text:
Local Candidates
Information for Candidates for Local Office
Nomination to Run for Local Office
Towns that elect their local official officers at a floor meeting nominate candidates during the meeting (a voter will nominate the candidate who can then accept or decline to run).
Towns that elect officers by Australian ballot require candidates to submit a nominating petition signed by 30 voters or one percent of the checklist—whichever is less. The petition must clearly indicate the office and term length on the petition prior to circulating it for signatures, and the candidates name must appear on the petition exactly as it appears on the voter checklist (17 V.S.A. §2681(b), 2681(a)(3)). The nominating petition, accompanied by a consent of candidate form, must be filed with the municipal clerk no later than 5 p.m. on the sixth Monday preceding the day of the election.
Nominating petitions may contain the name of only one candidate. Voters may not sign more than one petition for the same office, unless more than one nomination is to be made, in which case the voter may sign as many petitions as there are nominations to be made for the same office.
Local Office Nominating Petition
Union School District Officer Nominating Petition
Consent of Candidate
Candidates who are running in towns that vote officers by Australian ballot must file a written consent to the printing of the candidate's name on the ballot at the same time that their petition is filed (no later than 5 p.m. on the sixth Monday prior to the election.) The candidate's name will appear on the ballot exactly as it listed on the consent of candidate form.
Campaign Finance Reporting Requirements
Candidates that have accepted contributions or made expenditures of $500 or more must register with the Office of the Secretary of State and file campaign finance disclosure reports thirty days before, ten days before, and two weeks after the local election (17 V.S.A. §2822). Political committees that have accepted contributions and made expenditures of $1,000 or more for the purpose of influencing a local election, or supporting or opposing one or more candidates in a local election, must also register with the Office of the Secretary of State and file campaign finance reports thirty days before, ten days before, and two weeks after the local election.
Town Officers
Newly-elected town officers take office as soon as they are elected. Some officials must take an oath before they perform any official duties. This oath can be administered by the clerk at town meeting, or at any time thereafter (17 V.S.A. § 2646). An official who is required to take an oath of office (by either swearing or affirming) and who refuses to do so may not take office, thereby creating a vacancy.
Union School Officers
Union school officers (clerk, treasurer, auditors, etc.), except for moderators, take office on July 1st. According to law, "union district officers elected at an annual meeting shall enter upon their duties on July 1 following their election and shall serve a term of one year or until their successors are elected and qualified, except that if the voters at an annual meeting so vote, moderators elected at an annual meeting shall assume office upon election and shall serve for a term of one year or until their successors are elected and qualified." The law also provides that school directors elected at an annual meeting shall assume office upon election and shall serve a term of three years or until their successors are elected and qualified (16 V.S.A. § 706k).


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FDA Xarelto Internal Bleeding Warning
On June 6, 2013, Johnson & Johnson received an FDA warning letter related to the prescription drug Xarelto. The FDA warning cited a J&J subsidiary, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., for misbranding of Xarelto in violation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Specifically, the company was cited for engaging in false or misleading advertising for Xarelto, by minimizing the risks associated with the drug and making false claims.
The Xarelto FDA letter notes that the company's advertising material "misleadingly minimizes the risks associated with Xarelto because it fails to convey this important risk information with a prominence and readability reasonably comparable to the efficacy claims". In other words, the company highlights statements about the effectiveness of Xarelto – some statements of which are debatable – and downplays the known serious risks of extreme bleeding.
The FDA Xarelto letter goes on to state that the company may not claim that Xarelto requires no dosage adjustments. Persons who suffer from renal problems have been found to require careful Xarelto dosage adjustment to prevent further kidney damage. However, the risk of Xarelto bleeding is by far the most common and severe side effect of the drug. Understating this risk or failing to warn consumer adequately constitutes misbranding, and prevents patients from making an informed choice about the drug's risks.
FDA Records Cases of Xarelto Thromboembolism
Similar to Pradaxa, another new oral anticoagulant, an increasing number of adverse events have been reported through FAERS, the FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System. But unlike other oral anti-coagulants, which are having the most profound negative impact on high risk elderly patients with preexisting heart conditions, Xarelto is most often causing severe bleeding in younger, healthier patients (median age 66) who are in recovery from hip or knee replacement surgery. Pulmonary, venous, and other forms of thromboembolism are among the serious adverse events reported in patients taking Xarelto. Each of these conditions is related to blood clots becoming lodged in a part of the body and cutting off vital blood flow to the organs.
FDA Rejects Wider Uses of Xarelto
In February of 2014, the FDA rejected a proposal by Bayer AG and Janssen Pharmaceutica to expand the uses of Xarelto. Currently approved to treat patients suffering from atrial fibrillation and recovering from major joint replacement surgery, the drug makers proposed Xarelto uses be expanded to include patients with heart problems including a history of heart attacks or chest pains, and to prevent the clogging of heart stents.
FDA panelists rejected this proposal for the second time in 2014; the companies had previously applied to expand Xarelto's indications to include heart problems known as acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in 2011. Each time, the FDA panel determined that there was not enough data to show the benefits of the drug were strong enough to outweigh the risks of Xarelto bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke. Thrombin inhibiting anticoagulants are approved for treatment of acute coronary syndrome, for patients who have already sustained a heart attack or stroke, or who suffer from chest pain.
Xarelto was designed and marketed as an alternative to warfarin, another blood thinner. After a fast-track regulatory review, Xarelto was embraced by many doctors and prescribed to a large number of patients. Today, many doctors are skeptical about the drug's safety and benefits, based on the large number of Xarelto internal bleeding incidents recorded by the FDA. It is evident the debatable benefits of Xarelto may not warrant its serious bleeding risks, but at this time drug is still in wide use in the United States.
National Xarelto Lawyers Offer Free Case Review
Our attorneys handling Xarelto bleeding lawsuits on behalf of individuals and their family members who suffered from severe internal bleeding or hemorrhaging while taking Xarelto. They will work tirelessly on your behalf to assure you get the compensation you deserve. If you or a loved one suffered from severe internal bleeding or hemorrhagic stroke while taking Xarelto, a Xarelto bleeding attorney can help by answering your questions and giving you a sense of your legal options.
Xarelto Lawsuits
Persons who suffered from or died as a result of severe bleeding or hemorrhagic stroke while taking Xarelto may have grounds for a Xarelto bleeding lawsuit. We provide legal representation for Xarelto lawsuits on a contingency basis, meaning that we never charge a fee unless we win compensation on your behalf.

subset: commoncrawl


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New product
Universal exhasust
Durable and stylish design, great addition to the retro motorcycle. Nice working welds, the product is made of stainless steel with outlet 43 mm, length 36 cm. Without TÜV and certifiates.
Package includes: 1 x muffler + removable DB Killer
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Custom parts for BMW R 850/1100/1150 GS
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KIT will transform your Ducati Scrambler into a go-anywhere machine.


text:
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Am I Pregnant Forum
6 days late, no period?
December 19th, 2011
hi i need some advise. my period is currently 6 days late and yesterday i had a negitive hpt. is it possible that i am pregnant. i have no signs of a period coming and and showing some similar signs of pregnancy that i had with my first child. any suggestion?
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I changed my mind
Dr. Madhumita Avinash Paul
replied December 22nd, 2011
Welcome to ehealthforum,
If you have been sexually active without protection (especially around the fertile days/ovulation time), the symptoms and the delay in periods, could be suggestive of early pregnancy. If pregnancy is suspected, look out for development of any new symptoms suggestive of pregnancy. Wait and watch for your next periods. If periods do not start within 10 days of expected period dates, or if you get abnormal periods, or if you suspect chances of pregnancy, consider visiting your doctor/gynecologist at the earliest for thorough examination (to confirm pregnancy related changes/signs in body) and blood/serum HCG level test (to confirm/rule out pregnancy accurately). Consider being in regular monitoring and follow-up with your treating doctor/gynecologist and report any new/abnormal symptoms immediately. Drink plenty of water. Take adequate rest. Maintain healthy diet.
Take care.
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Lady Gaga's latest desperate attempt to shock you is on the cover of a Japanese edition of Vogue, which has the "Pokerface" singer wearing nothing but some prime cuts of beef.
Gaga sports strategically arranged raw meat and nothing else on the cover of Voge Hommes Japan. And if her goal was to outrage, she at least claimed a victim in PETA.
"Meat is something you want to avoid putting on or in your body," the organization said in a statement. "No matter how beautifully it is presented, flesh from a tortured animal is flesh from a tortured animal."
U.S. & World
The day's top national and international news.
Known before superstardom as Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta, Gaga is equal parts Madonna, Bowie and Warhol, with undeniable vocal talent and canny knack for self-promotion.
Selected Reading: Today, The HollywoodGossip, Rolling Stone.


