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Medical valve and method of use
A closed system, needleless valve device includes a generally tubular body defining an internal cavity. On the proximal end of the body there is an opening which is preferably sufficiently large to receive an ANSI standard tip of a medical implement. The distal end of the body has a generally tubular skirt. The valve also includes a hollow spike having a closed tip. The spike includes at least one longitudinal 18-gauge hole located distal the tip, and is seated inside the cavity such that the tip is below the proximal end of the body. An annular support cuff is connected to the spike which seals off a portion of the cavity of the body such that an upper cavity containing the tip is defined. The valve also includes a plastic, resilient silicone seal which fills the upper cavity and opening and covers the tip of the spike so as to present a flush surface. An adaptor enables the valve to be attached to a resealable container.
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This invention relates to a closed, patient access system which automatically reseals after administering medication using a standard medical implement that directly connects with the system without the need of any intermediary needles, caps or adaptors. A two-way valve eliminating dead space is used which includes a seal which, upon being compressed by the medical implement, is pierced to open the valve and reseals upon being decompressed, maintaining a fluid tight seal even at high pressures and after repeated uses.BACKGROUND DISCUSSION
The manipulation of fluids for parenteral administration in hospital and medical settings routinely involves the use of connectors and adaptors for facilitating the movement of fluids between two points. Most fluid connectors and adaptors employ needles to pierce a septum covering sterile tubing or to pierce the septum of a medicament container of fluid. Fluid then passes from the container or fluid filled tubing into a syringe or second set of tubing. These connectors and adaptors often have mechanical or moving parts. Since the ready passage of fluids through the connectors and adaptors is often critical to patient survival, it is imperative that the connectors and adaptors function reliably and repeatedly. Adaptors and connectors that malfunction during use may be life-threatening. The more mechanical or moving parts such as springs and diaphragms, the more likely that they will function improperly. Improper functioning can result in the introduction of air embolisms into a patient. Thus, the fewer the mechanical parts, the more these connectors can be relied on and the better they will be accepted by the medical community.
Many connectors or valves, especially those employing several mechanical components, have a relatively high volume of fluid space within them. This "dead space" within the device prevents accurate introduction of precise fluid volumes and provides an opportunity for contamination upon disconnection of the device. Connectors and adaptors often include valves that permit or interrupt the flow of fluid along the course of fluid travel. Several of those commonly in use employ metal needles to puncture sterile seals. Such connectors are generally designed to accommodate fluid flow in one direction. This means that the fluid line must have connectors and tube aligned in complementary directions. These connectors often require further manipulation if, for example, the valve is inadvertently assembled in a direction that will not facilitate fluid flow. These manipulations increase handling, thereby increasing both the risk of contamination and the amount of time required to establish the fluid connection.
Metal needles employed as part of connector devices increase the risk of puncture wounds to the user. The needles used in these devices often have through-holes placed at the tip of the needle. Connection of the valve with a flow line involves piercing the needle through a sealed septum. Through-holes placed at the needle tip can core the septum and release free particulates into the flow line. Such an event can prove fatal to a patient. Such through-holes may also become clogged easily with material from the septum.
Reusable connectors and adaptors are preferred for medical applications since components must often be added or removed from a fluid line connected to a patient. Reusable connectors, however, are difficult to keep sterile. Sometimes caps are employed to cover the connector to keep it sterile. Frequently, these caps are lost, or simply not used because they are not readily available when needed.
A closed, patient access system that is easy to use and employs only a valve device in communication with the patient that need not be capped or interconnected with the medical implement through a needle or adaptor, is swabbable, is sufficiently durable to maintain its function after several manipulations, and maintains a fluid-tight seal at high pressures, would be of great benefit to the medical community.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The valve of this invention has several features, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this invention as expressed by the claims which follow, its more prominent features will now be discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled, "DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS," one will understand how the features of this invention provide its advantages, which include safety, reliable and repeatable performance, elimination of dead space, simplicity of manufacture and use, and employment of a valve that is swabbable after use to provide sterility and has a fluid-tight seal at high pressure.
This invention is a closed, patient access system which automatically reseals after administering medication using a medical implement that directly connects with the system without the need of any intermediate needles, caps or adaptors. A two-way valve is employed utilizing a reusable seal that may be repeatedly pierced by an enclosed, protected, non-metallic spike rather than an exposed metal needle. The valve facilitates fluid, particularly liquid, transfer while maintaining sterility. The valve is easy to use and is capable of locking in place. After use, the valve is swabbed in the conventional manner with a suitable substance to maintain sterility. The design of the valve avoids accidental needle sticks. As will be discussed in detail below, the valve is useful as a medical connector or adaptor to enable liquid flow from a sealed container.
The first feature of this invention is that the valve has a body including wall structure defining an internal cavity having a proximal end and a distal end. The cavity has an open space into which the seal is pushed, and preferably has a plurality of radial indentations in the wall structure that are adjacent the seal to accommodate the expansion of the seal upon compression. The proximal end has an opening sufficiently large to receive a delivery end of a medical implement which transfers fluid through the delivery end. In most applications, the delivery end of the implement is tapered, and the wall structure adjacent the opening is tapered inward so that the wall structure and the tapered delivery end fit snug against each other upon insertion of the delivery end into the opening. The proximal end of the cavity preferably is adapted to fit snug with an ANSI (American National Standards Institute, Washington, D.C.) standard end of the medical implement. Typically, the implement is a syringe, a connector or inlet/outlet of an IV set, or any one of a wide variety of conduits used in medical applications.
The second feature is that the spike has a tip with at least one hole located at or near the tip, and a passageway in communication with the hole that allows fluid to flow through this hole. The spike is seated inside the cavity such that the tip is inward of the proximal end and is enclosed within the cavity. Preferably, the hole is in a side of the spike adjacent the tip and is elongated, having a size of 18 gauge or greater. The tip may be sharp or slightly rounded. More than one hole is desirable for many applications, and three, symmetrically located holes inward of the proximal end are preferred. The spike may include at least one rib which allows air to enter a space between the seal and the spike, thereby facilitating the sealing of the opening when the implement is removed. The spike may have a substantially conical shape, and the seal has a complementarily, substantially conical shaped cavity within it conforming to the shape of the spike. The spike is disposed within this conical cavity and the seal covers the tip. The tip may be imbedded in the proximal end of the seal or withdrawn into the conical cavity. Preferably, the tip of the spike has a plurality of facets which meet within a recess. The preferred spike should be able to penetrate the seal repeatedly without tearing the seal. Rough edges at the tip may present a tear problem. During injection molding of the preferred plastic spike, facets of the tip will abut along a "parting line," and could form a rough edge which may tear the seal. This problem is avoided where the parting line is buried in a recess. Any rough edge at this parting line is disposed within a recess, so the seal material moves over the recess and does not contact the rough edge.
The third feature is that the resilient seal is adapted to be moved into a compressed state upon insertion of the tip of the medical implement into the opening and returns to a decompressed state upon removal of the tip. The seal in the decompressed state has a section which fills essentially completely a portion of the cavity adjacent the opening. The seal section bears against the wall structure near the opening to seal the opening. In the compressed state, the seal section is pushed by the delivery end of the medical implement away from the opening and into the cavity. A fluid tight seal is maintained between the seal section and the wall structure as the seal is moved into the compressed state. The seal section bears against the wall structure as the seal is moved inward into the cavity by the tip of the medical implement. And most importantly, the delivery end and the seal are adapted to engage so that when the tip of the spike pierces the seal there is essentially no dead space between said delivery end and the seal. Consequently, a predetermined dosage amount of medication is transferred in its entirety to the patient using this invention, with none to the prescribed amount being collected in dead space in the valve. The delivery of an exact amount of medication may be critical in some situations when chemotherapeutic agents are being administered or small children are being treated.
A fluid tight seal is maintained over repeated opening and closing of the valve, and the seal has on its external surface a recess which provides an air pocket to facilitate the movement of the seal. Preferably, the seal presents an essentially flush surface with the proximal end of the cavity. In one embodiment, the proximal end of the seal is substantially flat, the seal is made of a material having a hardness of from 30 to 70 Shore units such as, for example, a silicone polymer. The seal may include a cup-like flange adapted to engage the body near the proximal end of the cavity. A preferred embodiment of the seal comprises a series of O-ring elements stacked together and connected to form a unitary structure. The O-ring elements have increasing diameters, with the smallest diameter element being adjacent the proximal end of the cavity. The proximal end of the seal may be precut to form a tiny orifice therein that allows the tip of the spike to pass therethrough easily upon compression of the seal. Preferably, the proximal end of the seal has a truncated conical shaped segment disposed within the cavity. The seal may also have a centrally located, anti-vacuum, saucer like depression therein, which does not interfere with the ability of the exposed, proximal end of the seal being swabbed when desired.
The fourth feature is that the body and spike are two separate components of the valve that are securely attached to each other by assembly of, and interlocking, of the body and spike. The body has a first locking element near the distal end of the cavity, and the spike has a second locking element adapted to interlock with said first locking element upon assembly. The seal has a lip extending beyond the distal end and positioned between the first and second locking elements so that, upon assembly, the lip is compressed between the locking elements to provide an essentially fluid tight seal upon interlocking.
