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Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture
Deutscher Platz 6
04103 Leipzig
phone: +49 (341) 3550 - 315
fax: +49 (341) 3550 - 333
e-mail: email@example.com
Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture
Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture
The Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture investigates the role of culture in human evolution and adaptation. The primary goal is to theorize, design, and conduct longitudinal studies of human adaptation and cultural dynamics in ecological context. By integrating cross-cultural fieldwork with mathematical models and advanced quantitative methods, we hope to contribute to the interdisciplinary study of human evolution and human social dynamics.
Please see the Projects and Fieldwork links on the left for much more information.
15 August 2019
Unpacking mating success and testing Bateman's principles in a human population
Human marriage systems, characterized by long-term partnerships and extended windows of parental care, differ from the mating systems of pulsed or seasonally breeding non-human animals in which Bateman's principles were originally tested. These features, paradigmatic of but not unique to humans, complicate the accurate measurement of mating success in evaluating Bateman's three principles. Here, we unpack the concept of mating success into distinct components: number of partners, number of years partnered, the timing of partnerships, and the quality of partners. Drawing on longitudinal records of marriage and reproduction collected in a natural-fertility East African population over a 20-year period, we test and compare various models of the relationship between mating success and reproductive success (RS), and show that an accurate assessment of male and female reproductive behaviour requires consideration of all major components of mating success. Furthermore, ... Read full article here.
23 July 2019
Patterns of paternal investment predict cross-cultural variation in jealous response
Long-lasting, romantic partnerships are a universal feature of human societies, but almost as ubiquitous is the risk of instability when one partner strays. Jealous response to the threat of infidelity is well studied, but most empirical work on the topic has focused on a proposed sex difference in the type of jealousy (sexual or emotional) that men and women find most upsetting, rather than on how jealous response varies1,2. This stems in part from the predominance of studies using student samples from industrialized populations, which represent a relatively homogenous group in terms of age, life history stage and social norms3,4. To better understand variation in jealous response, we conducted a 2-part study in 11 populations (1,048 individuals). In line with previous work, we find a robust sex difference in the classic forced-choice jealousy task. However, we also show substantial variation in jealous response across populations. Read full article here.
27 June 2019
Counter-Culture: Does Social Learning Help or Hinder Adaptive Response to Human-Induced Rapid Environmental Change?
Human-induced rapid environmental change (HIREC) poses threats to a variety of species, and if or how it changes phenotypes is a question of central importance bridging evolutionary ecology and conservation management. Social learning is one type of phenotypic plasticity that can shape organismal responses to HIREC; it allows organisms to acquire phenotypes on a timescale that closely tracks environmental change while minimizing the costs of individual learning. A common assumption in behavioral ecology, is that social learning is generally an adaptive way to cope with HIREC by facilitating the rapid spread of innovative responses to change. While this can be true, social learning can also be maladaptive. It may hinder the spread of adaptive behavior by causing a carryover of old, no longer adaptive behaviors that slow the response to HIREC or even promote the spread of maladaptive behaviors. Here, we present a conceptual framework outlining how an organism's evolutionary history can shape cognitive mechanisms, social behavior, and population composition, which in turn affect how an organism responds to HIREC. Read full article here.
12 June 2019
Hidden Markov Models Reveal Tactical Adjustment of Temporally Clustered Courtship Displays in Response to the Behaviors of a Robotic Female
We present a statistical approach—a custom-built hidden Markov model (HMM)—that is broadly applicable to the analysis of temporally clustered display events, as found in many animals, including
birds, orthopterans, and anurans. This HMM can simultaneously estimate both the expected lengths of each animal's display bouts and their within-bout display rates. We highlight the HMM's ability to estimate changes in animals' display effort over time and across different social contexts, using data from male greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Male display effort was modeled across three sites in two experimental treatments (robotic female simulating interested or uninterested behavior) and in the presence or absence of live females. Across contexts, we show that sage grouse males primarily adjust their bout lengths rather than their within-bout display rates. Males' responses to female behavior were correlated with male mating success: males with more matings showed high display persistence regardless of female behavior, whilemales with fewer matings
tended to invest selectively in females that were already showing interest in mating. Additionally, males with higher mating success responded more to the presence of a female than males with fewer
matings did. We conclude with suggestions for adapting our HMM approach for use in other animal systems. Read the full article.
15 May 2019
Rapid environmental change in games: complications and counter- intuitive outcomes
Human-induced rapid environmental change (HIREC) has recently led to alterations in the fitness and behavior of many organisms. Game theory is an important tool of behavioral ecology for analyzing evolutionary situations involving multiple individuals. However, game theory bypasses the details by which behavioral phenotypes are determined, taking the functional perspective straight from expected payoffs to predicted frequencies of behaviors. In contrast with optimization approaches, we identify that to use existing game theoretic models to predict HIREC effects, additional mechanistic details (or assumptions) will often be required. We illustrate this in relation to the hawk-dove game by showing that three different mechanisms, each of which support the same ESS prior to HIREC (fixed polymorphism, probabilistic choice, or cue dependency), can have a substantial effect on behavior (and success) following HIREC. Read the full article.
02 May 2019
Machine behaviour
Machines powered by artificial intelligence increasingly mediate our social, cultural, economic and political interactions. Understanding the behaviour of artificial intelligence systems is essential to our ability to control their actions, reap their benefits and minimize their harms. Here we argue that this necessitates a broad scientific research agenda to study machine behaviour that incorporates and expands upon the discipline of computer science and includes insights from across the sciences. We first outline a set of questions that are fundamental to this emerging field and then explore the technical, legal and institutional constraints on the study of machine behaviour. Read the full article.
06 March 2019
Moralizing gods, impartiality and religious parochialism across 15 societies
The emergence of large-scale cooperation during the Holocene remains a central problem in the evolutionary literature. One hypothesis points to culturally evolved beliefs in punishing, interventionist gods that facilitate the extension of cooperative behaviour toward geographically distant coreligionists. Furthermore, another hypothesis points to such mechanisms being constrained to the religious ingroup, possibly at the expense of religious outgroups. To test these hypotheses, we administered two behavioural experiments and a set of interviews to a sample of 2228 participants from 15 diverse populations. These populations included foragers, pastoralists, horticulturalists, and wage labourers, practicing Buddhism, Christianity, and Hinduism, but also forms of animism and ancestor worship. Read the full article.
01 February 2019
Identity fusion, outgroup relations, and sacrifice: A cross-cultural test
Identity fusion theory has become a popular psychological explanation of costly self-sacrifice. It posits that while maintaining one's own individual identity, a deep affinity with one's group can contribute to sacrifice for that group. We test this and related hypotheses using a behavioral economic experiment designed to detect biased, self-interested favoritism among eight different populations ranging from foragers and horticulturalists to the fully market-integrated. We find that while individuals favor themselves on average, those with higher ingroup fusion sacrifice more money to other members of their ingroup who are unable to reciprocate. We also find that positive outgroup relations has a similar effect. Additionally, we assess a recently-posited interaction between ingroup and outgroup relations and show no consistent effect at the individual or sub-sample levels. Read the full article.
29 January 2019
War increases religiosity
Does the experience of war increase people's religiosity? Much evidence supports the idea that particular religious beliefs and ritual forms can galvanize social solidarity and motivate in-group cooperation, thus facilitating a wide range of cooperative behaviours including—but not limited to—peaceful resistance and collective aggression. However, little work has focused on whether violent conflict, in turn, might fuel greater religious participation. Here, we analyse survey data from 1,709 individuals in three post-conflict societies—Uganda, Sierra Leone and Tajikistan. The nature of these conflicts allows us to infer, and statistically verify, that individuals were quasirandomly afflicted with different intensities of war experience—thus potentially providing a natural experiment. We then show that those with greater exposure to these wars were more likely to participate in Christian or Muslim religious groups and rituals, even several years after the conflict. Read the full article.
24 October 2018
Higher fundamental frequency in bonobos is explained by larynx morphology
Acoustic signals, shaped by natural and sexual selection, reveal ecological and social selection pressures. Examining acoustic signals together with morphology can be particularly revealing. But this approach has rarely been applied to primates, where clues to the evolutionary trajectory of human communication may be found. Across vertebrate species, there is a close relationship between body size and acoustic parameters, such as formant dispersion and fundamental frequency (f0). Deviations from this acoustic allometry usually produce calls with a lower f0 than expected for a given body size, often due to morphological adaptations in the larynx or vocal tract. An unusual example of an obvious mismatch between fundamental frequency and body size is found in the two closest living relatives of humans, bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Read the full article.
16 October 2018
The evolution of bequeathal in stable habitats
Adults sometimes disperse, while philopatric offspring inherit the natal site, a pattern known as bequeathal. Despite a decades‐old empirical literature, little theoretical work has explored when natural selection may favor bequeathal. We present a simple mathematical model of the evolution of bequeathal in a stable environment, under both global and local dispersal. We find that natural selection favors bequeathal when adults are competitively advantaged over juveniles, baseline mortality is high, the environment is unsaturated, and when juveniles experience high dispersal mortality. However, frequently bequeathal may not evolve, because the fitness cost for the adult is too large relative to inclusive fitness benefits. Read the full article.
04 September 2018
Habitual stone-tool-aided extractive foraging in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus