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|Hillsborough, N.J.
|High School:
2010: Named America East Second Team All-Conference at No. 2 doubles… Posted a record of 11-12, including a six-match winning streak in the spring… Was 11-11 in doubles competition for the year… Named to the America East Honor Roll.
2009: Named Second-Team All-Conference at No. 6 singles… Posted a record of 8-5, including a six-match winning streak in the spring… Was 7-9 in doubles competition for the year.
2008:?The lone Retriever to earn all-conference honors in singles... Named to Second Team All America East at No. 6 singles... Posted a 7-2 mark at that slot and won her match in the league semifinals... Led the Retrievers in doubles victories with 12 (12-6) and formed a solid No. 2 squad with classmate Ana Mungo as the Jersey girls notched a 6-3 record.
Background:?Majoring in English... A New Jersey state quarter-finalist in both her junoir and senior years at Hillsborough... Helped lead the Raiders to the team championship finals... Also competed in three rounds of the Girls 18's National Clay Court Tournament in Memphis, Tenn. (2006) and played on the Middle States 16's Zonals team (2005) in St. Louis, Mo. ... Considered URI and Seton Hall, but selected UMBC "when I?went on my official visit and met all the girls on the team and saw the campus and surroundings"... An accomplished dancer and has performed in a dozen musicals... A member of the National Honor Society... Lists favorite movie as My Cousin Vinny... has an older brother, Casey, age 33... Daughter of Robyn and Danny Mannix... born Dec. 4, 1988.


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Nutrition Facts
Ingredients and Preparation
- Heat oil in a large, nonstick skillet over medium-high heat. Add pork and cook for 4-5 minutes per side, until golden and cooked through. Remove and set aside.
- In a small saucepan, whisk together vinegar, jam, and salt over medium heat. Simmer until reduced by about half and thickened, about 10 minutes. Serve over pork.


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A Salafist militant was killed in an Israeli airstrike as he rode his motorcycle in northern Gaza, the Israeli army said.
The army said Hitham Ziad Ibrahim Masshal, 24, a resident of the al-Shati camp in Gaza and a member of the Global Jihad, was killed in the strike Tuesday morning in a joint operation conducted by the air force and Shin Bet.
The army said Masshal operated in a number of terror organizations in recent years and specialized in weapons and manufactured rockets and explosive devices.
He is said to have assisted the Shura Council of the Mujahedin in Jerusalem, a Salafist organization branch of the Global Jihad, the army said. He was suspected to have been involved in the recent rocket attacks on the western Negev and in Eilat and attacks against Israeli civilians and soldiers, the army said.
Jerusalem requested that Egypt demand that Hamas halt rocket attacks on southern Israel, Israel Radio said. In recent days Hamas military wing members have deployed near the border fence with Israel and set up checkpoints to inspect vehicles, the radio report said.


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Product Description
Handcrafted Dichroic Glass Pendant. Measures approx 2″ length . Pendant bail is Sterling Silver Plated and each pendant comes with a 16, 18 or 20″ silver plated chain. Please use the dropdown menu below to chose the desired length of chain. Your new pendant has been handcrafted from specially tested glass to produce a unique, one-of-a-kind piece of wearable art. $3.75 will ship your entire order in the US. Perfect for yourself or as a special gift! I have earrings as well. You can find me on Facebook & Pinterest: Kiss My Glass. Made with love in my home studio ~ Laurie


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Letter to Editor Guardian: 2008 Orwell Prize for
the Palestinian Narrative of Nakba
Zahir Ebrahim
May 03, 2008*
(* Expanded June 02, 2008, the original brief letter was not printed by the UK Guardian)
© Project HumanbeingsfirstTM. Permission granted to use freely as per copyright notice.
Document ID: PHBFZE20080503 URL: http://humanbeingsfirst.org. | Print | PDF | Comment.
Letter to Editor
Originally submitted: May 03, 2008.
Revised submission: June 02, 2008.
Making a fool of Palestinian intellectualism – Their "political art" of narrating the Nakba has become more important than the Nakba!
In reference to the 2008 Orwell prize for Mr. Raja Shehadeh's poignant book "Palestinian Walks" (Guardian, April 25, 2008, BBC), it would be an understatement to suggest that the heavens too must surely howl in pain at the Orwellian irony. Those who first sanction the Nakba of an innocent peoples (the Balfour Declaration), and continually aid and abet in its on-going construction of new daily victims of blood and tears now lingering into its 60th abominable year (the premeditated 'Iron Wall' conquest of Eretz Yisrael), are also the greatest 'benefactors' of the victims who humbly endeavor to narrate the life of their Nakba in their own blood and tears.
The narrative is being judged more important than the actual grotesque events being narrated, and which are so contemporaneously unfolding right before the world's silently bespectating eyes even as the Orwell prize is granted in its true spirit! The elements of Nakba need to be read in a book to be appreciated; and worse, applauded for the sophistication of its depiction; akin to the Russian Tsarina shedding a fancifully dabbed tear in the opera and offering a standing ovation on the performance depicting the plight of the poor coachman, who in real life, is only as far away from her cognition as the outside front of her coach she rides daily to and from the opera!
There appears to be much satisfaction among the Palestinian people at one of their own winning this political prize – perhaps because some feel that it draws attention to their miserable plight. But perhaps some prizes and accolades are meant to be turned down by a dignified self-respecting peoples perceptively seeing through the honey-coated abortion pills devilishly manufactured to continue inducing "the birth pangs of a new Middle East"? The Palestinians suffer surely not because of want of knowledge of their cataclysmic sufferings by the silently spectating world! Intellectual co-option is most assuredly the biggest weakness of the Palestinian struggle for survival on their own lands. This co-option is not by its ordinary peoples who merely pay for it in spades, bullets to the head of their children, and in daily suffocation and humiliation at check-points, but by its own educated ruling elite who do indeed struggle genuinely in their cause, but the enemy is far superior and has continually overwhelmed and outclassed them. This 2008 Orwell Prize is just another 1994 Nobel Peace Prize for the Palestinians!
Therefore, unlike most of the applauding world, I hesitate to offer my humble congratulations to Mr. Raja Shehadeh and the long suffering Palestinian peoples – if that's indeed the right sentiment to offer here. Perhaps the prize is more appropriately labeled than first meets the eye – for the situation is even more tortuous than just Kafkaesque. Some English Lord, Sir, and Dame in the manors born must surely be chuckling nigh at the fatal faits accomplis being handed the natives while its depiction by the beleaguered natives is applauded as "political art". The best Orwellian conquest indeed that the unfortunate victims make an "art" of telling their own misery and celebrate in the prize that is handed them with these words of the chair of the prize, Professor Jean Seaton: "One way of measuring the quality of your freedom is just to take a walk,". Hear Mr. Raja Shehadeh's BBC Radio 4 interview of April 25, 2008, at http://tinyurl.com/6h4myu!
In order re-situate the grotesque reality of the full context of this Orwellian "quality of your freedom" in this otherwise 'Alice in Wonderland' – where the focus by the Masters of Discourse has cleverly been to attempt to shift attention away from the unfolding monumental genocide, to the "political art" of its depiction – one may read: "Someone's Holiday, Another's Nakba, Our Shame!" at http://tinyurl.com/5432u4. The fact that the entire reportage of this Orwellian prize in the newsmedia, including in the UK Guardian, failed to condemn the actual ongoing Nakba, should be an eye opener for the Palestinian intellectual.
And especially, the timing of this prize with the birthday-bash in Israel, and the visit of the American President, George W. Bush, to pay homage to the king-makers in Zion without even mentioning the Nakba, never mind condemning its perpetrators who were hosting him, should be a wake-up call to the Palestinian ruling elite who rush to coddle their own victimizers by continually appealing to them for justice, cutting co-opted "peace" deals, and eagerly accepting laudatory awards for playing along instead of relying on their own selves to do something strategically efficacious besides narrate and lament to get their lands back.
One may read about the devilish intellectual sophistication which fuels their abhorrent Nakba that the Palestinian ruling elite apparently don't seem to fathom, in Project Humanbeingsfirst's report of May 15, 2008: "Celebrating Israel's 60th Birthday in the 60th year of the Nakba" at http://tinyurl.com/563nxv.
A dignified and immensely courageous peoples like the Palestinian – ones whose likes is yet to be witnessed in the annals of modern history that they hold their heads up high and boldly resist for 60 years despite an unparalleled cataclysm of modernity, a "mystery whose parallel may only be the one of Sinai when something was revealed" – must demand of their pathetic ruling elite that the Orwell prize be returned with a "no thank you".
Zahir Ebrahim
A non-Palestinian
United States of America.
The author, an ordinary researcher and writer on contemporary geopolitics, a minor justice activist, grew up in Pakistan, studied EECS at MIT, engineered for a while in high-tech Silicon Valley (patents here), and retired early to pursue other responsible interests. His maiden 2003 book was rejected by six publishers and can be read on the web at http://PrisonersoftheCave.org. He may be reached at http://Humanbeingsfirst.org.
Copyright Notice:
All material copyright (c) Project HumanbeingsfirstTM, with full permission to copy, repost, and reprint, in its entirety, unmodified and unedited, for any purpose, granted, provided the URL sentence and this copyright notice are also reproduced verbatim as part of this license, and not doing so may be subject to copyright license violation infringement claims pursuant to remedies noted at http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap5.html. The rights of the author to express these views are based on inalienable rights noted at http://www.hrweb.org/legal/undocs.html, and to do so freely without suffering intimidation and duress. All quotations and excerpts are based on non-profit "fair use" in the greater public interest consistent with the understanding of laws noted at http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.html. Full copyright notice and Exclusions at http://www.humanbeingsfirst.org.
2008 Orwell Prize for the Palestinian Narrative of Nakba