The fifth feature is that the medical valve includes a support member connected to the spike which seals off the distal end of the cavity. The support member may have a Luer-Lock type connector element that enables the valve to be removably attached to, for example, a fluid line connected to a patient. The support member may also be in the form of an adaptor that enables the valve to be removably attached to a fluid dispenser or container. When used to dispense fluids from a container, the spike has a pair of opposed tips, respectively at the distal and proximal ends of the spike. The tip at the distal end of the spike pierces a cover member which seals the container. A radial slit on the adaptor enables it to deform reversibly sufficiently to fit snugly onto said container.
The sixth feature is that the seal has a proximal end including a pressure responsive element disposed on an inner surface of the seal adjacent the opening. The pressure responsive element in the decompressed state closes any orifice in the seal at the proximal end of the seal to provide an essentially fluid-tight seal while in the decompressed state. The pressure responsive element enables the valve to maintain a fluid-tight seal even at very high pressures sometimes experienced in medical applications, particularly when the valve is connected to a patient's artery. The valve of this invention will remain closed even when the pressure inside the valve is above 6 pounds per square inch (psi), and it can withstand pressures above 30 psi. Typically, the pressure responsive element is a section of the seal having an entryway into a precut orifice. This section has a substantially cylindrical configuration and is surrounded by an annular space which is filled with pressurized fluid. The center of the member and the annular space are coaxial with the entryway to the orifice. The pressurized fluid fills the annular space to apply pressure that compresses the cylindrical section to tightly close the entryway to the orifice. Preferably, the pressure responsive element has an anti-tear element.
In accordance with this invention, a known, prescribed, predetermined amount or dosage of medication may be transferred from the remote source to the patient directly, so that essentially none of said predetermined amount is collected in dead space in the valve. In other words essentially all the prescribed dosage is receive by the patient and not lost in the valve. Thus, this invention also includes a method of transferring fluid from a remote source to a patient. This invention also includes transfer of fluid from the patient to a remote source. This is possible because the valve of this invention provides two-way communication. The fluid is transferred to the patient by applying pressure the fluid as it passes through the implement so that the pressure applied to the fluid is greater than the pressure of fluid in the patient, enabling transfer from the remote source to the patient. To achieve transfer of fluid from the patient to the remote source, the pressure of fluid in the patient is greater than the pressure at the remote source, causing fluid to flow from the patient to the remote source. This invention also includes a method of transferring fluid in a container having an open mouth covered by a cover member which seals the open mouth. The fluid is caused to flow from the container through the passageway by creating a differential in pressure. Preferably, the valve has an adaptor having a radial slit for allowing the adaptor to deform reversibly sufficiently to fit snugly onto said container.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The preferred embodiments of this invention, illustrating all its features, will now be discussed in detail. These embodiments depict the novel and non-obvious method and valve of this invention shown in the accompanying drawing, which is for illustrative purposes only. This drawing includes the following Figures, with like numerals indicating like parts:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the first embodiment of the valve of this invention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the valve shown in FIG. 1 illustrating the spike, seal, and the body or housing components of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the assembled valve of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a schematic, longitudinal, cross-sectional view of the assembled valve of FIG. 1 before compressing the seal.
FIG. 5 is a schematic, longitudinal, cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 4 showing the valve during compression of the seal.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the valve of FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of an ANSI delivery end of a medical implement compressing the seal of the valve of this invention.
FIG. 9 is a side elevation view, partially in cross-section, of a third embodiment of the seal.
FIG. 10 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the assembled valve of FIG. 1 using the seal of FIG. 9.
FIG. 11 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the assembled valve of FIG. 1 using a fourth embodiment of the seal.
FIG. 12 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the assembled valve of FIG. 1 using a fifth embodiment of the seal.
FIG. 13 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a sixth embodiment of the seal.
FIG. 14 is a longitudinal section of the seal shown in FIG. 13 used in connection with the spike device shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 15 is a longitudinal partial cross-sectional view of a seventh embodiment of the seal of this invention.
FIG. 16 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view, after assembly, of the embodiment of the valve shown utilizing the seal of FIG. 15.
FIG. 17 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view, after assembly, of the eighth embodiment of the valve of this invention.
FIG. 18 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view, after assembly, of the ninth embodiment of the valve of this invention.
FIG. 19 is a side elevation view, after assembly, of the seal and spike shown in FIG. 14 connected to the body or housing shown in FIGS. 20 and 21.
FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 20--20 of FIG. 19.
FIG. 21 is a perspective view, with sections broken away to show the wall structure of the cavity containing the seal shown in FIGS. 13 and 14.
FIG. 22 is a greatly enlarged, cross-sectional view taken along line 22--22 of FIG. 14.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The term "proximal" is used to denote the end of the valve and other components at or near the spike tip 32 in FIGS. 2 through 5, 10 through 12, 14, and 16, and at or near the spike tip 60 in FIG. 6, and at or near the seal cap 92 in FIGS. 8, 9, 13 through 19. The term "distal" is used to denote the opposite end of the valve, or spike tip, or seal. The term "medical implements" is used to denote any medical tool known to those of skill in the art that can connect to the present invention and facilitate the passage of fluids, particularly liquids, through the instant invention. Examples of medical implements that are contemplated include, but are not limited to, tubing, conduit, syringes, IV sets (both peripheral and central lines), piggyback lines, and other components which can be used in connection with a medical valve. Medical implements are commercially available in standard sizes. Thus, either or both ends of the valve of this invention can be provided with fittings to accommodate such standard size medical implements.
As best shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the first embodiment of the invention, valve 10, includes a valve body or housing 12, a spike element 24, and a seal 36. The seal 36 is prepared from a resilient material that is flexible, inert, impermeable to fluid, and readily pierceable by the spike 26. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13 depicting an alternate shaped seal 36d, this seal 36d has a precut slit 11 in its proximal end. This provides a tiny orifice through which the tip 32 of the spike element 24 may easily pass, yet still provides a fluid tight seal upon withdrawal of the spike element. These three components are assembled, as depicted in FIG. 3, with the spike element 24 enclosed to prevent accidental sticks. FIG. 2 illustrates how the housing 12, seal 36, and spike element 24 are attached without the need to use any adhesive or other bonding agent or process. Mechanical connection which provides a fluid tight closure is attained as is discussed subsequently. As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the seal 36 moves within the housing 12, being pierced by the spike element 24 to expose the tip 32 of the spike element 24 to allow fluid to flow through the valve 10.
Referring to FIG. 1, one preferred embodiment of housing 12 has a bell-shaped skirt 16 and an upper, preferably cylindrical, conduit 20. The skirt 16 is integral with, and connected by an annular ring 14, to the upper conduit 20. The skirt 16 creates a shield for an inner conduit 18 of the spike element 24. This inner conduit 18 is preferably cylindrical in shape, and slightly tapered. Inner conduit 18 and upper conduit 20 comprise aligned hollow tubes so that inner conduit 18 and upper conduit 20 are in fluid communication with one another when the spike element 24 pierces the seal 36. There is an annular lip 25 surrounding a circular opening 25a in the top of the conduit 20 (see FIG. 2).
In the first embodiment, the upper conduit 20 is adapted to receive the tip or nose 48 of an ANSI standard syringe 46 (see FIGS. 4 and 5). It is, however, contemplated that the outer diameter of the upper conduit 20 can be of any size to accommodate the attachment of other connector devices thereto. Advantageously, the proximal end of the upper conduit 20 can be equipped with a locking mechanism to facilitate locking of the valve 10 to a variety of connector devices. For example, referring to FIG. 1, locking ears 22 near the proximal lip 25 of housing 12 are preferably provided such that the housing 12 can be locked into any compatible Luer-Lock device known to those with skill in the art. For example, referring to FIG. 19, conventional Luer-Lock threads 180 can be provided on the outer diameter of upper conduit 20.
Referring to FIG. 2, the spike element 24 has at its distal end the inner conduit 18 and at its proximal end a hollow spike 26 which is integral with the inner conduit. The inner conduit 18 and spike 26 present a continuous passageway for fluid during use. An annular cuff 28 on an intermediate portion of the spike element 24 is integral with, and interconnects, the inner conduit 18 and the spike 26. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the rim 28a of the cuff 28 abuts the underside of the inner ring 14, and has an annular detent 28b that snaps into an annular groove 14b in the underside of the ring. The cuff 28 serves two functions. First, it serves as an attachment device to the underside of the annular ring 14. Second, it serves as a support and attachment device for the seal 36.
The hollow spike 26 has a tapered conical shape, ending in a sharp, pointed tip 32. Preferably, along the length of the spike are raised, protruding ridges 30. These raised ridges 30 extend from the surface of the spike preferably between 0.2-2.0 mm. The ridges 30 are preferably aligned along the length of the spike as illustrated in FIG. 2. These ridges 30 serve to break any vacuum created when the spike 26 is sealed as described hereinbelow. Modifications to the alignment and orientation of the ridges are discussed hereinbelow in association with their function. Just distal the spike tip 32, there is situated at least one longitudinal through-hole 34 to permit fluid communication between the inner conduit 18 and the upper conduit 20. Preferably, there are three through-holes 34 within about 0.200 inch from the spike tip 32. These through-holes 34 may be of any size, however, the larger the size of the through-holes the greater the fluid flow rate through the valve 10. In a preferred embodiment, the size of the through-holes 34 are 18-gauge to provide a flow rate three times that of a standard 18 gauge needle.
