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Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook
William Maxwell "Max" Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook, PC, ONB, (25 May 1879 – 9 June 1964) was an Anglo-Canadian business tycoon, politician, newspaper proprietor and writer who was an influential figure in British society of the first half of the 20th century.[1]
The young Max Aitken had a gift for making money and was a millionaire by 30. His business ambitions quickly exceeded what was then available to him in Canada and he moved to England. There he befriended Bonar Law and with his support won a seat in the House of Commons at the general election held in December 1910. A knighthood followed shortly after. During World War I he ran the Canadian Records office in London and played a role in the removal of H. H. Asquith as prime minister in 1916. The resulting Tory-led coalition government, with David Lloyd George as prime minister and Bonar Law as Chancellor of the Exchequer, rewarded Aitken with a peerage and, briefly, a Cabinet post as Minister of Information.
Post-war, the now Lord Beaverbrook concentrated on his business interests. He built the Daily Express into the most successful mass circulation newspaper in the world and used it to pursue personal campaigns, most notably for tariff reform and for the British Empire to become a free trade bloc. Beaverbrook supported appeasement throughout the 1930s but was persuaded by another long standing political friend, Winston Churchill, to serve as Minister of Aircraft Production in 1940. After numerous clashes with other Cabinet members he resigned in 1941 but later in the war was appointed Lord Privy Seal. Beaverbrook spent his later life running his newspapers, which by then included the London Evening Standard and the Sunday Express.[2] He served as Chancellor of the University of New Brunswick and developed a reputation as a historian with his books on political and military history.[3][4]
Early life
Aitken was born in Maple, Ontario, Canada, (near Keele Street and Major Mackenzie Drive) in 1879, one of the ten children of William Cuthbert Aitken, a Scottish-born Presbyterian minister and Jane Noble, the daughter of a prosperous local farmer and storekeeper. The following year, the family moved to Newcastle, New Brunswick which Aitken considered to be his hometown. It was here, at the age of 13, that he set up a school newspaper, The Leader. Whilst at school, he delivered newspapers, sold newspaper subscriptions and was the local correspondent for the St. John Daily Star.[5] Aitken took the entrance examinations for Dalhousie University, but because he had refused to sit the Greek and Latin papers he was refused entry. He registered at the King's College Law School, but left after a short while. This was to be his only formal higher education. Aitken worked in a shop then borrowed some money to move to Chatham, New Brunswick where he worked as a local correspondent for the Montreal Star, sold life insurance and also collected debts. Aitken attempted to train as lawyer and worked for a short time in the law office of Richard Bedford Bennett, a future Prime Minister of Canada. Aitken managed Bennett's successful campagn for a place on Chatham Town Council. When Bennett left the law firm, Aitken moved to Saint John, New Brunswick where he again sold life insurance before moving to Calgary where he helped to run Bennett's campagn for a seat in the Legislative Assembly of the North-West Territories in the 1898 general election. After an unsuccessful attempt to establish a meat business, Aitken returned to Saint John and to selling insurance.[6]
Early business career
In 1900, Aitken made his way to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where John F. Stairs, a member of the city's dominant business family, gave him employment and trained him in the business of finance. In 1904, when Stairs launched the Royal Securities Corporation, Aitken became a minority shareholder and the firm's general manager. Under the tutelage of Stairs, who would be his mentor and friend, Aitken engineered a number of successful business deals and was planning a series of bank mergers. Stairs' unexpected early death in late September 1904 led to Aitken acquiring control of the company and moving to Montreal. There he bought and sold companies, invested in stocks and shares and also developed business interests in both Cuba and Puerto Rico. He started a weekly magazine, the Canadian Century in 1910, invested in the Montreal Herald and almost acquired the Montreal Gazette.[6] In 1907 he founded the Montreal Engineering Company.[7] In 1909, also under the umbrella of his Royal Securities Company, Aitken founded the Calgary Power Company Limited, now the TransAlta Corporation, and oversaw the building of the Horseshoe Falls hydro station.[8]
In 1910-11 Aitken acquired many of the small regional cement plants across Canada, including Sandford Fleming's Western Canada Cement Co. plant at Exshaw, Alberta, and amalgamated them into Canada Cement, eventually controlling four-fifths of the cement production in Canada. Canada was booming economically at the time and Aitken had a monopoly on the material. There were irregularities in the stock transfers leading to the conglomeration of the cement plants, resulting in much criticism of Aitken, as well as accusations of price-gouging and poor management of the cement plants under his company's control.[9] Aitken sold his shares, making a large amount of money, then left for Britain. Aitken had made his first visit to Britain in September 1908 and when he returned there in the Spring of 1910, in an attempt to raise money to buy a steel company, he decided to make the move permanent.[6]
Move to Britain
In 1910 Aitken moved to Britain and he became friends with Andrew Bonar Law, another native of New Brunswick and the only Canadian to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The two men had a lot in common—they were both sons of the manse from Scottish-Canadian families and both were successful businessmen. Aitken persuaded Bonar Law to support him in standing for the Unionist Party in the December 1910 general election at Ashton-under-Lyne. Although Aitken was a poor public speaker he was an excellent organiser and, with plenty of money for publicity, he won the seat by 196 votes.[6][10] Aitken rarely spoke in the House of Commons, but did promise substantial financial support to the Unionist Party, and in 1911 he was knighted by King George V. Aitken's political influence grew when Bonar Law replaced A.J. Balfour as leader of the Unionist party late in 1911. Aitken bought Cherkley Court near Leatherhead and entertained lavishly there. In 1913 the house was offered as a venue for negotiations, between Bonar Law and the Prime Minister H.H. Asquith, over Ulster and Irish home rule.[6]
Aitken continued to grow his business interests while in Parliament and also began to build a British newspaper empire. After the death of Charles Rolls in 1910, Aitken bought his shares in Rolls-Royce Limited, and over the next two years gradually increased his holding in the company. However, Claude Johnson, Rolls-Royce's Commercial managing director, resisted Aitken's attempt to gain control of the company, and in October 1913 he sold his holding to James Buchanan Duke, of the American Tobacco Company.[11] In January 1911, Aitken, secretly, invested £25,000 in the failing Daily Express. An attempt to buy the London Evening Standard failed but he did gain control of another London evening paper, The Globe. In November 1916 a share deal worth £17,500, with Lawson Johnson, landed Aitken a controlling interest in the Daily Express, but again he kept the deal secret.[6]
World War One
During World War I, the Canadian government put Aitken in charge of creating the Canadian War Records Office in London, and he made certain that news of Canada's contribution to the war was printed in Canadian and British newspapers. He was innovative in the employment of artists, photographers, and film makers to record life on the Western Front. Aitken also established the Canadian War Memorials Fund that evolved into a collection of war art by the premier artists and sculptors in Britain and Canada.[12] His visits to the Western Front, with the honorary rank of colonel in the Canadian Army, resulted in his 1916 book Canada in Flanders, a three-volume collection that chronicled the achievements of Canadian soldiers on the battlefields. After the war, Aitken wrote several books including Politicians and the Press in 1925 and Politicians and the War in 1928.
Aitken became increasingly hostile towards the Prime Minister, H.H. Asquith whom he considered to be mismanaging the war effort. Aitken's opinion of Asquith didn't improve when he failed to get a post in the Cabinet reshuffle of May 1915. An attempt by Bonar Law to secure the KCMG for Aitken was also blocked by Asquith. Aitken was happy to play a small part, which he greatly exaggerated, as a go-between when Asquith was forced from office and replaced by David Lloyd George in December 1916.[6] Lloyd George offered to appoint Aitken as President of the Board of Trade. At that time, an MP taking a cabinet post for the first time had to resign and stand for re-election in a by-election. Aitken made arrangements for this, but then Lloyd George decided to appoint Albert Stanley instead. Aitken was a friend of Stanley and agreed to continue with the resignation, so that Stanley could take Aitken's seat in Parliament and be eligible for ministerial office. In return, Aitken received a peerage in 1917 as the 1st Baron Beaverbrook,[13] the name "Beaverbrook" being adopted from a small community near his boyhood home. He had initially considered "Lord Miramichi", but rejected it on the advice of Louise Manny as too difficult to pronounce.[14][15][16] The name "Beaverbrook" also had the advantage of conveying a distinctive Canadian ring to the title.
Later in 1917, Beaverbrook's controlling stake in the Daily Express became public knowledge and he was criticised by parts of the Conservative Party for financing a publication they regarded as irresponsible and often unhelpful to the party.[6]
In February 1918, Beaverbrook became the first Minister of Information in the newly formed Ministry of Information and was also made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster with a seat in Cabinet. Beaverbrook became responsible for propaganda in Allied and neutral countries and Lord Northcliffe became Director of Propaganda with control of propaganda in enemy countries. Beaverbrook established the British War Memorials Committee within the Ministry, on lines similar to the earlier Canadian war art scheme, but when he established a private charity that would receive income from BWMC exhibitions, it was regarded as a conflict of interest and he dropped the scheme.[12] Beaverbrook had a number of clashes with the Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour over the use of intelligence material. He felt that intelligence should become part of his department, but Balfour disagreed. Eventually the intelligence committee was assigned to Beaverbrook but they then resigned en masse to be re-employed by the Foreign Office. In August 1918, Lloyd George became furious with Beaverbrook over a leader in the Daily Express threatening to withdrew support from the government over tariff reform. Beaverbrook increasingly came under attack from MPs who distrusted a press baron being employed by the state. Beaverbrook survived but became increasingly frustrated with his limited role and influence, and in October 1918, he resigned, claiming ill health.[6]
A J P Taylor later wrote that Beaverbrook was a pathbreaker who "invented all the methods of publicity" used by Britain to promote the war, including the nation's first war artists, the first war photographers, and the first makers of war films. He was especially effective in promoting the sales of war bonds to the general public. Nevertheless he was widely disliked and distrusted by the political elite, who were suspicious of all they sneeringly called "press lords."[17]
First Baron of Fleet Street
After the war, Beaverbrook concentrated on running the Daily Express. He turned the dull newspaper into a glittering and witty journal with an optimistic attitude, filled with an array of dramatic photo layouts. He hired first-rate writers such as Francis Williams and the cartoonist David Low. He embranced new technology and bought new presses to print the paper in Manchester. In 1919 the circulation of the Daily Express was under 40,000 a day; by 1937 it was 2,329,000 a day, making it the most successful of all British newspapers and generating huge profits for Beaverbrook whose wealth was already such that he never took a salary. After the Second World War, the Daily Express became the largest-selling newspaper in the world by far, with a circulation of 3,706,000. Beaverbrook launched the Sunday Express in December 1918, but it only established a significant readership after John Junor became its editor in 1928. In 1923, in a joint deal with Lord Rothermere, Beaverbrook bought the London Evening Standard. Beaverbrook acquired a controlling stake in the Glasgow Evening Citizen and, in 1928, he launched the Scottish Daily Express.[6]
Beaverbrook would become regarded by some historians as the first baron of Fleet Street and as one of the most powerful men in Britain whose newspapers could make or break almost anyone. Beaverbrook enjoyed using his papers to attack his opponents and to promote his friends. From 1919 to 1922 he attacked David Lloyd George and his government on several issues. He began supporting independent Conservative candidates and campaigned for fifteen years to remove Stanley Baldwin from the leadership of the Conservative Party. He very shrewdly sold the majority of his share holdings before the 1929 crash and in the resulting depression launched a new political party to promote free trade within the British Empire. Empire Free Trade Crusade candidates had some success. An Independent Conservative who supported Empire Free Trade won the Twickenham by-election in 1929. The Empire Free Trade candidate won the South Paddington by-election in October 1930. In February 1931, Empire Free Trade lost the Islington East by-election and allowed Labour to hold a seat they had been expected to lose. Duff Cooper's victory for the Conservatives in St. George's Westminster by-election in March 1931 marked the end of the movement as an electoral force.[6]
On 17 March 1931, during the St. George's Westminster by-election, Stanley Baldwin described the media barons who owned British newspapers as having "Power without responsibility – the prerogative of the harlot throughout the ages." In the 1930s, while personally attempting to dissuade King Edward VIII from continuing his potentially ruinous affair with American divorcee, Wallis Simpson, Beaverbrook's newspapers published every titbit of the affair, especially allegations about pro-Nazi sympathies. Beaverbrook supported the Munich Agreement and hoped the newly named Duke of Windsor would seek a peace deal with Germany.
Testifying before a Parliamentary inquiry in 1947, former Express employee and future MP Michael Foot alleged that Beaverbrook kept a blacklist of notable public figures who were to be denied any publicity in his papers because of personal disputes. Foot said they included Sir Thomas Beecham, Paul Robeson, Haile Selassie, and Noël Coward. Beaverbrook himself gave evidence before the inquiry and vehemently denied the allegations; Express Newspapers general manager E.J. Robertson denied that Robeson had been blacklisted, but did admit that Coward had been "boycotted" because he had enraged Beaverbrook with his film In Which We Serve—in the opening sequence Coward includes an ironic shot showing a copy of the Daily Express floating in the dockside garbage bearing the headline "No War This Year".[18][19][20]
The Second World War
In the late 1930s Beaverbrook had used his newspapers to promote the appeasement policies of the Chamberlain government. The slogan 'There will be no war' was used by the Daily Express.[21] During the Second World War, in May 1940, his friend Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, appointed Beaverbrook as Minister of Aircraft Production. With Churchill's blessing Beaverbrook overhauled all aspects of war-time aircraft production;- he increased production targets by 15% across the board, took control of aircraft repairs and RAF storage units, replaced the management of plants that were underperforming, and released German Jewish engineers from internment to work in the factories. He seized materials and equipment destined for other departments and was perpetually at odds with the Air Ministry.[22] Under Beaverbrook, fighter and bomber production increased so much so that Churchill declared: "His personal force and genius made this Aitken's finest hour." Beaverbrook's impact on wartime production has been much debated but his innovative style certainly energised production at a time when it was desperately needed. However it has been argued that aircraft production was already rising when Beaverbrook took charge and that he was fortunate to inherit a system which was just beginning to bear fruit.[23] Still, a Time Magazine cover story declared, "Even if Britain goes down this fall [1940], it will not be Lord Beaverbrook's fault. If she holds out, it will be his triumph. This war is a war of machines. It will be won on the assembly line."[24]
Beaverbrook resigned on 30 April 1941 and, after a month as Minister of State, Churchill appointed him to the post of Minister of Supply. Here Beaverbrook clashed with Ernest Bevin who, as Minister of Labour and National Service, refused to let Beaverbrook take over any of his responsibilities. In February 1942, Beaverbrook became Minister of War Production and again clashed with Bevin, this time over shipbuilding. In the face of Bevin's refusal to work with him, Beaverbrook resigned after only twelve days in the post. In September 1943 he was appointed Lord Privy Seal, outside of the Cabinet, and held that post until the end of the war.[6]
In 1941, Beaverbrook headed the British delegation to Moscow with his American counterpart Averell Harriman. This made Beaverbrook the first senior British politician to meet Soviet leader Joseph Stalin since Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union. Much impressed by Stalin and the sacrifice of the Soviet people, he returned to London determined to persuade Churchill to launch a second front in Europe to help draw German resources away from the Eastern Front to aid the Soviets.[25] Despite their disagreement over the second front, Beaverbrook remained a close confidant of Churchill throughout the war, and could regularly be found with Churchill until the early hours of the morning. Clement Attlee commented that "Churchill often listened to Beaverbrook's advice but was too sensible to take it."[citation needed]
In addition to his ministerial roles, Beaverbrook headed the Anglo-American Combined Raw Materials Board from 1942 to 1945 and accompanied Churchill to several wartime meetings with President Roosevelt. He was able to relate to Roosevelt in a different way to Churchill and became close to Roosevelt during these visits. This friendship sometimes irritated Churchill who felt that Beaverbrook was distracting Roosevelt from concentrating on the war effort. For his part Roosevelt seems to have enjoyed the distraction.
Later life
Beaverbrook devoted himself to Churchill's 1945 General Election campagn, but a Daily Express headline warning that a Labour victory would amount to the 'Gestapo in Britain' was a huge mistake and completely misjudged the public mood.[5] Beaverbrook renounced his British citizenship and left the Conservative Party in 1951 but remained an Empire loyalist throughout his life. He opposed both Britain's acceptance of post-war loans from America and Britain's application to join the European Economic Community in 1961.[6] In 1953 he became chancellor of the University of New Brunswick and became the university's greatest benefactor, fulfilling the same role for the city of Fredericton and the province as a whole. He would provide additions to the university, scholarship funds, the Beaverbrook Art Gallery, the Beaverbrook Skating Rink, the Lord Beaverbrook Hotel, with profits donated to charity, the Playhouse, Louise Manny's early folklore work, and numerous other projects. He bought the archive papers of both Bonar Law and David Lloyd George and placed them in the Beaverbrook Library within the Daily Express Building.[6]
