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Tuesday, September 15, 2009
No shortage of money (13)
A few readers have raised the issue of whether we should be worried about the negative growth of money and credit in recent months. M2 money supply has fallen about $70 billion from its March high, and total bank credit has dropped by almost $400 billion since its peak of last October. Despite these declines, my argument continues to be (this is the longest-running theme on this blog I think) that there is no shortage of money in today's economy, and therefore no need to worry that the economy is being starved of money and therefore at risk.
This first chart illustrates the sharp swings in M2 money growth over the past year. David Rosenberg worries that "the deflation in credit, wages and rent is a toxic brew." But when money and credit growth were surging in late 2008, he was even more bearish on the economy than he is now. The problem lies in taking things out of context. The recent slowdown in money growth should be seen as a reversal of the explosive growth of money in the Sep. '08 through Mar. '09 period. Money growth took off because of a surge in money demand which was accommodated by the Fed's ultra-easy monetary policy. That surge in demand was in turn a by-product of extreme fear that the global financial system was on the verge of collapse. Now that these concerns are fading, it is only natural that money demand should fall and money balances should shrink. And in any event, the year over year growth rate of M2 is still a very healthy 7.6%. Any faster and monetarists would start worrying about a big acceleration in inflation.
This next chart shows the velocity of M2 (how many times each dollar of M2 is spent per year). I've used reasonable estimates for the growth rates of nominal GDP and M2 in the third quarter: 5.6% and -3.3%, respectively. I've highlighted the uptick in velocity that these numbers reflect, which works out to an annualized rate of growth of about 9% in the current quarter. If money velocity continues to rise at this rate, then money balances can shrink by 3-4% and the economy can still enjoy 3-4% real growth. That velocity is now rising is a very important development, since velocity is the inverse of money demand. Money demand is falling, and money balances are getting spent, and that is a major factor pushing the economy forward.
This next chart shows M2 growth over the past 50 years. As should be obvious, money growth almost always picks up in advance of recessions and almost always slows down as the economy moves from recession to recovery. The current pattern of declining money growth is exactly what we should expect to see. Indeed, this chart suggests that money growth could slow a lot more and the economy could still enjoy healthy rates of growth.
Finally, this last chart shows the growth in Total Bank Credit over the past 15 years. I've estimated a trend growth line of 7.5% per year, which is a bit more than the 6% average growth in M2 over this same period, and just a bit slower than the 7.8% annualized growth in this series since 1973. What you see is that the slowdown in bank credit since last October is mainly "payback" for the unusually rapid growth in bank credit in the 2005-2008 period. One reason for the slowdown in bank credit is that banks have tightened their lending standards, and that is reflected in surveys of lending officers. Another reason is that a lot of people want to reduce their debt burdens these days; deleveraging is being actively pursued by individuals and corporations alike. Another reason is that government borrowing has surged and is displacing private borrowing. Taken in isolation, any of these reasons could be cause for concern, but in today's context it's not obvious that the economy is starved for money. Indeed, the growth in M2 money balances remains very healthy, and above all, the Fed remains extremely accommodative. The current level of bank credit outstanding is exactly in line with historic growth trends.
UPDATE: As supply-sider, I should add that while the availability of credit certainly facilitates growth, it is not essential for growth. Growth is not created by extending credit; growth is fueled by work, productivity, investment and risk-taking. The bulk of the credit extended in any given year comes not from newly-created money, but from money that has been earned by others and subsequently lent to borrowers.
11 comments:
- Antonio said...
Regarding the bank credit "trend line" and the current deleveraging process in many countries, it seems to me, utterly unfamiliar with monetary technicalities, that "there's plenty of money in the banks", but very little credit allocated now to corporations, small sized firms and households. At least that is now the situation in Spain, which I acknowledge can be quite different in United States. So ¿would it make sense that future expectations on inflation remain low, just because unwinding in the future reserves that remain idle in banks won't make a real impact on economy?
¡Hope I could make my point as clear as possible:-) Gracias!
- September 15, 2009 at 11:55 AM
- Scott Grannis said...
Things seem worse than they actually are. According to Merrill Lynch, in the first 8 months of this year investment grade corporate borrowers were able to raise about $220 billion in new cash through bond sales. Since early 2008 they have raised some $450 billion. Bank credit is down, but individuals have managed to increase total mortgage debt by over $700 billion, also according to Merrill Lynch. Some people are having real problems, of course, but in aggregate it's tough to see any major problem.
In any event, borrowing is not what drives inflation. Inflation happens when the Fed supplies more money to the world than the world wants to hold. That the dollar's value is falling, gold is rising, and commodity prices are rising are all signs that we may have an oversupply of money and thus a future problem in the form of higher inflation.
Instead of looking at reserves, I think it is better to just look at real-time prices like the dollar, gold, commodities, the yield curve, etc. They can tell you what is going on with intersection of money supply and demand.
- September 15, 2009 at 12:22 PM
- Family Man said...
I highly apreciate your blog, and that's why I have to ask you.
Why do you think US corporates (insiders) are that more sellers of its own equities than buyers?
(another Mr.Rosenberg argument)
- September 15, 2009 at 2:59 PM
- Scott Grannis said...
I've known Rosenberg for a long time, and have always thought that he is very selective about the data or the facts that he uses to support his view of the world.
I don't pretend to be an expert on insider selling/buying. But I do know that most corporate insiders are granted stock options as incentives, and these options vest from time to time and have expiration dates. If the option is exercised in the money, it triggers a tax liability that can be considerable, and many executives thus routinely sell all or part of the shares that they receive when exercising their options. For many executives, the exercise of stock options may provide a considerable part of their annual compensation, thus limiting their ability to accumulate shares.
Apart from that, I am not aware of any academic studies that show a strong correlation between insider sales and the subsequent performance of stocks. If anyone does know of something along these lines, please let us know.
I would note that insider selling was reportedly huge last April and has continued to exceed buying ever since. Those who sold in April-June are not looking very smart right now; whether those who have sold more recently will prove to be prescient remains to be seen. At the very least this would suggest that insiders are not good judges of the future direction of the economy.
- September 15, 2009 at 5:04 PM
- Blake Huber said...
Dear Family Man --
Just to add to Scott's answer to your question (a question I have had recently myself), I think at least part of the explanation for insider selling is that many folks were terribly underwater this spring and have decided to sell now that they are at a profit. This behavior seems very normal to me anytime we have had a steep plunge in the market followed by a relatively quick run-up. There is still a lot of fear in the market that we will have another crash (an understandable fear for anyone not a market professional) as evidenced by Scott's posts on current high levels of implied volatility and wide IG bond spreads. I'm only speculating, but I think these are good indicators of market fear felt by corporate insiders who want to get out when given the first opportunity to sell in more than a year.
kind regards,
- September 15, 2009 at 10:28 PM
- Scott Grannis said...
Blake: good points, they make sense to me
- September 15, 2009 at 10:34 PM
- Family Man said...
Thanks for the answers,that makes sense to me. And another idea, corporations were forced to go deep cost cut - regular salaries were heavily down, and maybe the other part of the incentive - stock options went strongly up making huge equties overhang which is beeing sold now. So if that backs to normal it will be stock positive.
Thanks again
Family Man
- September 16, 2009 at 4:42 AM
- Public Library said...
"Growth is not created by extending credit; growth is fueled by work, productivity, investment and risk-taking."
What if all the work, productivity, investment, and risk-taking occurs with borrowed funds?
Isn't that what happened between 2003-2008?
- September 16, 2009 at 8:13 AM
- Scott Grannis said...
Public: Well, that's precisely what a lender would hope for, isn't it? The person you lend money to better do something productive with it, or you won't get your money back.
I think what you're referring to, though, is what happens when the Fed makes money too cheap. That encourages people to borrow money and speculate (e.g., by buying commodities and real estate), rather than to use the funds to engage in productive activities (e.g., new plant and equipment, training, computers, etc.). Inflationary monetary policy is bad because it steers money towards speculative activities and away from productive activities, with the result that living standards fail to rise.
- September 16, 2009 at 10:51 AM
- Public Library said...
Precisely what I am referring to. Do you really believe the current cheap money is allocated to the most proper uses for our economy?
Hardly. Most corporations are not expanding PP&E at all. The banks and investors are using it to speculate.
I have no doubt we will revisit the calamities of 2008. It is a matter of timing and the level of euphoria provided by the government that determines the size of the next bust.
People are definitely starting to feel high again. You can smell it. Once the bears throw in the towel this market will hit the stratosphere.
But buyers beware...
- September 16, 2009 at 11:11 AM
- Scott Grannis said...
I don't think money has been cheap enough for long enough to produce any speculative excesses. This economy is still in the process of transitioning out of the real estate and commodity excess/booms. Not sure what it's transitioning toward yet. Stocks are not overpriced. What asset is obviously overpriced? Gold is the only thing that comes to mind.
- September 16, 2009 at 12:21 PM


