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Chronic cough is defined as cough lasting more than 2 months. Common causes for chronic cough in nonsmokers with normal chest radiographs and pulmonary functions include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), cough-variant asthma (CVA), and upper airway cough syndrome (UACS). Current guidelines recommend diagnosing the etiology of chronic cough based upon the results of therapy for suspected GERD, CVA, and UACS. Despite following current recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, the cause for a significant proportion of chronic cough remains unexplained.
Recent reports indicate the resolution of chronic cough following treatment of concomitantly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Whether this represents a co-occurrence of two commonly prevalent disorders or a pathophysiologic relationship between OSA and cough remains unknown. This review offers insights into a pathophysiologic link between OSA and the commonly purported etiologies for cough, namely, GERD, UACS, and CVA. In addition, evidence for a relationship between airway inflammation that can trigger or perpetuate cough and OSA is discussed. This review explores mechanisms by which nocturnal continuous positive airway therapy resolves cough by improving underlying airway inflammation secondary to OSA and impacts upon GERD, CVA, and UACS.
Sundar KM; Daly SE. Chronic cough and OSA: a new association? J Clin Sleep Med 2011;7(6):669-677.
Chronic cough affects 9% to 33% of the adult population.1,2 A significant proportion of chronic cough occurs in nonsmoking populations with normal chest radiographs and pulmonary function tests, in whom upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and cough-variant asthma (CVA) are empirically treated.2,3 Despite addressing the etiologies of UACS, GERD, and CVA, a significant proportion of chronic cough patients fail to resolve their cough.4 The percentage of unexplained cough has varied from 12% to 42%, depending on the clinical series.5 Recent studies indicate that the treatment of concomitant obstructive sleep apnea may help with cough resolution.6,7 The current review explores the pathophysiologic bases of the association between cough and sleep apnea, while outlining future areas for inquiry. Two cases are described first to give insight into the spectrum of chronic cough patients who can improve following therapy for OSA.
A 61-year-old nonsmoking female was referred with an 18-year history of chronic cough. She presented with a dry cough that was worse at night and during the winter months. She gave a history of occasional GERD, significant sinus congestion, and post-nasal drip with seasonal worsening. In addition, she carried a diagnosis of childhood asthma but had no exercise-induced wheezing, nocturnal awakenings, or specific allergen-related exacerbations. She reported frequent episodes of bronchitis following upper respiratory infections that resulted in use of multiple courses of antibiotics and steroids to relieve dyspnea and nasal and chest congestion. A constant feature of these bronchitic episodes was nocturnal cough that would keep her from sleeping. She was treated by her primary care physician with a second-generation antihistamine, nasal steroid, bronchodilators and inhaled steroids (fluticasone-salmeterol combination), montelukast, and a proton-pump inhibitor. She had multiple normal chest x-rays and pulmonary function tests.
Investigative workup included a negative methacholine challenge test, ENT evaluation including sinus radiography, and UGI endoscopy. Her Rocky Mountain RAST (radioallergosorbent test) panel showed elevated IgE antibodies to Mountain cedar; skin scratch allergy tests showed wheal and erythema reactions to Kentucky bluegrass, Bermuda grass, Mountain cedar, cat hair, and Western Juniper. Sputum eosinophilia is not routinely performed at our institution and therefore was not done. Exhaled nitric oxide measurements were 13 parts per billion (normal < 25ppb).
The patient followed up several times over the next 5 years. Her therapies consistently included an oral antihistamine tablet, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist, and a proton-pump inhibitor, with off and on use of inhaled steroids/bronchodilators. With exacerbations, inhaled steroids, bronchodilators, and antibiotics were added. Each time the cough would improve temporarily. Over time, she started complaining of increasing fatigue and sleep disruptions from her cough. Additionally, she complained of daytime somnolence. An overnight oximetry was abnormal. Five years after her initial presentation, she was diagnosed with severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] 47), and she initiated therapy with nocturnal continuous positive airway (CPAP) therapy at 8 cm water pressure. The patient has followed up for more than a year after initiation of CPAP therapy and notes dramatic improvement in her cough. In addition to improvements in sleep quality and reductions in awakenings from nocturnal cough, she has not experienced the frequent episodes of bronchitis as she did prior to CPAP therapy. In addition to using nocturnal CPAP and maintenance proton-pump inhibitors, she uses an antihistamine and a leukotriene receptor antagonist to control her nasal secretions.
A 60-year-old nonsmoking female presented with a 6-month history of chronic cough following an episode of pneumonia. Three months after her pneumonia, she was diagnosed with severe sleep apnea (AHI 50), but was not using her CPAP. She has a past medical history significant for depression, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, GERD, osteoarthritis, and hypothyroidism. She was taking levothyroxine, hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene, fluoxetine, naproxen, trazodone, zolpidem, and omeprazole. Pulmonary function tests and chest x-ray were normal. After starting nocturnal CPAP she had complete resolution of her chronic cough.
In the first case, the patient underwent treatment for the most common causes of chronic cough for nearly 20 years. She experienced exacerbations of her cough that improved with antibiotics and oral steroids. However, the cough never resolved completely. Eventually, her daytime somnolence lead to her diagnosis of OSA (her only risk factor for OSA was being postmenopausal). Her cough dramatically improved after the initiation of CPAP. The second patient had a much shorter duration of cough (6 months). She was at higher risk for OSA due to her comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, thyroid disease, obesity, and depression). She was noncompliant with CPAP therapy and presented with chronic cough. Following re-initiation of nocturnal CPAP, her cough resolved completely.
These two cases depict a clinical scenario increasingly encountered in pulmonary practices, where chronic cough is one of commonest reasons for referral to a subspecialist.8 The chronic cough guidelines proposed by the American College of Chest Physicians recommend the diagnosis of cough based on the response to directed therapy of the suspected etiology of cough (Figure 1).3 Earlier studies on chronic cough showed that in nonsmokers without underlying parenchymal lung disease, the triad of GERD, UACS (formerly postnasal drip syndrome), and CVA accounted for nearly 90% of causes of chronic cough.1,9 GERD, UACS, and CVA are highly prevalent clinical conditions in the general population. However, there are few noninvasive tests to reliably diagnose GERD and UACS. Therefore, in the majority of patients suspected to have one or more of these conditions, treatments are based on a clinical history and physical exam. Radiologic and pulmonary function studies help with the diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma, but lack of abnormalities in these studies does not preclude a trial of symptom-based treatment in the majority of patients. An algorithm-driven approach has been shown to improve symptoms in up to 93% of patients presenting with chronic cough.10–12 Most of the algorithmic approaches are heavily weighted towards the demonstration of recalcitrant GERD or UACS as a potential cause for the cough when resolution of cough has not been achieved with empiric management of one or more of the triad of chronic cough causes.13 Systematic placebo-controlled studies showing benefit of antireflux therapies14 and therapies directed at UACS15 in resolution of cough are lacking. Patients failing to improve their cough with specific therapies for GERD, UACS, and CVA form an increasing proportion of patients at cough referral clinics clumped under the entity of "idiopathic" or unexplained cough (Table 1).
ACCP outline for approach to chronic cough in adults (Reprinted with permission)84
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Studies on idiopathic cough
[i] IL-8, Interleukin-8; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor- α; BAL, Bronchoalveolar lavage.
OSA is postulated to perpetuate chronic cough based upon reports of improvement of cough following application of nocturnal CPAP for concomitant sleep apnea.6,7 Usually therapies for OSA are rendered in conjunction with other therapies for UACS, GERD or CVA; therefore the impact of treatment of OSA in relation to cough resolution has not been determined in isolation.7 A retrospective study on 75 patients with chronic cough in community-based pulmonary practice found that 44% of patients had OSA.7 Improvement of cough was seen in 93% of patients optimized on CPAP therapy with treatment of OSA.7 Current guidelines are yet to incorporate evaluation of OSA as a part of evaluation for chronic cough.16 In order to better understand the association between OSA and chronic cough, a number of aspects have to be considered.