After the First World War, Beaverbrook had written Politicians and the Press in 1925 and Politicians and the War in 1928 and had the two books were reprinted in one volume in 1960.[26] Upon original publication, the books were largely ignored by professional historians and the only favourable reviews were in Beaverbrook's newspapers.[27] However when the combined edition came out, the reviews were positive: "This is Suetonius or Macaulay presented with all the visual techniques of Alfred Hitchcock", and another review said that it was as "terse as Sallust, pithy as Clarendon". A. J. P. Taylor said it was "Tacitus and Aubrey rolled into one".[28]
Later on, Taylor said "The enduring merits of the book are really beyond cavil. It provides essential testimony for events during a great political crisis...It contains character sketches worthy of Aubrey. On a wider canvas, it displays the behaviour of political leaders in wartime. The narrative is carried along by rare zest and wit, yet with the detached impartialty of the true scholar".[29] Sir John Elliot in 1981 said the work "will remain, despite all carping, the authoritative narrative; nor does the story want in the telling thereof".[30]
Men and Power 1917–1918 was published in 1956. It is not a coherent narrative but divided by separate episodes centred on one man, such as Carson, Robertson, Rothermere and others. The reviews were favourable, with Taylor's review in The Observer greatly pleasing Beaverbrook.[31] The book sold over 23,000 copies.[32]
When The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George was published in 1963, favourable reviewers included Clement Attlee, Roy Jenkins, Robert Blake, Lord Longford, Sir Charles Snow, Lady Violet Bonham Carter, Richard Crossman and Denis Brogan.[33] Kenneth Young said the book was "the finest of all his writing".[33]
Beaverbrook was both admired and despised in Britain, sometimes at the same time: in his 1956 autobiography, David Low quotes H.G. Wells as saying of Beaverbrook: "If ever Max ever gets to Heaven, he won't last long. He will be chucked out for trying to pull off a merger between Heaven and Hell after having secured a controlling interest in key subsidiary companies in both places, of course."[citation needed]
Lord Beaverbrook died in Surrey in 1964, aged 85. He had recently attended a birthday banquet organised by fellow Canadian press baron, Lord Thomson of Fleet, where he was determined to be seen on his usual good form, despite being riddled with painful cancer. The Beaverbrook Foundation continues his philanthropic interests. In 1957, a bronze statue of Lord Beaverbrook was erected at the centre of Officers' Square in Fredericton, New Brunswick, paid for by money raised by children throughout the province. A bust of him by Oscar Nemon stands in the park in the town square of Newcastle, New Brunswick, not far from where he sold newspapers as a young boy. His ashes are in the plinth of the bust.
Beaverbrook and his wife Lady Beaverbrook have left a considerable legacy to his adopted province of New Brunswick and the United Kingdom, among others. His legacy includes the following buildings (or at least his name survives in the names of these buildings):
- University of New Brunswick
- Aitken House[34]
- Aitken University Centre
- Lady Beaverbrook Gymnasium
- Lady Beaverbrook Residence[35]
- Beaverbrook House (UNBSJ E-Commerce Centre)
- City of Fredericton, New Brunswick
- Lady Beaverbrook Arena (formerly operated by the University of New Brunswick)
- The Beaverbrook Art Gallery, including world-renowned art collection (New Brunswick's provincial gallery)
- The Fredericton Playhouse
- Lord Beaverbrook Hotel
- Lord Beaverbrook statue in Officer's Square
- City of Miramichi, New Brunswick
- Lord Beaverbrook Arena (LBA)
- Beaverbrook Kin Centre (formerly the Beaverbrook Theatre and Town Hall)
- Beaverbrook House (his boyhood home and formerly the Old Manse Library)
- Lord Beaverbrook bust in Queen Elizabeth Park
- Aitken Avenue
- City of Campbellton, New Brunswick
- Lord Beaverbrook School
- City of Saint John, New Brunswick
- Lord Beaverbrook Rink
- McGill University
- The Beaverbrook Chair in Ethics, Media and Communications[36]
On 29 January 1906, in Halifax, Aitken married Gladys Henderson Drury, daughter of Major-General Charles William Drury CBE (a first cousin of Admiral Sir Charles Carter Drury) and Mary Louise Drury (née Henderson). They had three children before her death in 1927. His son Max Aitken Jr. became a fighter pilot with 601 Squadron, rising to Wing Commander with 16 victories in World War Two. Beaverbrook remained a widower for many years until 1963 when he married Marcia Anastasia Christoforides (1910–1994), the widow of his friend Sir James Dunn. Beaverbrook was rarely a faithful husband and even in old age was often accused of treating women with disrespect.[6]
|Issue (Grandchildren)
|Issue (Great-grandchildren)
|Janet Gladys Aitken (1908–1988)
|Sir Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll
Hon. William Drogo Montagu
Major Thomas Kidd
|Lady Jeanne Campbell (1928)
William Montagu (1936)
Jane Kidd (1943)
John Kidd (1944)
|Kate Mailer (1962)
Cusi Cram (1967)
Michael Montagu (1968)
Nicola Montagu (1971)
Monette Montagu (1973)
Jack Kidd (1973)
Jemma Kidd (1974)
Jodie Kidd (1978)
|Sir John William Maxwell Aitken (1910–1985)
|Ursula Kenyon-Slaney
Violet de Trafford
|Hon. Kirsty Aitken (1947)
Hon. Lynda Aitken (1948)
Maxwell Aitken, 3rd Baron Beaverbrook (1951)
Hon. Laura Aitken (1953)
|Dominic Morley (1967)
Major Sebastian Morley (1969)
Eleanor Smallwood (1982)
Joshua Dickson (1977)
Leo Maréchal (1981)
Hon. Maxwell Aitken (1977)
Hon. Alexander Aitken (1978)
Hon. Charlotte Aitken (1982)
Hon. Sophia Aitken (1985)
Sonny Mallett (1984)
Lucci Levi (1993)
Louis Levi (1994)
|Peter Rudyard Aitken (1912–1947)
|Janet Macneil (md. 1934, div. 1939)
Marie Patricia Maguire (md. 1942)[37]
|Caroline Aitken (1935)
Timothy Aitken (1944)
Peter Aitken (1946)[38][39]
|William Baker (1958)
Philip Baker (1960)
Jonathan Baker (1967)
Theodore Aitken (1976)
Charles Aitken (1979)
James Aitken
Jason Aitken
- Canada in Flanders London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1916.
- Success. Small, Maynard and Company, 1922, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7661-5409-4.
- Politicians and the Press. London: Hutchinson, 1925.
- Politicians and the War, Vol. 1. London: Oldbourne, 1928.
- Politicians and the War, Vol. 2. London: Oldbourne, 1932.
- The Resources of The British Empire.London: Lane Publications, 1934.
- Why Didn't you Help the Finns? Are you in the Hands of the Jews? And 10 Questions, Answers. London: London Express, 1939.
- Spirit of the Soviet Union. London: The Pilot Press, 1942.
- Don't Trust to Luck. London: London Express Newspaper, 1954.
- The Three Keys to Success. London: Hawthorn Books, 1956.
- Men and Power, 1917–1918. North Haven, Connecticut: The Shoe String Press, 1956.
- Friends: Sixty years of Intimate personal relations with Richard Bedford Bennett. London: Heinemann, 1959.
- Courage, The Story of Sir James Dunn. Fredericton: Brunswick Press, 1961.
- My Early Life. Fredericton: Atlantic Advocate Book, 1962.
- The Divine Propagandist. London: Heinnemann, 1962.
- The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George: and great was the fall thereof. London: Collins, 1963, 1981 ISBN 978-0-313-23007-3.
- The Abdication of Edward VIII. NY: Atheneum, 1966.
In popular culture
For a period of time Beaverbrook employed novelist Evelyn Waugh in London and abroad. Waugh later lampooned his employer by portraying him as Lord Copper in Scoop and as Lord Monomark in both Put Out More Flags and Vile Bodies.
The Kinks recorded "Mr. Churchill Says" for their 1969 album Arthur, which contains the lines: "Mr. Beaverbrook says: 'We've gotta save our tin/And all the garden gates and empty cans are gonna make us win...'."
Beaverbrook was one of eight notable Britons cited in Bjørge Lillelien's famous "Your boys took a hell of a beating" commentary at the end of an English football team defeat to Norway in 1981, mentioned alongside British Prime Ministers Churchill, Thatcher and Attlee.[40][41]
In the alternate history novel, Dominion by C. J. Sansom, Beaverbrook served as Prime Minister from 1945 to 1953, heading a coalition government that consisted of the pro-Treaty factions of the Conservative Party and Labour Party, as well as the British Union of Fascists.[42]
In Jacqueline Winspear's mystery series featuring Maisie Dobbs, Beaverbrook appears as the ruthless John Otterburn, press baron and Churchill's minister of aviation, in the novels Elegy for Eddie and Leaving Everything Most Loved.
See also
- ↑ "Aitken, William Maxwell, 1st Baron Beaverbrook." The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved: 6 July 2011.
- ↑ Peter Jackson & Tom de Castella (14 July 2011). "Clash of the press titans". BBC News. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ↑ John Ramsden (Editor) (2005). Oxford Companion to Twentieth Century British Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861036-X.
- ↑ Peter Mavrikis (Editor) (2005). History of World War II. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. ISBN 978-0-7614-7231-5.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Frank N. Magill (Editor) (1999). Dictionary of World Biography Vol VII The 20th Century A-Gl. Salem Press. ISBN 0-89356-321-8.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 HCG Matthew & Brian Harrison (Editors) (2004). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Vol 1 (Arron-Amory). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861351-2.
- ↑ Gregory P. Marchildon (1996). "5. The Montreal Engineering Company". Profits and politics: Beaverbrook and the gilded age of Canadian finance. University of Toronto Press. pp. 97–121.
- ↑ "100 Years, 100 People:1909–1919". TransAlta. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ↑ The New York Times, 13 May 1911, "Canadian Cement Scandal,"; Edmonton Bulletin, Nov. 30, 1911
- ↑ Firstworldwar.com. "Who's Who – Lord Beaverbrook". Firstworldwar.com. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
- ↑ Pugh 2001
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Merion Harries & Susie Harries (1983). The War Artists, British Official War Art of the Twentieth Century. Michael Joseph, The Imperial War Museum & the Tate Gallery. ISBN 071812314X.
- ↑ Blake 1955, pp. 346–347.
- ↑ "St John NB & The Magnificent Irvings + Art heist at Beaverbrook Gallery." wordpress.com, 18 August. 2008. Retrieved: 6 July 2011.
- ↑ Rayburn, A. Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001.
- ↑ Rayburn 1975
- ↑ Taylor 1972, pp. 137 (quote), 129, 135, 136.
- ↑ Movie 'In Which We Serve' 0:05:57
- ↑ Sweet 2005, p. 173.
- ↑ Anne Chisholm and Michael Davie, Lord Beaverbrook: a life (1993) p 458
- ↑ Geoffrey Cox 'Countdown to War' page 104
- ↑ Geoffrey Best (2005). Churchill and War. Humbledon and London. ISBN 1852854642.
- ↑ Deighton 1980, pp. 164–165.
- ↑ "Great Britain: Shirts On." Time, 16 September 1940.
- ↑ "Lord Beaverbrook." Spartacus. Retrieved: 6 July 2011.
- ↑ Taylor, p. 102.
- ↑ Taylor, p. 251.
- ↑ Taylor, p. 645.
- ↑ Taylor, pp. 102–103.
- ↑ John Elliot, 'Aitken, William Maxwell, first Baron Beaverbrook (1879–1964)', Dictionary of National Biography (1981).
- ↑ Taylor, pp. 629–630.
- ↑ Taylor, p. 629.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Taylor, p. 655.
- ↑ "Aitken House." unbf.ca. Retrieved: 6 July 2011.
- ↑ "Lady Beaverbrook Residence." unb.ca. Retrieved: 6 July 2011.
- ↑ "The Beaverbrook Chair in Ethics, Media and Communications." mcgill.ca. Retrieved: 6 July 2011.
- ↑ Peter Rudyard Aitken at Find a Grave.(St Michael Churchyard Mickleham, Surrey)[1]
- ↑ Lundy, Darryl. "Peter Aitken". The Peerage.[unreliable source?]
- ↑ Peter Aitken married 2ndly 1980 (div 1985) Honourable Elizabeth Rees-Williams (Lundy, Darryl. "Honourable Elizabeth Rees-Williams". The Peerage.[unreliable source?]), former wife of Richard Harris and Rex Harrison, and now wife of his second cousin Jonathan Aitken
- ↑ Video on YouTube
- ↑ "News." BBC via Youtube. Retrieved: 13 March 2012.
- ↑ Sansom, C.J. "My nightmare of a Nazi Britain." The Guardian, 19 October 2012.
Further reading
- Chisholm, Anne and Michael Davie. Lord Beaverbrook: A Life. New York: Knopf, 1993. ISBN 978-0-394-56879-9.
- Deighton, Len. Battle of Britain. London: Johnathon Cape, 1980. ISBN 0-224-01826-4.
- Pugh, Peter. The Magic of a Name: The Rolls-Royce Story, The First 40 Years. London: Icon Books, 2001. ISBN 1-84046-151-9.
- Rayburn, A. Geographical Names of New Brunswick. Ottawa: Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, 1975.
- Richards, David Adams. Lord Beaverbrook (Extraordinary Canadians). Toronto, Ontario:Penguin Canada, 2008. ISBN 978-0-670-06614-8.
- Sweet, Matthew. Shepperton Babylon: The Lost Worlds of British Cinema. London: Faber & Faber, 2005. ISBN 978-0-571-21297-2.
- Taylor, A. J. P. Beaverbrook. London: Hamilton, 1972. ISBN 0-241-02170-7.
External links
- Lord Beaverbrook, a Week at the Office
- National Film Board of Canada biography
- Works by Max Aitken at Project Gutenberg
- Lua error in Module:Internet_Archive at line 634: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- Lua error in Module:Internet_Archive at line 634: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- Ontario Plaques – Lord Beaverbrook
- Archival material relating to Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook listed at the UK National Archives
- The Beaverbrook Papers at the UK Parliamentary Archives
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Max Aitken
- 12px "Beaverbrook, William Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). 1922.
|Parliament of the United Kingdom
|Preceded by
Alfred Scott
|Member of Parliament for Ashton-under-Lyne
| Succeeded by
Albert Stanley
|Political offices
|New office
|Minister of Information
| Succeeded by
The Lord Downham
|Preceded by
Sir Frederick Cawley
|Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
|New office
|Minister of Aircraft Production
| Succeeded by
John Moore-Brabazon
|Preceded by
Sir Andrew Duncan
|Minister of Supply
| Succeeded by
Sir Andrew Duncan
|New office
|Minister of War Production
| Succeeded by
Oliver Lyttelton
as Minister of Production
|Preceded by
Viscount Cranborne
|Lord Privy Seal
| Succeeded by
Arthur Greenwood
|Peerage of the United Kingdom
|New creation
|Baron Beaverbrook
| Succeeded by
John William Maxwell Aitken
|Baronetage of the United Kingdom
|New creation
(of Cherkley)
| Succeeded by
John William Maxwell Aitken
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text:
Inicio - Servicio de prensa
Portavoz del Director General
Flash Info
Comunicados de prensa
Naciones Unidas
News Focus on IRAQ
Centro de Noticias ONU
Sitios web de la ONU
Nuevo Correo de la UNESCO
Agenda cultural
Ediciones UNESCO
Servicios de información
Documentos de la UNESCO
Versión para imprimir
7, Place de Fontenoy
75352 PARIS 07 SP, France
UNESCO et l'IRAQ
UNESCO and Education in IRAQ Fact Sheet
(28 March 2003)
The Education system in Iraq, prior to 1991, was one of the best in the region, with over 100% Gross Enrolment Rate for primary schooling and high levels of literacy, both of men and women. The Higher Education, especially the scientific and technological institutions, were of an international standard, staffed by high quality personnel.
UNESCO has cooperated with Iraq in the field of education at all levels since its earliest years. More recently, within the framework of Education for All, UNESCO has collaborated with the national authorities in preparing the EFA strategy and in identifying key areas for international cooperation.
Within the framework of the inter-agency humanitarian response under the 'Oil for Food' Programme, the Organisation has played the role of the lead agency for education in Iraq. In Northern Iraq, UNESCO has implemented the Programme, through capacity building, the procurement of education materials and textbooks at all levels of education and the rehabilitation and construction of over 1144 primary schools together with UNICEF, 276 secondary schools and 33 institutions of higher education (of which 19 university buildings were rehabilitated and 14 university and technical institutes constructed). Equipment has been provided for the functioning of the universities as well as setting up of audio-visual learning facilities. In the Centre and the South, UNESCO together with the other UN agencies has contributed to the Programme in its capacity as observer, monitoring the distribution of the educational materials.
UNESCO's contribution to the improvement of education was greatly appreciated both by the international partners and the local authorities. As an indication of the impact of the cooperation in the North, during the period 1995/1996 to 2001/2002 the primary enrolments increased by 77%, secondary enrolments by 103% and higher education by 76%. During the same time, there was a 126% increase in the number of schools at primary level and 70% at the secondary level. Regarding quality of education, which has been one of our major concerns, we are glad to report that all primary and secondary school teachers received training in subject matter and methodology. The educational administrative staff at all levels likewise received training in management. With a view to addressing internal efficiency issues, over 41,000 students at all levels of education benefited from compensatory learning.
Under the 'Oil for Food' Programme, UNESCO has had a team of 59 international staff, including educational procurements specialists, and about 105 national staff employed to support our activities.
Since the beginning of the OIP programme, almost $192 million has been committed to UNESCO for its work in the North, of which almost $58 million has been fully implemented.
UNESCO on its own budget is constructing a model secondary school for girls in Baghdad, as its contribution to providing updated educational facilities for girls' education.
In its capacity as the coordinator for EFA and to ensure that education is speedily restored after the current period of conflict, UNESCO is gearing itself up for participation in the UN humanitarian and reconstruction efforts. UNESCO's past experience in other war torn and post conflict situations has shown that education can play a key role in consolidating the peace process, restoring national unity and hope for the future. The objective of UNESCO's immediate actions will be to ensure that children return to school and college as soon as possible, for completion of the current school year. To this end, UNESCO is participating in the inter-agency Education Task Force, operating in Amman. UNESCO local team is supported by the 'Oil for Food' team and other specialists based in Paris and the field offices in Beirut, Tehran, Doha and Cairo, as instructed by the Director General in his recent note setting up the Inter-Sectoral Task Force for Iraq. Under the immediate inter-agency humanitarian intervention, UNESCO has proposed to ally its efforts with the other agencies by focussing essentially on non-formal and secondary education. It is, however, also going to capitalise on its capacity in the area of textbook provision in order to ensure that the textbooks in key areas are available in sufficient numbers when schools are able to reopen. UNESCO will use all its capacities and resources to support the effort of reconstruction and ensure the efficient functioning of an education system open to the challenges of the twenty first century. UNESCO would like to alert the international community of the need to ensure that the education institutions begin functioning rapidly as a prerequisite for restoring normalcy and to ensure that a school year is not lost for almost 6 million Iraqi children and youth.
11216 |
guest (Leer)
Updated: 11-04-2003 10:40 am |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Viewing the Commissions Report
The commission report lets you to see how much you've earned from your storefront over time. The first section displays a graph of commission earned, total revenue, and total number of new customers. The second section displays the orders per day. To see a breakdown of the products sold, use the Product Commissions Report.
To View the Commissions Report
- Log in to your Reseller Control Center.
- Go to the Reports tab.
- From the Show or Date menu, select or enter the date range you want to view, and then click View Report.
Note: You cannot select a time period greater than one year.


