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Revista de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (Santa Cruz de la Sierra)
versión impresa ISSN 1819-0545
Rev. humanid. cienc. soc. (St. Cruz Sierra) v.4 n.se 2008
Gas integration in South America and liquefied natural gas
Gabriela Aguilera Lizarazu
This paper will be published in Spanish in the Revista de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, Vol. 15, Nº 1-2 (June December 2009). ISSN 1819-0545. Gabriela Aguilera Lizarazu studied Economics at the Universidad Autónoma "Gabriel René Moreno", and holds a Master's degree from the Pantheon Sorbonne University (Paris I) in International Economics and Development. The paper was written for the Summer School on Latin American Economies (ECLAC - UNITED NATIONS, Santiago de Chile), to which the author attended in 2009. (e-mail: email@example.com). Translated by Jeremy Jordan and Nan Hyang Jordan.
Translated by Jeremy Jordan and Nan Hyang Jordan
Translation from Revista de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, vol.15, n. 1-2, pp.1-41, (June - December 2009)
The objective of this paper is to analyze the challenges and opportunities that countries in South America are facing with the growth in the worldwide market of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Likewise, it aims to analyze, from different perspectives, the progress and setbacks regarding the interconnection of gas networks and the integration and cooperation of energy in the Southern Cone.
This work comprises of five chapters. After the introduction and presentation of the subject, the second chapter analyzes the vision of predominant regional integration in Latin-America, the importance of political and economic interests, and the relevance of energy in regional integration processes.
The third chapter describes the regional energy situation, its position in the worldwide context, the energy matrix conformation and the progress achieved in the integration and interconnection of gas.
Chapter four provides details about the market tendencies of LNG around the world and in Latin-America, but also it presents the challenges and opportunities that each region has in order to strengthen their energy security. To finalize, chapter five presents conclusions and recommendations.
"Securing the future of our citizens by promoting human prosperity, energy security and environmental sustainability."1
In a context of important price fluctuations of petroleum, increased energy demand, insufficient production growth and consequently, lack of energy security, energy has turned into the central topic of many encounters between Latin-American governments.
The worldwide growth of energy demand and the proximity of the peak price of petroleum, have opened horizons of uncertainty on the one hand due to the supply of this resource, and on the other hand have caused imbalances in the producing economies because of the vulnerability gained when facing such constantly changing situations.
The role that energy plays in regional integration, within the worldwide context, and its future challenges to promote agreements of cooperation and energy security, is nowadays an important matter to deal with.
Energy integration is understood as a process that leads to agreements of intergovernmental cooperation that favor infrastructural development for energy marketing, under a supranational regulatory framework that defines action mechanisms and provides security to its participants. The purpose of energy integration is to facilitate an access to energy to the majority of the population, and to serve as a legal and institutional base to advance towards processes of deeper economic integration.
The development of interconnection of energy networks is a fundamental step towards the integration process, however, it is not the main aim. Greater energy interconnection does not always implicate joint energy policies. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a supranational regulatory framework that can uphold commercial agreements, signed among the countries, and that can define regional energy policies with the purpose of promoting energy as a right of all citizens.
In the last few years there has been a substantial turn with regard to policies of deregulation implemented at the end of the eighties and the beginning of the nineties. Renationalization is a clear example of it. Hence, the purposes of integration as well as the main players who play a role in it are inclined towards a greater participation of the state in decision making regarding the development of the energy sector and the use of its resources.
The political and economic crisis, together with other factors caused large problems to the supply of energy in the Southern Cone. Argentina, and above all Chile were the most affected countries, due to the reduction of their natural gas supply.
Because of insecurity in the regional energy situation, certain countries were forced to look beyond their neighbors with the purpose of stocking up. Maritime projects of LNG placated this need. Only in Chile and Peru did the maritime plants reach a level of total investment of US$ 5,500 million.
The maritime plant projects implemented and projected in the Southern Cone: 2 regasification plants in Chile, 1 plant in Argentina, 2 plants in Brazil, 1 plant in Uruguay and a liquefaction plant in Peru, all displayed a lack of joint regional energy policies. However, it is worth to point out the great efforts that the governments are making in order to ensure their energy supplies.