The seal 36 has a seal cap 40 with a generally flat top surface 40b, an outwardly tapered sidewall 38, and a lower lip 42. Its interior is hollow to provide the conically shaped cavity 37 (FIG. 3). Thus, the seal 36 slips easily over the spike element 24 to fit snugly within the cavity 37. The seal lip 42 is seated within the annular cuff 28 and wedged between the cuff and the underside of the ring 14. There are longitudinal grooves 43 (FIG. 2) along the length of the seal 36 which provide air pockets that facilitate compression of the seal 36 during use. The grooves 43 may be of variable shape or size to facilitate seal compression. In the first embodiment, there is a single groove 43 which completely surrounds the seal 36 between the seal cap 40 and the lip 42.
The base of the seal 36 has a width such that the seal lip 42 fits snugly into the annular cuff 28. The hollow interior or cavity 37 (FIG. 3) of the seal 36 is preferably tapered to conform internally to the shape of the spike 24, having a wall portion 44 which contacts the spike 24 distal seal cap 40. The exterior of the seal 36 is sized and shaped to fit inside the upper conduit 20 of the housing 12. The cap 40 reseals the valve 10 when the top surface 40b is above the through-holes 34. Preferably, the cap 40 substantially fills the opening 25a in the top of the conduit 20. Thus, after assembly, the top surface 40b of the seal cap 40 is essentially flush with the lip 25, so that the lip 25 and seal cap 40 can be swabbed with alcohol or other disinfectant without leakage of disinfectant into the valve 10. It is important that the surface 40b be exposed so that it may be swabbed with a disinfectant.
As best shown in FIG. 3, the spike 24, with contiguous inner conduit 18, is affixed to the housing 12 through the association of the external potion of annular cuff 28 and the internal portion of annular ring 14. Although not necessarily required, these two pieces may be affixed by any one of a variety of methods known to those of skill in the art including, but not limited to, heat sealing, glue, pressure lock, bonding or the like. The seal 36 fits into the annular cuff 28 and is held in place by an internal lip 27 along the internal portion of the annular ring 14 of the housing 12. The length of the spike 24 is such that, after assembly, the tip of the spike rests below the plane defined by the lip 25 of the housing 12. Preferably, the spike tip 32 is approximately from 0.525" to 0.1" below the lip 25 of the housing 12. The seal 36 fits snugly against the spike 24 and is essentially flush with the lip 25 of the housing 12. The spike tip 32 is thus embedded within the seal cap 40 prior to use or may be approximately 0.025" distal the seal cap 40 when the valve 10 is in the closed position. The inner conduit 18 is partially shielded by the bell shaped skirt 16 of the housing 12 (see FIGS. 1-3). The inner surface of the bell shaped skirt 16 preferably has protruding threads 44 as an optional locking mechanism for attaching a medical implement thereto. Further, other medical devices can be pressure fit over the outer portion of inner conduit 18 without direct association with the protruding threads 44.
During use, the invention is designed to be adapted as a two-way valve. The orientation of the valve in independent to fluid flow and dependent on the preferred orientation of the preexisting connections. Thus, the invention can be used as a valve connector for an intravenous central or peripheral piggyback connector in either orientation. Parenteral fluid is delivered to patients through tubing such that the liquid flows from a container through a needle into the patient. The containers are frequently changed or additional fluid bottles are added. The invention disclosed herein is designed to interconnect medical implements along the route of fluid delivery to the patient. However, the invention is also useful in any environment in which a resealable fluid valve is desired. During use, a connector of the appropriate size is fitted over the inner conduit 18. Locking can be achieved by a Luer-Lock mechanism, a pressure fit or any other locking mechanisms known to those with skill in the art, as described above. Thus, in one example, fluid passes from the inner conduit 18 into the spike 26. However, fluid flow is locked in place by the seal 36.
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate valve activation. In FIG. 4, the medical implement connecting to the proximal end of the valve 10 is a syringe 46. However, this connecting implement could be any number of medical implements known to those of skill in the art. The nose 48 of the syringe 46 is placed on the seal cap 40 inside the lip 25 of the housing 12. The application of pressure on the syringe 46 in the direction of the arrows, as illustrated in FIG. 4 creates pressure on seal cap 40. The resulting downward pressure compresses the seal 36. This pushes the tip 32 of the spike 26 through the seal cap 40 to expose the through-holes 34. Compression is facilitated by the grooves 38. Fluid is now able to flow into the syringe 46, or vice versa, depending on whether fluid is to be withdrawn from the patient or medication injected into the patient. FIG. 5 shows valve 10 opened by insertion of the nose 48 of the syringe 46 into the opening 25a. A syringe plunger 49 in the syringe 46 is retracted thereby creating a vacuum to draw fluid through the valve 10 into the syringe. For intravenous applications, the valve 10 can be orientated in the position diagramed in FIGS. 4 and 5, or it can be rotated 180.degree. such that fluid flows in the opposite direction.
Upon removal of the syringe from spike 26, as shown in FIG. 4, the seal 36 is free to return to its original shape and cover through-holes 34 The ability of the seal 36 to return to its original shape is determined by the resiliency of the material used to prepare the seal 36. In addition, the ability of the seal 36 to return to its original shape is facilitated by the protruding ridges 30 formed on the external surface of the spike. During compression, a vacuum may form in the area between the spike 26 and the seal 36, thereby preventing the seal 36 from returning to its original position. The protruding ridges permit air to pass along the spike/seal interface to prevent vacuum formation and allow free return of the seal. The ability of the seal 36 to deform reversibly and return to its original position is particularly useful because (1) it immediately stops fluid flow through the valve 10, (2) it covers the recessed spike 26 to maintain its sterility, and (3) it reduces the risk that the spike could inadvertently pierce another object or person. In addition, since the valve 10 lacks movable parts, except for the seal, it is unlikely that when the seal 36 is pushed down, the valve 10 would fail to function.
Advantageously, the through-holes 34 are located relatively low on the spike 26. Thus, the through-holes 34 are sealed relatively early in the process as the seal 36 returns to its original configuration with the valve 10 is closed. In one preferred embodiment the through-holes 34 are located 0.075" below the spike tip 32 (see FIG. 2). Additionally, the through-holes 34 are sealed even if the seal 36 does not fully return to its original configuration depicted in FIG. 4. Further, the ability of the seal 36 to return reversibly to its original position permits the reuse of the connector valve 10. Following disconnection, and before reuse, the surface of pierced seal cap 40 is essentially flush with the housing 12. Thus, this flush surface can, advantageously be sterilized with alcohol or other surface decontaminating substances. The skirt 16 and upper conduit 20 advantageously shield both connections from the surrounding environment to protect the sterility of the connection. Further, both the skirt 16 and upper conduit 20 function as collection reservoirs to prevent fluid from dripping from the valve 10 during manipulation.
A cover cap (not shown) can be supplied to fit over the upper conduit 20 as further protection for the seal surface between use. Such a cover cap, however, is not needed to maintain sterility since the seal 36 may be swabbed with a disinfectant after each use. The reversibility of the seal 36 makes the valve 10 particularly attractive as a connector valve to provide fluid communication between two fluid lines. Therefore, the present invention provides for placing a first fluid line in communication with a second fluid line using the valve disclosed herein. The reversibility of the valve 10 permits multiple fluid lines to be successively added, for example, to a fluid line in direct communication with a patient's vein. Since the valve is easily sterilizable and sealable, fluid lines can be added and removed without disconnecting venous contact.
The valve 10 is preferably prepared from a hard plastic, but it is additionally contemplated that the valve could be prepared from other medically inert materials known to those in the art. The spike element 24 is preferably prepared from the same material as the housing 12. One particular advantage of this invention is that it does not rely on the use of metal needles. This dramatically reduces the risk of skin puncture during use and manufacture. Further, the upper conduit 20 serves as a shield to the spike 26 such that skin puncture is further reduced. The spike 26 need only be strong enough to penetrate the seal cap 40, or if necessary, to pierce a connecting septum.
In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIGS. 2-4, the through-holes 34 are placed distal spike tip 32. This placement provides two important advantages. First, the placement of the through-holes 34 facilitates resealing of the valve 10 after use. Second, if the through-holes were placed at the spike tip 32, the holes 34 may core the seal cap 40 thereby introducing seal particulate into the fluid flow and possibly plugging the holes 34. Thus, the longitudinal placement of the through-holes distal spike tip 32 prevents the introduction of particulates into the fluid path and/or plugging of the through-holes 34. It is additionally contemplated that the number and diameter of the through-holes 34 can be adjusted to accommodate different fluid velocities. In a preferred embodiment, the preferred velocity of fluid passing through the through-holes 34 is equal to or greater than the flow rate through an 18 gauge needle. Through-holes larger than 18 gauge will, of course, facilitate greater fluid velocities.
An important advantage of the invention is that the valve 10 has very little dead space, thus the volume of liquid entering into the valve is substantially equivalent to the volume of fluid leaving the valve. Further, the total equivalent fluid volume of the valve is very small such that the volume of fluid flowing through the system in order to place the valve in fluid communication with a medical implement such as a syringe 46 is substantially zero.Alternate Embodiments
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, illustrated by FIGS. 6 and 7, a disposable sterile adaptor valve 50 is provided to function as a resealable lid for a container (not shown) of fluid. The fluid can thus be removed from the fluid container or permitted to flow from the container into a medical implement adapted to house fluid in a sterile manner. As is the conventional practice, an open mouth of the container will ordinarily be sealed with a cover member (not shown).