The prevalence of OSA increases with age and body mass index. OSA prevalence based on values of AHI ≥ 5 increases with age, from 8% in 20- to 44-year-olds to 20% in 45- to 64-year-olds, and to 30% in 65- to 100-year-old men.17 Even though the prevalence of cough is quite high in the general population, unexplained cough is higher in middle-aged females, with the mean age of chronic cough in studies being 46-60 years.5 This overlaps with the age group in which the prevalence of OSA as assessed by clinical and laboratory criteria (AHI ≥ 10) starts peaking.17 Even though the prevalence of sleep apnea is lower in adult females, there is a significant increase in OSA prevalence in postmenopausal females, with a higher prevalence of REM-related sleep disordered breathing in women under the age of 55 years.18,19 In addition, sleep apnea tends to be underdiagnosed in women because of atypical manifestations of sleep disordered breathing.20
The relationship between OSA and BMI is relatively a linear one, especially until the age of 60.20 Even a 10% increase in weight in subjects with mild or no OSA increases the risk of developing significant OSA (AHI ≥ 15) by 6-fold.21 In contrast, despite the high prevalence of cough reported in general population that has been attributed to airway diseases, GERD, smoking, and air pollution,1,22 only 2 studies have reported BMI values in their subjects.7,23 One retrospective study showing linkage between chronic cough and OSA had a mean BMI of 32 in its 75 chronic cough subjects, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.5.7 The study by Smith et al. looking at cough-reflux associations found a mean BMI of 27.3 in 71 subjects, with a female-to-male ratio of 77%.23 Future studies on chronic cough should report the BMI values of their subjects, especially given the associations of obesity with asthma and GERD, 2 conditions that are implicated often in the etiology of chronic cough.22
The simplistic view that prolonged treatment of the etiologies of UACS and GERD in patients without CVA or EB can potentially improve chronic cough is based upon non-randomized, non-placebo controlled clinical studies. The pathological substrate for chronic cough in these subjects remains elusive. It is not possible to localize the source of cough to upper vs. lower airways with current modalities. One small study examining the histopathology of the airways in patients with chronic cough showed submucosal infiltration with mast cells and other changes of airway remodeling.24 Airway inflammation in chronic cough subjects has also been surmised from abnormalities on exhaled breath condensate25 and increased airway wall thickness on chest CT scans.26 Despite the demonstration of airway inflammation by various modalities, there has been considerable debate about the contribution to airway inflammation from the traumatic act of coughing.27
A number of studies have shown that chronic cough often starts with a cold-like or a flu-like illness, with a tendency of the cough to persist after an acute productive phase (Figure 2).28 In this model of chronic cough, a number of factors, especially airway hyperreactivity, GERD, and continuing postnasal drip can continue to perpetuate the cough.28 Even though a mechanism of protracted airway inflammation perpetuated by multiple etiologies may explain the persistence of the cough, no other abnormalities apart from the finding of eosinophilic airway inflammation29 have been shown to cause cough. This opens the scope for a wide variety of etiologies that can result in airway inflammation, ranging from air pollution to OSA to perpetuate cough in susceptible subjects.22
Worsened cough reflex sensitivity following a viral infection that returns normal in the majority; in subset of patients however the cough hypersensitivity persists (Reprinted with permission)28
There are several likely mechanisms by which obstructive sleep apnea can lead to cough. OSA worsens the postulated triggers of GERD, UACS, and asthma. In addition, OSA is associated with a higher frequency of upper respiratory tract infections that may initiate cough.
OSA and GERD are inextricably related with the plausible increase in reflux during the increasing negative intrathoracic pressures encountered during an apneic episode.30 Studies have shown increased reflux events in patients with OSA, characterized by increased nocturnal time spent with an esophageal pH < 4.0 and delayed esophageal clearing.31 However, a temporal relationship between reflux and apneic events has not been clearly established,31,32 and obstructive apneic events have not been shown to decrease lower esophageal or upper esophageal tone.32,33 A relationship between OSA and non-acid esophageal reflux has not been shown. In addition, the effect of lax lower esophageal sphincter tone,32 hiatal hernias,34 and reflux esophagitis35 in furthering acid reflux in patients with OSA is also unclear. Despite the lack of clear cut mechanistic associations, CPAP therapy improves GERD with CPAP therapy by abolishing apneic spells and reflexly increasing lower esophageal sphincter tone.31,36,37 With regard to chronic cough, a link between chronic cough and OSA occurring through GERD was postulated a decade ago.38 Even though an improvement in GERD (and possibly non-acid esophageal reflux) can be anticipated in chronic cough patients with concomitant OSA, further studies examining acoustic cough monitoring and combined pH-impedance measurements during apneic episodes are needed.
OSA can be associated with increases in nasal inflammation that is improved with humidification of nasal CPAP.39–41 Nasal inflammation in OSA patients occurs directly from the OSA itself39 and from the effects of CPAP therapy.41 Whether there is any relation between nasal inflammation occurring in OSA patients and propensity to cough is unknown. Apart from these studies, the bulk of the literature pertaining to nasal and sinus disease in OSA relates to the effects of increased nasal resistance causing sleep disturbances, particularly in children.
Current asthma guidelines recommend testing for OSA in overweight or obese patients with poorly controlled asthma.42 Recent studies indicate that the association of OSA with uncontrolled asthma may be independent of obesity.43 A number of different pathways can bring about heightened airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in patients with OSA.44 These include local and systemic mechanisms that can cause heightened airway inflammation and potentiate asthmatic responses in patient with OSA.44
OSA patients experience frequent respiratory infections, especially common colds.45 These upper respiratory infections initiate cough in a third of patients with chronic cough.7,28
Abnormalities in the soft palate, uvula, and upper airway musculature are invariable in patients with OSA secondary to trauma stemming from recurring obstructive events.46–48 The implications of upper airway abnormalities in triggering cough receptors are unknown.
OSA and obesity have been shown to increase airway inflammation.49 While it is not clear whether the airway inflammation seen in OSA patients can initiate or perpetuate chronic cough in susceptible patients, the association of airway inflammation with OSA points to the possibility of airway inflammation being the substrate for chronic cough. It is therefore imperative to understand the mechanisms of airway inflammation in OSA patients that may be responsible for cough. Table 2 enumerates the studies and methodologies used to demonstrate airway inflammation in patients with OSA.40,50–55 Since obesity per se can lead to airway inflammation,56 there exists controversy about the contributions of OSA vs. obesity in the causation of increased airway inflammation in obese sleep apnea patients.50,51,53 Similarly, bronchial hyperreactivity has been reported in OSA,57 with the additional development or worsening of bronchial hyperresponsiveness with CPAP.57,58 Bronchial wall thickness is increased in patients with OSA and shows a positive correlation with AHI, the most widely used measure of OSA severity.57
Studies on obstructive sleep apnea and airway inflammation
[i] NO, nitric oxide; eNO, exhaled nitric oxide; EBC, exhaled breath condensate; BH, bronchial hyperreactivity; UPPP, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty; CT, computerized tomography; IL-6, Interleukin-6; AHI, apnea-hypopnea index; IL-1α, Interleukin-1α, IL-6, Interleukin-6; TGFβ, Transforming growth factor-β; hsCRP, highly sensitive C-reactive protein; α1AT, α1 anti-trypsin; IL-8, Interleukin-8; ICAM-1, Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; iNOS, inducible NO synthase.