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After claiming he was made to be a "prisoner" in his own home, former child star Mickey Rooney was granted a temporary restraining order against his stepson.
The 90 year-old actor alleges that Christopher Aber, 52, the son of Rooney's eighth wife, Jan Chamberlain, ""threatens, intimidates, bullies and harasses" Rooney, even going so far as to deny the aging star food and medicine.
Rooney also claims that Aber forces him to make appearances against his will and sign legal documents without allowing the actor to read them.
A Los Angeles court ruled in favor of Rooney, granting him a restraining order that prevents Aber from coming within 100 yards of both the actor and his home.
Rooney has been married to Chamberlain since 1978. Rooney continues to be busy - rumor has him pegged for a role in the upcoming "Muppet Movie."
Selected Reading: BBC News, The Hollywood Reporter, Baltimore Sun


text:
Aira is a digital marketing agency with experts who deliver results. By getting to know your business, we work in partnership with you to build and implement strategies that truly make a difference. Whether it's paid search, organic SEO, content marketing, or social media, we focus on your objectives to achieve real-world results.
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text:
The first aid at work requalification training course
updates the first aid skills of those who need to renew their First
Aid at work certificate.
The HSE strongly recommends that you requalify within a month
of your certificate expiring.
This course is for people wishing to renew a valid First aid at
work certificate.
The course aims to update and refresh your knowledge of the
First aid at work syllabus, while allowing time for revision and
practice sessions in preparation for a written assessment.
This course covers the contents of the three-day First
aid at work course in two days. Students will requalify for the
three-day course.
Two days.
Previously, students who attended our first aid
courses needed to pass a final practical assessment. This
has been replaced with continuous observation by the trainer
and written assessments.
Candidates need a basic command of English (defined as Level
2). Whilst we are often able to provide support to people who
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do so is limited by the time available and the number of people who
require assistance. Although we may be able to make special
arrangements if requested in advance. Please contact us if you need
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Successful candidates receive a St John Ambulance
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Find the right First aid kit for you, along with all the
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Looking to book training for school staff? Call our customer
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*Calls cost 7p per minute plus your phone company's access


text:
Bierce Writing Commons
A place for writers
The Bierce Writing Commons, on the ground floor of Bierce Library, welcomes all University of Akron students who want to work on writing projects in any class. Trained writing consultants will help you at any point in your writing process …
- brainstorming,
- development,
- organizing,
- proofreading, or
- working with outside sources and citation styles.
This free service is available to all University of Akron students from their first semester through their final writing project.
The skilled writing consultants at Bierce Writing Commons believe that writing is a collaborative process. We want to help you become a stronger and more confident writer.
Online writing lab via eTutoring.org
A face-to-face session with a Bierce Writing Commons consultant is an ideal way to discuss and get feedback on your writing. However, because of time or geographic constraints, it may not always be possible for you to schedule an appointment in the Commons.
An alternative to Bierce Writing Commons is The Online Writing Lab, a service of eTutoring.org. With the Online Writing Lab you can submit a draft of your paper to a tutor and ask for specific feedback. Within 24 to 48 hours, you receive your work back with a tutor's comments. You are allowed to submit up to three drafts per paper. Please note that this is NOT a proofreading service. Like the consultants in Bierce Writing Commons, an Online Writing Lab tutor will give you suggestions as to how you can revise your own paper.
Watch this YouTube video to see how the eTutoring services work. Click on the eTutoring link to read more about this resource. To use the services, you must create an account and log into the program.
To browse the weekly eTutoring schedule before you log in and make an appointment, click on this link.


text:
Regular Price: £49.99
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The Maharishi Shattered Miltype T Shirt in 100% organic cotton features the brands miltype print, shattered, on the chest.
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text:
Cruise Details
Star Island Day Visit
- Date: Jul 26, 2016
- Age Restriction: None
- Boarding Time: 8:55 AM
- Departure Time: 9:25 AM
- Duration: 7.0 hours
Buy tickets for:
This cruise has already departed.
View other cruises
There are two different vessels utilized for this cruise. The outbound portion of this cruise is on M/V Challenger and inbound on M/V Thomas Laighton.
Spend the day on Star Island. This cruise lets you experience our Isles of Shoals and Portsmouth harbor tour, the Star Island Walking tour and stay for the day on Star Island! You'll spend approximately 4.5 hours exploring Star Island. Participation in the Walking Tour is optional.


text:
Monterey Jazz Festival created its Instrument Bank to provide top quality instruments to school music programs. Students and teachers use Festival-owned instruments throughout the school year, free of charge.
Similarly, the Festival offers a Sheet Music Library of jazz charts and method books to lend to jazz bands and vocal ensembles in Monterey County middle schools and high schools.