Habitual reliance on tool use is a marked behavioural difference between wild robust (genus Sapajus) and gracile (genus Cebus) capuchin monkeys. Despite being well studied and having a rich repertoire of social and extractive foraging traditions, Cebus sp. rarely use tools and have never been observed using stone tools. By contrast, habitual tool use by Sapajus is widespread. We review theory and discuss factors which might explain these differences in patterns of tool use between Cebus and Sapajus. We then report the first case of habitual stone tool use in a gracile capuchin: a population of whitefaced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) in Coiba National Park, Panama who habitually rely on hammerstone and anvil tool use to access structurally protected food items in coastal areas including Terminalia catappa seeds, hermit crabs, marine snails, terrestrial crabs and other items. Read the full article.
18 July 2018
Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model
Monogamy appears to have become the predominant human mating system with the emergence of highly unequal agricultural populations that replaced relatively egalitarian horticultural populations, challenging the conventional idea—based on the polygyny threshold model—that polygyny should be positively associated with wealth inequality. To address this polygyny paradox, we generalize the standard polygyny threshold model to a mutual mate choice model predicting the fraction of women married polygynously. We then demonstrate two conditions that are jointly sufficient to make monogamy the predominant marriage form, even in highly unequal societies. We assess if these conditions are satisfied using individual-level data from 29 human populations. Read the full article.
16 July 2018
Complex Dynamics From Simple Cognition: The Primary Ratchet Effect in Animal Culture
It is often observed that human culture, unlike most other animal culture, is cumulative: Human technology and behavior is more complex than any individual could invent in their own lifetime. Cumulative culture is often explained by appeal to a combination of highfidelity social learning and innovation, the "ratchet effect." What is often overlooked is that both human and other animal cultures are supported by a more primary ratchet effect that retains and increases the prevalence of adaptive behavior. This primary ratchet can arise without appeal to specialized cognitive adaptations and is plausibly more widespread in animal societies. We use a simple model to highlight how simple forms of contingent social learning can create the primary ratchet effect, dramatically increasing the prevalence of adaptive, hard-to-invent behavior. Read the full article.
06 June 2018
Resolution of apparent paradoxes in the race-specific frequency of use-of-force by police
Analyses of racial disparities in police use-of-force against unarmed individuals are central to public policy interventions; however, recent studies have come to apparently paradoxical findings concerning the existence and form of such disparities. Although anti-black racial disparities in U.S. police shootings have been consistently documented at the population level, new work has suggested that racial disparities in encounter-conditional use of lethal force by police are reversed relative to expectations, with police being more likely to: (1) shoot white relative to black individuals, and (2) use non-lethal as opposed to lethal force on black relative to white individuals. Encounter- and use-of-force-conditional results, however, can be misleading if the rates with which police encounter and use non-lethal force vary across officers and depend on suspect race. We find that all currently described empirical patterns in the structuring of police use-of-force—including the "reversed" racial disparities in encounter-conditional use of lethal force—are explainable under a generative model in which there are consistent and systemic biases against black individuals. Read the full article.
25 May 2018
Social complexity and kinship in animal societies
Studies of eusocial invertebrates regard complex societies as those where there is a clear division of labour and extensive cooperation between breeders and helpers. In contrast, studies of social mammals identify complex societies as those where differentiated social relationships influence access to resources and reproductive opportunities. We show here that, while traits associated with social complexity of the first kind occur in social mammals that live in groups composed of close relatives, traits associated with the complexity of social relationships occur where average kinship between female group members is low. Read the full article.
24 May 2018
Sizing up human brain evolution
An innovative computational analysis of factors that might have influenced human brain evolution suggests that ecological, rather than social, factors had a key role in the evolution of large, rapidly developing brains. Read the full article.
03 April 2018
The Evolution of Covert Signaling
Human sociality depends upon the benefits of mutual aid and extensive communication. However, diverse norms and preferences complicate mutual aid, and ambiguity in meaning hinders communication. Here we demonstrate that these two problems can work together to enhance cooperation through the strategic use of deliberately ambiguous signals: covert signaling. Covert signaling is the transmission of information that is accurately received by its intended audience but obscured when perceived by others. Such signals may allow coordination and enhanced cooperation while also avoiding the alienation or hostile reactions of individuals with different preferences. Read the full article.
08 March 2018
Material security, life history, and moralistic religions: A cross-cultural examination
Researchers have recently proposed that "moralistic" religions—those with moral doctrines, moralistic supernatural punishment, and lower emphasis on ritual—emerged as an effect of greater wealth and material security. One interpretation appeals to life history theory, predicting that individuals with "slow life history" strategies will be more attracted to moralistic traditions as a means to judge those with "fast life history" strategies. As we had reservations about the validity of this application of life history theory, we tested these predictions with a data set consisting of 592 individuals from eight diverse societies. Read the full article.
12 February 2018
Generative inference for cultural evolution
Dr Anne Kandler and her co-author Dr Adam Powell have published a review paper on methods for inferring cultural evolutionary mechanisms from data. One of the major challenges in cultural evolution is to understand why and how various forms of social learning are used in human populations, both now and in the past. The authors demonstrate the applicability and utility of generative inference approaches to the field of cultural evolution. The framework advocated uses observed population-level frequency data directly to establish the likely presence or absence of particular hypothesized learning strategies. Read the full article.
11 January 2018
Evolutionary dynamics of the cryptocurrency market
New work from Dr Anne Kandler and colleagues sheds light on the cultural evolutionary dynamics of cryptocurrencies. Kandler and colleagues consider the history of 1469 cryptocurrencies introduced between April 2013 and May 2017. They reveal that, while new cryptocurrencies appear and disappear continuously and their market capitalization is increasing (super-)exponentially, several statistical properties of the market have been stable for years. These include the number of active cryptocurrencies, market share distribution and the turnover of cryptocurrencies. Adopting an ecological perspective, they show that the so-called neutral model of evolution is able to reproduce a number of key empirical observations. Read the full article.
11 January 2018
Inferring processes of cultural transmission: the critical role of rare variants in distinguishing neutrality from novelty biases
Neutral evolution assumes that there are no selective forces distinguishing different variants in a population. Many studies have sought to assess whether neutrality can provide a good description of different episodes of cultural change. One approach has been to test whether neutral predictions are consistent with observed progeny distributions, recording the number of variants that have produced a given number of new instances within a specified time interval: a classic example is the distribution of baby names. New work from HBEC scientist Dr Anne Kandler and colleague Dr James O'Dwyer shows that these distributions consist of two phases: a power-law phase followed by an exponential cut-off for variants with very large numbers of progeny. They show that analyses based on only the most popular variants, as is often the case in studies of cultural evolution, can provide misleading evidence. While neutrality provides a plausible description of progeny distributions of abundant variants, rare variants deviate from neutrality. Read the full article.
19 October 2017
Friendliness is more important in a new friend than which group she belongs to
Despite the global headlines emphasizing division and conflict, humans actually have a long history of forming friendships across group boundaries. But which criteria do they use for picking friends from a different group? In collaboration with three populations of horticulturalists in Bolivia, researchers of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and the University of California Santa Barbara found that we use very similar criteria when choosing friends from among in-group and out-group strangers – individual cooperative qualities are most important in both cases. Only when it comes to dividing limited resources, qualities associated with a group can affect partner preference. Full press release. Access the paper.
06 September 2017
Inferring individual-level processes from population-level patterns in cultural evolution
Dr Anne Kandler has published a new analysis of the potential for inferring learning mechanisms from population-level data. Patterns of cultural change depend upon individual-level strategies. Inferring these strategies from data is complicated by the paucity of individual-level data. Researchers commonly attempt to infer strategies instead of available population-level data. Kandler and her co-authors show that such data are useful in limited, but valuable, ways. These results represent a substantial advance and refine thinking about both the limits and potential of using aggregate data to infer individual processes.
26 August 2017
Multinomial analysis of behavior: statistical methods
Jeremy Koster and Richard McElreath have published a new statistical framework for analyzing behavioral data, applying the technique to human data from Koster's field site. The method accepts the multinomial nature of behavior data and also accounts for repeated observations. It is also capable of revealing individual-level trade-offs across behaviors, allowing for models that reveal the extent to which individuals who regularly engage in one behavior also exhibit relatively more or less of another behavior. These models can potentially be applied to a broad class of statistical analyses by behavioral ecologists, focusing on other polytomous response variables, such as behavior, habitat choice, or emotional states.
21 August 2017
Interethnic Interaction, Strategic Bargaining Power, and the Dynamics of Cultural Norms
New publication by Dr John Bunce, Interethnic Interaction, Strategic Bargaining Power, and the Dynamics of Cultural Norms.
Dr Bunce addresses processes of ethnic boundary maintenance and change, using ethnographic data from his fieldwork in lowland Amazonia, in combination with Bayesian models of normative behavior. Code and data.
24 July 2017
Conformity does not perpetuate suboptimal traditions in a wild population of songbirds
New analysis published on a collaboration between HBEC and the Edward Grey Institute at Oxford: Conformity does not perpetuate suboptimal traditions in a wild population of songbirds. Conformist learning can be adaptive, but it may be maladaptive when environments change. Using a field experiment, the researchers document the social learning strategies that allow a wild population to adapt to environmental change. A mix of conformity and innovation is found in the analysis and demonstrated in theory to be broadly adaptive. Code and data.
07 June 2017
Pay-off-biased social learning underlies the diffusion of novel extractive foraging traditions in a wild primate
New analysis of social learning in a wild primate, by Brendan Barrett, Richard McElreath, and Susan Perry. Using field experiments, they document the spread of behavioral traditions and analyze the learning strategies that may account for the spread. The analysis suggests that payoff-biased social learning strongly influences behavior. Data and code.
31 May 2017
Seminar: A Life History of Human Foraging in 39 Societies
Seminar (YouTube), presented by Richard McElreath at Aarhus University. This seminar presents progress on a large meta-analysis of foraging records from 39 human samples.


