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20 Offbeat Holidays and Anniversaries to Celebrate in March
This year presents a month of March packed to the gills with traditional holidays: St. Patrick's Day, Easter, Passover, Passover: Night Two. Luckily our gills have extra room for all the unusual holidays and memorable anniversaries March has to offer as well.
1. March 1: National Peanut Butter Lovers Day
If you love peanut butter, today is the day to proudly polish off your PB-based sandwich of choice. Reflect on all of the amazing qualities of peanut butter, from its delicious taste to its fantastic gum-removing capabilities. If that's not enough, there's even a year-round website for lovers of the legume-based spread.
2. March 1: 52nd Anniversary of the Peace Corps
A volunteer army intended to combat the evils of Cold War communism with kindness, the Peace Corps took its first steps when President John F. Kennedy signed an executive order on this day in 1961. At the time he was only requesting a trial mission, but the Peace Corps has since become a worldwide humanitarian institution.
3. March 2: National Old Stuff Day
Sorry hoarders, this holiday does not actually honor the person with the most (old) stuff. Rather, National Old Stuff Day encourages its observers to take a moment to recognize the same old stuff you do every day, and think about how you can break out of these stale routines. So seize the day, because tomorrow may just be more of the same old, same old.
4. March 3: National Anthem Day
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By the dawn's early light, we do believe the United States adopted The Star Spangled Banner as its national anthem on this very day. Francis Scott Key wrote the famous words in his 1814 poem "Defence of Fort McHenry," which would later be set to a popular British standard tune. Although recognized over time by various American institutions, the song did not become the official anthem until Congress passed a resolution making it so in 1931.
5. March 4: Casimir Pulaski Day
Wikimedia Commons
The name may sound familiar to fans of indie soft-rocker Sufjan Stevens, but Casimir Pulaski Day is in fact a real Illinois holiday. Observed on the first Monday in March, CPD honors Revolutionary – and Polish – officer Casimir Pulaski. He died in battle, never having become a citizen of the country for which he fought. In 2009, President Obama signed a joint resolution granting him posthumous citizenship 230 years later. (New York City also celebrates Pulaski, but they do it on October 11.)
6. March 5: Cinco de Marcho
Last year, one of our readers tipped us off to a new holiday called Cinco de Marcho. The 12 Days of Cinco de Marcho commence on the fifth of March, followed with a rigorous training regimen by observers to prepare their livers for St. Patrick's Day. For games and activities, check out the official site. For your inevitable 12-day-long hangover, aspirin or ibuprofen should help.
7. March 7: Alexander Graham Bell Day
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One hundred thirty-seven years ago to the day, American inventor Alexander Graham Bell received a patent for a little invention called "the telephone." He was only 29 years old at the time. Instead of spending the day asking yourself what meaningful contribution you made to society before the age of 30, fill your heart with thankfulness because without Graham Bell there wouldn't be text messages.
8. March 9: National Panic Day
Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy enthusiasts may struggle to fully embrace this holiday, but this March 9th event encourages you to indulge all of your deepest fears and let loose a rampage of unbridled hysteria. Observational practices may include—but are certainly not limited to—tearing out one's hair, standing in public spaces and shrieking like a banshee, sobbing uncontrollably, or finally breaking ground on that underground bunker you have always dreamed of building.
9. March 12: National Alfred Hitchcock Day
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Did you know Alfred Hitchcock never won an Oscar for Best Director? Today, regale your friends and family with your encyclopedic knowledge of Hitchcock trivia, or learn some new facts. May we suggest a movie marathon for the evening activity? If you dare…
10. March 12: Katie Fisher Day
Started this year by comedian Matt Fisher in memory of his sister Katie, Katie Fisher Day asks observers to select a person they love, bake cookies, and mail said cookies to said loved one. Sweet message, sweet reward. We're really hoping this new offbeat holiday sticks around!
11. March 13: 232nd Anniversary of the Discovery of Uranus
The most unfortunately named planet had the good fortune to be discovered by Sir William Herschel on this day in 1781. The world almost missed out on one of the best astronomical puns, as Herschel initially misreported his finding as a common comet. A few other earlier scientists are believed to have observed Uranus prior to Herschel's discovery, but because he was the one who notified the Astronomer Royal, Herschel gets all the credit for Uranus. We hope you giggled as much reading this paragraph as we did writing it.
12. March 14: National Pi Day
Don't let the sound of the name fool you, 3/14 does not commemorate the sweet, baked circuitous treat. However, it is circuitous-related. It is the official day of the Greek letter symbolizing the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, pi, also known as 3.14159265359…
13. March 15: The Ides of March
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Or, roughly, the 2057th anniversary of Julius Caesar's assassination by Brutus & Co. One of the most famous Roman emperors received the ultimate backstabbing from his political contemporaries who felt he had gotten a little too big for his britches—or in his case, his toga. The word "ides" derives from the Latin word idus, a time word that indicates "middle of the month." In the case of March, May, July, and October, this meant the 15th day. If you're a Shakespeare fan, you know that it's best to beware on this day.
14. March 16: Everything You Do Is Right Day
Yes, that's correct. We couldn't agree more.
15. March 20: Extraterrestrial Abductions Day
There's no reason to believe that there will be an unusual proliferation of Unidentified Flying Objects on this out-of-this-world holiday. At least that's what Big Brother wants you to believe…
16. March 22: 50th Anniversary of the Beatles' First Album
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Only 50 years ago did the Fab Four embark on their career that would arguably change music forever. Not necessarily their most famous album, Please Please Me still featured such classics as I Saw Her Standing There and Love Me Do. The album was so popular in the British Isles that it topped the charts for 30 consecutive weeks only to be bumped from the top spot by another Beatles album.
17. March 23: National Puppy Day
You never need an excuse to spend all day long watching adorable young pups playing, but today it is your nationally mandated duty. If merely observing is not enough for you, go to the official website to vote for America's Most Beautiful Puppy, consider donating to your local animal shelter, or just take the plunge and adopt one! We strongly advise first consulting your partner, parent, or roommate on that last option.
18. March 25: 150th Anniversary of the U.S. Medal of Honor
Though created in 1861, the highest military honor the United States has to offer made its official debut in 1863 when the United States Department of War awarded it to Union Army soldier Jacob Parrott. Since then, more than 3400 Medals of Honor have been presented to individuals across all divisions of the military.
19. March 25: International Waffle Day
A tradition that originated in Sweden, and should not be confused with America's "National Waffle Day" in August, International Waffle Day basically encourages the consumption of all things bready and waffled. The world holiday came out of a religious Swedish holiday called Våffeldagen, which basically means "Our Lady's Day" or at least so the Internet tells us. To celebrate this day, Swedish families would make waffles. One day, someone had the brilliant idea to divide into two holidays and conquer the world. We can all agree everyone won that day.
20. March 31: Eiffel Tower Day
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One of the world's most famous "towers" was dedicated to the city of Paris on this day in 1889. Named for its designer, Gustav Eiffel, the structure was intended to commemorate the French Revolution. This Parisian landmark isn't the only famous structure with Eiffel's paw prints all over it. He also helped design the framework of New York's own Statue of Liberty.


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see here:
firstChoice = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("You chose " + firstChoice.nextLine());
I know what happens, I'm giving my Scanner object the parameter of the keyboard input and then I am outputting "You chose" plus what the user has typed in. My question is what exactly does the nextLine method do to print out my Scanner objects parameter?
I have read it "advances this scanner past the current line and returns the input that was skipped.", as I'm a beginner could you explain in simply terms what this method does to display the objects parameter.

subset: commoncrawl


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Higher Education Market worth $65.83 Billion by 2019
07 Mar, 2014, 15:30 GMT
DALLAS, March 7, 2014 /PRNewswire/ --
The report "Higher Education Market [Software Solutions, Content & Collaboration, Data Security & Compliance, Campus Technology, Student & Curriculum, Performance Management] - Worldwide Market Forecasts and Analysis (2014-2019)", defines and segments the global Higher Education market into various sub-segments with an in-depth analysis and forecasting of market sizes. The report also identifies the factors driving this market, various restraints and opportunities impacting it along with the adoption trends.
Browse more than 74 market data tables with 36 figures spread through 180 pages and in-depth TOC on "Higher Education Market"
Early buyers will receive 10% customization on this report.