FIG. 6 shows an adaptor valve 50 having a body including an adaptor skirt 52. The adaptor skirt 52 will preferably fit snugly over the open mouth of the container. The skirt 52 may be of any size to accommodate a range of container sizes. A lengthwise slit 54 is preferably provided in at least one location along the length of the skirt to ensure a snug fit between the skirt 52 and the container. A chamber 56, preferably tubular in configuration, extends upward from the skirt 52 and is similar in construction and design to the upper chamber 20 of the first preferred embodiment. Similar to the first embodiment, the proximal portion of the valve contains a locking mechanism 59 that preferably comprises a Luer-Lock device or other locking device known to those of skill in the art.
As depicted in FIG. 7 a spike 58 extends upward through a tubular chamber 56. A spike tip 60 is preferably recessed from a proximal lip 62 of the tubular chamber 56. In a closed position, this tip 60 is covered by a seal 64, which is essentially the same as seal 36. Protruding ridges 66 and seal grooves 68 facilitate seal compression in the open position and promote closure following use. Thus, in the closed position as illustrated in FIG. 7, the seal 64 covers the through-holes 70 to prevent fluid out-flow from the container. The adaptor valve 50 contains a second spike 72 which points in the opposite direction as spike 58. These spikes 52 and 72 are in fluid communication with each other. The spike 72 extends downward inside the adapter skirt 52. The two spikes preferably form one component of the valve 50 while the skirt 52 and upper chamber form a second component. These two components can be assembled in a manner like that of the valve 10. The spike 72, like the spike 58, has longitudinal through-holes 74 and a tip 76. The through-holes 74 are located inward of the tip 76. The adaptor valve 50 is thus useable with containers holding sterile medicament having a cover or septum seal at the open mouth of the container. Examples of containers with such seals contemplated for use with this invention include dosage bottles for intramuscular injector antibiotic containers or the like. However, it is also contemplated that the valve 50 can be adapted with its own seal and locking mechanism to permit the valve to be employed on a variety of containers for medicaments or other fluids. Medicaments in these types of containers are preferably maintained under sterile conditions and the volume and nature of the medicament is such that multiple aliquots are intermittently removed over time. If the medicament is reconstituted, then, during use, any covering over the opening on the container is removed to reveal the rubber septum. The adaptor valve 50 is placed over the septum and direct pressure is applied to pierce distal spike 72 through the septum and into the container. A syringe or the like can then be applied, as depicted in FIG. 4, in association with the first preferred embodiment, to withdraw fluid from the container. The pressure of the nose 48 over the spike 58 pushes spike tip 60 through seal 64. At the same time, seal 64 is pushed back and compresses. Compression is accommodated by seal grooves 68. Fluid is withdrawn from the container and the syringe is removed from the spike 58. Release of the pressure applied to seal 64 permits the seal to return to its original configuration. The spike ridges 66 facilitate seal reversibility.
Often the ingredients housed in containers are those that can be lyophilized at purchase. Lyophilized ingredients require reconstitution before use. If the medicament requires reconstitution before use, then sterile water, saline, or other fluid can be introduced into the container before fluid is extracted. The two-way nature of-the valve permits this without any special adaptation. After the syringe is removed, the adaptor valve 50 automatically seals. Subsequently, aliquots can be removed from the container by syringe or the like. Alcohol or other compatible surface sterilizing agent can be used to wipe the lip 62 and seal 64 before each use. Similar to the first embodiment, it is additionally contemplated that a cap can be provided to fit over upper chamber lip 62 between use.
The adaptor valve 50 can be adapted to function as a medicament adaptor for an intravenous container. In this case, the adaptor valve 50 is placed on a medicament container for intravenous delivery and attached via tubing to an intravenous feed. Thus, the adaptor valve 50 can be placed in fluid communication with a connector valve of FIG. 1 to facilitate the flow of medicament from intravenous drip bottles.
An alternative embodiment of the seal, a seal 36a, is shown in FIG. 9. Seal 36a comprises a seal cap 92 at the proximal end thereof and a seal lip 96 at the distal end thereof. A cup-like annular flange 95 is provided proximal seal cap 92. The seal cap 92 and seal lip 96 are connected by a seal wall consisting of a plurality of ringed or toroidal-shaped wall portions 94 that expand and collapse in an accordion like fashion. The wall portions 94 create an alternating radially inwardly and outwardly extending surface along the seal wall. During compression of the seal 36a, the diameter of the ringed wall portions 94 expand outward in the radial direction. There are air pockets 13a (FIG. 10) between ring portions 94 and the housing and air pockets 13b between spike 24 and seal 36a. The seal 36a contains a cavity 98 distal seal cap 92 and adjacent the ringed wall portions 94. The seal 36a interacts with spike 26 (FIG. 2) and other components of the present invention in a similar fashion to seal 36 of FIG. 2.
Referring to FIG. 10, the cup-like annular flange 95 may be stretched around the upper conduit 20 and held in place by an annular ring 97. This creates a trampoline like effect that assists returning the seal 36a to a decompressed state after withdrawal of a syringe (not shown). This embodiment has two advantages. First, the proximal end of the valve 10 can be swabbed with alcohol or other disinfectant without leakage of disinfectant into the valve 10. Second, by affixing cup-like annular flange 95 to upper conduit 20 at the proximal end thereof with annular ring 97, the repeated deformation and reformation of the seal 36a is assisted.
An alternative embodiment of the seal, a seal 36b is shown in connection with the valve 10 in FIG. 11. S The seal 36b is similar to the seal 36a and is comprised of seal cap 92, a side wall consisting of ringed wall portions 94 and a seal lip 96. It also has an outwardly extending ring 99 which is at a right angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the valve 10. This ring 99 is used to attach the seal 36b to upper conduit 20. Preferably, an upper conduit annular plug 20' is inserted within upper conduit 20 to create a tight fit between perpendicular ring 99, a ledge 101 in the upper conduit 20, and the plug 20'. The ring 99 assists in the reformation of seal 36b to enclose spike 26 upon withdrawal of a syringe (not shown).
As shown in FIG. 12, the cup-like annular flange 95 and ring 99 may both be used in connection with the valve 10, to provide the seal 36c. This seal 36c, provides rapid reformation upon withdrawal of a syringe (not shown) and realizes the advantages of both the seals 36a and 36b.
Another alternative embodiment of the seal, a seal 36d, is shown in FIG. 13. In this embodiment, the seal 36d is comprised of seal cap 92, seal lip 96, and a side wall 150 comprised of circular tires 100 stacked in series one on top of an adjacent larger diameter lower tire. The circular tires 100 are preferably solid throughout the diameter of the cross-section thereof. These circular tires 100 will deform and reform upon, respectively, compression and decompression of the seal 36d, thereby exposing or covering a spike (not shown) as the case may be.
As mentioned above, preferably seal 36d has a precut slit 11 in the cap 92 lying along the longitudinal axis of the valve 10. The seal cap 92 has a unique configuration that insures that the slit 11 closes and is sealed upon withdrawal of a syringe (not shown) and reformation of the seal 36d. It includes an enlarged, internal, pressure responsive member 200 which is integral with the cap 92. Between the proximal end of the side wall 150 and the member 200 is an annular space 102 which is filled with the fluid in the cavity 98. This fluid is under pressure, for example at the blood pressure of the patient to which the valve 10 is attached. Referring to FIG. 14, fluid, for example the patient's blood, flows through the holes 34 in the spike 26, filling the cavity 102. This fluid presses against the exterior of the member 200, closing the slit 11 when the seal is decompressed as shown in FIGS. 14 and 19. The pressure from this fluid creates a high pressure seal which prevents fluid from escaping valve 10 through the slit 11. There is a semi-cylindrical annular flange tear ring 104 on the end of the member 200 which advantageously extends the useful life of seal 36d.
Preferably, there is a tear ring 104 integral with the member 200 along the perimeter of the internal surface the member 200, and a slight saucer-like depression 204 in the external surface of the seal. The pressure responsive element in the decompressed state closes any orifice in the seal 36d to provide an essentially-fluid-tight seal while in the decompressed state. The pressure responsive member 200 enables the valve to maintain a fluid-tight seal even at very high pressures sometimes experienced in medical applications, particularly when the valve 10 is connected to a patient's artery. The center of the member 200 and the annular space 102 are coaxial with the entryway 11a to the orifice 11. The pressurized fluid fills the annular space 102 to apply pressure that compresses the member 200 to tightly close the entryway to the orifice. In a preferred embodiment the distance from the entryway 11a to the proximal end of seal cap 92 is from 0.500 to 0.075 inches and more preferably approximately 0.100 inch.
As best illustrated in FIG. 22, the tip 32 is designed to avoid tearing the seal. Tip 32 has three facets 210, 212, and 214 which are joined with each other along parting lines a, b, and c. This junction of the facets 210, 212, and 214 frequently is ragged and will tear the seal 36d. This is prevented by the parting lines a, b, and c, or junctions, being disposed within recesses 220, 222, and 224, respectively, to provide "buried parting lines."
Another alternative embodiment of the present invention using the seal 36d is shown in FIG. 8 and FIGS. 19 through 21. In this embodiment, the inner wall 160 of the upper end of the conduit 20 is provided with at least one, and preferably, a plurality of radial indentations 107. The indentations 107 are elongated disposed generally parallel to the longitudinal axis if the valve 10 in a symmetrical, star-like configuration. Each indentation has opposed lateral edges 162 which engage the seal 36d upon compression of the seal 36d. The indentations provide space into which the seal 36d expands upon compression.