text:
George The Black Cockatoo (Pink) Canvas
Make 4 interest-free payments of $39.75 AUD fortnightly with More info
Featuring a Black Cockatoo Bird named George perched on a branch and set against a pink background, this canvas print was originally hand painted by our in-house artist team, and now available as a reproduction stretched and ready-to-hang canvas art piece. If you look up close you can see the original and incredible brush stroke detailing from our artist's brush.
Read more about our unique process (HERE).
All stretched canvases are designed and proudly made in Australia upon order, and come ready to hang as soon as you remove from the box. By selecting the first option, 'Stretched' this means that the woven canvas fabric is printed with our artwork, & then stretched to a wooden frame & will be ready to hang on your wall when shipped.
Or there is also an option to add a shadow box floating frame (four colour options available) for a more premium gallery look. The finished dimensions for our canvas prints when they have this shadow box floating frame around them, will be an additional 4cm approximately to the listed size dimensions (height and width) due to this additional frame.
See our 'Size Chart' for more information. Also, this artwork design is also available as a paper Art Print (framed or unframed) too in addition to printed on canvas, you will find this in our 'Art Prints' collection. And we can ship rolled canvas prints internationally upon request for our international customers.
All prices are in Australian Dollars AUD$
- Proudly designed and made to order in Australia
- Premium poly/cotton artist's canvas
- Printed with quality UV fade resistant eco-friendly giclee inks
- Stretched onto a 34mm thick pine craft-wood frame
- Arrives ready to hang on your wall
- Gallery-quality finish backing wire metal d-ring hooks
- All canvas edges have mirrored artwork, for a full wrap around effect of the design
- An option to add a 5cm deep shadow box floating frame (in white, black, light timber-look, natural timber-look (non timber PVC MDF), or our deluxe genuine raw oak timber option). Which by adding a box frame, adds approx 4cm extra to the overall height & width, when on the wall.
- Care instructions: wipe down with a wet cloth
- On most sizes of our canvases the use of removable hooks eg 3M brand instead of traditional hooks is fine. This means no damage to walls, which is especially great for renters.
- All framed orders arrive safely wrapped within a protective box carton
- For International customers, upon request we can offer a price and freight quote to your location for an un-stretched (rolled canvas) shipped in a mailer tube. Please email us if you wish to know more.
For more information on our products and FAQ, see (HERE)
Christmas Pre-Delivery Cut-Off Guide: (Cutoff time on each listed day below is 5pm Melbourne/Sydney AEST timezone)
We will endeavour to have delivery to you before Christmas for the dates listed above. This includes allowances for standard courier transit times , but unforseen courier delays may occur out of our control - please order earlier than later to guarantee delivery, to your area. Please note our warehouse will be closed for production from the 24th December for our Holiday period, and re-opens again Monday 6th January to process orders. All orders placed after the dates listed above may deliver to you in January, based on production turnaround and courier shipping times. Should you have any q's, please reach out to us email@example.com.
Or visiting Melbourne? Our Carlton retail Pop-Up Shop is open until Boxing Day, too! Come in and collect items in the store, plus physical Gift Cards too. Or e-Gift Cards which deliver instantly are available HERE
Do you have a physical store I can visit?
Yes We do! Visit our showroom & summer store until Boxing Day 26th December only, to see a small selection of our prints, now open at 390 Lygon Street, Carlton VIC 3053,
Or, our whole entire range is available online 24/7 as we are predominantly an online business.
Please email us to enquire if you have any q's: firstname.lastname@example.com or send a contact form message HERE
Shipping Times in a Nutshell:
E-Gift Card Voucher = instant!
Unframed Paper Art Prints = 2-4 business days, then dispatch out
Framed Paper Art Prints = 2-4 weeks (on average 3 weeks as a guide), then dispatch out
Stretched Canvas Prints = 2-3 weeks, then dispatch out
*please note, this is a guide - and could be slightly longer in busy periods or sale or holiday periods.
How much is shipping on each item if i buy on your website?
Unframed items are $5 Per Item on all Unframed Art Prints (shipped rolled up in a mailer tube).
$15 AUD Flat Rate Per Order on all Unframed Art Prints
$29 AUD$ flat rate on all Unframed Art Prints (rolled and shipped in a mailer tube).
How long does it take to receive artwork I purchase?
For Australian customers, we offer both unframed art prints, and also stretched canvases, and framed art prints. We ship our unframed prints rolled in a protective mailer tube, with Sendle.com (who use local couriers such as Couriers Please, or Fastway Couriers) with signature required on delivery as standard. All framed items (canvases or framed prints) are safely shipped in protective boxes with Allied Express couriers for bulky items, or Sendle for unframed prints (sent in mailer tube). As our range is made to order locally in Australia, please allow 2-4 weeks production time for framed items, or 2-4 days for unframed prints, freight transit time additional. Note: We cannot deliver to PO Boxes or Parcel Lockers.
If our courier partners have attempted delivery, left a calling card and your order returns back to us , to redeliver out, a shipping fee applies quoted at cost to ship to you with our courier.
For International customers: All unframed art prints are shipped worldwide with Sendle International Air Mail sent rolled in protective mailer tubes. Dispatch ex-Australia is approx 10-21 days from order, as a guide, as all prints are printed to-order. In busy seasonal times, some delays may occur, please allow this. All parcels are shipped with a tracking number and 'signature required' on delivery, to ensure safe arrival. Sendle International (who we use to ship our overseas orders) partners with all major postal services in each country, and a calling card will be left if the recipient is not at the delivery address at the time of delivery. Note: We cannot deliver to PO Boxes or Parcel Lockers.
Do you ship internationally? And if so, which items?
Do I receive a tracking number # once I place an order?
You sure do! We will advise your tracking number and carrier info once your order is dispatched. And should you wish to track your order you simply go to the Order Status section under your account. Or email firstname.lastname@example.com and we can happily help you out with any q's you may have
Once I have placed my order, can i change it or edit the shipping details?
Once an order is placed, it is usually sent to our warehouse right away, so generally once it is placed, we likely cannot change it as we may have started production! However feel free to email us to check if it is possible to do so. If you ever need to edit your shipping details just let us know. Please note, we ship with Allied Express (courier) for framed items, or Sendle for rolled art prints in Australia. For all framed items, we ask you put a Shipping Address eg place of business where someone can sign for the package with Allied Express couriers. Business workplace address is preferred where someone is there to sign for the package within business hours. Goods cannot be left unattended. Art Prints (unframed) shipped in mailer tubes are sent with Sendle International (which in turn is shipped using the local carrier eg UK Post, UPS Post etc) or Sendle Domestic (Australian orders).
Please note: All art prints on paper come with a 'self' white border (a few CM of unprinted area (white) around the edges, for a contemporary look when framed. Please request 'edge to edge no border' in the comments box at checkout should you wish for the artwork to fill the entire paper area.


