text:
Changelog for graphviz-2918.104.22.168
% Changelog % Ivan Lazar Miljenovic
Release History and Changelog
The following is information about what major changes have gone into each release.
Changes in 2922.214.171.124
- Allow usage of
transformers-0.4.*, by Sergei Trofimovich.
Changes in 29188.8.131.52
Add support for Graphviz 2.32.0, 2.32.1, 2.34.0, 2.36.0 and 2.38.0:
WARNING: at least as of Graphviz-2.32.0,
dot -Tcanonno longer produces Dot code that is in the format expected by the Canonical Dot representation in this library. As such, unless you're very sure of your sources you should always use the Generalised representation for parsing (see also the new
FromGeneralisedDotclass mentioned below).
New attributes:
XDotVersion(as of 2.34.0)
InputScale(as of 2.36.0)
OverlapShrink(as of 2.36.0)
Changed attributes:
Aspectno longer available (as of 2.36.0)
ModeTypevalues for use with
Weightnow takes a value of type
Number, that explicitly distinguishes between
Normalizenow have their own types.
Underline(as well as
Squarewhich seems to have been omitted from previous versions).
Other relevant changes:
XDotnow takes an optional version. Note that this doesn't have any effect on how graphviz works.
The default extension for Dot-graphs is now
.gvrather than
.dotto reflect Graphviz's changed conventions.
Other changes to the API:
Add the
FromGeneralisedDotclass, which provides a semi-inverse to
GraphIDnow uses
Numberrather than separate
Doubleconstructors; this only matters if you manually constructed or de-constructed
GraphIDvalues (
ToGraphIDstill works).
Add the ability to parse a Dot graph "liberally": that is, if an
Attributedoesn't match the specification, then let it fall back to an
UnknownAttribute. This is still experimental, and requires more manual usage than the in-built commands (e.g. it isn't supported in the default round-tripping).
Now using the definition of
polyparse >= 1.9.
Monadic representation now has
Applicativeinstances to satisfy the up-coming changes in GHC 7.10.
Compilation time has been reduced in two ways:
Data.GraphViz.Attributes.Completemodule has been split up (but still exports the same API, so no need to import more modules). Whilst I haven't measured it, this should also reduce memory requirements for compilation.
The testsuite now uses the library explicitly, and thus no longer needs to re-compile half the library.
Double values are now longer parseable without double quotes if they have an exponential term (to better match the definition).
It is no longer assumed when round-tripping that
dot -Tdotgenerates canonicalised Dot graphs.
TestParsingscript is now directly buildable by Cabal using the
test-parsingflag (the resulting executable is called
graphviz-testparsing). This is not made an actual test-suite as not all files found will be actual Dot graphs, and it's known that it fails on some. Instead it's meant to be used as an indication of how well this library parses "real-world" Dot code.
Changes in 2922.214.171.124
Add support for Graphviz-2.30.0:
New attributes:
FillColornow take a list of colors with optional weightings.
Layer handling now supports layer sub-ranges.
Added the voronoi-based option to
Added the
Updates to attributes and their values:
The following attributes have had their values changed to better reflect what they represent:
FontPathtakes a
Layouttakes a
GraphvizCommand(and thus
GraphvizCommandhas been moved to
Model(which had somehow been overlooked).
Various attributes now have defaults added/updated/removed if wrong.
Removed the following deprecated attributes:
Now any value that has a defined default can be parsed when the Dot code just has
dot -Tcanonis fond of doing to "reset" attributes).
GraphvizCommandnow defines
Sfdp(which had somehow been overlooked up till now).
canonicaliseand related functions have been re-written; whilst there might be some cases where their behaviour does not fully match how
dot -Tcanonand
tredbehave (due to the interaction of various attributes), the new implementation is much more sane.
Use temporary files rather than pipes when running dot, etc.
Makes it more portable, and also avoids issues where dot, etc. use 100% CPU when a graph is passed in via stdin.
Original patch by Henning Thielemann.
renderCompactDotnow outputs to just one line (which means it's shorter, but more difficult to read for a human).
The QuickCheck instances are a bit smarter now to avoid having such ugly huge outputs when a test fails.
More documentation to help you understand what certain data types are for, etc.
Changes in 29126.96.36.199
- Fixed bug where
canonicaliseand related functions did not properly deal with attributes of a single node or edge within a sub-graph.
Changes in 29220.127.116.11
The repository is now hosted on hub.darcs.net, and using the bug-tracker there.
Updates to various
The list of available shapes has been expanded to take into account the new synthetic biology shapes.
FontNamesattributes now have specified data types.
The optional start and end points for
Splines were previously the wrong way round; this has now been fixed.
Explicitly only print 2-dimensional
Pointvalues for
DPoint(previously only 2-dimensional values where parsed, but it was possible to print a 3-dimensional value).
HTML-like labels previously disallowed empty textual label components when parsing; spotted by Daniel Hummel.
GraphvizParamsnow lets you specify whether a "cluster" is actually a cluster or a sub-graph. Requested by Gabor Greif.
Fixed an error where printing edges whose attributes contained a
ColorSchemeattribute, that attribute would stay in the state and the old color scheme would override the parent's state.
Previously, some malformed attributes were accepted when being parsed as they silently became parsed as an
UnknownAttribute. Now, attributes where the attribute name and the equal sign are successfully parsed but the value of the attribute is not successfully parse will throw an unrecoverable error.
Note: this does mean that some Dot graphs that are accepted by Graphviz (as they separate tokenizing from parsing; as such something like
"0.1"is successfully accepted as an integer, specifically
0) are no longer accepted when parsing them in.
Miscellaneous parsing improvements:
Whilst not specified anywhere, Graphviz seems to treat empty quotes as values for attributes expecting a number as their default; as such, this is now taken into account when parsing.
DPointvalues can now parse an optional
Whitespaces after commas in HSV colors are now accepted.
Error messages from parsing are improved to help you track down where the parsing error occurred (in that it's easier to find which attribute failed to parse, etc.).
Some parsing combinators are no longer publicly accessible, but shouldn't be needed by end users anyway (as they were there for parsing the Attribute data type).
Changes in 29184.108.40.206
- Add
quitWithoutGraphvizfor programs to test whether Graphviz has been installed (as previous attempts at doing so via actual calls to dot, neato, etc. weren't working and would be too verbose anyway).
Changes in 29188.8.131.52
- Added an instance of
Labellablefor strict
Textvalues, as requested by Erik Rantapaa.
Changes in 2918.104.22.168
- Allow usage of transformers-0.3.*. Spotted by Peter Simons.
Changes in 29188.8.131.52
- The
Stringinstance for
ToGraphIDrequires the
TypeSynonymInstancespragma (at least on GHC < 7.4). Spotted by Gregory Guthrie.
Changes in 2918.104.22.168
- Fixed Haddock typos.
Changes in 29126.96.36.199
Added support for the
patchworkvisualisation tools, available as of Graphviz-2.28.0.
Updated attributes as of Graphviz-2.28.0:
SVGcolors are now supported, and the support for different colors has been revamped.
overlap=falseis now equivalent to
overlap=prismand the
RemoveOverlapsoption has been removed.
Rotationare new attributes for use with
Scaleis a new attribute for use with
Add new italics, bold, underline, superscript and subscript options for HTML-like labels.
LWidthfor getting the height and width of the root graph and clusters.
Updated attributes from the current development branch of Graphviz (i.e. 2.29.*). Please note that these will probably not work yet, but are implemented now for future-proofing.
A new style for edges:
XLabelallows you to specify labels external to a node or edge.
ForceLabelsallow you to specify that these should be drawn even when they will cause overlaps.
ImagePathallows you to specify where to search for images.
HTML-like labels now support
IDvalues as well as horizontal and vertical rules.
FillColornow take a list of colors: this allows gradient fills for graphs, clusters and nodes. The
Radialstyle and
GradientAngleare also used for this purpose.
FillColoris now used by edges to set the color of any arrows.
WebP output support added.
Other attribute changes:
Use a specified data type for the
Orderingattribute rather than an arbitrary
Textvalue, and provide a documented wrapper in
Bbhas been renamed
IDnow only takes
EscString(a type alias for
Text) values rather than arbitrary
Data.GraphViz.Attributes.HTMLmodule has had all values re-named and is now meant to be imported qualified. It is also no longer re-exported from
ToGraphIDclass provides a common wrapper to help create cluster identifiers, etc.
Test-Suitefunctionality is now used. As part of this, the
Data.GraphViz.Testingmodule and sub-modules are no longer exported by the library.
The new
Benchmarksupport in Cabal-1.14 is now used for the benchmark script.
Dropped support for base-3.
Data.GraphViz.Statemodule is no longer exposed, as there's no need for users to use it.
Some corner cases in canonicalisation prevented it from being idempotent.
TestParsingscript will no longer crash and refuse to continue if an IO-based error (e.g. unable to successfully call
dot) occurs.
A typo was spotted by Gabor Greif.
Changes in 29126.96.36.199
Parsing error messages have been cleared up, especially when parsing Dot graphs. This came about from trying to help Uri J. Braun with an error in his code (which took a while to diagnose as a problem with the node type).
Made more clear to people looking in
Data.GraphVizwho want to create Dot graphs by hand to look in
Data.GraphViz.Types(came about when Rustom Mody stated he got confused trying to work out how to do this).