As best shown in FIG. 8, the wall 181 of the proximal end of the conduit 20 is tapered inward at the same angle as the nose 48 of the syringe 46. In accordance with ANSI standards, the taper is 0.006 inch per linear inch. The wall 182 of the syringe nose 48 bears against the wall 181 as the nose slides into the opening 25a to push the seal 36d inward compressing it and forcing the tip 32 of the spike 36 to enter the slit 11. The seal 36d expands upon compression to fill essentially completely the upper portions of the indentations 107. Some sections of the seal 36d are wedged between the edges 162 and other sections fill the indentations 107. As the liquid flows through the nose 48 through holes 34, air in the nose 48 is forced out of the nose 48 and expelled from valve 10 between walls 181 and 182. Thus, essentially the entire prescribed dosage is delivered through valve 10 to the patient. Fluid flows through the through-holes 34, but does not leak between either the seal 36d and the wall 181 or between the abutting walls 181 and 182.
FIGS. 15, 16, 17, and 18 depict embodiments of seals, namely, seal 36e, seal 36f, and seal 36g, which are substantially the same as the seals 36a (FIG. 10), seal 36b (FIG. 11), and seal 36c (FIG. 12), except the side wall 150 employing the circular tires 100 is used in place of the accordion wall portion 94.
Other components of the present invention interact with the various embodiments of the seal in a similar fashion to their interaction with seal 36 of FIG. 2. Prior to use of valve 10, it is preferable that the seal caps 40 or 92 be pierced centrally by a steel needle in the axial direction, precutting the seal to provide the slit 11 in order to allow for more rapid decompression and reformation of the seal upon piercing by the spike 26. The seals are advantageously formed from a material which can repeatedly reseal and prevent fluid from flowing around the seal material. The seal 36 should also be capable of being forced down and then spring back into position to reseal the valve. Material that is too soft will reseal effectively; however, will not be capable of springing back after opening of the valve. Material that is too hard will provide sufficient spring force; however, will not effectively seal. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the seal is formed from a silicone having a hardness in the range from 30-70 Shore durometer units, and more preferably in the range 40-50 Shore durometer units. A cure silicone polymer in the preferred hardness range is available from Wacker Silicone Corp. of Adrian, Mich. In some embodiments of the invention, it is desirable to provide additional lubricity to the seal 36 to allow it to spring back and reseal more effectively. Dow Chemical Co. produces a silicone formulation with silicone oil built in to provide this additional lubricity.
In general, the closing of the valve 10 is provided not by the side wall of the seal 36 which immediately covers the through-holes 34, but by the seal cap 40, or seal cap 92 filling the proximal end of the cavity 98 and the opening 25a. Thus, the seal caps 40 and 92 are sufficiently thick to reseal the opening 25a effectively after valve closure. However, the seal caps 40 and 92 should also be sufficiently thin to allow them to readily return to the closed position. Preferably the thickness of the caps 40 and 92 ranges between 0.075 and 0.500 inch and more preferably may be approximately 0.100 inch.
The valve disclosed in this invention can be provided in a sterile and disposable form such that after its use in a given installation is exhausted, the device is discarded. However, as described above, in any given installation, the device can be reused multiple times. Since the device does not employ needles, there is little chance that the device will inadvertently cause skin puncture. Therefore, the extra precautions required for handling and disposing of needles is obviated. It will be apparent from the detailed description provided herein that the present invention can provide for the elimination of nearly all needles used in the medical environment. With the use of the valve of the present invention, the need for all needles except those that are directly input into a patient is, advantageously, eliminated.Operation
The valve 10 is used to provide a closed, patient access system for transferring a predetermined amount of medication from a remote source to the patient. The valve 10 is connected by the distal end to the patient, for example, a vein or artery in fluid communication with the valve. Blood fills the valve, but the seal 36d, for example, prevents any blood from leaking from the valve. The delivery end or nose 48 of the medical implement is inserted into the valve as depicted in FIG. 8, pushing the nose 48 against the seal to compress the seal sufficiently to allow the tip 32 of the spike 24 to pierce the seal and enter said delivery end. The predetermined amount of medication in its entirety may now be transferred through the nose 48 into the valve 10 and into the patient. Since the nose 48 and seal 36d engage in a manner so that the tip 32 of the spike element 24, upon piercing the seal, meets the seal to avoid formation of any dead space at the interface between nose 48 and the seal surface 40b. Transfer directly through the valve 10 of essentially the entire predetermined amount of medication from the syringe 46 to the patient, so that essentially none of said predetermined amount is collected in any dead space in the valve, is accomplished with this invention. Upon withdrawing the nose 48 from the valve 10 the seal 36d returns to the decompressed state to close the valve and maintain while in said decompressed state a fluid tight seal even at high pressures and after repeated uses.Scope of the Invention
The above presents a description of the best mode contemplated of carrying out the present invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains to make and use this invention. This invention is, however, susceptible to modifications and alternate constructions from that discussed above which are fully equivalent. Consequently, it is not the intention to limit this invention to the particular embodiments disclosed. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications and alternate constructions coming within the spirit and scope of the invention as generally expressed by the following claims, which particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter of the invention.
1. A method of establishing a fluid flow path through a medical connector having an outer housing with a hollow interior and a proximal end and a distal end, comprising:
- positioning a tubular seal within said interior, said seal having a proximal end and a distal end and a tubular wall with inner and outer surfaces defining a passage through said seal along an axial centerline extending through said proximal and distal ends, said seal having an axially uncompressed position in which said passage is closed at said seal proximal end, obstructing fluid flow through said connector, at least a portion of said seal near said seal proximal end filling essentially completely a radial cross-section of said housing near said housing proximal end in said uncompressed position, and at least one of said surfaces having alternating radially inwardly and radially outwardly extending surfaces with respect to said centerline, said wall comprising a plurality of toroidal-shaped elements, said seal having an axially compressed position in which said passage is open at said seal proximal end thereof and said passage is unobstructed, said seal having a first axial height H1 when in its uncompressed position and a second axial height H2 when said seal is in its compressed position;
- compressing said seal distally within said housing by inserting a medical implement having an end through said proximal end of said housing into said interior of said housing, said end of said medical implement contacting said seal solely at said proximal end of said seal upon insertion of said implement in said interior of said housing;
- changing the height of said seal from H1 to H2, where H1 is greater than H2;
- opening said passage through said seal along said centerline when said seal is in its compressed position; and
- establishing fluid flow through said housing from said housing proximal end to said housing distal end thereof.
2. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said positioning step further comprises the step of positioning said proximal end of said seal flush with said proximal end of said medical connector.
|October 29, 1991
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Type: Grant
Filed: Apr 22, 1997
Date of Patent: Oct 17, 2000
Assignee: ICU Medical, Inc. (San Clemente, CA)
Inventor: George A. Lopez (Corona del Mar, CA)
Primary Examiner: Glenn K. Dawson
Assistant Examiner: Michael J Hayes
Law Firm: Knobbe, Martens, Olson & Bear, LLP
Application Number: 8/837,814
International Classification: A61M 500; A61M 514;


text:
Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening type of allergic reaction.
Alternative Names
Anaphylactic reaction; Anaphylactic shock; Shock - anaphylactic; Allergic reaction - anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is a severe, whole-body allergic reaction to a chemical that has become an allergen. An allergen is a substance that can cause an allergic reaction.
After being exposed to a substance such as bee sting venom, the person's immune system becomes sensitized to it. When the person is exposed to that allergen again, an allergic reaction may occur. Anaphylaxis happens quickly after the exposure. The condition is severe and involves the whole body.
Tissues in different parts of the body release histamine and other substances. This causes the airways to tighten and leads to other symptoms.
Some drugs (morphine, x-ray dye, aspirin, and others) may cause an anaphylactic-like reaction (anaphylactoid reaction) when people are first exposed to them. These reactions are not the same as the immune system response that occurs with true anaphylaxis. But, the symptoms, risk of complications, and treatment are the same for both types of reactions.
Anaphylaxis can occur in response to any allergen. Common causes include:
Pollen and other inhaled allergens rarely cause anaphylaxis. Some people have an anaphylactic reaction with no known cause.
Anaphylaxis is life threatening and can occur at any time. Risks include a history of any type of allergic reaction.
Symptoms develop quickly, often within seconds or minutes. They may include any of the following:
Exams and Tests
The health care provider will examine the person and ask about what might have caused the condition.
Tests for the allergen that caused anaphylaxis (if the cause is not obvious) may be done after treatment.
Anaphylaxis is an emergency condition that needs medical attention right away. Call 911 immediately.
Check the person's airway, breathing, and circulation, which are known as the ABC's of Basic Life Support. A warning sign of dangerous throat swelling is a very hoarse or whispered voice, or coarse sounds when the person is breathing in air. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.
Paramedics or other providers may place a tube through the nose or mouth into the airways. Or emergency surgery will be done to place a tube directly into the trachea.
The person may receive medicines to further reduce symptoms.
Outlook (Prognosis)
Anaphylaxis can be life threatening without prompt treatment. Symptoms usually do get better with the right therapy, so it is important to act right away.
Possible Complications
Without prompt treatment, anaphylaxis may result in:
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call 911 if you or someone you know develops severe symptoms of anaphylaxis. Or, go to the nearest emergency room.
To prevent allergic reactions and anaphylaxis:
Barksdale AN, Muelleman RL. Allergy, hypersensitivity, and anaphylaxis. In: Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 109.
Brown SGA, Kemp SF, Lieberman PL. Anaphylaxis. In: Adkinson NF Jr, Bochner BS, Burks AW, et al, eds. Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 77.
Lieberman P, Nicklas RA, Randolph C, et al. Anaphylaxis – a practice parameter update 2015. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;115(5):341-384. PMID: 26505932 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26505932.
