost equal in duration, and distinguished from each other by the mode of instruction and the character of the civilians. 53 Pride and ignorance contributed, during the first period, to confine within narrow limits the science of the Roman law. On the public days of market or assembly, the masters of the art were seen walking in the forum ready to impart the needful advice to the meanest of their fellow-citizens, from whose votes, on a future occasion, they might solicit a grateful return. As their years and honors increased, they seated themselves at home on a chair or throne, to expect with patient gravity the visits of their clients, who at the dawn of day, from the town and country, began to thunder at their door. The duties of social life, and the incidents of judicial proceeding, were the ordinary subject of these consultations, and the verbal or written opinion of the juris-consults was framed according to the rules of prudence and law. The youths of their own order and family were permitted to listen; their children enjoyed the benefit of more private lessons, and the Mucian race was long renowned for the hereditary knowledge of the civil law. The second period, the learned and splendid age of jurisprudence, may be extended from the birth of Cicero to the reign of Severus Alexander. A system was formed, schools were instituted, books were composed, and both the living and the dead became subservient to the instruction of the student. The tripartite of Aelius Paetus, surnamed Catus, or the Cunning, was preserved as the oldest work of Jurisprudence. Cato the censor derived some additional fame from his legal studies, and those of his son: the kindred appellation of Mucius Scaevola was illustrated by three sages of the law; but the perfection of the science was ascribed to Servius Sulpicius, their disciple, and the friend of Tully; and the long succession, which shone with equal lustre under the republic and under the Caesars, is finally closed by the respectable characters of Papinian, of Paul, and of Ulpian. Their names, and the various titles of their productions, have been minutely preserved, and the example of Labeo may suggest some idea of their diligence and fecundity. That eminent lawyer of the Augustan age divided the year between the city and country, between business and composition; and four hundred books are enumerated as the fruit of his retirement. Of the collection of his rival Capito, the two hundred and fifty-ninth book is expressly quoted; and few teachers could deliver their opinions in less than a century of volumes. In the third period, between the reigns of Alexander and Justinian, the oracles of jurisprudence were almost mute. The measure of curiosity had been filled: the throne was occupied by tyrants and Barbarians, the active spirits were diverted by religious disputes, and the professors of Rome, Constantinople, and Berytus, were humbly content to repeat the lessons of their more enlightened predecessors. From the slow advances and rapid decay of these legal studies, it may be inferred, that they require a state of peace and refinement. From the multitude of voluminous civilians who fill the intermediate space, it is evident that such studies may be pursued, and such works may be performed, with a common share of judgment, experience, and industry. The genius of Cicero and Virgil was more sensibly felt, as each revolving age had been found incapable of producing a similar or a second: but the most eminent teachers of the law were assured of leaving disciples equal or superior to themselves in merit and reputation.
The jurisprudence which had been grossly adapted to the wants of the first Romans, was polished and improved in the seventh century of the city, by the alliance of Grecian philosophy. The Scaevolas had been taught by use and experience; but Servius Sulpicius *_0049 was the first civilian who established his art on a certain and general theory. 54 For the discernment of truth and falsehood he applied, as an infallible rule, the logic of Aristotle and the stoics, reduced particular cases to general principles, and diffused over the shapeless mass the light of order and eloquence. Cicero, his contemporary and friend, declined the reputation of a professed lawyer; but the jurisprudence of his country was adorned by his incomparable genius, which converts into gold every object that it touches. After the example of Plato, he composed a republic; and, for the use of his republic, a treatise of laws; in which he labors to deduce from a celestial origin the wisdom and justice of the Roman constitution. The whole universe, according to his sublime hypothesis, forms one immense commonwealth: gods and men, who participate of the same essence, are members of the same community; reason prescribes the law of nature and nations; and all positive institutions, however modified by accident or custom, are drawn from the rule of right, which the Deity has inscribed on every virtuous mind. From these philosophical mysteries, he mildly excludes the sceptics who refuse to believe, and the epicureans who are unwilling to act. The latter disdain the care of the republic: he advises them to slumber in their shady gardens. But he humbly entreats that the new academy would be silent, since her bold objections would too soon destroy the fair and well ordered structure of his lofty system. 