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subset: commoncrawl


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Ericsson quickens up cable broadband
Five times faster, but will we benefit?
Ericsson has taken the 100Mbit/s VDSL2 telephone cable broadband standard and made it go five times faster.
VDSL is very high bit rate Digital Subscriber Line technology, and is a follow-on technology to ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) which first established a data transmission channel parallel to the voice transmission channel on the twisted copper pair cables used in our beloved POTS (Plain Old Telephone System). The lure of broadband transmission along the installed POTS infrastructure is that you don't have to run expensive fibre cables to peoples' houses, as the Cable TV companies do. Instead you use the existing telco 'last mile' copper from the local exchange to the household and send data and video over it in a so-called triple play with voice.
VDSL, running at 52Mbit/s, was approved as a standard in November 2001, by the International Telecommunication Union and runs at 100Mbit/s - much faster than ADSL1's 8Mbit/s download and 1Mbit/s upload speeds. It's also much faster than second generation ADSL2's 12Mbit/s download and 3.5Mbit/s upload speeds. The ITU approved VDSL2 at 100Mbit/s in February, 2006.
All these standards featured decreased performance as the length of the copper wire increased. What Ericsson has managed to do is effectively insulate or decouple one pair of copper wires in a bundle of them from the others, by reducing the effect of interfering noise or crosstalk in the cable bundle. This affects the data signal going along each twisted pair and reduces the achievable speed and distance.
Ericsson calls this vectorised DSL and claims it's demonstrated a more than 500Mbit/s transmission at 500m distance by using this and line bonding - bundling six lines (twisted pairs) into one. A line bonding standard is available today, and Ericsson says that the standardization of vectoring is expected by the end of 2009.
Line bonding is OK for the case where many lines are going into an end-point, such as a business - it's no use for households with one line going in. So, for them, we could expect around 83Mbit/s at 500m distance from the exchange.
Will we finally get household IPTV, HDTV, video-on-demand and broadband nirvana from this? It seems not for everyone, because the distance from the exchange is the killer. VDSL2, if adopted, should boost the paltry ADSL speeds we have today, unless BT and other telcos contend the lines to hell, and should also extend the reach of near-broadband speeds out into the places that ADSL can't get to now.
Ericcson says that power management of cables using vectorised VDSL2 is better than the current situation, and that its new technology also makes it possible to use existing copper networks as a backhaul for radio base stations, accelerating future rollout of HSPA and LTE-based high-speed mobile broadband services. ®