A number of mechanisms have been postulated to increase airway inflammation in sleep apnea patients:
Recurrent trauma secondary to obstructive apnea.49,50,54 Even though this kind of mechanical trauma is well understood in the case of upper airways,54 models explaining the mechanisms of lower respiratory tract inflammation from recurrent upper airway obstruction are lacking.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury to lower airways occurring from obstructive episodes.49–55 This remains the most widely ascribed mechanism for airway inflammation secondary to OSA. The correlation of degree of hypoxemia (most profound in REM sleep of OSA patients) and degree of lipid peroxidation measured in exhaled breath condensates lends weight to this hypothesis.55
Coaggregation of obesity in OSA patients.49,51,53,57 Obesity can be independently associated with airway inflammation and ongoing research to explain the occurrence of a higher prevalence of asthma in obese patients has focused on leptin-mediated systemic inflammation.59 Adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ serving as a reservoir for cytokines (adipokines) that can lead to low-grade systemic inflammation that may account for the increased inflammation observed in the respiratory tract.59
Spillover from systemic inflammation secondary to OSA.60 Apart from local inflammation brought about the above-mentioned mechanisms, systemic inflammation occurring in OSA patients is manifested in the form of increased levels of C-reactive protein, TNF-α, IL-6, elevated oxidant tone,61,62 and increased sympathetic tone.63
A case series and a large retrospective study till date have shown a benefit with CPAP on chronic cough.6,7 Improvements in these reports occurred in patients that had been tried on multiple other therapies for cough.6,7 Interestingly, the clinical profile of patients improving with CPAP and those who did not require CPAP therapy does not appear different.64 CPAP has also been shown to be helpful in treating chronic nocturnal cough that is present in the supine position.65 This study had a small sample size and did not clearly address if these patients underwent a polysomnogram.65
A number of potential mechanisms can explain the improvement of cough with CPAP therapy
CPAP and the cough reflex: Widdicombe's ground-breaking studies on elucidation of afferent vagal activity following lung inflation and deflation identified a variety of stretch receptors.66 Among these, the tracheal/bronchial rapidly acting receptors and intermediate receptors mediate the cough triggered by mechanical and chemical stimuli.66 In addition to these stretch receptors, the activation of unmyelinated C-fibers that account for the majority of afferent nerves innervating the lungs leads to cough.67 While a number of these "cough" receptors are likely to be affected by the increase in pulmonary functional residual capacity induced by positive pressure therapy, it is not clear how stabilization of the mechanical stresses induced during sleep disordered breathing affects peripheral cough sensitivity.
Impact of CPAP on the purported etiologies of cough
GERD: Despite the lack of clear relation between GERD and OSA as discussed above, CPAP therapy has been shown to improve reflux as measured symptomatically36,68 and as measured using esophageal pH-impedance measurements.30,31,35–37,69 These benefits may be more pronounced in patients with a patulous lower esophageal sphincter, hiatal hernia, and abnormal esophageal motility.34 The main mechanism of increased reflux in OSA patients is via an increase in transient lower esophageal relaxations rather than the increased gradient between the negative esophageal pressure and the positive gastric pressure.32,35 Postulated mechanisms for improvements in CPAP-related reductions in GERD include increases in tone of the lower esophageal sphincter, thereby reducing the gradient for reflux.32,35,69 In addition, patients on CPAP have less frequent and lesser durations of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations.32,35–37 The effect on GERD by CPAP has been postulated to be the main mechanism by which CPAP can improve chronic cough.38
Asthma: No studies exist on the effect of CPAP on cough-variant asthma. While large scale prospective studies on asthma improvement following OSA treatment are lacking, current studies indicate an improvement in asthma control following CPAP therapy.70,71 There is, however, a concern about CPAP use causing bronchial hyperactivity.58,72
UACS: CPAP use has been shown to cause increased nasal inflammation that can improve with heated humidification.41
Effect of CPAP on airway inflammation: Measurements of exhaled breath condensates in OSA patients show improvement following CPAP therapy.55,73,74 In addition, multiple studies show improvement in systemic inflammation following CPAP therapy in OSA patients.75–77 How this improvement in systemic and airway inflammation can improve chronic cough remains to be proven.
In addition to the above, while the mechanisms perpetuating chronic cough remain elusive, factors that lead to resolution of cough remain largely unexplored. It is expected that patients resolve cough following acute respiratory infections with the inflamed airway "healing" with time following resolution or removal of the acute insult. However patients with OSA may not be able to "heal" this acute insult due to sleep deprivation related immune dysfunction78 and/or perpetuation of ongoing mechanical and inflammatory insults to the respiratory tract during apneic-hypopneic episodes. The impact of restorative sleep in improving disease-related injury and inflammation may be most significant in the respiratory tract, where the effects of recurrent mechanical trauma coupled with inflammatory effects of arousals has the potential to cause continuation of airway inflammation.
While most series have concentrated upon the approach and management to a single protracted episode of cough, 18% of patients' cough reoccurs within 3 months of follow-up.79 While this recurrence of cough has been attributed to ongoing reflux, UACS, or CVA,79 untreated OSA as a cause of cough recurrence has not been investigated.
The association between chronic cough and sleep apnea is based upon a few reports.6,7,80,81 Cough is a frequent complaint in patients with OSA,82 and OSA prevalence appears to be high in patients with chronic cough.7 Despite this limited evidence, the need for OSA evaluation and therapy has been incorporated in one set of chronic cough guidelines16 and for management of cough in pediatric patients.81 The finding of improvement in cough with CPAP therapy raises a number of questions about potential pathologic substrates for chronic cough and the impact of untreated OSA in the causation or perpetuation of cough. Following areas of research may lead further insight into mechanistic relationship between OSA and cough
Mechanisms of lower airway inflammation in OSA patients.
Temporal relationships between acid and nonacid reflux, apnea and cough.
Effect of CPAP on cough reflex.
Prospective evaluation of chronic cough patients for OSA and impact of CPAP therapy in improving capsaicin sensitivity and chronic cough.
The field of chronic cough is entering into an exciting phase with identification of airway receptors that mediate cough reflex in a wide variety of conditions82 and the ability to monitor cough and link it to potential etiologies.83 OSA can impact multiple aspects of upper and lower airway structure and function that can potentially lead to lowered cough sensitivity and/or perpetuation of cough. Understanding mechanisms by which OSA can lead to inflammation at various parts of the airway and how positive airway pressure influences the cough reflex and OSA-related inflammation is crucial to elucidate the relationship between OSA and chronic cough.
