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Volume 3 of The Annotated Luther series presents five key writings that focus on Martin Luther's understanding of the gospel as it relates to church, sacraments, and worship. Included in the volume are: The Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520); The German Mass and Order of the Liturgy (1526); That These Words of Christ, "This is my Body," etc., Still Stand Firm Against the Fanatics (1527); Concerning Rebaptism (1528), and On the Councils and the Church (1539).
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Martin Luther
More books have been written about Luther, the great German Reformer, than about any figure in history except Jesus Christ. Martin Luther (1483–1546), born in Eisleben, studied law at the University of Erfurt. In 1505 he joined a closed Augustinian friary in Erfurt, after taking a dramatic vow during a thunderstorm. Luther was ordained in 1507, and after studying theology was sent to the University of Wittenberg to teach moral theology. In 1510–11 he visited Rome on business for his order, and in 1512 became a doctor of theology and professor of biblical studies at Wittenberg. After a long spiritual crisis, Luther finally came to understand the nature of God's righteousness. He rejected all theology based solely on tradition, and emphasized the personal understanding and experience of God's Word. Centrally, he believed justification is not by works, but by faith alone.
Luther's views became widely known when he posted his Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the Castle Church at Wittenberg, attacking the teaching behind the sale of indulgences and the church's material preoccupations. Luther was excommunicated in 1521, and again refused to recant before the Diet of Worms in April 1521, unless his ideas were refuted from Scripture. For his own safety, he was seized and taken to the Wartburg Castle, under the protection of Frederick of Saxony. There he devoted his energies to translating the New Testament into German, so that the Bible might be read by all. Eight months later, in 1522, Luther returned to Wittenberg and set about reforming public worship, emphasizing preaching the Word, the eucharist, and congregational singing. In 1530 Luther approved the Augsburg Confession drawn up by Melanchthon.
Luther's teaching and personal experience are closely linked. He always proceeds in the same way: from Scripture to personal conviction to declaration and preaching. For Luther, God's only communication with humankind is through his Word. Christ is the essence of Scripture, and in Christ the Word becomes flesh. God speaks only to those who have faith; faith is God's gift, not our achievement. Luther saw God behind everything in the world.
Key Figures
John Wyclif
John Wyclif (c. 1320–84) was a prominent English reformer of the later Middle Ages. Wyclif attacked some of the central doctrines of the medieval church. He opposed the doctrine of transubstantiation, claiming rather that Christ was spiritually present in the eucharist. Wyclif held that the church consisted of God's chosen people, who did not need a priest to mediate with God for them. In 1382 Wyclif, a sick man, went to live at Lutterworth, in the Midlands, where he died in 1384. He wrote many books, including a Summa Theologica and initiated a new translation of the Latin Vulgate Bible into English: The Wyclif Bible.
Jan Hus
Jan Hus (c. 1369–1415) achieved fame as a martyr to the cause of church reform and of Czech nationalism. Hus emphasized personal piety and purity of life. He was heavily indebted to the works of Wyclif. Stressing the role of Scripture as an authority in the church he consequently lifted preaching to an important status in church services. Although he defended the traditional authority of the clergy, he taught that only God can forgive sin. Hus was at the centre of lengthy struggles in Prague, and his case was referred to Rome. In 1415 Hus attended the Council of Constance in order to defend his beliefs. Although travelling under the Emperor's safe-conduct, he was tried and condemned to be burnt at the stake, with no real opportunity to explain his views.
Desiderius Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466–1536), the greatest humanist after Petrarch, made the Reformation almost inevitable, for (as the monks complained) he laid the egg which Luther hatched. Educated by the Brethren of the Common Life in Holland, he became an Augustinian canon in 1487, was ordained priest in 1492, but left the monastery because he felt himself unsuited to the life of a monk. In 1495 he went to study in Paris, but found the Nominalist theology of the schools distasteful, preferring the classics of antiquity and the circle of French humanists.
During his first visit to England (1499–1500) he enjoyed the friendship of Colet and More, who drew him towards their own form of Christian humanism. Back in Holland and France, Erasmus began to publish a series of best-selling satires, which ridiculed monasticism and scholasticism, contrasted the 'Old Ignorance' with the 'New Learning', and used enlightened common sense to examine the practice of Christianity. The first of these was the Christian Soldier's Manual (Latin, Enchiridion militis Christiani) and the most widely read, the Colloquies, which appeared in more than 600 editions. A second visit to England (1505–06) was followed by three years in Italy, which deepened his humanist sympathies and his contempt for the corruption of Rome, expressed devastatingly in his The Praise of Folly, written in seven days while staying with More in London.
Erasmus has been called the 'journalist of scholarship', and certainly he wrote with easy elegance and biting wit as he spread the ideals of Christian humanism. But he was also a serious editor of Latin and Greek texts. His edition of Jerome's works was a major piece of patient scholarship, but his most important contribution to the history of the church was his epoch-making edition of the Greek New Testament (the first ever published), printed at Basle in 1516 – the year before the Reformation began.
Gasparo Cantorini
Gasparo Cantorini (1483–1542) was a leader of reform in the Roman Catholic church. Belonging to a leading family in Venice, he studied at the University of Padua, and became well known for his scientific studies and for defending the doctrine of the immortality of the soul against Pietro Pomponazzi. He served Venice as ambassador to the Emperor Charles V and in other important posts.
Contarini was also deeply concerned with religious reform. In 1511 he underwent a religious conversion similar to Luther's, and wrote tracts on the ideal bishop, the papacy, the sacraments, and Lutheranism. In 1535 Pope Paul III made Contarini a cardinal and the following year named him chairman of a reform commission. Contarini helped win approval for the Jesuits, and as papal legate to the Regensburg Colloquy of 1541 urged reconciliation with the Protestants, but failed to reach agreement on the sacraments. When Contarini returned to Italy, Rome refused to approve his views on justification and Luther attacked them too.
Contarini died shortly after. His life reflects – better than that of any contemporary – the political, intellectual, and religious crisis of Italy during the early sixteenth century.
Huldrych Zwingli
Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531), the Swiss Reformer, died in battle against the Catholics. Educated in Basel, Berne, and Vienna, until 1516 he was vicar at Glarus, where he learned Greek, possibly Hebrew, and studied the Church Fathers. He acted as chaplain to Swiss mercenary forces at the battle of Novara (1513) and at Marignano (1515), an experience that led him to oppose the contemporary use of mercenary soldiers.
Zwingli met Erasmus in 1515 and was deeply influenced by him. After his forced transfer to Einsiedeln, he began to develop evangelical beliefs as he reflected on the abuses of the church. In 1518 he was made peoples' priest at the Grossmünster in Zurich. He lectured on the New Testament and began to reform Zurich, working carefully with the city council. In 1522 he secretly married Anna Reinhard, who bore him four children.
The Catholic bishop of Constance attempted to stop Zwingli, who overcame him in two public debates in 1523. When Zwingli won a further disputation at Berne in 1528, Basle, Gall, Schaffhausen, and Constance all joined the reform movement. After Zwingli and Luther reached deadlock in their debate over the eucharist at Marburg (1529), the Swiss reform movement lost the support of the German princes. The five Catholic Forest Cantons of Switzerland sent an army against Zurich, and Zwingli died at the Battle of Kappel.
Most of Zwingli's writings were born out of controversy. His Commentary on True and False Religion (1525), a systematic theology, had considerable impact upon Protestantism. Zwingli was the first Reformed theologian. He held that Christ was spiritually present at the Eucharist, and that the secular ruler had a right to act in church matters.
Johannes Bugenhagen
Johannes Bugenhagen (1485–1558) was Luther's pastor, friend, and colleague in reform. Called by some the Second Apostle to the North, Johannes Bugenhagen was a pivotal figure in the organization of the Lutheran movement in northern Germany and in parts of Scandinavia. His writings and diverse reforming activity made a lasting impression on church administration, education, the care of the poor, worship, and theology.
Thomas Cranmer
Thomas Cranmer (1489–1556) was largely responsible for shaping the Protestant Church of England. Born at Aslockton, Nottinghamshire, and educated at Cambridge University, he remained a quiet scholar until suddenly summoned to Canterbury as archbishop in 1532, following advice he had given earlier about Henry VIII's divorce. Cranmer remained archbishop throughout Henry's turbulent reign, retaining the king's respect to the end. He then piloted the Reformation through the reign of the young King Edward VI, but was deposed by Mary, and burnt as a heretic at Oxford in 1556.
Cranmer was Lutheran in his theology, well read in the Church Fathers, a gifted liturgist, and had a superb command of English. He was sensitive and brave, cautious and slow to decide, in a period of transition bedevilled by turbulence and treachery. Cranmer preferred reformation by gentle persuasion rather than by force, and, like Luther, believed firmly in the role of the 'godly prince', who had a God-given task to uphold a just society and give free scope to the gospel.
Archbishop Cranmer was responsible for the Great Bible (1538) and its prefaces, the Litany of 1545, and the two Prayer Books, of 1549 and 1552, and largely responsible for the Articles of the Church of England and the Homilies. He sought an ecumenical council with the Lutherans and Calvinists of Europe, but Melanchthon proved too timid. Cranmer's concern was to restore a theology based on the experience of the person and work of Christ. From his doctrine of Christ came Cranmer's theology of justification by faith and of Christ's presence in the sacraments.
Martin Bucer
Martin Bucer, German Protestant reformer, was born 11 November 1491 at Sélestat, Alsace. He had been a Dominican friar, but left the order, and in 1522 married a former nun, Elisabeth Silbereisen. He went to Strasbourg in 1523 and took over leadership of the reform.
Bucer became one of the chief statesmen among the Reformers, and was present at most of their important conferences. In an effort to unite the German and Swiss Reformed churches, Bucer tried to mediate between Zwingli and Luther. Bucer also took part in unsuccessful conferences with Roman Catholics at Hagenau, Worms, and Ratisbon. Bucer also wrote a large number of commentaries on the Bible.
Bucer resisted the Emperor's religious settlement, the Augsburg Interim. In 1549 he was forced to leave Strasbourg for Cambridge. While in England, he advised Cranmer on the Book of Common Prayer. He had a considerable impact on the Church of England, pointing the way towards Puritanism. He died in 1551, but his body was exhumed and burned during the Catholic reaction under Queen Mary.
Ignatius of Loyola
Ignatius of Loyola founded the dedicated and powerful Society of Jesus (the Jesuits). A Spanish nobleman, Ignatius was born in 1491 at the castle of Loyola, near the Pyrenees. His career as a professional soldier was ended by a leg wound in 1521, but, through reading lives of Christ and the saints while convalescing, he resolved to become Christ's soldier. He hung up his sword at the altar of Mary in Montserrat and then spent a year (1522–23) in prayer and meditation at Manresa Monastery, seeking total consecration to Christ. Here he drafted his Spiritual Exercises.
Between 1524 and 1534 Loyola studied at Barcelona, Alcalá, Salamanca, and Paris, preparing for service. Then he and six friends vowed to practice poverty and celibacy, to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem (this never came off), and to devote the rest of their lives to apostolic labours, in this way initiating the Society of Jesus. 'Jesuits', as its members were called, vowed total obedience to the pope as, in effect, commander-in-chief, and under him to the general of the order. Ignatius, a fine organizer, was general till his death in 1556.
All Roman Catholic ordinands still go – at least once – through Ignatius' Spiritual Exercises, which form a four-week retreat programme of devotional meditations and instructions. Week one is on sin, week two on Christ's kingship, week three on his passion, and week four on his risen life, with the aim of achieving complete consecration, appealing to the will through understanding, imagination, and conscience.
William Tyndale
William Tyndale (c. 1492–1536) is celebrated for his English translation of the New Testament. He was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, and possibly later at Cambridge, and then became tutor to the family of Sir John Walsh. While living in his household, Tyndale saw at first hand the ignorance of the local clergy. To one cleric he is reported to have declared: 'If God spare my life, ere many years pass, I will cause a boy that driveth the plough shall know more of the Scriptures than thou dost.' This task became his life's work.