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Emulex gets short-lived FCoE design win
Verari certifies - then 'crashes'
Emulex has finally got its first public Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) design win, from Verari, which promptly appeared to fall over on Friday.
FCoE sends and receives Fibre Channel storage data traffic over Ethernet, instead of using Fibre Channel wires and switches. For its adoption it relies on a loss-less and low-latency version of 10Gbit Ethernet, known variously as Converged Enhanced Ethernet (CEE) or Data Centre Ethernet (DCE). Its promised benefit is that Fibre Channel SAN storage data data traffic can travel over Ethernet like LAN traffic and share its acquisition and operational cost, which is lower than running both Ethernet and Fibre Channel networks.
For servers to use FCoE they need to have a CNA which replaces separate Ethernet NICs (Network Interface Cards) and Fibre Channel HBAs (Host Bus Adapters). Both Emulex and its main competitor QLogic are developing CNAs and trying to get server suppliers to certify and adopt them. Up until now, Emulex's single chip OneConnect CNA has had no explicit FCoE adoption. It has had adoption as a 10GbitE NIC, usable for iSCSI SAN access, and Emulex is promising to deliver updated firmware that will add TCP/IP offload engine (TOE) functionality as well as FCoE capability.
OEMs such as IBM have certified the 10GbitE OneConnect functionality and made approving noises about the coming FCoE firmware but not explicitly adopted it. In contrast, QLogic has amassed a number of FCoE design wins, with Dell announced on Thursday. Emulex won Verari in the first of what it claims are four FCoE design wins.
But that prize was apparently snatched out of its hands with web, blog and Tweet reports of Verari's demise late on Friday and Saturday.
Verari's FOREST containerised data centres
are were going to be shipping with Emulex's OneConnect CNA. A CNA made sense for Verari as it was able to maximise port density and operation on its racked servers. Its SVP for world-wide market operations, Dan Gatti, said: "We chose Emulex's OneConnect UCNA [because it] gives us the ability to support all of the protocols needed by our customers."
Steve Daheb - Emulex's chief marketing officer - was highly delighted, speaking of "unparalleled investment protection and I/O connectivity performance" and customers "cutting costs exponentially and boosting performance to new levels."
He would have been breathing a sigh of relief and looking forward to revealing the next win, Emulex having had enough of QLogic's crowing over its FCoE design wins. Now it seems it's back to square one.
Verari's UK operations were unable to comment on the firm's future.®
Sponsored: From CDO to CEO