text:
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 4, by Edward Gibbon, [1788], at sacred-texts.com
A daughter of Phocas, his only child, was given in marriage to the patrician Crispus, 52 and the royal images of the bride and bridegroom were indiscreetly placed in the circus, by the side of the emperor. The father must desire that his posterity should inherit the fruit of his crimes, but the monarch was offended by this premature and popular association: the tribunes of the green faction, who accused the officious error of their sculptors, were condemned to instant death: their lives were granted to the prayers of the people; but Crispus might reasonably doubt, whether a jealous usurper could forget and pardon his involuntary competition. The green faction was alienated by the ingratitude of Phocas and the loss of their privileges; every province of the empire was ripe for rebellion; and Heraclius, exarch of Africa, persisted above two years in refusing all tribute and obedience to the centurion who disgraced the throne of Constantinople. By the secret emissaries of Crispus and the senate, the independent exarch was solicited to save and to govern his country; but his ambition was chilled by age, and he resigned the dangerous enterprise to his son Heraclius, and to Nicetas, the son of Gregory, his friend and lieutenant. The powers of Africa were armed by the two adventurous youths; they agreed that the one should navigate the fleet from Carthage to Constantinople, that the other should lead an army through Egypt and Asia, and that the Imperial purple should be the reward of diligence and success. A faint rumor of their undertaking was conveyed to the ears of Phocas, and the wife and mother of the younger Heraclius were secured as the hostages of his faith: but the treacherous heart of Crispus extenuated the distant peril, the means of defence were neglected or delayed, and the tyrant supinely slept till the African navy cast anchor in the Hellespont. Their standard was joined at Abidus by the fugitives and exiles who thirsted for revenge; the ships of Heraclius, whose lofty masts were adorned with the holy symbols of religion, 53 steered their triumphant course through the Propontis; and Phocas beheld from the windows of the palace his approaching and inevitable fate. The green faction was tempted, by gifts and promises, to oppose a feeble and fruitless resistance to the landing of the Africans: but the people, and even the guards, were determined by the well-timed defection of Crispus; and they tyrant was seized by a private enemy, who boldly invaded the solitude of the palace. Stripped of the diadem and purple, clothed in a vile habit, and loaded with chains, he was transported in a small boat to the Imperial galley of Heraclius, who reproached him with the crimes of his abominable reign. "Wilt thou govern better?" were the last words of the despair of Phocas. After suffering each variety of insult and torture, his head was severed from his body, the mangled trunk was cast into the flames, and the same treatment was inflicted on the statues of the vain usurper, and the seditious banner of the green faction. The voice of the clergy, the senate, and the people, invited Heraclius to ascend the throne which he had purified from guilt and ignominy; after some graceful hesitation, he yielded to their entreaties. His coronation was accompanied by that of his wife Eudoxia; and their posterity, till the fourth generation, continued to reign over the empire of the East. The voyage of Heraclius had been easy and prosperous; the tedious march of Nicetas was not accomplished before the decision of the contest: but he submitted without a murmur to the fortune of his friend, and his laudable intentions were rewarded with an equestrian statue, and a daughter of the emperor. It was more difficult to trust the fidelity of Crispus, whose recent services were recompensed by the command of the Cappadocian army. His arrogance soon provoked, and seemed to excuse, the ingratitude of his new sovereign. In the presence of the senate, the son-in-law of Phocas was condemned to embrace the monastic life; and the sentence was justified by the weighty observation of Heraclius, that the man who had betrayed his father could never be faithful to his friend. 54
Even after his death the republic was afflicted by the crimes of Phocas, which armed with a pious cause the most formidable of her enemies. According to the friendly and equal forms of the Byzantine and Persian courts, he announced his exaltation to the throne; and his ambassador Lilius, who had presented him with the heads of Maurice and his sons, was the best qualified to describe the circumstances of the tragic scene. 55 However it might be varnished by fiction or sophistry, Chosroes turned with horror from the assassin, imprisoned the pretended envoy, disclaimed the usurper, and declared himself the avenger of his father and benefactor. The sentiments of grief and resentment, which humanity would feel, and honor would dictate, promoted on this occasion the interest of the Persian king; and his interest was powerfully magnified by the national and religious prejudices of the Magi and satraps. In a strain of artful adulation, which assumed the language of freedom, they presumed to censure the excess of his gratitude and friendship for the Greeks; a nation with whom it was dangerous to conclude either peace or alliance; whose superstition was devoid of truth and justice, and who must be incapable of any virtue, since they could perpetrate the most atrocious of crimes, the impious murder of their sovereign. 56 For the crime of an ambitious centurion, the nation which he oppressed was chastised with the calamities of war; and the same calamities, at the end of twenty years, were retaliated and redoubled on the heads of the Persians. 57 The general who had restored Chosroes to the throne still commanded in the East; and the name of Narses was the formidable sound with which the Assyrian mothers were accustomed to terrify their infants. It is not improbable, that a native subject of Persia should encourage his master and his friend to deliver and possess the provinces of Asia. It is still more probable, that Chosroes should animate his troops by the assurance that the sword which they dreaded the most would remain in its scabbard, or be drawn in their favor. The hero could not depend on the faith of a tyrant; and the tyrant was conscious how little he deserved the obedience of a hero. Narses was removed from his military command; he reared an independent standard at Hierapolis, in Syria: he was betrayed by fallacious promises, and burnt alive in the market-place of Constantinople. Deprived of the only chief whom they could fear or esteem, the bands which he had led to victory were twice broken by the cavalry, trampled by the elephants, and pierced by the arrows of the Barbarians; and a great number of the captives were beheaded on the field of battle by the sentence of the victor, who might justly condemn these seditious mercenaries as the authors or accomplices of the death of Maurice. Under the reign of Phocas, the fortifications of Merdin, Dara, Amida, and Edessa, were successively besieged, reduced, and destroyed, by the Persian monarch: he passed the Euphrates, occupied the Syrian cities, Hierapolis, Chalcis, and Berrhaea or Aleppo, and soon encompassed the walls of Antioch with his irresistible arms. The rapid tide of success discloses the decay of the empire, the incapacity of Phocas, and the disaffection of his subjects; and Chosroes provided a decent apology for their submission or revolt, by an impostor, who attended his camp as the son of Maurice 58 and the lawful heir of the monarchy.
The first intelligence from the East which Heraclius received, 59 was that of the loss of Antioch; but the aged metropolis, so often overturned by earthquakes, and pillaged by the enemy, could supply but a small and languid stream of treasure and blood. The Persians were equally successful, and more fortunate, in the sack of Caesarea, the capital of Cappadocia; and as they advanced beyond the ramparts of the frontier, the boundary of ancient war, they found a less obstinate resistance and a more plentiful harvest. The pleasant vale of Damascus has been adorned in every age with a royal city: her obscure felicity has hitherto escaped the historian of the Roman empire: but Chosroes reposed his troops in the paradise of Damascus before he ascended the hills of Libanus, or invaded the cities of the Phoenician coast. The conquest of Jerusalem, 60 which had been meditated by Nushirvan, was achieved by the zeal and avarice of his grandson; the ruin of the proudest monument of Christianity was vehemently urged by the intolerant spirit of the Magi; and he could enlist for this holy warfare with an army of six-and- twenty thousand Jews, whose furious bigotry might compensate, in some degree, for the want of valor and discipline. *_0065 After the reduction of Galilee, and the region beyond the Jordan, whose resistance appears to have delayed the fate of the capital, Jerusalem itself was taken by assault. The sepulchre of Christ, and the stately churches of Helena and Constantine, were consumed, or at least damaged, by the flames; the devout offerings of three hundred years were rifled in one sacrilegious day; the Patriarch Zachariah, and the true cross, were transported into Persia; and the massacre of ninety thousand Christians is imputed to the Jews and Arabs, who swelled the disorder of the Persian march. The fugitives of Palestine were entertained at Alexandria by the charity of John the Archbishop, who is distinguished among a crowd of saints by the epithet of almsgiver: 61 and the revenues of the church, with a treasure of three hundred thousand pounds, were restored to the true proprietors, the poor of every country and every denomination. But Egypt itself, the only province which had been exempt, since the time of Diocletian, from foreign and domestic war, was again subdued by the successors of Cyrus. Pelusium, the key of that impervious country, was surprised by the cavalry of the Persians: they passed, with impunity, the innumerable channels of the Delta, and explored the long valley of the Nile, from the pyramids of Memphis to the confines of Aethiopia. Alexandria might have been relieved by a naval force, but the archbishop and the praefect embarked for Cyprus; and Chosroes entered the second city of the empire, which still preserved a wealthy remnant of industry and commerce. His western trophy was erected, not on the walls of Carthage, 62 but in the neighborhood of Tripoli; the Greek colonies of Cyrene were finally extirpated; and the conqueror, treading in the footsteps of Alexander, returned in triumph through the sands of the Libyan desert. In the same campaign, another army advanced from the Euphrates to the Thracian Bosphorus; Chalcedon surrendered after a long siege, and a Persian camp was maintained above ten years in the presence of Constantinople. The sea-coast of Pontus, the city of Ancyra, and the Isle of Rhodes, are enumerated among the last conquests of the great king; and if Chosroes had possessed any maritime power, his boundless ambition would have spread slavery and desolation over the provinces of Europe.