The biggest challenge for higher education institutions is the difficulty in adopting server based resources or for that matter, a secure IT infrastructure. The vendors in the Higher Education Market are continuously innovating and remodeling their present architecture to build more proficient and advanced information systems. Major vendors in the Higher Education Market are Adobe Corporation, Blackboard, Cisco, Dell, IBM, Panasonic, Xerox Corporation, Smart Technologies, EduComp Solutions and Oracle among various others. The major forces driving this market are replacement of device based computing, increased connectivity and hardware, and emergence of online and collaborative learning.
MarketsandMarkets broadly segments the global Higher Ed market by regions: North America (NA), Asia Pacific (APAC), Europe (EU), Middle East and Africa (MEA), and Latin America (LA); by hardware: PC's , tablets ,interactive white board, projectors, printers and others; by software solutions: content and collaboration, data security and compliance, campus technology, student and curriculum, performance management and others; by services: implementation, consulting and advisory, and training and support; by users: state universities, community colleges, private colleges.
MarketsandMarkets forecasts the global Higher Education Market to grow from $43.06 billion in 2013 to $65.83 billion in 2019. In terms of regions, North America is expected to be the largest market in terms of market size, while Europe and Asia-Pacific (APAC) are expected to experience an increase in market traction, during the forecast period.
Browse Related Reports
Learning Management Systems (LMS) Market [Products (Content Management, Student Management, Performance Management, Collaboration, Administration), by Users (K-12, Higher Education, Corporate)] - Worldwide Market Forecasts and Analysis (2013 - 2018)
Education Technology (Ed Tech) and Smart Classroom Market [Hardware (IWB, Projectors, Displays, Printers); Systems (LMS, LCMS, LCDS, SRS, DMS); Technologies (Gaming, Analytics, ERP, Dashboards)]: Worldwide Market Forecasts and Analysis (2013 - 2018)
About MarketsandMarkets
MarketsandMarkets is a global market research and consulting company based in the U.S. We publish strategically analyzed market research reports and serve as a business intelligence partner to Fortune 500 companies across the world.
MarketsandMarkets also provides multi-client reports, company profiles, databases, and custom research services. MarketsandMarkets covers thirteen industry verticals; including advanced materials, automotives and transportation, banking and financial services, biotechnology, chemicals, consumer goods, telecommunications and IT, energy and power, food and beverages, industrial automation, medical devices, pharmaceuticals, semiconductor and electronics, aerospace & defense.
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SOURCE MarketsandMarkets


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November 17, 2011
Maggs & Allen office attacked in Bristol At approximately 2 am this morning, the office of Maggs & Allen estate agent in Henleaze, Bristol was attacked with hammers. The windows of their shop front were totally annihilated. This action was taken in solidarity with The Factory, and dedicated to all autonomous spaces in Bristol past […]
November 17, 2011
VIDEO 17/11 PATRA CITY GREECE Greece: Gatherings/Demonstrations for the November 17th http://en.contrainfo.espiv.net/2011/11/17/greece-gatheringsdemonstrations-for-the-november-17th/ (18.30 GMT+2) People built up flaming barricades alongside Alexandras Avenue. Earlier a police cubicle outside the EU building on Vasilissis Sofias Avenue was set ablaze. Public lights were off outside the US Embassy, from where most of the demonstrator blocks have already […]
November 17, 2011
Mexico: An analysis of recent anti-tech attacks, after the murder of a biotechnologist from culmine, translated by war on society: Short circuits, robberies and accidents to cover up the truth… On November 8th of this year, biotechnologist Ernesto Méndez Salinas, who works in the Biotechnology Institute at UNAM in the city of Cuernavaca in Morelos, […]
November 17, 2011
Global day of action for Osman Evcan (23 November Wednesday) Osman Evcan için küresel eylem çağrısı (23 Kasım Çarşamba) Türkiye'de 7 gündür açlık grevinde olan anarşist Osman Evcan'la dayanışmak için küresel eylem çağrısı (23 Kasım Çarşamba) Sevgili dostlar ve yoldaşlar, Bu çağrımız, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti zindanlarında yaşam savaşı veren vegan anarşist Osman Evcan içindir. 20 yıllık […]
November 17, 2011
UPDATE ON REVOLUTIONARY STRUGGLE CASE DAY 4, Wednesday, 9.11.2011 With the beginning of the procedure the chairman announced the rejection of both demands that had been submitted in the previous session. The transfer to a room of the court of Appeals, he said, cannot take place, because there is no available room for the period […]
November 17, 2011
UK – Santander attacked in Bristol in solidarity with Luciano Tortuga (Chile) We smashed 2 Santander banks in Bristol. We did this in solidarity with all those fucked over by the banks. Our thoughts hearts and actions go out to Luciano Tortuga, injured and repressed whilst fighting back. Your courage and determination are inspiring.
November 16, 2011
A flame of solidarity from the C.C.F. to the brothers and sisters in Chile When the prison bars stop our hands from throwing the fire of anarchy into the world of power, our words become the sharp rasp of escape. Armed with thoughts, desires, secret plans, new conspiracies, we give a warmest embrace in our […]
''Revolutionaries do not apologise to the criminals of the
State.'' NIKOS MAZIOTIS
Luciano 'Tortuga' Pitronello, wounded comrade in action, has next been demanded to appear before the court on November 22 2011, for the explosive attack against Santander Bank in Santiago, Chile, June 1 2011.
All actions are extremely valuable and urgent, the letters, the pamphlets, the discussion, the agitation, the bombs and the fire, are feeding the indomitable spirit on our comrades.
For that reason the All actions are extremely valuable and urgent, the letters, the pamphlets, the discussion, the agitation, the bombs and the fire, are feeding the indomitable spirit on our comrades.
For that reason the call is to organize solidarity this September 22. We must make feel by means of all type of gestures, to our brother and comrade, that the soldiers of all parts of the globe share with him this hard process. Because the fight for freedom is one, inside and outside. The forgetfulness and silence… are characteristic only of the traitors.
"Those who shout 'insurrection!'
These are our bothers and sisters, our children,
Our companer@s, our comrades, our friends.
Those who have only violence
To break the walls of silence…"
to the comrade STELLA ANTONIOU, because in the situations of captivity and prosecutions no decent comrade should be left alone pray in the nails of professionals guards of the systemic order


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Thursday, May 31, 1787 - Designing & Electing the Legislature0 comments Posted by James Madison at Thursday, May 31, 2007
William Pierce from Georgia took his seat.
In Committee of the whole on Mr. Randolph's propositions.
The 3d. Resolution "that the national Legislature ought to consist of two branches" was agreed to without debate or dissent, except that of Pennsylvania, given probably from complaisance to Docr. Franklin who was understood to be partial to a single House of Legislation.
Resol: 4. first clause "that the members of the first branch of the National Legislature ought to be elected by the people of the several States" being taken up,
Mr. SHERMAN opposed the election by the people, insisting that it ought to be by the State Legislatures. The people he said, immediately should have as little to do as may be about the Government. They want information and are constantly liable to be misled.
Mr. GERRY. The evils we experience flow from the excess of democracy. The people do not want virtue, but are the dupes of pretended patriots. In Massts. it had been fully confirmed by experience that they are daily misled into the most baneful measures and opinions by the false reports circulated by designing men, and which no one on the spot can refute. One principal evil arises from the want of due provision for those employed in the administration of Governmt. It would seem to be a maxim of democracy to starve the public servants. He mentioned the popular clamour in Massts. for the reduction of salaries and the attack made on that of the Govr. though secured by the spirit of the Constitution itself. He had he said been too republican heretofore: he was still however republican, but had been taught by experience the danger of the levilling spirit.
Mr. MASON, argued strongly for an election of the larger branch by the people. It was to be the grand depository of the democratic principle of the Govtt. It was, so to speak, to be our House of Commons-It ought to know & sympathise with every part of the community; and ought therefore to be taken not only from different parts of the whole republic, but also from different districts of the larger members of it, which had in several instances particularly in Virga., different interests and views arising from difference of produce, of habits &c &c. He admitted that we had been too democratic but was afraid we sd. incautiously run into the opposite extreme. We ought to attend to the rights of every class of the people. He had often wondered at the indifference of the superior classes of society to this dictate of humanity & policy; considering that however affluent their circumstances, or elevated their situations, might be, the course of a few years, not only might but certainly would, distribute their posterity throughout the lowest classes of Society. Every selfish motive therefore, every family attachment, ought to recommend such a system of policy as would provide no less carefully for the rights and happiness of the lowest than of the highest orders of Citizens.