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Photo of Eagle Flying by Robert Jones who took many great photos of the eagles while camping at Lucky Lake
Eagle viewing is pretty touchy-- sometimes they will sit in a tree and let you drive by, but just like deer, if your on foot, they spook very quickly. Best thing to do after spotting one is to stand very still (in shadows if possible) and watch quietly, moving only when it's head is turned or down feeding BUT be aware, they have excellent eyesight and have spotted me coming out on my porch from the other side of the lake (over 1/4 mile) and spooked. Best to enjoy the beauty from where you first spot them and you never know, I've seen them fishing, bathing (they will go completely under the water and come up shaking like a dog, then fly up to one of the lakeside trees to dry out) and a couple of times I have seen the pair fly high over the lake, spiral down, one will flip over, grab the others talons and they both spiral down, breaking off a few hundred feet from the water. Now that is a real treat to see!
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http://www.leenks.com/gallery2112.htmAwesome year book "send off" pages
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What is it?
ELM is the "Electronic Library for
ELM is brought to you by your local library or school media center, the MINITEX Library Information Network and State Library Services with state appropriations to Minnesota Office of Higher Education and the Minnesota Department of Education, and federal LSTA funds under the support of the
The Legislative intent for this appropriation is to provide the best possible access to information resources across the educational spectrum (including K-12, higher education, state government and public libraries) on a statewide basis.
What's in ELM?
7 Gale/Cengage Learning databases - Kids InfoBits, InfoTrac Junior Edition, InfoTrac Student Edition, Junior Reference Collection, Discovering Collection, Professional Collection, and ¡Informe!
5 EBSCO databases - MasterFile Premier, Academic Search Premier, Business Source Premier, Regional Business News, and EBSCO MegaFile
ProQuest Newsstand Complete
WorldCat via OCLC FirstSearch
E-Books via NetLibrary
Why is it important?
Every Minnesotan is entitled access to these resources. In some cases, the ELM databases represent the total number of research resources that a library can afford and in others an essential supplement to their collection of e-resources.
The ELM collection of databases is multi-disciplinary as well as reaching all patron types from K-12 to adult learners.
The ELM databases offer a variety of Web 2.0 tools that can make using the databases more efficient for library staff and library users. Learn how with the activities in this Thing. Choose the databases you use most often or one you have never used and play with these features.
New instructions for creating RSS search alerts are in Issue 8. of the 23 Things News.
1. Create a Search Alert
Here is the Minitex response to the questions in the comments below. Thanks to all who took the time to comment and email about this problem. Live and learn!
"After much testing and consultation with one of our IT staff here at MINITEX, here's the scoop on EBSCO's and Gale's RSS feature. The information we provided in the blog was correct. Those are the correct steps to take to establish RSS feeds. However, there are two major, unavoidable issues that most everyone who accesses the ELM databases and attempts to set up RSS feeds will face. These issues force us to have to modify the way we set up RSS feeds...These issues will be communicated to EBSCO and Gale and hopefully they will be able to improve their RSS feature. However, it is not only a vendor problem. The other half of the problem resides with web-based reader providers such as Google, Bloglines, and Yahoo and how their technology functions as well."
Rather than repeat the new (longer) instructions and explanations here, we put the instructions in the News.
Thanks to Jennifer Hootman, MINITEX Reference, for getting the answer.
Challenge (optional)
The databases are more than articles. Explore the multimedia
1. Perform a subject search on "child health" in InfoTrac Student Edition. Then, review the multimedia results from this search. Click on "Study: Kids' Lack of Sleep Hurts Parents, Too." Listen to the broadcast via NPR by clicking on the link provided. Find the NPR News Feed for "Children's Health" and set up a feed to this topic with your RSS reader.
Page Composer
If you have not already done so, create a personal folder/account in Academic Search Premier (The folder is available in any EBSCO database). Once you have an EBSCO account, enter your personal folder and click on "Web Pages." Then, click on "Page Composer" in the upper right hand corner of your folder contents. You will be prompted to name the web page. Give it any name you like.
Make use of the utilities on the left hand side of your Page Composer tool and create a web page with any bit of text on it you would like to include. Once you have completed your web page, save the file to your computer or flash drive.
For assistance, check out this short video (2 min. 50 sec. – QuickTime).
Challenge (optional)
1. Perform a search on a topic of your choice in Academic Search Premier. As you find relevant results that interest you, add them to your folder. Access your folder and click on the "Web Page" feature. Then, click on "Page Composer" to create a new web page. Give it a name and create a web page adding saved result items from your folder including each item's abstract. Create a background and add some explanatory text about your search.
2. Add a search box to Academic Search Premier to your web page and list subject terms and keywords that were useful to your search. E-mail this web page (html file) to yourself and a colleague. Also, if you have one, save it to your flash drive.
3. ProQuest
Create a Web Page
In ProQuest Newsstand Complete, perform a topic search on "social networking" (be sure to select the radio button for "suggest topics") and click on "view" documents for "Web sites and Social networks." Refine your search to 2007, full-text, and the publication Washington Post. Mark any results that you would like to read or share with a colleague. When you are done marking results, click on the "My Research" tab and then, click on "create a web page." E-mail the html file to yourself and a colleague. Then, save it to your flash drive (download).
For assistance, check out this short video (1 min. 47 sec. – QuickTime).
Challenge (optional)
In ProQuest Newsstand Complete, perform a search on a topic of your choice. As you find relevant results that interest you, mark them. When you are done marking results, use the "create a web page" feature to create an html file from your marked records. Use the "Edit" utility to make comments on your web page. After saving your comments, e-mail the web page to yourself and a colleague. Then, save it to your flash drive.
4. NetLibrary
1. Search within eContent & Make Notes
If you have not already done so, create a free account in NetLibrary. Perform a keyword search on "web site." Review your results and click the "View this eBook" link for the title 101 Ways to Promote Your Web Site. Using the "Search this eContent" utility, search the term "branding." Click on a few "view this page" links in your results list. On one of the pages you are viewing, click on the "Notes" tab and create a note with that page. Next time you log-in to NetLibrary, you can go directly to your "Favorites & Notes" to view the notes you made on ePages within a title you were reading and researching!
For assistance, check out this short video (1 min. 34 sec. – QuickTime).
Challenge (optional)
In NetLibrary, create a new account with a colleague in which you will have a shared folder. [Do this part separately and at different times but agree on a topic and eBook] Perform a search on a topic of interest to you and your colleague. Then, select an eBook that both you and your colleague would be interested in investigating further. Once you have selected an eBook, search the eContent and make notes independently. When you are both done, click on "Favorites & Notes" and view the notes that your colleague has made on ePages of your chosen eBook. This can be a great tool for collaboration, teaching in the classroom, and group work!
ELM really does provide the world of information—authentic, valid information—at your fingertips. Learning to be an efficient searcher of the databases—via training from MINITEX staff in your region or online via Webinars—will help you help your patrons.
- How can these tools be applied to your everyday work?
- How can these tools facilitate collaboration with your colleagues?
- How can these tools benefit your patrons/students?