Fixed up augmentation; bug and fix spotted by Max Rabkin.
Fix up the TestParsing script to actually use the new type setup. It can also now take a single directory as an argument, and will try to parse all (non-recursive) files in that directory.
Changes in 29220.127.116.11
- Fixes various mistakes in the Haddock documentation that slipped
through (either in the
String -> Textconversion or adding new modules and not checking their documentation thoroughly enough).
Changes in 29188.8.131.52
- Forgot to explicitly list the module for Arbitrary instance for the graph representation.
Changes in 2918.104.22.168
- Fix a bug that prevented graphviz from being built with GHC 7.2.
Changes in 29220.127.116.11
Many large-level changes were done in this release; in rough categories these are:
Conversions from other types
Can now more easily create Dot graphs from other graph-like data structures with the new
graphElemsToDotfunction, which takes a list of nodes and edges.
It is now no longer possible to use
graphToDot, etc. to create Dot graphs with anonymous clusters; all clusters must now have explicit names (note that uniqueness is not enforced, and it is still possible to directly create Dot graphs with anonymous clusters).
Dot graph representations
The canonical graph representation has been moved to its own module:
The generalised representation has had all its "G" and "g" prefixes removed.
Two new representations:
Data.GraphViz.Types.Graphallows graph-like manipulation of Dot code.
Data.GraphViz.Types.Monadicprovides a monadic interface into building relatively static graphs, based upon the dotgen library by Andy Gill.
DotReprclass has been expanded, and three pseudo-classes have been provided to reduce type-class contexts in type signatures.
Using and manipulation Dot graphs
Pure Haskell implementations of
dot -Tcanonand
tredare available in
A new module is available for more direct low-level I/O with Dot graphs, including the ability to run custom commands as opposed to being limited to the standard dot, neato, etc.
Data.GraphViz.Attributesnow contains a slimmed-down recommended list of attributes; the complete list can still be found in
charsetattribute is no longer available.
Functions for specifying custom attributes (for pre-processors, etc.) are available.
Now uses
Textvalues rather than
Strings. Whilst performing this migration, the improvements in speed for both printing and parsing improved dramatically.
- As part of this, human-readable Dot code is now produced by
default. As such, the
prettyPrint'functions have been removed.
- As part of this, human-readable Dot code is now produced by default. As such, the
Now uses state-based printing and parsing, so that things like graph directedness, layer separators and color schemes can be taken into account.
Parsing large data-types (e.g.
Attributes) now uses less back-tracking.
Now has a benchmarking script for testing printing and parsing speed.
Uses a custom exception type rather than a mish-mash of error,
Either, exception types from used libraries, etc.
Usage of UTF-8 is now enforced when doing I/O. If another encoding is required, the
Textvalue that's printed/parsed has to be written/read from disk/network/etc. manually.
Attributeshould be able to take a list of
Rectvalues; error spotted by Henning Gunther.
In some cases, global attribute names were being printed without even an empty list (which doesn't match what dot, etc. expect).
Changes in 29184.108.40.206
Addition of the
Labellableclass (and its method
toLabel) to make it easier to construct labels.
Backslashes (i.e. the
\character) are now escaped/unescaped properly (bug spotted by Han Joosten). As part of this:
Dot-specific escapes such as
\Nare now also handled correctly, so the slash does not need to be escaped.
Newline (
'\n') characters in labels, etc. are escaped to centred-newlines in Dot code, but not unescaped.
Pointvalues can now have the optional third dimension and end in a
!to indicate that that position should be used (as input to Graphviz).
LayerIDvalues, and now has a proper
shrinkimplementation in the test suite.
Changes in 2918.104.22.168
Fixed a mistake in one of the source files that was made just to make haskell-src-exts happier.
Fix the
Arbitraryinstance for
Pointin the testsuite (since there's only one constructor now).
Changes in 2922.214.171.124
Conversion of
FGL-style graphs to
DotReprvalues is now achieved using the new
GraphvizParamsconfiguration type. This allows us to define a single parameter that stores all the conversion functions to pass around rather than having to pass around several functions. This also allows all the non-clustered and clustered functions to be collapsed together, whereas what used to be handled by the primed functions is now achieved by using the
There are three default
defaultParamsprovides some sensible defaults (no attributes or clustering).
nonClusteredParamsis an alias of
defaultParamswhere the clustering type is explicitly set to be
()for cases where you don't want any clustering at all (whereas
defaultParamsallows you to set your own clustering functions).
blankParamssets all fields to be
undefined; this is useful for situations where you have functions that will set some values for you and there is no sensible default you can use (mainly for the clustering function).
Expansion of the
More common functions are now defined as methods (
getID, etc.).
The ability to get more information about the structure of the
DotReprgraph, as well as where all the
DotNodes are, etc.
graphNodesnow returns
DotNodes defined only as part of
DotEdges, and will also merge duplicate
DotNodes together.
graphEdgesalso return
GlobalAttributesthat apply to them.
Pointtype now only has one constructor:
Point Double Double. The
Int-only constructor was present due to historical purposes and I thought that the
Posvalue for a
DotNodewould always be a pair of
Ints; this turns out not to be the case.
PrismOverlapnow only take
Word16values rather than
Ints, as they're not meant to allow negative values (the choice of using
Word16rather than
Wordwas arbitrary, and because it's unlikely those values will be large enough to require the larger values available in
NodeClusterhas been generalised to not have to take an
LNodefor the node type; the type alias
LNodeClusteris available if you still want this.
Several documentation typos fixed, including one spotted by Kevin Quick.
The test-suite now allows running individual tests.
Changes in 29126.96.36.199
graphviz now has an FAQ and an improved README as well as its own homepage.
Canonicalisation of
DotReprvalues is now available with the
Add support for record labels; values are automatically escaped/unescaped. The
MRecordshapes have been added for use with these labels. Requested by Minh Thu and Eric Kow.
Add support for HTML-like values (this replaces the wrong and completely broken URL datatype). Strings are automatically escaped/unescaped.
PortPosvalues are now accepted (as required for record and HTML-like labels).
GraphIDno longer allows HTML-like values (since Graphviz doesn't seem to allow it).
RankSeptakes a list of
Doublevalues as required.
Attributehas a new constructor
UnknownAttributefor use when parsing deprecated Graphviz attributes in old Dot code.
Various parsing fixes; of special note:
Statements no longer need to end in a semi-colon;
Anonymous sub-graphs are now supported.
Edge statements can now handle node groupings (e.g.
a -> {b c}) as well as
portPosvalues (e.g.
a:from -> b:to).
Strings containing non-ASCII characters are now parsed properly (though they are assumed to be encoded with UTF-8). Thanks to Jules Bean (aka quicksilver) for working out how to do this.
More specifically: almost all Dot files that ship with Graphviz, as documentation in the Linux kernel, etc. are now parseable.
A new script to assist in testing whether "real-world" Dot graphs are parseable.
Slight performance increase when parsing: whereas parsing is done case-insensitively, the "correct" case is now checked by default which has a moderate affect on parsing times.
Split lines are now able to be handled when parsing.
Changes in 29220.127.116.11
Added support for generalised
DotGraphs; this optional representation removes the restriction of ordering of Dot statements. This allows for greater flexibility of how to specify Dot code. As an offshoot from this, most relevant functions now utilise a new
DotReprclass that work with both
DotGraphs and the new
GDotGraphs; this shouldn't affect any code already in use.
With the prompting of Noam Lewis, the augmentation functions have been revamped in two ways:
Now contains support for multiple edges.
The ability to perform "manual" augmentation if greater control is desired.
Add a preview function to quickly render and visualise an
FGLgraph using the
Added a pseudo-inverse of the
FGL -> Dotfunctions (a graph is created, but the original node and edge labels are unrecoverable).
Parsingmodules have been moved (from
Reworked file-generating commands such that they return the filename of the created file if successful.
Changes in 2922.214.171.124
Updated and extended functions to interact with the Graphviz tools. This now includes:
a better listing of available output types;
distinguishing file outputs from canvas outputs;
ability to automatically add the correct file extension to file outputs
Return any errors if calling Graphviz failed rather than just printing them to stderr
explicitly named
conversion to/from values from the colour library
OrientationGraph; problems with distinguishing it when parsing from node-based
Orientationvalues; its functionality is duplicated by
By default, the generated Dot code is now no longer indented; you can now use the
prettyPrintfunctions in
Data.GraphVizto produce readable Dot code.
Added a testsuite; this is buildable by building with
--flags-test. Numerous printing and parsing bugs were picked up with this.
Changes in 2922.214.171.124
Remove some
Shapealiases and change capitalisation of others.
Properly parse and print IDs of clusters.
NodeClustervalues to have node types different from the
LNodethey come from.
Changes in 2918.104.22.168
- When used as labels, etc., the Dot keywords
subgraph, and
strictneed to be quoted. Spotted by Kathleen Fisher.
Changes in 29188.8.131.52
Potentially fixed the
graphvizWithHandlebug; correct approach spotted by Nikolas Mayr.
Fixed up
Parsingof various
Attributesub-values, especially
Spline(and hence
Pos, which uses them).
Pre-process out comments and join together multi-line strings before parsing.