This was not an industry supported study. The authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
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Lee SY, Cho JY, Shim JJ, Kim HK, Kang KH, Yoo SH, In KH, authors. Airway inflammation as an assessment of chronic nonproductive cough. Chest. 2001;120:1114–20. [PubMed]
Birring SS, Brightling CE, Symon FA, et al., authors. Idiopathic chronic cough: association with organ specific autoimmune disease and bronchoalveolar lymphocytosis. Thorax. 2003;58:1066–70. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Birring SS, Murphy AC, Scullion JE, Brightling CE, Brown M, Pavord ID, authors. Idiopathic chronic cough and organ specific autoimmune diseases: a case-controlled study. Respir Med. 2004;98:242–6. [PubMed]
Chaudhuri R, MacMahon AD, Thomson LJ, et al., authors. Effect of inhaled corticosteroids on symptom severity and sputum mediator levels in chronic persistent cough. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:1063–70. [PubMed]
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Decalmer S, Woodcock A, Greaves M, Howe M, Smith J, authors. Airway abnormalities at flexible bronchoscopy in patients with chronic cough. Eur Respir J. 2007;30:1138–42. [PubMed]
Ryan NM, Vertigan AE, Bone S, Gibson PG, authors. Cough reflex sensitivity improves with speech language pathology management of refractory chronic cough. Cough. 2010;6:5[PubMed Central][PubMed]
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Bucca CB, Bugiani M, Culla B, et al., authors. Chronic cough and irritable larynx. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:412–9. [PubMed]
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Alonso-Fernandez A, Garcia-Rio F, Arias MA, et al., authors. Effect of CPAP on oxidative stress and nitrate efficiency in sleep apnoea: a randomised trial. Thorax. 2009;64:581–6. [PubMed]
Kimoff RJ, Hamid Q, Divanghi M, authors. Increased upper airway cytokines and oxidative stress in severe obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J. 2011;38:89–97. [PubMed]


text:
^^ i believe it may just all be personal setup, im sure you wil change a few things around, also i am gonna experiment around, and probabally have a few things different than the setup recomended here,,, the setup given is just a "base setup" that is put on the truck , then additional tuning comes from there also tire choice is HUGE i was running one set with softer compound, switched to the same tire, but harder compound and it handled completely differently throw on your silver sway bar at practice, see what it does, take note and see if you like it or not, it will let the car have a bit more body roll since its softer
im goin big, then goin home
Ken, if you can, shoot me a pm of your entire setup. I'll work with you on it. Something's got to be going on, cuz this thing steers as well as any RC vehicle I've ever had.
milkman, I try to check on this thread as often as I can. Sometimes I'm gone for days or an entire week. I appreciate any patience due to my schedule. Thanks.
As for setup differences. I do not know what Tim's setup is. Different people will have different setups. The setup I posted is just a general "BASE" setup. There will be lots of times that I will not be running the exact same setup as I posted. There are also different ways to get the same feel. I think you may be focusing too much on the setup. Maybe it's how you're entering the corners or approaching different parts of the track.
Driving is just as important as setup. Tim and I bounce things off of each other pretty often, and we agree on setup principle and theory, but we each have different driving styles and our hand/eye coordination are perpetually changing. Sometimes I make a few changes to my setup just because my mental reflex/ muscle memory and timing are different than the last time I was on the track.
I feel you're getting too caught up in a specific setup. I recommend really studying and understanding what each setting does and what each change will make and how it effects other areas. It takes time to absorb it all and understand. I've been doing this for a while and I've raced practically everything.
Let's focus on one thing at a time. You can also PM me with specific questions.
Hang in there. you'll get it worked out. and I'll help you.
Last edited by Slaydaddy; 02-17-2010 at 04:36 AM.
milkman, I also noticed you're from PA. If you're at the motorama event this weekend, please come by. I'd like to meet you and help you out personally.
cobalt, You're on the right track.!
I have tracked down my lack of steering to an issue with the servo saver (bad bearings despite the truck never seeing moisture or water) It was causing the whole rack to drag and just plain not work right! Now, I can see how it REALLY can steer and cannot wait to get back on the track with it! Ill post back after the weekend
Welcome to Traxxas.com Yes, EVERYONE here IS a Pro Racer.... [/sarcasm]
thanx steve! im goin to try the truck tonight and ill let ya know what i think of the setup!!
im goin big, then goin home
thanks for the input, I was not mad you didnt get to me right away! I just wanted to be sure you saw it!!!
And by the way, thanks for the offer about this weekend, But I just had a baby and its my sons first pine wood derby race!
I think your right about me focusing. I am going to try 10k in the rear and switch to the rear silver sway bar to see what happens. I am going to do one at a time. My track is hard to read. Its loose dirt in some places and hard packed high bite dirt!
Last edited by milkman; 02-17-2010 at 01:42 PM.
Three Summits
Ok guys,
Just got done setting up the recommended 1.5 toe out. (Plus the rest of the set up sheet from Steve) I just purchased the Toe tool from RPM, but it's been a little difficult to get a good reference point on the Slash tires. The little manual shows ribbed front tires which would be much easier. Any ideas? Also, I'm not sure if it's just an optical thing, but when I'm at or near what seems to be 1.5 of toe out, it looks fairly extreme. Any thoughts? Thanks!
Not too difficult to overcome...just use either the inside or outside of the tires. It should look fairly odd...but I wouldn't call it EXTREME.Originally Posted by mewalsh100
Paul Valenti
Slash 4X4 #25 (Mark Jenkins)
... ran at the track, since my driving isnt good and im still not use to the truck, i didn notice a lot of difference, it did seem to corner smoother and better and be more predictable tho,, i stil was havin the back end kick out, but i think the silver sway bar will take care of that, or different tires, the track wa kinda damp today , and last times i ran it was dry, so it coulda been just my driving,
im goin big, then goin home
Ive never quite understood the RPM Toe Gauge this is what I do:Originally Posted by mewalsh100
OR, if you want morw accuracy, spend $8 on a set of wheels and leave them un mounted use for setup only. That takes the tire out of the equation.
Welcome to Traxxas.com Yes, EVERYONE here IS a Pro Racer.... [/sarcasm]
Have to ask this because....well..I am new and just don't know I just got my ACE 1015. Did you use the stock arm,another arm or cut it as needed? Are servo arms interchangeable? I don't want to pull my rig apart until I know I have what I need. Thanks.
Depends on the spline count on the ACE servo. If the stocker doesnt fit the ACE, then Im sure the ACE came with a variety of arms. Find the arm that best matches the stock, and put it on. I dont recall if the truck comes with extra arms or not, that would be the easiest way to do it.
Welcome to Traxxas.com Yes, EVERYONE here IS a Pro Racer.... [/sarcasm]
Ken 448 - Thanks! That's a great idea. I have the RPM camber tool as well.
ACE is Futaba (25T) spline and Traxxas is Futaba spline. You should be fine using the same servo horn.Originally Posted by yeti as3
I approve of this message
Thanks guys.Originally Posted by marksp
ok update.
I went to the trak last night and it is def more dialed in.
I added the Calibers M3 and retuned everything to spec from you Steve.
I then changed to a silver sway bar before I went and it now seems like the back end is a little loose.
I come off the straight and there is a 90* turn to then set up for a large double. I CAN NOT set up for the turn. The back end wants to spin out on me. Some other turns are like that too.
My questions is without changing too much what subtle changes can I make that would directly effect this to make it kick out less?
Should I go back to the black sway bar? Should I add less or more camber? Should I bump up to 10K diff oil to prevent less diff action coming into the turn?
thanks, I am almost there!!!
Three Summits
I would go back too the black swaybar , and take out a little camber and see if that doesnt give you more grip .
At WARN 80% and climbing !
Steve...trying your setup this weekend . What shock oild do you run?
I was running Associated but was going to switch to Losi. Thx
thanks for the sugestions. I was thinking that exactly. What adverse effect will more camber have on the truck in the rear?
I am still learning what everything does!!
Three Summits
I am back down to -1* and a black sway bar, I will try that and report back.
Three Summits
jim what i discovered is when entering a 90 degree turn with a loose rear end let the car do the work for you. try just a touch of steering input and then wait for the back end to make the turn for you. so many time i think i have a set up problem and actually if i adj my driving to how the car is handling all of a sudden im faster.Originally Posted by milkman
my track has almost the same turn you describe.
Thanks for the suggestion. I have tried a lot of different ways to try the turn. It just really kicks out bad.
I get frustrated because I know its not a buggy but when a 1/8 scale buggy goes through the same turn like it is on rails, it makes me ANGRY!!!!
I think that is why I like this challenge, getting it to handle.
I just need to tighten the rear end up just a bit and I think I will have a bullseye!