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Last edited: 19 January 2015
International conferences
- NEW: 2-13 December, 2019 (Madrid, Spain): COP25 - The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is hosting the twenty-fifth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP25) has been scheduled to take place in Feria de Madrid in Madrid, Spain from 2-13 December, 2019. More information...
- 22-24 January 2020 (Faro, Portugal): CONSOLFOOD2020 - To be held at the Institute of Engineering, Universidade do Algarve, Campus da Penha. The conference will focus on solar thermal food processing. The deadline for receipt of abstracts was 15 June 2019. More information...
- See also: Global Calendar of Events and past events in Chad
Most significant solar cooking projects
- The Solar Cooker Project helps to improve the lives of Darfur refugees living in Chad - More than 50,000 people in four Darfur refugee camps in Eastern Chad are using locally made solar CooKits designed by Solar Cookers International. The project is run by Tchad Solaire and by the British NGO CORD. It is funded by Jewish World Watch and the Kozon Foundation. The project has improved the safety and survival of the women in the refugee camps. Previously, they were faced with dangerous and arduous trips outside the camps to collect scarce firewood. Two of the most extensive projects are at the Touloum Refugee Camp and the Iridimi Refugee Camp.
- See other Most significant solar cooking projects worldwide.
News and recent developments
- January 2015: Scholarly paper documents the available sunshine in the Sahel region of Africa - Authors, Beth Newton, Sophie Cowie, Derk Rijks, Jamie Banks, Helen Brindley, and John h. Marsham have published a well-documented analysis of the potential sunshine available for solar cooking in the Sahel region, particularly in northern Chad where a number of Sudanese refugee camps are located. TchadSolaire has been training both refugees and the indigenous population to solar cook in the region since 2005. Even along river population centers where clouds tend to form, solar cooking is possible for over 330 days a year. Read more: Solar Cooking in the Sahel - NOWCAST
- November 2013: Only solar cooking makes something like this possible - In 2009 several hundred women from Darfur refugee camps gathered together, each carrying a pot of raw food and a folded 12" x 12" cardboard and aluminum foil CooKit. They were preparing a farewell dinner for an international team that had been evaluating their solar cooker project. The women opened their CooKits and left their pots of food to cook unattended for 90 minutes while they sat in the shade. The result was a banquet for hundreds of people. If each of these woman had been required to haul a fuel-efficient stove and a bundle of wood to this location along with her pot of food, she would have had to stay out in the sun, along with the other women, to tend her fire through the cooking process. Imagine hundreds of fires burning in the desert sun to cook what the ladies in this photo cooked with no fuel and no fire at all.
- May 2013: Solar cookers preparing food for 30,000 people daily at the refugee camps in Chad - Derk Rijks, a volunteer with the KoZon Foundation, recently responded to Jewish World Watch with this note of appreciation. "Last week I was at the Touloum Refugee Camp. The chief of the workshop, Fatimé, told me there were new arrivals. We walked over to the last of the dunes and there was one woman who had just walked in with four kids, sitting in the sand. Her village was bombed one week ago, and she had fled to escape the Janjaweed, walking for seven nights. Fatimé looked at me, I nodded " yes", and in the next few hours she had her cooker and started her solar cooker training, even before she had a shelter. No words needed, no paper needed. That is the way your contribution works." He also explains, in the six camps where they work in Chad, and in the villages of the population around the camps, about 29,000 families now do solar cooking, and about 130,000 people are eating solar cooked meals. In this part of the world solar cooking works about 300 days a year. From the empty bags of the food shipped in by the World Food Programme, and the snippets of aluminum foil and cardboard left over from the manufacture of the cookers, the refugees make "thermos baskets" to keep the food, cooked between 1 p.m. and 4 p.m., warm until the evening meal at 5 p.m. or 8 p.m. They do not have to search for wood so much any more and there are far fewer conflicts for that reason. As one of the elected representatives of the women refugees said: "Solar cooking brings us justice and peace".
- December 2012: Jewish World Watch, originator of the Solar Cooker Project for Sudanese refugees, reviews their current programs at several of the refugee camps in Chad – As a result of a joint security force between Chad and Sudan, violence against women has declined some since the project began seven years ago. Cord, their partner at the Farchana refugee camp, sees solar cooking as a way to keep girls in school, and not spending hours finding fuelwood for cooking. For others, the project has meant help for the environment and the air quality conditions for women previously using open fires. When the Jewish World Watch contingent first visited the camps many years ago, the refugees had just arrived and the encampment was meant to be temporary. The hope and expectation was that within a few months or a couple of years at most; they would return to their homes. But now, seven years later, it is clear that returning to Darfur is not a reality and the camps are turning into permanent settlements. As a result, the programs for the refugees must begin to move away from survival resources and begin to address ways of achieving self-sufficiency and permanence. In other words, helping to create a life, not an existence. Future larger scale solutions will be needed to address and benefit the surrounding communities, as well as the refugee camps, to help with the integration of the Sudanese residents. Read more...
- May 2011: Solar Household Energy (SHE) was commissioned to test acceptance of the HotPot solar oven in the Gaga refugee camp in eastern Chad. It shelters 20,000 people from Darfur in Western Sudan. Patrick Fourrier, a French solar cooking expert affiliated with Bolivia Inti Sud Soleil, completed the first phase of the project last month. He will also ensure that local support systems set in place to encourage continued use of the solar ovens are working effectively. Read more in the SHE spring update 2011.
- January 2011: Ten solar box cookers have recently been completed, and been placed in the hands of ten community leaders, who have just finished half of their training provided by PROMOSOL located in N'Djaména. Currently, there is a waiting list backlog of about sixty orders for cookers, as they try to keep pace with the enthusiastic response from the community. Once this current group is trained, they will begin in February to train others in the manufacture of the box cookers.