55 Plato, Aristotle, and Zeno, he represents as the only teachers who arm and instruct a citizen for the duties of social life. Of these, the armor of the stoics 56 was found to be of the firmest temper; and it was chiefly worn, both for use and ornament, in the schools of jurisprudence. From the portico, the Roman civilians learned to live, to reason, and to die: but they imbibed in some degree the prejudices of the sect; the love of paradox, the pertinacious habits of dispute, and a minute attachment to words and verbal distinctions. The superiority of form to matter was introduced to ascertain the right of property: and the equality of crimes is countenanced by an opinion of Trebatius, 57 that he who touches the ear, touches the whole body; and that he who steals from a heap of corn, or a hogshead of wine, is guilty of the entire theft. 58
Arms, eloquence, and the study of the civil law, promoted a citizen to the honors of the Roman state; and the three professions were sometimes more conspicuous by their union in the same character. In the composition of the edict, a learned praetor gave a sanction and preference to his private sentiments; the opinion of a censor, or a counsel, was entertained with respect; and a doubtful interpretation of the laws might be supported by the virtues or triumphs of the civilian. The patrician arts were long protected by the veil of mystery; and in more enlightened times, the freedom of inquiry established the general principles of jurisprudence. Subtile and intricate cases were elucidated by the disputes of the forum: rules, axioms, and definitions, 59 were admitted as the genuine dictates of reason; and the consent of the legal professors was interwoven into the practice of the tribunals. But these interpreters could neither enact nor execute the laws of the republic; and the judges might disregard the authority of the Scaevolas themselves, which was often overthrown by the eloquence or sophistry of an ingenious pleader. 60 Augustus and Tiberius were the first to adopt, as a useful engine, the science of the civilians; and their servile labors accommodated the old system to the spirit and views of despotism. Under the fair pretence of securing the dignity of the art, the privilege of subscribing legal and valid opinions was confined to the sages of senatorian or equestrian rank, who had been previously approved by the judgment of the prince; and this monopoly prevailed, till Adrian restored the freedom of the profession to every citizen conscious of his abilities and knowledge. The discretion of the praetor was now governed by the lessons of his teachers; the judges were enjoined to obey the comment as well as the text of the law; and the use of codicils was a memorable innovation, which Augustus ratified by the advice of the civilians. 61 *_0050
The most absolute mandate could only require that the judges should agree with the civilians, if the civilians agreed among themselves. But positive institutions are often the result of custom and prejudice; laws and language are ambiguous and arbitrary; where reason is incapable of pronouncing, the love of argument is inflamed by the envy of rivals, the vanity of masters, the blind attachment of their disciples; and the Roman jurisprudence was divided by the once famous sects of the Proculians and Sabinians. 62 Two sages of the law, Ateius Capito and Antistius Labeo, 63 adorned the peace of the Augustan age; the former distinguished by the favor of his sovereign; the latter more illustrious by his contempt of that favor, and his stern though harmless opposition to the tyrant of Rome. Their legal studies were influenced by the various colors of their temper and principles. Labeo was attached to the form of the old republic; his rival embraced the more profitable substance of the rising monarchy. But the disposition of a courtier is tame and submissive; and Capito seldom presumed to deviate from the sentiments, or at least from the words, of his predecessors; while the bold republican pursued his independent ideas without fear of paradox or innovations. The freedom of Labeo was enslaved, however, by the rigor of his own conclusions, and he decided, according to the letter of the law, the same questions which his indulgent competitor resolved with a latitude of equity more suitable to the common sense and feelings of mankind. If a fair exchange had been substituted to the payment of money, Capito still considered the transaction as a legal sale; 64 and he consulted nature for the age of puberty, without confining his definition to the precise period of twelve or fourteen years. 