text:
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 2, by Edward Gibbon, [1781], at sacred-texts.com
The apology of Tertullian contains two very ancient, very singular, but at the same time very suspicious, instances of Imperial clemency; the edicts published by Tiberius, and by Marcus Antoninus, and designed not only to protect the innocence of the Christians, but even to proclaim those stupendous miracles which had attested the truth of their doctrine. The first of these examples is attended with some difficulties which might perplex a sceptical mind. 105 We are required to believe, that Pontius Pilate informed the emperor of the unjust sentence of death which he had pronounced against an innocent, and, as it appeared, a divine, person; and that, without acquiring the merit, he exposed himself to the danger of martyrdom; that Tiberius, who avowed his contempt for all religion, immediately conceived the design of placing the Jewish Messiah among the gods of Rome; that his servile senate ventured to disobey the commands of their master; that Tiberius, instead of resenting their refusal, contented himself with protecting the Christians from the severity of the laws, many years before such laws were enacted, or before the church had assumed any distinct name or existence; and lastly, that the memory of this extraordinary transaction was preserved in the most public and authentic records, which escaped the knowledge of the historians of Greece and Rome, and were only visible to the eyes of an African Christian, who composed his apology one hundred and sixty years after the death of Tiberius. The edict of Marcus Antoninus is supposed to have been the effect of his devotion and gratitude for the miraculous deliverance which he had obtained in the Marcomannic war. The distress of the legions, the seasonable tempest of rain and hail, of thunder and of lightning, and the dismay and defeat of the barbarians, have been celebrated by the eloquence of several Pagan writers. If there were any Christians in that army, it was natural that they should ascribe some merit to the fervent prayers, which, in the moment of danger, they had offered up for their own and the public safety. But we are still assured by monuments of brass and marble, by the Imperial medals, and by the Antonine column, that neither the prince nor the people entertained any sense of this signal obligation, since they unanimously attribute their deliverance to the providence of Jupiter, and to the interposition of Mercury. During the whole course of his reign, Marcus despised the Christians as a philosopher, and punished them as a sovereign. 106 *_0011
By a singular fatality, the hardships which they had endured under the government of a virtuous prince, immediately ceased on the accession of a tyrant; and as none except themselves had experienced the injustice of Marcus, so they alone were protected by the lenity of Commodus. The celebrated Marcia, the most favored of his concubines, and who at length contrived the murder of her Imperial lover, entertained a singular affection for the oppressed church; and though it was impossible that she could reconcile the practice of vice with the precepts of the gospel, she might hope to atone for the frailties of her sex and profession by declaring herself the patroness of the Christians. 107 Under the gracious protection of Marcia, they passed in safety the thirteen years of a cruel tyranny; and when the empire was established in the house of Severus, they formed a domestic but more honorable connection with the new court. The emperor was persuaded, that in a dangerous sickness, he had derived some benefit, either spiritual or physical, from the holy oil, with which one of his slaves had anointed him. He always treated with peculiar distinction several persons of both sexes who had embraced the new religion. The nurse as well as the preceptor of Caracalla were Christians; *_0012 and if that young prince ever betrayed a sentiment of humanity, it was occasioned by an incident, which, however trifling, bore some relation to the cause of Christianity. 108 Under the reign of Severus, the fury of the populace was checked; the rigor of ancient laws was for some time suspended; and the provincial governors were satisfied with receiving an annual present from the churches within their jurisdiction, as the price, or as the reward, of their moderation. 109 The controversy concerning the precise time of the celebration of Easter, armed the bishops of Asia and Italy against each other, and was considered as the most important business of this period of leisure and tranquillity. 110 Nor was the peace of the church interrupted, till the increasing numbers of proselytes seem at length to have attracted the attention, and to have alienated the mind of Severus. With the design of restraining the progress of Christianity, he published an edict, which, though it was designed to affect only the new converts, could not be carried into strict execution, without exposing to danger and punishment the most zealous of their teachers and missionaries. In this mitigated persecution we may still discover the indulgent spirit of Rome and of Polytheism, which so readily admitted every excuse in favor of those who practised the religious ceremonies of their fathers. 111
But the laws which Severus had enacted soon expired with the authority of that emperor; and the Christians, after this accidental tempest, enjoyed a calm of thirty-eight years. 112 Till this period they had usually held their assemblies in private houses and sequestered places. They were now permitted to erect and consecrate convenient edifices for the purpose of religious worship; 113 to purchase lands, even at Rome itself, for the use of the community; and to conduct the elections of their ecclesiastical ministers in so public, but at the same time in so exemplary a manner, as to deserve the respectful attention of the Gentiles. 114 This long repose of the church was accompanied with dignity. The reigns of those princes who derived their extraction from the Asiatic provinces, proved the most favorable to the Christians; the eminent persons of the sect, instead of being reduced to implore the protection of a slave or concubine, were admitted into the palace in the honorable characters of priests and philosophers; and their mysterious doctrines, which were already diffused among the people, insensibly attracted the curiosity of their sovereign. When the empress Mammaea passed through Antioch, she expressed a desire of conversing with the celebrated Origen, the fame of whose piety and learning was spread over the East. Origen obeyed so flattering an invitation, and though he could not expect to succeed in the conversion of an artful and ambitious woman, she listened with pleasure to his eloquent exhortations, and honorably dismissed him to his retirement in Palestine. 115 The sentiments of Mammaea were adopted by her son Alexander, and the philosophic devotion of that emperor was marked by a singular but injudicious regard for the Christian religion. In his domestic chapel he placed the statues of Abraham, of Orpheus, of Apollonius, and of Christ, as an honor justly due to those respectable sages who had instructed mankind in the various modes of addressing their homage to the supreme and universal Deity. 116 A purer faith, as well as worship, was openly professed and practised among his household. Bishops, perhaps for the first time, were seen at court; and, after the death of Alexander, when the inhuman Maximin discharged his fury on the favorites and servants of his unfortunate benefactor, a great number of Christians of every rank and of both sexes, were involved the promiscuous massacre, which, on their account, has improperly received the name of Persecution. 117 *_0013
Notwithstanding the cruel disposition of Maximin, the effects of his resentment against the Christians were of a very local and temporary nature, and the pious Origen, who had been proscribed as a devoted victim, was still reserved to convey the truths of the gospel to the ear of monarchs. 118 He addressed several edifying letters to the emperor Philip, to his wife, and to his mother; and as soon as that prince, who was born in the neighborhood of Palestine, had usurped the Imperial sceptre, the Christians acquired a friend and a protector. The public and even partial favor of Philip towards the sectaries of the new religion, and his constant reverence for the ministers of the church, gave some color to the suspicion, which prevailed in his own times, that the emperor himself was become a convert to the faith; 119 and afforded some grounds for a fable which was afterwards invented, that he had been purified by confession and penance from the guilt contracted by the murder of his innocent predecessor. 120 the fall of Philip introduced, with the change of masters, a new system of government, so oppressive to the Christians, that their former condition, ever since the time of Domitian, was represented as a state of perfect freedom and security, if compared with the rigorous treatment which they experienced under the short reign of Decius. 121 The virtues of that prince will scarcely allow us to suspect that he was actuated by a mean resentment against the favorites of his predecessor; and it is more reasonable to believe, that in the prosecution of his general design to restore the purity of Roman manners, he was desirous of delivering the empire from what he condemned as a recent and criminal superstition. The bishops of the most considerable cities were removed by exile or death: the vigilance of the magistrates prevented the clergy of Rome during sixteen months from proceeding to a new election; and it was the opinion of the Christians, that the emperor would more patiently endure a competitor for the purple, than a bishop in the capital. 122 Were it possible to suppose that the penetration of Decius had discovered pride under the disguise of humility, or that he could foresee the temporal dominion which might insensibly arise from the claims of spiritual authority, we might be less surprised, that he should consider the successors of St. Peter, as the most formidable rivals to those of Augustus.
The administration of Valerian was distinguished by a levity and inconstancy ill suited to the gravity of the Roman Censor. In the first part of his reign, he surpassed in clemency those princes who had been suspected of an attachment to the Christian faith. In the last three years and a half, listening to the insinuations of a minister addicted to the superstitions of Egypt, he adopted the maxims, and imitated the severity, of his predecessor Decius. 123 The accession of Gallienus, which increased the calamities of the empire, restored peace to the church; and the Christians obtained the free exercise of their religion by an edict addressed to the bishops, and conceived in such terms as seemed to acknowledge their office and public character. 124 The ancient laws, without being formally repealed, were suffered to sink into oblivion; and (excepting only some hostile intentions which are attributed to the emperor Aurelian 125 the disciples of Christ passed above forty years in a state of prosperity, far more dangerous to their virtue than the severest trials of persecution.