- December 2010: Offsets for Darfur: is an initiative designed by SENSE Foundation to target both environmental issues and support the Solar Cooker Project - an ingenious solar delivery and training program for Sudanese refugees in Chad based camps delivered and facilitated by Solar Cooker International, Kozon and Jewish World Watch. The benefits of "Offsets for Darfur" are twofold with both environmental and humanitarian aid aspects including the mitigation of: • carbon output in Chad refugee camps, • health issues related to firewood cooking. • women's safety issues related to sourcing firewood outside of camp boundaries • and unemployment in refugee camps - the project offers training and employment opportunities within the camps.
- December 2010: Solar power helps tackle deforestation. According to Climate Action Network (CAN), a worldwide network of roughly 500 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) working to promote government and individual action to limit human-induced climate change, the Chad government's decision last year to ban the use of firewood for cooking was a brave attempt to reduce deforestation, but it has caused significant hardship among those who depended wood for cooking. It has been strictly enforced, and families have been forced to burn everything from furniture to plant roots to cook. The KoZon Foundation, the Chad Ministry of Women Affairs and other groups have distributed more than 2,000 solar stoves to women in areas of greatest need, primarily rural. As usual, effective training and follow-up have been important in introducing the solar cookers. More Information...
- January 2010: Photos and discussion of evaluation visit to the Iridimi Refugee Camp - Karyn Ellis
- September 2009: The Edmond Burke High School has raised $3000 in bake sales for the Jewish World Watch project in the Darfur refugee camps.
- January 2009: Chad Government's ban on charcoal and fresh cut fire wood in N'djamena creates 'explosive' fuel shortage crisis in city: Here's what's happening in N'djamena this week after the charcoal ban went into effect: "'As we speak women and children are on the outskirts of N'djamena scavenging for dead branches, cow dung or theoccasional scrap of charcoal,' Merlin Totinon Ngutan, head of the UN Human Settlements Programme (HABITAT) in Chad, told IRIN from the capital. 'People cannot cook. Women giving birth cannot even find a bit of charcoal to heat water for washing,' Mrs. Narmadji, with the Association of Women for Development in Chad, told IRIN." (Source: Banging pots and pans to end charcoal ban - allAfrica.com)
- November 2007: Cooking in Darfur: Solar stoves cleaner, safer for refugees - Monterey Herald
- March 2007: Darfur refugees keep on cookin' - Solar Cooker Review
- February 2007: Jewish World Watch is now coordinating donations for people wishing to donate to provide solar cookers to the Darfur refugees in Chad.
- February 2007: Darfur heroes honored - The Long Beach Press Telegram
- January 2007: $8 stove life-saving gift to Darfur women
- August 2006: Solar Cookers International (SCI) is partnering with The KoZon Foundation, a Dutch charitable group, to assist Darfur refugees living in Chad. In 2004, KoZon volunteer Derk Rijks trained fifteen women in the capital, N'Djamena. He returned in early 2005, after getting approval from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), to start a solar cooker demonstration project at Iridimi refugee camp, one of the camps hosting Darfur refugees. Marie-Rose Néloum, one of the previously trained women, took the plight of the refugees to heart and joined Rijks to train refugee women to use solar CooKits and teach others, starting in early 2005. Women responded very enthusiastically and those who learned to solar cook fulfilled their promise to teach others. CooKits were soon assembled on-site by refugee women, who earn an income through this activity. A production workshop was completed in early 2006. The workshop is located in a neutral zone of the camp, close to the offices of the camp administrator, CARE. Refugee women from each of the camp's ten zones take turns training new groups of five to six people. The refugee women at Iridimi camp, as well as head trainer Néloum and two other staff, have persevered in promoting solar cooking even as the security situation has grown increasingly unstable since April 2006. As of July 2006 Iridimi camp had 32 certified solar cooking trainers, 21 CooKit assemblers, 566 trained families, and 1200 CooKits distributed, two to four per tent. Fifty-four women were interviewed in July 2006. Thirty-nine of them solar cook every day; twelve solar cook five to six days a week; and three solar cook two to four days a week. To minimize their reliance on firewood, many families would like to maximize use of all their CooKits. However, about a quarter of the families have sold one or more of their cooking pots in exchange for precious food. SCI and The KoZon Foundation are working together to provide supplies to make CooKits, training, monitoring and accountability to brighten the lives of Darfur refugees at Iridimi camp in Chad. Groups and organizations such as the Darfur Assistance Project and Jewish World Watch, both based in southern California (USA), and many individuals have donated to SCI in support of this project. Additional logistical and communications support from UNHCR and CARE International is invaluable in continuing project operations. Barring significant disruptions, each Iridimi camp household will have two or more CooKits by early 2007.
The history of solar cooking in Chad
- Main article: History of solar cooking
Archived articles
Climate, Culture, and Special Considerations
- Chad is generally sunny. Local sources of firewood are depleted. It is a good region for solar cooking. (Source: Juan Urrutia Sanz, 2010-Feb-15)
See also
- Discussion of northern Africa's suitability for solar cooking
- Solar cooker dissemination and cultural variables
- View an interactive map of Chad
Construction plans in Arabic
- CooKit
- CooKit variation (made from smaller pieces of cardboard)
- Minimum Box Cooker
- Solar Water Pasteurizer
Refugee camps in Chad with solar cooking projects
- Touloum Refugee Camp
- Iridimi Refugee Camp
- Oure Cassoni Refugee Camp
- Gaga Refugee Camp
- Farchana Refugee Camp
- Am Nabak
- Kounoungou Refugee Camp
- Mile Refugee Camp
Articles in the media
- February 2014: Surviving Genocide in Sudan and Congo - Tikkun Daily
- December 2012: Forward With Intention: Solar Cooker Project - Huffington Post
- March 2009: How are solar cookers saving lives in Chad and Darfur? - HowStuffWorks
- February 2009: Simple Tool That Saves Women's Lives - Parade Magazine
- February 2009: Chad: After firewood ban, N'Djamena walk over burning coals
- February 2009: How are solar cookers saving lives in Chad and Darfur? - HowStuffWorks
- July 2007: Simple sun-cooker takes off as a way to help Darfuris (includes video) - The Christian Science Monitor
- March 2007: Hands-on help: Columbia Jewish Congregation gives solar cookers to Darfur refugee women - Washington Jewish Week
- March 2007: Darfur refugees keep on cookin' - Solar Cooker Review
- February 2007: Darfur heroes honored - Long Beach Press Telegram
- January 2007: $8 stove life-saving gift to Darfur women
Audio and video
- July 2010:
- March 2010:
- April 2009:
- September 2007:
- July 2007:
Web pages
SCI Associates
- Main article: Solar Cookers International Association
Manufacturers and vendors
Government agencies