The bishops had banned the English Bible since 1408 because they feared the Lollards, who had their own translation, the Wyclif Bible. This translation had been made from the Latin Vulgate and was inaccurate, so Tyndale set out to make a translation from the Hebrew and Greek. He hoped to win the support of the learned bishop of London, Cuthbert Tunstall, but the bishops were more concerned to prevent the spread of Lutheran ideas than promote the study of Scripture. Instead Tyndale obtained financial backing from a number of London merchants, especially Humphrey Monmouth.
It was clear that England was no safe place to translate the Bible, so Tyndale left for Europe, never to return. By early 1525 his New Testament was ready for the press. Tyndale narrowly escaped arrest at Cologne, but managed to have the book published later the same year at Worms.
Tyndale's translation had an immense influence, and rightly earned him the title of the 'father of the English Bible'. It could almost be said that every English New Testament until the twentieth century was simply a revision of Tyndale's: some 90 per cent of his words passed into the King James Version, and about 75 per cent into the Revised Standard Version. Tyndale also translated parts of the Old Testament, including the first five books. He was unable to complete the Old Testament because he was betrayed and arrested near Brussels in 1535, and in 1536 strangled and burnt.
Philipp Melanchthon
Upon Luther's death Philipp Melanchthon (1497– 1560), born at Bretten, near Karlsruhe, took over the theological leadership of the movement he had begun. Melanchthon taught Greek, first in Tübingen, then at the University of Wittenberg. There, in 1518, he met Luther – a decisive encounter that changed Melanchthon from a humanist into a theologian and reformer. With his gift for logical consistency and wide knowledge of history, Melanchthon's influence on Protestantism was in certain ways even greater than Luther's.
Melanchthon publicly supported Luther at the Leipzig Disputation (1519), and when Luther was away from Wittenberg, he represented and defended him. In 1521, he wrote the Commonplaces (Loci communes), the first book to describe clearly the teachings of the Reformation. He also contributed to Luther's German translation of the Bible. At Marburg (1529) Melanchthon opposed Zwingli, claiming the service of holy communion was more than a memorial. He was also responsible for the Augsburg Confession (1530), which remains the chief statement of faith in the Lutheran churches.
Melanchthon, however, often seemed prepared to concede matters of doctrine to the Roman Catholics for the sake of peace, believing reunion was essential. The theological struggles in his own camp, with other Lutherans, deeply troubled him.
John Calvin
John Calvin (1509–64), the Genevan Reformer, created and systematized the Reformed tradition in Protestantism. He was born at Noyon, Picardy 10 July 1509. In contrast to Luther, Calvin was a quiet, sensitive man. He said little about his inner life; he was content to trace God's hand controlling him. Calvin was always a conscientious student – at Orléans, Bourges, and the University of Paris. He soon took up the methods of humanism, which he later used 'to combat humanism'. In Paris, the young Calvin encountered the teachings of Luther. Around 1533 he experienced a sudden conversion: 'God subdued and brought my heart to docility. It was more hardened against such matters than was to be expected in such a young man.' He next broke with Roman Catholicism, left France, and lived as an exile in Basle. He began to formulate his theology, and in 1536 published the first edition of The Institution of the Christian Religion (better known as the Institutes), a brief, clear defence of Reformation beliefs.
William Farel (1489–1565), the Reformer of Geneva, persuaded Calvin to help consolidate the Reformation there. But Genevans opposed Calvin's efforts, and disputes in the town, together with a quarrel with the city of Berne, resulted in the expulsion of both Calvin and Farel. Calvin went to Strasbourg, where he made contact with Martin Bucer, who encouraged and influenced him. In 1539 Calvin published his commentary on the book of Romans, followed by many other commentaries. Calvin also produced a new, enlarged version of the Institutes. The French Reformer also led the congregation of French refugees in Strasbourg, an experience which matured him for his task on returning to Geneva. Calvin was invited back to Geneva in September 1541. The town council accepted his revision of the city laws, but many bitter disputes followed. Calvin tried to bring every citizen under the moral discipline of the church, and many resented such restrictions – especially when imposed by a foreigner. He now set about attaining his aim of a mature church, by preaching daily to the people.
Calvin was in a sense trying to build a more visible 'City of God' in Europe – with Geneva as a startingpoint. In his later years, Calvin's authority in Geneva was less disputed. He founded the Geneva Academy, to which students of theology came from all parts of western and central Europe, and particularly France. Calvin was the great systematizer, taking up and reapplying the ideas of the first generation of Reformers. His work was characterized by intellectual discipline and practical application. His Institutes have been a classic statement of Reformation theology for centuries, and he was also a careful interpreter of the Bible. For Calvin, the church was supreme: it should not be restricted in any way by the state. He gave greater importance than Luther to the organization of the church, and regarded only baptism and the eucharist as sacraments. Baptism was the individual's initiation into the new community of Christ. Calvin rejected Zwingli's idea that the sacrament of communion was merely a symbol – but also warned against a magical belief in the real presence of Christ in the sacrament.
Pope Leo X
The Medici Pope Leo X (1513–21), ascended the papal throne in 1513 with the quip: 'Now that we have attained the papacy, let us enjoy it!' Leo was in many ways a typical Renaissance pope: elegant, worldly, sophisticated, intelligent, consumed with political and family ambition, more of an administrator than 'a servant of the servants of God'. An enthusiastic patron of Renaissance art and ideals, Leo aimed to advance the fortunes of his own family – the Medicis of Florence – and to increase the political power of the Papal States in central Italy, of which he was ruler. He revelled in Renaissance activities – spending a great deal of money on the arts and on gambling – while the day-to- day routine of managing the large and corrupt papal bureaucracy took much of his time and energy. All of this sapped his ability to give any kind of moral leadership over Christian Europe at a critical point in its history. When Leo first saw a copy of Luther's Theses in 1518, he is supposed to have made two comments; probably neither of them is authentic, but both are in keeping with his known initial response to Luther. The first was: 'Luther is a drunken German. He will feel different when he is sober.' The second: 'Friar Martin is a brilliant chap. The whole row is due to the envy of the monks.' He concluded that it was probably 'only a monks' quarrel'.
John Knox
John Knox (c. 1514–72) continued the work of reform in Scotland, but Knox was taken prisoner by the French in 1547, and forced to serve as a galley-slave. When freed, he studied under Calvin in Geneva and Bullinger in Zurich.
In 1557 Scottish Protestants covenanted to effect reformation, and wrote urging Knox to return home. Arriving in Scotland in 1559, he launched the Reformation, attacking the papacy and the mass in his sermons at St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh. At the request of Parliament, he drew up a Confession of Faith and Doctrine (1560, replaced in 1647 by the Westminster Confession), emphasizing evangelical doctrine and urging the necessity of discipline. A General Assembly of the church was called in 1560, which settled the Reformation in Scotland. The Book of Discipline (1561), was followed by a new liturgy, in the Book of Common Order (1564), and a translation of Calvin's Catechism. Knox had now consolidated the Reformation in Scotland.
Teresa of Avila
Teresa of Avila (1515–82) was one of the most famous mystics of sixteenth-century Spain. Born in Avila into a Spanish noble family, as a young woman Teresa committed herself to converting the heathen and healing the division with Protestants. In 1536 she entered the Carmelite Convent of the Incarnation in Avila. Although her religious career was interrupted for a time by severe illness, she was able to return to the convent in 1540.
Teresa was persuaded of the need to reform the lax – often scandalous – condition of Spanish monasteries. Supported by wealthy relatives and friends, she founded a reformed Carmelite convent, St Joseph's (San José), in Avila, followed by sixteen more religious houses, and travelled the length and breadth of Spain inspecting monasteries, encouraging monks and nuns, and preaching reform.
Teresa was familiar with the great religious literature and epics of the Spanish Golden Age, and herself wrote an autobiography, El Camino de Perfección (The Road of Perfection), and El Castillo Interior (The Interior Castle). The theme of her best writing is the mystical life. She sought oneness with God through contemplation and prayer, which led to a profound experience and personal knowledge of God through love which she described as 'mystical marriage'. She spoke of a second conversion, and of union through love. In her Life Teresa describes an ecstasy – which can appear embarrassing, and even erotic – in which a seraph appeared to her carrying a spear tipped with fire. He plunged the spear into her heart, piercing to her innermost being and leaving her aflame with a great love for God. This experience, she says, was both painful and sweet beyond description, and symbolized the mystical union of the believer with God.
Teresa and her companions represent the Catholic Reformation's emphasis on emotion and religious passion.
Theodore Beza
Theodore Beza (1519–1605), succeeded Calvin in Geneva as leader of Reformed Protestantism. He had been trained as a lawyer, and a book of lovepoetry gained him a reputation as a Latin poet. In 1544 he was secretly engaged to Claudine Desnoes, whom he later married, but they had no children. After a severe illness, in 1548 Beza went to Geneva and announced he had become a Protestant.
In 1559 Beza became the first rector of the Genevan Academy. He remained in Geneva, intimately involved in its affairs, and became Calvin's successor and one of the leading advisors to the Huguenots in France. He participated in their conferences – Poissy, 1561, La Rochelle, 1571 – and defended the purity of the Reformed faith. He produced new versions of the Greek and Latin New Testament, a source for the Geneva and King James Bibles. Theodore Beza also completed the translation of the psalms begun by Marot and wrote a biography of Calvin, De jure magistratuum ('The Right of Magistrates'), an important Protestant political work, as well as other political, polemical, and theological tracts.
Beza was an important figure for the Reformed churches; under his leadership Geneva became the centre of Reformed Protestantism. His political activities aimed to establish the Reformed faith throughout Europe, and particularly in France. Beza's theological method made the Reformed position more rigid.
Katharina von Bora
Luther married his wife, an escaped Cistercian nun, Katharina von Bora on 13 June 1525 and, by his own admission (via letters and Table Talks), the couple enjoyed a loving relationship and an equal partnership with distinct duties. In his testament, Luther even nominated his wife as the sole guardian of their children and possessions, a radical move that the Saxon lawyers immediately modified; Luther's colleague and family friend Philip Melanchthon was named as her guardian, which was a happy arrangement and allowed the widow the (semi-) autonomy Luther had intended. Katharina and Martin had several children: Hans, Paul, Martin, Margaretha, and two other daughters who died young, Magdalena and Elisabeth, in addition to several foster children.
Henry VIII
In 1534 King Henry VIII proclaimed himself the Head of the Church of England, though his quarrel with the pope was not on religious grounds, but merely because the pope would not sanction Henry's proposed divorce of Queen Catherine. Henry himself remained a Catholic; the pope entitled him 'Defender of the Faith' for a book he wrote opposing Luther in 1521, and in 1539 Henry issued the Six Articles, aiming to restore the traditional Catholic faith. Henry destroyed the authority of the pope and ended monasticism in England, but among his people a powerful religious movement towards reform was occurring.
Jacobus Arminius
Jacobus Arminius, born October 10, 1560, professor of theology at Leiden, rejected the logical conclusions of the doctrine that the elect were determined by the sovereign will of God alone, as Calvin taught. He insisted it was possible to believe in God's sovereignty while allowing for real free will in an individual. God willed all to be saved – not merely the chosen. Arminius insisted that his views were biblical and not mere speculation, but his doctrines were condemned at the Synod of Dort (1618–19), tolerated later in the seventeenth century, and officially recognized in 1795.
Volume 4 of The Annotated Luther series presents an array of Martin Luther's writings related to pastoral work, including sermons, hymns, letters, writings on prayer and the Christian life, as well as his widely used Small Catechism.
In his The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, Martin Luther set forth a reconsideration of the sacramental Christian life that centered on the word. His thesis is that the papacy had distorted the sacraments with its own traditions and regulations, transforming them into a system of control and coercion.
With great detail, Kirsi I. Stjerna introduces and annotates Luther's Large Catechism, in which the reformer set out to offer a new compass for religious life. He believed all Christian people—laity and clergy—needed a guide to comprehend the basic biblical, creedal, and sacramental teachings.
With great clarity and insight, James M. Estes illuminates Luther's call to secular authorities to help with the reform of the church in this important 1520 treatise. To combat Rome's intransigent opposition to reform of any sort, Luther appealed to secular rulers to intervene and clear the way for ecclesiastical reform.