Mr. WILSON contended strenuously for drawing the most numerous branch of the Legislature immediately from the people. He was for raising the federal pyramid to a considerable altitude, and for that reason wished to give it as broad a basis as possible. No government could long subsist without the confidence of the people. In a republican Government this confidence was peculiarly essential. He also thought it wrong to increase the weight of the State Legislatures by making them the electors of the national Legislature. All interference between the general and local Governmts. should be obviated as much as possible. On examination it would be found that the opposition of States to federal measures had proceded much more from the officers of the States, than from the people at large.
Mr. MADISON considered the popular election of one branch of the National Legislature as essential to every plan of free Government. He observed that in some of the States one branch of the Legislature was composed of men already removed from the people by an intervening body of electors. That if the first branch of the general legislature should be elected by the State Legislatures, the second branch elected by the first-the Executive by the second together with the first; and other appointments again made for subordinate purposes by the Executive, the people would be lost sight of altogether; and the necessary sympathy between them and their rulers and officers, too little felt. He was an advocate for the policy of refining the popular appointments by successive filtrations, but though it might be pushed too far. He wished the expedient to be resorted to only in the appointment of the second branch of the Legislature, and in the Executive & judiciary branches of the Government. He thought too that the great fabric to be raised would be more stable and durable, if it should rest on the solid foundation of the people themselves, than if it should stand merely on the pillars of the Legislatures.
Mr. GERRY did not like the election by the people. The maxims taken from the British constitution were often fallacious when applied to our situation which was extremely different. Experience he said had shewn that the State legislatures drawn immediately from the people did not always possess their confidence. He had no objection however to an election by the people if it were so qualified that men of honor & character might not be unwilling to be joined in the appointments. He seemed to think the people might nominate a certain number out of which the State legislatures should be bound to choose.
Mr. BUTLER thought an election by the people an impracticable mode.
On the question for an election of the first branch of the national Legislature by the people.
Massts. ay. Connect. divd. N. York ay. N. Jersey no. Pena. ay. Delawe. divd. Va. ay. N. C. ay. S. C. no. Georga. ay.
The remaining Clauses of Resolution 4th. relating to the qualifications of members of the National Legislature, being pospd. nem. con., as entering too much into detail for general propositions:
The Committee proceeded to Resolution 5. "that the second, [or senatorial] branch of the National Legislature ought to be chosen by the first branch out of persons nominated by the State Legislatures."
Mr. SPAIGHT contended that the 2d. branch ought to be chosen by the State Legislatures and moved an amendment to that effect. Mr. BUTLER apprehended that the taking so many powers out of the hands of the States as was proposed, tended to destroy all that balance and security of interests among the States which it was necessary to preserve; and called on Mr. Randolph the mover of the propositions, to explain the extent of his ideas, and particularly the number of members he meant to assign to this second branch.
Mr. RAND observed that he had at the time of offering his propositions stated his ideas as far as the nature of general propositions required; that details made no part of the plan, and could not perhaps with propriety have been introduced. If he was to give an opinion as to the number of the second branch, he should say that it ought to be much smaller than that of the first; so small as to be exempt from the passionate proceedings to which numberous assemblies are liable. He observed that the general object was to provide a cure for the evils under which the U. S. laboured; that in tracing these evils to their origin every man had found it in the turbulence and follies of democracy: that some check therefore was to be sought for agst. this tendency of our Governments: and that a good Senate seemed most likely to answer the purpose.
Mr. KING reminded the Committee that the choice of the second branch as proposed (by Mr. Spaight) viz. by the State Legislatures would be impracticable, unless it was to be very numerous, or the idea of proportion among the States was to be disregarded. According to this idea, there must be 80 or 100 members to entitle Delaware to the choice of one of them. -Mr. SPAIGHT withdrew his motion.
Mr. WILSON opposed both a nomination by the State Legislatures, and an election by the first branch of the national Legislature, because the second branch of the latter, ought to be independent of both. He thought both branches of the National Legislature ought to be chosen by the people, but was not prepared with a specific proposition. He suggested the mode of chusing the Senate of N. York to wit of uniting several election districts, for one branch, in chusing members for the other branch, as a good model.
Mr. MADISON observed that such a mode would destroy the influence of the smaller States associated with larger ones in the same district; as the latter would chuse from within themselves, altho' better men might be found in the former. The election of Senators in Virga. where large & small counties were often formed into one district for the purpose, had illustrated this consequence Local partiality, would often prefer a resident within the County or State, to a candidate of superior merit residing out of it. Less merit also in a resident would be more known throughout his own State.
Mr. SHERMAN favored an election of one member by each of the State Legislatures.
Mr. PINKNEY moved to strike out the "nomination by the State Legislatures." On this question.
Massts. no. Cont. no. N. Y. no. N. J. no. Pena. no. Del divd. Va. no. N. C. no. S. C. no. Georg no.
On the whole question for electing by the first branch out of nominations by the State Legislatures, Mass. ay. Cont. no. N. Y. no. N. Jersey. no. Pena. no. Del. no. Virga. ay. N. C. no. S. C. ay. Ga. no.
So the clause was disagreed to & a chasm left in this part of the plan.
The sixth Resolution stating the cases in which the national Legislature ought to legislate was next taken into discussion: On the question whether each branch shd. originate laws, there was an unanimous affirmative without debate. On the question for transferring all the Legislative powers of the existing Congs. to this Assembly, there was also a silent affirmative nem. con.
On the proposition for giving "Legislative power in all cases to which the State Legislatures were individually incompetent."
Mr. PINKNEY & Mr. RUTLEDGE objected to the vagueness of the term incompetent, and said they could not well decide how to vote until they should see an exact enumeration of the powers comprehended by this definition.
Mr. BUTLER repeated his fears that we were running into an extreme in taking away the powers of the States, and called on Mr. Randolp for the extent of his meaning.
Mr. RANDOLPH disclaimed any intention to give indefinite powers to the national Legislature, declaring that he was entirely opposed to such an inroad on the State jurisdictions, and that he did not think any considerations whatever could ever change his determination. His opinion was fixed on this point.
Mr. MADISON said that he had brought with him into the Convention a strong bias in favor of an enumeration and definition of the powers necessary to be exercised by the national Legislature; but had also brought doubts concerning its practicability. His wishes remained un ltered; but his doubts had become stronger. What his opinion might ultimately be he could not yet tell. But he should shrink from nothing which should be found essential to such a form of Govt. as would provide for the safety, liberty and happiness of the community. This being the end of all our deliberations, all the necessary means for attaining it must, however reluctantly, be submitted to.
On the question for giving powers, in cases to which the States are not competent, Massts. ay. Cont. divd. [Sharman no Elseworth ay] N. Y. ay. N. J. ay. Pa. ay. Del. ay. Va. ay. N. C. ay. S. Carolina ay. Georga. ay.
The other clauses giving powers necessary to preserve harmony among the States to negative all State laws contravening in the opinion of the Nat. Leg. the articles of union, down to the last clause, (the words "or any treaties subsisting under the authority of the Union," being added after the words "contravening &c. the articles of the Union," on motion of Dr. FRANKLIN) were agreed to witht. debate or dissent. The last clause of Resolution 6. authorizing an exertion of the force of the whole agst. a delinquent State came next into consideration.
Mr. MADISON, observed that the more he reflected on the use of force, the more he doubted the practicability, the justice and the efficacy of it when applied to people collectively and not individually. -A union of the States containing such an ingredient seemed to provide for its own destruction. The use of force agst. a State, would look more like a declaration of war, than an infliction of punishment, and would probably be considered by the party attacked as a dissolution of all previous compacts by which it might be bound. He hoped that such a system would be framed as might render this recourse unnecessary, and moved that the clause be postponed. This motion was agreed to nem. con.
The Committee then rose & the House
Wednesday, May 30, 1787 - Debate Begins0 comments Posted by James Madison at Wednesday, May 30, 2007
Roger Sherman (from Connecticut) took his seat.
The House went into Committee of the Whole on the State of the Union. Mr. Gorham was elected to the Chair by Ballot.