The story of Paul of Samosata, who filled the metropolitan see of Antioch, while the East was in the hands of Odenathus and Zenobia, may serve to illustrate the condition and character of the times. The wealth of that prelate was a sufficient evidence of his guilt, since it was neither derived from the inheritance of his fathers, nor acquired by the arts of honest industry. But Paul considered the service of the church as a very lucrative profession. 126 His ecclesiastical jurisdiction was venal and rapacious; he extorted frequent contributions from the most opulent of the faithful, and converted to his own use a considerable part of the public revenue. By his pride and luxury, the Christian religion was rendered odious in the eyes of the Gentiles. His council chamber and his throne, the splendor with which he appeared in public, the suppliant crowd who solicited his attention, the multitude of letters and petitions to which he dictated his answers, and the perpetual hurry of business in which he was involved, were circumstances much better suited to the state of a civil magistrate, 127 than to the humility of a primitive bishop. When he harangued his people from the pulpit, Paul affected the figurative style and the theatrical gestures of an Asiatic sophist, while the cathedral resounded with the loudest and most extravagant acclamations in the praise of his divine eloquence. Against those who resisted his power, or refused to flatter his vanity, the prelate of Antioch was arrogant, rigid, and inexorable; but he relaxed the discipline, and lavished the treasures of the church on his dependent clergy, who were permitted to imitate their master in the gratification of every sensual appetite. For Paul indulged himself very freely in the pleasures of the table, and he had received into the episcopal palace two young and beautiful women as the constant companions of his leisure moments. 128
Notwithstanding these scandalous vices, if Paul of Samosata had preserved the purity of the orthodox faith, his reign over the capital of Syria would have ended only with his life; and had a seasonable persecution intervened, an effort of courage might perhaps have placed him in the rank of saints and martyrs. *_0014 Some nice and subtle errors, which he imprudently adopted and obstinately maintained, concerning the doctrine of the Trinity, excited the zeal and indignation of the Eastern churches. 129 From Egypt to the Euxine Sea, the bishops were in arms and in motion. Several councils were held, confutations were published, excommunications were pronounced, ambiguous explanations were by turns accepted and refused, treaties were concluded and violated, and at length Paul of Samosata was degraded from his episcopal character, by the sentence of seventy or eighty bishops, who assembled for that purpose at Antioch, and who, without consulting the rights of the clergy or people, appointed a successor by their own authority. The manifest irregularity of this proceeding increased the numbers of the discontented faction; and as Paul, who was no stranger to the arts of courts, had insinuated himself into the favor of Zenobia, he maintained above four years the possession of the episcopal house and office. **_0014 The victory of Aurelian changed the face of the East, and the two contending parties, who applied to each other the epithets of schism and heresy, were either commanded or permitted to plead their cause before the tribunal of the conqueror. This public and very singular trial affords a convincing proof that the existence, the property, the privileges, and the internal policy of the Christians, were acknowledged, if not by the laws, at least by the magistrates, of the empire. As a Pagan and as a soldier, it could scarcely be expected that Aurelian should enter into the discussion, whether the sentiments of Paul or those of his adversaries were most agreeable to the true standard of the orthodox faith. His determination, however, was founded on the general principles of equity and reason. He considered the bishops of Italy as the most impartial and respectable judges among the Christians, and as soon as he was informed that they had unanimously approved the sentence of the council, he acquiesced in their opinion, and immediately gave orders that Paul should be compelled to relinquish the temporal possessions belonging to an office, of which, in the judgment of his brethren, he had been regularly deprived. But while we applaud the justice, we should not overlook the policy, of Aurelian, who was desirous of restoring and cementing the dependence of the provinces on the capital, by every means which could bind the interest or prejudices of any part of his subjects. 130
Amidst the frequent revolutions of the empire, the Christians still flourished in peace and prosperity; and notwithstanding a celebrated aera of martyrs has been deduced from the accession of Diocletian, 131 the new system of policy, introduced and maintained by the wisdom of that prince, continued, during more than eighteen years, to breathe the mildest and most liberal spirit of religious toleration. The mind of Diocletian himself was less adapted indeed to speculative inquiries, than to the active labors of war and government. His prudence rendered him averse to any great innovation, and though his temper was not very susceptible of zeal or enthusiasm, he always maintained an habitual regard for the ancient deities of the empire. But the leisure of the two empresses, of his wife Prisca, and of Valeria, his daughter, permitted them to listen with more attention and respect to the truths of Christianity, which in every age has acknowledged its important obligations to female devotion. 132 The principal eunuchs, Lucian 133 and Dorotheus, Gorgonius and Andrew, who attended the person, possessed the favor, and governed the household of Diocletian, protected by their powerful influence the faith which they had embraced. Their example was imitated by many of the most considerable officers of the palace, who, in their respective stations, had the care of the Imperial ornaments, of the robes, of the furniture, of the jewels, and even of the private treasury; and, though it might sometimes be incumbent on them to accompany the emperor when he sacrificed in the temple, 134 they enjoyed, with their wives, their children, and their slaves, the free exercise of the Christian religion. Diocletian and his colleagues frequently conferred the most important offices on those persons who avowed their abhorrence for the worship of the gods, but who had displayed abilities proper for the service of the state. The bishops held an honorable rank in their respective provinces, and were treated with distinction and respect, not only by the people, but by the magistrates themselves. Almost in every city, the ancient churches were found insufficient to contain the increasing multitude of proselytes; and in their place more stately and capacious edifices were erected for the public worship of the faithful. The corruption of manners and principles, so forcibly lamented by Eusebius, 135 may be considered, not only as a consequence, but as a proof, of the liberty which the Christians enjoyed and abused under the reign of Diocletian. Prosperity had relaxed the nerves of discipline. Fraud, envy, and malice prevailed in every congregation. The presbyters aspired to the episcopal office, which every day became an object more worthy of their ambition. The bishops, who contended with each other for ecclesiastical preeminence, appeared by their conduct to claim a secular and tyrannical power in the church; and the lively faith which still distinguished the Christians from the Gentiles, was shown much less in their lives, than in their controversial writings.
Notwithstanding this seeming security, an attentive observer might discern some symptoms that threatened the church with a more violent persecution than any which she had yet endured. The zeal and rapid progress of the Christians awakened the Polytheists from their supine indifference in the cause of those deities, whom custom and education had taught them to revere. The mutual provocations of a religious war, which had already continued above two hundred years, exasperated the animosity of the contending parties. The Pagans were incensed at the rashness of a recent and obscure sect, which presumed to accuse their countrymen of error, and to devote their ancestors to eternal misery. The habits of justifying the popular mythology against the invectives of an implacable enemy, produced in their minds some sentiments of faith and reverence for a system which they had been accustomed to consider with the most careless levity. The supernatural powers assumed by the church inspired at the same time terror and emulation. The followers of the established religion intrenched themselves behind a similar fortification of prodigies; invented new modes of sacrifice, of expiation, and of initiation; 136 attempted to revive the credit of their expiring oracles; 137 and listened with eager credulity to every impostor, who flattered their prejudices by a tale of wonders. 138 Both parties seemed to acknowledge the truth of those miracles which were claimed by their adversaries; and while they were contented with ascribing them to the arts of magic, and to the power of daemons, they mutually concurred in restoring and establishing the reign of superstition. 139 Philosophy, her most dangerous enemy, was now converted into her most useful ally. The groves of the academy, the gardens of Epicurus, and even the portico of the Stoics, were almost deserted, as so many different schools of scepticism or impiety; 140 and many among the Romans were desirous that the writings of Cicero should be condemned and suppressed by the authority of the senate. 141 The prevailing sect of the new Platonicians judged it prudent to connect themselves with the priests, whom perhaps they despised, against the Christians, whom they had reason to fear. These fashionable Philosophers prosecuted the design of extracting allegorical wisdom from the fictions of the Greek poets; instituted mysterious rites of devotion for the use of their chosen disciples; recommended the worship of the ancient gods as the emblems or ministers of the Supreme Deity, and composed against the faith of the gospel many elaborate treatises, 142 which have since been committed to the flames by the prudence of orthodox emperors. 143
105 The testimony given by Pontius Pilate is first mentioned by Justin. The successive improvements which the story acquired (as if has passed through the hands of Tertullian, Eusebius, Epiphanius, Chrysostom, Orosius, Gregory of Tours, and the authors of the several editions of the acts of Pilate) are very fairly stated by Dom Calmet Dissertat. sur l'Ecriture, tom. iii. p. 651, &c.
106 On this miracle, as it is commonly called, of the thundering legion, see the admirable criticism of Mr. Moyle, in his Works, vol. ii. p. 81 - 390.
*_0011 Gibbon, with this phrase, and that below, which admits the injustice of Marcus, has dexterously glossed over one of the most remarkable facts in the early Christian history, that the reign of the wisest and most humane of the heathen emperors was the most fatal to the Christians. Most writers have ascribed the persecutions under Marcus to the latent bigotry of his character; Mosheim, to the influence of the philosophic party; but the fact is admitted by all. A late writer (Mr. Waddington, Hist. of the Church, p. 47) has not scrupled to assert, that "this prince polluted every year of a long reign with innocent blood;" but the causes as well as the date of the persecutions authorized or permitted by Marcus are equally uncertain. Of the Asiatic edict recorded by Melito. the date is unknown, nor is it quite clear that it was an Imperial edict. If it was the act under which Polycarp suffered, his martyrdom is placed by Ruinart in the sixth, by Mosheim in the ninth, year of the reign of Marcus. The martyrs of Vienne and Lyons are assigned by Dodwell to the seventh, by most writers to the seventeenth. In fact, the commencement of the persecutions of the Christians appears to synchronize exactly with the period of the breaking out of the Marcomannic war, which seems to have alarmed the whole empire, and the emperor himself, into a paroxysm of returning piety to their gods, of which the Christians were the victims. See Jul, Capit. Script. Hist August. p. 181, edit. 1661. It is remarkable that Tertullian (Apologet. c. v.) distinctly asserts that Verus (M. Aurelius) issued no edicts against the Christians, and almost positively exempts him from the charge of persecution. - M.
This remarkable synchronism, which explains the persecutions under M Aurelius, is shown at length in Milman's History of Christianity, book ii. v. - M. 1845.
107 Dion Cassius, or rather his abbreviator Xiphilin, l. lxxii. p. 1206. Mr. Moyle (p. 266) has explained the condition of the church under the reign of Commodus.
*_0012 The Jews and Christians contest the honor of having furnished a nurse is the fratricide son of Severus Caracalla. Hist. of Jews, iii. 158. - M.
108 Compare the life of Caracalla in the Augustan History, with the epistle of Tertullian to Scapula. Dr. Jortin (Remarks on Ecclesiastical History, vol. ii. p. 5, &c.) considers the cure of Severus by the means of holy oil, with a strong desire to convert it into a miracle.
109 Tertullian de Fuga, c. 13. The present was made during the feast of the Saturnalia; and it is a matter of serious concern to Tertullian, that the faithful should be confounded with the most infamous professions which purchased the connivance of the government.
110 Euseb. l. v. c. 23, 24. Mosheim, p. 435 - 447.
111 Judaeos fieri sub gravi poena vetuit. Idem etiam de Christianis sanxit. Hist. August. p. 70.
112 Sulpicius Severus, l. ii. p. 384. This computation (allowing for a single exception) is confirmed by the history of Eusebius, and by the writings of Cyprian.
