text:
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 6, by Edward Gibbon, [1788], at sacred-texts.com
Prospect Of The Ruins Of Rome In The Fifteenth Century. - Four Causes Of Decay And Destruction. - Example Of The Coliseum. - Renovation Of The City. - Conclusion Of The Whole Work.
In the last days of Pope Eugenius the Fourth, *_0072 two of his servants, the learned Poggius 1 and a friend, ascended the Capitoline hill; reposed themselves among the ruins of columns and temples; and viewed from that commanding spot the wide and various prospect of desolation. 2 The place and the object gave ample scope for moralizing on the vicissitudes of fortune, which spares neither man nor the proudest of his works, which buries empires and cities in a common grave; and it was agreed, that in proportion to her former greatness, the fall of Rome was the more awful and deplorable. "Her primeval state, such as she might appear in a remote age, when Evander entertained the stranger of Troy, 3 has been delineated by the fancy of Virgil. This Tarpeian rock was then a savage and solitary thicket: in the time of the poet, it was crowned with the golden roofs of a temple; the temple is overthrown, the gold has been pillaged, the wheel of fortune has accomplished her revolution, and the sacred ground is again disfigured with thorns and brambles. The hill of the Capitol, on which we sit, was formerly the head of the Roman empire, the citadel of the earth, the terror of kings; illustrated by the footsteps of so many triumphs, enriched with the spoils and tributes of so many nations. This spectacle of the world, how is it fallen! how changed! how defaced! The path of victory is obliterated by vines, and the benches of the senators are concealed by a dunghill. Cast your eyes on the Palatine hill, and seek among the shapeless and enormous fragments the marble theatre, the obelisks, the colossal statues, the porticos of Nero's palace: survey the other hills of the city, the vacant space is interrupted only by ruins and gardens. The forum of the Roman people, where they assembled to enact their laws and elect their magistrates, is now enclosed for the cultivation of pot-herbs, or thrown open for the reception of swine and buffaloes. The public and private edifices, that were founded for eternity, lie prostrate, naked, and broken, like the limbs of a mighty giant; and the ruin is the more visible, from the stupendous relics that have survived the injuries of time and fortune." 4
These relics are minutely described by Poggius, one of the first who raised his eyes from the monuments of legendary, to those of classic, superstition. 5 1. Besides a bridge, an arch, a sepulchre, and the pyramid of Cestius, he could discern, of the age of the republic, a double row of vaults, in the salt-office of the Capitol, which were inscribed with the name and munificence of Catulus. 2. Eleven temples were visible in some degree, from the perfect form of the Pantheon, to the three arches and a marble column of the temple of Peace, which Vespasian erected after the civil wars and the Jewish triumph. 3. Of the number, which he rashly defines, of seven thermoe, or public baths, none were sufficiently entire to represent the use and distribution of the several parts: but those of Diocletian and Antoninus Caracalla still retained the titles of the founders, and astonished the curious spectator, who, in observing their solidity and extent, the variety of marbles, the size and multitude of the columns, compared the labor and expense with the use and importance. Of the baths of Constantine, of Alexander, of Domitian, or rather of Titus, some vestige might yet be found. 4. The triumphal arches of Titus, Severus, and Constantine, were entire, both the structure and the inscriptions; a falling fragment was honored with the name of Trajan; and two arches, then extant, in the Flaminian way, have been ascribed to the baser memory of Faustina and Gallienus. *_0073 5. After the wonder of the Coliseum, Poggius might have overlooked small amphitheatre of brick, most probably for the use of the praetorian camp: the theatres of Marcellus and Pompey were occupied in a great measure by public and private buildings; and in the Circus, Agonalis and Maximus, little more than the situation and the form could be investigated. 6. The columns of Trajan and Antonine were still erect; but the Egyptian obelisks were broken or buried. A people of gods and heroes, the workmanship of art, was reduced to one equestrian figure of gilt brass, and to five marble statues, of which the most conspicuous were the two horses of Phidias and Praxiteles. 7. The two mausoleums or sepulchres of Augustus and Hadrian could not totally be lost: but the former was only visible as a mound of earth; and the latter, the castle of St. Angelo, had acquired the name and appearance of a modern fortress. With the addition of some separate and nameless columns, such were the remains of the ancient city; for the marks of a more recent structure might be detected in the walls, which formed a circumference of ten miles, included three hundred and seventy-nine turrets, and opened into the country by thirteen gates.
This melancholy picture was drawn above nine hundred years after the fall of the Western empire, and even of the Gothic kingdom of Italy. A long period of distress and anarchy, in which empire, and arts, and riches had migrated from the banks of the Tyber, was incapable of restoring or adorning the city; and, as all that is human must retrograde if it do not advance, every successive age must have hastened the ruin of the works of antiquity. To measure the progress of decay, and to ascertain, at each aera, the state of each edifice, would be an endless and a useless labor; and I shall content myself with two observations, which will introduce a short inquiry into the general causes and effects. 1. Two hundred years before the eloquent complaint of Poggius, an anonymous writer composed a description of Rome. 6 His ignorance may repeat the same objects under strange and fabulous names. Yet this barbarous topographer had eyes and ears; he could observe the visible remains; he could listen to the tradition of the people; and he distinctly enumerates seven theatres, eleven baths, twelve arches, and eighteen palaces, of which many had disappeared before the time of Poggius. It is apparent, that many stately monuments of antiquity survived till a late period, 7 and that the principles of destruction acted with vigorous and increasing energy in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. 2. The same reflection must be applied to the three last ages; and we should vainly seek the Septizonium of Severus; 8 which is celebrated by Petrarch and the antiquarians of the sixteenth century. While the Roman edifices were still entire, the first blows, however weighty and impetuous, were resisted by the solidity of the mass and the harmony of the parts; but the slightest touch would precipitate the fragments of arches and columns, that already nodded to their fall.
After a diligent inquiry, I can discern four principal causes of the ruin of Rome, which continued to operate in a period of more than a thousand years. I. The injuries of time and nature. II. The hostile attacks of the Barbarians and Christians. III. The use and abuse of the materials. And, IV. The domestic quarrels of the Romans.
I. The art of man is able to construct monuments far more permanent than the narrow span of his own existence; yet these monuments, like himself, are perishable and frail; and in the boundless annals of time, his life and his labors must equally be measured as a fleeting moment. Of a simple and solid edifice, it is not easy, however, to circumscribe the duration. As the wonders of ancient days, the pyramids 9 attracted the curiosity of the ancients: a hundred generations, the leaves of autumn, have dropped 10 into the grave; and after the fall of the Pharaohs and Ptolemies, the Caesars and caliphs, the same pyramids stand erect and unshaken above the floods of the Nile. A complex figure of various and minute parts to more accessible to injury and decay; and the silent lapse of time is often accelerated by hurricanes and earthquakes, by fires and inundations. The air and earth have doubtless been shaken; and the lofty turrets of Rome have tottered from their foundations; but the seven hills do not appear to be placed on the great cavities of the globe; nor has the city, in any age, been exposed to the convulsions of nature, which, in the climate of Antioch, Lisbon, or Lima, have crumbled in a few moments the works of ages into dust. Fire is the most powerful agent of life and death: the rapid mischief may be kindled and propagated by the industry or negligence of mankind; and every period of the Roman annals is marked by the repetition of similar calamities. A memorable conflagration, the guilt or misfortune of Nero's reign, continued, though with unequal fury, either six or nine days. 11 Innumerable buildings, crowded in close and crooked streets, supplied perpetual fuel for the flames; and when they ceased, four only of the fourteen regions were left entire; three were totally destroyed, and seven were deformed by the relics of smoking and lacerated edifices. 12 In the full meridian of empire, the metropolis arose with fresh beauty from her ashes; yet the memory of the old deplored their irreparable losses, the arts of Greece, the trophies of victory, the monuments of primitive or fabulous antiquity. In the days of distress and anarchy, every wound is mortal, every fall irretrievable; nor can the damage be restored either by the public care of government, or the activity of private interest. Yet two causes may be alleged, which render the calamity of fire more destructive to a flourishing than a decayed city. 1. The more combustible materials of brick, timber, and metals, are first melted or consumed; but the flames may play without injury or effect on the naked walls, and massy arches, that have been despoiled of their ornaments. 2. It is among the common and plebeian habitations, that a mischievous spark is most easily blown to a conflagration; but as soon as they are devoured, the greater edifices, which have resisted or escaped, are left as so many islands in a state of solitude and safety. From her situation, Rome is exposed to the danger of frequent inundations. Without excepting the Tyber, the rivers that descend from either side of the Apennine have a short and irregular course; a shallow stream in the summer heats; an impetuous torrent, when it is swelled in the spring or winter, by the fall of rain, and the melting of the snows. When the current is repelled from the sea by adverse winds, when the ordinary bed is inadequate to the weight of waters, they rise above the banks, and overspread, without limits or control, the plains and cities of the adjacent country. Soon after the triumph of the first Punic war, the Tyber was increased by unusual rains; and the inundation, surpassing all former measure of time and place, destroyed all the buildings that were situated below the hills of Rome. According to the variety of ground, the same mischief was produced by different means; and the edifices were either swept away by the sudden impulse, or dissolved and undermined by the long continuance, of the flood. 13 Under the reign of Augustus, the same calamity was renewed: the lawless river overturned the palaces and temples on its banks; 14 and, after the labors of the emperor in cleansing and widening the bed that was encumbered with ruins, 15 the vigilance of his successors was exercised by similar dangers and designs. The project of diverting into new channels the Tyber itself, or some of the dependent streams, was long opposed by superstition and local interests; 16 nor did the use compensate the toil and cost of the tardy and imperfect execution. The servitude of rivers is the noblest and most important victory which man has obtained over the licentiousness of nature; 17 and if such were the ravages of the Tyber under a firm and active government, what could oppose, or who can enumerate, the injuries of the city, after the fall of the Western empire? A remedy was at length produced by the evil itself: the accumulation of rubbish and the earth, that has been washed down from the hills, is supposed to have elevated the plain of Rome, fourteen or fifteen feet, perhaps, above the ancient level; 18 and the modern city is less accessible to the attacks of the river. 19