The propositions of Mr. RANDOLPH which had been referred to the Committee being taken up. He moved on the suggestion of Mr. G. Morris, that the first of his propositions to wit "Resolved that the articles of Confederation ought to be so corrected & enlarged, as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution; namely, common defence, security of liberty & general welfare: -should be postponed, in order to consider the 3 following:
1. that a Union of the States merely federal will not accomplish the objects proposed by the articles of Confederation, namely common defence, security of liberty, & genl. welfare.
2. that no treaty or treaties among the whole or part of the States, as individual Sovereignties, would be sufficient.
3. that a national Government ought to be established consisting of a supreme Legislative, Executive & Judiciary. The motion for postponing was seconded by Mr. Govr. MORRIS and unanimously agreed to.
Some verbal criticisms were raised agst. the first proposition, and it was agreed on motion of Mr. BUTLER seconded by Mr. RANDOLPH, to pass on to the third, which underwent a discussion, less however on its general merits than on the force and extent of the particular terms national & supreme.
Mr. CHARLES PINKNEY wished to know of Mr. Randolph whether he meant to abolish the State Governts. altogether. Mr. R. replied that he meant by these general propositions merely to introduce the particular ones which explained the outlines of the system he had in view.
Mr. BUTLER said he had not made up his mind on the subject, and was open to the light which discussion might throw on it. After some general observations he concluded with saying that he had opposed the grant of powers to Congs. heretofore, because the whole power was vested in one body. The proposed distribution of the powers into different bodies changed the case, and would induce him to go great lengths.
Genl. PINKNEY expressed a doubt whether the act of Congs. recommending the Convention, or the Commissions of the Deputies to it, could authorise a discussion of a System founded on different principles from the federal Constitution.
Mr. GERRY seemed to entertain the same doubt.
Mr. Govr. MORRIS explained the distinction between a federal and national, supreme, Govt.; the former being a mere compact resting on the good faith of the parties; the latter having a compleat and compulsive operation. He contended that in all Communities there must be one supreme power, and one only.
Mr. MASON observed that the present confederation was not only deficient in not providing for coercion & punishment agst. delinquent States; but argued very cogently that punishment could not in the nature of things be executed on the States collectively, and therefore that such a Govt. was necessary as could directly operate on individuals, and would punish those only whose guilt required it.
Mr. SHERMAN who took his seat today, admitted that the Confederation had not given sufficient power to Congs. and that additional powers were necessary; particularly that of raising money which he said would involve many other powers. He admitted also that the General & particular jurisdictions ought in no case to be concurrent. He seemed however not be disposed to make too great inroads on the existing system; intimating as one reason that it would be wrong to lose every amendment, by inserting such as would not be agreed to by the States.
It was moved by Mr. READ 2ded. by Mr. Chs. COTESWORTH PINKNEY, to postpone the 3d. proposition last offered by Mr. Randolph viz that a national Government ought to be established consisting of a supreme Legislative Executive and Judiciary," in order to take up the following-viz. "Resolved that in order to carry into execution the Design of the States in forming this Convention, and to accomplish the objects proposed by the Confederation a more effective Government consisting of a Legislative, Executive and Judiciary ought to be established."
The motion to postpone for this purpose was lost:
Yeas Massachusetts, Connecticut, Delaware, S. Carolina-4 Nays. N. Y. Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina-4.
On the question as moved by Mr. Butler, on the third proposition it was resolved in Committee of the whole that a national governt. ought to be established consisting of a supreme Legislative Executive & Judiciary." Massts. being ay- Connect.-no. N. York divided [Col. Hamilton ay Mr. Yates no] Pena. ay. Delaware ay. Virga. ay. N. C. ay. S. C. ay.
Resol: 2. of Mr. R's proposition towit-see May 29. The following Resolution being the 2d. of those proposed by Mr. Randolph was taken up, viz-"that the rights of suffrage in the National Legislature ought to be proportioned to the quotas of contribution, or to the number of free inhabitants, as the one or the other rule may seem best in different cases."
Mr. MADISON observing that the words "or to the number of free inhabitants," might occasion debates which would divert the Committee from the general question whether the principle of representation should be changed, moved that they might be struck out.
Mr. KING observed that the quotas of contribution which would alone remain as the measure of representation, would not answer, because waving every other view of the matter, the revenue might hereafter be so collected by the general Govt. that the sums respectively drawn from the States would not appear; and would besides be continually varying.
Mr. MADISON admitted the propriety of the observation, and that some better rule ought to be found.
Col. HAMILTON moved to alter the resolution so as to read "that the rights of suffrage in the national Legislature ought to be proportioned to the number of free inhabitants. Mr. SPAIGHT 2ded. the motion. It was then moved that the Resolution be postponed, which was agreed to.
Mr. RANDOLPH and Mr. MADISON then moved the following resolution-"that the rights of suffrage in the national Legislature ought to be proportioned." It was moved and 2ded. to amend it by adding "and not according to the present system"-which was agreed to. It was then moved and 2ded. to alter the resolution so as to read "that the rights of suffrage in the national Legislature ought not to be according to the present system." It was then moved & 2ded. to postpone the Resolution moved by Mr. Randolph & Mr. Madison, which being agreed to:
Mr. MADISON, moved, in order to get over the difficulties, the following resolution-"that the equality of suffrage established by the articles of Confederation ought not to prevail in the national Legislature, and that an equitable ratio of representation ought to be substituted." This was 2ded. by Mr. Govr. MORRIS, and being generally relished, would have been agreed to; when,
Mr. REED moved that the whole clause relating to the point of Representation be postponed; reminding the Come. that the deputies from Delaware were restrained by their commission from assenting to any change of the rule of suffrage, and in case such a change should be fixed on, it might become their duty to retire from the Convention.
Mr. Govr. MORRIS observed that the valuable assistance of those members could not be lost without real concern, and that so early a proof of discord in the Convention as a secession of a State, would add much to the regret; that the change proposed was however so fundamental an article in a national Govt. that it could not be dispensed with.
Mr. MADISON observed that whatever reason might have existed for the equality of suffrage when the Union was a federal one among sovereign States, it must cease when a national Govermt. should be put into the place. In the former case, the acts of Congs. depended so much for their efficacy on the cooperation of the States, that these had a weight both within & without Congress, nearly in proportion to their extent and importance. In the latter case, as the acts of the Genl. Govt. would take effect without the intervention of the State legislatures, a vote from a small State wd. have the same efficacy & importance as a vote from a large one, and there was the same reason for different numbers of representatives from different States, as from Counties of different extents within particular States. He suggested as an expedient for at once taking the sense of the members on this point and saving the Delaware deputies from embarrassment, that the question should be taken in Committee, and the clause on report to the House be postponed without a question there. This however did not appear to satisfy Mr. Read. By several it was observed that no just construction of the Act of Delaware, could require or justify a secession of her deputies, even if the resolution were to be carried thro' the House as well as the Committee. It was finally agreed however that the clause should be postponed: it being understood that in the event the proposed change of representation would certainly be agreed to, no objection or difficulty being started from any other quarter than from Delaware.
The motion of Mr. Read to postpone being agreed to, The Committee then rose. The Chairman reported progress, and the House having resolved to resume the subject in Committee tomorrow,
Adjourned to 10 OClock.
Tuesday, May 29, 1787 - Virginia Plan4 comments Posted by James Madison at Tuesday, May 29, 2007
John Dickenson, and Elbridge Gerry, the former from Delaware, the latter from Massts. took their seats. The following rules were added, on the report of Mr. Wythe from the Committee.
Additional rules. That no member be absent from the House, so as to interrupt the representation of the State, without leave.
That Committees do not sit whilst the House shall be or ought to be, sitting.
That no copy be taken of any entry on the journal during the sitting of the House without leave of the House.
That members only be permitted to inspect the journal.
That nothing spoken in the House be printed, or otherwise published or communicated without leave.
That a motion to reconsider a matter which had been determined by a majority, may be made, with leave unanimously given, on the same day on which the vote passed; but otherwise not without one day's previous notice: in which last case, if the House agree to the reconsideration, some future day shall be assigned for the purpose.
Mr. C. PINKNEY moved that a Committee be appointed to superintend the Minutes.
Mr. Govr. MORRIS objected to it. The entry of the proceedings of the Convention belonged to the Secretary as their impartial officer. A committee might have an interest & bias in moulding the entry according to their opinions and wishes.
The motion was negatived, 5 noes, 4 ays.