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This traffic cop in Seoul was dragged some 200 meters down a street by a scooter, all for a traffic ticket. Now that's dedication to your job.
The Seoul Police released this dashcam footage, which shows the whole Hollywood-esque misadventure.
I'm gonna say, this might be a little bit too much dedication for a ticket.

subset: commoncrawl


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1.Product number code (PNC)
Where can I find the plate on my
The plate is highlighted in red
Still cant find anything? Call us on
03445 610507
Read more about our Data Protection Policy.
An e-mail with a link to activate your account has been sent to your email address. To activate your account, click the link contained in the e-mail. Note that it might take a few minutes for the e-mail to reach your inbox.
Are you trying to find genuine spares, accessories and consumables for the EC2609S Fridge / Freezer? View our handy part diagram locator and choose your spares.
How do I find my product number (PNC)?


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These are all the News & Announcements posted in July, 2009.
Tuesday, 28
More OverDrive Titles Compatible with iPods
We are pleased to announce that even more of our downloadable audiobooks can be played on Apple devices including iPods and iPhones.
Up until recently, only a limited number of OverDrive audiobooks were compatible with Apple devices. With OverDrive Media Console v3.2 for Windows, most audiobooks can now be transferred to the iPhone and the iPod! In just a few clicks, send audiobooks to your Windows formatted iPod using the built-in Transfer Wizard. The information for each OverDrive titles indicates if it is compatible with Apple devices. In order to take advantage of this feature you must upgrade to the latest version of the OverDrive Media Console.
Posted By Logan Library at 1:04 PM / Category:Online Research
Wednesday, 22
Staff Reading Pick
Here is another reading pick from the Logan Library Staff.
Book: Candy and Me (A Love Story) by Hilary Liftin
Recommended by: Kara, Librarian
I love candy, and I love this book. Hilary Liftin crafts a memoir using her love for all things sugar coated as a lens to examine her life. Liftin is so honest and so entertainingly self-effacing that you can't help but like her. This book will make you nostalgic for candy you haven't had since you were a child and grateful for the sweetness that already exists in your life. Perfect for the reader with a sweet tooth.
Want more reading suggestions? View previous staff picks.
Posted By Logan Library at 4:37 PM / Category:Staff Picks
Monday, 20
Library Closed for Pioneer Day
The Library will be closed on Friday, July 24 in recognition of Pioneer Day. We will resume normal business hours on Saturday July 25. Enjoy your holiday.
Posted By Logan Library at 4:50 PM / Category:Library Closed
The Latest News!
Oct 16, 2018
» Community Book Discussion Oct 10, 2018
» The Dead Awaken Oct 5, 2018
» Library Closed Columbus Day