Any one explain what exactly the less camber will have? I am thinking that less camber would have more contact with tire on the track. If that is the case why run 2- or even -3? Why would you not want -1?
Three Summits
Does anyone have a part number for the recommended Pro-Line wheel that Steve recommends. Are you all running the stock wheel? I'm new and haven't even received my Slash, but I'm wanting to get as much info as possible. Can I swap the stock tires for the recommended ones and still use my stock wheel? Is it just better/easier to get a wheel/tire combo to swap out?
Awesome forum and a ton of great info here.
Any one explain what exactly the less camber will have? I am thinking that less camber would have more contact with tire on the track. If that is the case why run 2- or even -3? Why would you not want -1?
Exactly , less neg camber = more contact with the track , but it wont handle bumps as good . More neg camber and it will handle bumps better but will feel looser because of less tire on the track .
At WARN 80% and climbing !
Thanks JATO
Three Summits
Ummm yes and no. Jim the reason you run negative camber other than handling bumps (I'll take his word for it...cause I don't honestly know that specific effect is true or not)...is to have MORE contact IN THE TURNS. You can prove this to yourself by just sitting your truck in front of you either facing toward or away from you and pushing the truck from one side to simulate turning with force on the suspension. The tires and the suspension rolls with the centrifugal force to the outside of the turn. Therefore negative camber gives you more tire contact while IN the turn but less on the straights.Originally Posted by J.A.T.O.3.3
Less camber means a more study truck on the straights but less control in the turns. The best setup is going to be finding the perfect balance between the two for your driving style and the track conditions.
Paul Valenti
Slash 4X4 #25 (Mark Jenkins)
i thought so plaventi.. thx
i thought the truck would "lean" in the turn causing the tire to sit "flat" in the turns... thus giving traction. Not enough camber and I could see the tire riding on the outside edge of the tire almost like positive camber. I think I now have an understanding! I just dont know how much it matters with the soft tires like the M3s I am running..One would thin they would flex a bunch and conform to the ground...
Last edited by hoovdog; 02-24-2010 at 02:34 PM.
Three Summits
Great thread! Thanks for all the good info Steve, keep it coming.
i had same problem with box stock set up. i went 10,000 front, 5000 rear,backd of my slipper and a bit a of throttle control and it wuz very good in corners.if i could get a center diff ???thx trx. i wld try 50,000 first.
Steve, Thanks for the setup help!!!!!!
I raced my PE for the first time yesterday at Mikes & finished 2nd in the Main.
Your setup help made it go from crazy to a pleasure to drive!!!
Thanks Again!
Now if I can just quit bending axles.................
Last edited by silver sam; 02-21-2010 at 06:05 PM.
Steve, if you were running the Big Bores stock, how many spacers would you put in the springs for racing?
PLEASE do not PM me and immediately go offline :p
Anyone may answer this but just wanting clarity on the shock spring to use. I have a 4x4 Plat and want to change to the Ultrashock spings (on the Alloy Big Bores) as Slay posted earlier.
Part # 2458A (front) and # 4957R (Rears)??
I take it I need the Ultrashocks Spring holder for the Big Bores, anyone know the part number for that alone?
Otherwise I just have to say a massive thank you for the SETUP TIPS Slay!!! Racing in the dark in darkest Africa until you turned on the light!!
correct on the springs and part numbers. I don't know if you need the spring holders from the Ultra shocks or not...nobody mentioned that. I'm still using Ultra Shocks...but plan to switch to Big Bores next week. Haven't purchased them yet...so I can't tell you about the shock holders.
Paul Valenti
Slash 4X4 #25 (Mark Jenkins)
yeti, I use Associated shock fluid for the most part.
silver, that's great to hear!!
sirslash, ride is what's important, not how many clips I'm running. It's best to use clips to achieve a specific ride height. As long as you achieve that ride, it doesn't matter what clips are used. Set your ride to the base setup.
caltrigger, thanks a bunch man! Glad it's working for you!! Yeah, I would recommend using the larger spring retainers. Lots of people have extra Ultra shocks laying around. Maybe you could take them off of those.
Basically, in pvalenti's situation, what I would do is take the big bores and set them up with oil and such, then take the Ultra spring retainers off the Ultra shocks and put them on the big bores with the springs from my base setup.
Those springs also won't rub the shock body, because they are larger diameter.
Hey Steve, great to finally meet you at Motorama! Although I can't get mine on a track anytime soon I duplicated your base setup and dying to give it a shot. Watching yours on the track was more than an obvious improvement over a box stock setup. This truck rocks guys and will most definitely turn some fast laps when you dial it in to your conditions/style. Once again, pleasure to finally meet you and hoping to see you next year!
Slaydaddy- I want to say thanks for all your info on the Slash 4x4 and all your past info on the slash 2wd and Revo's You are always on the money! My Slash 4x4 is a diffrent truck since I changed to your setup and this is even with the stock PE tires. Everyone has been out of stock on Calipers and bowties so I modified my stock tires by running a cuttoff wheel through each of the factory cuts in the tire, I opened them the width of the cutoff disc and it made a huge difference.
I used the stock PE retainers and so far so good. Do you have a part number for the ultra shock retainers? I used the black Rusty springs in the front would I have to change those retainers also?
SLASH PE 4x4,LOSI 8E 2.0, LOSI 8TE 2.0
I'm pretty sure it's 3768Originally Posted by jetcam2

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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FTC's tone-deaf handling of Google
The fallout from the Federal Trade Commission's ill-conceived settlement with Google over that company's controversial Internet search practices continues to generate headlines. On Feb. 13, POLITICO Pro posted an article by Steve Friess ("FTC attorney defends Google investigation") that reported on a testy American Bar Association teleconference discussion moderated by one of Google's lawyers.
The program, according to Friess's article, included "the first aggressive defense" by an FTC staff attorney of the agency's controversial decision to close its investigation into Google's allegedly anticompetitive manipulation of search results without imposing any significant penalties or remedies.
Story Continued Below
Competitors contend that Google biases its search results, using its market dominance to direct Web traffic to its own products over the offerings of others. According to the Friess article, the FTC attorney acknowledged that Google changed its algorithms to the detriment of competitors but she said it did so in order to improve its own product.
Many in the technology community have questioned in the press the thoroughness and sophistication of the FTC investigation. These critics argue that the structure and scope of the investigation predetermined an exoneration of Google.
According to the FTC attorney on the teleconference, as reported by Friess, the FTC staff "was aggravated by the suggestion they didn't investigate the matter thoroughly." Friess used words like "fiery," "infuriated" and "caustically" to describe the FTC attorney's presentation.
I represent a number of Silicon Valley companies whose complaints to the FTC were rebuffed by the agency's staff. A single incident illustrates our frustration with the commission's process.
Last March, I traveled from Silicon Valley to Washington to assist an Internet company in making a presentation to the head staff attorney on the FTC's investigation. This was the eighth company I had accompanied to the FTC since the inception of its investigation, almost a year earlier.
At their various meetings with the staff, my clients did not simply complain to the FTC that Google's conduct hurt them. Rather, they presented data and analysis from their own files showing how Google's conduct decimated competition throughout the industry, reducing investment and innovation and producing higher advertised prices for consumer products and higher rates for Web advertisers.
My eight clients' many presentations garnered only disinterest from the FTC staff. As of the March meeting, no one from the commission had ever requested documents from any of my clients nor scheduled any of them for depositions. We now know from Friess's article that the FTC staff made its decision to exonerate Google by looking largely at Google's own documents.
At the March meeting, a business executive from my newest client tried to explain how Google's conduct affected the decisions he was making in running his business. The client was met with outright hostility from the head staffer. She told him that he was analyzing his own data incorrectly in the normal day-to-day operations of his business.