Properly parse
Changes in 29184.108.40.206
A major re-write occured; these are the highlights:
Re-write parsing and printing of Dot code using the new
PrintDotclasses. This should finally fix all quoting issues, as well as leaving
Showas the code representation for hacking purposes. As part of this, the
Data.GraphViz.ParserCombinatorsmodule has been moved to
Re-write the various
Dot*datatypes in
Data.GraphViz.Types. Sub-graphs/clusters are now their own entity rather than being part of
DotNodeand the Node ID type is now a type parameter rather than being just
Int. Sub-graphs/clusters can now also be parsed.
The various conversion functions in
Data.GraphViznow come in two flavours: the unprimed versions take in a
Boolindicating if the graph is directed or not; the primed versions attempt to automatically detect this.
Add cluster support for the graph augmentation functions, as requested by Nikolas Mayr.
Allow custom arrow types as supported by GraphViz; as requested by Han Joosten.
Fixed a bug in HSV-style
Colorvalues where
Intwas used instead of
Double; spotted by Michael deLorimier.
Properly resolved the situation initially spotted by Neil Brown: Matthew Sackman was following Dot terminology for an edge
a -> bwhen using head for
band tail for
a(this is presumably because the head/tail of the arrow are at those nodes).
DotEdgenow uses from and to avoid ambiguity; the various
Attributevalues still follow upstream usage.
Changes in 29220.127.116.11
- Fix a bug spotted by Srihari Ramanathan where
Colorvalues were double-quoted.
Changes in 2922.214.171.124
- The
Attributeshould take
[Color], not just a single
Changes in 29184.108.40.206
- Stop using
Eitherfor composite
Attributesand use a custom type: this avoids problems with the
Changes in 2918.104.22.168
Fixed a bug where the Show instance and read function for
DotEdgehad the from/to nodes the wrong way round. This was not immediately noticed since the
DotGraphfunctions created them the wrong way round, so for those users who only used these this was not apparent. Spotted by Neil Brown.
Greatly improved
Attributeusage: almost all attributes are now covered with allowed values.
Extend DotGraph to include whether a graph is strict or not and if it has an ID. Also move the directedGraph field.
Dotrefer to the actual dot command and
DotArrowrefer to the
ArrowType(rather than
Dotas before).
Make the
Data.GraphViz.ParserCombinatorsmodule available to end users again, but not re-exported by
Data.GraphViz; it has a warning message up the top not to be used. It is there purely for documentative purposes.
Use extensible-exceptions so that
base-3.xis once again supported.
Follow the Package Versioning Policy rather than using dates for versions.
Changes in 2009.5.1
New maintainer: Ivan Lazar Miljenovic.
polyparse >= 1.1(as opposed to
< 1.3)
base == 4.*(i.e.
GHC 6.10.*) due to new exception handling.
Include functions from Graphalyze-0.5 for running GraphViz commands, etc.
Module re-organisation.
Data.GraphViz.ParserCombinatorsmodule is no longer available to end users.
Improved Haddock documentation.
Changes in 2008.9.20
Differentiate between undirected and directed graphs (previously only directed graphs were supported).
Clustering support was added.
Older versions
For versions of graphviz older than
2008.9.20, the exact differences
between versions is unknown.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Austrian Economics Overview
Recorded during the 2008 Mises University, Jeffrey Tucker interviews leading Austrian Economists on the topic of Henry Hazlitt's classic book Economics in One Lesson.
This is the third in a series of twelve interviews with leading Austrian Economists discussing each chapter of Hazlitt's book.
View the discussion thread.


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Looks like you are using an old version of Internet Explorer - Please update your browser
Only the few lower layers of stone remain today, but it is of great interest because the lower half of the tomb chamber is exposed.
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Nissan Leaf Test Drive Goes 116 Miles On One Charge
Car manufacturers like to give out estimates for how far their electric vehicles can go on a single charge, but those estimates aren't always very accurate. But it looks like Nissan's claim that the upcoming Leaf EV can go between 62 and 138 miles on a single charge may be true.
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MIIS Faculty Lisa Donohoe Luscombe has recently been published. The article is called Language and identity in a post-Soviet world: language of education and linguistic identity among Azerbaijani students.
Lisa's article was published by the journal, Nationalities Paper: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, and can be found at this link: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/.VADD89JdXcg#.VADH8tJdXcg
Congratulations Lisa!


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Just after seven-thirty on the morning of February 27th, a seventeen-year-old boy named T. J. Lane walked into the cafeteria at Chardon High School, about thirty miles outside Cleveland. It was a Monday, and the cafeteria was filled with kids, some eating breakfast, some waiting for buses to drive them to programs at other schools, some packing up for gym class. Lane sat down at an empty table, reached into a bag, and pulled out a .22-calibre pistol. He stood up, raised the gun, and fired. He said not a word.
Russell King, a seventeen-year-old junior, was sitting at a table with another junior, Nate Mueller. King, shot in the head, fell face first onto the table, a pool of blood forming. A bullet grazed Mueller's ear. "I could see the flame at the end of the gun," Mueller said later. Daniel Parmertor, a sixteen-year-old snowboarder, was shot in the head. Someone screamed "Duck!" Demetrius Hewlin, sixteen, was also shot in the head, and slid under the table. Joy Rickers, a senior, tried to run; Lane shot her as she fled. Nickolas Walczak, shot in his neck, arm, back, and face, fell to the floor. He began crawling toward the door.
Ever since the shootings at Columbine High School, in a Denver suburb, in 1999, American schools have been preparing for gunmen. Chardon started holding drills in 2007, after the Virginia Tech massacre, when twenty-three-year-old Seung-Hui Cho, a college senior, shot fifty-seven people in Blacksburg.
At Chardon High School, kids ran through the halls screaming "Lockdown!" Some of them hid in the teachers' lounge; they barricaded the door with a piano. Someone got on the school's public-address system and gave instructions, but everyone knew what to do. Students ran into classrooms and dived under desks; teachers locked the doors and shut off the lights. Joseph Ricci, a math teacher, heard Walczak, who was still crawling, groaning in the hallway. Ricci opened the door and pulled the boy inside. No one knew if the shooter had more guns, or more rounds. Huddled under desks, students called 911 and texted their parents. One tapped out, "Prayforus."
From the cafeteria, Frank Hall, the assistant football coach, chased Lane out of the building, and he ran off into the woods.
Moments later, four ambulances arrived. E.M.T.s raced Rickers and Walczak to Chardon's Hillcrest Hospital. Hewlin, Parmertor, and King were flown by helicopter to a trauma center at MetroHealth Medical Center, in Cleveland. By eight-thirty, the high school had been evacuated.
At a quarter to nine, police officers with dogs captured Lane, about a mile from the school.
"I hate to say it, but we trained for exactly this type of thing, a school emergency of this type," Dan McClelland, the county sheriff, said.
Danny Parmertor died that afternoon. That evening, St. Mary's Church opened its doors, and the people of Chardon sank to their knees and keened. At the town square, students gathered to hold a vigil. As night fell, they lit candles. Drew Gittins, sixteen, played a Black Eyed Peas song on his guitar. "People killin', people dyin'," he sang. "People got me, got me questionin', Where is the love?"
Russell King had been too badly wounded. A little after midnight, doctors said that they couldn't save him.
There are nearly three hundred million privately owned firearms in the United States: a hundred and six million handguns, a hundred and five million rifles, and eighty-three million shotguns. That works out to about one gun for every American. The gun that T. J. Lane brought to Chardon High School belonged to his uncle, who had bought it in 2010, at a gun shop. Both of Lane's parents had been arrested on charges of domestic violence over the years. Lane found the gun in his grandfather's barn.
The United States is the country with the highest rate of civilian gun ownership in the world. (The second highest is Yemen, where the rate is nevertheless only half that of the U.S.) No civilian population is more powerfully armed. Most Americans do not, however, own guns, because three-quarters of people with guns own two or more. According to the General Social Survey, conducted by the National Policy Opinion Center at the University of Chicago, the prevalence of gun ownership has declined steadily in the past few decades. In 1973, there were guns in roughly one in two households in the United States; in 2010, one in three. In 1980, nearly one in three Americans owned a gun; in 2010, that figure had dropped to one in five.
Men are far more likely to own guns than women are, but the rate of gun ownership among men fell from one in two in 1980 to one in three in 2010, while, in that same stretch of time, the rate among women remained one in ten. What may have held that rate steady in an age of decline was the aggressive marketing of handguns to women for self-defense, which is how a great many guns are marketed. Gun ownership is higher among whites than among blacks, higher in the country than in the city, and higher among older people than among younger people. One reason that gun ownership is declining, nationwide, might be that high-school shooting clubs and rifle ranges at summer camps are no longer common.
Although rates of gun ownership, like rates of violent crime, are falling, the power of the gun lobby is not. Since 1980, forty-four states have passed some form of law that allows gun owners to carry concealed weapons outside their homes for personal protection. (Five additional states had these laws before 1980. Illinois is the sole holdout.) A federal ban on the possession, transfer, or manufacture of semiautomatic assault weapons, passed in 1994, was allowed to expire in 2004. In 2005, Florida passed the Stand Your Ground law, an extension of the so-called castle doctrine, exonerating from prosecution citizens who use deadly force when confronted by an assailant, even if they could have retreated safely; Stand Your Ground laws expand that protection outside the home to any place that an individual "has a right to be." Twenty-four states have passed similar laws.