II. The crowd of writers of every nation, who impute the destruction of the Roman monuments to the Goths and the Christians, have neglected to inquire how far they were animated by a hostile principle, and how far they possessed the means and the leisure to satiate their enmity. In the preceding volumes of this History, I have described the triumph of barbarism and religion; and I can only resume, in a few words, their real or imaginary connection with the ruin of ancient Rome. Our fancy may create, or adopt, a pleasing romance, that the Goths and Vandals sallied from Scandinavia, ardent to avenge the flight of Odin; 20 to break the chains, and to chastise the oppressors, of mankind; that they wished to burn the records of classic literature, and to found their national architecture on the broken members of the Tuscan and Corinthian orders. But in simple truth, the northern conquerors were neither sufficiently savage, nor sufficiently refined, to entertain such aspiring ideas of destruction and revenge. The shepherds of Scythia and Germany had been educated in the armies of the empire, whose discipline they acquired, and whose weakness they invaded: with the familiar use of the Latin tongue, they had learned to reverence the name and titles of Rome; and, though incapable of emulating, they were more inclined to admire, than to abolish, the arts and studies of a brighter period. In the transient possession of a rich and unresisting capital, the soldiers of Alaric and Genseric were stimulated by the passions of a victorious army; amidst the wanton indulgence of lust or cruelty, portable wealth was the object of their search; nor could they derive either pride or pleasure from the unprofitable reflection, that they had battered to the ground the works of the consuls and Caesars. Their moments were indeed precious; the Goths evacuated Rome on the sixth, 21 the Vandals on the fifteenth, day: 22 and, though it be far more difficult to build than to destroy, their hasty assault would have made a slight impression on the solid piles of antiquity. We may remember, that both Alaric and Genseric affected to spare the buildings of the city; that they subsisted in strength and beauty under the auspicious government of Theodoric; 23 and that the momentary resentment of Totila 24 was disarmed by his own temper and the advice of his friends and enemies. From these innocent Barbarians, the reproach may be transferred to the Catholics of Rome. The statues, altars, and houses, of the daemons, were an abomination in their eyes; and in the absolute command of the city, they might labor with zeal and perseverance to erase the idolatry of their ancestors. The demolition of the temples in the East 25 affords to them an example of conduct, and to us an argument of belief; and it is probable that a portion of guilt or merit may be imputed with justice to the Roman proselytes. Yet their abhorrence was confined to the monuments of heathen superstition; and the civil structures that were dedicated to the business or pleasure of society might be preserved without injury or scandal. The change of religion was accomplished, not by a popular tumult, but by the decrees of the emperors, of the senate, and of time. Of the Christian hierarchy, the bishops of Rome were commonly the most prudent and least fanatic; nor can any positive charge be opposed to the meritorious act of saving or converting the majestic structure of the Pantheon. 26 *_0074
III. The value of any object that supplies the wants or pleasures of mankind is compounded of its substance and its form, of the materials and the manufacture. Its price must depend on the number of persons by whom it may be acquired and used; on the extent of the market; and consequently on the ease or difficulty of remote exportation, according to the nature of the commodity, its local situation, and the temporary circumstances of the world. The Barbarian conquerors of Rome usurped in a moment the toil and treasure of successive ages; but, except the luxuries of immediate consumption, they must view without desire all that could not be removed from the city in the Gothic wagons or the fleet of the Vandals. 27 Gold and silver were the first objects of their avarice; as in every country, and in the smallest compass, they represent the most ample command of the industry and possessions of mankind. A vase or a statue of those precious metals might tempt the vanity of some Barbarian chief; but the grosser multitude, regardless of the form, was tenacious only of the substance; and the melted ingots might be readily divided and stamped into the current coin of the empire. The less active or less fortunate robbers were reduced to the baser plunder of brass, lead, iron, and copper: whatever had escaped the Goths and Vandals was pillaged by the Greek tyrants; and the emperor Constans, in his rapacious visit, stripped the bronze tiles from the roof of the Pantheon. 28 The edifices of Rome might be considered as a vast and various mine; the first labor of extracting the materials was already performed; the metals were purified and cast; the marbles were hewn and polished; and after foreign and domestic rapine had been satiated, the remains of the city, could a purchaser have been found, were still venal. The monuments of antiquity had been left naked of their precious ornaments; but the Romans would demolish with their own hands the arches and walls, if the hope of profit could surpass the cost of the labor and exportation. If Charlemagne had fixed in Italy the seat of the Western empire, his genius would have aspired to restore, rather than to violate, the works of the Caesars; but policy confined the French monarch to the forests of Germany; his taste could be gratified only by destruction; and the new palace of Aix la Chapelle was decorated with the marbles of Ravenna 29 and Rome. 30 Five hundred years after Charlemagne, a king of Sicily, Robert, the wisest and most liberal sovereign of the age, was supplied with the same materials by the easy navigation of the Tyber and the sea; and Petrarch sighs an indignant complaint, that the ancient capital of the world should adorn from her own bowels the slothful luxury of Naples. 31 But these examples of plunder or purchase were rare in the darker ages; and the Romans, alone and unenvied, might have applied to their private or public use the remaining structures of antiquity, if in their present form and situation they had not been useless in a great measure to the city and its inhabitants. The walls still described the old circumference, but the city had descended from the seven hills into the Campus Martius; and some of the noblest monuments which had braved the injuries of time were left in a desert, far remote from the habitations of mankind. The palaces of the senators were no longer adapted to the manners or fortunes of their indigent successors: the use of baths 32 and porticos was forgotten: in the sixth century, the games of the theatre, amphitheatre, and circus, had been interrupted: some temples were devoted to the prevailing worship; but the Christian churches preferred the holy figure of the cross; and fashion, or reason, had distributed after a peculiar model the cells and offices of the cloister. Under the ecclesiastical reign, the number of these pious foundations was enormously multiplied; and the city was crowded with forty monasteries of men, twenty of women, and sixty chapters and colleges of canons and priests, 33 who aggravated, instead of relieving, the depopulation of the tenth century. But if the forms of ancient architecture were disregarded by a people insensible of their use and beauty, the plentiful materials were applied to every call of necessity or superstition; till the fairest columns of the Ionic and Corinthian orders, the richest marbles of Paros and Numidia, were degraded, perhaps to the support of a convent or a stable. The daily havoc which is perpetrated by the Turks in the cities of Greece and Asia may afford a melancholy example; and in the gradual destruction of the monuments of Rome, Sixtus the Fifth may alone be excused for employing the stones of the Septizonium in the glorious edifice of St. Peter's. 34 A fragment, a ruin, howsoever mangled or profaned, may be viewed with pleasure and regret; but the greater part of the marble was deprived of substance, as well as of place and proportion; it was burnt to lime for the purpose of cement. *_0075 Since the arrival of Poggius, the temple of Concord, 35 and many capital structures, had vanished from his eyes; and an epigram of the same age expresses a just and pious fear, that the continuance of this practice would finally annihilate all the monuments of antiquity. 36 The smallness of their numbers was the sole check on the demands and depredations of the Romans. The imagination of Petrarch might create the presence of a mighty people; 37 and I hesitate to believe, that, even in the fourteenth century, they could be reduced to a contemptible list of thirty-three thousand inhabitants. From that period to the reign of Leo the Tenth, if they multiplied to the amount of eighty-five thousand, 38 the increase of citizens was in some degree pernicious to the ancient city.
IV. I have reserved for the last, the most potent and forcible cause of destruction, the domestic hostilities of the Romans themselves. Under the dominion of the Greek and French emperors, the peace of the city was disturbed by accidental, though frequent, seditions: it is from the decline of the latter, from the beginning of the tenth century, that we may date the licentiousness of private war, which violated with impunity the laws of the Code and the Gospel, without respecting the majesty of the absent sovereign, or the presence and person of the vicar of Christ. In a dark period of five hundred years, Rome was perpetually afflicted by the sanguinary quarrels of the nobles and the people, the Guelphs and Ghibelines, the Colonna and Ursini; and if much has escaped the knowledge, and much is unworthy of the notice, of history, I have exposed in the two preceding chapters the causes and effects of the public disorders. At such a time, when every quarrel was decided by the sword, and none could trust their lives or properties to the impotence of law, the powerful citizens were armed for safety, or offence, against the domestic enemies whom they feared or hated. Except Venice alone, the same dangers and designs were common to all the free republics of Italy; and the nobles usurped the prerogative of fortifying their houses, and erecting strong towers, 39 that were capable of resisting a sudden attack. The cities were filled with these hostile edifices; and the example of Lucca, which contained three hundred towers; her law, which confined their height to the measure of fourscore feet, may be extended with suitable latitude to the more opulent and populous states. The first step of the senator Brancaleone in the establishment of peace and justice, was to demolish (as we have already seen) one hundred and forty of the towers of Rome; and, in the last days of anarchy and discord, as late as the reign of Martin the Fifth, forty-four still stood in one of the thirteen or fourteen regions of the city. To this mischievous purpose the remains of antiquity were most readily adapted: the temples and arches afforded a broad and solid basis for the new structures of brick and stone; and we can name the modern turrets that were raised on the triumphal monuments of Julius Caesar, Titus, and the Antonines. 40 With some slight alterations, a theatre, an amphitheatre, a mausoleum, was transformed into a strong and spacious citadel. I need not repeat, that the mole of Adrian has assumed the title and form of the castle of St. Angelo; 41 the Septizonium of Severus was capable of standing against a royal army; 42 the sepulchre of Metella has sunk under its outworks; 43 *_0076 the theatres of Pompey and Marcellus were occupied by the Savelli and Ursini families; 44 and the rough fortress has been gradually softened to the splendor and elegance of an Italian palace. Even the churches were encompassed with arms and bulwarks, and the military engines on the roof of St. Peter's were the terror of the Vatican and the scandal of the Christian world. Whatever is fortified will be attacked; and whatever is attacked may be destroyed. Could the Romans have wrested from the popes the castle of St. Angelo, they had resolved by a public decree to annihilate that monument of servitude. Every building of defence was exposed to a siege; and in every siege the arts and engines of destruction were laboriously employed. After the death of Nicholas the Fourth, Rome, without a sovereign or a senate, was abandoned six months to the fury of civil war. "The houses," says a cardinal and poet of the times, 45 "were crushed by the weight and velocity of enormous stones; 46 the walls were perforated by the strokes of the battering-ram; the towers were involved in fire and smoke; and the assailants were stimulated by rapine and revenge." The work was consummated by the tyranny of the laws; and the factions of Italy alternately exercised a blind and thoughtless vengeance on their adversaries, whose houses and castles they razed to the ground. 47 In comparing the days of foreign, with the ages of domestic, hostility, we must pronounce, that the latter have been far more ruinous to the city; and our opinion is confirmed by the evidence of Petrarch. "Behold," says the laureate, "the relics of Rome, the image of her pristine greatness! neither time nor the Barbarian can boast the merit of this stupendous destruction: it was perpetrated by her own citizens, by the most illustrious of her sons; and your ancestors (he writes to a noble Annabaldi) have done with the battering-ram what the Punic hero could not accomplish with the sword." 48 The influence of the two last principles of decay must in some degree be multiplied by each other; since the houses and towers, which were subverted by civil war, required by a new and perpetual supply from the monuments of antiquity. **_0076
*_0072 It should be Pope Martin the Fifth. See Gibbon's own note, ch. lxv, note 51 and Hobhouse, Illustrations of Childe Harold, p. 155. - M.
1 I have already (notes 50, 51, on chap. lxv.) mentioned the age, character, and writings of Poggius; and particularly noticed the date of this elegant moral lecture on the varieties of fortune.
2 Consedimus in ipsis Tarpeiae arcis ruinis, pone ingens portae cujusdam, ut puto, templi, marmoreum limen, plurimasque passim confractas columnas, unde magna ex parte prospectus urbis patet, (p. 5.)
3 Aeneid viii. 97 - 369. This ancient picture, so artfully introduced, and so exquisitely finished, must have been highly interesting to an inhabitant of Rome; and our early studies allow us to sympathize in the feelings of a Roman.
4 Capitolium adeo . . . . immutatum ut vineae in senatorum subellia successerint, stercorum ac purgamentorum receptaculum factum. Respice ad Palatinum montem . . . . . vasta rudera . . . . caeteroscolles perlustra omnia vacua aedificiis, ruinis vineisque oppleta conspicies, (Poggius, de Varietat. Fortunae p. 21.)
5 See Poggius, p. 8 - 22.
*_0073 One was in the Via Nomentana; est alter praetevea Gallieno principi dicatus, ut superscriptio indicat, Via Nomentana. Hobhouse, p. 154. Poggio likewise mentions the building which Gibbon ambiguously says be "might have overlooked." - M.