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With the success of touch tablet computing and phones, I thought I would have seen more of an attempt at introducing mainstream multi-touch technology to workstations by now? Is everyone just waiting for Apple to lead the way or are patents stopping its development? Maybe its the lack of tactile response that is impeding development or just that people don't like change?
Anyone got any thoughts on this?


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Department of Anthropology
Recent grad takes top honors in the annual competition.
Music-anthropology double degree holder Travis Knapp '07 won first place and a $10,000 scholarship for his song "Before You Go" in the BMI...
Emily MacDowell '06 works to bring education to rural Nigerian children. by Liz Getman '09
It was a frigid Saturday evening in November, yet small beads of sweat dripped from Emily MacDowell's forehead. The young alumna was finishing preparations for an event she'd begun...


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NORWALK - Martha Stewart says her younger sister, Laura Kostyra Plimpton, has died in a Connecticut hospital of a brain aneurysm. She was 59.
The home decorating business executive says on her website that Plimpton suddenly fell ill Monday morning and was taken to Norwalk Hospital. She died Wednesday.
Stewart said her sister, the youngest of the six siblings, worked for her and her company for more than 25 years. She edited, researched, wrote and photographed content for Stewart's blog and other publications.
Stewart said her sister was kept on life support for her children to say goodbye and to test for organ donations.
Plimpton is survived by her husband, Randy, three children and two sons-in-law.