65 This opposition of sentiments was propagated in the writings and lessons of the two founders; the schools of Capito and Labeo maintained their inveterate conflict from the age of Augustus to that of Adrian; 66 and the two sects derived their appellations from Sabinus and Proculus, their most celebrated teachers. The names of Cassians and Pegasians were likewise applied to the same parties; but, by a strange reverse, the popular cause was in the hands of Pegasus, 67 a timid slave of Domitian, while the favorite of the Caesars was represented by Cassius, 68 who gloried in his descent from the patriot assassin. By the perpetual edict, the controversies of the sects were in a great measure determined. For that important work, the emperor Adrian preferred the chief of the Sabinians: the friends of monarchy prevailed; but the moderation of Salvius Julian insensibly reconciled the victors and the vanquished. Like the contemporary philosophers, the lawyers of the age of the Antonines disclaimed the authority of a master, and adopted from every system the most probable doctrines. 69 But their writings would have been less voluminous, had their choice been more unanimous. The conscience of the judge was perplexed by the number and weight of discordant testimonies, and every sentence that his passion or interest might pronounce was justified by the sanction of some venerable name. An indulgent edict of the younger Theodosius excused him from the labor of comparing and weighing their arguments. Five civilians, Caius, Papinian, Paul, Ulpian, and Modestinus, were established as the oracles of jurisprudence: a majority was decisive: but if their opinions were equally divided, a casting vote was ascribed to the superior wisdom of Papinian. 70 *_0051
49 Scaevola, most probably Q. Cervidius Scaevola; the master of Papinian considers this acceptance of fire and water as the essence of marriage, (Pandect. l. xxiv. tit. 1, leg. 66. See Heineccius, Hist. J. R. No. 317.)
50 Cicero (de Officiis, iii. 19) may state an ideal case, but St. Am brose (de Officiis, iii. 2,) appeals to the practice of his own times, which he understood as a lawyer and a magistrate, (Schulting ad Ulpian, Fragment. tit. xxii. No. 28, p. 643, 644.)
Note: In this passage the author has endeavored to collect all the examples of judicial formularies which he could find. That which he adduces as the form of cretio haereditatis is absolutely false. It is sufficient to glance at the passage in Cicero which he cites, to see that it has no relation to it. The author appeals to the opinion of Schulting, who, in the passage quoted, himself protests against the ridiculous and absurd interpretation of the passage in Cicero, and observes that Graevius had already well explained the real sense. See in Gaius the form of cretio haereditatis Inst. l. ii. p. 166. - W.
51 The furtum lance licioque conceptum was no longer understood in the time of the Antonines, (Aulus Gellius, xvi. 10.) The Attic derivation of Heineccius, (Antiquitat. Rom. l. iv. tit. i. No. 13 - 21) is supported by the evidence of Aristophanes, his scholiast, and Pollux.
Note: Nothing more is known of this ceremony; nevertheless we find that already in his own days Gaius turned it into ridicule. He says, (lib. iii. et p. 192, Sections 293,) prohibiti actio quadrupli ex edicto praetoris introducta est; lex autem eo nomine nullam poenam constituit. Hoc solum praecepit, ut qui quaerere velit, nudus quaerat, linteo cinctus, lancem habens; qui si quid invenerit. jubet id lex furtum manifestum esse. Quid sit autem linteum? quaesitum est. Sed verius est consuti genus esse, quo necessariae partes tegerentur. Quare lex tota ridicula est. Nam qui vestitum quaerere prohibet, is et nudum quaerere prohibiturus est; eo magis, quod invenerit ibi imponat, neutrum eorum procedit, si id quod quaeratur, ejus magnitudinis aut naturae sit ut neque subjici, neque ibi imponi possit. Certe non dubitatur, cujuscunque materiae sit ea lanx, satis legi fieri. We see moreover, from this passage, that the basin, as most authors, resting on the authority of Festus, have supposed, was not used to cover the figure. - W. Gibbon says the face, though equally inaccurately. This passage of Gaius, I must observe, as well as others in M. Warnkonig's work, is very inaccurately printed. - M.
52 In his Oration for Murena, (c. 9 - 13,) Cicero turns into ridicule the forms and mysteries of the civilians, which are represented with more candor by Aulus Gellius, (Noct. Attic. xx. 10,) Gravina, (Opp p. 265, 266, 267,) and Heineccius, (Antiquitat. l. iv. tit. vi.)