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Jeremy Lusk hardly forgotten, still 'on the ride of his life'
In the wake of Jeremy Lusk's tragic death early Tuesday, as a result of a weekend crash during a freestyle motocross competition in Costa Rica, I was asked by a few people if any other top rider had perished at an FMX event.
The answer, which might surprise some, is no, according to memory and experts in a motocross discipline that began to flourish in the late 1990s.
These athletes are meticulous in training and are not reckless, contrary to some comments on a previous blog item.
The grace they exhibit, while performing handstands and seat grabs above and below their flipping bikes while soaring across 100-foot jumps, is a result of countless hours of practice in foam pits and on home courses.
The problem is, execution has to be nearly perfect to avoid serious consequences--and top riders, all of whom have experienced injury and concussion, understand that death is possible. Now a fatality has occurred and the FMX community remains in shock and mourning.
Here's a Metal Mulisha statement making the rounds, and it is inspirational:
We want Jeremy to be remembered as the hardcore warrior that he was. He was never one to back down from any challenge life had to offer him on or off the track.
As a fierce competitor, he rode to the top of the freestyle world embracing the risks of the sport with hardcore passion. As a Christian, Jeremy had faith that no matter what, he would always be on the ride of his life.
To Jeremy, there was never a question of there being any consequences, especially doing something he loved. His drive, love, passion and commitment drove him to become the 'baddest-ass' rider of his time.
'He and his wife Lauren will always be part of the Mulisha family, and his memory will continue to push our group of friends to the outer limits of life.'
Lastly, funeral arrangements for Lusk have been announced: 1 p.m. Monday, Feb. 16, at Revival Christian Fellowship Church, 29220 Scott Road, Menifee, Calif. All are welcome.
—Pete Thomas
Photo: Jeremy Lusk
Credit: Metal Mulisha


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Sicily, the gate of the Western civilization, is situated in the very heart of the Mediterranean Sea, just off the southern tip of mainland Italy, towards Africa. It's more than just an island...it's nearly a continent of its own being it one of the world's first multicultural societies. A special place full of art and archaeology, history and folklore. A spectacular nature offers sceneries unique in the world: The fire of volcanoes, the intriguing green of its fertile soils, the deep blue of the sea and wonderful colorful beaches, spacing from black to white.
In the past Sicily was Phoenician, Greek, Carthaginian, Roman, Byzantine, Moorish, Norman, Swabian, Angevin and Aragonese … they all came from far away to make Sicily their own, creating a space and culture like no other. They all left colours and flavours, art and legends.
A trip to Sicily is more than tourism: it is discovering a superb mild climate, excellent food and wine, friendly people and breathtaking landscapes – and exclusive services.
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URL: paris-hotel-louvre.com
Company, organization: Hôtel Louvre Sainte-Anne
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Société de promotion et de gestion hôtelière Sainte-Anne
32, rue Sainte-Anne
75001 Paris - France
Tel: +33 1 40 20 02 35
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Director of publication, legal representative: Mr Terrazzoni
Editorial Manager: Mr Terrazzoni
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Photography: SAS WIHP
Web hosting: SAS WIHP
President SAS WIHP: Vincent Ramelli
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Latest Events
|Wed Dec 18 @ 5:30PM - 07:30PM
Fiscal Court Meeting
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Police Recruit Testing
Tue, 03 Sep 2019
The Campbell County Police Department will conduct recruit police officer written testing on October 5, 2019 @ 10:00. Testing will be conducted at the Campbell County High School. ...Read more
AJ Jolly boat ramp closures
Wed, 28 Aug 2019
AJ Jolly boat ramp and Kayak dock will be closed on the following dates and times. September 7, 12:00 am – 6:00 pm. Kentucky Dragon Boat Races September 28, 12:00 am...Read more
Citizens' Academy Accepting Applications
Wed, 24 Jul 2019
Today, Campbell County Fiscal Court announced that it will again offer a fall citizens' academy program designed to improve civic education and increase citizen engagement in the workings of the...Read more
April 9th Planning & Zoning Meeting …
Fri, 05 Apr 2019
The Campbell County and Municipal Planning and Zoning Commission meeting previously schedule for Tuesday, April 9, 2019 at the Alexandria Courthouse has been cancelled. Case 210-19-ZMA-01 related to...Read more
Step Up to the plate
Thu, 28 Mar 2019
Step Up to the Plate The Campbell County YMCA is starting a Spring Youth Baseball Leagu. For more information please check out the flyer.Read more
A. J. Jolly 2019 Camping season begins
Thu, 28 Mar 2019
A. J. Jolly Park Camping Season Opens Join us as we open camping for the 2019 season Open our flyer for more information.Read more
Weather Spotter Training
Fri, 15 Feb 2019
Interested in Weather Spotter Training? Click here for information on an upcoming training announcement.Read more
Rolling Hills to River Cities…A New Look…
Fri, 25 Jan 2019
At the January 23rd Fiscal Court meeting Campbell County launched a new County logo. Working with the creative team at The Think Shop in Newport, the logo was developed to...Read more
Campbell County Citizens' Academy Fall 2…
Thu, 19 Jul 2018
Program Similar to a citizens' police academy, the Campbell County Citizens'Academy is an eightweek educational program where 25-30 citizens meet one night per week to learn more about the structure, functions, and work...Read more
July 4th Fiscal Court Meeting Canceled
Tue, 26 Jun 2018
Please be advised that the Campbell County Fiscal Court meeting scheduled for Wednesday July 4th 2018 has been canceled due to the holiday. Those of us here at the Fiscal Court...Read more
Outdoor Warning Siren Test
Fri, 25 May 2018
We will be doing a test of our outdoor warning sirens on Wednesday, May 30, 2018 at 2:00 PM. This will be a full test of the outdoor warning sirens...Read more
Volunteers in Police Service
Fri, 18 May 2018
The Campbell County Police Department is currently seeking applicants for Volunteers in Police Service. Volunteers in Police Service (V.I.P.S.) have been a valuable asset to the department and help with...Read more
Covert Run Pike Closure - Bridge Replace…
Thu, 10 May 2018
The bridge on Covert Run Pike just east of Rossford Avenue will be replaced. During this project the road will be closed at the bridge location. The start date will...Read more
AJ Jolly Campground Reservations - Now O…
Wed, 28 Feb 2018
AJ Jolly Campground Reservations - Now Open We have reached that time again to start thinking about enjoying the weather and all outdoor activities. In Campbell County we have our very...Read more
Reporting Flood Damage
Tue, 27 Feb 2018
Those homeowners who have been affected by the recent flood are encouraged to report their damage to the Campbell County Office of Emergency Management. Below is a quick form to...Read more


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IsaLean Shake is a nutritious, balanced meal replacement clinically tested to promote effective, healthy weight loss and lean muscle building. It's a low-glycemic shake with energy-fueling carbohydrates, good fats, vitamins and minerals, and 24 grams of high-quality protein.
IsaLean Shakes are low-glycemic and contain 24 grams of protein to support weight management to help you achieve your health goals.
High-quality undenatured protein supports lean muscle growth.|||
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When she learned about the IsaBody Challenge®, she knew it would be the tool she needed for weight loss and nutrition.
By the time Jim King reached 50 years old, he already felt "old, overweight, and less than." A former powerlifting champion, Jim stopped lifting around 40 years old but continued to eat as if he was training, which caused the weight to pile on.
Rachel spent years struggling to find happiness, but after two pregnancies in a short amount of time, she was overweight and unhappy. She discovered Isagenix and the IsaBody Challenge® and released her baby weight and much more!
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||| Results not typical. Weight loss, muscle gain, lifestyle, and other results depicted here reflect exceptional individual experiences of Isagenix Customers and should not be construed as typical or average. Results vary with individual effort, body composition, eating patterns, time, exercise, and other factors, such as genetic and physiological makeup. In a study performed in 2012 by University of Illinois at Chicago researchers, subjects lost an average of 9 pounds with an average of 2 pounds of the loss from visceral fat after 30 days on an Isagenix System. The subjects also had a greater level of adherence and had more consistent weight loss from week to week compared to subjects on a traditional diet. View the study results.
Transparency and accuracy are a top priority at Isagenix. We constantly strive to ensure that product information is complete, accurate, and current. However, at times, products may be unavailable or have different labels or attributes than those listed here.
Images shown to illustrate flavor and are not a representation of the appearance of the product or any ingredients therein.