Schwartz LB. Systemic anaphylaxis, food allergy, and insect sting allergy. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 253.
Review Date: 2/27/2018
Reviewed By: Stuart I. Henochowicz, MD, FACP, Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
JaQuon Parker and the "Magic" Broomstick
On the all-time list of people with magic broomsticks, you have:
A) The Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz.
B) Quidditch players in the Harry Potter books.
C) UC assistant basketball coach Larry Davis.
OK, so maybe Larry's broomstick isn't magical, but it has helped turn Bearcat guard JaQuon Parker from a guy who only made three more 3-point shots than you did last year (he was 3-for-20), to a 58% shooter from beyond the arc this season (15-for-26).
Parker had a mechanical flaw where he twisted his feet in the middle of his shot, so Davis suggested that he practice shooting with a broomstick lying on the floor between his feet.
"At first I looked at him and said, 'Are you crazy?' But it's been good for me," Parker told me. "For the first five minutes I kept landing on it. I never fell down, but it was close. I stumbled a few times. He kept telling me that it would really help my shot. It worked."
"I was trying to find a way a long time ago to help guys that turned their feet when they shot the ball," Coach Davis told me. "Once you have everything lined up in a straight line to the basket it's easy. I decided to put a broomstick on the floor to force them to stay in a straight line with their feet. If you don't, you fall on the broom so that's how it started."
After averaging 1.5 points and 1.7 rebounds in 23 games last year, JaQuon is up to 9.3 points and 5.0 rebounds in 11 games this year. In games where Parker has made more than one basket, the Bearcats are 8-0.
"When I came back here after the summer, I was really hitting shots," said Parker. "The guys were all saying, 'He can shoot now,' so I knew I had improved."
Broomstick aside, there is no mystery behind JaQuon's dramatic improvement. It's the result of many hours of hard work in the gym.
"I told him at the end of last year that we had to have a serious talk about whether he was going to stay at Cincinnati or not," said head coach Mick Cronin. "Playing at the highest level means that you have to be totally committed and you have to develop your game on offense. You can't just show up at practice and be a good guy and play hard on defense. You have to be a totally committed basketball player. He took it to heart and he did it. You have to give him all of the credit because he did a great job in the off-season."
"He let me know that if I worked hard, I would be an important piece next season, so I took that seriously," said Parker.
But even before that conversation with his head coach, Parker realized that he needed to improve his work ethic.
"I think it was the second-to-last game last year," said Coach Davis. "We were out doing shooting drills before the game and he looked at me and said, 'Coach, I blew it.' I said, 'What do you mean JaQuon?' And he said, 'I didn't work last summer like I should have. I have nobody to blame but myself. That's not going to happen again. I'm going to work my butt off and when I come back, I'm going to play. I am going to play.'"
"When I went home, I worked out with Maurice Riddick who played professionally overseas," said Parker. "He's a real close friend to the family and I got a chance to work out with him every day for the month-and-a-half that I was home."
"He definitely came back in the fall a much more confident basketball player," said Coach Cronin.
And while Parker is not likely to remain a 58% 3-point shooter, he's just as unlikely to go back to being the player who did not make a trey in his last 11 games last season.
"Oh man, it was really tough," said Parker. "I think I tried too hard to make shots instead of just going out there and shooting it. Just seeing the ball go through the net helped me get my confidence back. It's a lot more fun when you're making shots."
I'd love to hear from you at firstname.lastname@example.com
If you Twitter, you can follow my tweets at http://twitter.com/Dan_Hoard
And I'm on Facebook. Just search for Dan Hoard and look for the photo of me with the handsome lad.


text:
Exotic Flowers. Jpg Wallpaper For Resolution 320x480 Download
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Wallpaper below is "Exotic Flowers. Jpg", its original resolution is 1920x1440 and it has been cropped to 320x480, different from other wallpaper websites,Wallpaper Better using the latest Smart Image Cropping technology that can intelligently recognize the main part of a wallpaper and crop the most perfect sizes of a wallpaper. but this technology is not supported in IE(Internet Explorer), so in IE we can only blindly crop the wallpaper from center of wallpaper that cannot reach the best cropping effect,so we recommend you using chrome Firefox Safari or Opera browser visit this website


text:
Charlotte Fox Climbing Wall
The Charlotte Fox Climbing Wall is a full-service climbing wall for the whole family. Charlotte Fox, Hollins class of 1979, was the first American woman to climb three of the world's 8,000-meter (26,000-foot) peaks. She survived the deadly blizzard on Mount Everest in May 1996 that writer Jon Krakauer chronicled in Into Thin Air.
Charlotte Fox '79
photo courtesy of The Roanoke Times
We welcome individuals of all abilities to come and climb with us. Whether this is your first time climbing or your 50th, a trained staff member will be on hand to walk you through it top to bottom and provide belaying. With four roped climbs and a variety of routes, almost everyone can find a challenge.
- Hours: Monday - Thursday, 7-9 pm
- Free to all Hollins students and employees and their immediate family. Students can bring one guest free of charge.
- $7 for all outside guests.
- Children under 18 years of age need a guardian present.
- The climbing wall is open during the academic year. It is not open during university breaks or summer sessions.
For more information, contact Hollins' Outdoor Program Director Jon Guy Owens at email@example.com.


text:
Outdoor advertising arm with core business in Transit media and Out of Home Advertising in India.
Information Technology arm working on niche market demands and making customized software applications & Products.
A web platform which provides students with opportunity to work on company projects. They can work as a free lancer or find an internship. Companies get a platform to out source small jobs and source the right talent for work.
Corporate Office :
A-21 Vivek Vihar, Phase 2
Delhi-110095, India
Mumbai :
92 A, Narayan Dhuru Street,
Yusuf Mehrauli Road,
Mumbai- 400003, India
Germany :
39, Rheinstrasbe,
53179, Bonn, Germany
Ph : 49 22 833674399


text:
About to watch this fan made Nightwing mini series which dropped in August (I missed out on it). Don't know if you're familiar with it. Just saw the trailer, looks pretty entertaining :
(Links to the five 8-minute episodes are in the description.)
Thanks for posting that INS tape 'Cynthia's Son'!
That NYCE mixtape with Mobb Deep & LAD you referred me to in the Wu x QB thread is that good stuff! Can't seem to spread rep yet, so I came here to salute you.
Keep up tha good work lord
fuck the haterz
Do you have the beggaz changing classic disc 1?
sup g how ya doin? check ma last single featurin kevlaar 7 http://amarulamoondrunkenmonk.bandcamp.com/ enjoy it!!
btw, i tried to give you some +rep but it says i gotta spread it around a little first so i'll hook you up later. pz
yo fam, i was wondering if you could do me a favor. since i switched to my new laptop i can't use audacity anymore and i tried everything and can't rip streams, etc, anymore and it really bugs me. it would be a huge favor if you could rip just this one track for me, in stereo (i ripped it once a long time ago and i accidentally ripped it in mono) in 160 kbps or 192 kbps. i owe you big time!!! the song is "Spend It" by DITC, and can be streamed here:
just click the button, "click to listen" and a pop-up window with a streaming player appears, and just play and rip. much appreciated fam, thx in advance and please let me know as soon as possible. if u can't do it, no problem. peace
jammin dew you remember.??? u jammin that when i evah n lyfe catch up 2 you imah off ya on switch.meanin that imah kill you kill u mama ya daddy imah reel n sane muthfucka.u dont belive that im a wu fam nigga then fine.1 thing u will belive iz u betta not let me find who u really are.ok pussy.and that goes 4 eany body that dont like me u have a problem about me sayim that im down with wu-tang clan.then thers 1 ting u can find out what state im livein in and cafrount me.but all yah on the internet love 2 hate the east new y0rk raaddrr-van nigga.word 2 my dead niggaz.if i evah and all yah herd me type this shit and say shit.i will fuck yo life up if i find u.and bet that on my ceeds. so 2 the people thats feelin me on wu-clan corp. i love yah peace. but 2 does jammin type muthfuckas i gat dat black gat commin at u.
French kissing in the USA
Chess Moves
Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo


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Nourish your body, mind, and visual senses with this harvest vegetable bowl. It's a hearty, nutritious, and delicious meal inspired by seasonal fall vegetables. I paired it with a creamy, dairy-free, anti-inflammatory dressing made from hemp hearts, ginger and turmeric. This oil-free dressing is so delicious I have been drizzling it on everything from salads to grains, and even using it as a dip for veggies.
Curious about hemp hearts? My family has been consuming hemp hearts (also known as hemp seeds) for years, so I was ecstatic when Manitoba Harvest sent me a bag to try. The nutritional benefits of hemp hearts are incredible. Not only are they high in protein, but they contain all the essential amino acids which makes hemp hearts a complete protein source. They are also great sources of fiber, iron, magnesium, calcium, zinc and vitamin E. Hemp hearts are easily digestible and contain a well-balanced ratio of omegas 3, 6, and 9 which is important for our immune systems and maintaining heart health. Lastly, they contain arginine and gamma-linolenic acid which have both been associated with a reduced risk of heart disease. Their nutty, mild flavor is unique and worked well with ginger and turmeric in this dressing (talk about an anti-inflammatory trio!).
Giant vegetable bowls are incredibly quick and easy to throw together, especially if you prepare some of your ingredients beforehand. Design your own with any variety of fall vegetables, but do try my amazing hemp heart dressing which I can't get enough of right now. As usual, don't forget to check out the 'PCOS Powers' which I list at the end of the recipe (there are many in this vegetable bowl!).
