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THE EDITORS* ECCESEELE Ed Faulkner's Tennis: How to Play It, How to Teach It, by Edwin J. Faulkner and Frederick Weymuller, with an introduction by Arthur Ashe. The Dial Press, 1Q70, 294 pages, $7.95 (soft-cover only). Community action, group-think and mass demonstrations dominate our life style, but in the game of tennis you're on your own. And while you needn't be a Rod Laver or Billie Jean King to enjoy tennis, the game is more fun if you play well. This book can help anyone— beginner, intermediate or accomplished player—do it. So many sports how-to books have the double fault of being unsatisfactory explanations that are badly written and of concentrating their efforts on producing the major-leaguer rather than the competent amateur in the sport. Faulkner's book on the other hand is well explained, gracefully written and ingeniously illustrated for Everyplayer. Ed Faulkner, who has been coaching players since the time of Bill Tilden, is the complete teacher who can explain how to execute a stroke properly ("To begin, take the throat of the racket and look carefully at the handle . . ."). He also can anticipate all the things that may go wrong; for instance, he points out 50 possible problems with the serve, explains them and offers directions for correcting them. The writing is clear and informal, thanks to Frederick Weymuller, pro writer and tennis pro who teamed with Faulkner like a good doubles partner. Picture sequences taken from movie shots of proper and faulty strokes illustrate exactly how to hit forehands, backhands, serves, lobs and volleys— and how not to hit them. The How to Play part outstrips all other tennis books in memory. But the real bonus is the How to Teach part. By following it, even two novices can help each other. Nonplayers can watch players, analyze their errors and help correct them. The book has been tested and proved a winner by an intermediate player who was both teaching a beginner and being coached by a nonplayer using the book. Tennis can be played for life, between all members of the family, outdoors for much of the year and indoors as indoor courts proliferate in colder climates. If you're giving a racket in the coming present-buying season, give this book with it. If you already own a racket, you'll swing it with more authority once you've learned tennis from Faulkner. Kids Cooking: a first cookbook for children, by Aileen Paul and Arthur Haw-kins. Doubleday, 1970,128 pages, $3.95. Breathes there the child who has never had a ball whipping up something in the kitchen that is pure joy to put together—and perhaps to eat? Kids love to play at cooking, yet parents with the patience to help and supervise often reach a dead end as instructors just beyond a gooey sundae but short of a passable casserole or cake. Now Kids Cooking comes along to help Mom lead youngsters, step by step, past the messing-around stage to a number of creditable dishes for all the regular meals and for parties. The authors really know their business. Aileen Paul is an accomplished cook who has taught some of her art to all ages on TV, to her own children and to classes of adults and kids in her neighborhood. Arthur Hawkins, a professional artist and designer and skilled amateur in the kitchen, has written and illustrated several cookbooks. Together they have produced a book that can intrigue kids and lead them on from the simple to the more difficult. Recipes range from hot cereal and cinnamon toast to meat loaf, chili con came and a mystery called "wacky cake." Each recipe has a list of "what you need" and outlines "what you do." Every term is explained, yet there is no babying. The authors emphasize safety around the stove and with knives; until a child reaches seventh grade age, or thereabouts, an adult should be on hand. Now here's what you do to make a wacky cake . . . Japan: Images and Realities, by Richard Halloran. Alfred A. Knopf, 1968, 281 pages. $6.95. The amazing resurgence of Japan as the foremost example of an economic miracle has reinforced the common American assumption that this small country is atypical of the Orient and is indeed Western in its viewpoint and methods. In this fascinating analysis of the inner workings of a culture that some forecasters see as heir apparent to the U.S. as the world's most powerful nation, the author argues that Japan's appearance may be Western but the reality is not. Halloran, a newspaperman and experienced Far East observer, demonstrates that a small interlinked establishment of governmental and industrial leaders is in fact making the decisions for a disciplined citizenry in the nation's drive for international preeminence. It is this cadre which guides the economy, maneuvers a press that is more instructional than informative and that inculcates in the rank and file the necessity to conform for the social good. Without making any judgments, Halloran's case is the contrast between the highly visible Westernization and the reality beneath—a system that still takes its cues from tradition. Included in the book is a concise survey of Japan's historical coming to terms with the West. The author describes a nation which early recognized the importance of Western technology, yet was loath to surrender its traditional values, including a fear of outsiders that served to preserve its culture. •
Object Description
Editors' bookshelf
Books -- Reviews
H&S Reports, Vol. 07, (1970 autumn), p. 15
|Originally published by: Haskins & Sells
|Copyright and permission to republish held by: Deloitte
|PDF page image with corrected OCR scanned at 400 dpi
|Deloitte Digital Collection
|Digital Publisher
|University of Mississippi Library. Accounting Collection
|Date-Digitally Created


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TAMPA, November 2, 2012 – It wasn't so long ago that the following statement could only appear in a dystopian novel or movie script:
The U.S. President has killed an American citizen without due process, without even charging him with a crime. His decision to do this has been challenged by members of neither party.
While the media-fueled frenzy goes on about how supposedly different Romney and the conservatives are from Obama and the liberals, no one even raises an eyebrow about this terrifying political development.
Not even the left, which quite correctly howled at passage of the Patriot Act and the Bush administrations' other assaults on freedom.
Bush and the Republicans committed egregious crimes against liberty, but did not go near this far in violating the even more important right to life.
The president makes a mockery of the term "due process" by claiming that the requirement is fulfilled by a panel of his own self-appointed czars and cronies reviewing the case. This doesn't even pass the constitutional test. The panel is exclusively comprised of members of the executive branch of government. Judicial power is explicitly denied to the executive by the plain words of the constitution.
At any previous time in American history, a summary execution by the executive without due process would have been considered cold blooded murder and an act of tyranny. Yet, it has happened in the light of day and neither the political class nor the citizenry has batted an eye.
If even this does not rouse American citizens to stand up to their government, to what would they conceivably say "no?"
Continue at Communities@ Washington Times…
Read Free Chapters of A Return to Common Sense: Reawakening Liberty in the Inhabitants of America here!

subset: commoncrawl


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Internet Marketing Software – Do I Really Need That?
So, you want to make money on the internet? You want to make it by tomorrow, and you don't want to work more that an hour a week!
To be a success in Internet marketing, you need just FOUR things:
1. A Plan of Action.
2. The Tools – such as internet marketing software.
3. Time – You will run out of this first.
4. The ability to focus! – Take things one step-at-a-time.
The focus of this article is internet marketing software. As you probably know by now, every "Internet Guru" out there wants to sell you their "latest, super-secret, awe-inspiring, solution to all your problems and stop global warming and make you look younger for good measure" software.
The good news is internet marketing is really very straight forward and simple in concept – BUT – you need all the parts together at the same time or nothing works! You need SOLUTIONS to the four basic steps in all internet marketing.
You Need To:
1. Find a ready, willing, and financially able-to-buy group of customers with a "problem" they desperately need solved.
2. Find or create a product or service that solves their problem, at a price.
3. Control or create a website, portal, or blog that can distribute the product or service and accept payment.
4. Send qualified (see #1) prospects, i.e. Traffic, to your website, portal, or blog.
Repeat the above process over and over.
Most problems in Internet marketing have software solutions. The problem is deciding what is the best, most cost-effective software to buy. The answer is "do the research", don't just buy the first thing that comes across your email. Most Internet marketing softwares have a "free" or "cheaper" alternative if you just look for it. I really like the idea of cheaper and better. And it IS out there in Google land.
A large variety of Internet marketing software is available. Almost every part of the marketing process can be automated or greatly enhanced by software. You will want to do it as soon as possible to save–Time–the one thing you will always be short of.
Look at the list below to get yourself on track. Here are some sample internet marketing software products that are available in different forms on the internet:
1. Article site-builder software – an easy-to-use tool which will convert a whole set of articles into matching webpages. It instantly and automatically builds a great marketing site.
2. PDF branding software – turns any .pdf (Adobe format) eBook or report into a VIRAL SALES MACHINE! Use it to promote your products and services on autopilot by linking back to your site.
3. AdSense click lock software – Protect your AdSense account now! Without this software, anyone anywhere can wipe out your entire AdSense income in 60 seconds flat by just clicking on one of your AdSense ads multiple times–for kicks! Google will not be amused and will cancel your account!
4. Site building software – use it to build professional, profit pulling sales sites in just minutes. A good "what you see is what you get" site building and editing software is a must.
5. A web multimedia toolkit – a special selection of website video, audio and photo tools. Audio and video is the coming thing and not at all hard to implement if you have the right tools.
6. Web traffic software – a package of traffic building products will help you generate an avalanche of targeted traffic to your websites at minimal cost. Remember, it does not matter if you have the best site on the internet if no one ever sees it. "Build it and they will come" does not apply.