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We've been heavy on Dodge Hellcat news lately, primarily because the 707 horsepower Challenger and Charger are completely ridiculous. And we like ridiculous around here. But at the car's debut, Dodge CEO Tim Kuniskis said something that really stuck with me.
"This is a car most brands would never bring to market. This is a car that you absolutely cannot build a business case for. But sometimes, you need to stop listening to the focus groups. Sometimes you need to build a car that defines itself."
I like that. In this world where car companies are increasingly owned by big conglomerates, and where models tend to be the same in every market to reduce costs, we're losing out on ridiculousness.
So that's our question of the day: What was the greatest car that made no sense at all?
I'll nominate the Mazda Eunos Cosmo, their halo luxury coupe from the early 1990s. It was a huge beast powered by a twin-turbo, three-rotor engine that packed all sorts of high-tech goodies like GPS navigation. Yeah, back in 1990.
What was the business case behind that car? Who was supposed to buy it? Why didn't that engine end up in other cars? Nothing about the Eunos Cosmo makes sense, and that's why it's so great.
Your turn: What's the greatest ridiculous car?

subset: commoncrawl


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NEW YORK — The person who collected Ryan Braun's urine sample that tested positive for elevated levels of testosterone said he followed the collection program's protocol.
Dino Laurenzi Jr. issued a statement Tuesday confirming he handled the sample submitted after a playoff game Oct. 1, a Saturday. He said he has been a collector for Comprehensive Drug Testing since 2005 and has taken more than 600 samples for Major League Baseball's drug-testing program.
"At no point did I tamper in any way with the samples," Laurenzi said.
Laurenzi's name emerged last week after the National League Most Valuable Player's 50-game suspension was overturned, making Braun the first big leaguer to successfully challenge a drug-related penalty in a grievance.
Laurenzi said he stored Braun's sample in his basement in accordance with CDT's protocol because there was "no FedEx office located within 50 miles of Miller Park that would ship packages that day or Sunday."
Braun, however, has said at least five FedEx locations within 5 miles were open until 9 p.m. and there also was a 24-hour location.
Laurenzi said the operating procedure is to "safeguard" the samples at home until FedEx can ship the sample to the lab.
"There have been other occasions when I have had to store samples in my home for at least one day, all without incident," he said.
Laurenzi said he had "performed my job duties with integrity and professionalism, and have done so with respect to this matter and all other collections in which I have participated."
He said he issued the statement "to set the record straight."
Braun was not available for comment Tuesday at the Brewers' spring training camp in Phoenix.
Last week, Braun said he was the "victim" of a "fatally flawed" system.
"There are a lot of things that we heard about the collection process, the collector and some other people involved in the process that have been concerning to us," he said. "But as I've dealt with the situation, I know what it's like to be wrongly accused of something, so for me to wrongly accuse somebody wouldn't help."
MLB had no comment and referred instead to its statement from last week:
"The extremely experienced collector in Mr. Braun's case acted in a professional and appropriate manner. He handled Mr. Braun's sample consistent with instructions issued by our jointly retained collection agency," it said.


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JustNorrik has not received any gifts yet
Posted on August 14, 2012 at 10:00pm 2 Comments 0 Likes
Recently I was in a debate on religion with ex-family members. And as always the theists were unable to argue away their inconsistencies or contradictions that are in the bible that shows it was written by men. The ending result like most debates on religion I've gotten into ended with this line "I'll believe what I want and you can believe what you want..."
This "right to belief" continued to bug me, but why?
I got to thinking, why does that not only bother me, but…Continue
Posted on August 11, 2012 at 7:36pm 16 Comments 0 Likes
This morning, Romney has introduced a unique stimulus package, where as selecting his running mate will create a wider sector for comedians, and thus generate more money for them, which will generate more tax revenue...
It's called "Trickle Out Laughter Economics", where the steady pace of jokes will boost the economy...
As Romney and Obama, are pretty much identical in polices I didn't give a flying turd about who would win, short of not…
Posted on August 8, 2012 at 4:29pm 0 Comments 1 Like
I've seen so many groups get all upset over different issues ranging from the Occupy Wall Street movement to anti-war protesters to Creationist propaganda. I also see from time to time the hate spewed by the Westboro Baptist Church and I cringe each time. I've seen people accuse and believe political propaganda and spout off repeated twists of the truth to serve their own agenda knowing its a lie. I've seen people con others into scams, political ideology and all around social nonsense. But…Continue
Posted on August 8, 2012 at 1:30pm 2 Comments 0 Likes
I've seen and heard the new breed of skeptics, where any idea or hypothesis is presented with little to no evidence, backed with a statement about how the government is hiding something or the "evidence" is top-secret. Or somebody posts a well made video on Youtube that explains some claim, with the caption "I was skeptical, but here's proof!!" For a while now my first response was seriously!?! All you need is a video or a claim?
I've seen many people use the "skeptic" label to…Continue


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Current Targets for Management Attention
by GORDON L. MURRAY Partner, Executive Office
Presented before the Beta Gamma Sigma Alumni in New York City, New York—March 1963
IN THE ANNOUNCEMENT of this meeting I saw that the topic is Cur-rent Targets For Management Attention. It is a little difficult recalling
just what this title was intended to cover. You know how it is: You agree to give a talk and the next thing you find out they have a program chairman and a publicity chairman, with deadlines, and they want to know your subject. You don't really have any subject at that point but you have to think of something and I thought of "Current Targets For Management Attention."
It turns out that I really intend to talk about management techniques—
newer techniques for making management decisions and planning and controlling a business. When I speak of new techniques I should qualify the term, because some of these techniques may not be especially new in concept but rather are new in their application to business problems, particularly in their more general application. It makes but common sense that management draw a bead on those areas where more scientific and proven approaches offer particularly attractive possibilities.
Managing a business is obviously a very complex job. There is a wide spectrum of functions to be performed, and management success
depends on achieving harmony—or optimizing the total result, as the management-science people term it. One reason this is difficult is that the objectives of each function of the business do not necessarily
coincide with the total objective of the enterprise. Obvious examples are a marketing management pressing for a large inventory so they can give immediate delivery to customers; a financial management
striving to minimize cash tied up in inventory; and a production
management wanting a level rate of production for ease in scheduling and for economical production operations even though inventories are required to meet swings in customer demand. This is only one example, but the point is that if you were running an operation solely devoted to marketing, or banking, or production, or engineering, you would act differently than when these functions are an integral part of a whole enterprise.


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He survived a brain hemorrhage, a stroke and a hole in his heart and then defied doctor's orders to make a victorius appearance on "The Celebrity Apprentice," so one wonders what Bret Michaels can do at full strength.
"I am not 100 percent back yet," Michaels told the "Today" show's Meredith Viera on Monday, hours after wining $250,000 for his favorite charity on the Donald Trump-hosted NBC show. "The doctors said it wasn't very smart to be here, but I'm not a very smart guy in that capacity."
In awarding the prize to Michaels, Trump praised the Poison singer for his courage.
"You have proven to be very brave," Trump said before eliciting a "whoop!" from Michaels by announnce prize would go to the American Diabetes Association.
But Vieira noted that Michaels had a visible limp on "Celebrity Apprentice" and asked whether sympathy played a role in his victory over fellow finalist Holly Robinson Peete, an actress. Michael's didn't disagree.
"When Holly walked out with the hot dress on ... I was going to take a vote any way I could get it," Michaels said. "Sympathy? Bring it."
The rocker turned reality-star overcame a life-treating sub-arachnoid hemorrhage last month and a warning stroke just days before appearing on NBC's live "Celebrity Apprentice" finale. That was enough to have even Peete's 5-year-old son rooting for Michaels, he said.
"We all love you, Bret, and I am just happy to be here with you," Peete said with tears in her eyes.
Donning his signature blue bandanna, Michaels limped across the stage and was welcomed to hugs from former contestants.
"I always give everything I got," Michaels said. "I put my neck on the line... and I wasn't planning on leaving until I won."
Michaels admitted that showing up for the finale was a serious health risk and that his doctors had advised him against it.
"Lately, it seems like me just standing up is risking my life," he joked.
For the finale, the two finalists competed head-to-head in previously recorded segments marketing their new Snapple Tea drinks for charity. The Snapple execs lauded Michaels' "Trop-A-Rocka Diet Tea" with their approval.
Judge Ivanka Trump noted that Bret deserved to compete in the finale because of merit and called the "Poison" front-man a serious force of nature.
Last year's winner Joan Rivers said if it was strictly a business decision, she would have chosen Holly, who raised more money than any celebrity contestant.
"But screw that, it's Bret," said Rivers. "Emotionally, it's Bret!"