The day before T. J. Lane shot five high-school students in Ohio, another high-school student was shot in Florida. The Orlando Sentinel ran a three-paragraph story. On February 26th, seventeen-year-old Trayvon Martin left a house in a town outside Orlando and walked to a store. He was seen by a twenty-eight-year-old man named George Zimmerman, who called 911 to report that Martin, who was black, was "a real suspicious guy." Zimmerman got out of his truck. Zimmerman was carrying a 9-mm. pistol; Martin was unarmed. What happened next has not been established, and is much disputed. Zimmerman told the police that Martin attacked him. Martin's family has said that the boy, heard over a cell phone, begged for his life.
Zimmerman shot Martin in the chest. Martin did not survive. Zimmerman was not charged. Outside Orlando, the story was not reported.
The day after the shooting in Ohio, I went to a firing range. I'd signed up for a lesson the week before. Once, when I was in Air Force R.O.T.C. for a year, I spent an afternoon studying how to defeat a sniper, but I'd never held a gun before.
The American Firearms School sits in an industrial park just north of Providence, in a beige stucco building topped with a roof of mint-green sheet metal. From the road, it looks like a bowling alley, but from the parking lot you can tell that it's not. You can hear the sound of gunfire. It doesn't sound like thunder. It doesn't sound like rain. It sounds like gunfire.
Inside, there's a shop, a pistol range, a rifle range, a couple of classrooms, a locker room, and a place to clean your gun. The walls are painted police blue up to the wainscoting, and then white to the ceiling, which is painted black. It feels like a clubhouse, except, if you've never been to a gun shop before, that part feels not quite licit, like a porn shop. On the floor, there are gun racks, gun cases, holsters, and gun safes. Rifles hang on a wall behind the counter; handguns are under glass. Most items, including the rifles, come in black or pink: there are pink handcuffs, a pink pistol grip, a pink gun case, and pink paper targets. Above the pink bull's-eye, which looks unnervingly like a breast, a line of text reads, "Cancer sucks."
The American Firearms School is run by Matt Medeiros, a Rhode Island firefighter and E.M.T. Medeiros is also a leader of the Rhode Island chapter of Pink Heals, a nonprofit organization of emergency and rescue workers who drive pink fire trucks and pink police cars to raise money for cancer research and support groups. Last year, when Pink Heals opened a women's center in West Warwick, Medeiros held a fund-raiser at the Firearms School.
Unlike many firing ranges, which are private clubs, the American Firearms School is open to the public. Most mornings, federal, state, and local law-enforcement agencies, as well as private security firms, rent out the ranges for training and target practice. Classes, from beginner to advanced, are held in the afternoons, and are run by certified instructors.
In many states, to purchase a gun from a licensed dealer you need a permit, which requires you to complete firearms-safety training, not unlike driver's education. But, even if all states required this, not everyone who buys a gun would have to take a class. That's because forty per cent of the guns purchased in the United States are bought from private sellers at gun shows, or through other private exchanges, such as classified ads, which fall under what is known as the "gun-show loophole" and are thus unregulated.
At the American Firearms School, the Learn to Shoot program, for novices, costs forty dollars for ninety minutes: a lesson, a gun rental, range time, two targets, and two boxes of bullets. This doesn't constitute sufficient instruction for a gun permit in the state, but the school offers a one-day, ninety-nine-dollar course that does: Basic Firearms Safety includes shooting fundamentals, a discussion of firearms law, and guidance in safe firearms storage.
The idea that every man can be his own policeman, and every woman hers, has necessitated revisions to the curriculum: civilians now receive training once available only to law-enforcement officers, or the military. A six-hour class on concealed carrying includes a lesson in "engaging the threat." N.R.A. Basic Personal Protection in the Home teaches "the basic knowledge, skills, and attitude essential to the safe and efficient use of a handgun for protection of self and family" and provides "information on the law-abiding individual's right to self-defense," while N.R.A. Basic Personal Protection Outside the Home is a two-day course. A primer lasting three hours provides "a tactical look at civilian life." This raises the question of just how much civilian life is left.
As I waited for my lesson, I paged through a stack of old magazines while watching Fox News on a flat-screen television. In Michigan and Arizona, Mitt Romney and Rick Santorum were competing in that day's Republican primaries. At the top of the hour came the headlines: in Ohio, Demetrius Hewlin had just died. For a tick, the news announcer fell silent.
I put down Field and Stream and picked up American Rifleman, a publication of the N.R.A. The magazine includes a regular column called "The Armed Citizen." A feature article introduced David Keene, the N.R.A.'s new president. Keene, who is sixty-six, is a longtime conservative political strategist. Grover Norquist once called him "a conservative Forrest Gump." The 2012 Presidential election, Keene told American Rifleman, is "perhaps the most crucial election, from a Second Amendment standpoint, in our lifetimes."
The Second Amendment reads, "A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." Arms are military weapons. A firearm is a cannon that you can carry, as opposed to artillery so big and heavy that you need wheels to move it, or people to help you. Cannons that you can carry around didn't exist until the Middle Ages. The first European firearms—essentially, tubes mounted on a pole—date to the end of the fourteenth century and are known as "hand cannons." Then came shoulder arms (that is, guns you can shoulder): muskets, rifles, and shotguns. A pistol is a gun that can be held in one hand. A revolver holds a number of bullets in a revolving chamber, but didn't become common until Samuel Colt patented his model in 1836. The firearms used by a well-regulated militia, at the time the Second Amendment was written, were mostly long arms that, like a smaller stockpile of pistols, could discharge only once before they had to be reloaded. In size, speed, efficiency, capacity, and sleekness, the difference between an eighteenth-century musket and the gun that George Zimmerman was carrying is roughly the difference between the first laptop computer—which, not counting the external modem and the battery pack, weighed twenty-four pounds—and an iPhone.
A gun is a machine made to fire a missile that can bore through flesh. It can be used to hunt an animal or to commit or prevent a crime. Enough people carrying enough guns, and with the will and the training to use them, can defend a government, or topple one. For centuries before the first English colonists travelled to the New World, Parliament had been regulating the private ownership of firearms. (Generally, ownership was restricted to the wealthy; the principle was that anyone below the rank of gentleman found with a gun was a poacher.) England's 1689 Declaration of Rights made a provision that "subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their condition and as allowed by law"; the Declaration was an attempt to resolve a struggle between Parliament and the Crown, in which Parliament wrested control of the militia from the Crown.
In the United States, Article VI of the Articles of Confederation, drafted in 1776 and ratified in 1781, required that "every state shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accoutred, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due number of field pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition and camp equipage." In early America, firearms and ammunition were often kept in public arsenals. In 1775, the British Army marched to Concord with the idea of seizing the arsenal where the Colonial militia stored its weapons. In January of 1787, a Massachusetts resident named Daniel Shays led eleven hundred men, many of them disaffected Revolutionary War veterans, in an attempt to capture an arsenal in Springfield; they had been protesting taxes, but they needed guns and ammunition. Springfield had been an arsenal since 1774. In 1777, George Washington, at the urging of Henry Knox, made it his chief northern arsenal. By 1786, Springfield housed the largest collection of weapons in the United States. In the winter of 1787, the governor of Massachusetts sent the militia to suppress the rebellion; the Springfield arsenal was defended. That spring, the Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia. Among the matters the delegates were to take up was granting to the federal government the power to suppress insurgencies like Shays' Rebellion. From Boston, Benjamin Franklin's sister Jane wrote to him with some advice for "such a Number of wise men as you are connected with in the Convention": no more weapons, no more war. "I had Rather hear of the Swords being beat into Plow-shares, and the Halters used for Cart Roops, if by that means we may be brought to live Peaceably with won a nother."
The U.S. Constitution, which was signed in Philadelphia in September of 1787, granted Congress the power "to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions," the power "to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress," and the power "to raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years."
Ratification was an uphill battle. The Bill of Rights, drafted by James Madison in 1789, offered assurance to Anti-Federalists, who feared that there would be no limit to the powers of the newly constituted federal government. Since one of their worries was the prospect of a standing army—a permanent army—Madison drafted an amendment guaranteeing the people the right to form a militia. In Madison's original version, the amendment read, "The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; a well armed and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." This provision was made in the same spirit as the Third Amendment, which forbids the government to force you to have troops billeted in your home: "No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law."
None of this had anything to do with hunting. People who owned and used long arms to hunt continued to own and use them; the Second Amendment was not commonly understood as having any relevance to the shooting of animals. As Garry Wills once wrote, "One does not bear arms against a rabbit." Meanwhile, militias continued to muster—the Continental Army was disbanded at the end of the Revolutionary War—but the national defense was increasingly assumed by the United States Army; by the middle of the nineteenth century, the United States had a standing army, after all. Harpers Ferry was the U.S. Army's southern armory, Springfield its northern. In 1859, when John Brown and his men raided Harpers Ferry, they went there to get guns.