7. Customer list-building software – a quick and easy system of programs that will automatically build you a customer email list by capturing your customer details directly from PayPal as soon as they order. A list of customers to market to is money in the bank.
8. Tracker software – track every advertisement you place for your own products or your affiliate links. Put your ad dollars where they do the most good. 10. Website monitoring package – easy-to-use software will automatically monitor all your websites and will notify you immediately of any problems. Remember, people will not come back if your site is down the one time they click on it.
The above are just a few of the software solutions that can make your dream of "making a living " on the internet come true.
Yes, you can be a success in internet marketing. Just use the net to search out the help you will need to make it happen.
Today, you have a choice–use internet marketing software to automate and promote your online business…or work yourself to death trying to to "do it all" yourself. Choose wisely. I know you too can be in that 5% who do make it big!
Good Luck and Good Internet Marketing.


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Mercury Dime Charm Bracelet With Cultured Pearls
Features the Mercury Dime and 4 gold and silver-plated handcrafted charms. Swarovski® crystal accents, 8 cultured freshwater pearls. Gift box.
Adjustable up to 8" L
- Price:
- s&s◇
Among the most beautiful and highly sought U.S. coins ever produced, the Mercury Dime, issued from 1916-1945, uniquely captures the precious freedom that inspires our nation with the goddess Liberty. An exclusive fine jewelry design from The Bradford Exchange Mint, this coin charm bracelet exquisitely showcases a genuine 90% silver Mercury Dime mounted in a bezel accented with Swarovski® crystals as the glorious centerpiece.
Elegantly adorned with eight genuine cultured freshwater pearls and four 24K-gold and silver-plated charms, this exquisite Mercury Dime bracelet has a unique double strand design and is finished with a locking clasp featuring charm tags that sparkle with Swarovski crystals. Each handcrafted charm like the burning torch - a symbol of life, truth and enlightenment and a laurel wreath symbolizing victory and freedom, adds a unique touch of liberty and meaning to this fascinating bracelet. High demand is expected for this timeless treasure, so don't delay. Order now!
California Residents click here for Proposition 65 notice.
- Celebrate precious freedom with the Mercury Dime charm bracelet, a fine jewelry design available exclusively from The Bradford Exchange Mint
- Exquisitely showcases a genuine 90% silver Mercury Dime mounted in a Swarovski® crystal-accented bezel
- Bracelet also features 4 handcrafted 24K gold and silver-plated charms symbolizing precious liberty including a burning torch - a symbol of life, truth and enlightenment and a laurel wreath symbolizing victory and freedom
- 8 freshwater pearls compliment the unique double strand design
- Locking clasp features charm tags that sparkle with Swarovski crystals
- Arrives in an elegant presentation case, perfect for safekeeping or gift-giving
- Certificate of Authenticity
- Adjustable up to 8" L; 20.3 cm L
©2009 The Bradford Exchange. All rights reserved.


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1751 W. Citracado #311, Escondido US Mission Viejo Home
1751 W. Citracado #311, Escondido
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The Boots We Wear (On Bucket Boots)
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SKF reliability solutions to be shown at the Pump & Turbomachinery Symposia
2014 September 22, 14:00 CEST
SKF will showcase a range of innovations customized especially to meet the needs of the industry and minimise maintenance and downtime.
Gothenburg, Sweden, 22 September 2014: A range of SKF products will be featured at the Pump & Turbomachinery Symposia on 22- 25 September 2014. SKF has enhanced key products such as new bearing concepts and hydraulic coupling systems to offer users the best possible machine reliability in demanding applications and its experts will be on hand at the Symposia to explain how these innovations minimize maintenance and downtime.
The products on display include:
SKF Supergrip bolt
SKF Supergrip bolts offer an improved technology for connecting rotating flange couplings, reducing coupling maintenance time from days to hours. Designed for insertion and removal by hand with initial clearance fits, SKF Supergrip bolts eliminate maintenance time wasted by hammering seized or jammed bolts during insertion or extraction, and removes the need for an overhead crane. The design concept of SKF Supergrip bolts also enables a higher torque capability than that of traditional bolt systems.
Note: This product will be presented as a Case Study (Turbo Case Study session 2C on 25 September, 10-12 midday – CST13, location - level 3 room 361A)
SKF Magnetic bearings and E300 AMB control cabinet
To address the need for high speed and reliability in active magnetic bearings for the most demanding operating environments, SKF has partnered with many of the world's leading OEMs and operators. For downstream processes, this has resulted in SKF S2M Magnetic Bearings, which significantly enhance efficiency in gas compressors, polyethylene compressors, high-speed electric motor drives, ethylene turboexpanders, power generation turbogenerators, high-speed blowers and more.
Wireless Machine Condition Sensor
The SKF Wireless Machine Condition Sensor is a compact and battery-powered condition monitoring sensor that uses the WirelessHART communication protocol. The product combines sensor and relay node into one compact, battery-operated unit the size of a typical industrial accelerometer, providing dynamic vibration and temperature data for condition monitoring and machinery diagnostics. The SKF Wireless Machine Condition Sensor provides a wireless condition monitoring solution suitable for use in an ATEX Zone 0 hazardous environment. The 'mesh network' and excellent battery management gives the device a long operating life, making it a practical alternative to 'wired' on-line systems for monitoring balance-of-plant machinery.
Lubrication systems
Since the acquisition of the Lincoln brand in 2010, SKF engineers have developed lubrication systems for O&G applications that feature system components tailored to the demands of the industry. SKF automatic lubrication systems deliver the exact quantity of the appropriate lubricant to the right place at the right time while the equipment is running – without production downtime. SKF automatic lubrication systems extend bearing and machinery life, increase machine reliability and uptime, and cut lubricant consumption by up to 50 percent.
"Most pump and turbomachinery OEMs and End Users are looking for ways to increase asset reliability, improve asset life cycle management and reduce total cost of ownership. Our stream of ongoing product developments and innovations are directly targeting those customer objectives.," says Marty Herzog, Director Business Development, SKF Traditional Energy Business Unit.
The Pump & Turbomachinery Symposia 2014 takes place at the George R. Brown Convention Center, Houston, TX – USA.
Kaydon Ring & Seal, an SKF Group company that manufactures compressor shaft seals for demanding centrifugal and oil free screw compressor applications, will be in attendance at booth 1720
Visitors to the conference and exhibition will find SKF at booth 1351.
Aktiebolaget SKF
For further information, please contact:
Press Relations:
Monique Turner, +1 267 436 6836; +1 215 801 8722; email@example.com
SKF is a leading global supplier of bearings, seals, mechatronics, lubrication systems, and services which include technical support, maintenance and reliability services, engineering consulting and training. SKF is represented in more than 130 countries and has around 15,000 distributor locations worldwide. Annual sales in 2013 were SEK 63,597 million and the number of employees was 48,401. www.skf.com
® SKF is a registered trademark of the SKF Group.


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What Really Happened: Michael Rivero (Mike Rivero) Thursday 3/30/17: (Commercial Free VIDEO)
Mike Rivero is the host of the What Really Happened radio shows on the
Republic Broadcasting Network and webmaster of whatreallyhappened.com,
now in its 22nd year. Both the radio show and website enjoy a large and
growing global audience. He is a frequent guest on talk-radio and has
appeared in television programs such as History Channel's "America's
Book of Secrets."
Mike Rivero's background is as eclectic as his
radio show and website. Formerly with NASA, Mike transitioned his image
processing skills (along with a brief stint as a child actor) into the
then-new computer animation field, starting with award winning
commercials, then working on films such as "Star Trek", "The Day After
Tomorrow", and later supervising visual effects on "Brainscan", "LOST",
and "Hawaii Five-0". Mike Rivero has taken a sabbatical from film work
to focus all his efforts on peace activism.
Mike Rivero's foray
into blogging began before the word was even invented, and happened
almost by accident when he spotted a suspicious photograph being
broadcast on ABC news in 1994 related to the murder of White House
Deputy Counsel Vincent Foster.Since that abrupt beginning, What Really
Happened, both website and radio show, has expanded to cover diverse
topics including the assassinations, the accidental shoot-down of TWA
800, election fraud, health issues, Saddam's non-existent nuclear
weapons, 9-11, the economy, and the ongoing propaganda used to trick the
American people into wars of conquest in Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen,
Libya, and other nations.
Mike Rivero currently resides in Hawaii
with his wife Claire, who is a composer, choir conductor, and creates
much of theme music used on the What Really Happened radio show, as well
as occasionally participating as a commentator.
The Financial Armageddon Economic Collapse Blog tracks trends and forecasts , futurists , visionaries , free investigative journalists , researchers , Whistelblowers , truthers and many more
How hackers threaten everything from your bank account to national security (2016) | Four Corners - In a room, deep inside a Las Vegas hotel, the world's best hackers are gathering. They're here to compete against each other and they're being watched by c...