The executive then tried to explain that he had been unable to find a cost-effective substitute for search advertising on Google, a key point for showing monopolization, despite his diligent efforts to do so.
"Our expenditures and results showed us that TV advertising is not a cost-effective alternative to search advertising on Google," said the executive, citing several numerical calculations from his own data.


text:
More posts
- Easy drink, pleasant explosive fruit up front, long lasting finish - well rounded.
- Endows Argentina Red Blend Ripe flavors of blackberry and plum with layers of brown spice 13.5%
- Another good glass of wine
- Alamos. 2012 Red Blend. Mendoza, Argentina. It's not bad. Used it in some marinara & drank the rest later that night.
- Made primarily from Malbec, with Bonardo & Tempranillo. Young but well made and fruit forward. Great every day red.


text:
The U.S. economy turned in a surprisingly good performance in the fourth quarter, surging ahead by 5.7 percent on an annual basis, according to a government report released Friday.
Or did it?
President Obama was quick to highlight the economy's progress and "the swift and aggressive actions that made it possible." At a manufacturing company in Baltimore, Md., Obama noted that last years' massive economic stimulus program had also "stopped the flood of job losses."
He also repeated his administration's commitment to spur job growth to re-hire the 8 million workers sidelined by the worst recession in 60 years.
Most economists wouldn't argue with those statements. With more $1 trillion in government, bank bailout investment and loan guarantees, on top of another $1 trillion-plus in pump-priming from the Federal Reserve, it would be surprising if that money didn't register a strong showing as it moves through the economy and financial markets.
Friday's GDP numbers follow a positive showing in the third quarter, when GDP advanced 2.2 percent, along with other economic indicators showing signs of life in housing, industrial production and consumer spending. Consumer spending is beginning to come back from the depths of the recession — and confidence is slowly coming back. Corporate profits are also perking up. Of the 40 percent of companies in the Standard and Poor's 500 that have reported earnings so far, roughly two-third have come in better than expected. Some small businesses are also reporting a pick up demand and have begun tentatively hiring back workers.
But when you look a little more closely at the numbers, it quickly becomes apparent that it's hardly time to start breaking out the champagne. A big part of the gain comes from a statistical adjustment for changes in inventory levels that doesn't reflect real growth. Over the past year, businesses cut deeply into those inventories — not wanting to get stuck with unsold goods. Now that they've cut them to the bone, the rate of inventory-cutting has slowed. The way the GDP is calculated, that slowdown adds to "growth" — even though it doesn't reflect increased production or sales. If you back out that inventory adjustment, GDP grew only 2.2 percent.
Friday's report was the preliminary reading on GDP, which will be revised twice before they're final. Last time around, the number for the third quarter of 2009 started out at 3.5 percent before being bumped down to 2.2 percent for the final report. That could well happen this time around. Mike Englund at Action Economics thinks today's number overestimated the drop in imports because the preliminary numbers may have overestimated the drop oil consumption. He says that accounted for a full percentage point of the 5.7 percent gain in the fourth quarter.
Even if the preliminary number holds through two rounds of revisions, few economists see that kind of growth as sustainable. A panel of economists surveyed by msnbc.com said they see U.S. GDP moving ahead at 2.7 percent this year.
Most of the credit for the boost in GDP has to go to the stimulus — along with the Fed's historic moves to flood the system with cash and buy up mortgage bonds that no one else wants to touch. What's far from clear is whether the rest of the economy's gears will begin turning on their own — once the stimulus spending fades and the Fed turns off the money pump and begins soaking all that excess money.
Reversing course — from "easy" money to a "tighter" monetary policy — is going to be extremely difficult to pull off. If the Fed drains money too quickly, it risks stalling the recovery. If it drains too slowly, and keeps interest rates low for too long, it risks creating another bubble — or an outbreak of inflation.
The folks on the Fed are in a spirited debate about this quandary. This week's decision by the Fed's rate-setting committee included a dissenting view from Thomas Hoenig, president of the of the St Louis Fed, who thinks it's time to start thinking about raising rates to fight inflation. The rest of the Fed disagrees.
At the center of that debate is the question of just how much "slack" there is in the economy right now. The prevailing theory is that with so many people out of work, wages going nowhere and companies competing with each other for sales by keeping prices low, there's just not much that of inflation right now. If that theory is wrong — if companies already have taken the slack out of their businesses — the recovery could put more pressure on inflation than is widely expected.
There is also a risk that the "longer term" problem of large increases in the national debt is becomes a more immediate problem. If investors around the world begin worrying about the size of that debt, they may demand higher interest rates to lend Uncle Sam money. That would also be bad news for the economy.
That's why President Obama wants to freeze spending and set up a commission to look for ways to trim the debt. But cutting spending won't be easy. Most of it goes to programs like Social Security, Medicare and defense that no one wants to see cut. Worse, the cost of Medicare is rising faster than the economy is growing, so it eats up a bigger piece of GDP every year. With that spending "off the table," there's only 12 cents of every tax dollar left for education, roads, the courts — all the things we expect government to provide. That's the part that will get cut.
There are also signs of a bottom in the housing market, but it's too soon to say the worst is over. After bouncing along at what looked like a bottom, homes sales recently have headed lower again. As long as we continue to see more than 300,000 foreclosures a month — and those homes are dumped on a depressed market at discount prices — it's hard to see how we get a sustainable recovery.
The outlook on that front isn't promising. Much of the early wave of foreclosures came from adjustable mortgages that had a two- or three-year "teaser" rate. Another nastier product, called a "pay-option ARM" has a longer "fuse." These are expected to begin resetting in large numbers this year and next. Unless something can be done to defuse those resets — or refinance those loans — there will be even more foreclosures. So far, the government's effort to stop foreclosures has fallen woefully short of the mark. Most estimates suggest that foreclosure haven't peaked and could rise to 4 million this year.
No matter what the latest GDP numbers show, most people judge their health of the economy based on their employment status. The cruel reality is that it takes the job market many months to recover after the economy begins a convincing upturn. That's because employers do everything they can to meet increased demand – before they hire permanent workers. They need to be fully convinced the recovery is real. They also may add overtime hours for current workers, or hire temps to pick up the pace of production.
So "growth" is really about getting being the eight million people sidelined by the recession back to work. That math on that score is also troubling.
Even if we get back to "robust" growth that we saw in the mid-00s, the economy would only add about 300,000 jobs a month. You need about 125,000 just to keep up with growth in the workforce. So if we got job growth back on track tomorrow — with, say, 175,000 net new jobs a month — it would still take nearly four years to get those eight million people back to work.
Even when hiring begins again, the other important trend to watch is the growth of wages. With so many unemployed people out there, employers don't have to raise wages to attract workers. A separate report Friday showed that wages rose more slowly in 2009 that at any time one record.


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The Oxford Chamber of Commerce is a member-focused professional business association, and a community resource -- we strive to provide value to our membership and to our community. As a Chamber, we provide members a platform to market and promote your business, tools to enhance your business operations, events to expand your marketing efforts, networking opportunities to broaden and strengthen your business relationships, and discounts and connections with affiliates.
Looking for an area business or service provider? View our online business directory of over 200 local area Chamber member businesses- Come thrive with us in Oxford, OH… A great place to live, work & play!


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To enter your name in the drawings, all you need to do is leave a comment on this blog post. You don't need to comment on every blog post to win, but you can increase your chances of winning by leaving comments on each of the Design Team member's blogs every day during our sneak peek event. Enter up to once per day per blog (KFD posts only)! As always, Karen Foster Design welcomes international entries. Comments close at 12 Noon on Friday January 27th EST. Winners will be posted here on Monday, January 30, 2012.