Mr. RANDOLPH then opened the main business. [Here insert his speech including his resolutions.] (Mr. R. Speech A. to be inserted Tuesday May 29) He expressed his regret, that it should fall to him, rather than those, who were of longer standing in life and political experience, to open the great subject of their mission. But, as the convention had originated from Virginia, and his colleagues supposed that some proposition was expected from them, they had imposed this task on him. He then commented on the difficulty of the crisis, and the necessity of preventing the fulfilment of the prophecies of the American downfal. He observed that in revising the foederal system we ought to inquire 1. into the properties, which such a government ought to possess, 2. the defects of the confederation, 3. the danger of our situation & 4. the remedy.
1. The Character of such a government ought to secure 1. against foreign invasion:
2. against dissentions between members of the Union, or seditions in particular states: 3. to procure to the several States, various blessings, of which an isolated situation was incapable: 4. to be able to defend itself against incroachment: & 5. to be paramount to the state constitutions.
2. In speaking of the defects of the confederation he professed a high respect for its authors, and considered them, as having done all that patriots could do, in the then infancy of the science, of constitutions, & of confederacies,-when the inefficiency of requisitions was unknown-no commercial discord had arisen among any states-no rebellion had appeared as in Massts.-foreign debts had not become urgent-the havoc of paper money had not been foreseen-treaties had not been violated-and perhaps nothing better could be obtained from the jealousy of the states with regard to their sovereignty.
He then proceeded to enumerate the defects:
1. that the confederation produced no security against foreign invasion; congress not being permitted to prevent a war nor to support it by their own authority-Of this he cited many examples; most of which tended to shew, that they could not cause infractions of treaties or of the law of nations, to be punished: that particular states might by their conduct provoke war without controul; and that neither militia nor draughts being fit for defence on such occasions, inlistments only could be successful, and these could not be executed without money.
2. that the foederal government could not check the quarrels between states, nor a rebellion in any, not having constitutional power nor means to interpose according to the exigency: 3. that there were many advantages, which the U. S. might acquire, which were not attainable under the confederation-such as a productive impost- counteraction of the commercial regulations of other nations-pushing of commerce ad libitum-&c &c.
4. that the foederal government could not defend itself against the incroachments from the states.
5. that it was not even paramount to the state constitutions, ratified, as it was in may of the states.
3. He next reviewed the danger of our situation, appealed to the sense of the best friends of the U.S.-the prospect of anarchy from the laxity of government every where; and to other considerations. He proposed as conformable to his ideas the following resolutions, which he explained one by one [Here insert ye Resolutions annexed.]
Resolutions proposed by Mr. Randolph in Convention May 29, 1787
1. Resolved that the Articles of Confederation ought to be so corrected & enlarged as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution; namely, "common defence, security of liberty and general welfare."
2. Resd. therefore that the rights of suffrage in the National Legislature ought to be proportioned to the Quotas of contribution, or to the number of free inhabitants, as the one or the other rule may seem best in different cases.
3. Resd. that the National Legislature ought to consist of two branches.
4. Resd. that the members of the first branch of the National Legislature ought to be elected by the people of the several States every ----- for the term of -----; to be of the age of ----- years at least, to receive liberal stipends by with they may be compensated for the devotion of their time to public service; to be ineligible to any office established by a particular State, or under the authority of the United States, except those peculiarly belonging to the functions of the first branch, during the term of service, and for the space of ----- after its expiration; to be incapable of reelection for the space of ----- after the expiration of their term of service, and to be subject to recall.
5. Resold. that the members of the second branch of the National Legislature ought to be elected by those of the first, out of a proper number of persons nominated by the individual Legislatures, to be of the age of ----- years at least; to hold their offices for a term sufficient to ensure their independency; to receive liberal stipends, by which they may be compensated for the devotion of their time to public service; and to be ineligible to any office established by a particular State, or under the authority of the United States, except those peculiarly belonging to the functions of the second branch, during the term of service, and for the space of ----- after the expiration thereof.
6. Resolved that each branch ought to possess the right of originating Acts; that the National Legislature ought to be impowered to enjoy the Legislative Rights vested in Congress by the Confederation & moreover to legislate in all cases to which the separate States are incompetent, or in which the harmony of the United States may be interrupted by the exercise of individual Legislation; to negative all laws passed by the several States, contravening in the opinion of the National Legislature the articles of Union; and to call forth the force of the Union agst. any member of the Union failing to fulfill its duty under the articles thereof.
7. Resd. that a National Executive be instituted; to be chosen by the National Legislature for the term of ----- years, to receive punctually at stated times, a fixed compensation for the services rendered, in which no increase or diminution shall be made so as to affect the Magistracy, existing at the time of increase or diminution, and to be ineligible a second time; and that besides a general authority to execute the National laws, it ought to enjoy the Executive rights vested in Congress by the Confederation.
8. Resd. that the Executive and a convenient number of the National Judiciary, ought to compose a Council of revision with authority to examine every act of the National Legislature before it shall operate, & every act of a particular Legislature before a Negative thereon shall be final; and that the dissent of the said Council shall amount to a rejection, unless the Act of the National Legislature be again passed, or that of a particular Legislature be again negatived by ----- of the members of each branch.
9. Resd. that a National Judiciary be established to consist of one or more supreme tribunals, and of inferior tribunals to be chosen by the National Legislature, to hold their offices during good behaviour; and to receive punctually at stated times fixed compensation for their services, in which no increase or diminution shall be made so as to affect the persons actually in office at the time of such increase or diminution. that the jurisdiction of the inferior tribunals shall be to hear & determine in the first instance, and of the supreme tribunal to hear and determine in the dernier resort, all piracies & felonies on the high seas, captures from an enemy; cases in which foreigners or citizens of other States applying to such jurisdictions may be interested, or which respect the collection of the National revenue; impeachments of any National officers, and questions which may involve the national peace and harmony.
10. Resolvd. that provision ought to be made for the admission of States lawfully arising within the limits of the United States, whether from a voluntary junction of Government & Territory or otherwise, with the consent of a number of voices in the National legislature less than the whole.
11. Resd. that a Republican Government & the territory of each State, except in the instance of a voluntary junction of Government & territory, ought to be guarantied by the United States to each State
12. Resd. that provision ought to be made for the continuance of Congress and their authorities and privileges, until a given day after the reform of the articles of Union shall be adopted, and for the completion of all their engagements.
13. Resd. that provision ought to be made for the amendment of the Articles of Union whensoever it shall seem necessary, and that the assent of the National Legislature ought not to be required thereto.
14. Resd. that the Legislative Executive & Judiciary powers within the several States ought to be bound by oath to support the articles of Union
15. Resd. that the amendments which shall be offered to the Confederation, by the Convention ought at a proper time, or times, after the approbation of Congress to be submitted to an assembly or assemblies of Representatives, recommended by the several Legislatures to be expressly chosen by the people, to consider & decide thereon.
He concluded with an exhortation, not to suffer the present opportunity of establishing general peace, harmony, happiness and liberty in the U. S. to pass away unimproved. It was then Resolved - That the House will tomorrow resolve itself into a Committee of the Whole House to consider of the state of the American Union. - and that the propositions moved by Mr. Randolph be referred to the said Committee. It was then Resolved-That the House will tomorrow resolve itself into a Committee of the Whole House to consider of the state of the American Union. - and that the propositions moved by Mr. Randolph be referred to the said Committee.
Mr. CHARLES PINKNEY laid before the house the draught of a federal Government which he had prepared, to be agreed upon between the free and independent States of America. -Mr. P. plan ordered that the same be referred to the Committee of the Whole appointed to consider the state of the American Union.
Monday, May 28, 1787 - Rules0 comments Posted by James Madison at Monday, May 28, 2007
From Massts. Nat. Gorham & Caleb Strong. From Connecticut Oliver Elseworth. From Delaware, Gunning Bedford. From Maryland James McHenry. From Penna. B. Franklin, George Clymer, Ths. Mifflin & Jared Ingersol took their seats.
Mr. WYTHE from the Committee for preparing rules made a report which employed the deliberations of this day.
Mr. KING objected to one of the rules in the Report authorising any member to call for the yeas & nays and have them entered on the minutes. He urged that as the acts of the Convention were not to bind the Constituents, it was unnecessary to exhibit this evidence of the votes; and improper as changes of opinion would be frequent in the course of the business & would fill the minutes with contradictions.