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Ada Programming/Types/array
- 1 Declaring arrays
- 2 Using arrays
- 3 See also
An array is a collection of elements which can be accessed by one or more index values. In Ada any definite type is allowed as element and any discrete type, i.e. Range, Modular or Enumeration, can be used as an index.
Declaring arraysEdit
Ada's arrays are quite powerful and so there are quite a few syntax variations, which are presented below.
Basic syntaxEdit
The basic form of an Ada array is:
array (Index_Range) of Element_Type
where Index_Range is a range of values within a discrete index type, and Element_Type is a definite subtype. The array consists of one element of "Element_Type" for each possible value in the given range. If you for example want to count how often a specific letter appears inside a text, you could use:
type Character_Counter is array (Character) of Natural;
As a general advice, do not use Integer as the index range, since most of the time negative indices do not make sense. It is also a good style when using numeric indices, to define them starting in 1 instead of 0, since it is more intuitive for humans and avoids off-by-one errors.
With known subrangeEdit
Often you don't need an array of all possible values of the index type. In this case you can subtype your index type to the actually needed range.
subtype Index_Sub_Type is Index_Type range First .. Last array (Index_Sub_Type) of Element_Type
Since this may involve a lot of typing and you may also run out of useful names for new subtypes, the array declaration allows for a shortcut:
array (Index_Type range First .. Last) of Element_Type
Since First and Last are expressions of Index_Type, a simpler form of the above is:
array (First .. Last) of Element_Type
Note that if First and Last are numeric literals, this implies the index type Integer.
If in the example above the character counter should only count upper case characters and discard all other characters, you can use the following array type:
type Character_Counter is array (Character range 'A' .. 'Z') of Natural;
With unknown subrangeEdit
Sometimes the range actually needed is not known until runtime or you need objects of different lengths. In some languages you would resort to pointers to element types. Not with Ada. Here we have the box '<>', which allows us to declare indefinite arrays:
array (Index_Type range <>) of Element_Type;
When you declare objects of such a type, the bounds must of course be given and the object is constrained to them.
The predefined type String is such a type. It is defined as
type String is array (Positive range <>) of Character;
You define objects of such an unconstrained type in several ways (the extrapolation to other arrays than String should be obvious):
Text : String (10 .. 20); Input: String := Read_from_some_file;
(These declarations additionally define anonymous subtypes of String.) In the first example, the range of indices is explicitly given. In the second example, the range is implicitly defined from the initial expression, which here could be via a function reading data from some file. Both objects are constrained to their ranges, i.e. they cannot grow nor shrink.
With aliased elementsEdit
If you come from C/C++, you are probably used to the fact that every element of an array has an address. The C/C++ standards actually demand that.
In Ada, this is not true. Consider the following array:
type Day_Of_Month is range 1 .. 31; type Day_Has_Appointment is array (Day_Of_Month) of Boolean; pragma Pack (Day_Has_Appointment);
Since we have packed the array, the compiler will use as little storage as possible. And in most cases this will mean that 8 boolean values will fit into one byte.
So Ada knows about arrays where more than one element shares one address. So what if you need to address each single element. Just not using pragma Pack is not enough. If the CPU has very fast bit access, the compiler might pack the array without being told. You need to tell the compiler that you need to address each element via an access.
type Day_Of_Month is range 1 .. 31; type Day_Has_Appointment is array (Day_Of_Month) of aliased Boolean;
Arrays with more than one dimensionEdit
Arrays can have more than one index. Consider the following 2-dimensional array:
type Character_Display is array (Positive range <>, Positive range <>) of Character;
This type permits declaring rectangular arrays of characters. Example:
Magic_Square: constant Character_Display := (('S', 'A', 'T', 'O', 'R'), ('A', 'R', 'E', 'P', 'O'), ('T', 'E', 'N', 'E', 'T'), ('O', 'P', 'E', 'R', 'A'), ('R', 'O', 'T', 'A', 'S'));
Or, stating some index values explicitly,
Magic_Square: constant Character_Display(1 .. 5, 1 .. 5) := (1 => ('S', 'A', 'T', 'O', 'R'), 2 => ('A', 'R', 'E', 'P', 'O'), 3 => ('T', 'E', 'N', 'E', 'T'), 4 => ('O', 'P', 'E', 'R', 'A'), 5 => ('R', 'O', 'T', 'A', 'S'));
The index values of the second dimension, those indexing the characters in each row, are in 1 .. 5 here. By choosing a different second range, we could change these to be in 11 .. 15:
Magic_Square: constant Character_Display(1 .. 5, 11 .. 15) := (1 => ('S', 'A', 'T', 'O', 'R'), ...
By adding more dimensions to an array type, we could have squares, cubes (or « bricks »), etc., of homogenous data items.
Finally, an array of characters is a string (see Ada Programming/Strings). Therefore, Magic_Square may simply be declared like this:
Magic_Square: constant Character_Display := ("SATOR", "AREPO", "TENET", "OPERA", "ROTAS");
Using arraysEdit
When accessing elements, the index is specified in parentheses. It is also possible to access slices in this way:
Vector_A (1 .. 3) := Vector_B (3 .. 5);
Note that the index range slides in this example: After the assignment, Vector_A (1) = Vector_B (3) and similarly for the other indices.
Also note that the ranges overlap, nevertheless Vector_A (3) /= Vector_B (3); a compiler delivering such a result would be severely broken.
The operator "&" can be used to concatenate arrays:
Name := First_Name & ' ' & Last_Name;
In both cases, if the resulting array does not fit in the destination array, Constraint_Error is raised.
If you try to access an existing element by indexing outside the array bounds, Constraint_Error is raised (unless checks are suppressed).
Array AttributesEdit
There are four Attributes which are important for arrays: 'First, 'Last, 'Length and 'Range. Lets look at them with an example. Say we have the following three strings:
Hello_World : constant String := "Hello World!"; World : constant String := Hello_World (7 .. 11); Empty_String : constant String := "";
Then the four attributes will have the following values:
|1 .. 12
|7 .. 11
|1 .. 0
The example was chosen to show a few common beginner's mistakes:
- The assumption that strings begin with the index value 1 is wrong (cf. World'First = 7 on the second line).
- The assumption (which follows from the first one) that X'Length = X'Last is wrong.
- The assumption that X'Last >= X'First; this is not true for empty strings.
The index subtype of predefined type String is Positive, therefore excluding 0 or -17 etc. from the set of possible index values, by subtype constraint (of Positive). Also, 'A' or 2.17e+4 are excluded, since they are not of type Positive.
The attribute 'Range is a little special as it does not return a discrete value but an abstract description of the array. One might wonder what it is good for. The most common use is in the for loop on arrays but 'Range can also be used in declaring a name for the index subtype:
subtype Hello_World_Index is Integer range Hello_World'Range;
The Range attribute can be convenient when programming index checks:
if K in World'Range then return World(K); else return Substitute; end if;
Empty or Null ArraysEdit
As you have seen in the section above, Ada allows for empty arrays. And — of course — you can have empty arrays of all sorts, not just String:
type Some_Array is array (Positive range <>) of Boolean; Empty_Some_Array : constant Some_Array (1 .. 0) := (others => False);
Note: If you give an initial expression to an empty array (which is a must for a constant), the expression in the aggregate will of course not be evaluated since there are no elements actually stored.


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OXO Nonstick Tongs, 12"
Easy, hassle-free returns online and in-store for eligible items.Learn More
Earn 5% Back in rewards4 plus free standard shipping3every day when you shop with your Williams Sonoma credit card at Williams Sonoma.Apply Now Learn More
- Summary
Providing superb one-handed control when turning or lifting foods, these tongs are made of stainless steel with heat-resistant nylon tips that won't scratch nonstick surfaces. The nylon-cushioned handles stay cool and comfortable.
- Made of stainless steel with no-scratch nylon tips that are heat resistant to 400°F.
- Scalloped heads lift and turn even delicate foods efficiently.
- Stay-cool soft-grip handles provide a secure, comfortable grip.
- Handles lock closed for compact storage.
- Dishwasher safe.
- Dimensions & More Info
- Small: 9" long.
- Large: 12" long.
- Made in China.
- Use & Care
- Safe for use with nonstick cookware.
- Do not use above 400°F.
- Dishwasher safe.
- Shipping
Shipping Information
UPS can deliver most in-stock items within 3–5 business days. UPS is unable to deliver to P.O. boxes.
Shipping Rates
The shipping rate varies depending on your order total and shipping destination. View Shipping Options and Charges.
Next Day Delivery
For an additional charge of $26 per address, we can expedite delivery to most destinations. This service is not available for some oversize items, items shipped directly from the supplier (including perishable and custom-manufactured items), out-of-stock items and items to be shipped outside the contiguous 48 states.
Orders received by 9:00 p.m. ET Monday through Thursday will arrive the next business day; orders placed Friday through Sunday will arrive on the following Tuesday.
Return Policy
At Williams Sonoma, we take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of our products. Attention to design, materials, safety and construction are our priority. Upon receipt, please inspect your purchase and notify us of any damage; we will arrange for a prompt replacement.
If within 30 days, you are dissatisfied for any reason, you may return your purchase for a refund of the merchandise value. An original receipt or gift receipt is required for all returns and exchanges. Returns with a gift receipt will be refunded in the form of a Merchandise Credit for the amount indicated on the gift receipt. Returns with original receipt will be refunded in the original form of payment, cash and check refunds over $100 will be issued as a company check (may take 14 business days from time of request).
For all cutlery returns (knife sets, single knives, cutting boards, knife sharpeners and knife storage), please contact us at 888.922.4108 to initiate the return.
We cannot accept returns on monogrammed, personalized, special-order items, custom upholstery, food, items shipped direct from the vendor or on items damaged through normal wear and tear. Final sale items ending in .97 or .99 cannot be returned.
Made to Order and Final Sale Furniture items are non-returnable and cannot be cancelled once the order is placed.
For returns of items purchased from your Williams Sonoma Gift Registry, we will gladly provide a refund or exchange for the merchandise within 90 days of your event or within 90 days of purchase, whichever date is later. View Full Returns Policy.
Rated 5 out of 5 by prandall from Lightweight and Comfortable I have other OXO products and this product is much lighter and uses less rubber than some of their other products I have. I like it this way as they have just the right amount of grip in the hand without being bulky. The tips grab and hold anything I use them with including things like asparagus, corn, green beans, etc. I never drop anything with them, I got both the 9" and 12" and each size is perfect when selected properly for what you intend to grab with them. You don't crush anything picked up because they have such a nice hand feel.Date published: 2015-05-21Rated 5 out of 5 by cpa8 from Favorite Tongs I have many tongs and these are my favorite to use on nonstick pans. Heck, I love them so much I have been using them on stainless steel pans, too. They have the correct weight/balance and they easily grab whatever you are cooking. So terribly efficient!Date published: 2014-10-19Rated 5 out of 5 by efmd from No More Scraping These tongs were just what I was looking for. I became tired of my skillets being scraped.Date published: 2014-07-07Rated 5 out of 5 by Igor from Well Built Oxo is known for it's handles which are very friendly with hands. I purchased these Tongs for that and the non-metal tips. I just purchased a new Electric Griddle that has a delicate non-stick surface. In reading reviews, it is highly susceptible to scratches from metal utensils. The surface is now safe as these tongs won't mar the griddle's non-stick feature. i recommend them highly for this purpose.Date published: 2014-06-20Rated 5 out of 5 by jkramer85 from Easily Stored, Easy Use The lock adjusts in two places to hold completely closed, partially closed, or fully extended. DW safe and BPA free. Love this company!Date published: 2013-07-07Rated 5 out of 5 by chef58 from professional tongs I can always rely on OXO. These make transferring a steak or chicken to a plate or turning food in the pan effortless.Date published: 2013-05-28Rated 5 out of 5 by TuanCanCook from For my hands these work the best! I love the OXO tongs. I have both the 9" & 12" in the nonstick and the regular tongs in the same sizes. I also own a multitude of other brands but always have trouble with them feeling comfortable, (to heavy, to tight or loose, etc..) The OXO's are on the light side which I like and the clamping action is comfortable. I also like how the locking mechanism is a simple pull at the top. I have a couple of the Rosle's self locking tongs and they drive me nuts because they lock or unlock at their whim, not mine! Also you can't go wrong with the price of these tongs.Date published: 2013-01-17Rated 4 out of 5 by Rakenmom from Versatile as can be What more can be said other than the tongs are super versatile?!?! Easy to use - fits my hand well and good grips - I very much enjoy using them. Dishwasher safe - use 'em, dirty 'em and toss in the dishwasher - great cooking implement.Date published: 2012-09-03