The tendencies of the liquefied natural gas market beyond 2012 show a greater setting of growth in demand than the available capacity offered, which will generate a certain unbalance in the market. Therefore, it is indispensable again to take up the path leading towards the process of energy integration, under principles of cooperation and reliable legal frameworks, to ensure the supply of energy in the region.
To talk about energy and integration policies, necessarily involves discussing the policies of regional development. However, these policies of development that delimit models of growth, are closely linked to the structural challenges within the region (poverty, social inequity) and the challenges of the region in the worldwide context.
A. International trade and integration in Latin America
Traditionally, the vision of regional integration in Latin-America has been related to the issues of development and the insertion mechanisms of these countries into the global economy.
Back in the sixties, integration played a key role in the policies of development. Under the Import Substitution-Industrialization (ISI) model, the fundamental function of integration was to expand the markets in order to enable a more efficient industrialization process. (Bouzas, 2009). Accordingly, new industries were protected and integration had to reduce high efficiency costs in small economies that were unable to reach a higher scale.
The golden age of integration was the sixties. LAFTA (Latin-American Free Trade Association) was created in 1960; the Central American Common Market (CACM) was created in 1961, and CARIFTA, Caribbean Free Trade Association, was created in 1965 that later on, turned into CARICOM in 19732. Due to the framework of Latin-American Associations in favor of greater integration, the sixties turned out to be very dynamic.
In 1980, the Latin-American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) fell into crisis. That year, the Treatise of Montevideo was renegotiated and the LAIA (Latin American Integration Association) was created, based on a more flexible approach and on bilateral agreements, hence breaking the wide ranged vision of integration. The political as well as the military context of conflicts in the region, in conjunction with the international crisis of the sixties debt crisis and exhaustion of ISI, resulted in policies of greater protectionism by some countries which lead to a decrease in trade flow. The original projects of regional integration were relegated.
Towards the end of the eighties, the approach of integration in Latin America took a substantial turn away from the previous focus. This new approach was known as the "New Regionalism". From then on, the role of integration was aligned with a new paradigm of economic policies called "The Washington Consensus". In this sense, integration had the role of promulgating a more complete trade liberalization of the region for the worldwide economy, strengthening the North-South bilateral agreement between countries in the south and countries in the north or northern blocs.
On a regional level, a loss of dynamism existed in the commercial blocs. There were serious problems of economic and social convergence in the blocs, no progress towards a greater integration and the political divergence was increasingly marked (CAN, Colombia-Venezuela) which prevented important agreements from being reached, to a certain extent.
The North-South free trade treaties had taken preference over South-South agreements, without taking into account that both mechanisms strengthen the region and the countries since they are not substitutes, but complementary mechanisms3. With the approach of a greater worldwide insertion, countries had taken their decisions individually on participation in the external market.
B. Economy and politics in the integration initiative
The notion of integration and its motivation in South-America are visualized and internalized by its inhabitants in a different way to those in developed countries. In the European case, at the time of creating the European Coal and Steel Community (1951), there was already a level of industrialization. The main objective was "to contribute, through the common market for coal and steel, to economic expansion, growth of employment and a rising standard of living"4. However, the Latin-American longing for integration was to reach higher levels of industrialization, to solve structural problems that had prevented a greater development and to manage a better position in the global market.
The structural problems pertaining to Latin America such as insufficient and heterogeneous production, scant institutional and financial development, lack of endogenous technological foundation and extreme inequality and poverty, are very big challenges that only could be overcome through a regional consolidation, in view of a better political and economic insertion of the region in the worldwide context. (Tavares, Gomes, 1998). For this reason, a political and economic-historical analysis is required in order to comprehend the processes of integration in the region.
Bela Balassa (1961), in his eagerness to give purely economic connotations, defined the commercial integration as "a process", or as a "state of things". In this way, the economic integration defined as "a process" includes several measures to abolish discrimination among economic units belonging to different national states. On the other hand, as a "state of things", integration represents a lack of various forms of discrimination among national economies.