Autumn Vegetable Bowl:
- 1 cup Brussel sprouts
- 1 large carrot
- 1 small beet
- 1 cup sweet potato or yam
- 1 cup cooked lentils
- 2 handfuls organic spinach
Ginger Turmeric Hemp Heart Dressing:
- ¾ cup Manitoba Harvest hemp hearts
- ½ cup water (vary the hemp to water ratio depending on how thick you like your dressing)
- 2 tablespoons apple cider vinegar
- ½ teaspoon turmeric powder
- ¼ teaspoon fresh ground pepper
- ¼ ground ginger
- ¼ teaspoon sea salt
What You'll Need:
- spiralizer for the carrots and beets
- food processor for a smooth dressing
How to:
- Cook the lentils, Brussels sprouts and sweet potatoes. I boiled the lentils and steamed the Brussels sprouts and sweet potatoes. You could also roast the veggies. Steaming retains more nutrients than boiling.
- Spiralize the beet and carrot. I ate these raw but they can be steamed for easier digestion. Set veggies aside.
- Blend all ingredients for the dressing in a food processor until smooth and creamy. Transfer to a small jar to store in the fridge after using.
- Place pile of cleaned spinach in the bottom of a bowl.
- Add vegetables on top of the spinach and drizzle with dressing.
- Enjoy your nourishing vegetable bowl!
PCOS Powers:
- hemp hearts = high in protein, fibre, and essential fatty acids (omega 3, 6 & 9) which may improve cholesterol profiles, may reduce inflammation
- turmeric = anti-inflammatory, helps lower blood glucose levels, anti-depressant, black pepper increases bioavailability
- ginger = anti-inflammatory, may help decrease fasting blood glucose and HbA1c
- beets = good source of folate, anti-inflammatory, helps lower blood pressure, may help lower cholesterol, shown to reduce cancerous tumors in various animal models, beet leaves are high in iron (eat in moderation due to high oxalate content which can worsen gout and kidney stones)
- spinach = anti-inflammatory, low glycemic index, anti-cancer effects, excellent source of iron, magnesium, & calcium, avoid large amounts if prone to kidney stones or taking blood thinners
- sweet potato = anti-inflammatory, medium glycemic index food but high in fiber & studies have shown they may assist blood sugar regulation, high in beta-carotene which may improve fertility, may increase adiponectin levels in those with type 2 diabetes, shown to reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer
- Brussels sprouts = anti-inflammatory, good source of fiber, manganese, potassium, choline, and B vitamins, contain glucosinolates which help prevent cancers


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The Impossible Project, a cadre of fussy men who've managed to manufacture new film for Polaroid instant cameras, are open for business. Forget the film—check out these vintage factory jackets!
Okay, don't forget the film just yet. There's a wide range of cameras and film available at their online store, but it ain't cheap. A special-edition Polaroid ONE with a single pack of film costs $180. And despite that I was pretty hard on them in the past, I find myself inextricably drawn towards a purchase. (You can find a used Polaroid ONE on eBay for around $30, though, so don't feel like you've got to buy the new shiny one.)
If you've already have a Polaroid instant, you can buy film, accesories—even these super snazzy Polaroid factory jackets. If they weren't already sold out of X-Large, I'd buy one in a heartbeat.
Oh, nostalgia, you fickle temptress! I will placate myself with the dozens of camera applications on my iPhone that emulate old film stock just fine.
[The Impossible Project via ★]


text:
Glenda Burgess is a winner of the Rupert Hughes Award for literary fiction, and a short story finalist for the New Century Writer Award. Her memoir, The Geography of Love, was named one of The Ten Best Books of 2008 by the Seattle Post-Intelligencer and a finalist for the 2008 Books for a Better Life Award.
Glenda Burgess' work encompasses two novels, Loose Threads (Malvern Publishing 1998, second edition 2008) and Exposures (AuthorHouse 2005), an academic work (University of Washington 1979), and a memoir The Geography of Love, (Doubleday/ Broadway 2008). Her work includes short stories as well as freelance articles and magazine essays. Glenda is a popular featured author at writing workshops and conferences.
Read more on her website.
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text:
Your success is our success.
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text:
I used to think San Francisco's 977-foot Sutro Tower was impossibly tall. But it's just a stub compared to the Sky Tree, Japan's 2,080-foot tall communications centerpiece and the second tallest building on the planet, dwarfed only by the Burj Khalifa.
The Sky Tree is located in Sumida, Tokyo and cost $806 million to complete, which includes a two-month delay on account of the devastating earthquake and tsunami. Over half a million workers aided in its construction which concluded Wednesday.
The tower includes numerous communications arrays necessary because the current 1093-foot Tokyo Tower is no longer tall enough to bounce video and radio transmissions past the surrounding high-rises. They'll also help improve digital signal coverage as Japan quit all analog broadcasting in July of last year. The tower will also include office space, broadcasting facilities—it's home to seven Japanese broadcasters spearheaded by NHK—dining and shopping areas areas, and observation decks as well. These decks will rise from the tower's 1,312-foot-wide base, at heights of 350 and 450 meters, respectively. They'll open to the public on May 22, 2012. [Physorg - Geekosystem - Sky Tree Wiki - Tokyo Sky Tree]


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ensur electronic document management software has been created to operate in virtually any Microsoft environment. Installation of ensur is fast and easy. Check our our Technology requirements here!
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text:
Cagliari sunshine getaways
Escape to the idyllic island of Sardinia – you'll be seduced by its beautiful beaches, breathtaking scenery and ancient mystique.
Escape to the idyllic island of Sardinia – you'll be seduced by its beautiful beaches, breathtaking scenery and ancient mystique.
Enjoy incredible holiday savings when you create a package holiday to Sardinia – combine our award-winning flights with a carefully selected hotel.
Sardinia holidays present unique history, cuisine and culture – blending all the colour and charisma of Italy with the African flavour of nearby Tunisia. Its flawless beaches could rival any tropical island, while the unspoilt natural environment attracts exotic wildlife.
Enjoy the delightful cuisine, which is intertwined within Sardinian culture and lifestyle – dine on freshly caught lobster, dishes embellished with locally made cheese and divine Vernaccia wine. Swim and snorkel in the bluest Mediterranean waters. Hike along the rugged coastline – taking in the beautiful views as you go. Hire a car and visit Molentarguis Natural Park, where flamingos nonchalantly adorn city-side lakes. And soak up the atmosphere of scenic Cagliari – where medieval cobblestone passageways and Roman ruins are only a stone's throw from the cosmopolitan city centre.
Rent an Economy car on your holiday for an unforgettable road trip.Choose car
Upgrade to an Intermediate car on your fly-drive holiday.Choose car
Rent a people carrier, great for groups with lots of luggage.Choose car
Enjoy these great benefits:


text:
The Central Examination Office will be closed between December 21, 2019 to January 1, 2020. Starting January 2, 2020 our usual office hours will resume. We wish you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year 2020!
If you have to submit your final thesis or other documents during this time to meet a deadline, please use the after-hours mailbox outside of the RWTH Main Building. Please specify ZPA as addressee and include the name of the contact
Division 1.3 - Central Examination Office
Division 1.3 - Central Examination Office belongs to the Department of Academic Affairs and Registrar's Office within RWTH Aachen's Central University Administration.
- work
- +49 241 80 90710
- Send Email
Information for Students
Information on office hours, registration and deregistration, withdrawal from exams, and advising services is available at:
Our Responsibilities
Our staff supports the faculties in implementing newer examination regulations and conducting exam administration for exam boards in various courses of study, with a few exceptions. This includes the administration of exam registration and cancellation and similar work, such as grade registration, issuing certificates or transcripts, and checking admittances or non-admittances to exams and final theses.
Communication and Advising
A crucial part of our work consists of the communication and advising that takes place at the cross section of the Central Examination Office and RWTH Aachen courses of study for all those involved. This means faculties and students.
Project Involvement
Together with the faculties and the RWTH Aachen Campus team, the Central Examination Office currently contributes to the Examination Performance and Course Management Project, the PuL-Projekt.
Online Services
At the beginning of Winter Semester 2018/19, the exam management services were launched on RWTHonline. You can register for your exams for Summer Semester 2019 from April 1, 2019. Please note that this does not apply to a small number of seminar and practicals that have earlier registration deadlines – for this reason, we suggest you check the information provided by the faculty or department on a regular basis. Please also note that these functions are not available for students of medicine and dentistry.
What happens to CAMPUS-Office?
You can print out certificates and view your achievements and transcripts of records attained until Summer Semester 2018 using the VZPA functionalities on CAMPUS Office.
FAQs from Examiners
How do I log in as an examiner?
Please go the the RWTHonline website and click on the "Login Access" button in the "Login for students and employees" box. Enter your user name, formerly termed "TIM code," and your password for CAMPUS-Office/Web Services.
Why can I see lists for other examiners in my teaching unit?
The "Performance Records" function will be made available at the organizational level in late November. For this reason, after login, all lists belonging to the teaching unit chair can be viewed.
How do I get to my exam/assessment lists?
Beginning December 3, 2018, exam and assessment lists for exams in the winter semester of 2018/19 can be viewed and grades entered using RWTHonline.
Navigate to your organizational unit (see the RWTH documentation portal: Eigene Organisationseinheit finden) and select the Exam Management application. Enter your Exam Management PIN and click on the Login button. When examiners open the application for the first time, their PIN code will be displayed. Please note down this code as it will be displayed once only. You can change the PIN code in the Exam Management application under "Settings."