Note: Gibbon had conceived opinions too decided against the forms of procedure in use among the Romans. Yet it is on these solemn forms that the certainty of laws has been founded among all nations. Those of the Romans were very intimately allied with the ancient religion, and must of necessity have disappeared as Rome attained a higher degree of civilization. Have not modern nations, even the most civilized, overloaded their laws with a thousand forms, often absurd, almost always trivial? How many examples are afforded by the English law! See, on the nature of these forms, the work of M. de Savigny on the Vocation of our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence, Heidelberg, 1814, p. 9, 10. - W. This work of M. Savigny has been translated into English by Mr. Hayward. - M.
!_0048 Compare, on the Responsa Prudentum, Warnkonig, Histoire Externe du Droit Romain Bruxelles, 1836, p. 122. - M.
53 The series of the civil lawyers is deduced by Pomponius, (de Origine Juris Pandect. l. i. tit. ii.) The moderns have discussed, with learning and criticism, this branch of literary history; and among these I have chiefly been guided by Gravina (p. 41 - 79) and Hei neccius, (Hist. J. R. No. 113 - 351.) Cicero, more especially in his books de Oratore, de Claris Oratoribus, de Legibus, and the Clavie Ciceroniana of Ernesti (under the names of Mucius, &c.) afford much genuine and pleasing information. Horace often alludes to the morning labors of the civilians, (Serm. I. i. 10, Epist. II. i. 103, &c)
Agricolam laudat juris legumque peritus Sub galli cantum, consultor ubi ostia pulsat.
- - - - - - - -
Romae dulce diu fuit et solemne, reclusa Mane domo vigilare, clienti promere jura.
Note: It is particularly in this division of the history of the Roman jurisprudence into epochs, that Gibbon displays his profound knowledge of the laws of this people. M. Hugo, adopting this division, prefaced these three periods with the history of the times anterior to the Law of the Twelve Tables, which are, as it were, the infancy of the Roman law. - W
*_0049 M. Hugo thinks that the ingenious system of the Institutes adopted by a great number of the ancient lawyers, and by Justinian himself, dates from Severus Sulpicius. Hist du Droit Romain, vol.iii.p. 119. - W.
54 Crassus, or rather Cicero himself, proposes (de Oratore, i. 41, 42) an idea of the art or science of jurisprudence, which the eloquent, but illiterate, Antonius (i. 58) affects to deride. It was partly executed by Servius Sulpicius, (in Bruto, c. 41,) whose praises are elegantly varied in the classic Latinity of the Roman Gravina, (p. 60.)
55 Perturbatricem autem omnium harum rerum academiam, hanc ab Arcesila et Carneade recentem, exoremus ut sileat, nam si invaserit in haec, quae satis scite instructa et composita videantur, nimis edet ruinas, quam quidem ego placare cupio, submovere non audeo. (de Legibus, i. 13.) From this passage alone, Bentley (Remarks on Free-thinking, p. 250) might have learned how firmly Cicero believed in the specious doctrines which he has adorned.
56 The stoic philosophy was first taught at Rome by Panaetius, the friend of the younger Scipio, (see his life in the Mem. de l'Academis des Inscriptions, tom. x. p. 75 - 89.)
57 As he is quoted by Ulpian, (leg.40, 40, ad Sabinum in Pandect. l. xlvii. tit. ii. leg. 21.) Yet Trebatius, after he was a leading civilian, que qui familiam duxit, became an epicurean, (Cicero ad Fam. vii. 5.) Perhaps he was not constant or sincere in his new sect.
Note: Gibbon had entirely misunderstood this phrase of Cicero. It was only since his time that the real meaning of the author was apprehended. Cicero, in enumerating the qualifications of Trebatius, says, Accedit etiam, quod familiam ducit in jure civili, singularis memoria, summa scientia, which means that Trebatius possessed a still further most important qualification for a student of civil law, a remarkable memory, &c. This explanation, already conjectured by G. Menage, Amaenit. Juris Civilis, c. 14, is found in the dictionary of Scheller, v. Familia, and in the History of the Roman Law by M. Hugo. Many authors have asserted, without any proof sufficient to warrant the conjecture, that Trebatius was of the school of Epicurus - W.