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There are a large number of websites offering the best home business opportunities, and while some charge for the information that they provide, others are generally giving it away for free. These are not the sites for those who are looking for jobs with the thought that they are going to transform them into money making machines.
Simply put, you should not expect to make a small investment, and then sit back and watch as the dollars roll in. These sites offer real and practical home based business opportunities. Such opportunities require one who is ready to work hard and learn all of the required knowledge and skills.
There are opportunities that have been projected to be in very great demand in the near future, one of them being home renovation services. Analysts have predicted that there is no sign of this trend slowing down any time soon, something that makes them hot home business opportunities.
The simple logic here is that as the population grows, people age, and then the need for proper housing increases. As such, those engaging in such a business are bound to focus on improving their housing arrangements. Catering services also form some of the promising home business opportunities. This is because such services have now found their way into homes of career couples.
Busy families are slowly turning to food being brought in as opposed to the more expensive take out activities. This opportunity favors those with a knack for preparing appealing and nourishing food and those who are also able to deliver it while it is hot. There are clearly a number of best home business opportunities out there in the marketplace today.


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WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A group representing black law enforcement executives urged the White House not to choose retired official David O'Connor as the new Secret Service director because "nothing will change" in the agency's culture or treatment of minorities, according to a letter obtained by Reuters on Wednesday.
The National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives, or NOBLE, recommended that President Barack Obama select Deputy Director Alvin T. Smith.
In a March 6 letter to White House Chief of Staff Denis McDonough, NOBLE National President Maurita Bryant said that if O'Connor's appointment goes through in "an agency trying to overcome a perception of racial discrimination and recent accusations of misconduct, that nothing will change"
Reuters reported last week that President Barack Obama had chosen O'Connor, a former high-ranking official, to replace Director Mark Sullivan, who retired last month. The White House has not commented on who the new director will be and had no immediate comment on the NOBLE letter. The organization says it has more than 2,500 members.
The Secret Service became embroiled in a scandal last year involving employees who took prostitutes back to their hotel rooms in Colombia ahead of Obama's visit.
"It is important that whoever is selected will have the stature and respect of the American people and the men and women of the USSS," the letter said.
Smith has been deputy director since April 2012. "We strongly feel that Mr. Smith should be the change agent worthy of the president's trust and confidence," the letter said.
Estella Thomas, a liaison for the federal agencies with NOBLE and a retired Secret Service lieutenant, said members praised Smith for being "very fair" in promotions of minorities.
The letter referenced news reports that O'Connor's name had cropped up in a long-running racial discrimination lawsuit in which plaintiffs secured emails of senior officials. One email that used racially charged language was sent to O'Connor, but his attorney said he did not distribute it further.
Reuters reported on March 6 that the lawsuit, which was recently certified as a class action, increases the likelihood that O'Connor would have to testify if the case comes to trial.
Both O'Connor and Smith are white. The Secret Service director does not require Senate confirmation and the agency is under the Department of Homeland Security.
The NAACP, a civil rights organization, sent a letter to Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano dated March 12 encouraging her to take time in selecting a Secret Service director.
"Specifically, the final candidate must be able to improve the morale of the USSS, while also diversifying the workforce," the letter from Hilary Shelton, director of the NAACP Washington Bureau, said.
A Department of Homeland Security spokesman had no comment.
(Reporting by Tabassum Zakaria; Editing by Stacey Joyce)


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Balcony with Beach View
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Balcony with beach view, a balcony with a view design is very comfortable beach loungers with elegant balconies mewwah ditabah design with simple style. This may be you have when you take inspiration from this post and apply to your balcony. I hope you are satisfied with the results of this balcony design.


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The Dark Lord Bunnykins spoke yesterday to Joel Courtney, one of the young stars of J.J. Abrams' monster movie Super 8, about a creature who escapes from a military train and the kids who seek out the truth about what it is. Here are some excerpts from that conversation:
On the camaraderie on screen between all the kids in "Super 8." "We got along as brothers, really. Throughout the entire audition process, over the entire summer, so halfway through the audition process, Zack [Mills] showed up and then Ryan [Lee] and then Riley [Griffiths] and then Elle [Fanning] and then Gabe [Basso], in that order. So when they started coming back I thought, 'This is a really good thing that they keep showing up,' and I really like it. So we went into the movie being really good friends, halfway through we were best friends… and then we came out being brothers."


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The Oracle – A 400 Year Old Secret (video)
Cloaked in secrecy for over 400 years, the State Oracle of Tibet has been a strange and mystical aspect of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition. This ancient spirit, which has inhabited a succession of thirteen human mediums, advises the Dalai Lama on matters of public and religious policy. To witness the eerie spectacle of a medium entering a trance state and being possessed by the Oracle is to confront profound questions about the very nature of human consciousness.


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The Lipscomb Bisons golf team fired a 304 in the third and final round Tuesday to finish fifth in the Fall Kick-Off Classic at the Wasioto Winds Golf Course in Pineville, Ky.
The Bisons were tied for third after two rounds.
Cory Parkinson finished in a tie for eighth place with a final round score of 72 to finish with a three-round total of 219.
Samuel Marcrom ended in a tie for 21st shooting a 77 to close out with a score of 223.
Clint Suggs tied for 30th with a 78 giving him a three-round total of 229. Brandon Mundie also tied for 30th with a 229 after shooting 77 in the third round.
Chad Rush tied for 47th with a score of 237 after shooting a final round of 79.
Southern Illinois won the tournament with a team score of 870. Tournament host Morehead State was second with an 878 score.
Lipscomb's three-round total was 895.


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Hand wash
Gentle hand wash with hydrating harakeke, to cleanse skin without stripping natural oils.
Made from plant-based ingredients that gently cleanse, condition and nourish your skin without drying it out. Leaves your skin soft and smooth.
The skin is our largest organ and we believe that what goes on it is just as important as the food we eat.
Renewable sugarcane plastic: Our hand wash bottles are made from renewable sugarcane plastic, which is 100% recyclable and helps to reduce your carbon footprint.
Safer for our environment: The ingredients in our hand wash are safer for the environment. With proper greywater systems in place, any rinse water used while cleaning can safely be re-used on your flower gardens, lawns and trees. Suitable for septic tanks.
Sustainable manufacturing: Our hand washes are made in NZ to the strictest environmental standards in our ISO14001, Enviromark Diamond and CarboNZero certified factory.
I'm so much in love with the ecostore rose and cardamom liquid handsoap I'm thinking of making an essential oil blend as a perfume. Also loving the smell of the Grapefruit dish-wash!
I bought your dispenser for the first time a little while ago and thought it was great, simply for the fact that it dispenses far less than others do (who seem to want to make you mow through it and have to buy more).
I just bought your coconut + vanilla handwash - love the lathering and the new packaging! (Its been a while). Cheers!
I discovered your hand wash and coconut soap yesterday in Woolworths. The hand wash was orange and patchouli and smells heavenly! And you only need a drop to get a good lather. You have a new customer!
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I use ecostore handwash, totally recommend it to mums who are washing their hands many times a day. It's the only one I've tried that doesn't dry out my skin.
Enter your location and find a store in your area.
Tips and ideas to help protect your health and green up at home.Read More
We help protect your health by minimising exposure to harmful chemicals.Learn more about us


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Technology and vendor agnostic. Find the best solution without bias.
Ameresco helps organizations meet energy saving and energy management challenges with an integrated comprehensive approach to energy efficiency and renewable energy. Leveraging budget neutral solutions, including energy savings performance contracts (ESPCs) and power purchase agreements (PPAs), we eliminate the financial barriers that traditionally hamper energy efficiency and renewable energy projects.
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Leverage the world's best energy technology with project managers who know your community.
Prequalification for federal and municipal contracts gets projects started sooner.


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Quilt Traditions
Custom Quilting
Restorations/Repairs, Hand Quilting, and Commemorative Quilts
For 25 years, I have been enamored with the history and tradition of quilts, in part because they reveal stories about the quilt makers themselves. I have made well over 200 quilts and have serviced more than 100. My time is shared equally among hand quilting and finishing work ("Will you finish the quilt that I started?"), restoration work, and making commemorative quilts. Many quilts surviving through the generations in a family cannot withstand the test of time and begin to fall apart. This is where quilt restoration can be a solution so that it may live on to be a treasured heirloom. Quilts can be a design piece and/or a commemorative work of art. The commemorative quilt is a quilt made from commemorative fabrics – T-shirts, clothes from a deceased loved one, a wedding dress, baby clothes. The memories contained within a commemorative quilt are extremely meaningful as is the process of working with the customer to design their very own. Quilts truly have a story to tell and my mission is to help them tell it.
Artisains – Quilt Traditions
Quilt Traditions
Custom Quilting