113 The antiquity of Christian churches is discussed by Tillemont, (Memoires Ecclesiastiques, tom. iii. part ii. p. 68-72,) and by Mr. Moyle, (vol. i. p. 378-398.) The former refers the first construction of them to the peace of Alexander Severus; the latter, to the peace of Gallienus.
114 See the Augustan History, p. 130. The emperor Alexander adopted their method of publicly proposing the names of those persons who were candidates for ordination. It is true that the honor of this practice is likewise attributed to the Jews.
115 Euseb. Hist. Ecclesiast. l. vi. c. 21. Hieronym. de Script. Eccles. c. 54. Mammaea was styled a holy and pious woman, both by the Christians and the Pagans. From the former, therefore, it was impossible that she should deserve that honorable epithet.
116 See the Augustan History, p. 123. Mosheim (p. 465) seems to refine too much on the domestic religion of Alexander. His design of building a public temple to Christ, (Hist. August. p. 129,) and the objection which was suggested either to him, or in similar circumstances to Hadrian, appear to have no other foundation than an improbable report, invented by the Christians, and credulously adopted by an historian of the age of Constantine.
117 Euseb. l. vi. c. 28. It may be presumed that the success of the Christians had exasperated the increasing bigotry of the Pagans. Dion Cassius, who composed his history under the former reign, had most probably intended for the use of his master those counsels of persecution, which he ascribes to a better age, and to and to the favorite of Augustus. Concerning this oration of Maecenas, or rather of Dion, I may refer to my own unbiased opinion, (vol. i. c. 1, note 25,) and to the Abbe de la Bleterie (Memoires de l'Academie, tom. xxiv. p. 303 tom xxv. p. 432.)
Note: If this be the case, Dion Cassius must have known the Christians they must have been the subject of his particular attention, since the author supposes that he wished his master to profit by these "counsels of persecution." How are we to reconcile this necessary consequence with what Gibbon has said of the ignorance of Dion Cassius even of the name of the Christians? (c. xvi. n. 24.) [Gibbon speaks of Dion's silence, not of his ignorance. - M] The supposition in this note is supported by no proof; it is probable that Dion Cassius has often designated the Christians by the name of Jews. See Dion Cassius, l. lxvii. c 14, lxviii. l - G.
On this point I should adopt the view of Gibbon rather than that of M Guizot. - M
*_0013 It is with good reason that this massacre has been called a persecution, for it lasted during the whole reign of Maximin, as may be seen in Eusebius. (l. vi. c. 28.) Rufinus expressly confirms it: Tribus annis a Maximino persecutione commota, in quibus finem et persecutionis fecit et vitas Hist. l. vi. c. 19. - G.
118 Orosius, l. vii. c. 19, mentions Origen as the object of Maximin's resentment; and Firmilianus, a Cappadocian bishop of that age, gives a just and confined idea of this persecution, (apud Cyprian Epist. 75.)
119 The mention of those princes who were publicly supposed to be Christians, as we find it in an epistle of Dionysius of Alexandria, (ap. Euseb. l. vii. c. 10,) evidently alludes to Philip and his family, and forms a contemporary evidence, that such a report had prevailed; but the Egyptian bishop, who lived at an humble distance from the court of Rome, expresses himself with a becoming diffidence concerning the truth of the fact. The epistles of Origen (which were extant in the time of Eusebius, see l. vi. c. 36) would most probably decide this curious rather than important question.
120 Euseb. l. vi. c. 34. The story, as is usual, has been embellished by succeeding writers, and is confuted, with much superfluous learning, by Frederick Spanheim, (Opera Varia, tom. ii. p. 400, &c.)
121 Lactantius, de Mortibus Persecutorum, c. 3, 4. After celebrating the felicity and increase of the church, under a long succession of good princes, he adds, "Extitit post annos plurimos, execrabile animal, Decius, qui vexaret Ecclesiam."
122 Euseb. l. vi. c. 39. Cyprian. Epistol. 55. The see of Rome remained vacant from the martyrdom of Fabianus, the 20th of January, A. D. 259, till the election of Cornelius, the 4th of June, A. D. 251 Decius had probably left Rome, since he was killed before the end of that year.
123 Euseb. l. vii. c. 10. Mosheim (p. 548) has very clearly shown that the praefect Macrianus, and the Egyptian Magus, are one and the same person.
124 Eusebius (l. vii. c. 13) gives us a Greek version of this Latin edict, which seems to have been very concise. By another edict, he directed that the Coemeteria should be restored to the Christians.
125 Euseb. l. vii. c. 30. Lactantius de M. P. c. 6. Hieronym. in Chron. p. 177. Orosius, l. vii. c. 23. Their language is in general so ambiguous and incorrect, that we are at a loss to determine how far Aurelian had carried his intentions before he was assassinated. Most of the moderns (except Dodwell, Dissertat. Cyprian. vi. 64) have seized the occasion of gaining a few extraordinary martyrs.
Note: Dr. Lardner has detailed, with his usual impartiality, all that has come down to us relating to the persecution of Aurelian, and concludes by saying, "Upon more carefully examining the words of Eusebius, and observing the accounts of other authors, learned men have generally, and, as I think, very judiciously, determined, that Aurelian not only intended, but did actually persecute: but his persecution was short, he having died soon after the publication of his edicts." Heathen Test. c. xxxvi. - Basmage positively pronounces the same opinion: Non intentatum modo, sed executum quoque brevissimo tempore mandatum, nobis infixum est in aniasis. Basn. Ann. 275, No. 2 and compare Pagi Ann. 272, Nos. 4, 12, 27 - G.
126 Paul was better pleased with the title of Ducenarius, than with that of bishop. The Ducenarius was an Imperial procurator, so called from his salary of two hundred Sestertia, or 1600l. a year. (See Salmatius ad Hist. August. p. 124.) Some critics suppose that the bishop of Antioch had actually obtained such an office from Zenobia, while others consider it only as a figurative expression of his pomp and insolence.
127 Simony was not unknown in those times; and the clergy some times bought what they intended to sell. It appears that the bishopric of Carthage was purchased by a wealthy matron, named Lucilla, for her servant Majorinus. The price was 400 Folles. (Monument. Antiq. ad calcem Optati, p. 263.) Every Follis contained 125 pieces of silver, and the whole sum may be computed at about 2400l.
128 If we are desirous of extenuating the vices of Paul, we must suspect the assembled bishops of the East of publishing the most malicious calumnies in circular epistles addressed to all the churches of the empire, (ap. Euseb. l. vii. c. 30.)
*_0014 It appears, nevertheless, that the vices and immoralities of Paul of Samosata had much weight in the sentence pronounced against him by the bishops. The object of the letter, addressed by the synod to the bishops of Rome and Alexandria, was to inform them of the change in the faith of Paul, the altercations and discussions to which it had given rise, as well as of his morals and the whole of his conduct. Euseb. Hist. Eccl. l. vii c. xxx - G.
129 His heresy (like those of Noetus and Sabellius, in the same century) tended to confound the mysterious distinction of the divine persons. See Mosheim, p. 702, &c.
**_0014 "Her favorite, (Zenobia's,) Paul of Samosata, seems to have entertained some views of attempting a union between Judaism and Christianity; both parties rejected the unnatural alliance." Hist. of Jews, iii. 175, and Jost. Geschichte der Israeliter, iv. 167. The protection of the severe Zenobia is the only circumstance which may raise a doubt of the notorious immorality of Paul. - M.
130 Euseb. Hist. Ecclesiast. l. vii. c. 30. We are entirely indebted to him for the curious story of Paul of Samosata.
131 The Aera of Martyrs, which is still in use among the Copts and the Abyssinians, must be reckoned from the 29th of August, A. D. 284; as the beginning of the Egyptian year was nineteen days earlier than the real accession of Diocletian. See Dissertation Preliminaire a l'Art de verifier les Dates.
Note: On the aera of martyrs see the very curious dissertations of Mons Letronne on some recently discovered inscriptions in Egypt and Nubis, p. 102, &c. - M.
132 The expression of Lactantius, (de M. P. c. 15,) "sacrificio pollui coegit," implies their antecedent conversion to the faith, but does not seem to justify the assertion of Mosheim, (p. 912,) that they had been privately baptized.
133 M. de Tillemont (Memoires Ecclesiastiques, tom. v. part i. p. 11, 12) has quoted from the Spicilegium of Dom Luc d'Archeri a very curious instruction which Bishop Theonas composed for the use of Lucian.
134 Lactantius, de M. P. c. 10.
135 Eusebius, Hist. Ecclesiast. l. viii. c. 1. The reader who consults the original will not accuse me of heightening the picture. Eusebius was about sixteen years of age at the accession of the emperor Diocletian.
136 We might quote, among a great number of instances, the mysterious worship of Mythras, and the Taurobolia; the latter of which became fashionable in the time of the Antonines, (see a Dissertation of M. de Boze, in the Memoires de l'Academie des Inscriptions, tom. ii. p. 443.) The romance of Apuleius is as full of devotion as of satire.
Note: On the extraordinary progress of the Mahriac rites, in the West, see De Guigniaud's translation of Creuzer, vol. i. p. 365, and Note 9, tom. i. part 2, p. 738, &c. - M.
137 The impostor Alexander very strongly recommended the oracle of Trophonius at Mallos, and those of Apollo at Claros and Miletus, (Lucian, tom. ii. p. 236, edit. Reitz.) The last of these, whose singular history would furnish a very curious episode, was consulted by Diocletian before he published his edicts of persecution, (Lactantius, de M. P. c. 11.)
138 Besides the ancient stories of Pythagoras and Aristeas, the cures performed at the shrine of Aesculapius, and the fables related of Apollonius of Tyana, were frequently opposed to the miracles of Christ; though I agree with Dr. Lardner, (see Testimonies, vol. iii. p. 253, 352,) that when Philostratus composed the life of Apollonius, he had no such intention.