The prizes will be hidden on the blog posts - not even the Design Team members know where they are! A winner will be selected at random from the comments on one post per day. So the more you comment, the better chance you have of winning, since you never know where those prize packages are hidden!
But wait, there's more! To add to the excitement, there are more prizes! On Saturday four additional winners will be chosen at random to receive bonus prize packs of five stamp sets each. How awesome is that? Good luck!
For fabulous Cruise and Snorkeling collection projects, visit our other designer blogs for inspiration. (I didn't have this collection!) Be sure to leave a comment on any post where you love the collection - you will be entered to win that prize pack. Good luck!
Sherry Cartwright
Maryfrances Fabbri
Alice Golden
Jolene Johnston <-- YOU ARE HERE
Carolyn Lontin
Tania Willis
See you tomorrow with more new collections from Karen Foster Design!


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I don't know my GHIN number. How can I find out what it is?
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What are all the letter I denotations on my scoring record?
When I tried to look up my handicap today, I received a response GHIN Number not found.
Using the Handicap Lookup widget on GHIN.com, I found my record and my Handicap Index®. I am playing a course today with a different Slope Rating. How can I figure out my Course Handicap?
Will the GHIN.com web site allow me to look up a Handicap Index® for anyone in the country who has a Handicap Index®?
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Norovirus Information
Norovirus Fact Sheet
Norovirus Cleaning Guidelines
What are noroviruses?
Noroviruses are a group of viruses that cause gastroenteritis (GAS-tro-en-ter-I-tis), in people. Norovirus is known incorrectly as the "stomach flu". Norovirus is NOT related to the flu (influenza), which is a respiratory illness caused by a different virus. The term norovirus was recently approved as the official name for this group of viruses; previously it had been referred to as "Norwalk virus" or "Norwalk-like virus."
What are the symptoms of a norovirus infection?
Norovirus illness usually begins 24 - 48 hours after exposure, but can appear as early as 10 hours after exposure. Symptoms usually include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramping. Sometimes people have a low-grade fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and a general sense of tiredness. The illness is usually brief, with symptoms lasting only 1 or 2 days.
How serious is norovirus disease?
Norovirus disease is usually not serious, but people may feel very sick. Most people get better within 1 or 2 days, and have no long-term health effects from the illness. Sometimes people are unable to drink enough liquids to replace what they lose from vomiting and diarrhea, and they can become dehydrated and need to see a doctor. This problem usually occurs only among the very young, the elderly, and persons with weakened immune systems.
How is norovirus spread?
Noroviruses are very contagious and spread easily from person to person. The virus is found in the stool and vomit of infected people. People can become infected in several ways, including eating food or drinking liquids that are contaminated by infected food handlers, touching surfaces or objects contaminated with norovirus and then touching their mouth before hand washing, or having direct contact with another person who is infected and then touching their mouth before hand washing.
How long are people contagious?
People infected with norovirus are contagious from the moment they begin feeling ill to at least 3 days after recovery. Some people may be contagious for as long as 2 weeks after recovery. Therefore, good hand washing is important. Persons infected with norovirus should not prepare food while they have symptoms and for 3 days after they recover. Infected people do not become long-term carriers of norovirus.
Who gets norovirus infection?
Anyone can become infected with these viruses. Because there are many different strains of norovirus, infection and illness can re-occur throughout a person's lifetime.
What treatment is available for people with norovirus infection?
Currently, there is no specific medication or vaccine for norovirus. Norovirus infection cannot be treated with antibiotics. By drinking fluids, such as juice or water, people can reduce their chance of becoming dehydrated. Sports drinks do not replace the nutrients and minerals lost during this illness.
Do infected people need to be excluded from school, work or daycare?
Since the virus is passed in vomit and stool, children should not go to daycare or school while they have diarrhea or vomiting. Once illness ends, children can return to daycare, but hand washing must be strictly monitored. Persons who work in nursing homes, take care of patients, or handle food should stay out of work until at least 48-72 hours after symptoms end.
Can norovirus infections be prevented?
You can decrease your chances of becoming infected with norovirus by:
- Frequent hand washing with warm water and soap (alcohol based hand sanitizers do NOT work against norovirus)
Promptly disinfecting contaminated surfaces with household chlorine bleach-
based cleaners
- Washing soiled clothing and linens
- Avoiding food or water from sources that may be contaminated


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Agenda: March 21 Neighborhood Centers PEG meeting
Neighborhood Centers Policy Expert Group
Date: Thursday, March 21
Time: 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m.
Location:1900 SW 4th Avenue, Portland, Conference Room 2500A (Second Floor)
Welcome, Introductions and Updates (8:00 a.m.)
Presenter: Steve Faust, Facilitator
Review of Draft Comprehensive Plan Policies: Housing (8:15 a.m.)
Presenters: Uma Krishnan, BPS
Description: Continuation of review of the Working Draft policies, focusing on the Housing Affordability section of Chapter 2 and, time permitting, other policy sections that are priority issues for PEG members. Are the policies forwarding the intent of the Portland Plan? Are they taking us in the right direction, wrong direction, what is missing?
Related Material: Comprehensive Plan Working Draft
Growth Scenarios Update (9:00 a.m.)
Presenters: Tom Armstrong and Spencer Williams, BPS
Description: Update on the Alternative Growth Scenarios Analysis, focusing on housing choice (location, unit diversity, affordability) and access to employment. Discussion will focus on the policy implications of the preliminary findings of the analysis.
Equity Issues: How can Portland guide growth in ways that help provide housing options for all Portlanders and allow more people, especially in underserved communities, to live closer to employment opportunities?
Public Comment (9:45 a.m.)
Next Steps (9:55 a.m.)
Adjourn (10:00 a.m.)
For more information, please contact Bill Cunningham, Bureau of Planning and Sustainability at 503-823-4203 or email@example.com or Steve Faust, Facilitator at 503-278-3456 or email@example.com.


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VANCOUVER, B.C. – It may not appear so, but the Vancouver Whitecaps' game Sunday against the Colorado Rapids (8 pm ET; MLS Live) is of the utmost importance – for two players especially.
The Whitecaps' two starting fullbacks will mark very special milestones at B.C. Place, even if Vancouver's shot at the MLS playoffs has been lost.
Eighteen-year-old left back Sam Adekugbe will make his professional debut, starting for the suspended Jordan Harvey. On the other side of defense, 36-year-old Lee Young-Pyo will play the last match of his storied professional career.
Lee, the South Korean veteran of a handful of top-flight leagues, including the Bundesliga and English Premier League before joining MLS with Vancouver in 2012, was emotional when discussing his final match.
"Individually," said Lee, before pausing. "It's the most memorable game in my life. I'm a happy guy because I learned so many things. Much more than I expected when I was young, and it's a great time to finish with a great team and great people.
"I deeply appreciated our fans and teammates, all of the staff in the club. I'm sure the Vancouver Whitecaps will remain in my mind as my team forever."
For Adekugbe, the Whitecaps FC Residency product spent extra time working on long distance passing on his weaker right foot during training this week after he learned he'd get the nod. The attack-minded defender has the natural skills to link up with the offense but acknowledged there's still work to do at rounding out his main duties – stopping opponents.
"I like to go both ways, defending and attacking," Adekugbe told reporters this week after a training session at the University of British Columbia. "Hopefully [fans] can see the bit of defending I've been working on because that's something I've been having to improve on."
Following the explosive offensive outburst from fellow 18-year-old Kekuta Manneh in recent weeks, head coach Martin Rennie is hoping Adekugbe can make his own impact and give the club another young starter down the road.