58 See Gravina (p. 45 - 51) and the ineffectual cavils of Mascou. Heineccius (Hist. J. R. No. 125) quotes and approves a dissertation of Everard Otto, de Stoica Jurisconsultorum Philosophia.
59 We have heard of the Catonian rule, the Aquilian stipulation, and the Manilian forms, of 211 maxims, and of 247 definitions, (Pandect. l. i. tit. xvi. xvii.)
60 Read Cicero, l. i. de Oratore, Topica, pro Murena.
61 See Pomponius, (de Origine Juris Pandect. l. i. tit. ii. leg. 2, No 47,) Heineccius, (ad Institut. l. i. tit. ii. No. 8, l. ii. tit. xxv. in Element et Antiquitat.,) and Gravina, (p. 41 - 45.) Yet the monopoly of Augustus, a harsh measure, would appear with some softening in contemporary evidence; and it was probably veiled by a decree of the senate
*_0050 The author here follows the then generally received opinion of Heineccius. The proofs which appear to confirm it are l. 2, 47, D. I. 2, and 8. Instit. I. 2. The first of these passages speaks expressly of a privilege granted to certain lawyers, until the time of Adrian, publice respondendi jus ante Augusti tempora non dabatur. Primus Divus Augustus, ut major juris auctoritas haberetur, constituit, ut ex auctoritate ejus responderent. The passage of the Institutes speaks of the different opinions of those, quibus est permissum jura condere. It is true that the first of these passages does not say that the opinion of these privileged lawyers had the force of a law for the judges. For this reason M. Hugo altogether rejects the opinion adopted by Heineccius, by Bach, and in general by all the writers who preceded him. He conceives that the 8 of the Institutes referred to the constitution of Valentinian III., which regulated the respective authority to be ascribed to the different writings of the great civilians. But we have now the following passage in the Institutes of Gaius: Responsa prudentum sunt sententiae et opiniones eorum, quibus permissum est jura condere; quorum omnium si in unum sententiae concorrupt, id quod ita sentiunt, legis vicem obtinet, si vero dissentiunt, judici licet, quam velit sententiam sequi, idque rescripto Divi Hadrian signiticatur. I do not know, how in opposition to this passage, the opinion of M. Hugo can be maintained. We must add to this the passage quoted from Pomponius and from such strong proofs, it seems incontestable that the emperors had granted some kind of privilege to certain civilians, quibus permissum erat jura condere. Their opinion had sometimes the force of law, legis vicem. M. Hugo, endeavoring to reconcile this phrase with his system, gives it a forced interpretation, which quite alters the sense; he supposes that the passage contains no more than what is evident of itself, that the authority of the civilians was to be respected, thus making a privilege of that which was free to all the world. It appears to me almost indisputable, that the emperors had sanctioned certain provisions relative to the authority of these civilians, consulted by the judges. But how far was their advice to be respected? This is a question which it is impossible to answer precisely, from the want of historic evidence. Is it not possible that the emperors established an authority to be consulted by the judges? and in this case this authority must have emanated from certain civilians named for this purpose by the emperors. See Hugo, l. c. Moreover, may not the passage of Suetonius, in the Life of Caligula, where he says that the emperor would no longer permit the civilians to give their advice, mean that Caligula entertained the design of suppressing this institution? See on this passage the Themis, vol. xi. p. 17, 36. Our author not being acquainted with the opinions opposed to Heineccius has not gone to the bottom of the subject. - W.
62 I have perused the Diatribe of Gotfridus Mascovius, the learned Mascou, de Sectis Jurisconsultorum, (Lipsiae, 1728, in 12mo., p. 276,) a learned treatise on a narrow and barren ground.