139 It is seriously to be lamented, that the Christian fathers, by acknowledging the supernatural, or, as they deem it, the infernal part of Paganism, destroy with their own hands the great advantage which we might otherwise derive from the liberal concessions of our adversaries.
140 Julian (p. 301, edit. Spanheim) expresses a pious joy, that the providence of the gods had extinguished the impious sects, and for the most part destroyed the books of the Pyrrhonians and Epicuraeans, which had been very numerous, since Epicurus himself composed no less than 300 volumes. See Diogenes Laertius, l. x. c. 26.
141 Cumque alios audiam mussitare indignanter, et dicere opportere statui per Senatum, aboleantur ut haec scripta, quibus Christiana Religio comprobetur, et vetustatis opprimatur auctoritas. Arnobius adversus Gentes, l. iii. p. 103, 104. He adds very properly, Erroris convincite Ciceronem . . . nam intercipere scripta, et publicatam velle submergere lectionem, non est Deum defendere sed veritatis testificationem timere.
142 Lactantius (Divin. Institut. l. v. c. 2, 3) gives a very clear and spirited account of two of these philosophic adversaries of the faith. The large treatise of Porphyry against the Christians consisted of thirty books, and was composed in Sicily about the year 270.
143 See Socrates, Hist. Ecclesiast. l. i. c. 9, and Codex Justinian. l. i. i. l. s.


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How to Treat Hypertension
Veterinarian Reviewed on January 13, 2012 by Paulina Nelega, RH
Posted in Uncategorized
How to Treat Hypertension
Hypertension is a chronic medical condition that involves the cardiovascular system but as the condition progresses, it may also involve all of the systems of the body as well. In hypertension, the systemic arterial blood pressure is elevated.
The heart is the main engine of the body that pumps blood to all of the body parts. Blockages, diseases, narrowing of the blood vessels and many other reasons may cause the heart to pump harder in order to compensate for the decreased blood flow. Hypertension may either be primary or secondary with primary hypertension as High Blood Pressure with no obvious medical cause. Secondary hypertension is an increase of blood pressure due to illnesses of the kidneys, cardiovascular system or the endocrine system.
Causes of Hypertension
Primary hypertension is the most prevalent with no significant medical cause identified. There are many factors however that predisposes a person to primary hypertension such as smoking, Stress, Obesity, alcohol intake, potassium deficiency, Vitamin D deficiency and many other factors. Natural aging can also predispose a person to develop primary hypertension.
Secondary hypertension on the other hand results from a chronic medical condition such as hormonal disorders, kidney disease, metabolic disorders, congenital defects, pre-eclampsia during pregnancy and chronic use of prescription or illegal drugs.
Symptoms of Hypertension
High blood pressure is considered when a reading is above 140/90 mm/Hg. Mild to moderate hypertension usually has no symptoms. In primary hypertension, there are Headaches, drowsiness, vision changes, nausea and vomiting and patients may also suffer from confusion and lack of focus.
In secondary hypertension, there is increased blood pressure along with the symptoms associated with the variety of reasons that cause hypertension. In hypertension caused by hyperthyroidism, there is weight loss, irregularities in heart rate, tremors, increased sweating and a noticeable reddening of the palms.
Treatments of Hypertension
Anti-hypertensive medications are often the initial treatment that is given by physicians in order to reduce high blood pressure in their patients. Reducing blood pressure by at least 5 mm/Hg can significantly reduce the risk of developing stroke, heart disease, dementia, cardiovascular disease and even death. Medications such as ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers and direct rennin inhibitors can cause vasodilation which ultimately reduces overall blood pressure.
Aside from the medication, there is also an imminent lifestyle change that a person must do to effectively manage their hypertension. Ceasing smoking, avoiding drinking alcohol and reducing caffeine intake are just some of the changes that any hypertensive person should do. Eating fast food and fried food should also be reduced to eliminate the intake of unnecessary fats into the diet.
Dietary changes are also important; a low sodium diet is a factor in a DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute which is an arm of the NIH. An increase in potassium, magnesium and calcium-rich foods are also encouraged along with the intake of high quality proteins.
Staying active and attempting a weight loss regime may also reduce a person's blood pressure and will also prevent hypertension from occurring as well. Exercise daily, maintain an active lifestyle and reduce weight if necessary to be able to maintain normal blood pressure. Exercise and cardio training also strengthens the heart muscles and reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular complications.
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Our Expert
Paulina Nelega, RH, has been in private practice as a Clinical Herbalist for over 15 years. She has developed and taught courses in herbal medicine, and her articles on health have appeared in numerous publications. She is very passionate about the healing power of nature. Ask Dr. Jan

subset: commoncrawl


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Subscribe To Giovanni Ribisi Reunites With Seth MacFarlane For A Million Ways To Die In The West Updates
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Giovanni Ribisi and Seth MacFarlane proved that they worked together well on Ted, the actor playing the creepy, Ted-obsessed dad who enjoys dancing to Tiffany's "I Think We're Alone Now," and hopefully they'll be able to bring that same connection to MacFarlane's A Million Ways To Die In The West.
Deadline has learned that Ribisi is the latest actor to join the cast of the new comedy western, which is already set to star Charlize Theron, Amanda Seyfried and MacFarlane in his first live-action starring role. Written by the director and co-writers Alec Sulkin and Wellesley Wild, the story centers on a weak-willed sheep farmer named Albert (MacFarlane) who is dumped by his girlfriend (Seyfried) after chickening out of a duel. Leaving town on a mission to become a man and when back her heart, he meets the wife of an outlaw (Theron) who teaches him how to shoot.
The site says that Ribisi will play Albert's friend Edward, "a simple shoe repairman who bears up with a girlfriend who won't have sex with him, but as a working prostitute she's doing it with everybody else." He has a side plot with the star in which Albert tries to get Edward into the dating scene.
Ribisi most recently starred in Ruben Fleischer's Gangster Squad and will appear alongside Chris Evans, Aubrey Plaza, Michelle Monaghan, Topher Grace, Luke Wilson and many more in Justin Reardon's A Many Splintered Thing later this year. He is currently filming the Shane Christian Eason-directed drama Papa with Sharon Stone and Minka Kelly.


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Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co (TSMC, 台積電), Advanced Micro Devices Inc and other companies have seen more than US$200 million in sales last year for computing components used to create bitcoins, Wedbush Securities Inc said.
The virtual currency, which exists as software, is created by solving complex tasks embedded in the program through a process called mining.
Bitcoins currently trade for about US$875 each on the Mt.Gox exchange, up from about US$13 one year ago.
As their value surged, digital prospectors have rushed to create more of the digital money, boosting the market for high-powered machines, some of which cost more than US$20,000 a piece. TSMC, AMD and GlobalFoundries make many of the chips in these machines, according to Gil Luria, an analyst at Wedbush in Los Angeles.
"Due to the growth of the bitcoin network, mining machines now require powerful application-specific integrated circuits [ASIC] that are designed specifically to mine bitcoins," Luria said in a report. "We believe the majority of these ASIC chips are fabricated at SMC and GlobalFoundries."
The report also flagged some potential beneficiaries of the digital boom, such as EBay Inc's PayPal unit and International Business Machines Corp.
PayPal could make bitcoin one of its payment options, along with credit cards, this year, and benefit from an influx of millions of new users, Luria said in an interview.
IBM could provide software and hardware powering bitcoin and other new digital currencies, he said.
As more consumers adopt bitcoin and other digital currencies for purchases and money transfers, that could adversely impact established financial companies such as Western Union Co, Luria said.
"It's incredibly easy now to send money with bitcoin from one country to another," Luria said in an interview.
"But now you need to know how to do it. I expect a flurry of money transmitters to emerge in the next one to three years, and they'll be able to do this for everybody at a fraction of the cost of Western Union and others," Luria added.
Jason Gorss, a spokesman for GlobalFoundries, said the manufacturer is working with several companies that design chips for bitcoin mining, such as Butterfly Labs Inc.
"We're watching digital currencies like bitcoin closely," Jennifer Hakes, a spokeswoman for PayPal, wrote in an e-mail.
"Many of our consumers prefer cash," Andrew Silver, a spokesman for Western Union, wrote in an e-mail. "We will continue to track the use of virtual currency in the market, and expect that it should comply with the same regulations and oversight that the rest of the financial services industry must adhere to, to ensure that consumers are protected."
Bitcoins are not controlled by any country or banking authority, so fees on using the currency to make purchases or transfer money can be much lower. Bitcoins are being used to pay for everything from Gummi bears to smartphones on the Internet.
Retailer Overstock.com Inc said recently it is to begin accepting Bitcoins starting in the middle of the year.
"We think there's an underserved part of the market that wants to use bitcoins and can't," Overstock chief executive officer Patrick Byrne said in an interview last month.


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Archive for the 'Ringit It Up' tag
FTC Ring It Up and VEX Sack Attack v1.50 Now Available!
Following up from an earlier post, new versions of the FTC Ring It Up and VEX Sack Attack Virtual Worlds are now available!
In version 1.50 of Ring It Up, all arm, wrist, and gripper motors now include encoders, allowing you to get feedback and implement precise control over the robots. We've also swapped the Compass Sensor for the Gyroscope, which was highly requested by FTC teams. New Sample code for the encoders and gyroscope is installed with the world.
In version 1.50 of Sack Attack, we've added encoders to the arm motors on all of the robots, and a potentiometer to the scooper motor on Scooperbot, giving you very precise control. All robot models have also had the Compass sensor replaced with a Gyroscope, better aligning them with the real world VEX system. As with the Ring It Up world, Sample code for all of the new functionality is included.
We genuinely appreciate all of the feedback and comments we've received about these worlds, and we hope that these changes show that we're listening. Keep the feedback coming!
Adding support for all of the new inputs required a significant update of our back end, so these versions require ROBOTC 3.54 or later to be installed. Happy programming!