At the American Firearms School, you can either rent a gun or bring your own. It's like an ice-skating rink that way, except that renting skates when you don't know how to skate is different from renting a gun when you don't know how to shoot. The guys who work at the school don't take any chances. In the twelve years since the school opened, there has never been an accident. "You can't do anything here without us watching you," Tom Dietzel told me. "In a swimming pool, there are lifeguards. And this place is a lot more dangerous than a swimming pool."
Dietzel, who is twenty-four and has long dark hair, is one of the few instructors at the school who isn't ex-military, ex-police, or ex-rescue. He led me to a classroom, opened a case, and took out a .22-calibre Mark III Target Rimfire pistol. Dietzel studied history in college, and on weekends he gives tours of the Freedom Trail, in Boston. We talked about the eighteenth-century portraits in the new wing of the Museum of Fine Arts; we debated the oratory of Joseph Warren. Dietzel owns a flintlock musket; he's a Revolutionary War reënactor, with the Thirteenth Continental Regiment. He showed me a photograph of himself in costume: a cocked hat, a mustard-colored scarf of flax. He could have been painted by Gilbert Stuart.
Dietzel is a skilled and knowledgeable teacher, steady, patient, and calm. He had written safety rules on a whiteboard: Never point your gun at anyone. Keep your finger off the trigger. Don't trust the safety. Assume every gun is loaded.
He explained how to load the magazine. "This is a semiautomatic," he said. "After you fire, it will load the next bullet, but you have to pull the trigger again to fire. We don't have automatics here." Automatic weapons are largely banned by the federal government. "An automatic, you pull the trigger and it keeps shooting." Dietzel shook his head. "Because: why? Why?"
Gun owners may be more supportive of gun-safety regulations than is the leadership of the N.R.A. According to a 2009 Luntz poll, for instance, requiring mandatory background checks on all purchasers at gun shows is favored not only by eighty-five per cent of gun owners who are not members of the N.R.A. but also by sixty-nine per cent of gun owners who are.
Dietzel rose. "Stand like a shortstop about to field a ball," he said.
He showed me how to hold the .22.
Every day, Dietzel goes to work and, at some point, has to hand a gun to a perfect stranger who has never used one. He went over the rules again.
We got earplugs and headgear and ammunition and went to the range. I fired a hundred rounds. Then Dietzel told me to go wash my hands, to get the gunpowder off, while he went to clean the gun.
The halls at the American Firearms School are decorated with framed prints: Monet's "Impression, Sunrise"; van Gogh's "Irises." A sign on the door of the women's restroom reads, "Every Tuesday Is Ladies Night. Ladies Get FREE Range Time from 5:00 PM to 9:00 PM."
I opened the door, and turned on the tap. T. J. Lane had used a .22-calibre Mark III Target Rimfire pistol. For a long time, I let the water run.
On March 8th, Trayvon Martin's father, Tracy Martin, held a press conference in Orlando. "We feel justice has not been served," he said. He demanded the release of recordings of calls to 911. "Family Wants Answers in Teen's Death," the Associated Press reported.
Two days later, the biggest gun show in New England was held in West Springfield, Massachusetts, in an exposition center the size of an airport hangar. (Nationwide, there are about five thousand gun shows annually.) Early in the morning, men with guns lined up to have them inspected at the door: two policemen made sure that every gun was unloaded; a plastic bucket on the floor, half filled with sand, was for dumping ammunition, like the bin at airport security where T.S.A. officers make you chuck your toothpaste. Tickets cost eleven dollars, but there was no charge for children younger than twelve.
Inside was a flea market: hundreds of folding tables draped with felt tablecloths and covered with guns, along with knives, swords, and a great deal of hunting gear. Long guns stood on their stocks, muzzles up. Handguns rested under glass, like jewelry. "Cash for Guns," the sign at the Tombstone Trading Company read. Ammunition was sold outdoors, in cartons, as in the fastener aisle of a hardware store. At the N.R.A. booth, membership came with a subscription to one of the N.R.A.'s three magazines, an N.R.A. baseball hat, twenty-five hundred dollars of insurance, "and the most important benefit of all—protecting the Constitution."
I stopped at the table of Guns, Inc., which advertises itself as the largest firearms dealer in western Massachusetts. Guns, Inc., is also an arsenal: a place where people who don't want to keep their guns at home can pay to have them stored.
In the nineteenth century, the Springfield Armory grew to become the single biggest supplier of long arms to the U.S. Army. It shut its doors in 1968. A National Historic Site now, it houses about ten thousand weapons, most of which are shoulder arms. A sign on the door warns that no firearms are allowed inside. "People ask about that," Richard Colton, a park ranger and the site's historian, told me when I visited, "but we have plenty of guns here already."
The story of the Springfield Armory illustrates a shift in the manufacture and storage of firearms: from public to private. In 1974, a family in Illinois founded a company devoted to arms manufacturing and import called Springfield Armory, Inc. The firm, "the first name in American firearms," is one of the largest of its kind in the United States. Dennis Reese, the current C.E.O., and his brother Tom have staunchly opposed gun regulation. I asked Brian Pranka, of Guns, Inc., if he had any Springfield Armory guns. He said, "You can't buy a Springfield handgun in Springfield." The company does not make handguns that conform to all the gun-safety regulations in states like Massachusetts, New York, and California, and in Illinois they have lobbied the legislature, successfully defeating a state ban on assault weapons. In 2008, the Illinois State Rifle Association gave the Reeses the Defenders of Freedom Award.
On the first day of the Springfield gun show, Trayvon Martin's parents appeared on "Good Morning America." On March 19th, the Department of Justice, responding to growing protests, announced that it would conduct an investigation. On March 23rd, President Obama answered questions about the shooting at a press conference. "If I had a son, he'd look like Trayvon," the President said. Later that day, Rick Santorum spoke outside a firing range in West Monroe, Louisiana, where he'd just shot fourteen rounds from a Colt .45. He told the crowd, "What I was able to exercise was one of those fundamental freedoms that's guaranteed in our Constitution, the right to bear arms."
In the two centuries following the adoption of the Bill of Rights, in 1791, no amendment received less attention in the courts than the Second, except the Third. As Adam Winkler, a constitutional-law scholar at U.C.L.A., demonstrates in a remarkably nuanced new book, "Gunfight: The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America," firearms have been regulated in the United States from the start. Laws banning the carrying of concealed weapons were passed in Kentucky and Louisiana in 1813, and other states soon followed: Indiana (1820), Tennessee and Virginia (1838), Alabama (1839), and Ohio (1859). Similar laws were passed in Texas, Florida, and Oklahoma. As the governor of Texas explained in 1893, the "mission of the concealed deadly weapon is murder. To check it is the duty of every self-respecting, law-abiding man."
Although these laws were occasionally challenged, they were rarely struck down in state courts; the state's interest in regulating the manufacture, ownership, and storage of firearms was plain enough. Even the West was hardly wild. "Frontier towns handled guns the way a Boston restaurant today handles overcoats in winter," Winkler writes. "New arrivals were required to turn in their guns to authorities in exchange for something like a metal token." In Wichita, Kansas, in 1873, a sign read, "Leave Your Revolvers at Police Headquarters, and Get a Check." The first thing the government of Dodge did when founding the city, in 1873, was pass a resolution that "any person or persons found carrying concealed weapons in the city of Dodge or violating the laws of the State shall be dealt with according to law." On the road through town, a wooden billboard read, "The Carrying of Firearms Strictly Prohibited." The shoot-out at the O.K. Corral, in Tombstone, Arizona, Winkler explains, had to do with a gun-control law. In 1880, Tombstone's city council passed an ordinance "to Provide against the Carrying of Deadly Weapons." When Wyatt Earp confronted Tom McLaury on the streets of Tombstone, it was because McLaury had violated that ordinance by failing to leave his gun at the sheriff's office.
The National Rifle Association was founded in 1871 by two men, a lawyer and a former reporter from the New York Times. For most of its history, the N.R.A. was chiefly a sporting and hunting association. To the extent that the N.R.A. had a political arm, it opposed some gun-control measures and supported many others, lobbying for new state laws in the nineteen-twenties and thirties, which introduced waiting periods for handgun buyers and required permits for anyone wishing to carry a concealed weapon. It also supported the 1934 National Firearms Act—the first major federal gun-control legislation—and the 1938 Federal Firearms Act, which together created a licensing system for dealers and prohibitively taxed the private ownership of automatic weapons ("machine guns"). The constitutionality of the 1934 act was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1939, in U.S. v. Miller, in which Franklin Delano Roosevelt's solicitor general, Robert H. Jackson, argued that the Second Amendment is "restricted to the keeping and bearing of arms by the people collectively for their common defense and security." Furthermore, Jackson said, the language of the amendment makes clear that the right "is not one which may be utilized for private purposes but only one which exists where the arms are borne in the militia or some other military organization provided for by law and intended for the protection of the state." The Court agreed, unanimously. In 1957, when the N.R.A. moved into new headquarters, its motto, at the building's entrance, read, "Firearms Safety Education, Marksmanship Training, Shooting for Recreation." It didn't say anything about freedom, or self-defense, or rights.
The modern gun debate began with a shooting. In 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald bought a bolt-action rifle—an Italian military-surplus weapon—for nineteen dollars and ninety-five cents by ordering it from an ad that he found in American Rifleman. Five days after Oswald assassinated President Kennedy, Thomas Dodd, a Democratic senator from Connecticut, introduced legislation restricting mail-order sales of shotguns and rifles. The N.R.A.'s executive vice-president, Franklin L. Orth, testified before Congress, "We do not think that any sane American, who calls himself an American, can object to placing into this bill the instrument which killed the president of the United States."