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Segregation ended decades ago in Alabama, swept away by the civil rights marchers who faced down police dogs and fire hoses in the early 1960s. Yet segregation is still mandated by the state's constitution, and voters on Nov. 6 will get only their second chance in years to eliminate an anachronism that still exists on paper.
Amendment 4 — the proposal to delete the state constitution's archaic language affirming segregation — is tucked amid routine issues of sewers, bonds and city boundaries on a crowded Election Day ballot. It is a striking call to see if Alabama will repeat what it did in 2004, when the state voted to keep the outdated and racially controversial language.
The second time will not be any easier than the first because Alabama's two largest black political groups are urging a "no" vote. They say the proposed changes would wipe out some racially charged language, but would retain segregation-era language saying there is no constitutional right to a public education in Alabama. They have been joined by the state's main teachers' group in refusing to go along.
Never mind the supporters who say it is time to shed the last reminders of an era of discrimination.
Alabamians have not been reluctant to amend the 111-year-old constitution in the past: They have approved more than 800 amendments in their history, making theirs the US' longest state constitution. It is now four times longer than the average constitution and, come Nov. 6, could get 30 more amendments added to its heft.
However, making changes involving segregationist language often is vexingly difficult. The US Supreme Court declared anti-miscegenation laws unconstitutional in 1967, for instance. Yet it was not until 2000 that Alabama voters removed the state constitution's ban on interracial marriage. Even then, 40 percent voted to keep the ban.
This time, black groups are leading the opposition to change. The Alabama Democratic Conference and the Alabama New South Alliance say the change, backed largely by white Republicans with a pro-business approach, looks like a "feel good" change, but is not.
Amendment 4 would excise outdated language about poll taxes and separate schools that many consider racist. Yet critics say the language being proposed as a substitute undermines funding for public education by reaffirming that there is no right to a public education at taxpayers' expense.
Alabama's constitution once provided for "a liberal system of public schools throughout the state for the benefit of the children." However, attitudes changed after the US Supreme Court banned school segregation in 1954. Angry Alabama citizens voted in 1956 to amend the constitution to say there is no right to a public education at taxpayers' expense.
Supporters of Amendment 4 say retaining the two outdated provisions from an era when African-Americans attended separate schools from whites sends a harmful message. They argue that it could drive off businesses from a state struggling to lower an 8.3 percent unemployment rate that remains above the national average.
Amendment 4's sponsor, US Senator Arthur Orr, said he knows other states have used the racist language against Alabama when competing for industries.
Alabama Democratic Conference chairman Joe Reed said no one pays attention to the school segregation and poll tax language because it has been effectively dead for half a century.


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Gucci Mane's 7 Strangest Career Moves
Just four short years ago, Gucci Mane was sitting on top of the rap world. He was featured on the official remix for Mariah Carey's hit single, "Obsessed." His own single, "Wasted," was near the top of several Billboard charts. And we were all anxiously awaiting the release of his second solo album, The State vs. Radric Davis. Life was good for Gucci, and it looked like he was destined to be a superstar.
Unfortunately, that's not how things played out for him. Due to a number of legal issues, a slew of subpar releases (we still haven't forgiven him for teaming up with V-Nasty for BAYTL!), and several high-profile beefs, Gucci Mane's career has gotten sidetracked. And he pretty much ensured that he will never be the mainstream star that we thought he would be earlier this week when he went on a Twitter rant and took shots at everyone from Nicki Minaj and Waka Flocka Flame to Eminem and Drake. (Gucci later claimed his ex manager hacked his Twitter account.) It's not the only questionable call Gucci Mane has made in recent years, though. Here, 7 other strange career moves.
Photo Credit: This Is 50
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Liberty News
Liberty professor makes presentation at Oxford
Liberty University professor Rob Van Engen participated in the fifth annual Autonomous Learning World Caucus (ALWC) at Linton Lodge and Exeter College at Oxford University, Oxford, England, March 8-12. The ALWC is an international forum that discusses human resource development, autonomous learning and learner-centered leadership.
Van Engen is Liberty's assistant director for Christian/Community Service and teaches GNED classes as an assistant professor in the School of Religion. He graduated from LU in 1987 with a bachelor's in Pastoral Leadership and holds a master's in Ministry Leadership from Grand Rapids Theological Seminary.
His presentation, "For Human Resource Professionals: Embracing a Biblical Worldview for an Improved Global Perspective beyond the 21st Century," will also be used for his doctoral thesis, the only remaining part of his Ph.D. in Organizational Leadership at Regent University.
"The theme of all my degrees has been leadership," said Van Engen.
He called his time at Oxford an "unbelievable experience," especially the opportunity to see where J.R.R. Tolkien and C.S. Lewis learned, wrote and communicated their ideas. While there, he was able to relate much of what he teaches in his GNED course on the Christian worldview.
"The environment was incredible, just to be in an atmosphere of learning like that. … The university that we presented at … was established in 1317, and so just knowing that you're in that environment gives you a sense of 'wow,' of awe, that you're there," he said.


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The U.S. Air Force operates the "world's largest airline" and every $10-per-barrel increase in crude oil boosts its annual operating costs by $610 million, Air Force Secretary Michael Wynne said on Thursday.
The Air Force's bill for aviation fuel was about $6 billion in fiscal 2007, Wynne told a defense industry group. He declined to predict what the total would be for 2008.
U.S. crude oil futures soared to a record above $135 a barrel on Wednesday, more than double the price of one year ago.
"We are very concerned about the instability in oil prices because it wreaks havoc on how we manage our flying-hour program across the Air Force, just as it is wreaking havoc on the pricing statistics for an airline," Wynne said.
The jump in fuel prices has hammered the U.S. commercial airline industry, forcing seven small carriers to file for bankruptcy or to close their doors in the past five months.
The Air Force spent just over $6 billion on fuel costs in fiscal 2006, more than double its costs in fiscal 2001, before the start of the war in Afghanistan.
The Air Force, which has 19,000 pilots operating 5,700 aircraft and also flies unmanned aircrafts, has launched an ambitious drive to reduce its carbon dioxide output and reduce its reliance on foreign oil.
The House of Representatives adopted an amendment on Thursday evening as part of a $601.4 billion defense spending bill that would require the Pentagon to include greenhouse gas emissions as one of many criteria for buying new weapons.
Rep. Jay Inslee, a Washington Democrat, said his amendment would help promote greater energy efficiency by the Pentagon, the No. 1 U.S. energy consumer, and promote national security by reducing U.S. reliance on foreign oil.
Wynne, asked about the amendment before it was adopted, said he welcomed any moves by Congress to address energy efficiency, but said the Pentagon was already moving aggressively on such issues.
Wynne said the Air Force aimed to certify by 2011 that its entire fleet of bombers, fighters, transport planes and other aircraft could fly on a domestically produced 50-50 blend of synthetic and petroleum-based fuel.
Some Air Force bases are already using alternative energy sources for power. Nellis Air Force Base near Las Vegas opened the largest U.S. solar-electric panel farm in December -- a move that saves about $1 million a year.
Another big concern for both the Air Force and commercial airlines is variations in types of fuel, which makes planning difficult, he said.
The Air Force is studying whether to switch from JP-8, a jet fuel, to a different type, Jet A, a move that could save it $30 million a year and reduce the number of different jet fuels it uses, Wynne said.
The House also passed a second Inslee amendment that urges the Pentagon to increase the efficiency of its computers and cut operating costs with software by automatically scaling the performance of platform processors, based on demand.