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Seasonal Flavors! Dreyer's/Edy's Limited Edition Slow Churned Light Ice Cream - Are you ready for holiday ice cream? These wintery picks are in freezer cases nationwide, but only through the end of the year! In A Very Merry Eggnog and Peppermint Wonderland, a 1/2-cup serving has 100 - 110 calories, 1.5 - 3.5g fat, 35 - 40mg sodium, 17 - 19g carbs, 0g fiber, 13g sugars, and 2 - 3g protein (PointsPlus® value 3*). Just watch those portions! POM POMS Wonderful Fresh Arils - Although it isn't that difficult to break down a whole pomegranate, sometimes we want to snack on the juicy fruit with zero effort whatsoever. Enter POM POMS! The resealable containers of ready-to-eat arils even come with little spoons. Talk about convenient! Each 4.3-oz. container has 100 calories, 1g fat, 20mg sodium, 20g carbs, 6g fiber, 9g sugars, and 2g protein (PointsPlus® value 0*). Get your fill now, because they're only around through January! Coffee-mate Dark Chocolate Fudge and Spiced Latte Liquid Creamers - The usual seasonal flavors -- Peppermint Mocha, Pumpkin Spice, and Eggnog Latte -- are back, and a couple of newbies have been added to the mix! Want your java seriously choco-fied or seasonally spiced? You got it! A tablespoon of each creamer has 35 calories, 1.5g fat, 5mg sodium, 5g carbs, 0g fiber, 5g sugars, and 0g protein (PointsPlus® value 1*). As always, measure first. (Over-pouring is too easy.)
The NPD Group, a market research company, has just released its 28th annual Eating Patterns in America Report. And according to the info, these are the top ten foods and beverages Americans are chewin' and sippin'... 1. Sandwiches - We're big on sandwiches too, but the carby calories can add up FAST. Click here for our Sandwich-Shop Survival Guide, and check out the recipes from the "Big Sandwiches" episode of Hungry Girl! 2. Fruit - YAY, FRUIT! Some of our fruity BFFs? Fuji apples, raspberries, and strawberries. 3. Vegetables - Way to go, America! Click here for snack tips, and click here for Comfort-Food Veggie Swaps. 4. Carbonated Soft Drinks - Keep the bubbly stuff calorie-free with options like the Coca-Cola Zero line (as in Coke Zero, Sprite Zero, etc.) and stevia-sweetened Blue Sky Zero Calorie soda. 5. Milk - Skip the whole milk... Fat-free dairy milk is good, and our favorite flavorful swaps are great! Click for the 411. 6. Coffee - Java drinks can become calorie catastrophes if you're not careful. Click for an HG guide to guilt-free coffee. 7. Potatoes - Spuds are surprisingly diet friendly, as long as you prepare them right. Check out the recipes we developed for the US Potato Board. 8. Salty Snacks - It's easy to go overboard with these. Click here for some great portion-controlled snack options! 9. Fruit Juice - You might be surprised to learn juice can have as many calories as regular soda. Click for more on this subject, including our low-calorie picks. 10. Cold Cereal - Here's a rundown of amazing guilt-free favorites... And check out this super-sized cereal bowl! OK, who's hungry?!
If you rely on coffee to get you going in the morning, you may want to delay that cup o' joe. Scientific findings suggest the caffeine in coffee is more effective later in the a.m. hours than it is bright and early! Apparently, our levels of a hormone called cortisol are higher when we wake up, and drinking coffee at that time can lead to a tolerance for caffeine. Fascinating stuff, science peeps! ***Have you been over to Corner Bakery's website lately? It's easier than ever to find a meal that fits your calorie budget! Add up your meal total in the Nutrition Calculator; shuffle through the 100 combos under 600 calories; or select a category in the Menu & Nutrition section, and set filters to edit out individual items beyond your calorie preference. (The filter function also addresses dietary needs with vegan dishes and gluten-free options.) Very nice! ***Kraft Macaroni & Cheese is getting a nutritional makeover... some kiddie varieties, anyway! Starting early next year, the fun-shaped products will have more whole grains, lower sodium counts, and less saturated fat. And that classic orange color will come courtesy of spices rather than artificial food dyes. Pass the SpongeBob cheesy mac! ***We all know that age ain't nothing but a number… but how would you like to calculate your FITNESS age? Punch in your personal stats here, and get the number. VERY cool! And that's all we've got. HG out!
Eggnog ice cream? Chocolate coffee creamer?? Click "Send to a Friend" to share the news!!!
Today, November 11th, is Veterans' Day. As a thank-you to all the women and men who've served the USA, a slew of restaurants are offering free meals to vets. AWESOME!
SmartPoints® value not what you expected? Click here for more info on how the values are calculated, plus more FAQs about PointsPlus® and SmartPoints® values on our website.


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�I�m From Rolling Stone� Documents Aspiring Young Journalists Vying for Contributing Editor Position
New York, NY, December 14, 2006 � MTV and Rolling Stone magazine kick off the new year with �I�m From Rolling Stone,� a new reality drama premiering on January 7th at 10pm ET/PT. This ten-episode series follows six young writers over the course of the summer as they work toward earning a highly coveted full-time position at the magazine. For each of the aspiring writers, it�s the opportunity of a lifetime, but only one of them will be offered the contributing editor contract. In addition, following �I�m From Rolling Stone� at 10:30PM (ET/PT), MTV premieres a new season of �True Life,� the network�s critically acclaimed MTV News & Docs series that explores issues and trends facing young people today in candid, first person episodes.
Last summer, the six writers chosen from a pool of thousands of applicants were thrown directly into the mix with a wide array of writing assignments including artist and entertainment profiles and coverage of national affairs, politics and pop culture. Some of the musical acts featured in the series include Band of Horses, Ghostface Killah, We Are Scientists, The Roots, Lupe Fiasco, and more. The writers also covered some of the biggest music events of the year including the Roskilde Music Festival and Lollapalooza.
MTV cameras documented the young journalists' entire experience working, for the first time, in a high-pressured journalistic environment. They compete with one another for story assignments, stress about hitting deadlines and face no-holds-barred critiques from Rolling Stone editors, all while dealing with their own personal challenges.
Via MTV.com and MTV Mobile, fans will be able to have a deeper connection to the series with weekly episode guides and summaries, music lists, and writers' video playlists.
Meet the writers:
Hometown: Eugene, OR
Journalism major, USC
Rock musician
A young, wide-eyed college kid, Colin is as much indie rocker as reporter. His musical tastes are exactly in line with Rolling Stone, but deep inside Colin doesn't know if he's ready for the big-time journalism scene. Will his natural charm and ease convince his bosses (and himself) that he's ready?
Hometown: San Francisco, CA
Editor, "Ruckus Magazine"
Freelance hip-hop writer, xxlmag.com, "Mass Appeal� and "Vapors"
With a ghetto background, Krish is all hip-hop, all the time. She wants to bring the 'hood to Rolling Stone. Krish is a true fighter and will do whatever it takes to earn the full-time job at the end of the summer. Used to being a big fish in a little pond, can Krish keep her mouth and attitude in check at Rolling Stone?
Hometown: Salinas, CA
Classic rock and fashion fanatic
Journalism major, Hartnell College
Krystal is the most knowledgeable fan of Rolling Stone, having been spoon-fed the magazine since she was a kid. She is more in love with the idea of working at Rolling Stone than she is with the idea of doing the work. Can Krystal get past being a fan and find her way as a hard-edged reporter?
Hometown: Sydney, Australia
Earned a crew scholarship to UC Berkeley
Sociology major
Peter is determined to shed his image as a partier and to prove that, despite his relative lack of journalism experience, he is a contender. Hardworking and bright, Peter recognizes that his dedication will take him far. But the question is, does he have the natural writing ability that is required to work for Rolling Stone?
Hometown: Buffalo, NY
Slam Poet
Freelance journalist, "The Source"
Nothing shakes this highly confident, skilled writer. Tika keeps a low-profile around the office, but makes no secret about how superior she believes she is to the other writers once outside of work. She believes that she's a shoo-in at Rolling Stone, but do her bosses see what Tika sees?
Hometown: San Francisco, CA
Cultural and political writer for Pacific News Services
Former editor, "Yo!" and "The Beat Within"
Talented, explosive, self-sabotaging and admittedly bi-polar, Russell is the best writer in the group. This job at Rolling Stone is his to lose, and he knows it. Unfortunately, Russell doesn�t know how to handle success and is prone to acting out. Will Russell be able to win against himself and his bad-boy behavior?
Rolling Stone has been the leading voice of music and popular culture for more than three decades. With its wide-ranging music coverage, in-depth interviews and artist profiles, photography and national affairs, Rolling Stone provides all the news that fits every two weeks to 13 million readers.
Jacquelyn M. French, Heather Olander, and Drew Tappon are Executives for MTV. Jann Wenner and Gary Armstrong are Executive Producers for Wenner Media. Guy Oseary and Michael Rosenberg are Executive Producers for Maverick Entertainment. Joel Stillerman is Executive Producer. Doug Davison and Roy Lee are Executive Producers and Gabriel Mason is a co-Executive Producer for Vertigo.
MTV Networks, a unit of Viacom International Inc. (NYSE: VIA, VIA.B), is one of the world�s leading creators of programming and content across all media platforms. MTV Networks, with more than 100 channels worldwide, owns and operates the following television programming services � MTV: MUSIC TELEVISION, MTV2, VH1, mtvU, NICKELODEON, NICK at NITE, COMEDY CENTRAL, TV LAND, SPIKE TV, CMT, NOGGIN, LOGO, MTVN INTERNATIONAL and THE DIGITAL SUITE FROM MTV NETWORKS, a package of 13 digital services, all of these brands are trademarks of MTV Networks. MTV Networks connects with its audiences through its robust consumer products businesses and its more than 90 interactive properties worldwide, including online, broadband, wireless and interactive television services and also has licensing agreements, joint ventures, and syndication deals whereby all of its programming services can be seen worldwide.


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"Excellent selection and outstanding service"
Tom from New Jersey, U.S.