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A developmentally disabled man's parents are outraged that he spent a week in a New Jersey jail without anyone recognizing his problems or notifying them, his legal guardians.
Walter Bartolomucci is 28, but his parents say he functions at the level of a 9-year-old, needing constant reminders to perform simple tasks, like brushing his teeth.
Bartolomucci was arrested Sept. 11 at a Bergenfield Pathmark store, where he had gone with his cousin. Police say the cousin persuaded Bartolomucci to put some videos in a bag and steal them, and when Bartolomucci was caught, he allegedly swung the bag at a store employee trying to stop him.
He was arrested on charges of robbery and assault, and told NBC 4 New York he was nervous and cried in the police car.
His mother, Joanie Bartolomucci, says police could clearly see when her son was arrested that he was mentally disabled. It's obvious that he's disabled, as soon as he starts talking, she says.
"You can see that, clearly, that he was special, and it wasn't taken care of properly," she said. "Special needs -- they need to be treated differently."
Bergenfield police told NBC 4 New York that Walter Bartolomucci was mentally sound enough to be placed in custody.
The family says things got worse when he was taken to the Bergen County jail, where he didn't have medication he takes for nervous spells. He had one of those spells in police custody, his mother said.
"Some of the guards know about my special needs, some of the guards treat me mean," he said.
Meanwhile, his parents were worried about where he had gone. They eventually found out from a family friend that he had been locked up.
"We were never notified as his parents and his guardians, we were never notified of anything," Joanie Bartolomucci said.
The family wasn't able to post the $50,000 bail, so Walter Bartolomucci waited in a cell for six days. He was finally released on Tuesday with no explanation, and no bail required.
Walter Bartolomucci's lawyer said his client was released after prosecutors reviewed the circumstances of the case, and then dropped the robbery and assault charges. He still faces a disorderly person charge.


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HTML5 eLearning Kit For Dummies
Table of Contents
Author Information
Related Websites
If you want to develop and structure pages for the web, HTML5 is one of the tools you need. This invaluable eLearning kit steps you through learning HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript. With this dynamic combination of a full-color printed book and a Dummies interactive eLearning course on CD, you'll find a wealth of information on HTML5. Featuring both written and animated step-by-step how-tos, practice labs, helpful videos, numerous examples, and a host of Dummies hints and tips, this package makes your learning process easier.
Follow the material sequentially or jump in and out as you wish?it's set up so you can learn at your own pace. Throughout, you will benefit from illustrations, animations, voiceover explanations, and the option of closed captioning if you find you learn better when you can read the instructions.
- Helps self-motivated learners master HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript
- Includes an easy-to-follow, full-color book and an interactive Dummies eLearning Course that corresponds with the book on CD
- Allows you to follow the material sequentially or choose separate sections at your own time and pace
- Offers chapter summaries, practice exercises, discussions of concepts and essential terms, and much more
HTML5 eLearning Kit For Dummies helps you develop pages for the web with this dynamic tool.
NOTE: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of the e-book file, but are available for download after purchase.


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There are plenty of entry level shades around with switchable lenses jostling for your attention and here are some more from Maxgear. The Tornado comes with three lenses for your hard-earned: smoke, yellow and clear plus a soft carrybag/lens wipe. They're a tad tricky to winkle in and out of the frame and you'll be needing the wipe to remove fingerprints after you've done it.
The plasticky frame doesn't feel very flexible so I took care when changing the lenses worried that a couple of hamfisted lens changes might snap them. In action, they were surprisingly comfortable to wear and the open bottom design gives good coverage with no intrusive frame surround. Nature and genetics have blessed me with a head like a melon and these shades fitted pretty well without pinching, helped by the soft rubber socks on the end of the arms. The rubber nose piece allows a little adjustment and is also pretty comfy in action.
Style is fairly conservative, although a glance round the high street shows that white is definitely this years colour when it comes to shades, so you can wear these secure in the knowledge that you are on-trend.
At a whisker under twenty quid a pair these shades from online new boys MAX are sharing market space with the likes of Wiggle's dhb Triples but crucially they don't come with a carry case for the three sets of lenses, and that's a real blow. You can store the lenses in the pouch, but I've done this with a previous pair of shades and the end result was a set of badly scratched and unusable spare lenses. If you have a spare carry case, use that instead.
Perfectly competent shades but lense changes are tricky and you don't get a hard case for the spares.
If you're thinking of buying this product using a cashback deal why not use the road.cc Top Cashback page and get some top cashback while helping to support your favourite independent cycling website
road.cc test report
Make and model: Maxgear Tornado Sunglasses
Size tested: White
Did you enjoy using the product? Yes
Would you consider buying the product? Probably not
Would you recommend the product to a friend? Not unless they had a spare lense case
About the tester
Age: 40 Height: 5\' 8 Weight: er....86kg
I usually ride: GT Rave - singlespeed conversion My best bike is: Guess SC1 scandium
I've been riding for: Over 20 years I ride: Most days I would class myself as: Experienced
I regularly do the following types of riding: time trialling, commuting, general fitness riding, fixed/singlespeed,


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Artist description:
Wishing you a very Happy Birthday Crinaanca.. :)
Canvas Draw Created Mar 12, 2012 460 x 640px Unless noted Copyright 2012 tink8.
We encourage you to submit a comment and let the artist know what you think of this drawing. Please log in or join to post a comment.
Post a comment
Wonderful art! 5 ♥'s and into my faves :)
Great picture I also like your wishes for RMD .....5/5
So sweet and pretty! Don't know how I missed this one!!! :-D 5/5!!! Nice!
again wow so cute (: i love the texture oh so much +5
i like this smiling kitty's face and fluffy tail:) lovely gift for Crinaanca! 5/5
So cute! i love its expression of content hehe xD great drawing!!! 5/5
Such a cute kitty!!!! 5/5
Sooo cute!! collection 5/5
awwww very very cute :3 i love it
Very cute.. 5hearts....Lovely gift for Crinaaca Coll


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Five Things Obamacare Won't Tell You
Health insurance marketplaces are the centerpiece of the Affordable Care Act. They are also its most misunderstood aspect. MarketWatch's Thomas Bemis discusses five things health exchanges won't tell you. (Photo: Getty Images)
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
I ... health care exchanges of part of the Affordable Care Act also known as Obamacare are set to lurch into action on October first ... Tommy was for MarketWatch with a look at five Things exchanges will tell the ... number one don't try to sign up on day one week one or even mom one ... the exchanges are likely to see lots of glitches a sale on ... us because the technical work was delayed by a court fight over whether the entire system was even Constitution ... Number two one a keeper doctor ... good luck ... in spite of all the promises that you would have to change a doctor at least half of the health care exchanges ... rely on limited networks in order to guarantee coverage number three ... Q The con artists ... the FTC is already warning of possible scams related to the new health care exchanges ... there with the bookstores would do things like seek money from all people ... up front to help them sign of the healthcare changes but remember if you have Medicare you don't need to sign up but all Number four ... yet have health insurance to work ... don't need a button in a bid to extend his cool eat ... you still have to help pay for ... a transitional tax on health insurers and self insured employees cost sixty three dollars per person and you can expect that to get passed through to ... you ... number five the quality of your experience with a pen a lot on where you live ... states with Democrats in charge of put a lot more effort into getting the exchanges up and running states with Republicans in charge of largely thump the ball right back on the go ...