Col. MASON seconded the objection; adding that such a record of the opinions of members would be an obstacle to a change of them on conviction; and in case of its being hereafter promulged must furnish handles to the adversaries of the Result of the Meeting. The proposed rule was rejected nem. contradicente. The standing rules agreed to were as follow:
A House to do business shall consist of the Deputies of not less than seven States; and all questions shall be decided by the greater number of these which shall be fully represented: but a less number than seven may adjourn from day to day. Immediately after the President shall have taken the chair, and the members their seats, the minutes of the preceding day shall be read by the Secretary. Every member, rising to speak, shall address the President; and whilst he shall be speaking, none shall pass between them, or hold discourse with another, or read a book, pamphlet or paper, printed or manuscript -- and of two members rising at the same time, the President shall name him who shall be first heard. A member shall not speak oftener than twice, without special leave, upon the same question; and not the second time, before every other, who had been silent, shall have been heard, if he choose to speak upon the subject. A motion made and seconded, shall be repeated, and if written, as it shall be when any member shall so require, read aloud by the Secretary, before it shall be debated; and may be withdrawn at any time, before the vote upon it shall have been declared. Orders of the day shall be read next after the minutes, and either discussed or postponed, before any other business shall be introduced. When a debate shall arise upon a question, no motion, other than to amend the question, to commit it, or to postpone the debate shall be received.
A question which is complicated, shall, at the request of any member, be divided, and put separately on the propositions, of which it is compounded. The determination of a question, altho' fully debated, shall be postponed, if the deputies of any State desire it until the next day. A writing which contains any matter brought on to be considered, shall be read once throughout for information, then by paragraphs to be debated, and again, with the amendments, if any, made on the second reading; and afterwards, the question shall be put on the whole, amended, or approved in its original form, as the case shall be. Committees shall be appointed by ballot; and the members who have the greatest number of ballots, altho' not a majority of the votes present, shall be the Committee. When two or more members have an equal number of votes, the member standing first on the list in the order of taking down the ballots, shall be preferred. A member may be called to order by any other member, as well as by the President; and may be allowed to explain his conduct or expressions supposed to be reprehensible. And all questions of order shall be decided by the President without appeal or debate. Upon a question to adjourn for the day, which may be made at any time, if it be seconded, the question shall be put without a debate. When the House shall adjourn, every member shall stand in his place, until the President pass him.
A letter from sundry persons of the State of Rho. Island addressed to the Honorable The Chairman of the General Convention was presented to the Chair by Mr. Govr. MORRIS, and being read, was ordered to lie on the table for further consideration.
Mr. BUTLER moved that the House provide agst. interruption of business by absence of members, and against licentious publications of their proceedings-to which was added by-Mr. SPAIGHT-a motion to provide that on the one hand the House might not be precluded by a vote upon any question, from revising the subject matter of it when they see cause, nor, on the other hand, be led too hastily to rescind a decision, which was the result of mature discussion. - Whereupon it was ordered that these motions be referred to the consideration of the Committee appointed to draw up the standing rules and that the Committee make report thereon.
Adjd. till tomorrow 10. OClock.
Friday, May 25, 1787 - Delegates Convene0 comments Posted by James Madison at Saturday, May 26, 2007
Monday May 14th 1787 was the day fixed for the meeting of the deputies in Convention for revising the federal system of Government. On that day a small number only had assembled. Seven States were not convened till,
Friday 25 of May, when the following members appeared to wit: viz, From Massachusetts Rufus King. N. York Robert Yates, Alexr. Hamilton. N. Jersey, David Brearly, William Churchill Houston, William Patterson. Pennsylvania, Robert Morris, Thomas Fitzsimmons, James Wilson, Govurneur Morris. Delaware, George Read, Richard Basset, Jacob Broome. Virginia, George Washington, Edmund Randolph, John Blair, James Madison, George Mason, George Wythe, James Mc.Clurg. N. Carolina, Alexander Martin, William Richardson Davie, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson. S. Carolina, John Rutlidge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler. Georgia, William Few.
Mr. ROBERT MORRIS informed the members assembled that by the instruction & in behalf, of the deputation of Pena. he proposed George Washington Esqr. late Commander in chief for president of the Convention. Mr. JNo. RUTLIDGE seconded the motion; expressing his confidence that the choice would be unanimous, and observing that the presence of Genl. Washington forbade any observations on the occasion which might otherwise be proper. General WASHINGTON was accordingly unanimously elected by ballot, and conducted to the Chair by Mr. R. Morris and Mr. Rutlidge; from which in a very emphatic manner he thanked the Convention for the honor they had conferred on him, reminded them of the novelty of the scene of business in which he was to act, lamented his want of better qualifications, and claimed the indulgence of the House towards the involuntary errors which his inexperience might occasion. [The nomination came with particular grace from Penna. as Docr. Franklin alone could have been thought of as a competitor. The Docr. was himself to have made the nomination of General Washington, but the state of the weather and of his health confined him to his house.]
Mr. WILSON moved that a Secretary be appointed, and nominated Mr. Temple Franklin.
Col HAMILTON nominated Major Jackson.
On the ballot Majr. Jackson had 5 votes & Mr. Franklin 2 votes. On reading the credentials of the deputies it was noticed that those from Delaware were prohibited from changing the article in the Confederation establishing an equality of votes among the States.
The appointment of a Committee, consisting of Messrs. Wythe, Hamilton & C. Pinckney, on the motion of Mr. C. PINCKNEY, to prepare standing rules & orders was the only remaining step taken on this day.


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text: I would like to thank everyone that attended any of the GTG, events and trail runs this season. 2016 was a great success due to the members of this club. I am looking forward to 2017 season and all the wonderful events that are already in the works. Stay tuned for info on The Northeast National Championship. This will be the fifth year of the event.


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Janet Mui
Global Economist
Janet is an Economist working in the Investment Strategy Team and a CFA charterholder. She joined in 2011 and previously worked in Citi Hong Kong as an analyst in Global Portfolio Management and subsequently as a relationship manager to multi-national clients. Janet graduated with a BSc in Economics from the London School of Economics (first class honours), holds an MBA in Finance from the University of Cambridge and obtained a Postgraduate Certificate in Econometrics from Birkbeck College, University of London.


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Updated B&K Website Features Metal-Framing Production Systems
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Tuesday, December 1, 2009
The website of B&K, Cleveland, OH, a Formtek Group company, has been updated to include information on its metal-framing production systems, featuring the high-speed Supermill stud and track rollforming machine, Master Bundler packaging system, patented cam rotary punch and shear technology, and more.
Visit the site, www.bkformtek.com, to view photos and videos of the equipment and read case studies describing its applications.
See also: Formtek Group, Inc.
Related Enterprise Zones: Other Processes
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The LTM9100 µModule (micromodule) from Linear Technology accepts logic inputs that enable its internal isolated Power Switch Controller to drive an external-power MOSFET/IGBT switching at up to1000Vdc. It uses a galvanic isolation barrier to separate logic inputs from its Power Switch Controller, which can turn high-voltage power sources on and off. In doing so, the isolation barrier protects its low-voltage logic inputs from the neighboring high-voltage Power Switch Controller.
Many computer-based applications employ high voltages that you can control with the LTM9100. One such application is industrial motor drives that may operate from 170Vdc to 680Vdc. Grid-tied solar systems can operate up to 600V or more. Primary power for some modern fighter aircraft is 270Vdc. Li-ion batteries in electric vehicles can reach up to 400V.
In addition, data centers are considering the distribution of high-voltage power to reduce current, I2R cabling losses, and cabling weight. In these types of applications, computer commands can produce logic inputs that enable the LTM9100 to control high voltage power that must be switched on and off with controlled inrush current.
The key to the LTM9100's power protection is its internal 5kVRMS galvanic isolation barrier that separates the digital input interface from the Power Switch Controller that drives an external N-channel MOSFET or IGBT switch (Fig. 1). The micromodule has an I2C interface that provides access to isolated digital measurements of load current, bus voltage, and temperature, which allows power and energy monitoring of the high voltage bus.
You can configure this isolated power switch controller for use in either high side or low side applications (hence, its Anyside name), as shown in Fig. 2. In addition, it can be used in floating applications.
Adjustable undervoltage and overvoltage lockout thresholds ensure that the load operates only when the input supply is in its valid range. A current-limited circuit breaker protects the supply from overload and short-circuits.