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Gildonsyd Surname Ancestry Results
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A highly unoriginal thread based on "Listening Spot Check" only with books instead of music (I look forward to hearing from June's lawyers)
I'm currently enjoying David Mitchell's "number9dream", a genre hopping tale set in Japan, concerning a young man's search for his father (with diversions into a WW2 kamikaze pilots diary & a children's story about a litarary goat!) I'm about 3/4 in to it & can't see where it's going to end up (always a good sign I think). As with Mitchell's "Cloud Atlas" I suspect the parts will all fit together in unexpected ways.
Anyone else reading any books worth talking about?


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Oops, forgot my password!
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Inspector finds discipline insufficient in a third of Southern California cases
A parole agent was accused of soliciting one parolee to murder another.
A licensed psychiatric technician reportedly engaged in overly familiar relationships with five different inmates, including sex with two, and brought marijuana into a correctional institution.
A supervisor allegedly failed to deliver 3,400 letters and packages to and from inmates, attempted to shred assorted mail and took money from an office safe.
These are among more than 200 incidents of alleged misconduct contained in a new report about the state Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. The state's Office of the Inspector General issued the semiannual report on cases closed between July and December as part of a process created through federal court oversight.
The report lists cases by their regions — north, south, central and headquarters — but does not specify which incidents occurred at Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in Otay Mesa. The prison has 1,400 employees and an annual budget of $128 million.
The report, which reviewed disciplinary actions by the department, noted that the south region had the highest percentage of cases with insufficient disciplinary actions — at 32 percent.
Some of the cases were handled administratively while others were forwarded to county prosecutors, officials said.
Terry Thornton, a prisons spokeswoman, said the majority of the more than 46,000 employees are hardworking, professional and do what's right — "but we're not different from other organizations: There is always that small percentage of people who cause problems."
In one incident, a supervising cook allegedly allowed inmates to tickle and fondle him and called one inmate "cutie" before following him into a bathroom area. The internal affairs investigation didn't generate enough evidence to be referred to prosecutors.
Department investigators complied with policies and procedures in response, the inspector general said.
In another case, the report said, a prison guard accepted an inmate's challenge to a fight, which was broken up by another guard when "it appeared the inmate was prevailing."
View the Video Watchdog Minute: Prison misconduct
The guards hatched a plot to make the inmate appear at fault, including later removing him from his cell so the guard involved in the fist fight could assault him to "fabricate a legitimate reason for the injuries he suffered earlier," the report said. The guard pleaded no contest to misdemeanor charges, the report said.
Another case in the report described a staff services analyst who allegedly referred to male colleagues in derogatory terms. It said the analyst threatened co-workers by telling them her ex-husband was a special agent with internal affairs and displayed nude photos of men on her state-issued computer.
The inspector general's office says it continues to work with the department to improve investigations and on the employee discipline process.
"We are not proud of the fact that we have employees who engage in misconduct," Thornton said. "But we are proud of having a system where misconduct is reported, where it's investigated and where appropriate resolutions occur."


text: The Jet Ski and Trailer Woodcraft Kit includes 29 pre-cut wood pieces, instructions, is 5.0" x 2.5" x 3.0" in size, and requires just white plain glue (not included). The trailer can be hooked up to several other wood model kits, such as the Sports Car, Cruiser, and 4x4 Pickup Truck. These woodcraft kits are for kids ages 7 and up, and designed to produce hours of fun assembling, painting, and playing with them.We also carry a complete line of Beads, Birdhouse Kits, Christmas Crafts, Craft Supplies, Kids Crafts, Misc Crafts, Wood Craft Kits, and much more.


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This calculator should be used as an approximate guide only. Patterned papers may vary the number of rolls required. We can take no responsibility for over or under ordering.
We deliver to UK Mainland Only
Delivery on orders up to £100 is as follows:
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All deliveries use a standard delivery service that usually takes 3-5 working days. Please note that in some cases wallpaper samples may have to be ordered in from the manufacturer, which may cause an additional delay to delivery times.
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A4 wallpaper samples are 90p each and will be delivered FREE via standard Royal Mail that usually takes 3-5 working days.
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We are unable to offer an offshore and international delivery service at this time. However we welcome enquiries to see if we can find a way to meet your requirements.
Ice RD80099
Roll Width:53 cm
Roll Length:10.05 m
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Match:Free Match
Colour Difference: The colour of images shown on your screen may differ from real life. Whilst we do our best to faithfully reproduce colours, some variation may occur. Please request a sample for true colour match.


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June 6, 2014 5:57 PMApple, Big Data, Big Data analytics, CIO, CIO leadership, Cloud accounting, Customer analytics, Data analysis, Data security standards, FTC, Information governance, IT leadership, ITSM, Rogue IT, social media analytics
The journey to becoming a CIO, and what is small data, really?
Profile: Fran Sales
On SearchCIO, we're kicking off a series of video interviews from last month's MIT Sloan CIO Symposium profiling how some notable CIOs got their start. First up is AT&T CIO and...


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