"Sam's one of the exciting players coming through our youth system that we're really, really proud of," Rennie said. "I think Sam can contribute. I think he can be a starter in the MLS. I think an offseason of getting a little bit stronger, working in the gym – he's just about there, and hopefully we'll get a chance to see that."
- Get the latest Vancouver Whitecaps news at WhitecapsFC.com
For Rennie, whether dealing with a rising star or one heading off into the sunset, it's business as usual.
"I was speaking to both Sam and Y. P.," Rennie said. "And I was saying, Y. P., this is your last game, so the most important thing is that you defend right. And for Sam, this is your first game, so the most important thing is that you defend right."
Martin MacMahon covers the Vancouver Whitecaps for MLSsoccer.com.


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Haast is a small collection of communities, Haast Junction, Haast township and Haast Beach, on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. It is located on the edge of Mount Aspiring National Park, part of the UNESCO's Southwest New Zealand World Heritage Area.
Get in[edit]
Get around[edit]
There is no public transport.
See[edit][add listing]
The Haast region covers over 2500 square kilometres of one of the World's most diverse and spectacular landscapes. In 1990 this area was internationally recognised as a location of significant natural value and became the centre piece of Te Wahipounamu - The South West New Zealand World Heritage Area.
The Haast is the perfect destination to explore some of New Zealand's most unique scenery and wildlife.
Do[edit][add listing]
Buy[edit][add listing]
Eat[edit][add listing]
Sleep[edit][add listing]
Get out[edit]
Visit the Fox Glacier - the biggest and less crowded West Coast glacier (approximately 1.5 hours drive north).


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|TidBITS#239 19940815
by Adam C. Engst <firstname.lastname@example.com>
On various different occasions I've seen postings wondering why someone hasn't written a program to enable graphical programs that normally require a MacTCP-based connection to work with a normal Unix shell account. In fact, a number of these types of programs exist, mostly from large Internet providers such as Pipeline and Netcom, but they generally use a proprietary protocol for talking to the host machine, which means that you can't use standard Macintosh Internet programs such as Eudora, Anarchie, and MacWeb. Instead you must use the graphical client software provided by the same people who created the proprietary protocol.
I don't approve of this method of providing Internet access for two reasons. First, and most importantly, this method limits users to a small selection of software for any particular task. With a full MacTCP-based connection, I can choose between Anarchie and Fetch, Mosaic and MacWeb, Eudora and VersaTerm-Link, NewsWatcher and InterNews and Nuntius. In fact, I may even use multiple programs for the same thing - I like and use both Anarchie and Fetch for different types of FTP tasks. You lose that flexibility when you lock into a proprietary solution. Second, the Internet is a vast and fast-moving place, and new capabilities appear all the time, generally supported first, and often best, by freeware and shareware programmers. If you use a specific proprietary program, you can't use Cornell's Internet videoconferencing software, CU-SeeMe, play Stuart Cheshire's wonderful Bolo tank game, or check the weather with Christopher Kidwell's MacWeather. All of those programs depend on the standard TCP/IP protocols that the Internet relies on, and proprietary programs, useful as they may be, generally don't give you a standard TCP connection to the Internet.
TIA Basics -- Such is not the case with The Internet Adapter, or TIA, from Cyberspace Development (due for release tomorrow). TIA is a relatively small (about 250K) Unix program that you get on the Internet and run on your normal Unix shell account, and it acts as a SLIP emulator. In other words, after you install TIA on your shell account, running TIA turns your shell account into a SLIP account for that session. Although a TIA emulated-SLIP account is not quite the same as a real SLIP account, TIA's SLIP emulation is completely standard in terms of working with MacTCP-based software on the Mac (or WinSock if you use a Windows machine).
Just to repeat myself, with the addition of a single Unix program that Cyberspace Development sells for $25, you can turn your plain old shell account into a whizzy new SLIP account and use all of the MacTCP-based software. I realize this all sounds a bit like a Ginsu knife commercial (did I mention how TIA can cut beer cans too?), but if the reports I hear are true, TIA should seriously shake up the industry.
Think about it. If a provider charges $20 per month for a shell account and $30 per month for a SLIP account, what response will they have to an individual buying a $25 piece of software to avoid giving the provider an extra $10 per month? Or more aptly, what about providers that charge $20 per month for a shell account but $2 per hour for the use of a SLIP account? Suddenly TIA could pay for itself in thirteen hours of use for the individual, but the provider would lose big bucks. Of course, it wouldn't be technically difficult for the provider to outlaw (and erase copies of) TIA, but doing that would be horrible public relations and would alienate many users. The most rational approach I've heard yet came from a provider who plans to support TIA (providers can purchase TIA for use by all users on a single machine for about $500) and charge a little more for a TIA emulated-SLIP account than a shell account, but less than a real SLIP account.
TIA will become popular instantly at sites that either aren't commercial or that don't have much money to buy the expensive terminal servers that make real SLIP accounts easily possible. Since Cyberspace Development sells TIA to individuals, suddenly individual users have the choice of whether or not they get a SLIP account, whereas in the past, if the machine didn't support SLIP, that was the end of the story. I heartily applaud putting power in the hands of the individual.
TIA Details -- Bear in mind that I haven't worked with TIA personally yet, but it has been tested by many users at a large Internet provider. Nonetheless, here's what I know about how TIA works.
You do not get your own IP number that uniquely identifies your Mac on the Internet while you're connected via TIA, as you do with a real SLIP account. Instead, TIA uses the IP number of the machine your shell account is on, and "redirects" traffic back at you (this is the magic part). If you must enter an IP number in some software, any number like 188.8.131.52 should do fine - it's just a dummy address. The fact that you don't get your own IP number means that you cannot set up your Mac as an FTP server, for instance, since there's no IP number for an FTP client elsewhere to connect to.
TIA's performance is reportedly good, faster than normal SLIP in fact, and about as fast as Compressed SLIP, or CSLIP. Future releases will support CSLIP and even PPP, and will reportedly increase speed by ten to twenty percent. TIA doesn't create much of a load for the host machine, although slightly more than a real SLIP account, mostly because when you use SLIP, you're not usually running programs on the host machine, but are just using the network connection.
Installing TIA on your Unix shell account is not a trivial task, since you must install the proper version for the version of Unix running on your host machine. Cyberspace Development has ported TIA to several versions of Unix and more are on the way. If you don't know what version of Unix runs on your shell account, Cyberspace Development has a simple program that can find out the information for you, or you can look up your provider's Unix type in a database they are building.
You can order TIA on the Internet itself if you wish, or other mechanisms are available for those who dislike ordering on the nets. For more information, send email to <firstname.lastname@example.com> or connect to <marketplace.com> over the Web or via Telnet, Gopher, or FTP.
Once your order has been filled, with your Unix account, you retrieve the proper version of TIA via FTP, Gopher, or the Web, and then launch it on your Unix account. (You can get an evaluation version and test it for a few weeks - details are in <email@example.com>.) Needless to say, in normal usage, you would script your SLIP program to log in to your shell account and then run TIA to start up the SLIP emulation, but it's possible to do it manually as well, I imagine.
You can also get various versions of the TIA package, along with installation help and consulting (useful for those of you who aren't familiar with Unix) from a company called SoftAware. If nothing else, I suspect working through SoftAware will be the easiest way for individuals to buy a complete package and be up and running quickly.
In many ways, TIA is a grand experiment. What will happen when there's no need for anyone to use a Unix shell account if they don't want to? We'll soon see.
Cyberspace Development -- <firstname.lastname@example.com>
SoftAware -- 310/314-1466 -- <firstname.lastname@example.com>