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Support Our Team, Wells Fargo Capital Finance
Boston Children's Hospital Corporate Cup
July 18, 2019 | -147 Days to Go!
Raised So Far: $7,025.00
Fundraising Goal: $0.00
Teamwork Makes the Dream Work!
Team Roster Amount Raised
Wells Fargo Capital Finance
Teamwork Makes the Dream Work!
I'm participating in Boston Children's Hospital's Corporate Cup. There's no greater challenge or victory than helping to save the lives of children. While our team, and hundreds of participants, will be facing off against each other on the field, we stand together in the belief and hope that every child should have the chance to get better.
All donations go to Boston Children's Every Child Fund. This fund helps provide the resources necessary to provide high quality and affordable care for patients and families while continuing to lead in medical advances for adults and kids.
I hope you will support us in trying to shape a future where all children can play.
Stay connected with us
Sign up for eNews to find out the
latest news, events, and announcements
for Boston Children's Hospital.


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
0 Members and 2 Guests are viewing this topic.
I think:EP7 - non elim, EP8 - intersection/FF?
Double Leg Appreciation BUMPMan, I'm bored. :rat?:
Quote from: Michael D on March 22, 2007, 10:34:51 PMhaha oh yes - that was a great episode Well..... we did lose David & Mary that episode..
haha oh yes - that was a great episode
Quote from: puddin on March 25, 2007, 08:57:20 PMmaybe not .. Medieval times?is there dinner and tournament at this medieval times???
maybe not .. Medieval times?
What date are we on in TAR time?
Gniew Castle TournamentThe 13th century Teutonic castle inGniew, near Gda´nsk, is perched ontop of a hill surrounded by townhouses. Throughout the wholeyear re-enactment events are organizedin Gniew: a show presentingEuropean crusaders recapturingChrists grave in the Holy Land, acolourful medieval banquet withperiod costumes, music and menu,including a favourite dish of Polishknights the Saracen bone broth jousting tournaments and more.If you feel confident enough, youcan also try your hand at the bowor crossbow. A programme calledLife in a Medieval Castle con-veys the atmosphere of the placeas it used to be, inhabited not onlyby knights, but also monks, flagellants,traders, beggars and othercolourful types. Every member ofthe group can choose a role he orshe would like to play.
The Guidos will be left behind because they are almost 24 hours behind C/M and O/D and about 20 hours behind U/J and D/K.
..JOE * A disagreement sparks an intense argument and name calling between Eric & Danielle.* Frustration levels hit a high for Charla & Mirna when locals completely ignore them and refuse to help.*Joe attempts to stop a plane by running out on the tarmac.
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CAMBRIDGE, Mass. -- MIT coasted past the Bates women's tennis team for a 9-0 non-conference win on Saturday at DuPont Tennis Courts.
The Engineers (11-4), ranked 13th in the Northeast by the ITA, won the top two doubles matches handily, through Lauren Quisenberry and Candace Wu at the first spot and Julia Hsu and Bianca Dumitrascu at second doubles. The Bobcats put up a good fight at No. 3 doubles, with Erika Blauth and Kristen Doerer pushing Melissa Diskin and Katie O'Neal to the limit before falling 9-7.
In singles, only O'Neal needed a third set super tiebreaker to outlast Nicole Russell at fifth singles. Quisenberry and Wu each won handily at the top two spots while Hsu and Dumitrascu posted maching 6-2, 6-2 scores at third and fourth singles. Diskin beat Jenna Burke 7-5, 6-2 to cap the shutout for MIT.
MIT will host Vassar College on April 16th. Bates (4-9) plays host to Middlebury in a NESCAC match on Sunday, April 17 at 10 a.m.


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Military Music
Military Music
Music has long been a part of the military tradition - from the early horns of medieval battles to the waltzes during military balls. The music is almost as prolific as the battles that were fought. Who has not heard the bugle crying out the charge to battle or somberly sending another soldier home to his God?
Yes, the music is a large part of the military tradition. Here we present many different pieces of patriotic music for your listening pleasure.
- US Air Force
- US Army
- US Coast Guard
- US Marine Corps
- US Navy
- Taps


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For those of you who've been living in a stained-glass bubble, adrift of any communication with the outside world, last week saw the 25th anniversary of John Lennon's death (December 8th to be precise). To commemorate this, Amnesty International have launched the Make Some Noise project, which sees various established artists from across all areas of the musical spectrum tackle some of Lennon's best-known works.
This first EP brings together Black Eyed Peas, The Cure, Snow Patrol and The Postal Service like some musical version of Big Brother. So, which one would you evict first? Any one of Black Eyed Peas except the one with the "lovely lady lumps", obviously, cry we. Hmmmm.
To be fair to Black Eyed Peas, their interpretation of 'Power To The People' is a soulful melange of Arrested Development-style propaganda that serves as a terse reminder of why they were so highly feted by the hip-hop underground for years - before the inevitable Justin collaboration, William's increasing Wyclef-like annoyance and the aforementioned 'My Humps' booked them their place in the musical equivalent of Hell forevermore.
The Cure's take on 'Love' shows no surprises, i.e. The Cure doing what they've always done best, which is downbeat melancholia over a spacious melody that, if no one had known any different, could quite easily be a recently discovered outtake from the Bloodflowers sessions.
Likewise with Snow Patrol, in that their version of 'Isolation' isn't for the faint-hearted either, treading a fine line between thinly veiled paranoia and almost insatiable humility. Gary Lightbody's vocal occasionally feels apologetic, in that the band don't believe they're worthy enough to be singing the words of such an icon as Lennon, but by the end their own speciality - grandiose desparity at its best - pulls them through in no uncertain terms.
Best of the bunch, though, has to be the least-known but undoubtedly most engaging act, The Postal Service, who turn Lennon's eternal lament to Yoko Ono, 'Grow Old With Me', into a whispered-but-sinister rallying cry against senile decrepidity.
At just £2.50 for the lot, 'Make Some Noise' is a healthier option to spend your hard-earned cash on than that third pint down the local. Better still is the option to buy each track as a single download rather than the EP as a whole, meaning you can while away ten minutes of tranquil solitude in the company of The Cure, Snow Patrol and The Postal Service and still have enough spare change left over for a packet of crisps.
The 'Make Some Noise' EP can be downloaded HERE.
7Dom Gourlay's Score


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John Birch Society
The John Birch Society is an American paleoconservative organization founded in 1958 by Massachusetts businessman Robert Welch (1900-1985). Until the collapse of Soviet Communism in 1991, it focused on Communism as the enemy of American values, warning that Communism already exerted a powerful control on the national government.
At its peak in 1964 the Society claimed to have hundreds of chapters throughout the country, 100,000 members, 400 American Opinion bookstores to distribute and sell its magazine and pamphlets, and an active cadre of speakers that crisscrossed the country. Welch ruled with an iron hand,[1] sending out his agents to make sure the local units never engaged in operations on their own, such as endorsing candidates or lobbying for legislation. All the dues went to national headquarters in Belmont, Massachusetts and the members were to spend their energy writing letters that echoed Welch's thesis that that Communists were already in power in Washington and were about to fully take over the country. Welch sponsored "Support Your Local Police" campaign which opposed civilian review boards to monitor police brutality.[2] The one notable national campaign was to demand the impeachment of Chief Justice Earl Warren. Not a single member of Congress was willing to present an impeachment resolution, and over the years only three Congressmen were members, most notably Larry McDonald (1935-1983), the Society president when his plane, Korean Airlines Flight 007,was shot down by the Soviet Air Force on Sept. 1, 1983 in international air space in between Soviet Moneron Island and Sakhalin island.[3]
The organization was founded by Robert Welch in 1958 to fight subversive infiltration of the United States.[4] He designed the Society like the Communist movement, with a strong leader at the top (himself), with each lower level following the orders they were given. Society literature denounced collectivist infiltration from Communists, the United Nations, and various front groups. Welch himself decided that the root cause of most of the troubles was a two-century-long conspiracy of the "Illuminati," a group supposedly founded in Bavaria in 1776. He declared it was responsible for the French and Russian Revolutions and the two world wars, as well as evils of Lincoln's income taxes, Wilson's Federal Reserve, and Roosevelt's New Deal. Most insidious of all was the United Nations. It also controlled the Communist party and the Trilateral Commission. The only member of the Illuminati he could identify by name was Nelson Rockefeller. Reagan was suspect because he picked for vice president the choice of the Illuminati, George H.W. Bush. Welch argued that the Illuminati was subversive of good government, destructive of religion, and used professional agitators and massive terror to destroy the good people, while manufacturing smears to destroy the brave souls who tried to expose it.[5]
In October, 2009, it exposed the diabolic totalitarian schemes of the Department of Homeland Security's TSA:
- It's not enough that the federal Transportation Security Administration (TSA) gropes us at checkpoints in airports, photographs passengers naked, steals from them, and even killed one. Now it's recruiting the nation's truck- and bus-drivers as snitches against us in a scheme it calls First Observer. The logic is diabolical, totalitarian, and simple...."[6]
Eisenhower and Johnson
Welch wrote in a widely circulated statement, The Politician, "Could Eisenhower really be simply a smart politician, entirely without principles and hungry for glory, who is only the tool of the Communists? The answer is yes." He went on. ""With regard to ... Eisenhower, it is difficult to avoid raising the question of deliberate treason."[7]
In the 1960s Welch insisted that the Johnson administration's fight against communism in Vietnam was part of a communist plot aimed at taking over the United States. Welch demanded that the United States get out of Vietnam, thus aligning the Society with the far left.[8]
Rejected by most conservatives
It was moderately active in the 1960s with numerous chapters, but rarely engaged in coalition building with other conservatives. Indeed, it was rejected by most conservatives because of the outlandish conspiracy theories of its leader Robert Welch. William F. Buckley and his National Review regularly attacked Welch, and by 1965 was attacking the Society as well. Starting with Welch considered conservative President Dwight D. Eisenhower a Communist stooge, it was deeply distrustful of all presidents since Franklin Roosevelt.