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Hey man. I'm definitely interested in playing few times a week. I normally play with my friends who're not very good, which is why my level hasn't gotten better in years. I'm assuming you're definitely better than me, so I would love to hit with you. I'm decent, and have a good stamina, but I plan to get much better by the end of this summer. So get back to me and let me know.
PS I live right by Lakeshore Drive in Lakeview where all the tennis courts are.
© 2019 Created by Mark / The Mayor. Powered by


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Dell Nehalem men badmouth your servers
Old iron ain't free
Uh-oh. All the server makers are starting to talk about total cost of ownership (TCO) again. And that usually means they are running out of the normal bang for the buck arguments they use to peddle products.
Such was the case as Dell raised the curtain a few inches in a webcast today on its impending lineup of servers based on Intel's "Nehalem EP" Xeon processors, which will be announced next Monday and which represent the most important server announcement in the first half of 2009 - and perhaps for the rest of the year. If Nehalem machines don't sell, especially after all the engineering work that Intel and its OEM server partners have done, then the economy is a lot worse off than we think.
Earlier today, we provided the rough outlines of Dell's Nehalem-based PowerEdge server announcements, the company's eleventh generation of servers. Dell is not providing much detail about these machines or the three workstations based on the Nehalem chips - which makes sense since the Nehalem processors have not been launched.
The company has talked up a new lifecycle controller for the servers, which sets up, deploys, diagnoses, and updates the servers, starting at the Dell factory and ending in the recycle bin. The lifecycle controller has hooks back into Dell's internal cloud computing facility, where companies can create physical and virtual server software stacks and have Dell automatically deploy these customized stacks on new machines as they are ordered. Think of this as a service processor on steroids.
Dell has also worked with Symantec to create a new management console that consolidates different consoles Dell has used for managing servers, storage, and applications. The new console, which integrates with Dell's own OpenManage tools (or perhaps replaces them, it was not clear) is based on Symantec's Altiris product. (Symantec bought Altiris, a long-time Dell partner, for $830m in January 2007).
With the quad-core Nehalem EPs, which will be sold as the Xeon 5500s, Intel is adding the much-discussed QuickPath Interconnect, a point-to-point interconnect much like Advanced Micro Devices' HyperTransport interconnect. In both cases, the interconnect links processor cores and their integrated memory controllers to each other and to memory and peripherals in a much more efficient and bandwidth-drippy manner than the frontside bus architecture of previous Xeon processors.
Dell trotted out Kirk Skaugen, general manager of the Server Platforms Group at Intel, who very briefly tossed out a reference to two Nehalem features, one that allows processor cores and their memory controllers to be turned off and on as workloads dictate and another called "turbo mode" that allows one, two, or even three cores to be deactivated on a Nehalem chip. That allows the remaining active cores to have their clock speeds goosed, while still staying in the same thermal envelops. And that gooses the performance of single-threaded applications.
Skaugen rattled off the Intel vision of billions of users and trillions of devices, all connected through public and private networks. But for once, an Intel executive put a number on the machines that Intel was hoping would be sold to back up all those people and devices: 15 million servers per year. That's a staggering number when you consider that we have had a tough time breaking through the 8 million server barrier in 2008 and that Intel estimates there are only about 32 million servers installed worldwide.
This sounds completely bonkers to me. But that's what Skaugen said.
Sponsored: From CDO to CEO


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Augmenting Reality - Add Smell to the Sensory Experience!
13 March 2015 - I have been an outspoken advocate of Augmented Reality needing to be a Five Senses experience simply because our 'reality' experience involves all five, 24/7. I have been working with a stealth start up in the process of bringing context driven fragrance and scent dispensing into the wearable technology space. More on that sometime soon :-)
As a followup to the Wearable Technology Show this past week, I met with Adrian David Cheok, Professor of Pervasive Computing at City University London and Founder and Director of the Mixed Reality Lab in Singapore.
He introduced me to Scentee, a scent spraying APPessory to iOS and Android Smartphones. A bit large to fit in your pocket, but not bad for a first pass at producing smells on demand or remotely over long distances.
Scentee also is the technology for an Oscar Meyer Bacon campaign that made the technology and an APP called "Wake Up and Smell the Bacon" available to lucky contest winners.
Basically when your alarm on your phone goes off, it makes the sizzling sound and produces a puff of the smell of Bacon to get you interested in actually getting up and cooking some!
This all Caught My Eye and my Olfactories!
It's a start...
More to come! Watch this space!
Is that a Pen in your Pocket or a Wearable Heads-up Display?
This was one of the interesting discoveries that caught my eye at the JETCO Japan Pavilion. A Google Glass-like wearable display which could be carried like a pen in the pocket, and then "transformed" into a one-eye display with camera, battery and software on board. On the table was a working Vuzix M100 I suppose to show how the concept model could be used in various applications.
i found the concept interesting for someone who would use Smart Glasses off and on in the course of the day in their profession. Sort of like taking out your glasses to get a clearer, close up look at a situation, but in this case with image capture, remote assistance and relevant information on tap.
A nice concept, but not sure of the useability aspects.
I say, let's just move on quickly to the next phase - normal looking glasses with lenses that augment your vision with relevant info, and do a bit of life blogging and sharing at the same time!
Command and Control using AR Glasses and Gesture 'Glove'
There was an impressive demo at the Fujitsu booth showing how a maintenance engineer could observe and adjust flow rates in pipe and valves and make sure they were operating properly and even make adjustments to controls. Smart Glasses from Vuzix were coupled to a "smart gesture" glove to put the engineer in control of a number of complex operations.
it was quite an impressive demo from the Augmented Reality perspective, but I'm hoping that the technologically impressive, but somewhat cumbersome "glove" will be replaced with hand gestures and voice command recognition in the near future.
DoCoMo Demonstrated Face Recognition on Glass and Vuzix M100
DoCoMo had a very effective demo of face recognition at their booth. They were showing how headworn Smart Glasses with both camera and display on board can see, analyse and then display to the user info about the person being looked at. Leads to all kind of questions about privacy, etc. But the state of the technology is well demonstrated by this demo.
It illustrated well the art of the possible in terms of image recognition and the resulting display of relevant information which has many applications and in professional and industrial terms, would be quite empowering especially in situations where the user needs access to info about what he is looking at and needs to operate in a handsfree mode.
The demo was shown using Google Glass which is still in developer only mode ("Explorers") and commercially available Vuzix M100 which is already being deployed in several industrial applications.
Lots of Applications and Use Cases for Smart Glasses
Smart Glasses have graduated from the geeky gadgets phase to business enhancing use cases. The top three Smart Glasses in terms of commercial availability were present on many booths at MWC being used to show off real money making or saving applications.
What caught my eye was the showing of workplace enhancing applications by many of the large corporations using Smart Glasses in real industrial and professional applications. Smart Glasses from the three Smart Glasses leaders, Google, Vuzix and Epson were on show demoing specific industrial applications such as warhousing operations, field repair, flow control, face recognition, security, and others. Often these were shown interchangeably with a single application being shown most often on Google Glass and Vuzix M100.
Vuzix devices were shown exclusively on the Fujitsu, BarcodEye and Brilliant Services booths.
SAP and DoCoMo were showing Applications on Google Glass and Vuzix M100 all three were used with various Augmented Reality applications on the Wikitude and Metaio booths.
quite an advancement from last year where only prototype devices were on show.
Smart Glasses and Augmented Reality Ecosystem
Evidence of the Augmented Reality and Smart Glasses ecosystem forming for end to end solutions took major steps forward at MWC.
Firstly, Layar, Metaio and Wikitude, the largest AR platform providers, have cooperated to make it easy for AR content to be shared across their technology platforms. There was a demonstration of AR content being used interchangeably by these browsers at an Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) event at the Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya (ICC) during the Mobile World Congress. This will greatly expand the scope of content creators and application developers to apply their innovations across multiple platforms.
Secondly, was the joint announcement of AR software platform company Wikitude and Vuzix of an alliance to offer SDK and APIs for Wikitude licensees to develop AR applications directly on the Vuzix M100 Smart Glasses device. This follows a similar alliance announcement made previously between Vuzix and Metaio.
Sensors - Key to Wearables and AR User Value
InvenSense sensors and analysis software are in just about everything that moves in the mobile sector (I was told). Very accurate sound and motion sensing devices such as MEMS microphones and multi-axis motion tracking devices. Depending on application, InvenSense offers one to nine axis devices which include gyros, accelerometers and compass functions. These are their bread and butter, but of special note are their analysis software capabilities which make sense out of what is happening to turn raw data into situation and context terms. I spoke at length with Tanja Hofner, their Sr. Director of Hardware Applications and learned a lot about the art of the possible with sensors and why most simple step counters and other sensors being used in wearable products just don't deliver the value without proper in-context analysis and of course the UI to produce a genuinely valuable user experience.
if it's temperature and humidity that is needed, than another sensor company at MWC, Sensirion caught my eye as experts in this area. The tiny speck of s sensor pointed out in the picture is all it takes to add those parameters to the context needed to figure out what is going on. This wonderfully scientific and geeky looking sample they gave me adds battery and display to their tiny sensor to make it useful. Since your mobile phone and most wearable devices already have these, all you need is the sensor.
Still under Development
Very encouraging advances on show at CES 2014 from three further candidate Smart Glasses display technologies.
GlassUp – Projection on coated lens, currently Monochrome
Optinvent – Another approach to see-through lenses that has lots of promise.
Innovega iOptik – Uses special contact lenses to produce very wide FoV see-through experience and potential to address some near eye focus challenges.
As with Lumus, these are display technologies with potential, but not full featured applications development platforms like Google Glass, Vuzix M100 and Epson BT200.
Lumus see-through lenses
LUMUS has been working on core display technology for some time now and year on year, seems to produce better, brighter displays and this year at CES didn't disappoint. The display is rich in colour yet lens is reasonably see through. LUMUS is producing the lens technology and as far as I could tell, not yet a full packaged product with OS, SDK, sensors, applications, etc.
They state that a one-eye solution is most viable and are targeting military and high end industrial manufacturers and VARS to produce the final product.
Shown are their prototype implementation of the display technology, and monocular packaging.
Probably not a product for broad applications for a while, but the display technology did catch my eye.
Epson - Latest model launched at CES
Epson brought to CES 2014 their next generation product with several industrial and professional applications examples being shown by partners and software developers on their booth. Like Vuzix, their open OS for development is Android, so existing platforms and applications can be run directly with only slight modification. Their Smart Glasses do this via a separate tethered control box and battery, so not as totally self contained and wearable as the M100, but in the industrial applications they are addressing, this is probably acceptable. The important aspect to note is that in both the Vuzix and Epson cases, SDK and APIs that enable a standard Android OS are the core offering. Expect a proliferation of Apps to appear based on valuable use cases.
Very encouraging again to see not just technology, but valuable applications such as medical, maintenance, gaming, etc. with fairly simple to use UI's On show from this company.