63 See the character of Antistius Labeo in Tacitus, (Annal. iii. 75,) and in an epistle of Ateius Capito, (Aul. Gellius, xiii. 12,) who accuses his rival of libertas nimia et vecors. Yet Horace would not have lashed a virtuous and respectable senator; and I must adopt the emendation of Bentley, who reads Labieno insanior, (Serm. I. iii. 82.) See Mascou, de Sectis, (c. i. p. 1 - 24.)
64 Justinian (Institut. l. iii. tit. 23, and Theophil. Vers. Graec. p. 677, 680) has commemorated this weighty dispute, and the verses of Homer that were alleged on either side as legal authorities. It was decided by Paul, (leg. 33, ad Edict. in Pandect. l. xviii. tit. i. leg. 1,) since, in a simple exchange, the buyer could not be discriminated from the seller.
65 This controversy was likewise given for the Proculians, to supersede the indecency of a search, and to comply with the aphorism of Hippocrates, who was attached to the septenary number of two weeks of years, or 700 of days, (Institut. l. i. tit. xxii.) Plutarch and the Stoics (de Placit. Philosoph. l. v. c. 24) assign a more natural reason. Fourteen years is the age. See the vestigia of the sects in Mascou, c. ix. p. 145 - 276.
66 The series and conclusion of the sects are described by Mascou, c. ii. - vii. p. 24 - 120;) and it would be almost ridiculous to praise his equal justice to these obsolete sects.
Note: The work of Gaius, subsequent to the time of Adrian, furnishes us with some information on this subject. The disputes which rose between these two sects appear to have been very numerous. Gaius avows himself a disciple of Sabinus and of Caius. Compare Hugo, vol. ii. p. 106. - W.
67 At the first summons he flies to the turbot-council; yet Juvenal (Satir. iv. 75 - 81) styles the praefect or bailiff of Rome sanctissimus legum interpres. From his science, says the old scholiast, he was called, not a man, but a book. He derived the singular name of Pegasus from the galley which his father commanded.
68 Tacit. Annal. xvii. 7. Sueton. in Nerone, c. xxxvii.
69 Mascou, de Sectis, c. viii. p. 120 - 144 de Herciscundis, a legal term which was applied to these eclectic lawyers: herciscere is synonymous to dividere.
Note: This word has never existed. Cujacius is the author of it, who read me words terris condi in Servius ad Virg. herciscundi, to which he gave an erroneous interpretation. - W.
70 See the Theodosian Code, l. i. tit. iv. with Godefroy's Commentary, tom. i. p. 30 - 35. This decree might give occasion to Jesuitical disputes like those in the Lettres Provinciales, whether a Judge was obliged to follow the opinion of Papinian, or of a majority, against his judgment, against his conscience, &c. Yet a legislator might give that opinion, however false, the validity, not of truth, but of law. Note: We possess (since 1824) some interesting information as to the framing of the Theodosian Code, and its ratification at Rome, in the year 438. M. Closius, now professor at Dorpat in Russia, and M. Peyron, member of the Academy of Turin, have discovered, the one at Milan, the other at Turin, a great part of the five first books of the Code which were wanting, and besides this, the reports (gesta) of the sitting of the senate at Rome, in which the Code was published, in the year after the marriage of Valentinian III. Among these pieces are the constitutions which nominate commissioners for the formation of the Code; and though there are many points of considerable obscurity in these documents, they communicate many facts relative to this legislation.
1. That Theodosius designed a great reform in the legislation; to add to the Gregorian and Hermogenian codes all the new constitutions from Constantine to his own day; and to frame a second code for common use with extracts from the three codes, and from the works of the civil lawyers. All laws either abrogated or fallen into disuse were to be noted under their proper heads. 2. An Ordinance was issued in 429 to form a commission for this purpose of nine persons, of which Antiochus, as quaestor and praefectus, was president. A second commission of sixteen members was issued in 435 under the same president.
3. A code, which we possess under the name of Codex Theodosianus, was finished in 438, published in the East, in an ordinance addressed to the Praetorian praefect, Florentinus, and intended to be published in the West. 4. Before it was published in the West, Valentinian submitted it to the senate. There is a report of the proceedings of the senate, which closed with loud acclamations and gratulations. - From Warnkonig, Histoire du Droit Romain, p. 169 - Wenck has published this work, Codicis Theodosiani libri priores. Leipzig, 1825. - M.