"Quality clothing, competitive prices and fast mailing"
Carlos from Miami, U.S.
"Great selection, great prices, great customer service. Definitely the way to go!"
Mark from London, U.K.
"Plenty of communication from vendor, product arrived timely, product of good quality"
Gunter from Germany.
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CenturyLink (NYSE: CTL) is a global communications, hosting, cloud and IT services company enabling millions of customers to transform their businesses and their lives through innovative technology solutions. CenturyLink offers network and data systems management, Big Data analytics and IT consulting, and operates more than 55 data centers in North America, Europe and Asia. The company provides broadband, voice, video, data and managed services over a robust 250,000-route-mile U.S. fiber network and a 300,000-route-mile international transport network.
SAP MII Consultant
Alternate Location: US-California-Los Angeles; US-New Jersey-Edison; US-Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Requisition #: 129721
This job may require successful completion of an online assessment. A brief description of the assessments can be viewed on our website at http://find.centurylink.jobs/testguides/
EEO Statement
No Discrimination. We are committed to providing equal employment opportunities to all persons regardless of race, color, ancestry, citizenship, national origin, religion, veteran status, disability, genetic characteristic or information, age, gender, sexual orientation, marital status, family status, pregnancy, or other legally protected status (collectively, protected statuses). We do not tolerate unlawful discrimination in any employment decisions, including recruiting, hiring, compensation, promotion, benefits, discipline, termination, job assignments or training. Any offer of employment is contingent upon the results of a pre-employment drug test and background check.
The above job definition information has been designed to indicate the general nature and level of work performed by employees within this classification. It is not designed to contain or be interpreted as a comprehensive inventory of all duties, responsibilities, and qualifications required of employees assigned to this job. Job duties and responsibilities are subject to change based on changing business needs and conditions.
Nearest Major Market: Los Angeles
Job Segment: Consultant, Consulting, SAP, Engineer, ERP, Contract, Technology, Engineering
|Date Posted
|December 13, 2019
|Date Closes
|January 12, 2020
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My husband and I are in shock. We got a call from his grown and father of four son last week. They had some news for us.... It's hard to even explain this... They have decided that they have a calling from god. They are going to walk away from their mortgage, just stop paying it, and quit work and live in an RV and travel around the country spreading gods word.
Seriously. This is like a bad nightmare.
They have been Calvary Chapel born-again since before they were married, but had recently been carrying on a semi-normal life, although it included home-school indoctrination of the oldest girls, age 5 and 6.
They have already talked to the bank about how long it would be before they got kicked out if they stop paying their mortgage. It's possible they are in more debt than we knew. Credit cards, I guess. They seem to think they can just walk away from that too.
Other than financial ruin, giving up a great, well-paying job, living in ridiculous conditions with four small children, who will now be getting no education to speak of....who knows what they will do for insurance... They think they can stay at campgrounds free in exchange for work... They think the god will provide.
And we sound like the curmudgeonly old grandparents.
My husband is devastated. Those kids are the most important thing in his life.
We are meeting them in person Saturday to discuss or at least hear more. I am trying to be rational and unemotional, and not use terms like throwing away your life, but this is so far fetched I don't know where to start. Any thoughts?
Views: 423
My guess is that they first got into a lot of debt, then wanted to walk away from it. Asking the bank how long on the mortgage before they would be evicted is a clue here. The next thing is that god is not going to let them starve, and they saw it in the Buybull that god takes care of the animals and they don't have to do anything, etc. Animals and flowers have no worries (god just brings the food right to them) so surely he can take care of them because "even the hair on their heads is numbered."
The joyous feeling will leave when they discover that god is not providing very well for a family of "Jesus hippies" who want to have no cares and live off the fat of the land. They may figure out how to get by, but it will not be pleasant and they will bot be respeted for it. The children won't like it after a while either. Unless your son is an ordained minister this will not work for them. It's a lifestyle that I would not wish on anyone.
Can you tell them anything that may chnge their minds or that will help out here? I really doubt it. They will have to learn for themselves.
Dennis, I agree with your assessments. The young parents will learn for themselves. In the meantime, the grandparents need to create a safe, stable, secure foundation for themselves so they can feel free of guilt or anger. Finding stability between them, and joy in their lives presents an excellent model for those four young boys.
The decision maker in the the family whether it's your son or his wife is not thinking rationally but it could be both. When you meet don't be afraid to ask hard questions especially about the welfare of the children i.e. school and medical care. Try to determine if both parents are equally supportive of this plan and if not try to air his or her doubts. Ask if they have a time limit on how long they intend to do this and what kind of research they've done about living on the road. Ask them what their plan is if their RV breaks down and they have no money to repair it. Ask what they will do if they can't stay stay RV sites for free. Ask what their plan is if one of the children get sick and need a doctor or hospital. Be prepared for them to call you if their plan fails. Good luck
I like your questions!
I can't press "Like", however I do understand the feeling you must be having. The only things I can say are the basic principles upon which to draw.
Before anything else, find a way to express your fears, anger, disappointment, grief in a safe place and with someone you know and trust so that you can think clearly how your will respond to your son's decision.
1.) I believe in being as clear as possible about my own feelings and express them as honestly and concretely as possible without blaming, accusing, or criticizing.
2.) Ask question about what they need to think about but do not need to answer to you.
3.) Know that what they think or do is non-of-your-business if they are over 21 years of age. I hate this one!
4.) Stablize your own life as much as possible and prepare yourself if their thoughts and actions fail and they reach out for communication. Being a solid, stable, secure rock, unfazed by them, means you can build a solid foundation for yourself based on mentally, physically, and emotionally healthy living.
5.) Fortify yourself against being manipulated or exploited by them. Encourage self-sufficiency, interdependence, a sense of community, and encourage critical thinking.
And remember, I could be totally wrong.
Why is it that the wealthiest nation on earth has a wholly inadequate social security system that will allow people in financial crisis fall into a cycle of poverty and despair ? Other countries in the western world afford adequate housing and income for families in such situations.
If we look back fifty years, is it because of the space race, continual warfare and unfair taxation systems that governments can't afford it ? Or is it part of 'gods plan' that people such as your family endure deprivation to satisfy a small greedy minority ? Or, is it a bit of both and a bit more ?
Thank you all for the thoughtful and rational responses. I think you have essentially confirmed what we have already thought and planned. We are also thinking my husband needs to get his son alone, and discuss this privately - his son's wife seems to be the controlling party. Joan, you make good points about expressing our own feelings without judging or criticizing their own decisions....that will be a challenge!
Sharon, I know what you mean, so much easier said than done. I got into a scramble this winter with a decision my granddaughter and her partner made and I followed all the principles to the T. However, I came across to them as judging and blaming. We had to have a third party help us sort out the bad feelings that resulted. Thankfully, our third party did an excellent job of finding common ground, identifying our differences, made room for each of us to state our positions and come to mutually agreed upon solutions. It turned out well, but could have been a disaster. I could foresee the cliff toward which they were headed, and they couldn't. I could not see their vision, and it was a valid one.
It takes a lot of skills to navigate the rapids of interpersonal relationships. However, those skills can be learned and mistakes happen, they can be negotiated without destroying the relationship.
I do hope that each of you has the opportunity to express your hopes, dreams, fears, anxieties in ways that lead to mutual respect. Even if your husband and his son disagree, it is possible to find mutually agreed upon criteria to prevent the kids from being hurt. Surely, his son and daughter-in-law want to not harm the kids. The question has to be asked, "What if you are wrong?"
Just read this to my husband (his mother is the controlling party that converted her husband and 3 of the 4 kids to Born Again-ism). His immediate reply was, "They probably went into debt giving all their money to the church." UGH I certainly hope that's not the case.
Can you offer to watch the kids for the first month or so of their adventure, just to ensure that they work out the kinks first w/o traumatizing them? Can you find any other similar stories online of people who attempted this, and failed?
Can you, if nothing else, convince them to come up with their own religious-based scam that'll make them rich like so many other church scams?? Actually, that might be a roundabout way of letting them know what churches are usually REALLY like.....
A good approach might be reverse psychology, come to think of it! Pretend you're on board, give them a survival kit that teaches them how to repair an engine, how to eat out of dumpsters, good begging methods (get the kids in on the act!), how to forage salad ingredients from roadside weeds, how to take a "wh0re bath" in a McDonald's sink.......I'm terrible.
Seriously, though: Take deep breaths, ask them what the plan is, who they expect to preach to, and how long it'll be before they come back to your place. I suspect you'll have to catch them when they fall, so you might want to lay down some expectations for that. And stick to your guns- don't let them think they've got a big, cushy pillow to fall back on.
Oh, yeah. I would not be surprised to know they'd given the church a bunch of money! My husband and I both work full time (and more) so taking the kids is not an option for us. And the youngest is only two months old!
I think they might already be onto the "support our mission" scam of collecting from other churches that they visit. LOL on the survival skills, though!
Thanks again to you and the others for your thoughtful responses. It feels so good to be "among" rational people!
Oh, wow, that is just... hoo boy...
Listen, I don't want to seem insensitive, but the adults in this situation aren't acting like it. Running away, really? You need to tell them that they can go gallivanting around the country playing hobo preacher in they want, but the kids deserve better, and should stay with you. This is just plain ridiculous, I don't care what you believe, adults should behave more responsibly. Especially with children...
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Are you sharing a family story today?
Today has been designated International Day for Sharing Life Stories and many communities around the world are holding special events to commemorate the occasion. Here in Central Iowa, I'll be participating in tonight's Two Rivers Story Spinners' event at Des Moines Area Community College.
I'm looking forward to hearing other people share stories from their life experiences. For my part, I'll probably tell the story about a public spectacle involving my grandfather and root beer. If you're in the area, drop by and I'll share it with you.
Not so coincidentally, today just happens to be the 96th birthday of story teller extraordinaire, Studs Terkel. Terkel, an oral historian from Chicago who became a public television star a few decades back, has a new book out, "Studs Terkel Interviews: Film and Theater."