However, from a "wider" point of view, integration could be considered as a process of growing solidarity and structural interpenetration of which mechanisms, instruments and objectives are defined in the Constituent Treaty from which integration originates. (Torres, 2004)
Some criticize such purely economic visions by classifying them as commercialist (Torres, 2004); others classify them as populist views with ideological tendencies. Nevertheless, in order to achieve integration of "state", the political will and economic interests will have to be combined in the "process", reaching an equitable optimization among its participants. Integration involves losing a certain extent of national sovereignty, but it also entails gaining benefits of the above-mentioned integration.
During the sixties, integration played a strategic and indispensable role to accelerate growth, expand and diversify exports and to make progress towards industrialization, with a better use of economies of scale, advantages of specialization and industrial complementation. However, problems arose at the time of advancing from this first stage of industrialization towards a more dynamic model of growth.
The constant and continuous loss of economic and political weight is a problem that can hold back joint regional development. The impact of the financial crisis on the economic and social situation, and together with new environmental measures for traditional exports from Latin America, led us to rethink about the need of a greater cooperation among the countries in order to work on an international level. Although it is clear that there are quite strong ideological tendencies in the region, it is necessary to coordinate policies of state with the goal of reaching joint regional measures.
Economic integration cannot exist without a greater flow of commerce, reduction of customs tariffs and other difficulties related to foreign business, in the same way, neither a new form of regional economic organization can be established without political will and the conformation of consolidated transnational institutions with a regional long-term objective.
C. Energy in the integration process
The growth of worldwide energy demand and the proximity of the peak price of petroleum, open horizons of uncertainty, on the one hand due to the supply of this resource, and on the other hand because of the imbalance in the producing economies caused by vulnerability gained when facing a constantly changing situation.
It is not by chance that the topic of energy has been present at meetings and summits for heads of states in the region. In April of 2007 the First South American Energy Summit took place, in which the South American Energy Council was created; in that same year, Bush visited Brazil during his "tour for ethanol" in order to make agreements on biofuel. Hence, during the Fifth Summit of the Americas that took place in Trinidad and Tobago in April of 2009, the importance of energy in the region was pointed out, and has been compiled in the "Energy Security" section of the Declaration of Commitment of the Port of Spain.
The ideas and "proposals" of integration in Latin America contain substantial data, but it is worth to analyze the main role that energy plays in regional and international contexts by price fluctuations of crude oil.
Following the mid eighties and the implementation of economic reforms, the private sector took on an important role in the energy sector, due to the privatization of several state owned Enterprises of Energy and Hydrocarbons. Accordingly, and with an external market of certain price stability, important interconnections took place for the transmission of energy between the countries. Could this be called progress of integration?
The transnational energy interconnections through greater infrastructural construction for energy commercialization were guided by market interests and profit optimization. In this sense, there was no intergovernmental agenda that defined projects of integration based, not only, on continuing the development of energy interconnection, but instead based on much deeper and longer-term objectives of cooperation and energy security.
The current outline is different. In the extreme context of the food crisis, price rises of petroleum as well as the financial crisis and political changes in the region, these have all served to instill a new situation in which energy, and the roles of Brazil and Venezuela, are important in the process of integration.
During the Energy Summit of 2007, it was stated that "energy integration must be utilized as an important tool to promote social and economic development and the eradication of poverty". However, these great dreams contain large amounts of data.
By viewing the role that energy plays in integration there are two proposals, the first brought about implicitly by Brazil, by means of its oil company PETROBRAS, and the other explicit proposal brought about by Venezuelan projects, through mixed agreements articulated between the PDVSA company and national enterprises of other countries on subjects of energy cooperation and the financing of access to energy.
The first position tried to expand its hegemony in the traditional style of integration; the second one tried to give "alternative" ways by putting emphasis on cooperation before maximization of economic utilities, but emphasizing the role that energy plays in order to gain political hegemony.
Another difference lies in the causes of expansion of these enterprises. PETROBRAS expands and diversifies its energy matrix mainly in order to supply its internal market. However, the Venezuelan government uses it to expand its ideology among the nations.
It is true that we are far from reaching energy integration, and the progress that has been made towards a greater interconnection, is at a standstill. The role that it is being given to energy exceeds its own limits, forgetting about the most basic objectives: to secure the regional supply and allow a greater access from the population, through the progress of energy network interconnections.