Gun-rights arguments have their origins not in eighteenth-century Anti-Federalism but in twentieth-century liberalism. They are the product of what the Harvard law professor Mark Tushnet has called the "rights revolution," the pursuit of rights, especially civil rights, through the courts. In the nineteen-sixties, gun ownership as a constitutional right was less the agenda of the N.R.A. than of black nationalists. In a 1964 speech, Malcolm X said, "Article number two of the constitutional amendments provides you and me the right to own a rifle or a shotgun." Establishing a constitutional right to carry a gun for the purpose of self-defense was part of the mission of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, which was founded in 1966. "Black People can develop Self-Defense Power by arming themselves from house to house, block to block, community to community throughout the nation," Huey Newton said.
In 1968, as Winkler relates, the assassinations of Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr., gave the issue new urgency. A revised Gun Control Act banned mail-order sales, restricted the purchase of guns by certain high-risk people (e.g., those with criminal records), and prohibited the importation of military-surplus firearms. That law, along with a great deal of subsequent law-and-order legislation, was intended to fight crime, control riots, and solve what was called, in the age of the Moynihan report, the "Negro problem." The regulations that are part of these laws—firearms restrictions, mandatory-sentencing guidelines, abolition of parole, and the "war on drugs"—are now generally understood to be responsible for the dramatic rise in the U.S. incarceration rate.
The N.R.A. supported the 1968 Gun Control Act, with some qualms. Orth was quoted in American Rifleman as saying that although some elements of the legislation "appear unduly restrictive and unjustified in their application to law-abiding citizens, the measure as a whole appears to be one that the sportsmen of America can live with."
David Keene, the N.R.A.'s president, is the former chairman of the American Conservative Union. In his office in Washington, he has a photograph of Ronald Reagan on the wall and a view of Pennsylvania Avenue out the window. Keene has white hair, blue eyes, and an air of plainspoken geniality. When he was eight or nine, he says, his grandfather taught him how to shoot by aiming a .22 at squirrels and rabbits.
Keene's parents were labor organizers. They never once voted for a Republican. "My first political activity was going door to door passing out pamphlets for J.F.K. in the snows of Wisconsin," Keene told me. In the nineteen-fifties, he said, "Lionel Trilling considered conservatism to be a political pathology." Keene became a conservative in high school, when he read "The Constitution of Liberty," by Friedrich Hayek. In 1960, at the Republican National Convention, Barry Goldwater said, "Let's grow up conservatives, if we want to take this party back, and I think we can someday. Let's get to work." Four years later, Keene volunteered for Goldwater's campaign.
After Goldwater's defeat, Keene finished college and went on to law school. He became the national chairman of the Young Americans for Freedom. "What brought conservatism to dominance was the Great Society," Keene argues, because Johnson's vision represented "the culmination of the thinking that you could solve everything with money, and nothing worked." Keene went to D.C. to work for Spiro Agnew, and then for Richard Nixon.
On Election Day in 1970, Keene was at the White House. Joseph Tydings, a Democratic senator from Maryland who had introduced a Firearms Registration and Licensing Act, was running for reëlection. "The returns were coming in, and someone said, 'What's going on in Maryland?' " Keene recalled. "And someone answered, 'I can tell you this: everywhere except Baltimore, there are long lines of pickup trucks at the polls. He's going down over gun control.' "
In the nineteen-seventies, the N.R.A. began advancing the argument that the Second Amendment guarantees an individual's right to carry a gun, rather than the people's right to form armed militias to provide for the common defense. Fights over rights are effective at getting out the vote. Describing gun-safety legislation as an attack on a constitutional right gave conservatives a power at the polls that, at the time, the movement lacked. Opposing gun control was also consistent with a larger anti-regulation, libertarian, and anti-government conservative agenda. In 1975, the N.R.A. created a lobbying arm, the Institute for Legislative Action, headed by Harlon Bronson Carter, an award-winning marksman and a former chief of the U.S. Border Control. But then the N.R.A.'s leadership decided to back out of politics and move the organization's headquarters to Colorado Springs, where a new recreational-shooting facility was to be built. Eighty members of the N.R.A.'s staff, including Carter, were ousted. In 1977, the N.R.A.'s annual meeting, usually held in Washington, was moved to Cincinnati, in protest of the city's recent gun-control laws. Conservatives within the organization, led by Carter, staged what has come to be called the Cincinnati Revolt. The bylaws were rewritten and the old guard was pushed out. Instead of moving to Colorado, the N.R.A. stayed in D.C., where a new motto was displayed: "The Right of the People to Keep and Bear Arms Shall Not Be Infringed."
Ronald Reagan was the first Presidential candidate whom the N.R.A. had endorsed. David Keene ran Reagan's Southern campaign. Reagan's election, in 1980, made it possible for conservatives to begin turning a new interpretation of the Second Amendment into law. As the legal scholar Reva B. Siegel has chronicled, Orrin Hatch became the chair of the Subcommittee on the Constitution, and commissioned a history of the Second Amendment, which resulted in a 1982 report, "The Right to Keep and Bear Arms." The authors of the report claimed to have discovered "clear—and long-lost—proof that the Second Amendment to our Constitution was intended as an individual right of the American citizen to keep and carry arms in a peaceful manner, for protection of himself, his family, and his freedoms."
In March of 1981, John Hinckley, Jr., shot Reagan, the White House press secretary, James Brady, a D.C. policeman, and a Secret Service agent. He used a .22 that he had bought at a pawnshop. A month later, the Times reported that Harlon Carter, then the N.R.A.'s executive vice-president, had been convicted of murder in Laredo, Texas, in 1931, at the age of seventeen. Carter had come home from school to find his mother distressed. She told him that three teen-age boys had been loitering nearby all afternoon, and that she suspected them of having been involved in stealing the family's car. Carter left the house with a shotgun, found the boys, and told them that he wanted them to come back to his house to be questioned. According to the trial testimony of twelve-year-old Salvador Peña, Ramón Casiano, fifteen, the oldest of the boys, said to Carter, "We won't go to your house, and you can't make us." Casiano took out a knife and said, "Do you want to fight me?" Carter shot Casiano in the chest. At Carter's trial for murder, the judge, J. F. Mullally, instructed the jury, "There is no evidence that defendant had any lawful authority to require deceased to go to his house for questioning, and if defendant was trying to make deceased go there for that purpose at the time of the killing, he was acting without authority of law, and the law of self-defense does not apply." Two years later, Carter's murder conviction was overturned on appeal; the defense argued that the instructions to the jury had been improper.
When the Times broke the Casiano murder story, Carter at first denied it, saying the trial record concerned a different man with a similar name. He later said that he had "nothing to hide" and was "not going to rehash that case or any other that does not relate to the National Rifle Association."
James Brady and his wife, Sarah, went on to become active in the gun-control movement, but neither the assassination attempt nor Carter's past derailed the gun-rights movement. In 1986, the N.R.A.'s interpretation of the Second Amendment achieved new legal authority with the passage of the Firearms Owners Protection Act, which repealed parts of the 1968 Gun Control Act by invoking "the rights of citizens . . . to keep and bear arms under the Second Amendment." This interpretation was supported by a growing body of scholarship, much of it funded by the N.R.A. According to the constitutional-law scholar Carl Bogus, at least sixteen of the twenty-seven law-review articles published between 1970 and 1989 that were favorable to the N.R.A.'s interpretation of the Second Amendment were "written by lawyers who had been directly employed by or represented the N.R.A. or other gun-rights organizations." In an interview, former Chief Justice Warren Burger said that the new interpretation of the Second Amendment was "one of the greatest pieces of fraud, I repeat the word 'fraud,' on the American public by special-interest groups that I have ever seen in my lifetime."
The debate narrowed, and degraded. Political candidates who supported gun control faced opponents whose campaigns were funded by the N.R.A. In 1991, a poll found that Americans were more familiar with the Second Amendment than they were with the First: the right to speak and to believe, and to write and to publish, freely.
"If you had asked, in 1968, will we have the right to do with guns in 2012 what we can do now, no one, on either side, would have believed you," David Keene said.
Between 1968 and 2012, the idea that owning and carrying a gun is both a fundamental American freedom and an act of citizenship gained wide acceptance and, along with it, the principle that this right is absolute and cannot be compromised; gun-control legislation was diluted, defeated, overturned, or allowed to expire; the right to carry a concealed handgun became nearly ubiquitous; Stand Your Ground legislation passed in half the states; and, in 2008, in District of Columbia v. Heller, the Supreme Court ruled, in a 5–4 decision, that the District's 1975 Firearms Control Regulations Act was unconstitutional. Justice Scalia wrote, "The Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia." Two years later, in another 5–4 ruling, McDonald v. Chicago, the Court extended Heller to the states.
Nevertheless, Keene says that all of these gains are fragile, because President Obama—who in his first term has not only failed to push for gun control but has signed legislation extending gun rights—has been hiding his true convictions. (From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the board of the Chicago-based Joyce Foundation, which funds pro-gun-control advocacy and research.) "If this President gets a second term, he will appoint one to three Supreme Court justices," Keene says. "If he does, he could reverse Heller and McDonald, which is unlikely, but, more likely, they will restrict those decisions."