Eisenhower cabinet member Ezra Taft Benson, a leading Mormon, spoke in favor of the John Birch Society, but in January 1963 the Mormon church issued a statement distancing itself from the Society.[9]
Liberal target
The John Birch Society has always been a favorite target of liberals who want to embarrass the conservative movement by citing some ridiculous conspiracy theory on the right. Some liberals just laugh and employ misinterpretations of social anxieties to warn that Birchers are misfits; most warn darkly that the John Birch Society is a dangerous manifestation of the "radical right" that aimed to subvert democracy. In practice, the Society actually did little more than publish pamphlets and sponsor local discussion groups.
Historian Richard Hofstadter claimed the Birch Society was the leader of the right wing in the 1960s.[10] In 1968 Governor Pat Brown of California, about to be defeated for reelection by Reagan, unleashed a 13-page report calling Reagan a puppet of the John Birch Society. (Reagan considered the JBS leaders to be kooky and kept them out of his campaign.)[11] As late as 1980, House Speaker Tip O'Neill warned that "John Birchers control the Republican Party," overlooking the fact that the only Birch Society member in Congress at the time was a Democrat from Georgia, Larry McDonald who caucused with O'Neill. In fact the John Birch Society never controlled the Republican party in any state at any level at any time.[12]
The Society works towards educating Americans about the original intent of the Founding Fathers. The John Birch Society strongly believes that the United States is a Constitutional Republic, not a democracy.
Although the JBS is considered to be "right-wing", the group has vigorously attacked President George W. Bush as a pawn of neo-conservatism seeking a "New World order" that would swallow up America. That is only the latest of a long line of conspiracy theories it has promoted.
Since June of 2012, there is a petition drive, supported by Senator Scott Brown, to be presented to President Obama and Speaker of the House John Boehner, to reopen the investigation into the shooting down of KAL 007 and reports of the survival of Congressman McDonald [2].
The official magazine of the John Birch Society since 1985 The New American. It replaced American Opinion, which was published from 1958 to 1985.
The Birch Society has an active publication and reprint program. Reflecting its distrust of national leadership over the last 70 years, many of the books blame the White House and national leaders for deliberately damaging the national interest--for example, by encouraging the Japanese to sink the American fleet at Pearl Harbor.
There are unofficial JBS chapters on many college campuses throughout the United States.
One survey in the early 1970s found the typical John Birch Society member was middle or upper-middle class, Republican and Protestant. He was also fairly young and well educated: the majority of the sample was under 40 at time of recruitment and had completed at least three years of college. A later survey in the mid 1980s found the membership then was disproportionately Southwesterners, young, urban, male, and Catholic. They were consistently conservative on secular issues, antigovernment, and negative toward communism. The evidence does not support liberal notions that irrationality, social strains, or status anxiety explained their beliefs.[13]
Further reading
- Grigg, William Norman. "Global Gun Grab: The United Nations Campaign to Disarm Americans". John Birch Society, 2001.
- Jasper, William F. "The United Nations Exposed". John Birch Society, 2001.
- McManus, John F. "Changing Commands: The Betrayal of America's Military". John Birch Society, 1995.
- Perloff, James. "The Shadows of Power: The Council on Foreign Relations and the American Decline". Western Islands, 1988.
- Smoot, Dan. "The Invisible Government". Western Islands, 1962.
- Stewart, Charles J. "The Master Conspiracy of the John Birch Society: From Communism to the New World Order," Western Journal of Communication (2002) v.66#4 pp 424+ online edition
- Stone, Barbara S. "The John Birch Society: a Profile," Journal of Politics 1974 36(1): 184-197,
- Wilcox, Clyde. "Sources of Support for the Old Right: a Comparison of the John Birch Society and the Christian Anti-Communism Crusade." Social Science History 1988 12(4): 429-450,
Primary sources
- Robert W. Welch Jr. The Blue Book of the John Birch Society. Boston: Western Islands, 1961.
- Robert W. Welch Jr. and the John Birch Society The White Book of the John Birch Society for 1964. Belmont: John Birch Society, 1961.
- Robert W. Welch Jr. The New Americanism and Other Speeches. Boston: Western Islands, 1966.
- Gary Allen. None Dare Call It Conspiracy. G S G & Associates, Inc., 1971.
- Korean Airlines Flight 007 - Congressman Larry McDonald, the 2nd President of the JBS, was a passenger of this flight downed by the Soviets on Sept. 1, 1983 in international waters near Moneron Island west of Sakhalin Island. Since June of 2012, there is a petition drive, supported by Senator Scott Brown, to be presented to President Obama and Speaker of the House John Boehner, to reopen the investigation into the shooting down of KAL 007 and reports of the survival of Congressman McDonald [3].
External Links
- The John Birch Society Website
- The New American
- The JBS Volunteers
- "KAL Flight 007 Remembered" New American Magazine
- Website of the International Committee for the Rescue of KAL 007 Survivors
- members prominent in politics
- A Forgotten Man: Congressman Larry McDonald
- ↑ Schoenwald, (2001) pp. 83-91
- ↑ Some chapters without Welch's approval did organize opposition to fluoridation of local water supplies or pushed a slate for election to local school boards.
- ↑ Since June of 2012, there is a petition drive, supported by Senator Scott Brown, to be presented to President Obama and Speaker of the House John Boehner, to reopen the investigation into the shooting down of KAL 007 and reports of the survival of Congressman McDonald [1]. One of the society's most popular spokesmen was John Rousselot, a former Republican congressman from southern California. Another was John Schmitz (1930-2001), briefly a Congressman from Southern California.
- ↑ Welch said he named the Society after John Birch, the first American to die in the Cold War.
- ↑ There's more; see Stewart (2002).
- ↑ Becky Akers, "Eyes on the Road" Oct. 15, 2009 on JBS official website
- ↑ Quoted at "Glenn Beck talks with JBS President John F. McManus" Aug. 15, 2006
- ↑ Stephen Earl Bennett, "Modes of Resolution of a 'Belief Dilemma' in the Ideology of the John Birch Society," Journal of Politics 1971 33(3): 735-772
- ↑ Gregory A. Prince, "The Red Peril, the Candy Maker, and the Apostle: David O. Mckay's Confrontation with Communism," Dialogue: a Journal of Mormon Thought 2004 37(2): 37-94,
- ↑ Hofstadter himself later turned right. Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays (1967) p. 70
- ↑ Rick Perlstein, Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America (2008) p. 113
- ↑ Steven F. Hayward, The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order, 1964-1980 (2001) pp 101, 675;
- ↑ Stone (1974); Wilcox (1988)


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So, I made these beauties to take and participate in the DC Cupcake Camp 2011. What's that saying about best laid plans? Needless to say I did not make it to DC that day nor did I really go anywhere that day due to stupidity on part of the car (not my normal car) and myself. I feel so horrible that I was not able to attend … I am sure that I am on the DO NOT LET PARTICIPATE list for 2012 and I wouldn't blame them.
"What had happened was" that somehow I manage to trigger the alarm on the car and could not figure how to un-trigger it until my Dad deemed to show up LATE in the afternoon (nope, I don't have anger issues) and by then it was too late to do anything except let go and let flow and have a cupcake. Can I say I was so mad originally I was actually doing that jumping up and down with my hands going up and down in anger move. If my neighbors were peeking out their windows they would have seen me in all my ridiculous glory but I was soooo MAD! Lastly, who knew that unlocking a trunk could un-arm a car alarm.
What to do when you have 3 dozen cupcakes? Why take them to work where you can help them eat their daily caloric allowance with one cupcake or perhaps two.