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Cecil getting back up to speed
TORONTO -- Blue Jays reliever Brett Cecil appears to have regained some of the velocity he had been missing for the past two seasons.
Cecil entered Tuesday night's game against the Indians and tossed a clean ninth inning. He hit 94 mph on the radar gun four times while also reaching 93 mph on an additional three pitches.
The 26-year-old threw a total of 11 pitches in his one inning of work and had at least a couple of more miles per hour on his sinker and fastball than he had in Spring Training.
"It kind of felt the same way in Spring Training," Cecil said on Wednesday. "It was just a little extra adrenaline, regular season game and I was hoping to get that extra bump.
"It was nice, felt really good. I don't know how the curveball was so good, I couldn't throw it for a strike in the bullpen to save my life, but in a sense that's how I like it to go. Throw it in the bullpen and usually I need a hitter up there to get my breaking stuff working and that's what happened in the game."
Cecil broke into the big leagues in 2009 and topped out at 95 mph with his fastball while averaging 91 mph in 17 starts. The velocity was comparable the following season, but by 2011 there was a noticeable dip.
The native of Maryland began topping out at 93 mph while averaging just 89 mph, according to Fangraphs. That took away some of his effectiveness and at times he would overthrow in an effort to gain extra velocity, which led to a lot of pitches being left up in the zone.
That was one reason Cecil went through the Velocity Training Program this offseason, which involves the use of weighted balls to increase strength in the shoulder. It's a program run by Jamie Evans and was used by right-hander Steve Delabar in his comeback from a fractured right elbow.
It's still early, but the results are an encouraging sign that the program has made a difference. Cecil says his shoulder feels stronger than it has in years and believes there is still room for some more improvement.
"It's helped a lot," Cecil said. "If I hadn't of done it, probably coming out of the 'pen I'd still be low 90s. But it's definitely nice to have that 94 and hopefully it goes up a few more miles an hour as we get into mid-season form a little bit down the road.
"It helps keeping the shoulder healthy as well and I have to tell you I've never felt this good for such a long stretch. I know I said it in Spring Training, but I've felt so good since Spring Training started, throwing in games, than I ever had. It's a really good feeling and I just hope it continues."


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The 2012 drought is causing severe repercussions throughout the crop, livestock and energy industries.
The 2012 corn crop continues to shrink. Farmer and market expert Jerry Gulke says his own crop is nearly deteriorating in front of his eyes.
"I went out in my fields this week," says the president of the Gulke Group. "It was one of my fields that if you drove by it, you'd ask: what drought?"
He chose a random row and picked 10 cobs. The results weren't pretty. Half of the cobs were only half-filled with kernels.
"If I get 70 bushels to the acre, I'll be happy. There were enough stalks there for 200 bushels or more, until June's weather hit."
The depressing yield situation Gulke is seeing in his fields, is common across the country. So common, that Informa Economics drastically chopped their corn yield estimate on Friday. Its corn yield projection is now 120.7 bu./acre. However, the firm's is expecting a final national average yield of 131 bu./acre.
"The market tried to trade Informa's corn yield estimate on Friday. We were up about 21 cents in corn and closed above $8."
USDA Updates Yield Estimates
On Friday, Aug. 10, USDA will release its first survey-based estimates for corn and soybeans. Currently USDA's national corn yield average is currently 146 bu./acre. If they drop it down to the mid-120s like Informa, Gulke says we have a demand nightmare on our hands.
He says reducing feed needs, ethanol use and exports down to make Informa's 120 estimate pencil out looks like an almost impossible job.
Gulke says on a recent CNBC segment, it was reported it takes 3 lbs. of corn to put a 1 lb. of gain on a hog, 5 lbs. of corn to put 1 lb. on a cow and about five times as much to make a gallon of ethanol. "There's going to be a real push out there to do something about ethanol."
The general public, Gulke believes, is not going to want to see meat and food prices increase, at the expense of ethanol.
"If we allow ethanol to kill the livestock market, then we'll have to buy our demand back. It has some repercussions for quite awhile. I don't know how we solve this in the short-run, but I think we need to keep the pipeline flowing for the animals."
Not the Year to Store Grain
Gulke says he expects most farmers to sell their grain immediately this year, as opposed to storing.
"I'm going to harvest corn about three weeks earlier this year. If corn is still $8 out of the field, they'll probably get all of mine. If beans are still $16, I don't think I want to take the chance on storing."
The Next Round of Market Information
Gulke says Friday is bound to be interesting and the entire globe will be watching for USDA's estimates. AgWeb.com will have full coverage of the reports and a special early analysis piece with Gulke.
Listen to Gulke's full audio analysis:
For More Information
How do your crops look? Submit your report to AgWeb Crop Comments.
Visit AgWeb's Market Center.
Check your local forecast with AgWeb's Pinpoint Weather.
EPA Can't Regulate Livestock Farms It Can't Find
Milk Prices Need to Rise $4 To Offset Higher Feed Costs