Even if you miss out on today's festivities, you can make amends by sharing a life story or two with your loved ones over the weekend. What are you waiting for?
Larry Lehmer is a personal historian who helps people preserve their family stories. To learn more, visit his web site or send him an e-mail.
Flickr photo courtesy of wgbhmorningstories.


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Ask Dr. Julianne-Evolving Love
Aloha Dear Ones,
How wonderful to be back with you. I've taken time off to learn more of what I need to understand about the heart of love. It's hard to know where to begin, at what point to bring you into my process of discovery.
I've just returned from a Lutheran Church in South Maui, where I attended their Good Friday service. Good Friday is part of Christian Holy Week, retelling the story of Christ's last days, his death, followed by the celebration of his resurrection on Easter Sunday.
I went back to the Lutheran religion of my childhood tonight, because my beloved Unity Church doesn't have a Good Friday service.
My former minister, Rev. Mary Omwake, told me that a group of Unity leaders once asked Matthew Fox, revolutionary theologian and defrocked Catholic (now an Episcopalian priest), for his opinion on Unity's teachings. Matthew Fox's analysis was that Unity reflected his understanding of the light, really had the positive truth, but that, "new thought," churches, in general, didn't know what to do with the dark.
Thus, no Unity service on Jesus's crucifixion. This is a broad and deep issue for another post. Unity will indeed have a beautiful Easter service. I will be on duty as a chaplain, available to pray with anyone at the program's close. If you are here on Maui, please come and say aloha on Sunday morning.
What touched me most at the Lutheran Church tonight was how profoundly interconnected I felt with everyone. It felt like my heart was beating in time with each heart, with the heart of the congregation. Amongst the Lutheran regulars, there's probably a range of beliefs, from fundamentalist to very progressive (this is tolerant Maui, after all). The more conservative members would take issue with my belief that all paths lead to God, perhaps even with my identifying as a Christian.
Yet, what I heard, what I participated in with my Lutheran brothers and sisters this Good Friday, along with being deeply moving, seemed to come from an evolving, more integral perspective. The service focused on the 14 Stations of the Cross, each moments in Christ's walk, bearing a heavy wooden cross, towards the site of his execution.
The liturgy, the language of each Station, was written in a way that evoked a deep resonance with Jesus as a man, fully human, as well as fully divine–a man who was so surrendered to the Divine, who so fully embodied God's love, that he was willing to give his life for, as, that love. We were asked how we would have responded, had we been on that walk with the crowd following Jesus to his death. When Jesus fell the second time, under the weight of the cross, would we help him carry it, as did Simon? When, for the third time, Jesus fell, would we have tenderly wiped his brow, as did the woman who pushed through the soldiers to reach him?
We were charged with considering how we show up for God's love, now, in this life. Can we become so aligned with Divine right action, that, like Christ, we always say, "Not my will, but Thine?" Can our identity shift from an individual self, separate from each other, separate from God, to one inter-related whole, responsible for acting as God's only hands, only voice, on earth? Can we, like Christ, choose to act as God's love, no matter what the cost?
Yes, I'm paraphrasing, through the evolutionary, integral lens of consciousness. But tonight, as I sat with my spiritual family (I was going to say extended family, but it conveys something one step removed, which was not the reality), the love in our hearts was separated neither by language, nor dogma. I saw the tears shed by all, and all saw mine. I felt the love of all–and all felt mine. Together, we experienced a quickening (evolutionary impulse/Holy Spirit) of our commitment to show up as God's love on earth.
Dear ones, we cannot wait for God's love to be revealed to us. We need to act as God's love for each other, now, with courage, with humility, through our sorrows and our joys.
Love and blessings,
Dr. Julianne
Tags: chaplain, Christ, consciousness, counseling, Easter, enlightenment, evolutionary community, evolutionary enlightenment, evolutionary impulse, evolutionary relationship, evolutionary spirituality, finding a spiritual psychologist, God, Good Friday, Hawaii, Holy Spirit, integral, integral enlightenment, integral spirituality, Jesus, Julianne Hanson, love, Lutheran Church, Mary Omwake, Matthew Fox, Maui, phone counseling, Prayer, Psychology, psychotherapy, relationship counseling, Spiritual Counseling, spiritual psychologist, spiritual psychotherapy, spiritual relationship, spirituality, transpersonal psychologist, Unity, Unity Church


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Sunday, July 3, 2011
Welcome to Bay Stadium!
6 comments:
Nice one Joe! Great game! Thought you might have had Bay with his smile. Heh.ReplyDelete
Whew! That was as close as you can come to losing a game. Rivera's overall save rate is just about 90%. So I wonder what it is with two outs, two strikes and nobody on. And Bay is starting to pick it up a bit, too. 12 hits, 6 walks, 8 RBI in the last 10 games.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJuly 4, 2011 at 12:55 PM
Let's remember that Bay redeemed himself in this game. I don't hear too many mentions of his two earlier screw-ups, failing to protect the runner trying to steal his first time up and then the inning killing double play later. Yes, the game winner does make up for those! Most exciting game I can remember attending, and I loved how the Yankee fans just all went dumb in a split second after 10 innings of nonstop trash talk.ReplyDelete
Good game! Could not have stomached a sweep by the Skanks.ReplyDelete
Watching the Monday night game as I post.
Happy 4th of July Joe.
SAME TO YOU WARREN.THANKS BROReplyDelete


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To Pay tribute to the Finnish National Hockey Team for their World Cup Victory 2011 and everything Finnish ,i decided to wear a Lionlogo shirt everyday until some other country snaps the championship.
So far,10 companies have decided to sponsor my tribute with Finnish Team jerseys!!!
BIG Thanks to all involved in helping me !!!!


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This article or section needs more/new/more-detailed sources to conform to a higher standard and to provide proof for claims made.
|General information
|The centeral Misty Mountains, a couple miles north of the Gladden river
|Khuzdul, Elvish, Westron
- "After the end of the First Age the power and wealth of Khazad-dûm was much increased; for it was enriched by many people and much lore and craft. . ."
- ― Appendix A
Khazad-dûm (also known as Moria, The Black Chasm, The Black Pit, Dwarrowdelf, Hadhodrond, Casarrondo and Phurunargian) was the grandest and most famous of the mansions of the Dwarves. There, for many thousands of years, a thriving Dwarvish community created the greatest city ever known.
It lay in the central parts of the Misty Mountains, tunnelled and carved through the living rock of the mountains themselves. By the Second Age a traveler could pass through it from the west of the range to the east.
It was founded in very ancient days by Durin the Deathless. Durin awoke at Mount Gundabad in the Misty Mountains, who came upon a shimmering lake beneath the mountain Celebdil, with a crown of stars reflected in its waters. He named that lake in the Dwarvish tongue, Kheled-zâram, the Mirrormere and it remained a revered place among Dwarves of all houses ever afterwards. There in the caves above started the building of Khazad-dûm and also Dwarrowdelf by Men, Hadhodrond by the Sindar, and Casarrondo by the Ñoldor.
First Age
Durin the Deathless thus became King Durin I of Khazad-dûm. Afterwards, other rulers of Khazad-dûm were sometimes named Durin, as they were considered to be his reincarnations, who the dwarves believed came to live again among his people.
As the millennia passed, the descendants of Durin sat upon the throne of Khazad-dûm, and their cavernous city became famous throughout the world. It even has a passing mention in Quenta Silmarillion, the tale of the Elf-lords and their wars far to the west, though to them it was no more than a distant rumour they heard from the Dwarves of the Blue Mountains on their borders.
Second Age
In c. 40 of the Second Age after Beleriand was destroyed by the War of Wrath, most of the Dwarves of Nogrod and Belegost began leaving en masse from their now ruined cities for Khazad-dûm. The city was enriched not just in numbers, but in the western Houses' skills in smithing, crafting and masonry. All these factors created a renaissance for Khazad-dûm, and brought its prosperity to its zenith.
After the Sinking of Beleriand, the Noldor, founded a country of their own by the western gate of Khazad-dûm, Eregion. A rare friendship sprang up between the Dwarves and the Elves of this new land. Eregion's ruler, Celebrimbor, helped to construct the famous and magical gate that became known as the West-gate of Moria, and indeed went so far as to present King Durin III with a Ring of Power. The friendship of Khazad-dûm and Eregion came to a sudden end, however, in II 1697. Sauron overran the country of the Elves, and despite the best efforts of the Dwarves to help them, he succeeded in destroying Eregion and driving away the survivors. With the Elves dead or fleeing far away, the doors of Khazad-dûm were sealed against Sauron's forces, and Khazad-dûm went into seclusion. It was also during this time that the Orcs reinvaded the mountains and made war on the Dwarves. Taking Mount Gundabad from the Kingdom of Durin.
Their seclusion was broken for a time with the beginning of the War of the Last Alliance. The Dwarves, led by King Durin IV, fought along side the Elves and Men in their campaign to destroy defeat Sauron for the last time. With the conclusion of the war the Dwarves went back to their country, and resumed their seclusion from the world.
Third Age
During this time Khazad-dûm further expanded its treasures, but despite this its numbers began to dwindle. Most of its great wealth was based on the Mithril that was found in its mines, and as the centuries passed, the Dwarves mined deeper and deeper for the precious metal. In the year III 1980, they dug too deep, and unleashed a nameless terror from the depths beneath the city. The creature wreaked dreadful destruction, and in slaying the then King, Durin VI, became known as Durin's Bane. In the following year, Durin's son, Náin I, was also lost, and the Dwarves fled their ancient home.
After millennia as one of the richest cities in Middle-earth, Khazad-dûm stood dark and empty, but for the brooding menace the Dwarves had released. In that time it was given a new name, Moria, the Black Pit.