The origination of this cupcake is from a childhood memory. It was my birthday wish when I was a kid. It was the reason to have a birthday and grow older … it is simply the bomb dot com. My Mom would make a double layer chocolate mint cake for my birthday (even then I LOVED chocolate). Instead of making it from scratch however she would simply use Devil's Food cake mix and doctor it accordingly … still delicious no matter how you do it and when you were a single mother working 40+ hour weeks then cake mix it is! Especially when your Mom would make meals from scratch; you have to utilize some time savers from time to time. Big Ups to working Moms (and let's face it all Mom's are working Moms)! 🙂
If I were to describe the flavor it would be like a "Thin Mint". The taste of peppermint is there but it is not over powering and with the chocolate it's a match made in heaven, delicious heaven … it's like a the cool sensation of a … just kidding.
Until Next Time,
I realize when proofing my post that I sound like I have regressed back to my teenager years.
Chocolate Mint Cupcakes
3/4 cup butter plus 3 Tablespoons of butter
3/4 cup of Bittersweet Chocolate Chips
3 Cups of Granulated Sugar
3 eggs, room temperature
2 cups of Sour Cream
1 Tablespoon of Mint Extract
3 Cups of All Purpose Flour
3/4 cup of Unsweetened Cocoa Powder
2 Teaspoons of Baking Soda
1/4 Hard Peppermint Candies, crushed
Directions: Preheat oven to 350F degrees. In a microwave safe bowl add 3 Tablespoons of butter and chocolate chips and melt together at 50% power in the microwave, approximately 2 minutes. Set melted mixture aside.
In a food processor or large ziploc baggie add peppermints and crush. They should be nice miniature pieces but not dust. Set aside.
In a large bowl sift the dry ingredients; flour, cocoa powder, and baking soda. Set aside.
In a mixing bowl, cream butter and sugar. Add an egg one at a time to mixture and beat on high for approximately two minutes each. Add mint extract and sour cream. Mix. Gradually add the dry sifted ingredients to the wet until fully mixed together. Fold in crushed peppermint candies.
In your cupcake pan add your cupcake liners. Add cake mixture to each individual cake liner; filling batter 2/3 full.
Bake cupcakes for approximately 16-20 minutes. When testing with a toothpick a little bit of cake should come with it but should not be soupy more like a crumb. When that happens remove from oven. Cake will continue to cook while cooling. Take out the oven and let cool.
Chocolate Buttercream
3 cups of salted butter, softened
8 cups of powdered sugar, sifted
1 teaspoon of espresso powder
1/2 teaspoon of warm water
2 teaspoons of vanilla extract
12 ounces of melted bittersweet chocolate, cooled
1 to 2 Tablespoons of Milk
Directions: In a large bowl sift powdered sugar and set aside. In a microwave safe bowl melt chocolate; set aside. In a small bowl combine espresso powder and warm water; set aside.
In a large mixing bowl add butter and whip until fluffy. Add espresso water and vanilla extract and whip. Add melted chocolate and whip until incorporated. In two cup measurements whip sifted confectioner sugar to butter mixture, keep adding until the confectioner sugar has been added completely. Add milk and whip mixture until you get the proper consistency to ice cupcakes.


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Holiday Inn Colchester
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A modern Colchester hotel just off the A12 road, with free parking, free Wi-Fi and an indoor pool.
Holiday Inn® Colchester hotel is just off the A12 road, for direct access to London and Ipswich. The shopping and restaurants of historic Colchester are a 10-minute drive away. Colchester Town station is served by direct trains to London.
Fancy a family day out? The exotic animals and birds of Colchester Zoo are less than 10 minutes' drive from the hotel. Or spend a day on the beach at Mersea Island or Clacton-on-Sea, both half an hour away by car. Scenic Dedham Vale in the heart of Constable Country, the region depicted in the great artist's paintings, is just 12 minutes' drive from the hotel. At Freeport Braintree shopping outlet, 20 minutes away, you can browse for brand store bargains.
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- Public Entrance
- Guest Rooms
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Accessible Hotel Areas


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Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 2, by Edward Gibbon, [1781], at sacred-texts.com
Manners Of The Pastoral Nations. - Progress Of The Huns, From China To Europe. - Flight Of The Goths. - They Pass The Danube. - Gothic War. - Defeat And Death Of Valens. - Gratian Invests Theodosius With The Eastern Empire. - His Character And Success. - Peace And Settlement Of The Goths.
In the second year of the reign of Valentinian and Valens, on the morning of the twenty-first day of July, the greatest part of the Roman world was shaken by a violent and destructive earthquake. The impression was communicated to the waters; the shores of the Mediterranean were left dry, by the sudden retreat of the sea; great quantities of fish were caught with the hand; large vessels were stranded on the mud; and a curious spectator 1 amused his eye, or rather his fancy, by contemplating the various appearance of valleys and mountains, which had never, since the formation of the globe, been exposed to the sun. But the tide soon returned, with the weight of an immense and irresistible deluge, which was severely felt on the coasts of Sicily, of Dalmatia, of Greece, and of Egypt: large boats were transported, and lodged on the roofs of houses, or at the distance of two miles from the shore; the people, with their habitations, were swept away by the waters; and the city of Alexandria annually commemorated the fatal day, on which fifty thousand persons had lost their lives in the inundation. This calamity, the report of which was magnified from one province to another, astonished and terrified the subjects of Rome; and their affrighted imagination enlarged the real extent of a momentary evil. They recollected the preceding earthquakes, which had subverted the cities of Palestine and Bithynia: they considered these alarming strokes as the prelude only of still more dreadful calamities, and their fearful vanity was disposed to confound the symptoms of a declining empire and a sinking world. 2 It was the fashion of the times to attribute every remarkable event to the particular will of the Deity; the alterations of nature were connected, by an invisible chain, with the moral and metaphysical opinions of the human mind; and the most sagacious divines could distinguish, according to the color of their respective prejudices, that the establishment of heresy tended to produce an earthquake; or that a deluge was the inevitable consequence of the progress of sin and error. Without presuming to discuss the truth or propriety of these lofty speculations, the historian may content himself with an observation, which seems to be justified by experience, that man has much more to fear from the passions of his fellow-creatures, than from the convulsions of the elements. 3 The mischievous effects of an earthquake, or deluge, a hurricane, or the eruption of a volcano, bear a very inconsiderable portion to the ordinary calamities of war, as they are now moderated by the prudence or humanity of the princes of Europe, who amuse their own leisure, and exercise the courage of their subjects, in the practice of the military art. But the laws and manners of modern nations protect the safety and freedom of the vanquished soldier; and the peaceful citizen has seldom reason to complain, that his life, or even his fortune, is exposed to the rage of war. In the disastrous period of the fall of the Roman empire, which may justly be dated from the reign of Valens, the happiness and security of each individual were personally attacked; and the arts and labors of ages were rudely defaced by the Barbarians of Scythia and Germany. The invasion of the Huns precipitated on the provinces of the West the Gothic nation, which advanced, in less than forty years, from the Danube to the Atlantic, and opened a way, by the success of their arms, to the inroads of so many hostile tribes, more savage than themselves. The original principle of motion was concealed in the remote countries of the North; and the curious observation of the pastoral life of the Scythians, 4 or Tartars, 5 will illustrate the latent cause of these destructive emigrations.