6 Liber de Mirabilibus Romae ex Registro Nicolai Cardinalis de Amagonia in Bibliotheca St. Isidori Armario IV., No. 69. This treatise, with some short but pertinent notes, has been published by Montfaucon, (Diarium Italicum, p. 283 - 301,) who thus delivers his own critical opinion: Scriptor xiiimi. circiter saeculi, ut ibidem notatur; antiquariae rei imperitus et, ut ab illo aevo, nugis et anilibus fabellis refertus: sed, quia monumenta, quae iis temporibus Romae supererant pro modulo recenset, non parum inde lucis mutuabitur qu Romanis antiquitatibus indagandis operam navabit, (p. 283.)
7 The Pere Mabillon (Analecta, tom. iv. p. 502) has published an anonymous pilgrim of the ixth century, who, in his visit round the churches and holy places at Rome, touches on several buildings, especially porticos, which had disappeared before the xiiith century.
8 On the Septizonium, see the Memoires sur Petrarque, (tom. i. p. 325,) Donatus, (p. 338,) and Nardini, (p. 117, 414.)
9 The age of the pyramids is remote and unknown, since Diodorus Siculus (tom. i l. i. c. 44, p. 72) is unable to decide whether they were constructed 1000, or 3400, years before the clxxxth Olympiad. Sir John Marsham's contracted scale of the Egyptian dynasties would fix them about 2000 years before Christ, (Canon. Chronicus, p. 47.)
10 See the speech of Glaucus in the Iliad, (Z. 146.) This natural but melancholy image is peculiar to Homer.
11 The learning and criticism of M. des Vignoles (Histoire Critique de la Republique des Lettres, tom. viii. p. 47 - 118, ix. p. 172 - 187) dates the fire of Rome from A.D. 64, July 19, and the subsequent persecution of the Christians from November 15 of the same year.
12 Quippe in regiones quatuordecim Roma dividitur, quarum quatuor integrae manebant, tres solo tenus dejectae: septem reliquis pauca testorum vestigia supererant, lacera et semiusta. Among the old relics that were irreparably lost, Tacitus enumerates the temple of the moon of Servius Tullius; the fane and altar consecrated by Evander praesenti Herculi; the temple of Jupiter Stator, a vow of Romulus; the palace of Numa; the temple of Vesta cum Penatibus populi Romani. He then deplores the opes tot victoriis quaesitae et Graecarum artium decora . . . . multa quae seniores meminerant, quae reparari nequibant, (Annal. xv. 40, 41.)
13 A. U. C. 507, repentina subversio ipsius Romae praevenit triumphum Romanorum. . . . . diversae ignium aquarumque cladespene absumsere urbem Nam Tiberis insolitis auctus imbribus et ultra opinionem, vel diuturnitate vel maguitudine redundans omnia Romae aedificia in plano posita delevit. Diversae qualitate locorum ad unam convenere perniciem: quoniam et quae segniori inundatio tenuit madefacta dissolvit, et quae cursus torrentis invenit impulsa dejecit, (Orosius, Hist. l. iv. c. 11, p. 244, edit. Havercamp.) Yet we may observe, that it is the plan and study of the Christian apologist to magnify the calamities of the Pagan world.
14 Vidimus flavum Tiberim, retortis Littore Etrusco violenter undis, Ire dejectum monumenta Regis Templaque Vestae.
(Horat. Carm. I. 2.)
If the palace of Numa and temple of Vesta were thrown down in Horace's time, what was consumed of those buildings by Nero's fire could hardly deserve the epithets of vetustissima or incorrupta.
15 Ad coercendas inundationes alveum Tiberis laxavit, ac repurgavit, completum olim ruderibus, et aedificiorum prolapsionibus coarctatum, (Suetonius in Augusto, c. 30.)
16 Tacitus (Annal. i. 79) reports the petitions of the different towns of Italy to the senate against the measure; and we may applaud the progress of reason. On a similar occasion, local interests would undoubtedly be consulted: but an English House of Commons would reject with contempt the arguments of superstition, "that nature had assigned to the rivers their proper course," &c.
17 See the Epoques de la Nature of the eloquent and philosophic Buffon. His picture of Guyana, in South America, is that of a new and savage land, in which the waters are abandoned to themselves without being regulated by human industry, (p. 212, 561, quarto edition.)
18 In his travels in Italy, Mr. Addison (his works, vol. ii. p. 98, Baskerville's edition) has observed this curious and unquestionable fact.
19 Yet in modern times, the Tyber has sometimes damaged the city, and in the years 1530, 1557, 1598, the annals of Muratori record three mischievous and memorable inundations, (tom. xiv. p. 268, 429, tom. xv. p. 99, &c.)
Note: The level of the Tyber was at one time supposed to be considerably raised: recent investigations seem to be conclusive against this supposition. See a brief, but satisfactory statement of the question in Bunsen and Platner, Roms Beschreibung. vol. i. p. 29. - M.
20 I take this opportunity of declaring, that in the course of twelve years, I have forgotten, or renounced, the flight of Odin from Azoph to Sweden, which I never very seriously believed, (vol. i. p. 283.) The Goths are apparently Germans: but all beyond Caesar and Tacitus is darkness or fable, in the antiquities of Germany.
21 History of the Decline, &c., vol. iii. p. 291.
22 - vol. iii. p. 464.
23 - vol. iv. p. 23 - 25.
24 - vol. iv. p. 258.
25 - vol. iii. c. xxviii. p. 139 - 148.
26 Eodem tempore petiit a Phocate principe templum, quod appellatur Pantheon, in quo fecit ecclesiam Sanctae Mariae semper Virginis, et omnium martyrum; in qua ecclesiae princeps multa bona obtulit, (Anastasius vel potius Liber Pontificalis in Bonifacio IV., in Muratori, Script. Rerum Italicarum, tom. iii. P. i. p. 135.) According to the anonymous writer in Montfaucon, the Pantheon had been vowed by Agrippa to Cybele and Neptune, and was dedicated by Boniface IV., on the calends of November, to the Virgin, quae est mater omnium sanctorum, (p. 297, 298.)
*_0074 The popes, under the dominion of the emperor and of the exarcha, according to Feas's just observation, did not possess the power of disposing of the buildings and monuments of the city according to their own will. Bunsen and Platner, vol. i. p. 241. - M.
27 Flaminius Vacca (apud Montfaucon, p. 155, 156. His memoir is likewise printed, p. 21, at the end of the Roman Antica of Nardini) and several Romans, doctrina graves, were persuaded that the Goths buried their treasures at Rome, and bequeathed the secret marks filiis nepotibusque. He relates some anedotes to prove, that in his own time, these places were visited and rifled by the Transalpine pilgrims, the heirs of the Gothic conquerors.
28 Omnia quae erant in aere ad ornatum civitatis deposuit, sed e ecclesiam B. Mariae ad martyres quae de tegulis aereis cooperta discooperuit, (Anast. in Vitalian. p. 141.) The base and sacrilegious Greek had not even the poor pretence of plundering a heathen temple, the Pantheon was already a Catholic church.
29 For the spoils of Ravenna (musiva atque marmora) see the original grant of Pope Adrian I. to Charlemagne, (Codex Carolin. epist. lxvii. in Muratori, Script. Ital. tom. iii. P. ii. p. 223.)
30 I shall quote the authentic testimony of the Saxon poet, (A.D. 887 - 899,) de Rebus gestis Caroli magni, l. v. 437 - 440, in the Historians of France, (tom. v. p. 180:)
Ad quae marmoreas praestabat Roma columnas, Quasdam praecipuas pul hra Ravenna dedit. De tam longinqua poterit regiona vetustas Illius ornatum, Francia, ferre tibi.
And I shall add from the Chronicle of Sigebert, (Historians of France, tom. v. p. 378,) extruxit etiam Aquisgrani basilicam plurimae pulchritudinis, ad cujus structuram a Roma et Ravenna columnas et marmora devehi fecit.
31 I cannot refuse to transcribe a long passage of Petrarch (Opp. p. 536, 537) in Epistola hortatoria ad Nicolaum Laurentium; it is so strong and full to the point: Nec pudor aut pietas continuit quominus impii spoliata Dei templa, occupatas arces, opes publicas, regiones urbis, atque honores magistratuum inter se divisos; (habeant?) quam una in re, turbulenti ac seditiosi homines et totius reliquae vitae consiliis et rationibus discordes, inhumani foederis stupenda societate convenirent, in pontes et moenia atque immeritos lapides desaevirent. Denique post vi vel senio collapsa palatia, quae quondam ingentes tenuerunt viri, post diruptos arcus triumphales, (unde majores horum forsitan corruerunt,) de ipsius vetustatis ac propriae impietatis fragminibus vilem quaestum turpi mercimonio captare non puduit. Itaque nunc, heu dolor! heu scelus indignum! de vestris marmoreis columnis, de liminibus templorum, (ad quae nuper ex orbe toto concursus devotissimus fiebat,) de imaginibus sepulchrorum sub quibus patrum vestrorum venerabilis civis (cinis?) erat, ut reliquas sileam, desidiosa Neapolis adornatur. Sic paullatim ruinae ipsae deficiunt. Yet King Robert was the friend of Petrarch.
32 Yet Charlemagne washed and swam at Aix la Chapelle with a hundred of his courtiers, (Eginhart, c. 22, p. 108, 109,) and Muratori describes, as late as the year 814, the public baths which were built at Spoleto in Italy, (Annali, tom. vi. p. 416.)
33 See the Annals of Italy, A.D. 988. For this and the preceding fact, Muratori himself is indebted to the Benedictine history of Pere Mabillon.
34 Vita di Sisto Quinto, da Gregorio Leti, tom. iii. p. 50.
*_0075 From the quotations in Bunsen's Dissertation, it may be suspected that this slow but continual process of destruction was the most fatal. - M
35 Porticus aedis Concordiae, quam cum primum ad urbem accessi vidi fere integram opere marmoreo admodum specioso: Romani postmodum ad calcem aedem totam et porticus partem disjectis columnis sunt demoliti, (p. 12.) The temple of Concord was therefore not destroyed by a sedition in the xiiith century, as I have read in a MS. treatise del' Governo civile di Rome, lent me formerly at Rome, and ascribed (I believe falsely) to the celebrated Gravina. Poggius likewise affirms that the sepulchre of Caecilia Metella was burnt for lime, (p. 19, 20.)
36 Composed by Aeneas Sylvius, afterwards Pope Pius II., and published by Mabillon, from a Ms. of the queen of Sweden, (Musaeum Italicum, tom. i. p. 97.)
Oblectat me, Roma, tuas spectare ruinas: Ex cujus lapsu gloria prisca patet. Sed tuus hic populus muris defossa vetustis Calcis in obsequium marmora dura coquit. Impia tercentum si sic gens egerit annos Nullum hinc indicium nobilitatis erit.
37 Vagabamur pariter in illa urbe tam magna; quae, cum propter spatium vacua videretur, populum habet immensum, (Opp p. 605 Epist. Familiares, ii. 14.)
38 These states of the population of Rome at different periods are derived from an ingenious treatise of the physician Lancisi, de Romani Coeli Qualitatibus, (p. 122.)
39 All the facts that relate to the towers at Rome, and in other free cities of Italy, may be found in the laborious and entertaining compilation of Muratori, Antiquitates Italiae Medii Aevi, dissertat. xxvi., (tom. ii. p. 493 - 496, of the Latin, tom. . p. 446, of the Italian work.)
40 As for instance, templum Jani nunc dicitur, turris Centii Frangipanis; et sane Jano impositae turris lateritiae conspicua hodieque vestigia supersunt, (Montfaucon Diarium Italicum, p. 186.) The anonymous writer (p. 285) enumerates, arcus Titi, turris Cartularia; arcus Julii Caesaris et Senatorum, turres de Bratis; arcus Antonini, turris de Cosectis, &c.
41 Hadriani molem . . . . magna ex parte Romanorum injuria . . disturbavit; quod certe funditus evertissent, si eorum manibus pervia, absumptis grandibus saxis, reliqua moles exstisset, (Poggius de Varietate Fortunae, p. 12.)
42 Against the emperor Henry IV., (Muratori, Annali d' Italia, tom. ix. p. 147.)
43 I must copy an important passage of Montfaucon: Turris ingens rotunda . . . . Caeciliae Metellae . . . . sepulchrum erat, cujus muri tam solidi, ut spatium perquam minimum intus vacuum supersit; et Torre di Bove dicitur, a boum capitibus muro inscriptis. Huic sequiori aevo, tempore intestinorum bellorum, ceu urbecula adjuncta fuit, cujus moenia et turres etiamnum visuntur; ita ut sepulchrum Metellae quasi arx oppiduli fuerit. Ferventibus in urbe partibus, cum Ursini atque Colum nenses mutuis cladibus perniciem inferrent civitati, in utriusve partia ditionem cederet magni momenti erat, (p. 142.)
*_0076 This is inaccurately expressed. The sepulchre is still standing See Hobhouse, p. 204. - M.
44 See the testimonies of Donatus, Nardini, and Montfaucon. In the Savelli palace, the remains of the theatre of Marcellus are still great and conspicuous.
45 James, cardinal of St. George, ad velum aureum, in his metrical life of Pope Celestin V., (Muratori, Script. Ital. tom. i. P. iii. p. 621, l. i. c. l. ver. 132, &c.)
Hoc dixisse sat est, Romam caruisee Senatu Mensibus exactis heu sex; belloque vocatum (vocatos) In scelus, in socios fraternaque vulnera patres; Tormentis jecisse viros immania saxa; Perfodisse domus trabibus, fecisse ruinas Ignibus; incensas turres, obscuraque fumo Lumina vicino, quo sit spoliata supellex.
46 Muratori (Dissertazione sopra le Antiquita Italiane, tom. i. p. 427 - 431) finds that stone bullets of two or three hundred pounds' weight were not uncommon; and they are sometimes computed at xii. or xviii cantari of Genoa, each cantaro weighing 150 pounds.
47 The vith law of the Visconti prohibits this common and mischievous practice; and strictly enjoins, that the houses of banished citizens should be preserved pro communi utilitate, (Gualvancus de la Flamma in Muratori, Script. Rerum Italicarum, tom. xii. p. 1041.)
48 Petrarch thus addresses his friend, who, with shame and tears had shown him the moenia, lacerae specimen miserable Romae, and declared his own intention of restoring them, (Carmina Latina, l. ii. epist. Paulo Annibalensi, xii. p. 97, 98.)
Nec te parva manet servatis fama ruinis Quanta quod integrae fuit olim gloria Romae Reliquiae testantur adhuc; quas longior aetas Frangere non valuit; non vis aut ira cruenti Hostis, ab egregiis franguntur civibus, heu! heu' - Quod ille nequivit (Hannibal.) Perficit hic aries.
**_0076 Bunsen has shown that the hostile attacks of the emperor Henry the Fourth, but more particularly that of Robert Guiscard, who burned down whole districts, inflicted the worst damage on the ancient city Vol. i. p. 247. - M.