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The following post was published on the The Official Google Blog on October 15th, 2015.
Introducing Google Lifeline
Posted by A S, Innovation Evangelist
Today I am pleased to present a whole new way of organizing - and searching, of course - all your life's information: Google Lifeline.
Lifeline is a chronological view of every bit of information you have collected in your Google account. Think of it as a really detailed, really accurate and totally searchable personal history.
Lifeline gathers all your personal data and presents it in a well-integrated, intuitive timeline interface. Just click on any point of the timeline and you will be able to read, listen or watch all the data you have collected during that timeframe. You can bring up every email, document, bill, photo, video, purchase, prescription, phonecall from that time period. You can zoom in to narrow down the timeframe to a particular second in time or you can zoom out all the way to include your entire Google lifetime. Your Google lifetime begins when you sign up for a Google account to use any of Google's popular services.
Here are some of the interesting uses that our employees have found for Google Lifeline during our internal tests:
1. Susan, a Mint.com user since the days of its beta opening and long before it was acquired by Google, was able to do a quick search to find out how much she has spent at coffee shops per year, in the last five years. Although she knew that she is a coffee addict, the answer still shocked her.
2. Rob, who uses his Google Checkout-enabled phone to make purchases in grocery stores and restaurants, is able to analyze his entire grocery shopping and eating-out history for the past 5 years for "heart-stoppingly good" items he has purchased and compare it side-by-side to his medical history from Google Health, to discover how his dietary habits affect his health.
3. Melissa was curious to see what her highest electricity consumption in a 24-hour period was and when that happened. Melissa has a Google Powermeter installed in her house and the data of her electricity usage has been integrated into Lifeline. It showed a clear spike in her power consumption on a day in late 2009. Curious to know more about why her power consumption was so high, Melissa zoomed in to the one week period before and after the high-power day and browsed her purchases in Lifeline. It showed that she had bought a brand new big-screen TV, party supplies and the DVD version of the latest Star Trek movie. That reminded Melissa, an avid Trekkie, about the Star Trek party she had hosted for fellow-Trekkies with a marathon showing of every Star Trek episode and movie on her new big-screen TV. Melissa was able to view the photos and videos from that party on the Lifeline - photos and videos that she had uploaded to Picasa, as well as the ones uploaded and shared by all her friends.
4. Ashwini has an unusual hobby - she collects "heartstones", stones which are shaped like hearts. She has picked them up from her hikes and travels all over the world, from undersea dives to tops of mountains to cheap jewellery stores in middle Eastern flea markets. Every time she picks up a new stone, she takes a picture of the stone and uploads it to her online album. Ashwini was browsing her heartstone pictures on Lifeline and she came across her very first stone, which had been a gift from her husband when they had barely known each other for a week! Using Lifeline, she was quickly able to bring up all the emails and text messages she had exchanged with him around that time and re-live the heady days of their budding romance. She was even able to listen to the songs her husband sang to her on her Google Voice voicemail during the days of their courtship. She was able to do all this without leaving the Lifeline page even once.
5. The most romantic Lifeline story is perhaps my own. You are already aware that if you use a GPS-enabled phone, you can record every step you take on a trip to form your personal 'trails' on Google Maps. The feature of viewing photos from a trip as a time-compressed virtual trip on Google Maps or Google Earth is much appreciated and used by our users. Now this information is also available on Google Lifeline. I was analyzing the shared trip data of all the Google employees on Lifeline, when I noticed that one person's trails seemed to intersect my own trails quite often. It appeared that over the years, this person had visited many places either shortly before or after I had been there. There were occasions when we had been in the same place on the same day, perhaps missing each other by mere minutes or by a distance of a few hundred feet! Given Google's significant employee count, I had never come across this person's name before. And given that we worked on opposite coasts, there was little chance of us running into each other in the office hallways or cafeteria. Yet, our travel trails had been intersecting in places far and wide, across the globe, quite often and regularly in the preceding 5 years. The number of intersecting points - in time and space - were high enough to be statistically significant. I shot off an email to this person to share the strange serendipity in our travel trails. I am extremely happy to say that for the past year, our travel trails have not been intersecting, they have been coinciding, in both time and space. And, we hope it will be so forever in the future. I won't claim that I would not have met my fiance, if not for Google Lifeline. The way our trails were intersecting, we were destined to run into each other sooner or later. But Lifeline did help make it sooner rather than later, by helping me see the intersections of our trails in both space and time.
Today I am really excited to open up Lifeline to everybody, to help organize your life's information and access it easily. I can't wait to hear stories of the innovative uses that you will no doubt find for this awesome tool.
PS: You might also be interested in the first 'Notes from the Future' feature on this blog - My Buddy. This one was published long before anybody had heard about Apple's iPhone. Interestingly, I had originally named it "Google Buddy" until friends advised me to get rid of the Google name.
Sunday, April 26, 2009
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|HAIRCOLOR CAN CAUSE AN ALLERGIC REACTION WHICH, IN CERTAIN RARE CASES, CAN BE SEVERE. THEREFORE, YOU MUST FOLLOW THESE PRECAUTIONS: DO NOT USE IF: You have already had a reaction to a haircolor product. You have a sensitive, itchy or damaged scalp. IF YOU HAVE A TATTOO, the risks of allergic reaction may be increased. PERFORM A SKIN ALLERGY TEST 48 HOURS BEFORE EACH USE OF THIS PRODUCT (see insert). REMEMBER TO BUY YOUR PRODUCT 2 DAYS AHEAD OF TIME. Avoid contact of this product with eyes and skin. If product gets into eyes, rinse immediately. Wear gloves provided in kit. Thoroughly rinse hair after application. Do not use over compound henna or progressive color. Keep product out of the reach of children. Do not apply on children. THIS PRODUCT CONTAINS INGREDIENTS WHICH MAY CAUSE SKIN IRRITATION ON CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS AND A PRELIMINARY TEST ACCORDING TO ACCOMPANYING DIRECTIONS SHOULD FIRST BE MADE. THIS PRODUCT MUST NOT BE USED FOR DYEING THE EYELASHES OR EYEBROWS; TO DO SO MAY CAUSE BLINDNESS.
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Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division
The Uncle Tom's Cabin Almanack, or, Abolitionist Memento. For 1853. (London: J. Cassell, 1852)
The domestic slave trade caused immense suffering to the African-American population. It separated families and took chained people on long journeys across the country to a life of misery on the cotton and sugar plantations of the Deep South.


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Please note that the city advertised is not necessarily where you will be located. You must be able to re-locate to remote regions in Northern Canada, and must be legally entitled to work in Canada.
The North West Company (NWC) is hiring an Assistant Store Manager who has high-level retail experience to assist in leading and developing a team. You must be an ambitious hands-on manager of a high-volume operation, and possess strong organizational and delegation skills.
The Benefits of Joining NWC:
Your Role:
Desired Skills & Experience:
NWC is a leading retailer to under-served rural communities and urban neighbourhood markets in the following regions: Northern Canada,
Western Canada, rural Alaska, the South Pacific islands, and the Caribbean. Our stores offer a broad range of products and services with an emphasis on food. Our value offer is to be the best local shopping choice for everyday household and local lifestyle needs. Go North - apply today and use your confidence, pride, and passion to meet the needs of your community.
We thank all applicants for their interest; however only those selected for an interview will be contacted.
In compliance with the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, The North West Company welcomes and encourages applications from individuals with disabilities. Please advise us of any accommodations needed to ensure you have access to a fair and equitable process. Any information received relating to accommodation will be addressed confidentially.
About Mindfield
Mindfield is a place where job seekers with the right qualifications, expectations and attitudes, find the right jobs, with the right employers. A place where perfect matches are made.Read More


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While the guidos and guidettes may have flown south for the winter, never fear, because they'll be back on the pristine beaches of the Jersey Shore this summer.
The cast of the hit MTV show Jersey Shore began filming their second season in Miami recently, leaving many Jerseyites feeling slighted.
But now the show's producers are saying the South Beach location is only temporary.
MTV spokeswoman Emily Yeomans said Thursday that Snookie, The Situation, Pauly D, J-Woww, Sammi, Ronnie, Vinny and, yes, even Angelina will be beatin' the beat in Seaside Heights, N.J.
The original eight may not be alone when they return to the Garden State later this year, producers have been holding casting calls for new housemates. However, they may not be added until the rumored third season of the show.


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Plymouth produced some of the most legendary American cars of all time. The Roadrunner and Superbird are but a few that come to mind. Plymouth was also no stranger to the Vannin craze. Before Plymouth Voyager became associated with boxy eighties minivans, the nameplate was used on the Plymouth equivalent of the Dodge Sportsman. The auction for what looks to be the 70's promotional Voyager shell for use atop a go kart chassis has come and gone, but the reserve was not met. Airbrush on a Star Wars mural, pop in an opera window, and stuff a transverse-mounted 392 Hemi with some centrifugal clutch chain-drive on each end of the crankshaft. You could be the Mayor - of Go Kart City.
1971 Plymouth Voyager Go Kart Body [eBay.com]
Concentrated Essence of 70s: The 1976 Truck-In [Internal]


text: Frankfort - Space junk such as debris from rockets must be removed from the Earth's orbit to avoid crashes that could cost satellite operators millions of euros and knock out mobile and GPS networks, the European Space Agency said.At the current density of debris, there will be an in-orbit collision about every five years, however research presented at a conference hosted by ESA in Germany showed that an increase in such junk made more collisions likely in the future.Five to 10 large objects need to be collected from space a year to help cut down on smashes and stem the risk of fragments being sprayed into space that could cause more damage, it said.Scientists estimate there are about 29 000 objects larger than 10cm orbiting Earth at average speeds of 25 000km/h - about 40 times faster than airplanes travel.At that speed, even small pieces of fast-travelling debris can damage or destroy spacecraft and satellites - which could cost billions of dollars to replace and disrupt mobile phone communication or satellite navigation."Within a few decades, there are going to be collisions among large objects that will create fragments that can do further damage," Heiner Klinkrad, the head of ESA's Space Debris Office, told Reuters."The only way to keep this from happening is to go up there and remove them," he said. "The longer you wait, the more difficult and far more expensive it is going to be."Space debris includes any man-made litter left in space - parts of rocket launchers, inactive satellites and broken parts from past collisions.Space agencies around the world are cooperating on space debris research, and ESA's Clean Space initiative, launched in 2012, aims to develop the technology to safely capture and remove space debris.Researchers are looking at several different methods for removing space debris from orbit, Klinkrad said, ranging from the use of propulsion packages, conductive tethers or lasers, to nets and harpoons.But any decision to go ahead with a mission, as well as funds to pay for it, would need to come ESA's 20 member states, which include France, Germany, Italy and Britain.Demand for the removal of objects from orbit could eventually offer opportunities for private companies, Klinkrad said, though many issues, including legal ones, surrounding space debris would need to be settled first.


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- Introduction
- Different
- Emotion &
- Seeing
- Different
- Neural
- Implications
for Schools
- Conclusion
Introduction: The Art and Science of Teaching
Ablin, J. "Learning as Problem Design Versus Problem Solving: Making the Connection Between Cognitive Neuroscience Research and Educational Practice." Mind, Brain, and Education Vol. 2, Issue 2 (May, 2008): 52-54.
McDevitt, T.M. and J.E. Ormrod. "Fostering Conceptual Change About Child Development in Prospective Teachers and Other College Students," Child Development Perspectives, Vol. 2, Issue 2 (August, 2008): 85–91.
Ronstadt, K. and P.B. Yellin "Linking Mind, Brain, and Education to Clinical Practice: A Proposal for Transdisciplinary Collaboration." Mind, Brain, and Education Vol. 4, Issue 3 (September, 2010): 95–101.
Spolin, Viola. Improvisation for the Theater Third Edition. Evanston, IL: Northeastern University Press,1999.
Sternberg, Robert J. Successful Intelligence. New York: Plume, 1997.
Sylvan, L.J. and J.A. Christodoulou. "Understanding the Role of Neuroscience in Brain Based Products: A Guide for Educators and Consumers." Mind, Brain, and Education Vol. 4, Issue 1 (March 2010): 1-7.