The different characters that mark the civilized nations of the globe, may be ascribed to the use, and the abuse, of reason; which so variously shapes, and so artificially composes, the manners and opinions of a European, or a Chinese. But the operation of instinct is more sure and simple than that of reason: it is much easier to ascertain the appetites of a quadruped than the speculations of a philosopher; and the savage tribes of mankind, as they approach nearer to the condition of animals, preserve a stronger resemblance to themselves and to each other. The uniform stability of their manners is the natural consequence of the imperfection of their faculties. Reduced to a similar situation, their wants, their desires, their enjoyments, still continue the same: and the influence of food or climate, which, in a more improved state of society, is suspended, or subdued, by so many moral causes, most powerfully contributes to form, and to maintain, the national character of Barbarians. In every age, the immense plains of Scythia, or Tartary, have been inhabited by vagrant tribes of hunters and shepherds, whose indolence refuses to cultivate the earth, and whose restless spirit disdains the confinement of a sedentary life. In every age, the Scythians, and Tartars, have been renowned for their invincible courage and rapid conquests. The thrones of Asia have been repeatedly overturned by the shepherds of the North; and their arms have spread terror and devastation over the most fertile and warlike countries of Europe. 6 On this occasion, as well as on many others, the sober historian is forcibly awakened from a pleasing vision; and is compelled, with some reluctance, to confess, that the pastoral manners, which have been adorned with the fairest attributes of peace and innocence, are much better adapted to the fierce and cruel habits of a military life. To illustrate this observation, I shall now proceed to consider a nation of shepherds and of warriors, in the three important articles of, I. Their diet; II. Their habitations; and, III. Their exercises. The narratives of antiquity are justified by the experience of modern times; 7 and the banks of the Borysthenes, of the Volga, or of the Selinga, will indifferently present the same uniform spectacle of similar and native manners. 8
I. The corn, or even the rice, which constitutes the ordinary and wholesome food of a civilized people, can be obtained only by the patient toil of the husbandman. Some of the happy savages, who dwell between the tropics, are plentifully nourished by the liberality of nature; but in the climates of the North, a nation of shepherds is reduced to their flocks and herds. The skilful practitioners of the medical art will determine (if they are able to determine) how far the temper of the human mind may be affected by the use of animal, or of vegetable, food; and whether the common association of carniverous and cruel deserves to be considered in any other light than that of an innocent, perhaps a salutary, prejudice of humanity. 9 Yet, if it be true, that the sentiment of compassion is imperceptibly weakened by the sight and practice of domestic cruelty, we may observe, that the horrid objects which are disguised by the arts of European refinement, are exhibited in their naked and most disgusting simplicity in the tent of a Tartarian shepherd. The ox, or the sheep, are slaughtered by the same hand from which they were accustomed to receive their daily food; and the bleeding limbs are served, with very little preparation, on the table of their unfeeling murderer. In the military profession, and especially in the conduct of a numerous army, the exclusive use of animal food appears to be productive of the most solid advantages. Corn is a bulky and perishable commodity; and the large magazines, which are indispensably necessary for the subsistence of our troops, must be slowly transported by the labor of men or horses. But the flocks and herds, which accompany the march of the Tartars, afford a sure and increasing supply of flesh and milk: in the far greater part of the uncultivated waste, the vegetation of the grass is quick and luxuriant; and there are few places so extremely barren, that the hardy cattle of the North cannot find some tolerable pasture. The supply is multiplied and prolonged by the undistinguishing appetite, and patient abstinence, of the Tartars. They indifferently feed on the flesh of those animals that have been killed for the table, or have died of disease. Horseflesh, which in every age and country has been proscribed by the civilized nations of Europe and Asia, they devour with peculiar greediness; and this singular taste facilitates the success of their military operations. The active cavalry of Scythia is always followed, in their most distant and rapid incursions, by an adequate number of spare horses, who may be occasionally used, either to redouble the speed, or to satisfy the hunger, of the Barbarians. Many are the resources of courage and poverty. When the forage round a camp of Tartars is almost consumed, they slaughter the greatest part of their cattle, and preserve the flesh, either smoked, or dried in the sun. On the sudden emergency of a hasty march, they provide themselves with a sufficient quantity of little balls of cheese, or rather of hard curd, which they occasionally dissolve in water; and this unsubstantial diet will support, for many days, the life, and even the spirits, of the patient warrior. But this extraordinary abstinence, which the Stoic would approve, and the hermit might envy, is commonly succeeded by the most voracious indulgence of appetite. The wines of a happier climate are the most grateful present, or the most valuable commodity, that can be offered to the Tartars; and the only example of their industry seems to consist in the art of extracting from mare's milk a fermented liquor, which possesses a very strong power of intoxication. Like the animals of prey, the savages, both of the old and new world, experience the alternate vicissitudes of famine and plenty; and their stomach is inured to sustain, without much inconvenience, the opposite extremes of hunger and of intemperance.
II. In the ages of rustic and martial simplicity, a people of soldiers and husbandmen are dispersed over the face of an extensive and cultivated country; and some time must elapse before the warlike youth of Greece or Italy could be assembled under the same standard, either to defend their own confines, or to invade the territories of the adjacent tribes. The progress of manufactures and commerce insensibly collects a large multitude within the walls of a city: but these citizens are no longer soldiers; and the arts which adorn and improve the state of civil society, corrupt the habits of the military life. The pastoral manners of the Scythians seem to unite the different advantages of simplicity and refinement. The individuals of the same tribe are constantly assembled, but they are assembled in a camp; and the native spirit of these dauntless shepherds is animated by mutual support and emulation. The houses of the Tartars are no more than small tents, of an oval form, which afford a cold and dirty habitation, for the promiscuous youth of both sexes. The palaces of the rich consist of wooden huts, of such a size that they may be conveniently fixed on large wagons, and drawn by a team perhaps of twenty or thirty oxen. The flocks and herds, after grazing all day in the adjacent pastures, retire, on the approach of night, within the protection of the camp. The necessity of preventing the most mischievous confusion, in such a perpetual concourse of men and animals, must gradually introduce, in the distribution, the order, and the guard, of the encampment, the rudiments of the military art. As soon as the forage of a certain district is consumed, the tribe, or rather army, of shepherds, makes a regular march to some fresh pastures; and thus acquires, in the ordinary occupations of the pastoral life, the practical knowledge of one of the most important and difficult operations of war. The choice of stations is regulated by the difference of the seasons: in the summer, the Tartars advance towards the North, and pitch their tents on the banks of a river, or, at least, in the neighborhood of a running stream. But in the winter, they return to the South, and shelter their camp, behind some convenient eminence, against the winds, which are chilled in their passage over the bleak and icy regions of Siberia. These manners are admirably adapted to diffuse, among the wandering tribes, the spirit of emigration and conquest. The connection between the people and their territory is of so frail a texture, that it may be broken by the slightest accident. The camp, and not the soil, is the native country of the genuine Tartar. Within the precincts of that camp, his family, his companions, his property, are always included; and, in the most distant marches, he is still surrounded by the objects which are dear, or valuable, or familiar in his eyes. The thirst of rapine, the fear, or the resentment of injury, the impatience of servitude, have, in every age, been sufficient causes to urge the tribes of Scythia boldly to advance into some unknown countries, where they might hope to find a more plentiful subsistence or a less formidable enemy. The revolutions of the North have frequently determined the fate of the South; and in the conflict of hostile nations, the victor and the vanquished have alternately drove, and been driven, from the confines of China to those of Germany. 10 These great emigrations, which have been sometimes executed with almost incredible diligence, were rendered more easy by the peculiar nature of the climate. It is well known that the cold of Tartary is much more severe than in the midst of the temperate zone might reasonably be expected; this uncommon rigor is attributed to the height of the plains, which rise, especially towards the East, more than half a mile above the level of the sea; and to the quantity of saltpetre with which the soil is deeply impregnated. 11 In the winter season, the broad and rapid rivers, that discharge their waters into the Euxine, the Caspian, or the Icy Sea, are strongly frozen; the fields are covered with a bed of snow; and the fugitive, or victorious, tribes may securely traverse, with their families, their wagons, and their cattle, the smooth and hard surface of an immense plain.