The monster - a Balrog of Morgoth, as was later known - lurked alone in Moria for nearly five hundred years. After that time, the old city of Khazad-dûm began to be peopled again, but not by Dwarves. Orcs from the North began to enter the abandoned city to raid its treasuries, and occupy it. They also began to worship the Balrog as their deity. Soon afterwards, Sauron directed his creatures there, and Moria began to fill with Orcs and Trolls from Mordor. Though the orcs' numbers were greatly reduced in the Battle of Nanduhirion, fought in the valley beneath Moria's East-gate in III 2799, the Balrog could not be bested, and Khazad-dûm remained a place of darkness.
At some point between 2841 and 2941 the Wizard Gandalf entered the city looking for King Thráin II who had disappeared on journey to Erebor.
Balin's expedition
In III 2989, there was an attempt by the Longbeards to reclaim their ancient home. The expedition was led by Balin, who had accompanied Bilbo Baggins on the Quest of Erebor. He led a colony of Dwarves there from Erebor. The Colony was successful at first, killing a considerable amount of Orcs, taking many of the Eastern halls and finding many lost treasures such as Durin's Axe. They were however defeated and slain by the Orcs in 2994.
Possibly at some point after this Aragorn Chieftain of the Dúnedain entered Moria for some unknown purpose.
The Fellowship's passage
When Frodo Baggins set out from Rivendell with the Fellowship, they at first planned to travel over the Misty Mountains. When they were stopped by heavy snow on Mount Caradhras, they found themselves pursued by wolves and Orcs, and fled into Moria, so as to go under the mountains. There, they found Balin's journal in the Book of Mazarbul and learned the fate of his expedition. They were then set upon by a host of Trolls and Orcs, and they discovered that the terror was, in fact, a Balrog of Morgoth. Gandalf fought the Balrog on a narrow bridge and succeeded in destroying a section of bridge to make the Balrog fall. As it fell, the Balrog snagged Gandalf's leg with its whip of thongs and pulled him after it, sending them both plunging into the abyss spanned by the bridge. The rest of the Fellowship managed to escape Moria and reach Lórien mostly unharmed.
Unknown to the Fellowship, both Gandalf and the Balrog survived the fall and fought a ferocious battle from the depths of Moria to the mountains above, demolishing the top of the legendary Endless Stair and a part of the surrounding mountain peak in the process. Gandalf cast down the Balrog upon the mountainside and lived just long enough to see it die, but his story was not yet ended. (See Gandalf's entry for further details.)
While Gandalf had felled the Balrog, Moria remained a place of evil creatures until the Fourth Age.[1]
Retaking and Reign of Durin VII
Though little information is given, the retaking of Khazad-dûm by Durin VII seems to have occurred during the Fourth Age. He became King of Durin's Folk, and led a final return to the city. He was successful, and long after the War of the Ring, the Dwarves of Durin's line reclaimed their inheritance, and the hammers rang again in their great halls beneath the Misty Mountains until the race of Dwarves ended.
Khazad-dûm was a huge array of chambers, passages, mines, halls, stores and pits. In general, areas were either classed as mines or city. The mines were working sections of Khazad-dûm whilst the city was the area of habitation.
The city areas of Khazad-dûm were clustered primarily to the east; these were the oldest parts of the kingdom and had access to the Great Gates. They were structured into seven Levels and seven Deeps. The Levels stretched above the gate whilst the Deeps were set deeper within the mountain below the level of the East-gate. It is possible that the First Level (on which the Great Gates were set) and the First Deep were highly intertwined.
The eastern section of the city spaces had also been delved in such a manner as to have light shafts to illuminate their chambers. One example of this is the Chamber of Mazarbul which was located on the eastern edge of the Seventh Level.
The mine areas of Khazad-dûm were interlaced with the city spaces, but spread also westward toward the Doors of Durin. The mines ran deeper and further than any other tunnels within Khazad-dûm, and it is possible that more of the lower Deeps were given over to mining, although this is only conjecture.
The defined change between mines and city can be seen when the Fellowship pass through Moria - there is a marked difference between the early passages and chambers and those of the city structures illuminated by Gandalf.
Far below Moria, there are abysses, spaces and tunnels not known even by the Dwarves, but known by the Balrog. Unknown beings gnaw the earth and make them, far from the knowledge of any lore.
The name Khazad-dûm in Khuzdul means "Dwarves' Mansion(s)". Khazâd being the plural of khuzd "Dwarves" while dûm (or possibly rather tûm) a word for "excavation(s), hall(s), mansion(s)" (it is not clear if the second word is in singular or plural form)
The Elves translated it as Casarrondo (Quenya) or Hadhodrond (Sindarin). The Westron name of Khazad-dûm is translated as Phûrunargian (English "Dwarrowdelf").
The common name Moria was Elvish for "Black Chasm" because the Elves understood the mines as such, and it was considered derogatory by the Dwarves.
Portrayal in Adaptations
This article or section is a stub. Please help Tolkien Gateway by expanding it.
2007: The Lord of the Rings Online:
- Khazad-dûm is a very large area found under the Misty Moutains and called Moria in the game. The player is able to access Moria after completing .
See Also
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Sauron Defeated, "Part One: The End of the Third Age: XI. The Epilogue: The second version", p. 122


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We all know how awesome LEGO is, and more and more people are discovering how many amazing things you can do with Arduino. In Arduino and LEGO Projects, Jon Lazar shows you how to combine two of the coolest things on the planet to make fun gadgets like a Magic Lantern RF reader, a sensor-enabled LEGO music box, and even an Arduino-controlled LEGO train set.
Learn that SNOT is actually cool (it means Studs Not on Top)
See detailed explanations and images of how everything fits together
Learn how Arduino fits into each project, including code and explanations
Whether you want to impress your friends, annoy the cat, or just kick back and bask in the awesomeness of your creations, Arduino and LEGO Projects shows you just what you need and how to put it all together.
What you'll learn
LEGO SNOT (Studs Not On Top) technique for smooth-sided LEGO projects
How to incorporate sensors into your LEGO projects
Using Arduino to control motors in LEGO projects
How to make an LEGO rabbit into a wifi access point
How to create your own Magic Lantern RF reader
How to make an Arduino-controlled LEGO TARDIS
Who this book is for
Both LEGO and Arduino enthusiasts, and anyone interested in making fun, unique gadgets with LEGO and Arduino.


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I love making bags! In my opinion, you can never have too many. Especially little bags, they are just so handy. I whipped up one of these bags right before traveling and thought you all might enjoy a little tutorial to make your own.
They use only three fat quarters (plus twill or fabric for ties), so even if your stash is small, you can make these bags! I use them for everything, they can hold a lot. They make a great gift, or the perfect eco-friendly, reusable wrapping.
Check out the Lined Drawstring Bag Pattern which includes 8 sizes and instructions for creating your own custom size!
Lined Drawstring Bag, a photo by Jeni Baker on Flickr.
Optional: For added structure, you may choose to add interfacing to your bags, but it is not necessary. I'd recommend using interfacing only on the Exterior Main pieces. Using it on the Exterior Accent could interfere with the drawstring.
Zoology by Michael Miller, Modern Meadow by Joel Dewberry, Peacock Lane by Violet Craft, Grunge Basics by Moda
Sewing Level: Beginner Friendly
Finished size: Approx. 10" tall, 7" wide, 3" deep
Lined Drawstring Bag Materials:
- 3 Fat quarters (18"x21")
- 2 yards of 1/2" twill tape, or 1/8 yd fabric
- Coordinating thread
- Acrylic ruler
- Large safety pin
- Water soluble pen
Looking for supplies? Check out my Pattern Supplies and Resources post.
From Exterior Main Fabric:
- Cut (1) 9"x21" strip
- Subcut into (2) 9"x10.5" pieces*
From Exterior Accent Fabric:
- Cut (1) 4"x21" strip
- Subcut into (2) 4"x10.5" pieces*
From Interior Fabric:
- Cut (1) 12.5"x21" strip
- Subcut into (2) 12.5"x10.5" pieces*
If using fabric for ties:
- Cut (2) 32"x2" strips
If using twill for ties:
- Cut (2) 32" pieces
*This tutorial uses subcutting. There may be scrap leftover from the strips after you've cut your pieces. It's written this way to ensure that any directional fabrics are cut correctly. The scraps will not be used in the final bag. The final measurements for each piece can be found on the second line of each cutting instruction if you'd rather cut from scraps. All piece dimensions are listed as height x width.
Lined Drawstring Bag Instructions:
*Use a 1/4" seam allowance unless otherwise noted*
1. Arrange your pieces as shown in the above diagram: Interior, Exterior Accent, Exterior Main, Exterior Main, Exterior Accent, Interior. Be sure to arrange directional prints with the "top" of the print facing out, towards the interior pieces.
Starting with an interior corner, wiggle both interior pieces apart, flattening the corner (where the seams meet). Line up the bottom and side seams, wiggling them between your fingers to feel that they are lined up. You may find this is easier if you first press the seams open a few inches in each direction.
Repeat steps 6-8 for the remaining interior corner and both exterior corners.
If you need additional help adding boxing the corners of your bag, watch this video I taped at Quilt Market with the Fat Quarter Shop!
*Alternatively, slide the bag onto your machine bed, lining up the needle with the top mark. Place a piece of washi or masking tape on the machine bed to use as a guide. Repeat with the bottom mark. This technique is shown in the video above. (Some 1" wide masking tape is super helpful here!)
If you're using a sewing machine without a free arm like mine, turn the bag inside out after marking the lines. Sew on the lines, "inside the bag". This technique is shown in the video above.
Now it's time to make your ties. If you're using twill, skip to step 18.
*If you're using twill instead of fabric ties, you may choose to treat the ends with Fray-Check or clear nail polish to prevent fraying. Or finish by turning each end under by 1/4" twice and topstitching to secure.
Ready to make some more? Check out the Lined Drawstring Bag Pattern which includes 8 sizes and instructions for creating your own custom size!
Don't forget you can easily customize your bags by incorporating patchwork! For three kinds of striped bags, see this tutorial. Find all the variations and tutorials here: Lined Drawstring Bag Tutorials and Variations.
Enjoy! Share your finished bag photos using the #lineddrawstringbag hashtag on social media or add it to the In Color Order Flickr Group!