text:
Dima is a Russian-born US and Swedish citizen who has lived and worked in Stockholm, Sweden, since 1994.
His wife, Anita, is Swedish. They have three children, aged 26, 19 and 13.
Dima started working for Greenpeace as a canvasser in 1989, in the US. He has worked for Greenpeace US, Greenpeace Russia and Greenpeace International in a variety of positions. Dima has a long history of taking action against nuclear weapons testing in Russia and illegal fishing in Antarctica. Dima has a master's degree in political anthropology from Wesleyan University, Ct, USA. He is now a senior campaigner in Greenpeace Nordic.
What Dima said after a court hearing:
Websites and Media
My son, facing Russian prison for a peaceful protest The Washington Post


text:
Hi forum,
My wife and I have been considering homeschooling our kid, he is small yet. We are from and live in Spain. At present time there is no law regulating homeschooling here and most families just try to pass unnoticed. It is true that our constitution gives the right to the parents to educate kids according to their moral values but is also true that they made an education law years ago that can be read as "school attendance is mandatory", but it's not cristal clear. Some families have had big problems while others have been doing OK for years, some went to court, the majority won, some had to take their kids to school, depends on the case I guess.
The thing is: our Autonomous Community (like a State in the US) is passing an BIG education law this coming 2008. We are in a Homeschoolers association that has been talking to politicians, bureaucrats, legislators, presidents, mayors etc... It seems they are open to the idea of introducing homeschooling as a legal option but they told us we must go to all political groups and convince them one by one. So that's where we are at. My wife and I want to "do something!" but have no contacts what so ever, so we made a video for that association where we explain what is homeschooling, why should it be regulated etc. Now the video is done, but we want to do more things, we are thinking we must have the press on our side, so a copy of the DVD with some extra info will be sent to journalists when this law is being discussed. But what else can we do?
We need ideas! Please, anything you can think off, take it as a brainstorming, its a really important moment for us, if we don't make it now we're gonna have to be hiding for ever, we don't want that.
Thank you!
Spain about to pass homeschool law, please give us ideas
Find or post information on the legal aspects of homeschooling in your state.
Moderators: Theodore, elliemaejune
4 posts • Page 1 of 1
Make a list of contacts for all the political groups, write up a description of the situation, and pass the info around to as many homeschool groups as you can? If you already did that for all the Spanish groups, start working on American ones.
We are making a compilation with all the homeschooling related news in Spain, we're working in the list of political contacts too, all this is taking time but we think its worth it. The idea behind the gathering of the news is also to get to know which journalists are sensitive to homeschooling and make a list, then right when this homeschooling law is beeing debated we'll send them all the info that we have.
More ideas are welcomed!
More ideas are welcomed!
4 posts • Page 1 of 1
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text:
The office is closed Monday-Friday from 1-2 for lunch.
Apartment homes include features for persons with disabilities required by the Federal Fair Housing Act.
Learn More
View Pet Policy
Learn More
Show me more.
Your pets are part of your family. That means finding a home that welcomes all of you. We couldn't agree more, which is why we are a pet-friendly community and created WAG The Pet Program to take pet-friendly living to the next level.
Cats and dogs are welcome! Please check the dog breed and pet restrictions below.
Max of 2 Pets Allowed
Max Weight Limit: N/A
AvalonBay Communities reserves the right to deny residency to any animal deemed aggressive whose breed is not explicitly listed. Should your pet injure any other pets, residents or AvalonBay Communities associates, you will be asked to remove the pet from the premises immediately.
Pets must be on a leash at all times when outside the apartment home. If applicable, dogs must be leashed whenever entering and exiting the Pet Park, but may be unleashed while within the enclosure of the Pet Park.
The following breeds are restricted:
* Other pets may also be restricted. Please contact our community for details.
For Residents: Parking for residents is located in the garage beyond the gated entrance only. Residents with issued parking tags may park in any space, within the gated area, with the exception of those marked Reserved. Reserved parking includes but is not limited to those marked as Premium Reserved. Parking is limited to two spaces per apartment.
For Future Residents: Future resident parking is located in the first level of the garage and is marked for Avalon Mosaic Future Residents.
For Guests: Permits are required and can be obtained at the leasing office. Guest spaces are marked with the Avalon logo.
Live life easy with a rush-hour shuttle Monday through Friday to the Dunn-Loring Metro Station. There are 3 pick up locations throughout the District and the stop is located on the intersection of Gallows Road and Park Tower Drive across from the WMATA bus stops. Running late? Relax. There's another one coming by every 15 minutes.
Why live moment to moment when you can live in the moment? See what we mean.
This is living up.
Maybe you want room to entertain. Maybe you're going for class without the extravagance. Maybe you'll know when you see it. So look around, and make yourself at home.
Room dimensions, square footage, and features shown on the floor plan drawings are approximate and may vary between individual apartments that have similar layouts. Furniture shown on the floor plan drawings is representative and individual apartments come unfurnished unless specified otherwise. Quoted rent is per month for new move-ins to the community, based on the move-in date selected. Pricing may vary based on lease term. Quoted rent does not include other fees and charges that may be a part of your lease (i.e. utilities, parking, etc.). Please contact the community for details. Prior to signing a lease, quoted rent, specials, availability, and other terms and conditions are subject to change without notice. We require our own screening and do not accept comprehensive reusable tenant screening reports.
If you are someone who appreciates peace of mind and assurance, consider the Avalon two-year rent-lock lease. Signing a two-year lease with us will guarantee your rent amount for the next 24 months.
For the first 12 months, pay the total monthly amount listed under the 12-month term of your lease. For the following months, 13 through 24, pay the amount listed under the 24-month term.
Please contact the office for more information on our rent-lock lease.
This floor plan is currently not available - please sign up for an email below to receive notice when this floor plan has an available unit.
I would like to be alerted when the following apartment(s) become available:
If you already know exactly which apartment is right for you, you can use this form to jump straight to it.
Find more Avalon locations and other properties designed by the people that bring you Avalon, here.
You've put a lot in to get where you are. You deserve the freedom to enjoy it. So go ahead. Shed the hassles of ownership without sacrificing the comforts of home. Rent to live. Avalon style.
Affordable Housing options are available. Click here for more information.
Cats and dogs welcome! Check out WAG The Pet Program and see what we do to take pet-friendly living to the next level.
We partnered with CORT Furniture to make it easier for you to actually live in our apartment homes even when you can't have your own furniture come along.
Everyone has their own definition of a healthy lifestyle, so we offer a variety of spaces and places, information and inspiration, and some little extras to help you find your fit.
Your pets are part of your family. That means finding a home that welcomes all of you. We couldn't agree more, which is why we offer pet-friendly communities across the country and created WAG The Pet Program to take pet-friendly living to the next level.
Change is inevitable. Should it happen to your apartment needs, you'll get to keep the standard of service you expect at any one of our communities, with additional perks to smooth your transition.