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Original Trinity Hymnal, #561
How gentle God's commands,
How kind his precepts are!
Come, cast your burdens on the Lord,
And trust his constant care.
While providence supports,
Let saints securely dwell;
That hand, which bears all nature up,
Shall guide his children well.
Why should this anxious load
Press down your weary mind?
Haste to your heav'nly Father's throne,
And sweet communion find.
His goodness stands approved,
Down to the present day;
I'll drop my burden at his feet,
And bear a song away.
Page number: Blue 561, Right-Click Here to Download MIDI File
|© 2019 The Orthodox Presbyterian Church
Chaplains and Military Personnel

subset: commoncrawl


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Let $M$ be a manifold (variety, scheme, your favorite object) and let $N_1,N_2$ be two submanifolds (subvarieties, closed subschemes, ideal sheafes, etc.) such that $N_1 \cap N_2 \neq \emptyset$. Denote by $\text{BL}_{N_i}M$ the blowup of $M$ along $N_i, i=1,2$ and let $\text{BL}_{N_1}\text{BL}_{N_2}M$ be the blowup of $\text{BL}_{N_1}M$ along the proper transform $N_2^\prime$ of $N_2$. (Define $\text{BL}_{N_2}\text{BL}_{N_1}M$ vice versa).
Question: Under which conditions does the following hold: $\text{BL}_{N_1}\text{BL}_{N_2}M \cong \text{BL}_{N_2}\text{BL}_{N_2}M$ ?
This should be true if we are in the situation $N_1 \subseteq N_2 \subseteq M$, since ``blowups commute with restriction'' but is it in genreal true? If so, is there some reference available? If not, is there a criterium when blow ups commute (e.g. something like transversal intersection or) or/and can you come up with an easy counterexample?


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My sister saw me editing this picture and told me I make the same face! I don't think I do, I've never seen me make this face.... have you??
In other news, we're trying to get him to be more 'British' by saying this like 'knickers', 'brillo' and 'well-chuffed!' Dual citizenship is right around the bend! :)
31 minutes ago


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The impacts of the partial federal government shutdown are beginning to ripple across Ohio.
The National Museum of the U.S. Air Force near Dayton has closed, canceling all tours and other events. The museum has some 1 million visitors a year and is a popular place for military reunions. A spokeswoman has said that all but three security staff members of 95 museum employees would be furloughed.
Some 8,700 civilian employees at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton had been notified earlier that they would be on unpaid leave if the shutdown began. The base has a total workforce of about 29,000, including civilian and military personnel.
Other impacts of the shutdown will include closed national parks, delays in government-backed mortgages and trimmed congressional staffs.