This isolated power switch controller minimizes inrush current by soft-starting the load. It is versatile enough to control inrush current in hot-swappable cards, ac transformers, motor drives, and inductive loads.
An older technique for inrush current control uses negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors or NTC inrush current limiters. These devices start with a high resistance at room temperature before the supply or load is turned on; the high resistance limits the inrush current at turn-on. However, if the circuit is turned off and on quickly there is no inrush current limiting because the resistor hasn't cooled down enough to regain its high resistance.
Other inrush current control techniques include zero crossing triacs, active power factor control (PFC) circuits, and inductive input filtering with damping. These can be complicated, bulky, and primarily for AC inputs.
Figure 3 is a simplified diagram of the LTM9100 showing its isolation barrier that divides the micromodule into a logic side and an isolated side. Power for the isolated side employs a fully integrated voltage regulator, including the transformer, so that no external components are required. The logic side contains a full-bridge driver, running at 2MHz, and is ac-coupled to the transformer's primary. A series dc blocking capacitor prevents transformer saturation due to driver duty cycle imbalance. The transformer scales the primary voltage, which is rectified by a symmetric voltage doubler. This topology reduces common-mode voltage perturbations on the isolated side ground, and eliminates transformer saturation caused by secondary imbalances.
The integrated voltage regulator supplies 10.4V and 5V for the Power Switch Controller. Isolated measurements of load current and two voltage inputs are made by a 10-bit ADC and accessed via the I2C interface. The logic and I2C interface is separated from the Power Switch Controller by the 5kVRMS isolation barrier, which makes the LTM9100 ideal for systems where the Power Switch Controller operates on busses up to 1000VDC. Galvanic isolation is needed for control circuit protection, operator safety, and breaking ground paths.
High-voltage circuits are controlled by encoding signals into pulses and transmitting them across the isolation boundary using coreless transformers formed in the micromodule substrate, as shown in Fig. 4. Uninterrupted communication is guaranteed for common mode transients of 50kV/µs. This system, complete with data refresh, error checking, safe shutdown on fail, and extremely high common mode immunity, is a robust solution for bidirectional signal isolation.
To guarantee a robust isolation barrier, each LTM9100 is production-tested to 6kVRMS. And, it will meet the UL 1577 standard, saving months of certification time for end equipment manufacturers. High distance through-insulation translates to a high ±20kV ESD level across the barrier.
The LTM9100 is ideal for use in networks where grounds can take on different voltages. The isolation barrier blocks high voltage differences and eliminates ground loops and is extremely tolerant of common mode transients between ground planes.
Although its primary application is control of an external N-Channel MOSFET switch, you can also use IGBTs. This may be necessary for voltage applications greater than 250V where traditional MOSFETs with sufficient SOA (safe operating area) and low RDS(ON) may not be available.
IGBTs are readily available with voltage ratings of 600V, 1200V, and higher. Not all IGBTs are suitable, however, only those specified for dc or near dc operation as indicated in their data sheet SOA operating curves. An additional concern is the IGBT's collector-to-emitter saturation voltage. The Drain pin threshold is 1.77V. In some cases the IGBT saturation voltage, VCE(SAT), may be higher than this, necessitating a voltage divider on the Drain input pin.
The IGBT should be selected with a maximum gate-to-emitter threshold voltage, VGE(TH), corresponding to the minimum LTM9100 GATE power good condition or VS minimum UVLO (under voltage lockout) of 8.5V. The threshold voltage presented in the device data sheet electrical table is often at very low collector currents.
An internal amplifier (A1) connected to the Sense pins monitors the load current through an external sense resistor, RS, providing overcurrent and short-circuit protection. In an overcurrent condition, the current is limited to 50mV/RS by regulating the Gate. If the overcurrent condition remains for more than 530μs, the Gate turns off.
When using a power MOSFET the LTM9100 monitors its Drain and Gate voltages to determine if the MOSFET is fully enhanced. Upon successful turn on of the MOSFET, two Power Good signals are output on the PG and PGIO pins. These pins allow enabling and sequencing of loads. The PGIO pin can also be configured for a general purpose input or output.
Prior to turning on a MOSFET, both the internal gate drive supply voltage VS and VCC2 voltages must exceed their undervoltage lockout thresholds. The MOSFET is held off until all start-up conditions are met.
A 10-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in the Power Switch Controller measures the Sense voltage obtained from amplifier A1. In addition, it measures voltages at the ADIN2 and ADIN pins that are used for auxiliary functions, such as sensing bus voltage or temperature, etc.
The I2C interface enables reading of the ADC data registers. It also allows the host to poll the device and determine if a fault has occurred. You can use the ALERT* pin on the logic input as an interrupt, so the host can respond to a fault in real time. Two three-state pins, ADR0 and ADR1, allow programming of eight possible device addresses. The interface can also be pin configured for a single-wire broadcast mode, sending ADC data and fault status through the SDA pin to the host without clocking the SCL line. This single-wire, one-way communication simplifies system design.
Logic control circuits are powered by an internal LDO that derives 5V from the VS supply. The 5V output is available at the VCC2 pin for driving external circuits (up to 15mA load current). VCC2 is decoupled internally by a 1μF capacitor.
Specified over the −40oC to 105oC temperature range, the LTM9100 is offered in a 22mm x 9mm x 5.16mm BGA package, with 14.6mm of creepage distance between the logic side and the isolated side.


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The correct grip size is crucial to control and confidence. You can save an estimated 3-4 strokes per round just by using the proper size grips.
Please select your grip size, and click submit. Or select 'Get Sized' to continue
Great! Make your selection and submit.
Grab a ruler, and we'll help you figure it out.
Start by measuring your hand in 2 places. Enter the measurements below.
Please provide your full hand length, and longest finger length below before proceeding.
Distance between the dominant crease in your wrist and the tip of your longest finger
Length of your longest finger from base of the finger to the tip
Do you play in mostly dry conditions? Or, do you play in wet and/or humid conditions? If you play without a glove and have wet/sweaty hands,
select WET conditions.
Please make a selection below before continuing
A lighter surface pattern is smoother, provides more comfort and feels tackier. A heavier surface pattern offers more traction and
promotes a slip-free connection with the club.
A softer material is ideal for player's looking for extra comfort. A firmer grip promotes enhanced swing control and provides exceptional
torque rigidity; typically preferred by players with a very high swing speed.
Your size is STANDARD++
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Yes, I am completing work on the last 4 pages of Book Two. They will be scanned, edited and put online over the next week or so.
This means Book Three is on the horizon! Look for it...
Best Wishes,
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), sometimes called 'electroshock', was one of the most controversial psychiatric treatments of the 20th century. It began in the 1930s, at a time when some psychiatrists in Europe and the US experimented with the drug metrazol to induce epileptic-like convulsions in schizophrenic patients. The theory was that epilepsy and schizophrenia were opposed. However, the convulsions were so violent that many patients broke bones or fractured their spines. Italian neurologist and epilepsy specialist Ugo Cerletti wanted to produce similar effects in a more controlled way. He adapted electric shock techniques used to stun animals, and created ECT.
ECT applied brief but powerful shocks via two electrodes, called 'paddles', placed on the patient's forehead. The technique became widespread in mental hospitals across Europe and North America as it was less dangerous than drug-induced convulsions or comas. Doctors tried it on a wider range of patients. ECT treated severe depression as well as schizophrenia.
Electronics technology advanced during the Second World War, and ECT machines became safer and more controllable. However, it remained an aggressive treatment. Mouth guards, bodily restraints and anaesthetic drugs protected patients from being hurt. One unexpected side effect of ECT was memory loss. This included forgetting what happened in the treatment room, which raised troubling questions about informed consent.
An increasing number of ex-patients and psychiatrists criticised ECT from the 1960s onwards. The antipsychiatry movement thought it a brutal way to control mental patients deemed 'troublesome'. Psychiatric drugs became available in the 1960s and 1970s to treat schizophrenia and depression, and ECT became less popular. Evidence accumulated that it caused long-term memory loss. Today, ECT treats a small number of cases of severe depression which do not respond to psychiatric drugs. With rare exceptions, it is only used at the patient's request.