This issue has been delivering voters to the polls since 1970. Conservatives hope that it will continue to deliver them in 2012. Keene, in his lifetime, has witnessed a revolution. "It's not just the conservative political victories, the capture of the Republican Party, the creation of a conservative intellectual élite," he said, "but the whole change in the way Americans look at government." No conservative victories will last longer than the rulings of this Supreme Court.
One in three Americans knows someone who has been shot. As long as a candid discussion of guns is impossible, unfettered debate about the causes of violence is unimaginable. Gun-control advocates say the answer to gun violence is fewer guns. Gun-rights advocates say that the answer is more guns: things would have gone better, they suggest, if the faculty at Columbine, Virginia Tech, and Chardon High School had been armed. That is the logic of the concealed-carry movement; that is how armed citizens have come to be patrolling the streets. That is not how civilians live. When carrying a concealed weapon for self-defense is understood not as a failure of civil society, to be mourned, but as an act of citizenship, to be vaunted, there is little civilian life left.
In 2002, Keene's son David Michael Keene was driving on the George Washington Memorial Parkway when, in a road-rage incident, he fired a handgun at another motorist. He was sentenced to ten years in prison for "using, brandishing, and discharging a firearm in a crime of violence." I asked Keene if this private tragedy had left him uncertain about what the N.R.A. had wrought. He said no: "You break the law, you pay the price."
I asked Keene if any public atrocity had given him pause. He explained that it is the N.R.A.'s policy never to comment on a shooting.
I asked him how he would answer critics who charge that no single organization has done more to weaken Americans' faith in government, or in one another, than the N.R.A.
"We live in a society now that's Balkanized," Keene said. "But that has nothing to do with guns."
On Monday, March 26th, thousands of students rallied in Atlanta, carrying signs that read, "I am Trayvon Martin," and "Don't Shoot!" One week later, in Oakland, a forty-three-year-old man named One Goh walked into Oikos University, a small Christian college. He was carrying a .45-calibre semiautomatic pistol and four magazines of ammunition. He grabbed Katleen Ping, a receptionist, and dragged her into a classroom. Nearby, Lucas Garcia, a thirty-three-year-old E.S.L. teacher, heard a voice call out, "Somebody's got a gun!" He helped his students escape through a back door. Dechen Yangdon, twenty-seven, turned off the lights in her classroom and locked the door. She could hear Ping screaming, "Help, help, help!" "We were locked inside," Yangdon said later. "We couldn't help her."
Goh ordered the students to line up against the wall. He said, "I'm going to kill you all."
They had come from all over the world. Ping, twenty-four, was born in the Philippines. She was working at the school to support her parents, her brother, two younger sisters, and her four-year-old son, Kayzzer. Her husband was hoping to move to the United States. Tshering Rinzing Bhutia, thirty-eight, was born in Gyalshing, India, in the foothills of the Himalayas. He took classes during the day; at night, he worked as a janitor at San Francisco International Airport. Lydia Sim, twenty-one, was born in San Francisco, to Korean parents; she wanted to become a pediatrician. Sonam Choedon, thirty-three, belonged to a family living in exile from Tibet. A Buddhist, she came to the United States from Dharamsala, India. She was studying to become a nurse. Grace Eunhea Kim, twenty-three, was putting herself through school by working as a waitress. Judith Seymour was fifty-three. Her parents had moved back to their native Guyana; her two children were grown. She was about to graduate. Doris Chibuko, forty, was born in Enugu, in eastern Nigeria, where she practiced law. She immigrated in 2002. Her husband, Efanye, works as a technician for A.T. & T. They had three children, ages eight, five, and three. She was two months short of completing a degree in nursing.
Ping, Bhutia, Sim, Choedon, Kim, Seymour, and Chibuko: Goh shot and killed them all. Then he went from one classroom to another, shooting, before stealing a car and driving away. He threw his gun into a tributary of San Leandro Bay. Shortly afterward, he walked into a grocery store and said, "I just shot some people."
On Tuesday night, a multilingual memorial service was held at the Allen Temple Baptist Church. Oakland's mayor, Jean Quan, said, "Oakland is a city of dreams." A friend of Choedon's said, "Mainly, we're praying for her next life, that she can have a better one." In Gyalshing, Bhutia's niece, Enchuk Namgyal, asked that her uncle's body be sent home to be cremated in the mountains above the village, across the world from the country where he came for an education, religious freedom, and economic opportunity, and was shot to death.
Kids in Chardon High are back in school. Nickolas Walczak is in a wheelchair. There are Trayvon Martin T-shirts. Oikos University is closed. The N.R.A. has no comment.
In an average year, roughly a hundred thousand Americans are killed or wounded with guns. On April 6th, the police found One Goh's .45. Five days later, George Zimmerman was charged with second-degree murder. In May, T. J. Lane will appear at a hearing. Trials are to come. In each, introduced as evidence, will be an unloaded gun. ♦


text: Hi Everyone. Another new UK Newbie - this time from the north east of England. been following The Fixx since the early eighties when my mate's sister used to go out with Adam. They used to be massive in Italy when I lived in Rome way back in 1983. Nice to meet you all :-)


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April 4, 2013
Grant pays for new equipment in Mechanical Engineering labs
An Ohio Board of Regents (OBOR) grant of $210,000 has allowed the Mechanical Engineering Department to purchase several high-tech pieces of equipment for its machine shop lab, including a Mazak lathe, a HAAS milling machine, and a FARO 3D measuring arm.
"This enhancement to our Machine Shop positions us to support our region's advanced manufacturing sector needs well into the future, said Shane Bendele, associate professor in Mechanical Engineering.
Making a variety of sophisticated metal parts can be done with the speed and versatility of modern computerized lathes and milling machines. Lathes are machines that cut raw material that is spinning rapidly in a jaw through the use of tool blocks, drills and boring bars to shape parts. Computerized milling machines actually shave off small sections of the part until the final product is produced. Both machines are programmed using computer numerical controls. Technology from FARO permits high-precision 3D measurement, imaging and comparison of parts and structures within production and quality assurance processes.
Bendele gave credit to his team for successfully pursuing the grant, including Dick Bickerstaff, Cheryl Hay, Sherry Layton, Darrin Albaugh, Jan Ellis, Polly Owen, Mary Vaughn, Martina Cora and Robbie Campbell.
National Student Employment Week organizers seek nominations
Did you know that more than 200 student employees are actively working for Columbus State right now? The Career Services Student Employment office invites employees to join them in recognizing National Student Employment Week April 8 to April 12! This is the third annual celebration to thank our student employees for their unique contributions to our campus and community partners.
If you supervise or work alongside a student employee, please take a moment to recognize their efforts and consider nominating them as our 2012-2013 Student Employee of the Year. The winner and all nominees will be recognized later this month at the Student Employee of the Year Reception! For a nomination form, contact Amanda Jennings or call ext. 2156
Also, on Thursday, April 11, Career Services will host a "Coffee with Supervisors" for those on campus who employ student workers in their office or department. The coffee will be held from 8:30 – 10:00 a.m. in WD 312. RSVPs are appreciated to Amanda Jennings.
The student employees themselves have been invited to attend a National Student Employment Week reception on Tuesday, April 9 from 12:00 to 3:00 p.m. in Union Hall 332. Remind your student employee today!
Caregivers Employee Resource Group is April 5
The challenges of caring for others can result in caregivers ignoring their own physical and emotional health. Share your story and network with other employees who also provide care to children, elderly family members or dependent adults. Join the group on Friday, April 5, 11:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. in the Library Studio (Lower Level) for the Caregivers ERG.
Contact Lori
Thomas, Caregivers ERG Liaison, for more information.
Garage closed for cleaning by floors April 4-8
In preparation for In-Service Day and to wash down winter's salt and grime, the Grounds Department will close alternate floors in the garage for spring cleaning.
The roof will be closed today, April 4. On Friday, April 5, the 3rd floor will be closed. Over the weekend April 6 and 7, the entire garage will be closed. And on Monday, April 8, some remaining areas of the first floor may be closed for a short while to complete the job.
Take part in student success conversations
All faculty and staff are invited to join in the following discussions:
What is
Engagement and Why Does It Matter?
Friday April 5, noon to 1:00 p.m., WD 1094 Register
What is "engagement?" Does engagement influence student persistence and attainment? What did we learn from the 2010 survey and could this inform other college initiatives? Bring a lunch and join the discussion. Ideas To Go!
Build A
Student Success Story
Friday, April 19, 1:00 to 2:00 p.m., CT 107 Register
Participants build a student profile from a collection of variables that are often obstacles to learning for our students. Then participants share their ideas and experiences supporting students with these characteristics. Learn about the unique challenges for first generation college students. This is part of the "Academic Onboarding and Renewal" series
Medical Assisting "Test Drive" to take place April 15
The Medical Assisting Program will offer what it's calling a "test drive" on Monday, April 15 from 9:00 a.m. to noon on the Delaware Campus. Faculty, administrators and students in the program will promote the fast-growing field to prospective students by giving them an opportunity them to talk with professors, check out the course requirements and learn more about careers in the field. Michelle Heller is coordinating the Test Drive, if you'd like to find out more.