III. The pastoral life, compared with the labors of agriculture and manufactures, is undoubtedly a life of idleness; and as the most honorable shepherds of the Tartar race devolve on their captives the domestic management of the cattle, their own leisure is seldom disturbed by any servile and assiduous cares. But this leisure, instead of being devoted to the soft enjoyments of love and harmony, is use fully spent in the violent and sanguinary exercise of the chase. The plains of Tartary are filled with a strong and serviceable breed of horses, which are easily trained for the purposes of war and hunting. The Scythians of every age have been celebrated as bold and skilful riders; and constant practice had seated them so firmly on horseback, that they were supposed by strangers to perform the ordinary duties of civil life, to eat, to drink, and even to sleep, without dismounting from their steeds. They excel in the dexterous management of the lance; the long Tartar bow is drawn with a nervous arm; and the weighty arrow is directed to its object with unerring aim and irresistible force. These arrows are often pointed against the harmless animals of the desert, which increase and multiply in the absence of their most formidable enemy; the hare, the goat, the roebuck, the fallow-deer, the stag, the elk, and the antelope. The vigor and patience, both of the men and horses, are continually exercised by the fatigues of the chase; and the plentiful supply of game contributes to the subsistence, and even luxury, of a Tartar camp. But the exploits of the hunters of Scythia are not confined to the destruction of timid or innoxious beasts; they boldly encounter the angry wild boar, when he turns against his pursuers, excite the sluggish courage of the bear, and provoke the fury of the tiger, as he slumbers in the thicket. Where there is danger, there may be glory; and the mode of hunting, which opens the fairest field to the exertions of valor, may justly be considered as the image, and as the school, of war. The general hunting matches, the pride and delight of the Tartar princes, compose an instructive exercise for their numerous cavalry. A circle is drawn, of many miles in circumference, to encompass the game of an extensive district; and the troops that form the circle regularly advance towards a common centre; where the captive animals, surrounded on every side, are abandoned to the darts of the hunters. In this march, which frequently continues many days, the cavalry are obliged to climb the hills, to swim the rivers, and to wind through the valleys, without interrupting the prescribed order of their gradual progress. They acquire the habit of directing their eye, and their steps, to a remote object; of preserving their intervals of suspending or accelerating their pace, according to the motions of the troops on their right and left; and of watching and repeating the signals of their leaders. Their leaders study, in this practical school, the most important lesson of the military art; the prompt and accurate judgment of ground, of distance, and of time. To employ against a human enemy the same patience and valor, the same skill and discipline, is the only alteration which is required in real war; and the amusements of the chase serve as a prelude to the conquest of an empire. 12
The political society of the ancient Germans has the appearance of a voluntary alliance of independent warriors. The tribes of Scythia, distinguished by the modern appellation of Hords, assume the form of a numerous and increasing family; which, in the course of successive generations, has been propagated from the same original stock. The meanest, and most ignorant, of the Tartars, preserve, with conscious pride, the inestimable treasure of their genealogy; and whatever distinctions of rank may have been introduced, by the unequal distribution of pastoral wealth, they mutually respect themselves, and each other, as the descendants of the first founder of the tribe. The custom, which still prevails, of adopting the bravest and most faithful of the captives, may countenance the very probable suspicion, that this extensive consanguinity is, in a great measure, legal and fictitious. But the useful prejudice, which has obtained the sanction of time and opinion, produces the effects of truth; the haughty Barbarians yield a cheerful and voluntary obedience to the head of their blood; and their chief, or mursa, as the representative of their great father, exercises the authority of a judge in peace, and of a leader in war. In the original state of the pastoral world, each of the mursas (if we may continue to use a modern appellation) acted as the independent chief of a large and separate family; and the limits of their peculiar territories were gradually fixed by superior force, or mutual consent. But the constant operation of various and permanent causes contributed to unite the vagrant Hords into national communities, under the command of a supreme head. The weak were desirous of support, and the strong were ambitious of dominion; the power, which is the result of union, oppressed and collected the divided force of the adjacent tribes; and, as the vanquished were freely admitted to share the advantages of victory, the most valiant chiefs hastened to range themselves and their followers under the formidable standard of a confederate nation. The most successful of the Tartar princes assumed the military command, to which he was entitled by the superiority, either of merit or of power. He was raised to the throne by the acclamations of his equals; and the title of Khan expresses, in the language of the North of Asia, the full extent of the regal dignity. The right of hereditary succession was long confined to the blood of the founder of the monarchy; and at this moment all the Khans, who reign from Crimea to the wall of China, are the lineal descendants of the renowned Zingis. 13 But, as it is the indispensable duty of a Tartar sovereign to lead his warlike subjects into the field, the claims of an infant are often disregarded; and some royal kinsman, distinguished by his age and valor, is intrusted with the sword and sceptre of his predecessor. Two distinct and regular taxes are levied on the tribes, to support the dignity of the national monarch, and of their peculiar chief; and each of those contributions amounts to the tithe, both of their property, and of their spoil. A Tartar sovereign enjoys the tenth part of the wealth of his people; and as his own domestic riches of flocks and herds increase in a much larger proportion, he is able plentifully to maintain the rustic splendor of his court, to reward the most deserving, or the most favored of his followers, and to obtain, from the gentle influence of corruption, the obedience which might be sometimes refused to the stern mandates of authority. The manners of his subjects, accustomed, like himself, to blood and rapine, might excuse, in their eyes, such partial acts of tyranny, as would excite the horror of a civilized people; but the power of a despot has never been acknowledged in the deserts of Scythia. The immediate jurisdiction of the khan is confined within the limits of his own tribe; and the exercise of his royal prerogative has been moderated by the ancient institution of a national council. The Coroulai, 14 or Diet, of the Tartars, was regularly held in the spring and autumn, in the midst of a plain; where the princes of the reigning family, and the mursas of the respective tribes, may conveniently assemble on horseback, with their martial and numerous trains; and the ambitious monarch, who reviewed the strength, must consult the inclination of an armed people. The rudiments of a feudal government may be discovered in the constitution of the Scythian or Tartar nations; but the perpetual conflict of those hostile nations has sometimes terminated in the establishment of a powerful and despotic empire. The victor, enriched by the tribute, and fortified by the arms of dependent kings, has spread his conquests over Europe or Asia: the successful shepherds of the North have submitted to the confinement of arts, of laws, and of cities; and the introduction of luxury, after destroying the freedom of the people, has undermined the foundations of the throne. 15
The memory of past events cannot long be preserved in the frequent and remote emigrations of illiterate Barbarians. The modern Tartars are ignorant of the conquests of their ancestors; 16 and our knowledge of the history of the Scythians is derived from their intercourse with the learned and civilized nations of the South, the Greeks, the Persians, and the Chinese. The Greeks, who navigated the Euxine, and planted their colonies along the sea-coast, made the gradual and imperfect discovery of Scythia; from the Danube, and the confines of Thrace, as far as the frozen Maeotis, the seat of eternal winter, and Mount Caucasus, which, in the language of poetry, was described as the utmost boundary of the earth. They celebrated, with simple credulity, the virtues of the pastoral life: 17 they entertained a more rational apprehension of the strength and numbers of the warlike Barbarians, 18 who contemptuously baffled the immense armament of Darius, the son of Hystaspes. 19 The Persian monarchs had extended their western conquests to the banks of the Danube, and the limits of European Scythia. The eastern provinces of their empire were exposed to the Scythians of Asia; the wild inhabitants of the plains beyond the Oxus and the Jaxartes, two mighty rivers, which direct their course towards the Caspian Sea. The long and memorable quarrel of Iran and Touran is still the theme of history or romance: the famous, perhaps the fabulous, valor of the Persian heroes, Rustan and Asfendiar, was signalized, in the defence of their country, against the Afrasiabs of the North; 20 and the invincible spirit of the same Barbarians resisted, on the same ground, the victorious arms of Cyrus and Alexander. 21 In the eyes of the Greeks and Persians, the real geography of Scythia was bounded, on the East, by the mountains of Imaus, or Caf; and their distant prospect of the extreme and inaccessible parts of Asia was clouded by ignorance, or perplexed by fiction. But those inaccessible regions are the ancient residence of a powerful and civilized nation, 22 which ascends, by a probable tradition, above forty centuries; 23 and which is able to verify a series of near two thousand years, by the perpetual testimony of accurate and contemporary historians. 24 The annals of China 25 illustrate the state and revolutions of the pastoral tribes, which may still be distinguished by the vague appellation of Scythians, or Tartars; the vassals, the enemies, and sometimes the conquerors, of a great empire; whose policy has uniformly opposed the blind and impetuous valor of the Barbarians of the North. From the mouth of the Danube to the Sea of Japan, the whole longitude of Scythia is about one hundred and ten degrees, which, in that parallel, are equal to more than five thousand miles. The latitude of these extensive deserts cannot be so easily, or so accurately, measured; but, from the fortieth degree, which touches the wall of China, we may securely advance above a thousand miles to the northward, till our progress is stopped by the excessive cold of Siberia. In that dreary climate, instead of the animated picture of a Tartar camp, the smoke that issues from the earth, or rather from the snow, betrays the subterraneous dwellings of the Tongouses, and the Samoides: the want of horses and oxen is imperfectly supplied by the use of reindeer, and of large dogs; and the conquerors of the earth insensibly degenerate into a race of deformed and diminutive savages, who tremble at the sound of arms. 26
1 Such is the bad taste of Ammianus, (xxvi. 10,) that it is not easy to distinguish his facts from his metaphors. Yet he positively affirms, that he saw the rotten carcass of a ship, ad Modon, in Peloponnesus.
2 The earthquakes and inundations are variously described by Libanius, (Orat. de ulciscenda Juliani nece, c. x., in Fabricius, Bibl. Graec. tom. vii. p. 158, with a learned note of Olearius,) Zosimus, (l. iv. p. 221,) Sozomen, (l. vi. c. 2,) Cedrenus, (p. 310, 314,) and Jerom, (in Chron. p. 186, and tom. i. p. 250, in Vit. Hilarion.) Epidaurus must have been overwhelmed, had not the prudent citizens placed St. Hilarion, an Egyptian monk, on the beach. He made the sign of the Cross; the mountain- wave stopped, bowed, and returned.
3 Dicaearchus, the Peripatetic, composed a formal treatise, to prove this obvious truth; which is not the most honorable to the human species. (Cicero, de Officiis, ii. 5.)
4 The original Scythians of Herodotus (l. iv. c. 47 - 57, 99 - 101) were confined, by the Danube and the Palus Maeotis, within a square of 4000 stadia, (400 Roman miles.) See D'Anville (Mem. de l'Academie, tom. xxxv. p. 573 - 591.) Diodorus Siculus (tom. i. l. ii. p. 155, edit. Wesseling) has marked the gradual progress of the name and nation.
5 The Tatars, or Tartars, were a primitive tribe, the rivals, and at length the subjects, of the Moguls. In the victorious armies of Zingis Khan, and his successors, the Tartars formed the vanguard; and the name, which first reached the ears of foreigners, was applied to the whole nation, (Freret, in the Hist. de l'Academie, tom. xviii. p. 60.) In speaking of all, or any of the northern shepherds of Europe, or Asia, I indifferently use the appellations of Scythians or Tartars.