text:
danabuchbut brauchte ein neues Website Design und hat einen Wettbewerb auf 99designs gestartet.
Aus 269 Designs von 49 Designern wurde eine Gewinner gewählt.
DermMi is a platform for free dermatology consultation - you share your skin problem (such as acne, eczema) and DermMi provides a personalized treatment plan.
The closest competitors are Teledermatology companies, such as:
Spruce (https://www.sprucehealth.com/)
Yo Derm (https://yoderm.com/)
and First Derm (http://www.firstderm.com/).
The business model of these competitors is based on the user explaining his skin problem, uploading a photo of the related area and making a $40-60 payment. Then, within 24 hours the user will have a consultation from a dermatologist, who might give him a prescription.
DermMi's strategy is different:
1. It's free
2. The user's skin problem is explained through answering a series of questions - the quiz (not in free text and photo).
3. The treatment plan is provided immediately - includes over-the-counter medications/treatments (everything is automated by a proprietary algorithm - no dermatologist and no prescription).
Colors: turquoise, blue -
like the colors in this website:
I uploaded 2 logos - choose one (the nicer one in your opinion) or create a new one (if you think you can create nicer logo).
Unfortunately, I do not have a vector/higher resolution versions.
This project includes:
* Homepage
* 5 Quizzes for Acne, Anti-Aging, Rosacea, Eczema, Psoriasis [currently I uploaded just the Acne Quiz] - with similar design
* Terms & policy page [not uploaded yet]
* There might be another 1/2 short pages
* Homepage:
The menu:
[Inspirational website: https://www.sprucehealth.com/ -
"logo… get the app"]
Beneath the menu:
[Inspirational website: https://www.airbnb.com/ -
"image, welcome home, rent…, Where do you want to go? Search"]
I want a big featured image related to dermatology/skin care treatment.
The image should be aesthetic and happy (not sad or gross).
I thought of using a photo of myself dressed like a doctor and holding a patient chart (see attached here). Ideally, I want to use it because I think it conveys credibility and authenticity, since I am a doctor.
Alternatively, you can use the photo of a woman with 4 cream points on her face (also attached) or suggest a different photo.
On the image:
Get your personalized skin care regimen for FREE!
A call to action - "what is your skin problem?" Search
The search method would be a drop down list with the following skin problems: Acne, Anti-Aging, Eczema, Psoriasis, Rosacea.
ie. when a user visits the front page the goal is that he will be able to select his skin problem and will be taken to the quiz.
[Inspirational website: https://yoderm.com/ -
"Treat your acne without leaving your home, Effective… Convenient… Affordable"]
Effective: [icon] Personalized skin care delivers faster and more effective results. Get your personalized skin care regimen today!
Save time: [icon] No wait time, no traffic, no waiting rooms. With DermMi you get your personalized skin care regimen within 2 hours.
Save money: [icon] It's FREE!
[Inspirational website: https://yoderm.com/ -
"How It Works, STEP 1… STEP 2… STEP 3"]
STEP 1: Describe your skin symptoms [icon]
STEP 2: Get your personalized skin care regimen [icon]
STEP 3: Treat [icon]
[Inspirational website: https://yoderm.com/doctors/ -
"Our Doctors… (image) Aimee Paik, MD… Aimee is…"]
[my image - attached here, with round cut]
Dana Buchbut, MD
Dana is a Medical Doctor (MD) from Israel. She received her medical degree from Tel-Aviv University and practiced Dermatology and Venereology (STDs) in Israel, at Hadassah Medical Center, the Ministry of Health and Physicians for Human Rights (PHR). In 2014, Dana moved to Boston to earn an MBA from MIT Sloan. During 2015, Dana worked at the Brigham and Women's Hospital (Harvard affiliated hospital) as a clinical informatics & innovation intern. Dana is passionate about delivering better care to dermatology patients.
[Inspirational website: https://www.sprucehealth.com/ -
"Amazing! Finally a site that quickly provides a skin care regimen!"
"I have visited many dermatologists in the last few years. No one has asked me such specific questions to customize my treatment. I love DermMi because it tailors the treatment to the individual."
"I highly recommend DermMi! It's really frustrating to wait 2 months to see my dermatologist, travel and wait in the waiting room just to spend 3 minutes with the doctor who recommends a general treatment that may not work. DermMi is FAST and gives you options to find the appropriate solution."
"Easy to follow treatment instructions, quick and FREE… I hope to see more such amazing healthcare services!"
* Acne quiz:
The second page is in multi-step quiz format.
There are 21 questions and each time you submit a question it shows a new question.
There are 3 question types.
I need each of the questions/pages designed.
The quiz appears here:
click on get started
choose female.
Inspiration for how the quiz should be designed (attached here).
At the top of each page, I want to have an indication for the progress of the quiz (the whole quiz is 21 questions).
At the end of the quiz:
"Hi [name],
Isotretinoin (Absorica, Accutane, Amnesteem, Claravis, Myorisan, Sotret, Zenatane)"
[See attached word document]
I want a very simple, clean, easy to use site.
Please note that this project includes:
* Homepage
* 5 Quizzes for Acne, Anti-Aging, Rosacea, Eczema, Psoriasis [currently I uploaded just the Acne Quiz] - with similar design
* Terms & policy page [not uploaded yet]
* There might be another 1/2 short pages
I am looking forward to hearing back from you and working together!


text:
Similar Content
Star Wars: Episode VII - The Force AwakensStar Wars: The Force Awakens is the seventh episode of the Star Wars saga. Production was announced by George Lucas in 2011, years after initially claiming that the story of Star Wars ended with Return of the Jedi. In 2012 Lucas sold Lucasfilm, along with the entire Star Wars franchise, to The Walt Disney Company who then assembled a new team to rework Episode VII to their own design. This marks the start of a new trilogy of Star Wars movies, and effectively reboots the franchise by casting off the old Star Wars Expanded Universe, opening the doors for new stories to take place in various media.
The film was widely anticipated and went on to break several box office records, and is currently the third highest grossing film of all time, behind Avatar and Titanic (unadjusted for inflation, as of February 2016). It won a Bafta for Best Special Visual Effects at the 2016 British Academy Film Awards, and was the American Film Institute's Movie of the Year for 2015.
The Force Awakens is set roughly 30 years after the end of Return of the Jedi and follows new heroes Rey, Finn, and Poe Dameron, as they assist the the Resistance in the fight against the evil forces of the First Order, which has risen from the ashes of the defeated Galactic Empire.
Force Awakens - concept artSo a few days ago, ILM released a link to their portfolio of concept art drafted up for The Force Awakens.
It's really quite interesting to see how closely the film actually got to these concepts... and which ones didn't.
Plus, the artwork is just freaking beautiful.
The Force Awakens home video release detailsStar Wars: The Force Awakens will be coming to home video in April, the official website has revealed.
The film will be recieving an early release on Disney Digital HD and Disney Movies Anywhere digital formats on 1st April 2016, with Blu-ray and DVD versions available in stores from 5th April. The release date for the 3D version has not yet been announced, but is due later this year.
Bonus features (which may vary depending on format) include:
Secrets of The Force Awakens: A Cinematic Journey - a behind the scense look at the making of The Force Awakens, with new footage and exclusive interviews with the cast and crew. The Story Awakens: The Table Read - cast members reflect on the day they first came together to read the movie's script Building BB-8 - behind the scenes with the creators of Star Wars' newest droid Crafting Creatures - behind the scenes with the creators of the film's new alien creatures Blueprint of a Battle: The Snow Fight - a closer look at the lightsaber battle between Rey and Kylo Ren John Williams: The Seventh Symphony - the composer shares personal insights of his work on the Star Wars saga ILM: The Visual Magic of The Force - a look into the movie's digital visual effects Force For Change - see how the Star Wars: Force for Change initiative has united Star Wars fans all over the globe to help others Deleted Scenes - the scenes that didn't make the final cut
Verdict: The Force Awakens (spoiler free)Firstly, a word of warning: While this article intends to be free of spoilers, please be aware that any external links or related articles may not be.
The Force Awakens was viewed with caution by many fans who wanted a return to the spirit of the classic Star Wars trilogy which many felt was missing from the prequel trilogy, released 15 years previously. As reactions sink in the general feeling seems to be that it has for the most part lived up to the hype, and that director JJ Abrams and his team at Lucasfilm and Disney have delivered on their promise to make Star Wars great again.
According to reports, The Force Awakens has already destroyed the UK opening day box office record, with a £9.6 million (US$14.3m) take that smashes the previous record set by Spectre only two months ago. A quarter of these sales where from the midnight release alone, and gives Episode VII of the Star Wars saga a boost to breaking further records as it continues it's run on the big screen.
The film itself is holding up well in reviews too, with film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes scoring The Force Awakens an admirable 95% fresh and user reviews showing that 93% of viewers enjoyed the film (at time of writing).
While some reviewers have criticised the film for playing fan-service and reusing old ideas, others have praised it for bringing back the feelings of joy they experienced the first time they watched the original trilogy, and carrying with it a sense not only of nostalgia but also of hope for the future.
Even the good reviews cast light on the moments where dialogue gets a little cheesy, but for every negative there are more positives; and one of these positives is the casting. Rey (Daisy Ridley), and Finn (John Boyega) work great together on screen and have us rooting for them throughout the action, and Kylo Ren (Adam Driver) was not just another copy-and-paste villain as we saw all too often in the prequel trilogy, but a complex character with his own ambitions that occasionally seemed to set him at odds with his superior, Supreme Leader Snoke (Andy Serkis) and other members of the First Order. General Hux (Domhnall Gleeson) is menacing as one of the officers of the First Order and parallels can certainly be drawn between him and figures from real world history. BB-8 and Poe Dameron (Oscar Isaac) are sure to be new fan favourites, as they both brings familiar humor and general badass-ness to the film.
Familiar faces also make a return, and we discover what Han Solo (Harrison Ford) and Leia (Carrie Fisher) have been up to while we were away. Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) is central to the plot of The Force Awakens, but his role is clearly going to be more prominent in future films. Overall the film delivers much but ultimately leaves us wanting more, and with future films and spin-offs already on the way it is only a matter of time before we return to a galaxy far far away once more.
The Force truly is strong with this one.