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Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 6, by Edward Gibbon, [1788], at sacred-texts.com
The royal prerogative of coining money, which had been exercised near three hundred years by the senate, was first resumed by Martin the Fifth, 77 and his image and superscription introduce the series of the papal medals. Of his two immediate successors, Eugenius the Fourth was the last pope expelled by the tumults of the Roman people, 78 and Nicholas the Fifth, the last who was importuned by the presence of a Roman emperor. 79 I. The conflict of Eugenius with the fathers of Basil, and the weight or apprehension of a new excise, emboldened and provoked the Romans to usurp the temporal government of the city. They rose in arms, elected seven governors of the republic, and a constable of the Capitol; imprisoned the pope's nephew; besieged his person in the palace; and shot volleys of arrows into his bark as he escaped down the Tyber in the habit of a monk. But he still possessed in the castle of St. Angelo a faithful garrison and a train of artillery: their batteries incessantly thundered on the city, and a bullet more dexterously pointed broke down the barricade of the bridge, and scattered with a single shot the heroes of the republic. Their constancy was exhausted by a rebellion of five months. Under the tyranny of the Ghibeline nobles, the wisest patriots regretted the dominion of the church; and their repentance was unanimous and effectual. The troops of St. Peter again occupied the Capitol; the magistrates departed to their homes; the most guilty were executed or exiled; and the legate, at the head of two thousand foot and four thousand horse, was saluted as the father of the city. The synods of Ferrara and Florence, the fear or resentment of Eugenius, prolonged his absence: he was received by a submissive people; but the pontiff understood from the acclamations of his triumphal entry, that to secure their loyalty and his own repose, he must grant without delay the abolition of the odious excise. II. Rome was restored, adorned, and enlightened, by the peaceful reign of Nicholas the Fifth. In the midst of these laudable occupations, the pope was alarmed by the approach of Frederic the Third of Austria; though his fears could not be justified by the character or the power of the Imperial candidate. After drawing his military force to the metropolis, and imposing the best security of oaths 80 and treaties, Nicholas received with a smiling countenance the faithful advocate and vassal of the church. So tame were the times, so feeble was the Austrian, that the pomp of his coronation was accomplished with order and harmony: but the superfluous honor was so disgraceful to an independent nation, that his successors have excused themselves from the toilsome pilgrimage to the Vatican; and rest their Imperial title on the choice of the electors of Germany.
A citizen has remarked, with pride and pleasure, that the king of the Romans, after passing with a slight salute the cardinals and prelates who met him at the gate, distinguished the dress and person of the senator of Rome; and in this last farewell, the pageants of the empire and the republic were clasped in a friendly embrace. 81 According to the laws of Rome, 82 her first magistrate was required to be a doctor of laws, an alien, of a place at least forty miles from the city; with whose inhabitants he must not be connected in the third canonical degree of blood or alliance. The election was annual: a severe scrutiny was instituted into the conduct of the departing senator; nor could he be recalled to the same office till after the expiration of two years. A liberal salary of three thousand florins was assigned for his expense and reward; and his public appearance represented the majesty of the republic. His robes were of gold brocade or crimson velvet, or in the summer season of a lighter silk: he bore in his hand an ivory sceptre; the sound of trumpets announced his approach; and his solemn steps were preceded at least by four lictors or attendants, whose red wands were enveloped with bands or streamers of the golden color or livery of the city. His oath in the Capitol proclaims his right and duty to observe and assert the laws, to control the proud, to protect the poor, and to exercise justice and mercy within the extent of his jurisdiction. In these useful functions he was assisted by three learned strangers; the two collaterals, and the judge of criminal appeals: their frequent trials of robberies, rapes, and murders, are attested by the laws; and the weakness of these laws connives at the licentiousness of private feuds and armed associations for mutual defence. But the senator was confined to the administration of justice: the Capitol, the treasury, and the government of the city and its territory, were intrusted to the three conservators, who were changed four times in each year: the militia of the thirteen regions assembled under the banners of their respective chiefs, or caporioni; and the first of these was distinguished by the name and dignity of the prior. The popular legislature consisted of the secret and the common councils of the Romans. The former was composed of the magistrates and their immediate predecessors, with some fiscal and legal officers, and three classes of thirteen, twenty-six, and forty, counsellors: amounting in the whole to about one hundred and twenty persons. In the common council all male citizens had a right to vote; and the value of their privilege was enhanced by the care with which any foreigners were prevented from usurping the title and character of Romans. The tumult of a democracy was checked by wise and jealous precautions: except the magistrates, none could propose a question; none were permitted to speak, except from an open pulpit or tribunal; all disorderly acclamations were suppressed; the sense of the majority was decided by a secret ballot; and their decrees were promulgated in the venerable name of the Roman senate and people. It would not be easy to assign a period in which this theory of government has been reduced to accurate and constant practice, since the establishment of order has been gradually connected with the decay of liberty. But in the year one thousand five hundred and eighty the ancient statutes were collected, methodized in three books, and adapted to present use, under the pontificate, and with the approbation, of Gregory the Thirteenth: 83 this civil and criminal code is the modern law of the city; and, if the popular assemblies have been abolished, a foreign senator, with the three conservators, still resides in the palace of the Capitol. 84 The policy of the Caesars has been repeated by the popes; and the bishop of Rome affected to maintain the form of a republic, while he reigned with the absolute powers of a temporal, as well as a spiritual, monarch.
It is an obvious truth, that the times must be suited to extraordinary characters, and that the genius of Cromwell or Retz might now expire in obscurity. The political enthusiasm of Rienzi had exalted him to a throne; the same enthusiasm, in the next century, conducted his imitator to the gallows. The birth of Stephen Porcaro was noble, his reputation spotless: his tongue was armed with eloquence, his mind was enlightened with learning; and he aspired, beyond the aim of vulgar ambition, to free his country and immortalize his name. The dominion of priests is most odious to a liberal spirit: every scruple was removed by the recent knowledge of the fable and forgery of Constantine's donation; Petrarch was now the oracle of the Italians; and as often as Porcaro revolved the ode which describes the patriot and hero of Rome, he applied to himself the visions of the prophetic bard. His first trial of the popular feelings was at the funeral of Eugenius the Fourth: in an elaborate speech he called the Romans to liberty and arms; and they listened with apparent pleasure, till Porcaro was interrupted and answered by a grave advocate, who pleaded for the church and state. By every law the seditious orator was guilty of treason; but the benevolence of the new pontiff, who viewed his character with pity and esteem, attempted by an honorable office to convert the patriot into a friend. The inflexible Roman returned from Anagni with an increase of reputation and zeal; and, on the first opportunity, the games of the place Navona, he tried to inflame the casual dispute of some boys and mechanics into a general rising of the people. Yet the humane Nicholas was still averse to accept the forfeit of his life; and the traitor was removed from the scene of temptation to Bologna, with a liberal allowance for his support, and the easy obligation of presenting himself each day before the governor of the city. But Porcaro had learned from the younger Brutus, that with tyrants no faith or gratitude should be observed: the exile declaimed against the arbitrary sentence; a party and a conspiracy were gradually formed: his nephew, a daring youth, assembled a band of volunteers; and on the appointed evening a feast was prepared at his house for the friends of the republic. Their leader, who had escaped from Bologna, appeared among them in a robe of purple and gold: his voice, his countenance, his gestures, bespoke the man who had devoted his life or death to the glorious cause. In a studied oration, he expiated on the motives and the means of their enterprise; the name and liberties of Rome; the sloth and pride of their ecclesiastical tyrants; the active or passive consent of their fellow-citizens; three hundred soldiers, and four hundred exiles, long exercised in arms or in wrongs; the license of revenge to edge their swords, and a million of ducats to reward their victory. It would be easy, (he said,) on the next day, the festival of the Epiphany, to seize the pope and his cardinals, before the doors, or at the altar, of St. Peter's; to lead them in chains under the walls of St. Angelo; to extort by the threat of their instant death a surrender of the castle; to ascend the vacant Capitol; to ring the alarm bell; and to restore in a popular assembly the ancient republic of Rome. While he triumphed, he was already betrayed. The senator, with a strong guard, invested the house: the nephew of Porcaro cut his way through the crowd; but the unfortunate Stephen was drawn from a chest, lamenting that his enemies had anticipated by three hours the execution of his design. After such manifest and repeated guilt, even the mercy of Nicholas was silent. Porcaro, and nine of his accomplices, were hanged without the benefit of the sacraments; and, amidst the fears and invectives of the papal court, the Romans pitied, and almost applauded, these martyrs of their country. 85 But their applause was mute, their pity ineffectual, their liberty forever extinct; and, if they have since risen in a vacancy of the throne or a scarcity of bread, such accidental tumults may be found in the bosom of the most abject servitude.