*_0051 Closius of Tubingen communicated to M.Warnkonig the two following constitutions of the emperor Constantine, which he discovered in the Ambrosian library at Milan: -
1. Imper. Constantinus Aug. ad Maximium Praef. Praetorio. Perpetuas prudentum contentiones eruere cupientes, Ulpiani ac Pauli, in Papinianum notas, qui dum ingenii laudem sectantur, non tam corrigere eum quam depravere maluerunt, aboleri praecepimus. Dat. III. Kalend. Octob. Const. Cons. et Crispi, (321.) Idem. Aug. ad Maximium Praef Praet. Universa, quae scriptura Pauli continentur, recepta auctoritate firmanda runt, et omni veneratione celebranda. Ideoque sententiarum libros plepissima luce et perfectissima elocutione et justissima juris ratione succinctos in judiciis prolatos valere minimie dubitatur. Dat. V. Kalend. Oct. Trovia Coust. et Max. Coss. (327.) - W


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Caroline B. Cooney
Caroline B. Cooney
Award-winning author Caroline B. Cooney knows what young adults like to read. In fact, Cooney's all-time favorite fan letter came from a 12-year-old girl who hated reading. But after being forced to read one of Cooney's books, the girl admitted it had not been a waste of time and had even been enjoyable. "And so," wrote the girl, "I have come to an important decision. I am writing to tell you that I have decided to read a second book."
Caroline Cooney was born in 1947 and grew up in Old Greenwich, Connecticut. This prolific author was always ambitious, and as a youth, loved school and was involved in many different activities. Cooney was also an avid reader and recalls that series books such as The Hardy Boys and Cherry Ames were her favorites. These characters had a big influence on her life, and in fact, she says that "Cherry Ames, Student Nurse was my reason to go to nursing school in Boston later in life."
Cooney began writing in college. She professes, "I love writing and do not know why it is considered such a difficult, agonizing profession. I love all of it, thinking up the plots, getting to know the kids in the story, their parents, backyards, pizza toppings."
Cooney is a master of mixing spellbinding suspense with thought-provoking insight into teenagers' lives. One of her most popular books is THE FACE ON THE MILK CARTON --- the gripping story of a young girl who discovers that the picture of a missing child on a milk carton is actually a picture of herself. After writing this book, Cooney received hundreds of letters from readers who were bothered by the ending. "It wasn't that they didn't like the ending, it was that they wanted some kind of resolution. Some said I should have written another chapter." However, Cooney says she liked leaving the reader worrying about the character just as they would a real person. But one day, her daughter, Sayre, had an idea for a sequel that was so good, Cooney had to write it. The book that evolved was called WHATEVER HAPPENED TO JANIE? Continuing where that novel leaves off, Cooney explores the themes of betrayal and peer pressure in THE VOICE ON THE RADIO. Concluding the Janie Quartet is WHAT JANIE FOUND, in which Cooney masterfully spins a suspenseful story of family secrets that will have readers captivated until the very last word.
Cooney's novel BURNING UP explores the destructive nature of hatred, the crime of indifference, and the power of accepting love and responsibility.
In THE RANSOM OF MERCY CARTER, Cooney looks at an actual historic event that had been virtually unexplored in literature for young people. During a 1704 Indian attack on the Deerfield, Massachusetts, settlement, Mercy Carter is separated from her family and taken to a Kahnawake Indian village in Canada. As she awaits ransom, she discovers that the "savages" have traditions and family life that in time become her own.
Cooney completed her Time Travel Quartet with FOR ALL TIME. In her novel GODDESS OF YESTERDAY, Cooney brings ancient Greece to life through careful research and master storytelling.
Most recently Cooney's DIAMONDS IN THE SHADOW was named a 2008 ALA/YALSA Quick Pick and was a nominee for the Edgar Allen Poe Awards. Her latest gripping thriller, IF THE WITNESS LIED, details how love, devotion, and forgiveness make resilience --- and recovery --- possible.
Caroline B. Cooney