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Previous media releases
UBS Investment Bank Enters into Agreement with AIG to Acquire the Commodity Index Business of AIG Financial Products Corp
The Equities business of UBS Investment Bank announced today that it has entered into a binding agreement to purchase the commodity index business of AIG Financial Products Corp, including AIG's rights to the DJ-AIG Commodity Index. This commodity index business is comprised of a product platform of commodity index swaps and funded notes based on the benchmark Dow Jones-AIG Commodity Index (DJ-AIGCI).
The purchase price for the transaction is $15 million, payable upon closing, and additional payments of up to $135 million over the following 18 months based upon future earnings of the purchased business. The closing is subject to a number of regulatory and other conditions. No assurances can be given that any such conditions will be satisfied.
The transaction is expected to close by May 2009.
UBS Inquiries:
US: Kelly Smith at +1-212-882-5699 or firstname.lastname@example.com
UK: Rowan Edwards at +44 20756 82910 or email@example.com
CH: Media Relations at +41 44 234 85 00
AIG Inquiries:
David Monfried at +1-212-770-7205 or email@example.com


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But you managed to post here?
Hello, what's up, I can't post ?
Hi EMW.
Is my pm system been disabled?
Caspar has sent me a pm , but my replies don't show up.Nothing goes in the sent folder.
So, whats next.
And I see that Will has been in yesterday, he must have recieved my message that you passed on to him.
I really need this him to delete my account on WOL.
You may not be familiar with it, but Will owns it and started it up in around 2006.
Hi eatmywords, I am urgently trying to contact Will.
Is he not receiving pm's?
I need to contact him regarding his other forum, Warwickshire Online.
Many thanks.
How are you,eatmywords.
Hi eaty,
I've been busy the last few weeks, and I haven't been on the forum for a while. Must say it's good to be back! Anything much happen in my abscence?
Has RedPeril had a book published?
I am in fact neither of these things, I just happened to pick up this really good book on the subject and felt compelled to post about it.
vm stands for visitor message
hey emw,
Do you have a view on euthanasia?
If you do, could you write a post on my thread in UK General?
Send an Instant Message to eatmywords Using...


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Midnapore Manor
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Artist's description:
The pictures of the series "reale fiction" look surprisingly 3-dimensional.
The boundary between reality and fiction is not clearly determined.
The message, not the medium, is the goal. The medium is carrier and part of the message.
The viewer is drawn into a world that does not exist normally.
The color cells appear in the water to float and have an almost tropical beauty.
A new, unique style, which has no references to existing art forms.
If you have any questions please don't hesitate to contact me.
Thankfor looking!..
Materials used:
Oil painting of canvas
reale fiction 7 (2013)
Oil painting by Johann Nußbächer
- Oil painting on Canvas
- One of a kind artwork
- Size: 19.69 x 23.62 x 1.57 in (unframed) / 19.69 x 23.62 in (actual image size)
- Ready to hang
- Signed on the back
- Style: Abstract
- Subject: Abstract and non-figurative
This artwork is sold by Johann Nußbächer from Germany


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UTREES: University Theses in Russian, Soviet and East European Studies 1907--
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This site uses cookies. Click here for details, including how to control/delete. UTREES by Gregory Walker; J. S. G. Simmons; MHRA is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 2.0 UK: England & Wales License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.mhra.org.uk/Rights/index.html. Photo of yew tree courtesy of Giorgos Vintzileos. Powered by wikindx v3.8.2 ©2007 | Total Resources: 5636 | Database queries: 10 | Script execution: 0.16387 secs


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your app for any email: convenient interface, flexible notification settings, and high speed.
Conqueror's Blade is the new free-to-play MMO tactical medieval warfare game, an ambitious hybrid of a military strategy game and a deeply tactical third-person gameplay.
The streamer's main tool. Earn money from your streams. Increase the quality and interactivity of the streams with widgets, polls and other features
Unravel the legend of a mysterious artifact. Band together and soar through the skies or battle each other in Revelation Online's competitive play modes.
Push the limits of Modern Armored Vehicles in action-packed 5 man co-op PvE and ruthless 15v15 PvP battles! Mercenaries Wanted.
Discover a mysterious universe of ancient rites, deep faith and high technologies. Defeat invading gods to protect your home world.
Assemble a party of mighty heroes and become the strongest warlord in this new Action RPG MOBA game!
Equip your multifunctional shield and gun in this dynamic VR shooter and face off the enemy invading virus in this next generation wave shooter. Take out hordes of droids, battle challenging bosses and experience an intriguing Sci-Fi story!
Skyforge features exciting dynamic combat inspired by console action games. Become a mighty God and fight to repel the invaders threatening your homeworld.


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Product Type: 12-inch Figure Product Size: 29" L (737mm) x 17" D (432mm) x 13" H (330mm) Including Jabba: 16" H (406mm)* Est. Box Size: 28" L (711mm) x 14" W (356mm) x 12" H (304mm)* Product Weight: 20.00 lbs (8.64 Kg) * That is the info from the sideshow website, but i think it is heavier than that.
Page created in 0.058 seconds with 17 queries.


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(AP) Sri Lanka's president on Tuesday swore in a trusted aide to replace the chief justice he fired, a move that could lead to a judicial crisis if lawyers and judges who say the move was illegal refuse to cooperate with the new head judge.
President Mahinda Rajapaksa swore in Mohan Peiris, a retired attorney general and a legal adviser to the Cabinet, after his nominee was approved by a parliamentary council earlier Tuesday, said presidential spokeswoman Anuradha Herath.
On Sunday, Rajapaksa dismissed Chief Justice Shirani Bandaranayake after a parliamentary committee found her guilty of having unexplained wealth and misuse of power.
Bandaranayake has denied the charges and accused the tribunal of not giving her a fair hearing. Courts have ruled in her favor, but the president and Parliament ignored the rulings.
Bandaranayake said in a statement Tuesday that she was still the legitimate chief justice of Sri Lanka, but that she decided to leave her official residence and office fearing violence.
"In the circumstances, in my country, which is a democracy, where the rule of law is the underlying threshold upon which basic liberties exist, I still am the duly appointed legitimate chief justice," she said.
"I have suffered because I stood for an independent judiciary and withstood the pressures. ... The constitution of the republic recognizes the rule of law and if that rule of law had prevailed, I would not have been punished unjustly," the statement said.
Peiris has been prominent in defending Rajapaksa's government from allegations of human rights violations and enforced disappearances.
Rajapaksa's critics say appointing a confidante to the post of chief justice gives him control over the judiciary as well as Parliament, where more than two-thirds of the 225 members support him.
The critics also say replacing the chief justice is part of an effort to consolidate the government's power in the hands of the president's family.
Rajapaksa's older brother is the parliamentary speaker, and two of his younger brothers hold the powerful positions of economic development minister and defense secretary. Rajapaksa's eldest son is a lawmaker.
Many prominent lawyers have already said they still recognize Bandaranayake as the chief justice and have written to senior judges urging them not to recognize a new appointee.
Hundreds of policemen guarded the country's main court complex in Colombo, the capital, on Tuesday in an apparent bid to prevent Bandaranayake from entering the courts. Bandaranayake, however, remained at home.
Lawyers supporting Bandaranayake protested her dismissal by blowing out candles in unison in front of the Supreme Court to symbolize what they called the death of the judiciary. They chanted, "Let's rise against dictatorship."
"The legal community is not ready to accept a puppet appointed by this authoritarian (president)," said Srinath Perera, a lawyer who took part in the protest.
On Tuesday a local political think tank Center for Policy Alternatives and its executive director filed a petition in the Supreme Court challenging the appointment of Peiris as chief justice.
The petition said the post of chief justice is not vacant since courts have quashed the guilty verdict against Bandaranayake and asked for a declaration that a new appointment is a violation of the constitution and a breach of fundamental rights of the petitioners.


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For enthusiasts of the cars-you-kind-of-forgot-about segment, today's a big day. It's the day Toyota unveils the 2013 Toyota Avalon, and its all-new design. From the side, it's clean, sleek, and reasonably handsome, though in almost the exact same ways every new mid-size sedan is clean, sleek, and handsome. Right down to the long graceful arced roofline, pretty much like everybody's. Would it kill any of these guys to throw a big Tatra-style dorsal fin or something on one of these cars? Just so we can find it in a parking lot?
From the front, the Avalon gets what's becoming Toyota's new corporate face, with the pronounced central droop that some have likened to a poorly-repaired harelip, but I think I still see proboscis monkey. A bit more successful is the large, gaping lower grille. If they lost the small upper chrome grill and just kept the lower one, I think the Avalon would have a bold, handsome front end. Shockingly, they didn't even ask me.
Toyota's press release makes repeated mention that the car has a "North American-focused" design, which may or may not be them calling us fat. The interior gets the modern touch with a trio of big color screens, new capacitive buttons (so they're, you know, hard to feel), and an attractive new center stack design. There's also buttons for the three new driving modes, Normal, Eco, and Sport. They do pretty much what you'd guess, meaning Eco keeps the A/C from working too well, and Sport probably makes the speedo needle read 10 mph more than how fast you're really going.
On the plus side, the new Avalon is a shade smaller in most dimensions, and best of all, is actually about 100 lbs lighter than the 2012 model. The Avalon is powered by the same 3.5L V6 as before (probably making around 270 HP), and will likely cost about $30,000 or so.
If you can avoid looking at that snout too much, this seems like a well-equipped, reasonably comfortable car. I'm probably not rushing out to buy one, but that's mostly out of spite that Toyota doesn't care what I think about their funny-looking nose.