Related links
Techniques and Technologies:
G E Berrios, 'The Scientific Origins of Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Conceptual History', History of Psychiatry, 8 (1997), pp 105-19
G E Berrios, 'Early Electroconvulsive Therapy in Britain, France and Germany: A Conceptual History', in H Freeman and G
A disorder of brain function characterized by seizures that occur suddenly. The seizures can be triggered by fast flashing lights, especially strobe lighting.
A mental disorder that has symptoms of delusions, hallucinations and a loss of a sense of self and relationship to the external world that lasts over a long period of time (more than six months).
The study of the functions, anatomy and organic disorders of the nervous system.
A conductor which enables a current to go in or out of a particular object, substance or region.
A mental state associated with acute sadness. Activity can be decreased, especially interaction with others, and sleep, appetite, and concentration can also be disturbed.


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Follow Futures
From the June 2014 issue of Futures Magazine • Subscribe!
Bitcoin: Currency or commodity?
By Abe Cofnas
June 1, 2014 • Reprints
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Last fall we saw bitcoin receive an unusual amount of attention. The upstart crypto currency had an exponential rise from $125 to more than $1,125 per unit on Bitstamp, only to fall back below $500 this spring (see "It's a $, it's a €, it's cryptocurrency," right). Additionally, the closing and bankruptcy of the Tokyo-based Mt. Gox (the largest bitcoin exchange with more than 600,000 customers) garnered substantial negative press and threatened the stability of bitcoin.
In stark contrast, bitcoin also has received a great deal of positive attention within the venture capital community. Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss (the Winklevoss twins of Facebook fame) have filed to register the Winklevoss Bitcoin Trust, which will be an exchange-traded fund (ETF) to invest and trade in bitcoin. And Paypal co-founder Peter Theil has invested in BitPay, a bitcoin payment solutions company. As a result, bitcoin is becoming the new darling and target of early mover capital investment with more than $200 million in publicly disclosed 2014 VC investments.
It's important to understand that bitcoin is a global phenomenon. There are 434 bitcoin meet-up groups, with 45,751 members in 309 cities and 68 countries (www.bitcoinmeetup.com), and there are estimated 500,000 to 1 million U.S. digital currency accounts. The bitcoin e-commerce economy is emerging with the offering of bitcoin online payment solutions connecting customers to merchants.
Leading brands such as Zynga, Square and Overstock are all accepting bitcoin. Bitcoin ATMs are now appearing in multiple countries. Let's focus on this: It's a currency, that in trading, is emerging as a market of its own. Ilya Subhkankulove, founder of Bitcoin trading platform BTX Trader LLC, anticipates growth in the next three years of as high as 20 times its current size. Even Bloomberg has begun to cover bitcoin price action. A recent story noted, "While bitcoin and other virtual currency markets are still nascent, they represent an interesting intersection of finance and technology. Given that Bloomberg sits squarely at that intersection, providing pricing for this underdeveloped market is a natural fit for us."
Time to take a good look at bitcoin
Wikipedia defines bitcoin as: A peer-to-peer payment system introduced as open source software in 2009 by developer Satoshi Nakamoto. The digital currency created and used in the system is also called bitcoin and is alternatively referred to as a virtual currency or crypto currency.
Is bitcoin a currency or commodity? The short answer is that it's both. From a user's behavioral point of view, bitcoin was designed as a means of exchange. Those who buy bitcoin either look to hold it and sell at higher level, or use it to exchange it for a good or service from a retail merchant. In this sense, bitcoin acts as an alternative currency. Whether bitcoin is a reliable store of value remains the risk to those who buy it.
One's definition of bitcoin may not be as important as the regulators' definition. Global regulators are just beginning to define and develop regulations for bitcoin and other related virtual instruments. For example, Germany has defined them as private money and a financial instrument; Denmark considers bitcoin neither a currency nor an asset. In the United States, the IRS issued its opinion on how virtual currencies/bitcoin would be treated. For federal tax purposes, virtual currency is treated as property.
How is bitcoin generated and acquired? Bitcoin ownership is not identified or established by name, but by the use of a private key linked to the blockchains. Therefore, no authority can flood the world with more bitcoins because the process of generating them, called mining block chains, is a function of a very complex algorithm. This algorithm is such that when each bitcoin is created, it is exponentially more difficult to create or mine than the previous bitcoin. This means that the rate of supply of bitcoin globally will decline until the total is reached. The total amount of bitcoins in the world will be limited by this algorithm to 21 million; there are now about 12.7 million bitcoins. This technology of encoding the ownership of bitcoin is being regarded as ushering in an era of the digitization of potentially anything.
Libertarians and anarchists, who want no central authority involved in the role of money, are the leading champions of bitcoin and similar alternative currencies. In fact, the term crypto-anarchists has emerged to label this political philosophy.
Bitcoin & Litecoin Survival Guide Click Here!


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Julia D
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I enjoy feeling spoiled and getting to know people better and better, so by the day one of my fantasies is to have a guy getting naughty with me ,cuddling after and sleep on c2c , thing that can bring us much closer to each other and create that special connection which can lead to a beautiful, strong and long relation. I like people that are patient and keep the perfect words for different situations in their pockets
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Bag of `Omohukyi' plant, lantana salvifolia, Uganda, collected 1919
What makes this bag so special? At first glance it looks quite ordinary, but closer inspection reveals it to be covered with information. It also carries a neatly written label which tells us that it contains 'Oumuzhuma', a herb used in traditional Ugandan medicine for treating fevers. It is one of many thousands of samples which collector Henry Wellcome asked explorers, missionaries and colonists to send back to his headquarters in London. What was he looking for? While he had an interest in different medical traditions, he was particularly focused on materia medica. That is, the materials, especially plants and herbs, used as the basis for medicines. Big pharmaceutical companies like his would examine traditional remedies to try and see if they had active chemical properties which could be isolated and reproduced. Important medicines, such as quinine for malaria, had already been developed this way. It doesn't seem that Wellcome's team ultimately did any research into 'Oumuzhuma '. The bag looks as though it has never been untied. But the practice of searching the world for active medicines belonging to different traditions continues and is now known as bio-prospecting. Pharmaceutical companies are actively testing many traditional remedies and plants. But if they succeed in developing a new pharmaceutical medicine, who should benefit from this success? Developing and testing a new drug can cost millions of pounds. But what about the traditional users? Should their rights to benefit from developments based on their knowledge be protected as well?
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Glossary: malaria
Parasitic disease transmitted by certain kinds of mosquito. Malaria is characterized by fever and enlargement of the spleen. Each year, there are approximately 515 million cases of malaria, killing between one and three million people.
Glossary: quinine
A substance taken to fight malaria. Quinine is found naturally in the bark of the cinchona tree. It is also an ingredient in tonic water.
Glossary: bag - container
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The Sparkabilities-Babies 1 app is designed for babies from birth through 12 months. This first level of smart fun for kids is designed to begin developing foundation learning skills during the first years. There is an emphasis on sensory property coordination with sound effects, music and lots of fun expressive faces.
Sparkabilities-Babies 1 includes 8 engaging movies from the Sparkabilities DVD series and 8 corresponding interactive flashcard sets. Parents can use flashcards with babies at younger ages or baby can use cards independently as their fine motor skills develop. Use the "Play All" feature for continuous brain-based entertainment.
Search for Sparkabilities on the App store for more Sparkabilities apps. Sparkabilities-Babies 2 app builds on Babies 1. Backgrounds grow more complex furthering visual discrimination skills and language takes on a larger role. Sparkabilities TotBox is a FREE, ad-supported app. Enjoy hours of fun and educational Sparkabilities content with 6 progressive levels of smart and purposeful entertainment.
|Sparkabilities Babies 1
|Sparkabilities Babies 1 for iPad
|Sparkabilities Babies 2
|Sparkabilities Babies 2 for iPad


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Schuetzen Park is a privately owned nature and recreation area. We welcome visitors to Schuetzen Park during daylight hours, or during other authorized special occasions. You are kindly requested to respect this site by not disturbing wildlife, plants and artifacts. No bicycles or motorized vehicles are permitted within the Park. Trail maps are available at the main entrance to the Park near The Davenport Good Samaritan Center, or a map can be accessed on the "Nature" page of this web site. A display of historical Schuetzen Park memorabilia can also be viewed in the atrium of Heritage Court at Schuetzen Park, located at 3401 Schuetzen Lane. [Get Directions]
Please visit our new environmental information page for the latest environment data taken at the park.


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