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The April unemployment figures are out, and America added 290,000 new jobs. It's good news, but still unemployment edged up to 9.9 percent.
The problem has many layers. First, the American population continues to grow. It takes 127,000 new jobs every month just to keep up with the population. Second, the economy is starting to recover so formerly and formally "discouraged" workers are seeking work. They now count as "unemployed" and show up differently in labor force statistics.
Despite the job growth (at last!), the right wing continues with its fantasy that the recession is Obama's fault and that the Recovery Act has created no new jobs. People need to understand just how deep the hole is, and how small the Recovery Act was in comparison. The Recovery Act moved $787 billion of federal money into the economy to stimulate growth. But thanks to the downturn, state and local governments cut $600 billion out of the economy at the same time. The net effect is practically rounding error in an economy our size.
We are moving in the right direction. Our monthly jobs report moved from negative to positive. Let's give credit where it's due.
We need more recovery spending, not less. We need to put people to work fixing schools, installing wind turbines and laying new track for high speed rail. We need to move in the direction of Rep. George Miller's (D-Calif.) Local Jobs for America Act, which hires more teachers instead of laying them off.
This is the time to grow, not shrink. We can grow our way out of the deficit like our parents did. Let's ask for more, not belittle what we have.


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"Listen, if we hadn't been winning, they'd say, 'Boy, these guys really miss Soriano,' " manager Lou Piniella said before Tuesday's game against Milwaukee. "Yeah, it was unfair. These guys have all done a nice job here, but certainly if Soriano had been in there, we would be playing the same way, or hopefully a little better."
Piniella's theory may be gaining steam after a 10-7 loss to the Brewers, the fourth defeat in the last five games for the Soriano-free Cubs.
The Cubs managed 11 hits and walked eight times against Ben Sheets and four relievers but stranded 10 baserunners and failed to get decent outings from starter Jason Marquis or the middle relief corps.
They have lost three of four to the Brewers in their own ballpark, giving the Brewers confidence they can handle the Cubs after they fell apart down the stretch last summer.
"Every game is important," Derrek Lee said. "I don't think you think of any team as any more important than another. You have to rack up the wins, no matter who it's against."
On a cold night at Wrigley Field, the Cubs and Brewers dragged it out for 3 hours 40 minutes, including a 13-minute delay when plate umpire Jerry Crawford was forced to leave with an undisclosed illness after the second inning. Marquis responded to the delay by getting shelled in the third, allowing three runs on four hits to let Milwaukee take a 4-2 lead.
"I think [the delay] probably bothered both pitchers a little bit," Piniella said.
Marquis disagreed and said he wasn't affected.
"Not at all," he said. "I was able to stay loose and they gave me ample amount of time to get loose again. It didn't come into play."
Lee helped matters in the third with his eighth home run, a solo shot that tied Sammy Sosa and Lee Walls for the club record for April homers. Felix Pie's sacrifice fly tied it up 4-4 before Marquis gave up another run in the fifth on Corey Hart's two-out double and Bill Hall's RBI single.
That was it for Marquis. Piniella removed him after five in favor of Kevin Hart. But Hart provided no relief, allowing three runs on four hits and a walk in 11/3 innings. Mike Cameron, who had three hits in his first game back from a 25-game suspension for violating Major League Baseball's drug policy, contributed a two-run single in the seventh off Michael Wuertz for a 9-4 lead.
Mike Fontenot's three-run double in the seventh pulled the Cubs to within two, but that was as close as they would get.
"Our pitching wasn't good tonight," Piniella said. "We have to do a better job in the middle before we get to our short people. That has been a problem for us for a while."
Lee said the Cubs need to turn it around, and quickly.
"We don't want this string to continue," he said. "We were playing so well that it's a little disappointing to fall back. But you dust yourself off and try to get hot again."


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I live in Pumpkin Center, Georgia. Unless you live in Columbia County you have probably never heard of it (and many people in Columbia County haven't heard of it either). Its only claim to fame is that it sits at a crossroads of two highways and there is a convenience store so that you can gas up and wet your whistle before you continue your journey. It sits one mile south of I20 and many people go this way. I am not sure what the population is but I would guess around 200. We aren't even big enough to have made it onto Google Maps though the store did.
I had so much fun taking these photographs because several people stopped to say hello. I have been taking photos in this area for ten years now and most people know who I am though usually they find my car and not me. I park my car on the side of the road with a sign in the window that says, "I'm out looking at a few graves, be right back." I don't want the deputies worrying about me. I used to drive an electric blue pickup truck that had quite the reputation. No one knew my name but they knew the "cemetery lady" drove the blue truck. People would be waiting by the truck for my return so they could tell me about some old graves they knew about. Today I got some quizzical looks because they aren't used to me taking photos of street signs. Sorry the photos are so dark but it was getting ready to storm.
Here is the famous Pumpkin Center Store
Here is the crossroads. We even have a caution light!
This is facing west towards Thomson.
Copyright © 2013 Michele Simmons Lewis


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Abuse isn't just about bruises. Not all forms of abuse leave bruises where we can see them,Domestic Violence Restraining Order in 2018 . Although physical abuse is terrifying and needs to be addressed immediately there are other forms of abuse that can cause significant damage. One type of abuse that is very difficult for outsiders to detect is financial abuse. Marriage should be a partnership but when one spouse completely dominates the finances to the point that the other spouse has no control and no options financial abuse may be occurring.
What Are Signs of Potential Financial Abuse?
Every married couple handles their finances differently. In some cases one spouse handles the majority of the finances. They manage the accounts, pay the bills and deal with creditors. That does not by itself equal financial abuse.
Financial abuse occurs when one spouse is treated like an irresponsible child and Domestic Violence Organisation . They are cut off from funds and their knowledge about the couple's finances is severely limited. Some signs of financial abuse include:
•Strict Allowances. This isn't an amount that the spouses have agreed to limit themselves to but is instead a set amount that is grudgingly handed out from one spouse to the other and is all that will be given.
Documents, documents, documents. Written evidence is incredibly strong and can range from credit card bills showing that there is a credit card but that you aren't named on it to emails from your spouse that show the financial abuse.
Other witnesses can be incredibly powerful on your behalf. Financial abuse is hard for people outside the relationship to detect. So when someone credible comes in and tells the judge that it is happening and they can see it the judge will listen and Domestic Violence Helpline .
Domestic Violence Restraining Order in 2018 ?
Good self-esteem or positive identity is an asset to any person. It helps improve relationships, confidence, job performance and makes it easier to enjoy and embrace life to the fullest. When a person has been abused, their good self-esteem is threatened and often lost. Understanding how this happens and knowing practical ways to deal with it can be valuable tools in our self-help toolbox!
Each of us is born with the gift of individual person-hood. Our unique genetic make-up and DNA set us apart from all others. We have boundaries that help us to know where we stop and where others start. Inside of these boundaries and within the context of our individual person-hood, we are free to grow, to question, to risk, to explore and to experience life in our own unique way! If allowed to continue and encouraged from those closest to us, we become comfortable in our own skin (within our own boundaries) and a positive identity develops.
Abuse is an invasion of those boundaries; an attack on our individual person-hood. Abuse happens when someone stronger than ourselves overpowers us, either emotionally, physically, verbally or sexually. Even if the abuse is not "severe" in comparison to what others have experienced, the impact on our self-esteem can be severe. The boundaries between us and the perpetrator are blurred. We tend to own some or all of the blame for the abuse and thus take on what rightfully belongs to the invader. With our boundaries destroyed and our person-hood invaded, we are left vulnerable to the world around us and confused about who we really are.
A common reaction to the invasion of abuse is withdrawal. Sometimes the victim will withdraw so far that they actually dissociate from the event completely. This may be good in the long run except for the fact that the dissociation almost always involves other emotions, longings, fears and identity markers that can no longer be accessed. People who are extremely shy and introverted, people who are emotionally shut down and people who lack in social graces are often (not always) reacting to some kind of abuse. The invasion has left them afraid to feel, afraid to connect and afraid to make a mistake.
Another reaction to the invasion of abuse is an attempt to build a wall of defense. The feeling of vulnerability is countered by erecting some kind of wall that we believe will protect us. We can become very angry and keep others at arms length by our temper. We can become very controlling and thus minimize the possibility of future hurt. We can become very sarcastic or funny to deflect our real feelings. We can become an overachiever so that others will identify us by our accomplishments and not by our fears. These walls feel protective but are actually putting us in bondage. We cannot do life without our anger, control, sarcasm, humor or achievements so we are not free to be who we really are... we are forced to keep up the act... and that is exhausting.
This second reaction was my own way of dealing with childhood sexual abuse. I kept the walls firmly in place from age 11 until age 35. At that point, exhausted from trying to keep myself safe, I attempted suicide, not out of despair as much as out of exhaustion!
When we react in either of these ways to abuse, we end up losing ourselves, our true identity, our positive identity or self-esteem. There is another way. From my own experience I have learned the power of these positive and practical steps that can lead us out of brokenness and into confidence in who we really are. Consider the following:
1) Be honest about our abuse.
We cannot properly deal with all of the feelings and reactions associated with our abuse if we refuse to face what actually happened. As with any recovery program, admitting the problem is the beginning of healing.
2) Forgive those who hurt us.
Holding on to the anger, hatred, malice or even ambivalence toward our abuser only keeps us tied to them and to the abuse and its consequences. Forgiveness does not mean that you are saying it was no big deal. It is not saying that you would let them hurt you again. It is not saying that it did not happen. Forgiveness is simply a choice to release them after coming to the conclusion that there is nothing they could do that would take away what happened to us.
3) Surrender our coping mechanisms.
Just as we have to be honest about our abuse, we have to be honest about all of the ways that we have developed to try to help ourselves cope with the abuse. What walls have we erected? What masks have we put on to hide from others? What self-medicating habits have we picked up? Name these coping mechanisms and then willingly lay them down. We may need to invite a few people who are close to us into this process since we often have blind spots related to coping.
4) Embrace the truth about who we really are.
Learn to look beyond what happened to us to the person we really are on the inside. At this point, having a relationship with God is a key factor. If we have become connected with our Creator through the sacrifice of His Son Christ Jesus, we get our true identity from Him. We are His sons and daughter, regardless of our abuse, achievements, failures or coping mechanisms.
5) Join a safe community.
At this point, with walls torn down and feelings exposed, belonging to a community where we feel safe is vital. A support group, home group, counselor or accountability group can provide a place for us to grow in our new positive identity. People who know our need for healing and encouragement will be a great help in this process of rebuilding.
Commit with me not to allow past abuse in our lives to rob us of our positive identity. Choose life!
When Push Comes to Shove - Addressing Domestic Violence Once and For All
When you have a brief encounter with a narcissist, you might not realize that the person has a personality disorder which is typified by being very self-absorbed and lacking in empathy for others. However, when you are a target of narcissistic abuse, and are in a relationship with this person, your every day life becomes confusing and painful.
Before getting into ways you can rebuild your self-esteem, let's take a moment to describe the behavior of a narcissist for those who might not be clear about what the term means. An individual with narcissistic personality disorder goes through life with an overwhelming need to be validated all the time, and told they are wonderful, smarter than anyone else and are entitled to only the finest treatment by everyone. They take offense easily, and get angry quickly if they interpret a remark as being an insult. In their craving for attention and approval, they are usually adept at being charming when they want something from someone else, and then if they are refused will have an almost instant transformation into being very angry. They are quick to judge other people as inferior, and enjoy using phrases that are racist, demeaning and derogatory of other groups of people.
For example, a narcissist, feeling he is superior to everyone else, will commonly say things like, "The masses are asses!"
While some people like to say that a narcissist is someone with excess self-love or vanity, that really doesn't do more than give a surface definition. To know more, you have to understand a bit about how this disorder began, and it is typically stated in definitions of the disorder that it began with trauma early in childhood, during the phase when the child should have been developing a healthy sense of self. Instead, the child formed the opinion, usually as a result of abusive treatment including neglect, that he was not good enough the way he was and needed to create a "perfect" persona to show to the world to gain that all-important approval the child craved.
4. Are you still breathing? A relationship with a narcissistic abuser can feel devastating, but notice that you are still alive, and that means there is more for you to do and enjoy in this life, free from abuse. Part of your birthright is that you deserve to enjoy a life that you truly love wherein you make your dreams come true and feel happier than you ever believed possible. You can achieve this switch from victim to victorious by refusing to let the abuser win. Dismiss all those negative things he or she assaulted you with.
5. Every day, repeat this affirmation to yourself several times, out loud if possible so that you hear a voice telling you this: "I do enough, I am good enough, I am enough." Use the power of positive affirmations to build high self-esteem so that you will gradually replace those old negative statements that you accepted as true just because an abuser said them so often with great authority.
It is not an overnight process to rebuild your self-esteem when you have been repeatedly abused by a partner or parent with narcissistic personality disorder, but don't give up. Keep your focus on building a life for yourself where you only attract loving people and loving events to you, and you will soon find yourself smiling and enjoying peace of mind and glowing, healthy self-esteem.