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City Commissioners, Office of the[Record group 1]
Agency home page.
- Alternative/Former Names
- County Commissioners;
County Assessors;
County Tax Collectors
Agency Function
- The City Commissioners are elected every four years by the citizens of the City and County of Philadelphia and are responsible for voter registration and conducting elections.
- Agency History
- An Act of 27 November 1700 first established the office of Tax Assessor in Philadelphia County, directing that six persons be elected annually to estimate the County's fiscal needs, to make an assessment and levy a tax to meet them, and to appoint its collectors and the County Treasurer. An Act of 28 March 1710-1711 created Assembly-appointed County Commissioners (made popularly elective) in 1725 who were empowered to demand accountings of the Assessors and Collectors and to appoint new collectors if necessary. Acts of 1715, 1718, and 1722 granted the Commissioners authority to share with the assessors in the assessment process and in the allocation of tax receipts among the various county projects, to take part in the appointment of the County Treasurer, and to issue warrants and levy fines against delinquent taxpayers and collectors. Other Acts passed during the eighteeenth century gave the Commissioners regulatory powers and maintainence functions in regard to county lands, roads, bridges, wharves and landings, courts, and the county prison. An Act of 1780 abolished the Board of County Assessors and left their functions in the hands of the Commissioners alone, who continued to appoint the assessors and collectors of each of the county's townships. Acts of 1799 and 1805 formally established the Commissioners' functions of furnishing lists of voters to election officers and aiding the Sheriff in the selection of jurors, as both were based upon lists of taxpayers. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the Commissioners' duties were increased to include the leasing of polling places, the provision of ballot boxes, and related duties.
At the consolidation of the City and County in 1854, the County Commissioners were abolished, and most of their functions transferred to the popularly-elected City Commissioners who, although retaining their original title and duties, were thenceforth considered County officers. The offices of City Tax Collector and County Tax Collector were reduced to that of clerk in the new office of Receiver of Taxes in the same year. Both Commissioners' (City and County) powers in regard to streets and City property were transferred to the City's Departments of Highways and City Property. From that date until 1867, the Commissioners also served as members of the Board of Revision of Taxes. In 1867 the City Assessors were made appointees of that Board. Thereafter, the powers left the Commissioners were chiefly accounting ones over County institutions, regulatory duties regarding weights and measures (given them by an Act of 1895) and administrative functions in connection with elections, which culminated in complete control of their conduct with the formation of the County Board of Elections under their direction in 1937. By an Ordinance of 12 March 1965, the Commissioners were granted the powers of the then-abolished Registration Commission and their duties concerning weights and measures were transferred to the Department of Licenses and Inspections.
Under the Act of 2 February 1854, the voters of Philadelphia elected one commissioner annually for a term of three years. The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1874, Article 14, Section 7, dictated that all county commissioners throughout the state (the Philadelphia City Commissioners being considered county commissioners) should be elected every third year. Later, the term was extended to four years.
Although not mentioned in the Philadelphia Home Rule Charter, the City Commissioners' Office became part of the City government by way of the 1951 City-County Amendment to the State Constitution. In addition, the 1963 amendment to the First Class Cities Home Rule Act gave City Council the power to pass legislation with regard to operations of the City Commissioners' Office. These enactments were further enabled by the 1965 City-County Consolidation Ordinance of City Council.
- Archival Records
- 1.1 County Commissioners. Minutes (1718-1766, 1771-1776, 1797-1801, 1837-1841)
1.2 City Commissioners. Minutes (1906, 1912-1931)
1.3 City Commissioners. Papers (1919, 1922-1923, 1929-1930, 1936)
1.4 Tax Receipts (1757)
1.5 Value of Property in County (1779)
1.6 County Carriage Tax Assessment Ledger (1783-1794)
1.7 State Personal Tax Assessment Ledger (1832)
1.8 State Tax Assessment Ledgers (1779-1783, 1785-1789, 1834-1835, 1841-1846, ca. 1847, 1848-1854)
1.8a State Tax Duplicates (1841, 1846-1848, 1850, 1852, 1853)
1.9 County Tax Assessment Ledger (1791-1826, 1841-1846, ca. 1847, 1848-1854)
1.10 County Tax Duplicate (1773, 1775, 1793-1795, 1798, 1800, 1810-1819, 1822, 1836-1837, 1839, 1841, 1843, 1847-1848, 1850-1851, 1853)
1.11 County Funding Tax Duplicate (1788)
1.12 County Tax Abatements (1785-1796)
1.13 County Tax Abatements, Memorandum Book (1780-1813 missing: 1794, 1804-1806)
1.14 Tax Collectors' Reports to Common Pleas Court of Real Estate to be Sold for Non-payment of Taxes. (1803-1818)
1.15 Enumeration of School Children (1811-1816)
1.16 Enumeration of Taxables, Slaves, Deaf and Dumb Persons (1793, 1800, 1821, 1828, 1835)
1.17 Duplicate Enumeration of Taxables, Slaves, Deaf and Dumb Persons (1821, 1828, 1835)
1.18 Election Returns (1785, 1798-1799, 1820-1858, 1939-1969)
1.18a Election Divisions of Philadelphia, Wards 1-51 (1933)
1.19 Election Payroll (1851-1854)
1.20 Register, Distribution of Assessment and Election Books (1842-1843, 1851)
1.21 Voting Division Maps (1933)
1.22 Loan Certificate Stubs (1838-1854)
1.23 Journal, Transfers of Loan Certificates (1845-1854)
1.24 Road Damages Payments (1831-1838)
1.25 Voucher Stubs (1854)
1.26 Bureau of Weights and Measures. Annual Reports (1914)
1.27 Digest of County Laws (1839)
1.28 Provincial Tax Assessment Ledgers and Duplicates (1769, 1774-1775)
1.29 Effective Supply Tax, Duplicate (1780)
- Current Records
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Date: February 08, 2003
Views: 1117
New Years Resolution
My New Years Resolution for 2004 is to marry my girl, Sarah Marttunen... and that I will, I proposed and she said yes on January 1st.
Australia Trip (2003)
Original Site: http://www.jeffothy.com/australia/gallery/
Camping at Keeha
Photos taken at the end of August from a hiking/camping trip to Keeha Bay on the West Coast of Vancouver Island.
Olympus in June
I finally got a digital camera! Here are some of the first pictures that I have taken with the Olympus D-390 Camera
Some of the pictures that are current on my walls, random order, old, new.... sweet album
Snowboarding pictures on the IVCF Mt. Washington trip
Various pics from Sarah's Camera, including get-togethers, Christmas and other random shots
Sarah's Seven
Seven Pictures Sarah took while in Calgary, and then she sent them to me.
A single roll of film that I took with my Canon SLR. Includes shots from Victoria, Kamloops, Calgary and Innisfail
Sarah Marttunen
A collection of digital shots of my girl, Sarah Marttunen


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Shelvey joined Ian Holloway's side on loan from Liverpool on Friday and was involved in the game's opening goal as City goalkeeper Dean Gerken - recalled after an error-strewn display from David James in Tuesday's loss to Reading - spilt his long-range shot to leave Gary Taylor-Fletcher with a simple finish.
However there was nothing Gerken could do about Shelvey's strike 20 minutes after half-time when the former Charlton midfielder powered home a 35-yard free-kick.
The Robins provided enough as an attacking force to make Blackpool work for the points and Seasiders keeper Matt Gilks produced a splendid pair of saves from Brett Pitman and Neil Kilkenny either side of half-time.
However the wheels came off in spectacular fashion for Keith Millen's side as Bogdanovic and fellow substitute Brett Ormerod took advantage of their flagging opponents in the closing minutes.
Shelvey was prominent in the opening exchanges and drilled a second minute free-kick into the wall before fizzing a drive from distance wide.
Albert Adomah provided a lively counter-attacking outlet for City and he cut in from the right to shoot over in the 20th minute.
Neither goalkeeper had a save to make in the first half hour, but when Gerken was called into action eight minutes before the interval it was not a moment he will look back on with any great fondness.
Shelvey unleashed another effort from range which Gerken failed to gather, leaving Taylor-Fletcher to chalk up his fourth of the season.
The visitors looked to hit back immediately and Adomah had the ball in the net only to be ruled offside.
Gilks then saved superbly after Pitman steered Kilkenny's towards the top corner.
Barry Ferguson should have doubled his side's advantage in the penultimate minute of the half but blazed over from 12 yards after more good work from Shelvey.
City boss Keith Millen shook things up at the break, with Martyn Woolford and Jordan Spence replacing Jamal Campbell-Ryce and Ryan McGivern.
Kevin Phillips found himself through on goal for Blackpool shortly after the restart, but dragged his shot wide, something he was almost made to regret as Gilks plunged to push away a Kilkenny effort.
But when Marvin Elliot fouled Alex Baptiste, Shelvey had the opportunity to cap his performance with the flourish it deserved.
Baptiste touched the dead ball towards him and a fierce low piledriver left Gerken helpless.
Woolford might have reduced the arrears but slashed horribly wide, and City's seventh game without a win was about to get considerably worse.
First Ormerod crossed for Bogdanovic to slot home in the 83rd minute, and the veteran frontman was on target himself when Craig Cathcart knocked down Ferguson's cross from Shelvey's short corner.
That goal came in the second minute of stoppage time, but there was still time for Bogdanovic to add further misery for Millen's men.
Thomas Ince, the third member an inspired triple change from Holloway, provided the cross to leave Bogdanovic with another regulation finish.
Source: DSG
Source: DSG