Heads up on April BLUEprint workshops
Columbus State Advising Services is offering a wide variety of BLUEprint Success Workshops during April, which can really help your students to be successful! Seven brand-new one-hour workshops are being offered this month, which are all listed here: Spring workshops
Workshops for April include: What Google Can't Tell You, Transfer Planning 101, Workplace Professionalism, Advising Outside of the Box, Navigating Cashier and Student Accounting Services, Money Management for Students, and Tackling Test Anxiety. BLUEprint workshops are valuable for both new and returning students!
Colleges combine forces to Take Back the Night
Columbus State, Franklin University and Columbus College of Art and Design will partner April 15 through 19 to present the annual Take Back the Night and Day of Silence activities.
These annual events seek to empower students and community members of the Discovery District to become a safer and more unified community for all residents, visitors and friends. Both of these national movements work to end violence against women and LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) individuals. Through an evening march and vigil on April 15, to town hall meetings, movie screenings and workshops on multiple dates, the annual event raises awareness throughout the Discovery District for these issues. A full schedule of events, dates and times is available from firstname.lastname@example.com.
ITDL seminars coming up:
Building Blackboard Online Tests Using Respondus
This seminar is designed for the faculty members who are already familiar with the basics of the Blackboard, and are ready to start developing online quizzes, exams, or surveys. This seminar will focus on the use basic use of a software tool called Respondus.
Tuesday, April 9 (6:00 - 9:00 PM) - Register
Content Collection I - Revolutionize How Blackboard Course Content is Added, Updated, and Managed (NEW!)
Blackboard's Content Collection is a built-in virtual hard drive that allows instructors to store course materials for easy access and deployment in a course(s). Instructors can link course content items in a course to their course's Content Collection. When an Instructor changes a content item in the Content Collection, all links to the item reflect those changes.
Wednesday, April 10 (8:00 - 10:00 AM) - Register
WebEx Meeting Center Basics
WebEx Meeting Center is a virtual online meeting room which allows Columbus State employees to hold meetings online. WebEx requires participants to have internet access and a computer with a microphone and audio capabilities. All communication is done through the computer, whether a desktop pc or laptop. WebEx allows for multiple participants, up to 200, at different locations to connect online and share any document, power point, web site, or other multimedia. Although WebEx has video capabilities, the focus generally is with sharing data and information with participants.
Thursday, April 11 (9:00 - 11:00 AM) - Register
SEaL to offer Alcohol Awareness Day April 8
Join the Office of Student Engagement and Leadership (SEaL) on Monday, April 8, from 10:00 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. in the Nestor Hall Student Lounge, where they will offer special screenings, prevention information, and local resources for help with alcohol addiction.
Cougar Challenge 5K deadline for t-shirts is
April 5
Staff Advisory Council needs your help! They are looking for runners, walkers and volunteers on April 27 for the second annual Cougar Challenge 5K at Bridgeview Golf Course. Register at www.cougarchallenge.eventbrite.com or volunteer by contacting Yaizmen Fayne at email@example.com or ext. 5131. You need to register by Friday, April 5, to be guaranteed a t-shirt!


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HP Employees to Help Colorado Families
American Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, Nov. 27, 2007 - Military families in Colorado whose major breadwinners are deployed to the Middle East are getting help with seasonal yard tasks from an unexpected source.
From raking leaves to hanging Christmas lights, Hewlett Packard Co. employees will pitch and help three military families Nov. 29 through a partnership with the Minnesota-based Project EverGreen Foundation.
"The HP employees are going above and beyond," said Den Gardner, executive director of the foundation, which matches volunteers and lawn or landscaping firms with military families in need of outdoor help. "In addition to helping the families clean up their yards, they are helping hang up Christmas lights and even helping one military family paint the walls inside their house."
The foundation is a supporter of America Supports You, a Defense Department program connecting citizens and corporations with military personnel and their families serving at home and abroad.
The foundation's "GreenCare for Troops" program was developed in 2006 to provide free lawn and landscape care for families who have a major breadwinner serving in the Middle East. Project EverGreen has signed up more than 1,000 lawn and landscape contractors and volunteers to assist in this effort to help the more than 4,300 military families currently registered with the foundation.
Gardner said the roots of this program go back to the basic mission of his organization. "Quite simply," he explained, "we are working to emphasize the benefits that green spaces provide to our environment, economy and lifestyles. At the same time, we realized that, for many service families, lawn and landscape care can become a burden when there are concerns for the safety of a loved one overseas."
There is no cost or obligation to families who apply to participate in GreenCare for Troops, Gardner said.
"Project EverGreen makes every effort to link families in need with local lawn and landscape firms or community volunteers who have indicated a desire to help," he added.
Gardner said the appreciation expressed by service personnel and their families has been gratifying. "We even had one soldier serving in Iraq ask us to send him a Project EverGreen banner to display -- and we were happy to oblige."
Hewlett Packard employees heard about the need for volunteers in the Colorado Springs area through the Center for Nonprofit Excellence and knew they wanted to pitch in. They contacted Project EverGreen and were matched up with three families in the area, HP officials said.
"We are thrilled to give back," said Tara Agen, Hewlett Packard Imaging and Printing chief of staff. "Lots of our employees volunteer individually, but to do this as a group and really make a difference is very special."
Agen said a lot of the employees involved really wanted to help military families. "I also personally had a sister and brother-in-law who served overseas," she said. "So the decision was an easy one."
*Related Sites:*
GreenCare for Troops [ http://www.projectevergreen.com/newsroom/greencare.html ]
Hewlitt Packard Employees to Help Colorado Families [ http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=48246 ]


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Orange police officer arrested for narcotics theft
Former Orange Police Department officer Taylor Saleme was arrested Tuesday afternoon, June 25, after being implicated in the theft of prescription drugs.
According to a news release from OPD, the department received a complaint in reference to the theft of prescription medication, specifically naming then-officer Saleme, on June 12. During an internal investigation that same day, Saleme resigned from OPD.
Saleme was arrested June 25 after a warrant signed by Judge David Peck was issued charging the former officer with possession of a controlled substance (hydrocodone), a Class A misdemeanor. Saleme was arrested later the same day and booked into the Orange County Jail. Orange County District Attorney Investigator K.C. Breshears assisted in the investigation, according to the release.
Although the news release gave basic information, an examination of the affidavit of probable cause for Saleme's arrest revealed that the internal investigation was initiated after a call from the father of a fellow OPD officer. The man told police that on multiple occasions, he found he was missing medication and said on the previous Saturday, June 8, he discovered 39 missing pills. He originally suspected someone else of the theft and decided in order to catch the thief, he would set a trap. He secretly placed two video cameras at key areas in his home and then set up the bait, a clean pill bottle with 30 doses of hydrocodone, a generic version of the drug commonly known as Vicodin.
On June 12 at approximately 11:30 a.m., the man reported Officer Saleme drove up to his residence while on duty. Saleme asked the man to use his restroom, to which the man agreed. Saleme entered the man's home alone and was the only person in the house at the time. After Saleme left, the man checked the bottle and discovered 21 of the 30 pills were missing. He carefully placed the bottle into a plastic bag to turn over to police, according to the affidavit.
Capt. Cliff Hargrave, who completed the statement for the affidavit of probable cause, reported that he received a call from OPD Police Chief Lane Martin regarding a "serious internal investigation." He arrived at the victim's home and observed the evidence at the scene. Hargrave reported that upon observing the recording, "The video clearly showed Officer Saleme enter the living room, kneel down at the end of the couch where the medication was located, reach down and do something with his hands, then stand up and exit the living room."
Saleme was then called into an interview to discuss the accusation. According to the affidavit, "During the interview, Saleme admitted to stealing a 'handful' of pills from (the victim)." Saleme also indicated he already ingested eight pills, but produced the remaining 13 for his fellow officers who were interviewing him.
Saleme told officers he suffered a shoulder injury and had received at least eight prescriptions from two separate doctors for pain medication, which led to a chemical dependency on the medication. After the interview, Saleme waived his rights and signed a written statement.
One officer said Saleme was "well-liked" around OPD and said the whole situation was "sad."


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Five Stop Story by Five Stop Stories Ltd
by via_web on
September 26, 2011
Filed under App DB, Books, Entertainment, iPad Apps, iPhone Apps
A "Five Stop Story" can be read in five stops on the subway. This app features modern short stories by new writers and provides a short fiction fix in your busy life. Providing you sync the app, short stories will be available when you're offline so the app is the perfect resource for using on the subway. This easy-to-use, intuitive app enables you to relax and escape with a bite-sized short story. The app is updated every week with new stories by exciting new writers. Why not discover a new writer on your way to work?
-Read short stories by a range of talented, new writers
-Find the latest stories | new stories released regularly
-Browse by author, genre or release date
-"Like" your favourite stories
-Share your favourite stories with friends by email, on Twitter and on Facebook
-Read stories offline on the subway/out of network range
-Find out how to see your story published on the app
-Read author biographies
-Lock screen to stop phone locking/ screen dimming
-Increase/decrease font size
-Available on iPhone, iPad and iPod touch
Developer Website: http://www.fivestopstory.com