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The opening night card, on Friday, August 23, 1957 offered nine races with the first race a class D trot won by Bunter's Boy in 2:12, driven by Bill Popfinger. The feature race, an invitational handicap pace for a purse of $3,000 was won by Jerry H in 2:04 and was driven by Jim Mace, the fastest mile of the evening. The track was founded by Walter Michael, shown below.
The track's leadership has continued an aggressive promotional program and extensive live-racing schedule— 220 days each year until 2005, when the Ohio State Racing Commission mandated a reduction to 204 cards, but back near the 220 mark again today—assuring Northfield Park fans a consistent racing schedule they can depend on. The track's resilient horsemen went over 1,400 consecutive race cards – nearly seven years—without a cancellation due to weather or dispute, until a snowstorm on Monday, December 13, 2004 forced the track's first cancellation since 1998.
The track is a half-mile oval, with a Eurorail pylon configuration, which is much safer than a traditional hubrail. The stretch is 440 feet in length, standard for an oval of its size, and features a "passing lane" or open stretch.


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$28.90 $14.45Online Exclusive!
Slip on a Disney sweatshirt, a Marilyn Monroe pullover, or zip yourself into a band hoodie (how about Neck Deep?) and you're ready to head out. This is the place for girls who like to feel warm and look hot. But if you're looking for sweaters, you clicked the wrong page, genius.


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AARP volunteers in Chico feel like they get as much as they give. Discover all the great ways to volunteer with AARP! Fill out our volunteer interest form to let us know how you might like to help and someone from AARP will follow up soon. Or search for an existing opportunity near you »
Austin Angels exists to serve foster families and kids. Individuals and group volunteers are matched with a local family. Each month, the volunteers pack needs items, gifts, and personal notes into a... Read More »
Austin Angels wants to match highly passionate volunteers to mentor and support one youth in foster care. Mentors will build relationships and teach life skills with the hope of creating positive... Read More »
Are you interested in hosting a High School Exchange Student through our nonprofit organization, Student Ambassador Exchange? This is a great volunteer opportunity for all types of families! Host... Read More »
Together, we create life changing wishes for children with critical illnesses! As a member of a wish team, wish granters meet with the family, help the child determine the wish and... Read More »
These volunteer listings are provided by AARP's Create the Good. Visit Create The Good to search more volunteer opportunities or post your own opportunity.
Find ways to help directly in the Chico area, whether you have 5 minutes, 5 hours or 5 days to give. Read More »
Thursday, Mar 5, 2020 at 2:00pm
Tarrant Co Comm College
Fort Worth, TX


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A round-up of stories on Washington wine from August 1st to 7th 2012. Read previous round-ups here.
From around the country…
Wine Spectator writes about Charles Smith's big plans.
Wine Enthusiast writes about Charles Smith's new Chardonnay project.
Shanken Daily News writes about Charles Smith's new Chardonnay project.
D Magazine writes about Doyenne's 2011 Roussanne.
Drink Business Review writes about Total Wine opening a store in Spokane.
Wine Business writes about Governor Gregoire visiting the Walter Clore Wine & Culinary Center.
Capital Press writes about the growth of Chateau Ste Michelle.
From the blogosphere…
Samammish Patch writes about the opening of Capri Cellars in Issaquah.
Huffington Post gives the top 18 Rieslings under $12 with callouts to Washington Hills, Murphy's Law, 14 Hands, and Flying Fish.
Heed the Hedonist writes about Forgeron Cellars' new space in Woodinville.
Hitched writes about wine touring the Tri-Cities.
Small City Branding Around the World writes that Yakima Valley branding has gone to the dogs.
Through the Walla Walla Grapevine writes about the Cavu Cellars Barbera Rose.
Wine Peeps writes about Fall Line Winery. They also write about Saviah Cellars The Jack Syrah.
Wild 4 Washington Wine writes about the Alexandria Nicole Shepherd's Mark. William also writes about a tour of Destiny Ridge Vineyard.
The Washington Vine writes about Arbor Crest.
Nectar Tasting Room and Wine Blog writes about August events in Spokane.
Write for Wine writes about Obelisco.
Manufacturing.net writes about the restarting of a bottling factory.
Zinfandel Chronicles writes about the 2003 Leonetti Cellar Cabernet.
Sauced writes about Brennon Leighton joining Charles Smith.
Lucha Vino writes about gold medal cabs.
From the locals…
The Spokesman-Review writes about wineries renovating a downtown hall.
The Seattle PI writes that Woodinville is a Mecca for wine.
The Daily Astorian writes about Initiative 1183 increasing liquor sales in Oregon.
CBS Seattle gives as guide to the best in Walla Walla.
The Yakima Herald writes about Governor Gregoire touting the state's wine industry.
KNDO writes about Governor Gregoire visiting the groundbreaking for the new wine center.
The Tri-City Herald writes about the Governor's focus on exports.
Seattle Magazine gives its best whites and reds of 2012. They also write about what's new in Walla Walla and Yakima Valley. Finally, Paul Zitarelli (Full Pull Wines) also writes an article on the Columbia Gorge.
The Columbia Basin Herald writes about turning weeds into wine.
In Walla Walla Lifestyles Myles Anderson of Walla Walla Vintners writes about making wine at home.
That's all folks!
Washington Wine Round-up August 1st to 7th 2012
A round-up of stories on Washington wine from August 1st to 7th 2012. Read previous round-ups here.
3 comments
uwp Says:
Does anyone have more info on that Brennon Leighton/Charles Smith collaboration?
As good as Brennon is with whites, I don't seem him abandoning reds (love me some Jolie Bouche/Ceidleigh), but it says he'll be in charge of an exclusively chard operation? And the asst. winemaker at K Vintners is assuming responsibility for KV. So are Smith/Leighton starting a new line? Or will this be under the Charles Smith line?
Sean P. Sullivan Says:
uwp, my understanding is that Leighton will be in charge of: 1) the Chardonnay project which will be a new winery housed in the old Whitman Cellars facility 2) the Charles Smith Wines, which includes all of reds and whites. Additionally, Leighton will start his own winery, which Smith will underwrite, where he will produce Petit Verdot, Cabernet Franc, Syrah, Grenache and Mourvèdre - although I could see that list changing.
uwp Says:
That is awesome news Sean!