From the long-disputed banks of the Tigris and Euphrates, the reign of the grandson of Nushirvan was suddenly extended to the Hellespont and the Nile, the ancient limits of the Persian monarchy. But the provinces, which had been fashioned by the habits of six hundred years to the virtues and vices of the Roman government, supported with reluctance the yoke of the Barbarians. The idea of a republic was kept alive by the institutions, or at least by the writings, of the Greeks and Romans, and the subjects of Heraclius had been educated to pronounce the words of liberty and law. But it has always been the pride and policy of Oriental princes to display the titles and attributes of their omnipotence; to upbraid a nation of slaves with their true name and abject condition, and to enforce, by cruel and insolent threats, the rigor of their absolute commands. The Christians of the East were scandalized by the worship of fire, and the impious doctrine of the two principles: the Magi were not less intolerant than the bishops; and the martyrdom of some native Persians, who had deserted the religion of Zoroaster, 63 was conceived to be the prelude of a fierce and general persecution. By the oppressive laws of Justinian, the adversaries of the church were made the enemies of the state; the alliance of the Jews, Nestorians, and Jacobites, had contributed to the success of Chosroes, and his partial favor to the sectaries provoked the hatred and fears of the Catholic clergy. Conscious of their fear and hatred, the Persian conqueror governed his new subjects with an iron sceptre; and, as if he suspected the stability of his dominion, he exhausted their wealth by exorbitant tributes and licentious rapine despoiled or demolished the temples of the East; and transported to his hereditary realms the gold, the silver, the precious marbles, the arts, and the artists of the Asiatic cities. In the obscure picture of the calamities of the empire, 64 it is not easy to discern the figure of Chosroes himself, to separate his actions from those of his lieutenants, or to ascertain his personal merit in the general blaze of glory and magnificence. He enjoyed with ostentation the fruits of victory, and frequently retired from the hardships of war to the luxury of the palace. But in the space of twenty-four years, he was deterred by superstition or resentment from approaching the gates of Ctesiphon: and his favorite residence of Artemita, or Dastagerd, was situate beyond the Tigris, about sixty miles to the north of the capital. 65 The adjacent pastures were covered with flocks and herds: the paradise or park was replenished with pheasants, peacocks, ostriches, roebucks, and wild boars, and the noble game of lions and tigers was sometimes turned loose for the bolder pleasures of the chase. Nine hundred and sixty elephants were maintained for the use or splendor of the great king: his tents and baggage were carried into the field by twelve thousand great camels and eight thousand of a smaller size; 66 and the royal stables were filled with six thousand mules and horses, among whom the names of Shebdiz and Barid are renowned for their speed or beauty. *_0066 Six thousand guards successively mounted before the palace gate; the service of the interior apartments was performed by twelve thousand slaves, and in the number of three thousand virgins, the fairest of Asia, some happy concubine might console her master for the age or the indifference of Sira. The various treasures of gold, silver, gems, silks, and aromatics, were deposited in a hundred subterraneous vaults and the chamber Badaverd denoted the accidental gift of the winds which had wafted the spoils of Heraclius into one of the Syrian harbors of his rival. The vice of flattery, and perhaps of fiction, is not ashamed to compute the thirty thousand rich hangings that adorned the walls; the forty thousand columns of silver, or more probably of marble, and plated wood, that supported the roof; and the thousand globes of gold suspended in the dome, to imitate the motions of the planets and the constellations of the zodiac. 67 While the Persian monarch contemplated the wonders of his art and power, he received an epistle from an obscure citizen of Mecca, inviting him to acknowledge Mahomet as the apostle of God. He rejected the invitation, and tore the epistle. "It is thus," exclaimed the Arabian prophet, "that God will tear the kingdom, and reject the supplications of Chosroes." 68 !_0066 Placed on the verge of the two great empires of the East, Mahomet observed with secret joy the progress of their mutual destruction; and in the midst of the Persian triumphs, he ventured to foretell, that before many years should elapse, victory should again return to the banners of the Romans. 69
At the time when this prediction is said to have been delivered, no prophecy could be more distant from its accomplishment, since the first twelve years of Heraclius announced the approaching dissolution of the empire. If the motives of Chosroes had been pure and honorable, he must have ended the quarrel with the death of Phocas, and he would have embraced, as his best ally, the fortunate African who had so generously avenged the injuries of his benefactor Maurice. The prosecution of the war revealed the true character of the Barbarian; and the suppliant embassies of Heraclius to beseech his clemency, that he would spare the innocent, accept a tribute, and give peace to the world, were rejected with contemptuous silence or insolent menace. Syria, Egypt, and the provinces of Asia, were subdued by the Persian arms, while Europe, from the confines of Istria to the long wall of Thrace, was oppressed by the Avars, unsatiated with the blood and rapine of the Italian war. They had coolly massacred their male captives in the sacred field of Pannonia; the women and children were reduced to servitude, and the noblest virgins were abandoned to the promiscuous lust of the Barbarians. The amorous matron who opened the gates of Friuli passed a short night in the arms of her royal lover; the next evening, Romilda was condemned to the embraces of twelve Avars, and the third day the Lombard princess was impaled in the sight of the camp, while the chagan observed with a cruel smile, that such a husband was the fit recompense of her lewdness and perfidy. 70 By these implacable enemies, Heraclius, on either side, was insulted and besieged: and the Roman empire was reduced to the walls of Constantinople, with the remnant of Greece, Italy, and Africa, and some maritime cities, from Tyre to Trebizond, of the Asiatic coast. After the loss of Egypt, the capital was afflicted by famine and pestilence; and the emperor, incapable of resistance, and hopeless of relief, had resolved to transfer his person and government to the more secure residence of Carthage. His ships were already laden with the treasures of the palace; but his flight was arrested by the patriarch, who armed the powers of religion in the defence of his country; led Heraclius to the altar of St. Sophia, and extorted a solemn oath, that he would live and die with the people whom God had intrusted to his care. The chagan was encamped in the plains of Thrace; but he dissembled his perfidious designs, and solicited an interview with the emperor near the town of Heraclea. Their reconciliation was celebrated with equestrian games; the senate and people, in their gayest apparel, resorted to the festival of peace; and the Avars beheld, with envy and desire, the spectacle of Roman luxury. On a sudden the hippodrome was encompassed by the Scythian cavalry, who had pressed their secret and nocturnal march: the tremendous sound of the chagan's whip gave the signal of the assault, and Heraclius, wrapping his diadem round his arm, was saved with extreme hazard, by the fleetness of his horse. So rapid was the pursuit, that the Avars almost entered the golden gate of Constantinople with the flying crowds: 71 but the plunder of the suburbs rewarded their treason, and they transported beyond the Danube two hundred and seventy thousand captives. On the shore of Chalcedon, the emperor held a safer conference with a more honorable foe, who, before Heraclius descended from his galley, saluted with reverence and pity the majesty of the purple. The friendly offer of Sain, the Persian general, to conduct an embassy to the presence of the great king, was accepted with the warmest gratitude, and the prayer for pardon and peace was humbly presented by the Praetorian praefect, the praefect of the city, and one of the first ecclesiastics of the patriarchal church. 72 But the lieutenant of Chosroes had fatally mistaken the intentions of his master. "It was not an embassy," said the tyrant of Asia, "it was the person of Heraclius, bound in chains, that he should have brought to the foot of my throne. I will never give peace to the emperor of Rome, till he had abjured his crucified God, and embraced the worship of the sun." Sain was flayed alive, according to the inhuman practice of his country; and the separate and rigorous confinement of the ambassadors violated the law of nations, and the faith of an express stipulation. Yet the experience of six years at length persuaded the Persian monarch to renounce the conquest of Constantinople, and to specify the annual tribute or ransom of the Roman empire; a thousand talents of gold, a thousand talents of silver, a thousand silk robes, a thousand horses, and a thousand virgins. Heraclius subscribed these ignominious terms; but the time and space which he obtained to collect such treasures from the poverty of the East, was industriously employed in the preparations of a bold and desperate attack.
Of the characters conspicuous in history, that of Heraclius is one of the most extraordinary and inconsistent. In the first and last years of a long reign, the emperor appears to be the slave of sloth, of pleasure, or of superstition, the careless and impotent spectator of the public calamities. But the languid mists of the morning and evening are separated by the brightness of the meridian sun; the Arcadius of the palace arose the Caesar of the camp; and the honor of Rome and Heraclius was gloriously retrieved by the exploits and trophies of six adventurous campaigns. It was the duty of the Byzantine historians to have revealed the causes of his slumber and vigilance. At this distance we can only conjecture, that he was endowed with more personal courage than political resolution; that he was detained by the charms, and perhaps the arts, of his niece Martina, with whom, after the death of Eudocia, he contracted an incestuous marriage; 73 and that he yielded to the base advice of the counsellors, who urged, as a fundamental law, that the life of the emperor should never be exposed in the field. 74 Perhaps he was awakened by the last insolent demand of the Persian conqueror; but at the moment when Heraclius assumed the spirit of a hero, the only hopes of the Romans were drawn from the vicissitudes of fortune, which might threaten the proud prosperity of Chosroes, and must be favorable to those who had attained the lowest period of depression. 75 To provide for the expenses of war, was the first care of the emperor; and for the purpose of collecting the tribute, he was allowed to solicit the benevolence of the eastern provinces. But the revenue no longer flowed in the usual channels; the credit of an arbitrary prince is annihilated by his power; and the courage of Heraclius was first displayed in daring to borrow the consecrated wealth of churches, under the solemn vow of restoring, with usury, whatever he had been compelled to employ in the service of religion and the empire. The clergy themselves appear to have sympathized with the public distress; and the discreet patriarch of Alexandria, without admitting the precedent of sacrilege, assisted his sovereign by the miraculous or seasonable revelation of a secret treasure. 76 Of the soldiers who had conspired with Phocas, only two were found to have survived the stroke of time and of the Barbarians; 77 the loss, even of these seditious veterans, was imperfectly supplied by the new levies of Heraclius, and the gold of the sanctuary united, in the same camp, the names, and arms, and languages of the East and West. He would have been content with the neutrality of the Avars; and his friendly entreaty, that the chagan would act, not as the enemy, but as the guardian, of the empire, was accompanied with a more persuasive donative of two hundred thousand pieces of gold. Two days after the festival of Easter, the emperor, exchanging his purple for the simple garb of a penitent and warrior, 78 gave the signal of his departure. To the faith of the people Heraclius recommended his children; the civil and military powers were vested in the most deserving hands, and the discretion of the patriarch and senate was authorized to save or surrender the city, if they should be oppressed in his absence by the superior forces of the enemy.