Note: The Moguls, (Mongols,) according to M. Klaproth, are a tribe of the Tartar nation. Tableaux Hist. de l'Asie, p. 154. - M.
6 Imperium Asiae ter quaesivere: ipsi perpetuo ab alieno imperio, aut intacti aut invicti, mansere. Since the time of Justin, (ii. 2,) they have multiplied this account. Voltaire, in a few words, (tom. x. p. 64, Hist. Generale, c. 156,) has abridged the Tartar conquests.
Oft o'er the trembling nations from afar, Has Scythia breathed the living cloud of war.
Note: Gray. - M.
7 The fourth book of Herodotus affords a curious though imperfect, portrait of the Scythians. Among the moderns, who describe the uniform scene, the Khan of Khowaresm, Abulghazi Bahadur, expresses his native feelings; and his genealogical history of the Tartars has been copiously illustrated by the French and English editors. Carpin, Ascelin, and Rubruquis (in the Hist. des Voyages, tom. vii.) represent the Moguls of the fourteenth century. To these guides I have added Gerbillon, and the other Jesuits, (Description de la China par du Halde, tom. iv.,) who accurately surveyed the Chinese Tartary; and that honest and intelligent traveller, Bell, of Antermony, (two volumes in 4to. Glasgow, 1763.)
Note: Of the various works published since the time of Gibbon, which throw fight on the nomadic population of Central Asia, may be particularly remarked the Travels and Dissertations of Pallas; and above all, the very curious work of Bergman, Nomadische Streifereyen. Riga, 1805. - M.
8 The Uzbecks are the most altered from their primitive manners; 1. By the profession of the Mahometan religion; and 2. By the possession of the cities and harvests of the great Bucharia.
9 Il est certain que les grands mangeurs de viande sont en general cruels et feroces plus que les autres hommes. Cette observation est de tous les lieux, et de tous les temps: la barbarie Angloise est connue, &c. Emile de Rousseau, tom. i. p. 274. Whatever we may think of the general observation, we shall not easily allow the truth of his example. The good-natured complaints of Plutarch, and the pathetic lamentations of Ovid, seduce our reason, by exciting our sensibility.
10 These Tartar emigrations have been discovered by M. de Guignes (Histoire des Huns, tom. i. ii.) a skilful and laborious interpreter of the Chinese language; who has thus laid open new and important scenes in the history of mankind.
11 A plain in the Chinese Tartary, only eighty leagues from the great wall, was found by the missionaries to be three thousand geometrical paces above the level of the sea. Montesquieu, who has used, and abused, the relations of travellers, deduces the revolutions of Asia from this important circumstance, that heat and cold, weakness and strength, touch each other without any temperate zone, (Esprit des Loix, l. xvii. c. 3.)
12 Petit de la Croix (Vie de Gengiscan, l. iii. c. 6) represents the full glory and extent of the Mogul chase. The Jesuits Gerbillon and Verbiest followed the emperor Khamhi when he hunted in Tartary, Duhalde, Description de la Chine, tom. iv. p. 81, 290, &c., folio edit.) His grandson, Kienlong, who unites the Tartar discipline with the laws and learning of China, describes (Eloge de Moukden, p. 273 - 285) as a poet the pleasures which he had often enjoyed as a sportsman.
13 See the second volume of the Genealogical History of the Tartars; and the list of the Khans, at the end of the life of Geng's, or Zingis. Under the reign of Timur, or Tamerlane, one of his subjects, a descendant of Zingis, still bore the regal appellation of Khan and the conqueror of Asia contented himself with the title of Emir or Sultan. Abulghazi, part v. c. 4. D'Herbelot, Bibliotheque Orien tale, p. 878.
14 See the Diets of the ancient Huns, (De Guignes, tom. ii. p. 26,) and a curious description of those of Zingis, (Vie de Gengiscan, l. i. c. 6, l. iv. c. 11.) Such assemblies are frequently mentioned in the Persian history of Timur; though they served only to countenance the resolutions of their master.
15 Montesquieu labors to explain a difference, which has not existed, between the liberty of the Arabs, and the perpetual slavery of the Tartars. (Esprit des Loix, l. xvii. c. 5, l. xviii. c. 19, &c.)
16 Abulghasi Khan, in the two first parts of his Genealogical History, relates the miserable tales and traditions of the Uzbek Tartars concerning the times which preceded the reign of Zingis.
Note: The differences between the various pastoral tribes and nations comprehended by the ancients under the vague name of Scythians, and by Gibbon under inst of Tartars, have received some, and still, perhaps, may receive more, light from the comparisons of their dialects and languages by modern scholars. - M
17 In the thirteenth book of the Iliad, Jupiter turns away his eyes from the bloody fields of Troy, to the plains of Thrace and Scythia. He would not, by changing the prospect, behold a more peaceful or innocent scene.
18 Thucydides, l. ii. c. 97.
19 See the fourth book of Herodotus. When Darius advanced into the Moldavian desert, between the Danube and the Niester, the king of the Scythians sent him a mouse, a frog, a bird, and five arrows; a tremendous allegory!
20 These wars and heroes may be found under their respective titles, in the Bibliotheque Orientale of D'Herbelot. They have been celebrated in an epic poem of sixty thousand rhymed couplets, by Ferdusi, the Homer of Persia. See the history of Nadir Shah, p. 145, 165. The public must lament that Mr. Jones has suspended the pursuit of Oriental learning. Note: Ferdusi is yet imperfectly known to European readers. An abstract of the whole poem has been published by Goerres in German, under the title "das Heldenbuch des Iran." In English, an abstract with poetical translations, by Mr. Atkinson, has appeared, under the auspices of the Oriental Fund. But to translate a poet a man must be a poet. The best account of the poem is in an article by Von Hammer in the Vienna Jahrbucher, 1820: or perhaps in a masterly article in Cochrane's Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 1, 1835. A splendid and critical edition of the whole work has been published by a very learned English Orientalist, Captain Macan, at the expense of the king of Oude. As to the number of 60,000 couplets, Captain Macan (Preface, p. 39) states that he never saw a MS. containing more than 56,685, including doubtful and spurious passages and episodes. - M.
Note: The later studies of Sir W. Jones were more in unison with the wishes of the public, thus expressed by Gibbon. - M.
21 The Caspian Sea, with its rivers and adjacent tribes, are laboriously illustrated in the Examen Critique des Historiens d'Alexandre, which compares the true geography, and the errors produced by the vanity or ignorance of the Greeks.
22 The original seat of the nation appears to have been in the Northwest of China, in the provinces of Chensi and Chansi. Under the two first dynasties, the principal town was still a movable camp; the villages were thinly scattered; more land was employed in pasture than in tillage; the exercise of hunting was ordained to clear the country from wild beasts; Petcheli (where Pekin stands) was a desert, and the Southern provinces were peopled with Indian savages. The dynasty of the Han (before Christ 206) gave the empire its actual form and extent.
23 The aera of the Chinese monarchy has been variously fixed from 2952 to 2132 years before Christ; and the year 2637 has been chosen for the lawful epoch, by the authority of the present emperor. The difference arises from the uncertain duration of the two first dynasties; and the vacant space that lies beyond them, as far as the real, or fabulous, times of Fohi, or Hoangti. Sematsien dates his authentic chronology from the year 841; the thirty-six eclipses of Confucius (thirty- one of which have been verified) were observed between the years 722 and 480 before Christ. The historical period of China does not ascend above the Greek Olympiads.
24 After several ages of anarchy and despotism, the dynasty of the Han (before Christ 206) was the aera of the revival of learning. The fragments of ancient literature were restored; the characters were improved and fixed; and the future preservation of books was secured by the useful inventions of ink, paper, and the art of printing. Ninety-seven years before Christ, Sematsien published the first history of China. His labors were illustrated, and continued, by a series of one hundred and eighty historians. The substance of their works is still extant; and the most considerable of them are now deposited in the king of France's library.
25 China has been illustrated by the labors of the French; of the missionaries at Pekin, and Messrs. Freret and De Guignes at Paris. The substance of the three preceding notes is extracted from the Chou-king, with the preface and notes of M. de Guignes, Paris, 1770. The Tong-Kien- Kang-Mou, translated by P. de Mailla, under the name of Hist. Generale de la Chine, tom. i. p. xlix. - cc.; the Memoires sur la Chine, Paris, 1776, &c., tom. i. p. 1 - 323; tom. ii. p. 5 - 364; the Histoire des Huns, tom. i. p. 4 - 131, tom. v. p. 345 - 362; and the Memoires de l'Academie des Inscriptions, tom. x. p. 377 - 402; tom. xv. p. 495 - 564; tom. xviii. p. 178 - 295; xxxvi. p. 164 - 238.
26 See the Histoire Generale des Voyages, tom. xviii., and the Genealogical History, vol. ii. p. 620 - 664.