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Lucky Giants shirt runs out of luck
I guess Sunday is a laundry day.
The final weekend of the regular season, I went to a men's church retreat at the beach. I brought three Giants shirts to wear over the weekend, expecting the Giants to clinch the NL West Division title against the Padres.
I wore an orange Giants T-shirt on Friday (cuz it was Orange Friday), but the Giants lost.
I broke out the black "Gigantes" T-shirt on Saturday, but the Giants lost.
So I went to the white Giants shirt with orange/black trim. I remember telling a fellow Giant fan that morning "This is the winning shirt." And the Giants won.
I didn't think much about it. Until I put that same shirt on for Game 1 of the NLCS, and the Giants won. So I began to think maybe there was something in this shirt.
I broke it out for Game 3 of the NLCS, another win.
I broke it out for Game 6 of the NLCS, another win.
So then I kept wearing it on game day. Game 1 of the World Series. Game 2 of the World Series. Win. Win.
I had it on Saturday, and I guess it ran out of luck.
Or maybe whatever I wear really doesn't have an impact on the games. Really, when you think about it, it's kind of silly. A grown man worrying about what shirt to wear. I think the experience has helped me gain proper perspective.
So I'll find something else to wear Sunday for Game 4 of the World Series … as I watch the game from my lucky chair.


text: A six-inch furry toy that vibrates and makes the genuine cooing sounds of the Tribbles from Star Trek... probably something to not buy if you've got predatory cats around the place. You never know though, since these electronic replicas have a "Klingon mode" where they get truly battle-agitated, and that might put the wind up Ginger. Due for shipping in early 2009, they'll cost around $US28 and luckily have no in-built self-replication mode. [Product via OhGizmo]


text:
6ABC meteorologist Cecily Tynan could clearly be heard saying "Moron," after tossing to fellow meteorologist Adam Joseph who began speaking while his microphone was off. This happened around 6:37 p.m. Monday.
But instead of admitting that it happened, first Joseph tweeted: "Let me make this clear if you just watch our weather hit. Cecily did not say "moron" she said "do you want mine on" (the mic) lol Too Funny!
Moments later however, Joseph tweeted what seemed like a confirmation of the comment.
"Man twitter is blowing up over the comment by @cecilytynan! Even if she did say it, its in good humor. We are like brother and sister.
Closer to 7 p.m., anchor Jim Gardner made the matter more bizarre with a somewhat rambling explanation that Tynan had not insulted Joseph.
"Maybe I shouldn't even acknowledge this but the folks who thought that Cecily called Adam an untoward name when Adam was having trouble with his microphone, that's not at all true," Gardner stated.
Inquirer Morning Newsletter
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"What Cecily was saying was "Do you want mine on? My microphone on. And then Adam had a chance to fix his microphone before that even became an issue. If you thought that Cecily called Adam an untoward name that's not the case at all. We don't do that here. We are a family, we love each other," Gardner said before looking at someone, possibly Joseph, off camera and then added "You're acting like a moron." Laughter could be heard on set.
Of course, to make matters worse, Tynan then posted an even more absurd explanation on Facebook about the situation, a picture of which is posted here.
Don't they know the cover-up is always worse than the crime?
For those viewing the video, the moron comment is made about 12 seconds in. After Tynan hands off to Joseph.


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Banner Boswell Medical Center
Welcome to Banner Boswell Medical Center. Our hospital has been the anchor of community health care since 1970 and Sun City's influence is tangible in our offerings as a destination medical center specializing in the diseases of the elderly. Your comfort and recovery is important to our entire staff, which is dedicated to creating a healing environment for you and your family.
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text:
These are the Built in Functions provided by Visual Basic. VB offers a rich set of built-in-functions for manipulating strings, numbers, dates and time. Built in functions are important and useful as they cut down effort and time, if one has to write the entire program all over. This tutorial is going to cover some of the important and commonly used string functions available in the Visual Basic Library.
String Functions
The string functions allow you to work with strings in numerous ways such as changing cases, extracting characters from a string, determining whether a character is a part of a string etc. etc.
1. The LCase and UCase Functions
these two functions convert strings to all lower or all upper case. The LCase( ) functions converts a string into all lower case and UCase( ) does exactly the opposite. These functions might be useful if you want to compare strings.
The Syntax would be :-
LCase(String) UCase(String)
Consider the following example :-
Print UCase(âhello worldâ)
The output would be HELLO WORLD.
Print LCase(âStuDEntsâ)
Will produce string students.
Note that both the functions work ignorant of the fact whether the string has upper or lower case characters or not. They simply convert all the characters to upper or lower case respectively.
Now consider the following example.
Example 1.1
Obtain text from textbox txtLocation and determine whether the user lives on Earth or not. Remember that the user can enter the location in any possible case combination. You should be able to compare with all cases .
Private Sub txtLocation_Change( ) Dim Loc As String Loc = âearthâ If UCase(txtLocation.Text) = UCase(Loc) then MsgBox âSo you live on earth, welcome humanoid! â End if End sub
Essential Fact:
Note that it is essential for both stings to be equal in case as WELL as in LENGTH. Try running the Above code with a trailing blank in the text box, you wont get any result. Handling such problems is discussed further in the tutorial. You can also use LCase function (on both sides of course) instead of the UCase function that has been used in the above example. Always remember that you can compare strings in two ways; case â ignorant or non ignorant, depending on the need.
2. The Len Function
This Function gives you the length of the string i.e. how many characters long the string is. All the characters are counted ( punctuation, numbers, alphabets, special characters and blank spaces. Etc)
The Syntax is:-
Consider this:
Dim sAddress As String, iResult as Integer sAddress = â125 Princeton Streetâ iResult = Len(sAddress)
After the above code is executed the variable iResult stores the value 20 , which is inclusive of the blank spaces in the sAddress variable.
This function can be used very effectively in allowing minimum and maximum length for a value. For example, a password field may have a minimum of 6 characters and a maximum of 20 characters, and this can be verified by the Len( ) Function.
3. The Trim, LTrim and RTrim Functions.
These functions remove leading (LTrim function) or trailing(RTrim Function) from a string. These functions donât affect any spaces between words. The Trim( ) function simply accomplishes both LTrim( ) and RTrim( ) function, i.e. removes all leading and trailing blanks.
LTrim(String) RTrim(String) Trim(String)
Users may inadvertently type spaces into a text box, and you can use these functions to account for that, but mostly the Trim( ) function is used with fixed-Length strings, user defined types, and Random Access Files.
Now consider the following code example:
sResult = LCase(Trim(â EXCEL â)
the variable sResult will store the value âexcelâ in it. Here weâve used a function as an argument for another function. This is commonly done and an efficient way to program.
Now letâs re-write the program of example 1.1
This time note that the blank spaces in front or back of text should not affect the result.
Private Sub txtLocation_Change( ) Dim Loc As String Loc = âearthâ If UCase(Trim(txtLocation.Text)) = UCase(Loc) then MsgBox âSo you live on earth, welcome humanoid! â End if End sub
See, now the code works irrespective of the blank spaces in front or back of the main text.
4. Left and Right Functions
These are two functions that are used to extract a certain number of characters from the leftmost or rightmost portions of a string. These functions require two arguments L the original string, and the number of characters to extract from that string.
Left(string, no-of characters) Right(string, no-of characters)
Now consider the following example code.
Dim Pname As String Pname = âSamuel Williamsâ Print Left(Pname, 6) Print Right(Pname, 8)
The above code produces the result:
The first word Samuel is printed because of the statement
Print Left(Pname, 6)
see that it has been assigned to take the Pname string containing âSamuel Williamsâ and extract 6 leftmost characters from it. Similarly the code:
Print Right(Pname, 8)
extracts 8 rightmost characters from the Pname string.
5. Mid Function and Mid Statement.
Mid function is used to extract characters from the middle of a string, we need three arguments here: the Original String, the place to Start Extracting characters, and the number of characters to extract.
Mid(String, start-position, no-of-characters)
for example, the following code :
Print Mid("Green Day Rocks", 7, 3)
will print âDayâ, starting from the 7th character extracting 3 characters including the start position character. Try changing the start position and no of characters values in the function and notice the different results obtained.
Also note that all characters are included in the operation.
The Mid Statement not only extracts the characters, but also replaces them with the text you specify. Since this is a statement and not a function, you donât get a result, rather the action is completed for you,
For example, in the following code, an unscrupulous person typed in the variable sInput that âGreen Day Sucksâ, you can change it to âGreen Day Rocksâ by the following Code:
sInput = "Green Day Sucks" Print sInput Mid(sInput, 11, 5) = "Rocks" Print sInput
here we see that the position of âSâ in âSucksâ is at 11 position from start, in the string âGreen Day Sucksâ, therefore we input â11â as start position to replace, and since there are 4 preceding unwanted characters, we input â5â as the total number of characters to be replaced. The â=â character indicates by which string to replace which we write on the right hand side, which is âRocksâ
SEE the difference in the First Print and the second print. And by applying your own Kode LogiK, you can specify the start position, the number of characters to replace and the text to put in the original place.
Now consider an example that uses both Mid( ) function as well as Mid Statement.
-Write a function namely AltCap that receives a String argument and returns the string wherein each alternate character is in Uppercase.
Now add this code in the general declaration part of a form.
Public Function AltCap (ByRef sInput As String) As String Dim i As integer, sCurrentChar As String For i = 1 to Len(sInput) sCurrentChar = Mid(sInput, i, 1) âMid Function Used if i Mod 2 = 0 then Mid(sInput, i, 1) = LCase(sCurrentChar) â Mid Statement Used. Else Mid(sInput, i, 1) = UCase(sCurrentChar) â Mid Statement Used. End If Next i AltCap = sInput End Function
Now call the Function in a Command Buttonâs click( ) event.
Private Sub Command1_Click() Dim myString As String myString = "I want to be a leet" myString = AltCap(myString) Print myString End Sub
The output would be produced as :
I WaNt tO Be a lEeT
Note that blank spaces are also âuppercasedâ in the function that we have used, which obviously doesnât have any effect.
6. InStr Function
The InStr function searches for strings within strings.
InStr([start],string1,string2,[Compare]) â[ ] means optional.
Is a numeric expression that sets the starting position for each search, if omitted, the search begins at the first character of the string.
Is the String in which to search.
Is the string to be searched for in the âstring1â string.
Specifies the type for string comparison. â0â for case sensitive search and â1â for case insensitive search.
Is a numeric expression that sets the starting position for each search, if omitted, the search begins at the first character of the string.
Is the String in which to search.
Is the string to be searched for in the âstring1â string.
Specifies the type for string comparison. â0â for case sensitive search and â1â for case insensitive search.
Bringing to your attention:
there are two ways to compare strings â case sensitive and case insensitive.
> case sensitive is a Binary Comparison
e.g. string âVBâ and string âvbâ are not equal in this case.
>case insensitive is a Text Comparison.
e.g. string âVBâ and string âvbâ are equal in this case.
> case sensitive is a Binary Comparison
e.g. string âVBâ and string âvbâ are not equal in this case.
>case insensitive is a Text Comparison.
e.g. string âVBâ and string âvbâ are equal in this case.
By default VB6 will use the Binary method to compare strings unless explicitly specified.
Now Consider the Following Code.
Dim SearchString, SearchChar, MyPos âthis is the String to Search in SearchString = âthe earth is the third planet in the Solar systemâ âthis is the String to Search for SearchChar = âSâ â Textual Comparison starting at position 1 returns 12 MyPos = InStr( 1,SearchString, SearchChar,1) Print MyPos â Binary Comparison starting at position 1 returns 38 MyPos = InStr( 1,SearchString, SearchChar,0) Print MyPos âIf you simply omit the compare and start argument, it will return 38 MyPos = InStr( SearchString, SearchChar) Print MyPos âNow to search for a Sting that doesnât exist. MyPos = InStr( 1,SearchString,âXâ,1) Print MyPos â ^^Returns â0â
InStr is a function and will return the position of the first occurrence of the search string . if the string is not found then it will return â0â.
Something more
InStrRev( ) is a related function here. It works similar to the InStr function, but it performs the search BACKWARDS.
7. Space Function
this function by itself produces a certain number of spaces.
Space(number) âNumber argument is the number of spaces you want in the string.
Consider the following example code.
Dim MyString MyString = âHelloWorldâ Print MyString â this line inserts 10 blank spaces in between âHelloâ and âWorldâ MyString = âHelloâ& Space(10) & âWorldâ Print MyString
the best use of Space( ) is to clear fixed length strings.
sRecord = Space(128)
8. String Function
this function is used for producing a string with certain number of repeating characters.
String(number,character) âNumber >> number of characters to be repeated âcharacter is the character to repeat âor you can also input character code
ForExample, the following code
sResult = String(10,65) â65 is the character code for uppercase âAâ
will return âAAAAAAAAAAâ
Now consider this :
Dim MyString MyString = String(5, â*â) âReturns â*****â âCharacter code for â*â is 42 MyString = String(5, 42) âReturns â*****â MyString = String(10, âABCâ) â returns âAAAAAAAAAAâ Print MyString
Remember that no matter how long the string you enter in the character argument, it will always select the first character of that string. So entering âABCâ or âABCDEFGHâ wont matter much, as âAâ will be selected in both cases.
9. Str Function
this function converts a number into equivalent string.
Syntax Str(number) âThe Required number argument is a long containing any valid numeric expression.
when numbers are converted to strings, a leading space is always reserved for the sign of number. If number is positive, then the returned string contains a leading space and the plus sign is implied, else a â-â sign is put in front of the number.
The following example uses the Str Function to return a sting representation of a number.
Dim MyString MyString = Str(1302) Print MyString âReturns â 1302â MyString = Str(-12503.54) Print MyString âReturns â-12503.54â MyString = Str(234.007) Print MyString âReturns â 234.007â
10. Asc Function
This function is used to get a characterâs equivalent ASCII code
Normally you would use a single character enclosed in quotes or one character resulting from another function, but using a multi character string doesnât cause an error; the function will simply take the first character of the string.
For Example the following code will print 68, the ASCII code of character âDâ.
sObject = âDonkeyâ iResult = Asc(sObject) Print iResult
11. Chr Function
This function returns a String containing the character associated with the specified character code.
The Syntax
where the required charcode argument is a Long that identifies a character.
Numbers from 0 â 31 are the same as standard, non preintable ASCII codes. For example, Chr(10) returns a linefeed character. The normal range for charcode is 0 â 225. However on DBCS systems, the actual range for charcode is from -32768 to 65535.
Now consider the following example:
Dim MyChar MyChar = Chr(65) âReturns âAâ MyChar = Chr(97) âReturns âaâ MyChar = Chr(62) âReturns â>â MyChar = Chr(37) âReturns â%â
12. StrReverse Function
This Function returns a string in which the order of a specified string is reversed. Its Syntax is