The neighboring heights of Chalcedon were covered with tents and arms: but if the new levies of Heraclius had been rashly led to the attack, the victory of the Persians in the sight of Constantinople might have been the last day of the Roman empire. As imprudent would it have been to advance into the provinces of Asia, leaving their innumerable cavalry to intercept his convoys, and continually to hang on the lassitude and disorder of his rear. But the Greeks were still masters of the sea; a fleet of galleys, transports, and store-ships, was assembled in the harbor; the Barbarians consented to embark; a steady wind carried them through the Hellespont the western and southern coast of Asia Minor lay on their left hand; the spirit of their chief was first displayed in a storm, and even the eunuchs of his train were excited to suffer and to work by the example of their master. He landed his troops on the confines of Syria and Cilicia, in the Gulf of Scanderoon, where the coast suddenly turns to the south; 79 and his discernment was expressed in the choice of this important post. 80 From all sides, the scattered garrisons of the maritime cities and the mountains might repair with speed and safety to his Imperial standard. The natural fortifications of Cilicia protected, and even concealed, the camp of Heraclius, which was pitched near Issus, on the same ground where Alexander had vanquished the host of Darius. The angle which the emperor occupied was deeply indented into a vast semicircle of the Asiatic, Armenian, and Syrian provinces; and to whatsoever point of the circumference he should direct his attack, it was easy for him to dissemble his own motions, and to prevent those of the enemy. In the camp of Issus, the Roman general reformed the sloth and disorder of the veterans, and educated the new recruits in the knowledge and practice of military virtue. Unfolding the miraculous image of Christ, he urged them to revenge the holy altars which had been profaned by the worshippers of fire; addressing them by the endearing appellations of sons and brethren, he deplored the public and private wrongs of the republic. The subjects of a monarch were persuaded that they fought in the cause of freedom; and a similar enthusiasm was communicated to the foreign mercenaries, who must have viewed with equal indifference the interest of Rome and of Persia. Heraclius himself, with the skill and patience of a centurion, inculcated the lessons of the school of tactics, and the soldiers were assiduously trained in the use of their weapons, and the exercises and evolutions of the field. The cavalry and infantry in light or heavy armor were divided into two parties; the trumpets were fixed in the centre, and their signals directed the march, the charge, the retreat or pursuit; the direct or oblique order, the deep or extended phalanx; to represent in fictitious combat the operations of genuine war. Whatever hardships the emperor imposed on the troops, he inflicted with equal severity on himself; their labor, their diet, their sleep, were measured by the inflexible rules of discipline; and, without despising the enemy, they were taught to repose an implicit confidence in their own valor and the wisdom of their leader. Cilicia was soon encompassed with the Persian arms; but their cavalry hesitated to enter the defiles of Mount Taurus, till they were circumvented by the evolutions of Heraclius, who insensibly gained their rear, whilst he appeared to present his front in order of battle. By a false motion, which seemed to threaten Armenia, he drew them, against their wishes, to a general action. They were tempted by the artful disorder of his camp; but when they advanced to combat, the ground, the sun, and the expectation of both armies, were unpropitious to the Barbarians; the Romans successfully repeated their tactics in a field of battle, 81 and the event of the day declared to the world, that the Persians were not invincible, and that a hero was invested with the purple. Strong in victory and fame, Heraclius boldly ascended the heights of Mount Taurus, directed his march through the plains of Cappadocia, and established his troops, for the winter season, in safe and plentiful quarters on the banks of the River Halys. 82 His soul was superior to the vanity of entertaining Constantinople with an imperfect triumph; but the presence of the emperor was indispensably required to soothe the restless and rapacious spirit of the Avars.
Since the days of Scipio and Hannibal, no bolder enterprise has been attempted than that which Heraclius achieved for the deliverance of the empire 83 He permitted the Persians to oppress for a while the provinces, and to insult with impunity the capital of the East; while the Roman emperor explored his perilous way through the Black Sea, 84 and the mountains of Armenia, penetrated into the heart of Persia, 85 and recalled the armies of the great king to the defence of their bleeding country. With a select band of five thousand soldiers, Heraclius sailed from Constantinople to Trebizond; assembled his forces which had wintered in the Pontic regions; and, from the mouth of the Phasis to the Caspian Sea, encouraged his subjects and allies to march with the successor of Constantine under the faithful and victorious banner of the cross. When the legions of Lucullus and Pompey first passed the Euphrates, they blushed at their easy victory over the natives of Armenia. But the long experience of war had hardened the minds and bodies of that effeminate peeple; their zeal and bravery were approved in the service of a declining empire; they abhorred and feared the usurpation of the house of Sassan, and the memory of persecution envenomed their pious hatred of the enemies of Christ. The limits of Armenia, as it had been ceded to the emperor Maurice, extended as far as the Araxes: the river submitted to the indignity of a bridge, 86 and Heraclius, in the footsteps of Mark Antony, advanced towards the city of Tauris or Gandzaca, 87 the ancient and modern capital of one of the provinces of Media. At the head of forty thousand men, Chosroes himself had returned from some distant expedition to oppose the progress of the Roman arms; but he retreated on the approach of Heraclius, declining the generous alternative of peace or of battle. Instead of half a million of inhabitants, which have been ascribed to Tauris under the reign of the Sophys, the city contained no more than three thousand houses; but the value of the royal treasures was enhanced by a tradition, that they were the spoils of Croesus, which had been transported by Cyrus from the citadel of Sardes. The rapid conquests of Heraclius were suspended only by the winter season; a motive of prudence, or superstition, 88 determined his retreat into the province of Albania, along the shores of the Caspian; and his tents were most probably pitched in the plains of Mogan, 89 the favorite encampment of Oriental princes. In the course of this successful inroad, he signalized the zeal and revenge of a Christian emperor: at his command, the soldiers extinguished the fire, and destroyed the temples, of the Magi; the statues of Chosroes, who aspired to divine honors, were abandoned to the flames; and the ruins of Thebarma or Ormia, 90 which had given birth to Zoroaster himself, made some atonement for the injuries of the holy sepulchre. A purer spirit of religion was shown in the relief and deliverance of fifty thousand captives. Heraclius was rewarded by their tears and grateful acclamations; but this wise measure, which spread the fame of his benevolence, diffused the murmurs of the Persians against the pride and obstinacy of their own sovereign.
52 In the writers, and in the copies of those writers, there is such hesitation between the names of Priscus and Crispus, (Ducange, Fam Byzant. p. 111,) that I have been tempted to identify the son-in-law of Phocas with the hero five times victorious over the Avars.
53 According to Theophanes. Cedrenus adds, which Heraclius bore as a banner in the first Persian expedition. See George Pisid. Acroas L 140. The manufacture seems to have flourished; but Foggini, the Roman editor, (p. 26,) is at a loss to determine whether this picture was an original or a copy.
54 See the tyranny of Phocas and the elevation of Heraclius, in Chron. Paschal. p. 380 - 383. Theophanes, p. 242 - 250. Nicephorus, p. 3 - 7. Cedrenus, p. 404 - 407. Zonaras, tom. ii. l. xiv. p. 80 - 82.
55 Theophylact, l. viii. c. 15. The life of Maurice was composed about the year 628 (l. viii. c. 13) by Theophylact Simocatta, ex-praefect, a native of Egypt. Photius, who gives an ample extract of the work, (cod. lxv. p. 81 - 100,) gently reproves the affectation and allegory of the style. His preface is a dialogue between Philosophy and History; they seat themselves under a plane-tree, and the latter touches her lyre.
56 Christianis nec pactum esse, nec fidem nec foedus .... . quod si ulla illis fides fuisset, regem suum non occidissent. Eutych. Annales tom. ii. p. 211, vers. Pocock.
57 We must now, for some ages, take our leave of contemporary historians, and descend, if it be a descent, from the affectation of rhetoric to the rude simplicity of chronicles and abridgments. Those of Theophanes (Chronograph. p. 244 - 279) and Nicephorus (p. 3 - 16) supply a regular, but imperfect, series of the Persian war; and for any additional facts I quote my special authorities. Theophanes, a courtier who became a monk, was born A.D. 748; Nicephorus patriarch of Constantinople, who died A.D. 829, was somewhat younger: they both suffered in the cause of images Hankius, de Scriptoribus Byzantinis, p. 200 - 246.
58 The Persian historians have been themselves deceived: but Theophanes (p. 244) accuses Chosroes of the fraud and falsehood; and Eutychius believes (Annal. tom. ii. p. 212) that the son of Maurice, who was saved from the assassins, lived and died a monk on Mount Sinai.