You can find your exam/assessment lists in the "Assess Exams" application. Please note that students who have de-registered or withdrawn from an exam are no longer listed in the candidate list. The participant lists can imported to your computer in the CSV (Excel) and XML formats. The file name proposed by the system is not to be modified, as it will not be recognized by the system upon re-import.
The lists include student ID, last name, first name, course of study, number of exam attempts, and the grade (with comments).
Please note that students who have de-registered or withdrawn from an exam are no longer listed in the candidate list. As a result, the RU and RT entries used in the past system will no longer be required. Entries such as cancellation due to illness, AT for short; termination of an exam due to illness, PA for short; or non-admission, NZ for short, due to missing work and achievements; continued to be contained in the lists. Further possible entries include deletion of an exam registration, S for short; deletion of an exam, E for short; deletion of grades upon degree completion within the nominal duration of studies, G, GA, GL for short; and anullment of an exam, A for short. These entires can be found in the "Vermerk" ("Note") column.
How do I view last-minute changes in my exam/assessment lists?
Exam/assessment lists are changed all the time – students withdraw from exams or submit doctor's notes. If you have exported a participant list a few das before an exam, you may receive error messages when re-importing the list, for example if you want to overwrite grade entries made by the ZPA in the meantime (such as Q for doctor's note) or want to grade students who have de-registered from an exam.
How do I enter grades?
With the "PV-Leistungserfassung" ("PV Performance Record") function, those responsible for the assessment of exams within an organizational unit can enter exam and assessment results. You are able to enter comments on grade and additional comments on grades in the grades section, print out exam records and mark exams as "valid." You can also delegate the validation of exams to another qualified person in your department.
There are two possibilities of entering grades.
1. Direct entry of grades
In the Exam Management application, invoke the "Assess Exams" application. Choose an exam date for which you want to enter grades and click on the "Assess" button or, alternatively, in the candidate column on the number of currently registered candidates. Thus you are shown the list of candidates, for whom you can selected grades (from the drop-down-box) or enter them manually in the candidate column. You can go to the next candidate by hitting the 'enter' key. Since for each exam performance a date must be specified, please add the date unless it has been entered in the exam registration process.
An entry is saved by clicking the "Save" button. By saving the entry, in most cases, the grade is not as yet visible for the student. To make the grade available to ZPA staff and to students, who might want to register for follow-up exam dates, it is necessary to mark the entered grades as "valid." To do so, first, you must print out the exam record. Select the relevant exam record in the yellow box, right under "Print," and click on the PDF icon. You can save the record or print it out. Only after you have done so, you can mark the grades to be valid. More detailed instructions on how to do so will be provided in the RWTHonline Dokumentation Portal (de) in November.
2. Import of a List
Lists "exported" and saved in the Excel or csv formats on your local computer can be re-imported into the system after the grading process. Instructions on how to do so will be provided in the RWTHonline Dokumentation Portal (de) in November. After completion of the data import, please press the "Save" button. In order to make it possible for students and the ZPA to view the newly entered grades, it is necessary to print out the exam record and subsequently mark the grades to be "valid." Please note: Entries in the institute list that are do not exist in the candidate list will not be saved! If there are such entries in the institute list, please notify the ZPA.
In what format do I have to enter grades?
Grades are entered into the "Grade" field.
All grades have two digits with one decimal place; following the German convention, the two digits are separated by a decimal comma (not a decimal point) – e.g. "1,3", "2,7", or "5,0". Each grade bigger than 4.0 leads to the status NB, that is "not passed". In case of "No appearance" ("Nicht erschienen") please enter the grade "X" into the system, which corresponds to a grade of "5,0" (NE/not passed). If an exam or assessment is not graded but the candidate can pass or fail, please enter "B" for "passed" ("bestanden") and "5,0" for "not passed" ("nicht bestanden").
Pursuant to the General Examination Regulations (ÜPO §10 (1)), in-between grades can be given by adding 0.3 to or subtracting 0.3 from the regular, i.e. whole-number, grades 1 to 5 (excluded are grades such as "0,7", "4,3", "4,7", and "5,3"). Other grades cannot be entered into the system. The grades also apply in Diplom, Magister and State Examination (teacher training) courses. Also possible entries such as M (passed with a grade of at least 'sufficient'/4.0), Q (doctor's note), R (permitted withdrawal), S (cancellation), E (replacement), A (annulment), G/GL/GA (deletion of grade) and PAQ (exam terminated / doctor's note) cannot be entered by instructors at the department/institute.
What do I enter if students were not admitted to the exam?
RWTHonline allows you to specify requirements for admission to exams in the system, and the system automatically verifies whether the candidates meet the requirements. For the winter term, in most cases, the so-called "preliminary exam registration" process was activated. That means that students register for an exam, but the registration is conditional on the student meeting the requirements for admission to the exam.
If these requirements are met by the student and the automatic verification yields a positive result six days before the exam at the latest, the student is automatically registered for the exam. If this is not the case, the student will be automatically deregistered from the exam. Until the result of the "requirements verification" is available, the student is "preliminarily registered." The requirements for each exam are represented in RWTHonline, and the system automatically checks whether they are met by the student.
If the requirements have not been specified in the system, you as the examiner must verify whether the candidate has met the requirements and enter the grade comment "NZ" in the grade field if this is not the case. Within the grade correction deadline (mid-May, mid-November), you can overwrite erroneous NZ for exams already declared to be valid.
What do I enter if students terminate an exam due to illness?
If a student falls ill during an exam and terminates the exam, please enter the note "PA" ( = exam terminated) in the "grade" ("Note") field.
If the student does not submit a doctor's note, this entry means that the student has failed the exam (grade 5,0). If the students submits a vaild doctor's note to the ZPA after the exam, this entry is to be changed into "PAQ", which stands for "exam terminated with doctor's note." In this case, the terminated exam attempt is considered as a retroactive withdrawal from the exam due to illness.
Further steps are determined by the Guidelines for Inability to Take an Examination due to Illness, which you can find also in the Wiki intern (de), accessible from the RWTH network.
What do I need to pay attention to when sending a list?
The Excel or csv file must remain unchanged, except for the grade and date entries. If there are cases in the institute list, that are not in the ZPA registration list, these will not be saved. Please notify these cases with the ZPA separately.
Why do entered grades have to be marked as "valid?"
t is necessary to mark the entered grades as "valid" in order to make the grade available to ZPA staff and to students, who might want to register for follow-up exam dates.
Can I make changes after saving the entered grades?
Examiners can supplement or change grades after saving them. A grade may need to be changed after a student views their exam or after an oral supplemental exam.
After the exam administration system is switched to the following semester, examiners can no longer make entries. Please inform the ZPA of results if necessary.
Do I need to pay attention to anything when entering the grades for oral supplemental exams?
After oral supplemental exams, please do not change the assessment date, since the examination date counts.
Can I also view results after assessments have been closed?
Teaching units can view grade lists for the past two years through the function "Noteneinsicht für abgeschlossene Prüfungen".
Which abbreviations is the examiner able to enter on their own?
- B = a pass-fail exam has been passed
- X = exam no-show
- NZ = the requirements for admission to an exam have not been met
- PA = exam terminated by student – if the student does not submit a doctor's note, this entry means that the student has failed the exam (grade 5,0)
- U = an examination offence has been committed and thus the exam is declared invalid and marked with a fail grade (5,0)
How long must exams be kept?
You can find the regulations for saving exam work and exam records in the Guidelines in the Official Notices.
Your ZPA Contact
On this page you can find all ZPA contact persons sorted by subject.
Similar Topics
- Instructions for the Supplement Oral Examination (de) (pdf: 46 kb)
- Class Attendance (pdf: 109 kb)
- Guidelines on Medical Certificates (pdf: 443 kb)
- Additional Requirements Master (pdf: 119 kb)
- Viewing Exam Scripts (pdf: 107 kb)
- Handreichung Klausurteilnahme unter Vorbehalt (de) (pdf: 297 kb)
- Restriction Explanation (pdf: 79 kb)


text:
I've been evaluating madExcept and EurekaLog.
I discovered today that the latter (188.8.131.52beta1) holds my development system hostage and refuses to create executables unless EurekaLog is active! How incredibly arrogant, especially since I cannot get the simplest of test application to run properly with EurekaLog.
You can be sure that I uninstalled EurekaLog immediately, and you can look forward to an order for madExcept!


text:
This guy...
Pilots seem to have this short window of popularity. The OTC TIE Pilot (and his Saga incarnation) both were the same way. THey came out, moved, then sat but dwindled slowly/steadily.
I think the Army Builders are ignoring this guy in favor of spending their $$$ on #41 Clones or other figures, but over time I think they will sell.
Page created in 0.067 seconds with 19 queries.


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Here is a very fun and simple lesson that will show you "how to draw coconuts", step by step. These tasty fruity nuts have a white milky colored center that is soft but crispy and very light flavored. I myself LOVE coconuts, and anything that has coconuts in them. It's hard to believe that these nuts are covered with a green outer substance before their brown fibrous shell is exposed. Breaking into one of these fruits is extremely hard if you don't know the proper way to open up a coconut seed. Another great part of coconuts, they are filled with a watery milk that is also edible and used in sweet and savory dishes. This is a very simple lesson to follow, which means you will be drawing coconuts in no tome at all. Peace out folks and enjoy!
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