But the independence of the nobles, which was fomented by discord, survived the freedom of the commons, which must be founded in union. A privilege of rapine and oppression was long maintained by the barons of Rome; their houses were a fortress and a sanctuary: and the ferocious train of banditti and criminals whom they protected from the law repaid the hospitality with the service of their swords and daggers. The private interest of the pontiffs, or their nephews, sometimes involved them in these domestic feuds. Under the reign of Sixtus the Fourth, Rome was distracted by the battles and sieges of the rival houses: after the conflagration of his palace, the prothonotary Colonna was tortured and beheaded; and Savelli, his captive friend, was murdered on the spot, for refusing to join in the acclamations of the victorious Ursini. 86 But the popes no longer trembled in the Vatican: they had strength to command, if they had resolution to claim, the obedience of their subjects; and the strangers, who observed these partial disorders, admired the easy taxes and wise administration of the ecclesiastical state. 87
The spiritual thunders of the Vatican depend on the force of opinion; and if that opinion be supplanted by reason or passion, the sound may idly waste itself in the air; and the helpless priest is exposed to the brutal violence of a noble or a plebeian adversary. But after their return from Avignon, the keys of St. Peter were guarded by the sword of St. Paul. Rome was commanded by an impregnable citadel: the use of cannon is a powerful engine against popular seditions: a regular force of cavalry and infantry was enlisted under the banners of the pope: his ample revenues supplied the resources of war: and, from the extent of his domain, he could bring down on a rebellious city an army of hostile neighbors and loyal subjects. 88 Since the union of the duchies of Ferrara and Urbino, the ecclesiastical state extends from the Mediterranean to the Adriatic, and from the confines of Naples to the banks of the Po; and as early as the sixteenth century, the greater part of that spacious and fruitful country acknowledged the lawful claims and temporal sovereignty of the Roman pontiffs. Their claims were readily deduced from the genuine, or fabulous, donations of the darker ages: the successive steps of their final settlement would engage us too far in the transactions of Italy, and even of Europe; the crimes of Alexander the Sixth, the martial operations of Julius the Second, and the liberal policy of Leo the Tenth, a theme which has been adorned by the pens of the noblest historians of the times. 89 In the first period of their conquests, till the expedition of Charles the Eighth, the popes might successfully wrestle with the adjacent princes and states, whose military force was equal, or inferior, to their own. But as soon as the monarchs of France, Germany and Spain, contended with gigantic arms for the dominion of Italy, they supplied with art the deficiency of strength; and concealed, in a labyrinth of wars and treaties, their aspiring views, and the immortal hope of chasing the Barbarians beyond the Alps. The nice balance of the Vatican was often subverted by the soldiers of the North and West, who were united under the standard of Charles the Fifth: the feeble and fluctuating policy of Clement the Seventh exposed his person and dominions to the conqueror; and Rome was abandoned seven months to a lawless army, more cruel and rapacious than the Goths and Vandals. 90 After this severe lesson, the popes contracted their ambition, which was almost satisfied, resumed the character of a common parent, and abstained from all offensive hostilities, except in a hasty quarrel, when the vicar of Christ and the Turkish sultan were armed at the same time against the kingdom of Naples. 91 The French and Germans at length withdrew from the field of battle: Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and the sea-coast of Tuscany, were firmly possessed by the Spaniards; and it became their interest to maintain the peace and dependence of Italy, which continued almost without disturbance from the middle of the sixteenth to the opening of the eighteenth century. The Vatican was swayed and protected by the religious policy of the Catholic king: his prejudice and interest disposed him in every dispute to support the prince against the people; and instead of the encouragement, the aid, and the asylum, which they obtained from the adjacent states, the friends of liberty, or the enemies of law, were enclosed on all sides within the iron circle of despotism. The long habits of obedience and education subdued the turbulent spirit of the nobles and commons of Rome. The barons forgot the arms and factions of their ancestors, and insensibly became the servants of luxury and government. Instead of maintaining a crowd of tenants and followers, the produce of their estates was consumed in the private expenses which multiply the pleasures, and diminish the power, of the lord. 92 The Colonna and Ursini vied with each other in the decoration of their palaces and chapels; and their antique splendor was rivalled or surpassed by the sudden opulence of the papal families. In Rome the voice of freedom and discord is no longer heard; and, instead of the foaming torrent, a smooth and stagnant lake reflects the image of idleness and servitude.
A Christian, a philosopher, 93 and a patriot, will be equally scandalized by the temporal kingdom of the clergy; and the local majesty of Rome, the remembrance of her consuls and triumphs, may seem to imbitter the sense, and aggravate the shame, of her slavery. If we calmly weigh the merits and defects of the ecclesiastical government, it may be praised in its present state, as a mild, decent, and tranquil system, exempt from the dangers of a minority, the sallies of youth, the expenses of luxury, and the calamities of war. But these advantages are overbalanced by a frequent, perhaps a septennial, election of a sovereign, who is seldom a native of the country; the reign of a young statesman of threescore, in the decline of his life and abilities, without hope to accomplish, and without children to inherit, the labors of his transitory reign. The successful candidate is drawn from the church, and even the convent; from the mode of education and life the most adverse to reason, humanity, and freedom. In the trammels of servile faith, he has learned to believe because it is absurd, to revere all that is contemptible, and to despise whatever might deserve the esteem of a rational being; to punish error as a crime, to reward mortification and celibacy as the first of virtues; to place the saints of the calendar 94 above the heroes of Rome and the sages of Athens; and to consider the missal, or the crucifix, as more useful instruments than the plough or the loom. In the office of nuncio, or the rank of cardinal, he may acquire some knowledge of the world, but the primitive stain will adhere to his mind and manners: from study and experience he may suspect the mystery of his profession; but the sacerdotal artist will imbibe some portion of the bigotry which he inculcates. The genius of Sixtus the Fifth 95 burst from the gloom of a Franciscan cloister. In a reign of five years, he exterminated the outlaws and banditti, abolished the profane sanctuaries of Rome, 96 formed a naval and military force, restored and emulated the monuments of antiquity, and after a liberal use and large increase of the revenue, left five millions of crowns in the castle of St. Angelo. But his justice was sullied with cruelty, his activity was prompted by the ambition of conquest: after his decease the abuses revived; the treasure was dissipated; he entailed on posterity thirty-five new taxes and the venality of offices; and, after his death, his statue was demolished by an ungrateful, or an injured, people. 97 The wild and original character of Sixtus the Fifth stands alone in the series of the pontiffs; the maxims and effects of their temporal government may be collected from the positive and comparative view of the arts and philosophy, the agriculture and trade, the wealth and population, of the ecclesiastical state. For myself, it is my wish to depart in charity with all mankind, nor am I willing, in these last moments, to offend even the pope and clergy of Rome. 98
77 See the xxviith Dissertation of the Antiquities of Muratori, and the 1st Instruction of the Science des Medailles of the Pere Joubert and the Baron de la Bastie. The Metallic History of Martin V. and his successors has been composed by two monks, Moulinet, a Frenchman, and Bonanni, an Italian: but I understand, that the first part of the series is restored from more recent coins.
78 Besides the Lives of Eugenius IV., (Rerum Italic. tom. iii. P. i. p. 869, and tom. xxv. p. 256,) the Diaries of Paul Petroni and Stephen Infessura are the best original evidence for the revolt of the Romans against Eugenius IV. The former, who lived at the time and on the spot, speaks the language of a citizen, equally afraid of priestly and popular tyranny.
79 The coronation of Frederic III. is described by Lenfant, (Concile de Basle, tom. ii. p. 276 - 288,) from Aeneas Sylvius, a spectator and actor in that splendid scene.
80 The oath of fidelity imposed on the emperor by the pope is recorded and sanctified in the Clementines, (l. ii. tit. ix.;) and Aeneas Sylvius, who objects to this new demand, could not foresee, that in a few years he should ascend the throne, and imbibe the maxims, of Boniface VIII.
81 Lo senatore di Roma, vestito di brocarto con quella beretta, e con quelle maniche, et ornamenti di pelle, co' quali va alle feste di Testaccio e Nagone, might escape the eye of Aeneas Sylvius, but he is viewed with admiration and complacency by the Roman citizen, (Diario di Stephano Infessura, p. 1133.)