59 Eutychius dates all the losses of the empire under the reign of Phocas; an error which saves the honor of Heraclius, whom he brings not from Carthage, but Salonica, with a fleet laden with vegetables for the relief of Constantinople, (Annal. tom. ii. p. 223, 224.) The other Christians of the East, Barhebraeus, (apud Asseman, Bibliothec. Oriental. tom. iii. p. 412, 413,) Elmacin, (Hist. Saracen. p. 13 - 16,) Abulpharagius, (Dynast. p. 98, 99,) are more sincere and accurate. The years of the Persian war are disposed in the chronology of Pagi.
60 On the conquest of Jerusalem, an event so interesting to the church, see the Annals of Eutychius, (tom. ii. p. 212 - 223,) and the lamentations of the monk Antiochus, (apud Baronium, Annal. Eccles. A.D. 614, No. 16 - 26,) whose one hundred and twenty-nine homilies are still extant, if what no one reads may be said to be extant.
*_0065 See Hist. of Jews, vol. iii. p. 240. - M.
61 The life of this worthy saint is composed by Leontius, a contemporary bishop; and I find in Baronius (Annal. Eccles. A.D. 610, No. 10, &c.) and Fleury (tom. viii. p. 235 - 242) sufficient extracts of this edifying work.)
62 The error of Baronius, and many others who have carried the arms of Chosroes to Carthage instead of Chalcedon, is founded on the near resemblance of the Greek words, in the text of Theophanes, &c., which have been sometimes confounded by transcribers, and sometimes by critics.
63 The genuine acts of St. Anastasius are published in those of the with general council, from whence Baronius (Annal. Eccles. A.D. 614, 626, 627) and Butler (Lives of the Saints, vol. i. p. 242 - 248) have taken their accounts. The holy martyr deserted from the Persian to the Roman army, became a monk at Jerusalem, and insulted the worship of the Magi, which was then established at Caesarea in Palestine.
64 Abulpharagius, Dynast. p. 99. Elmacin, Hist. Saracen. p. 14.
65 D'Anville, Mem. de l'Academie des Inscriptions, tom. xxxii. p. 568 - 571.
66 The difference between the two races consists in one or two humps; the dromedary has only one; the size of the proper camel is larger; the country he comes from, Turkistan or Bactriana; the dromedary is confined to Arabia and Africa. Buffon, Hist. Naturelle, tom. xi. p. 211, &c. Aristot. Hist. Animal. tom. i. l. ii. c. 1, tom. ii. p. 185.
*_0066 The ruins of these scenes of Khoosroo's magnificence have been visited by Sir R. K. Porter. At the ruins of Tokht i Bostan, he saw a gorgeous picture of a hunt, singularly illustrative of this passage. Travels, vol. ii. p. 204. Kisra Shirene, which he afterwards examined, appears to have been the palace of Dastagerd. Vol. ii. p. 173 - 175. - M.
67 Theophanes, Chronograph. p. 268. D'Herbelot, Bibliotheque Orientale, p. 997. The Greeks describe the decay, the Persians the splendor, of Dastagerd; but the former speak from the modest witness of the eye, the latter from the vague report of the ear.
68 The historians of Mahomet, Abulfeda (in Vit. Mohammed, p. 92, 93) and Gagnier, (Vie de Mahomet, tom. ii. p. 247,) date this embassy in the viith year of the Hegira, which commences A.D. 628, May 11. Their chronology is erroneous, since Chosroes died in the month of February of the same year, (Pagi, Critica, tom. ii. p. 779.) The count de Boulainvilliers (Vie de Mahomed, p. 327, 328) places this embassy about A.D. 615, soon after the conquest of Palestine. Yet Mahomet would scarcely have ventured so soon on so bold a step.
!_0066 Khoosroo Purveez was encamped on the banks of the Karasoo River when he received the letter of Mahomed. He tore the letter and threw it into the Karasoo. For this action, the moderate author of the Zeenut-ul- Tuarikh calls him a wretch, and rejoices in all his subsequent misfortunes. These impressions still exist. I remarked to a Persian, when encamped near the Karasoo, in 1800, that the banks were very high, which must make it difficult to apply its waters to irrigation. "It once fertilized the whole country," said the zealous Mahomedan, "but its channel sunk with honor from its banks, when that madman, Khoosroo, threw our holy Prophet's letter into its stream; which has ever since been accursed and useless. Malcolm's Persia, vol. i. p. 126 - M.
69 See the xxxth chapter of the Koran, entitled the Greeks. Our honest and learned translator, Sale, (p. 330, 331,) fairly states this conjecture, guess, wager, of Mahomet; but Boulainvilliers, (p. 329 - 344,) with wicked intentions, labors to establish this evident prophecy of a future event, which must, in his opinion, embarrass the Christian polemics.
70 Paul Warnefrid, de Gestis Langobardorum, l. iv. c. 38, 42. Muratori, Annali d'Italia, tom. v. p. 305, &c.
71 The Paschal Chronicle, which sometimes introduces fragments of history into a barren list of names and dates, gives the best account of the treason of the Avars, p. 389, 390. The number of captives is added by Nicephorus.
72 Some original pieces, such as the speech or letter of the Roman ambassadors, (p. 386 - 388,) likewise constitute the merit of the Paschal Chronicle, which was composed, perhaps at Alexandria, under the reign of Heraclius.
73 Nicephorus, (p. 10, 11,) is happy to observe, that of two sons, its incestuous fruit, the elder was marked by Providence with a stiff neck, the younger with the loss of hearing.
74 George of Pisidia, (Acroas. i. 112 - 125, p. 5,) who states the opinions, acquits the pusillanimous counsellors of any sinister views. Would he have excused the proud and contemptuous admonition of Crispus?
75 George Pisid. Acroas. i. 51, &c. p: 4.
The Orientals are not less fond of remarking this strange vicissitude; and I remember some story of Khosrou Parviz, not very unlike the ring of Polycrates of Samos.
76 Baronius gravely relates this discovery, or rather transmutation, of barrels, not of honey, but of gold, (Annal. Eccles. A.D. 620, No. 3, &c.) Yet the loan was arbitrary, since it was collected by soldiers, who were ordered to leave the patriarch of Alexandria no more than one hundred pounds of gold. Nicephorus, (p. 11,) two hundred years afterwards, speaks with ill humor of this contribution, which the church of Constantinople might still feel.
77 Theophylact Symocatta, l. viii. c. 12. This circumstance need not excite our surprise. The muster-roll of a regiment, even in time of peace, is renewed in less than twenty or twenty-five years.
78 He changed his purple for black, buckskins, and dyed them red in the blood of the Persians, (Georg. Pisid. Acroas. iii. 118, 121, 122 See the notes of Foggini, p. 35.)
79 George of Pisidia, (Acroas. ii. 10, p. 8) has fixed this important point of the Syrian and Cilician gates. They are elegantly described by Xenophon, who marched through them a thousand years before. A narrow pass of three stadia between steep, high rocks, and the Mediterranean, was closed at each end by strong gates, impregnable to the land, accessible by sea, (Anabasis, l. i. p. 35, 36, with Hutchinson's Geographical Dissertation, p. vi.) The gates were thirty-five parasangs, or leagues, from Tarsus, (Anabasis, l. i. p. 33, 34,) and eight or ten from Antioch. Compare Itinerar. Wesseling, p. 580, 581. Schultens, Index Geograph. ad calcem Vit. Saladin. p. 9. Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, par M. Otter, tom. i. p. 78, 79.
80 Heraclius might write to a friend in the modest words of Cicero: Castra habuimus ea ipsa quae contra Darium habuerat apud Issum Alexander, imperator haud paulo melior quam aut tu aut ego." Ad Atticum, v. 20. Issus, a rich and flourishing city in the time of Xenophon, was ruined by the prosperity of Alexandria or Scanderoon, on the other side of the bay.
81 Foggini (Annotat. p. 31) suspects that the Persians were deceived by the of Aelian, (Tactic. c. 48,) an intricate spiral motion of the army. He observes (p. 28) that the military descriptions of George of Pisidia are transcribed in the Tactics of the emperor Leo.
82 George of Pisidia, an eye-witness, (Acroas. ii. 122, &c.,) described in three acroaseis, or cantos, the first expedition of Heraclius. The poem has been lately (1777) published at Rome; but such vague and declamatory praise is far from corresponding with the sanguine hopes of Pagi, D'Anville, &c.
83 Theophanes (p. 256) carries Heraclius swiftly into Armenia. Nicephorus, (p. 11,) though he confounds the two expeditions, defines the province of Lazica. Eutychius (Annal. tom. ii. p. 231) has given the 5000 men, with the more probable station of Trebizond.
84 From Constantinople to Trebizond, with a fair wind, four or five days; from thence to Erzerom, five; to Erivan, twelve; to Taurus, ten; in all, thirty-two. Such is the Itinerary of Tavernier, (Voyages, tom. i. p. 12 - 56,) who was perfectly conversant with the roads of Asia. Tournefort, who travelled with a pacha, spent ten or twelve days between Trebizond and Erzerom, (Voyage du Levant, tom. iii. lettre xviii.;) and Chardin (Voyages, tom. i. p. 249 - 254) gives the more correct distance of fifty-three parasangs, each of 5000 paces, (what paces?) between Erivan and Tauris.
85 The expedition of Heraclius into Persia is finely illustrated by M. D'Anville, (Memoires de l'Academie des Inscriptions, tom. xxviii. p. 559 - 573.) He discovers the situation of Gandzaca, Thebarma, Dastagerd, &c., with admirable skill and learning; but the obscure campaign of 624 he passes over in silence.
86 Et pontem indignatus Araxes. - Virgil, Aeneid, viii. 728. The River Araxes is noisy, rapid, vehement, and, with the melting of the snows, irresistible: the strongest and most massy bridges are swept away by the current; and its indignation is attested by the ruins of many arches near the old town of Zulfa. Voyages de Chardin, tom. i. p. 252.
87 Chardin, tom. i. p. 255 - 259. With the Orientals, (D'Herbelot, Biblioth. Orient. p. 834,) he ascribes the foundation of Tauris, or Tebris, to Zobeide, the wife of the famous Khalif Haroun Alrashid; but it appears to have been more ancient; and the names of Gandzaca, Gazaca, Gaza, are expressive of the royal treasure. The number of 550,000 inhabitants is reduced by Chardin from 1,100,000, the popular estimate.
88 He opened the gospel, and applied or interpreted the first casual passage to the name and situation of Albania. Theophanes, p. 258.
89 The heath of Mogan, between the Cyrus and the Araxes, is sixty parasangs in length and twenty in breadth, (Olearius, p. 1023, 1024,) abounding in waters and fruitful pastures, (Hist. de Nadir Shah, translated by Mr. Jones from a Persian Ms., part ii. p. 2, 3.) See the encampments of Timur, (Hist. par Sherefeddin Ali, l. v. c. 37, l. vi. c. 13,) and the coronation of Nadir Shah, (Hist. Persanne, p. 3 - 13 and the English Life by Mr. Jones, p. 64, 65.)
90 Thebarma and Ormia, near the Lake Spauta, are proved to be the same city by D'Anville, (Memoires de l'Academie, tom. xxviii. p. 564, 565.) It is honored as the birthplace of Zoroaster, according to the Persians, (Schultens, Index Geograph. p. 48;) and their tradition is fortified by M. Perron d'Anquetil, (Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscript. tom. xxxi. p. 375,) with some texts from his, or their, Zendavesta.
Note: D'Anville (Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscript. tom. xxxii. p. 560) labored to prove the identity of these two cities; but according to M. St. Martin, vol. xi. p. 97, not with perfect success. Ourmiah. called Ariema in the ancient Pehlvi books, is considered, both by the followers of Zoroaster and by the Mahometans, as his birthplace. It is situated in the southern part of Aderbidjan. - M.