text:
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text:
Bratislava Climate & Weather
Bratislava enjoys a continental climate with four distinct seasons, though it can often be very windy, causing a drop in temperature. In summer, between June and August, weather is hot and dry, while winters, between December and February, are cold and wet.
Autumn and spring tend to be mild and pleasant, but are much shorter seasons. Average temperatures in Bratislava range from 30°F (2°C) to 25°F (-6°C) in the winter months, and from 66°F (19°C) to 70°F (21°C) in the summer months.
Become our Bratislava Travel Expert
We are looking for contributors for our Bratislava travel guide. If you are a local, a regular traveller to Bratislava or a travel professional with time to contribute and answer occasional forum questions, please contact us.


text:
At this point in season 3 of Boardwalk Empire, it's difficult to tell if Gyp Rosetti (Bobby Cannavale) is maddening, entertaining or some spectacular concoction of the two. The series has always had some eccentric and volatile personalities, but none so prone to neurotically searching for pejorative meaning in the context of every sentence as Mr. Rosetti.
The gangster is still hanging around Tabor Heights, ready to intercept caravans of booze en route to Arnold Rothstein (Michael Stuhlbarg) in New York, so, rather than risk bloodshed and further delay Rothstein's shipments, Nucky (Steve Buscemi) sits down with Gyp to discuss his feelings on the matter and tries to make amends. Since Rosetti is the type of person who could "find an insult in a bouquet of roses," it's only a matter of time before Nucky's cool, business-like demeanor (or anything else, really) rubs Rosetti the wrong way and the fireworks start. But for the most part, things go well; Nucky offers Rosetti another month's worth of booze and, as an undeserved apology, even invites him to a private dinner in Atlantic City.
At dinner, Nucky anticipates Rosetti's reaction to a comment, which nearly ends with a Rosetti flare-up, but he diffuses the situation basically by asking if that's the road they're headed down. The trick seems to work, and the pair get on cordially enough until Nucky fails to show up the next morning and personally see to it Rosetti's rum is handled with care. This, in and of itself, is likely insult enough, but things get completely misconstrued when Owen Slater (Charlie Cox) reads a message from Nucky as "bone for tuna," rather than "bon fortuna." Nucky's absence, Owen's sloppy listening skills and what Rosetti perceives as a backhanded, condescending "good luck," results in a prolonged stay in Tabor Heights and to commemorate the occasion, a sheriff served up extra crispy.
If there's one thing that 'Bone for Tuna' excels in showing, it's how one tiny, misperceived slight can snowball into a catastrophic mess. More troublesome yet, it seems the Sicilian's penchant for fixated thought has rubbed off on Nucky, who, plagued with sleepless nights is caught between an inattentive lover in Billie Kent (Meg Steedle) and a distant, yet troublesome wife in Margaret (Kelly Macdonald). With his thoughts on the absent Billie, Nucky somnambulates his way through a ceremony with the Church regarding his endowment of land, while Margaret essentially uses the whole thing as a means by which to ambush a doctor into starting a prenatal clinic at the hospital. The whole thing manages to make Nucky feel isolated and alone, something that troubles him nearly as much as the recurring dreams of a young Jimmy Darmody, which his mind essentially decides is the beginning of how things started to change.
It likely doesn't help that Nucky is reminded of the fact after seeing Gillian (Gretchen Mol) greet Rosetti at The Artemis Club. Gillian's been on the sidelines so far this season, but her conversations with Rosetti and Lucky Luciano (Vincent Piazza) have revealed that she's been reduced to paying Nucky for a piece of whatever her club brings in, and that she's partnered up with Luciano – who's not very attentive when it comes to matters of upkeep on the house. Surprisingly, we find out Luciano is of a mind that Jimmy's coming back, which poses the question: just who is aware that he's dead? While Rosetti doesn't manage to get such intimate details from Gillian during their conversation, there's quite a lot to be inferred from her reply to Gyp's question of, "Lose your own flesh and blood, what do you have?" As Gillian states: "You don't have anything."
One may, however, have the act of vengeance, as Richard Harrow (Jack Huston) demonstrated in the season premiere. So far, the dismissive way in which most everyone treats Richard has worked to his advantage. No one connected him to the death of Manny Horvitz, and he's managed to come across knowledge that Mickey Doyle (Paul Sparks) is taking credit for his kill, as a means to threaten a few extra hundred dollars from his customers. This doesn't sit too well with Richard; the Manny hit was meant to send a message, it was retribution for his taking of an innocent life – one that Richard cared deeply about. His explanation to Nucky seems to suffice, and when questioned about reprisal for Jimmy, Richard essentially chalks it up to Jimmy being a soldier; sometimes, soldiers die. Richard is certainly capable of much more than restocking liquor shelves and taking soon-to-be messed up kids to the circus. Now Boardwalk Empire is in a race to find out who sees value in Richard first, Nucky or Gillian.
The same can be said for the wayward Nelson Van Alden (Michael Shannon), who is getting razzed by his co-workers for his rather straight-laced demeanor. Thankfully, Nelson's new wife is full of positive reinforcement, which, in turn results in Nelson blowing off some steam at a local speakeasy, and later, offering a bribe to a Prohibition agent to avoid being arrested. It's one annoyance after another with these iron salesmen, and rousing morning speeches about the state of smooth clothing aside, it doesn't seem like George Mueller is long for the world of door-to-door sales. Van Alden's proven himself capable (and entertaining) at enforcing his will in the past, so with sales down, ink on his good work shirt and an incredibly small apartment he's sharing with a new wife and two kids, good 'ol George Mueller's likely going to be paying a visit to the flower shop of Dion O'Banion (Arron Shiver) pretty soon.
With the state of affairs out of the way, and a fairly potent demonstration of just how fragile everyone's business and egos are, Boardwalk Empire looks ready to heat things up and get into the meat of season 3.
Boardwalk Empire continues next Sunday with 'Blue Bell Boy' @9pm on HBO. Check out a preview of the upcoming episode below:


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Top Republicans on the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence said Friday they wouldn't take part into an investigation into the Bush administration's interrogation policies, arguing the probe of the intelligence agency is a counterproductive step "backwards" for CIA reform.
The probe, launched earlier this fall by Attorney General Eric Holder and the Obama administration, will review the legality and ethics of the policies used in the interrogations of key post-Sept. 11 terror suspects including mastermind Khalid Sheik Mohammed. Holder appointed a special prosecutor last month to probe allegations of detainee abuse, but continued to stress that criminal charges wouldn't necessary be inevitable after the investigation.
"Had Mr. Holder honored the pledge made by the president to look forward, not backwards, we would still be active participants in the Committee's review," said panel member Sen. Christopher S. Bond (D-Miss.), according to the Washington Post. "What current or former CIA employee would be willing to gamble his freedom by answering the Committee's questions? Indeed, forcing these terror fighters to make this choice is neither fair or just."
Committee chairman Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.) said the loss of Republican supporters was regretful but that the investigation would proceed.
Get more: The Washington Post