82 See, in the statutes of Rome, the senator and three judges, (l. i. c. 3 - 14,) the conservators, (l. i. c. 15, 16, 17, l. iii. c. 4,) the caporioni (l. i. c. 18, l. iii. c. 8,) the secret council, (l. iii. c. 2,) the common council, (l. iii. c. 3.) The title of feuds, defiances, acts of violence, &c., is spread through many a chapter (c. 14 - 40) of the second book.
83 Statuta almoe Urbis Romoe Auctoritate S. D. N. Gregorii XIII Pont. Max. a Senatu Populoque Rom. reformata et edita. Romoe, 1580, in folio. The obsolete, repugnant statutes of antiquity were confounded in five books, and Lucas Paetus, a lawyer and antiquarian, was appointed to act as the modern Tribonian. Yet I regret the old code, with the rugged crust of freedom and barbarism.
84 In my time (1765) and in M. Grosley's, (Observations sur l'Italie torn. ii. p. 361,) the senator of Rome was M. Bielke, a noble Swede and a proselyte to the Catholic faith. The pope's right to appoint the senator and the conservator is implied, rather than affirmed, in the statutes.
85 Besides the curious, though concise, narrative of Machiavel, (Istoria Florentina, l. vi. Opere, tom. i. p. 210, 211, edit. Londra, 1747, in 4to.) the Porcarian conspiracy is related in the Diary of Stephen Infessura, (Rer. Ital. tom. iii. P. ii. p. 1134, 1135,) and in a separate tract by Leo Baptista Alberti, (Rer. Ital. tom. xxv. p. 609 - 614.) It is amusing to compare the style and sentiments of the courtier and citizen. Facinus profecto quo .... neque periculo horribilius, neque audacia detestabilius, neque crudelitate tetrius, a quoquam perditissimo uspiam excogitatum sit .... Perdette la vita quell' huomo da bene, e amatore dello bene e liberta di Roma.
86 The disorders of Rome, which were much inflamed by the partiality of Sixtus IV. are exposed in the Diaries of two spectators, Stephen Infessura, and an anonymous citizen. See the troubles of the year 1484, and the death of the prothonotary Colonna, in tom. iii. P. ii. p. 1083, 1158.
87 Est toute la terre de l'eglise troublee pour cette partialite (des Colonnes et des Ursins) come nous dirions Luce et Grammont, ou en Hollande Houc et Caballan; et quand ce ne seroit ce differend la terre de l'eglise seroit la plus heureuse habitation pour les sujets qui soit dans toute le monde (car ils ne payent ni tailles ni gueres autres choses,) et seroient toujours bien conduits, (car toujours les papes sont sages et bien consellies;) mais tres souvent en advient de grands et cruels meurtres et pilleries.
88 By the oeconomy of Sixtus V. the revenue of the ecclesiastical state was raised to two millions and a half of Roman crowns, (Vita, tom. ii. p. 291 - 296;) and so regular was the military establishment, that in one month Clement VIII. could invade the duchy of Ferrara with three thousand horse and twenty thousand foot, (tom. iii. p. 64) Since that time (A.D. 1597) the papal arms are happily rusted: but the revenue must have gained some nominal increase.
Note: On the financial measures of Sixtus V. see Ranke, Dio Romischen Papste, i. p. 459. - M.
89 More especially by Guicciardini and Machiavel; in the general history of the former, in the Florentine history, the Prince, and the political discourses of the latter. These, with their worthy successors, Fra Paolo and Davila, were justly esteemed the first historians of modern languages, till, in the present age, Scotland arose, to dispute the prize with Italy herself.
90 In the history of the Gothic siege, I have compared the Barbarians with the subjects of Charles V., (vol. iii. p. 289, 290;) an anticipation, which, like that of the Tartar conquests, I indulged with the less scruple, as I could scarcely hope to reach the conclusion of my work.
91 The ambitious and feeble hostilities of the Caraffa pope, Paul IV. may be seen in Thuanus (l. xvi. - xviii.) and Giannone, (tom. iv p. 149 - 163.) Those Catholic bigots, Philip II. and the duke of Alva, presumed to separate the Roman prince from the vicar of Christ, yet the holy character, which would have sanctified his victory was decently applied to protect his defeat.
Note: But compare Ranke, Die Romischen Papste, i. p. 289. - M
92 This gradual change of manners and expense is admirably explained by Dr. Adam Smith, (Wealth of Nations, vol. i. p. 495 - 504,) who proves, perhaps too severely, that the most salutary effects have flowed from the meanest and most selfish causes.
93 Mr. Hume (Hist. of England, vol. i. p. 389) too hastily conclude that if the civil and ecclesiastical powers be united in the same person, it is of little moment whether he be styled prince or prelate since the temporal character will always predominate.
94 A Protestant may disdain the unworthy preference of St. Francis or St. Dominic, but he will not rashly condemn the zeal or judgment of Sixtus V., who placed the statues of the apostles St. Peter and St. Paul on the vacant columns of Trajan and Antonine.
95 A wandering Italian, Gregorio Leti, has given the Vita di Sisto-Quinto, (Amstel. 1721, 3 vols. in 12mo.,) a copious and amusing work, but which does not command our absolute confidence. Yet the character of the man, and the principal facts, are supported by the annals of Spondanus and Muratori, (A.D. 1585 - 1590,) and the contemporary history of the great Thuanus, (l. lxxxii. c. 1, 2, l. lxxxiv c. 10, l. c. c. 8.) Note: The industry of M. Ranke has discovered the document, a kind of scandalous chronicle of the time, from which Leti wrought up his amusing romances. See also M. Ranke's observations on the Life of Sixtus. by Tempesti, b. iii. p. 317, 324. - M.
96 These privileged places, the quartieri or franchises, were adopted from the Roman nobles by the foreign ministers. Julius II. had once abolished the abominandum et detestandum franchitiarum hujusmodi nomen: and after Sixtus V. they again revived. I cannot discern either the justice or magnanimity of Louis XIV., who, in 1687, sent his ambassador, the marquis de Lavardin, to Rome, with an armed force of a thousand officers, guards, and domestics, to maintain this iniquitous claim, and insult Pope Innocent XI. in the heart of his capital, (Vita di Sisto V. tom. iii. p. 260 - 278. Muratori, Annali d'Italia, tom. xv. p. 494 - 496, and Voltaire, Siccle de Louis XIV. tom. i. c. 14, p. 58, 59.)
97 This outrage produced a decree, which was inscribed on marble, and placed in the Capitol. It is expressed in a style of manly simplicity and freedom: Si quis, sive privatus, sive magistratum gerens de collocanda vivo pontifici statua mentionem facere ausit, legitimo S. P. Q. R. decreto in perpetuum infamis et publicorum munerum expers esto. MDXC. mense Augusto, (Vita di Sisto V. tom. iii. p. 469.) I believe that this decree is still observed, and I know that every monarch who deserves a statue should himself impose the prohibition.
98 The histories of the church, Italy, and Christendom, have contributed to the chapter which I now conclude. In the original Lives of the Popes, we often discover the city and republic of Rome: and the events of the xivth and xvth centuries are preserved in the rude and domestic chronicles which I have carefully inspected, and shall recapitulate in the order of time. 1. Monaldeschi (Ludovici Boncomitis) Fragmenta Annalium Roman. A.D. 1328, in the Scriptores Rerum Italicarum of Muratori, tom. xii. p. 525. N. B. The credit of this fragment is somewhat hurt by a singular interpolation, in which the author relates his own death at the age of 115 years. 2. Fragmenta Historiae Romanae (vulgo Thomas Fortifioccae) in Romana Dialecto vulgari, (A.D. 1327 - 1354, in Muratori, Antiquitat. Medii Aevi Italiae, tom. iii. p. 247 - 548;) the authentic groundwork of the history of Rienzi.
3. Delphini (Gentilis) Diarium Romanum, (A.D. 1370 - 1410,) in the Rerum Italicarum, tom. iii. P. ii. p. 846. 4. Antonii (Petri) Diarium Rom, (A.D. 1404 - 1417,) tom. xxiv. p. 699.
5. Petroni (Pauli) Miscellanea Historica Romana, (A.D. 1433 - 1446,) tom. xxiv. p. 1101.
6. Volaterrani (Jacob.) Diarium Rom., (A.D. 1472 - 1484,) tom. xxiii p. 81.
7. Anonymi Diarium Urbis Romae, (A.D. 1481 - 1492,) tom. iii. P. ii. p. 1069.
8. Infessurae (Stephani) Diarium Romanum, (A.D. 1294, or 1378 - 1494,) tom. iii. P. ii. p. 1109.
9. Historia Arcana Alexandri VI. sive Excerpta ex Diario Joh. Burcardi, (A.D. 1492 - 1503,) edita a Godefr. Gulielm. Leibnizio, Hanover, 697, in 4to. The large and valuable Journal of Burcard might be completed from the MSS. in different libraries of Italy and France, (M. de Foncemagne, in the Memoires de l'Acad. des Inscrip. tom. xvii. p. 597 - 606.)
Except the last, all these fragments and diaries are inserted in the Collections of Muratori, my guide and master in the history of Italy. His country, and the public, are indebted to him for the following works on that subject: 1. Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, (A.D. 500 - 1500,) quorum potissima pars nunc primum in lucem prodit, &c., xxviii. vols. in folio, Milan, 1723 - 1738, 1751. A volume of chronological and alphabetical tables is still wanting as a key to this great work, which is yet in a disorderly and defective state. 2. Antiquitates Italiae Medii Aevi, vi. vols. in folio, Milan, 1738 - 1743, in lxxv. curious dissertations, on the manners, government, religion, &c., of the Italians of the darker ages, with a large supplement of charters, chronicles, &c. 3. Dissertazioni sopra le Antiquita Italiane, iii. vols. in 4to., Milano, 1751, a free version by the author, which may be quoted with the same confidence as the Latin text of the Antiquities. Annali d' Italia, xviii. vols. in octavo, Milan, 1753 - 1756, a dry, though accurate and useful, abridgment of the history of Italy, from the birth of Christ to the middle of the xviiith century. 5. Dell' Antichita Estense ed Italiane, ii. vols, in folio, Modena, 1717, 1740. In the history of this illustrious race, the parent of our Brunswick kings, the critic is not seduced by the loyalty or gratitude of the subject. In all his works, Muratori approves himself a diligent and laborious writer, who aspires above the prejudices of a Catholic priest. He was born in the year 1672, and died in the year 1750, after passing near 60 years in the libraries of Milan and Modena, (Vita del Proposto Ludovico Antonio Muratori, by his nephew and successor Gian. Francesco Soli Muratori Venezia, 1756 m 4to.)


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Maryland Continuing Education Requirements:
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