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Four years have gone by - that was quick. I even had another kid since my last post!
I had the chance to meet some folks from this-here forum - and was axed about the development of the Analyzer. I had to think about it for a second - oh that's right. It was dead in the water thanks to a loser engineer with a nasty cocaine habit that couldn't do his job.
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The Martyrs of the Revolution
In bygone days, during the Sugar Festival celebrated at the end of Ramadan, Islamic rulers would build palaces of sweets that the people could tear up and eat. Today, this seems like a metaphor, and indeed it was intended as one at the time: any hint of rebellion would be smothered in the sugar. During the fast, there is an acute sense of justice in Muslim societies. In the authoritarian Arab states, Ramadan became a month small freedoms as a precautionary measure. In television series produced specially for the fast, rebels of the past and legend would, as substitutes, fight for decency and dignity; the censors would be lenient with political sketches. Syria in particular excelled at granting these small freedoms and its subjects reciprocated the favour by not making any demands. All this seems very distant now.
This August has been a Ramadan of revolution, with religious vibrations giving speed to the political events in Yemen, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and Egypt with chronically uncertain outcomes. The ruling Council of Armed Forces in Egypt has launched the main trial against Mubarak. Was the spectacular opening sequence of a bedridden man in a cage just a ploy? Sugar for the people, so to speak? In Libya, the third trial against Ben Ali has begun in absentia while he – like Yemen's Adi Abdullah Saleh – recovers in the land of the Prophet.
Justice then. Only one example is necessary to illustrate the excessiveness of previous injustice: the Egyptian National Audit Office estimates that 13 billion dollars of losses incurred by the state could be recouped. The money disappeared into shady land deals involving the building of luxury complexes on agricultural land. One Saudi bought a piece of land for a fraction of the price a young Egyptian who wanted to settle there would have had to pay. This structural injustice has already triggered thousands of lawsuits. It is still too early to assess them.
Mubarak: From despot to murderer
The fact that it is taking a long time to process the lawsuits is not surprising; most are being handled by judiciary officials who were part of the "old regime". The Western media, which before had nothing much to say about the regime, now take pleasure in lamenting with the youths on Tahrir Square the slow punishment of injustice. However, what is really noteworthy is how fast and vehemently the legal reappraisal of the past has been demanded and by whom – not only by the agents of change but also by broad sections of the population. Elsewhere – from Latin America to Africa, from post-Franco Spain to the Balkans – it has taken years, if not decades for such demands to be voiced.
The public debate about the tempo of the legal reappraisal and the examination of the past is focusing on the victims of the revolution. Street battles were needed before police officers were suspended. Of course, this subject is catchier than complicated structural injustice but this alone does not explain why the martyrs and their families have been given so much attention. Even the lawsuit brought against Mubarak accuses him of being complicit in the "deliberate murder" of 846 martyrs and the attempted murder of thousands of others who were injured – as if the three decades of his rule had been compressed into 18 days of revolution. The call for Mubarak to be hanged only came after the "Battle of the Camel", during which the regime set groups of thugs and criminals on the demonstrators. Before Mubarak was a bad leader; now he was a murderer.
Martyrs of the revolution
Shahid, the Arabic word for martyr, also means witness, as it does in Greek. At the core of Islam is the belief that one is witness to the oneness of God. Ashadu – "I bear witness" – is part of every call to prayer, and some go as far as to say that every Muslim who dies believing is a martyr. Anyone who is killed as part of the revolution bears witness to it and its goals, with survivors having a collective duty towards the martyrs to continue the revolution.
This is how expressions of political will and popular Islam merge with the adoration of martyrs. In Tunisia, the mother of a martyr stuck a picture of her murdered son into my décolletage and rubbed the photo over my skin so that I too would be blessed by his martyrdom and would go to heaven.
When they attempt to grasp the role of religion in the Arab uprisings, non-Muslim observers often fail because of their own tendency to see things in black and white: if religion does not show itself to be a protagonist, then the movement must be secular. In actual fact, the mingling of religious and political motives is much more subtle than this, and religious orientations have a subliminal influence on political forms of expression. This is the only way to explain the pre-eminent role of the martyrs' families.
According to classical Islamic legal doctrine, criminal prosecution and the execution of a sentence are dependent on the will of the victim or his closest relatives. When the families of those who were killed in the revolution now clamour for the crimes to be swiftly punished, they insist on their guaranteed religious right to demand retribution, and according to secular Egyptian law, this means execution. A large number of Egyptians support this call. Those who remind others that the Koran also calls for perpetrators to be forgiven are quickly accused of supporting Mubarak.
The arrest warrant issued for Gaddafi by the International Criminal Court is of a very different nature. Here too, however, the responsibility seems to have been condensed incredibly into five days of "crimes against humanity" in February. Was Gaddafi more humane when he, in collusion with the West, let African immigrants in containers die of thirst in the scorching heat? The African Union has called on its members not to enforce the arrest warrant because it says the court generally discriminates when it indicts. Without doubt, it never indicts people from powerful states. Egypt, where the demand for justice on the streets is now so strong, has never acknowledged the Hague's jurisdiction. Most Egyptians find it absurd that the criminals should be punished by foreigners in an institution dominated by the West.
Mini gallows hanging from rear-view mirrors
In Libya, Tunisia and Egypt, the noose has become a popular motif on walls and banners. In Cairo, taxi drivers have taken to hanging "mini gallows" complete with a dangling effigy of former Interior Minister al-Adly from their rear-view mirrors. On Tahrir Square it is de rigueur to call for Mubarak's execution. It is as if he should be completely finished with. His name has been erased or scratched off thousands of signs; some don't even want him buried on Egyptian soil and others want him removed from the film archives. As if Mubarak never existed; as if every memory of him could be deleted and at the same time the secret shame of having tolerated his rule for so long. Whether from the fields of psychology, politics or religion, not everybody wants his physical liquidation, but they all want a to send out a message, a message that will be heard far beyond Egypt's borders, namely that even those at the top will receive their rightful punishment. It should serve as a lesson to the whole region. Those who have an understanding of politics say the trial has to be fair, that this is important for Egypt.
So what will happen this Ramadan? Did Saudi Arabia really, as so many suspect, peg its financial aid to one condition, namely that the Council of Armed Forces prevent Mubarak's execution and, if possible, even his sentencing? If need be with by poisoning his food? In their own country, the Saudis are not reticent when it comes to executions. Just recently, a 54-year-old Indonesian "maid" was beheaded because, after being tortured, humiliated and robbed of her passport, she cracked and stabbed her tormentor to death with a kitchen knife.
For the Saudis, publicly executing an immigrant who has rebelled against her fate is a lesson and just as logical as preventing another lesson from being taught, namely that of the execution of an Arab autocrat. Is Islam being used to tell people what to think and believe? Or is it actually empowering them to decide for themselves? This is also a subject for reflection this Ramadan. And every Muslim can make up his/her own mind. They say the gates of heaven are wide open during Ramadan and those of hell are closed. No need then for the trial against Mubarak to be over too fast.
Charlotte Wiedemann
© Le Monde diplomatique 2011, Berlin, 12 August 2011
Charlotte Wiedemann is a journalist and author. Her most recent book, 'Ihr wisst nichts über uns!' Meine Reisen durch einen unbekannten Islam ("You know nothing about us". My travels through an unknown Islam), was published by Herder in 2008.
Translated from the German by Anne Thomas
Editor: Aingeal Flanagan/Qantara.de


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