It is necessary to combine long term integration projects, under a transnational framework of commitment and cooperation among the countries, with short term projects that are able to carry out the objectives proposed at important meetings on energy and presidential summits.
A. Regional energy matrix
In order to begin with our analysis it is important to locate Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) in the worldwide context, to know what is its importance in the framework of global energy policies, as well as to identify the main players in the region.
Petroleum LAC: The Latin American and the Caribbean reserves of petroleum represent 10% of worldwide reserves, Venezuela being the one with the largest reserves in the region, representing 68% of the regional total.
The largest producers are Venezuela and Mexico representing 64.8% of the total regional production. Both countries have different reserve perspectives: 66 years for Venezuela and 8 years for Mexico. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA) 5Mexico might turn into a net importer of petroleum by 2020 if it follows this production tendency.
The refining capacity of petroleum in Latin America is of 7,149 thousands of barrels per day (Kbbl/d) of petroleum, Brazil has a production of 28%, and Mexico and Venezuela when added together represents 68% of the regional refining capacity.
Natural Gas LAC: The regional natural gas production represents 9% of the worldwide total production. It is the second most important type of energy in the region and one of the energy resources that has grown very rapidly in its consumption and the discovery of new reserves over the last few years. Mexico is the biggest regional producer, and consumes almost the totality of its own production in its internal market.6
Part of the accelerated growth of natural gas demand has to do with its use in electricity power generation as a substitute for other previously used energies (petroleum, hydroelectric power).
The largest proven reserves of natural gas are owned by Venezuela. Nevertheless, almost 90% of its reserves are gas related, which implies their relationship to petroleum production. According to ENAGAS, petroleum production consumes 70% of the total with the purpose of helping the extraction of crude oil.
Mineral Coal LAC: The participation of mineral coal is the least relevant on the worldwide level. Brazil counts with 75.16% of the proven reserves, but the country with the highest levels of production (73.16%) is Colombia.
Hydroelectricity LAC: Within the primary energy supply, it is worth pointing out the participation of hydroelectricity (11%). Its production can be summarized by Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia and Argentina, which generate 86% of hydroelectric power on a regional level.
In 2005, Latin America and the Caribbean had produced 22% of worldwide hydroelectric power.
B. South America: Natural Gas and Electricity Production
The global trade of natural gas has increased substantially starting in the year 2000, from approximately 530 billion cubic meters (BCM) to 900 BCM in 2008. This tendency has been noticeable in the region due to different factors: an increase on the side of supply, greater discoveries, higher investments which were accompanied by reforms that attracted foreign capital, as well as on the side of consumption, both in the residential area and the use of this energy resource for electric power generation.
The consumption and production growth of natural gas
According to EIA, the consumption of natural gas will increase by 2.4% per year between 2006 -2030, and in the specific case of Brazil, the consumption by 2030 will double that of the year 2006. As it was pointed out previously, many countries are incorporating more and more natural gas in electricity power generation, with the aim of diversifying their sources of energy, which are based fundamentally on hydroelectricity, and at the same time reduce the utilization of expensive fossil fuel (petroleum).
According to EIA, natural gas is estimated to be the second most utilized energy in electricity generation with the highest growth rate. However, hydroelectric power will maintain its first place. For this reason, it is very important to raise a sustainability analysis under social and environmental approaches for this source of energy.
The dynamics of the natural gas trade, including LNG, seem to create a future scenario of price rises due to high demands driven by the supply capacity of the producing countries. This new panorama raises certain warnings for those countries which lack this resource and are looking for alternative energy.
D. South America: current situation of energy integration
There are different initiatives of energy cooperation and hydrocarbon supply, among them can be found: a) The Petroamerica Initiative (Petrocaribe, Petroandina, Petrosouth); b) The Mesoamerica Energy Integration Program; c) The Integration Agreement of Cooperation signed by Cuba; d) The Energy Ring; e) The Southern gas pipeline (Ruiz, 2006).
Gas Interconnection in South America
The process of regional energy integration up until the nineties was scant and focused on bilateral electricity interconnections and on a gas structure developed mainly by Argentina, Bolivia and Chile.
The construction boom of international gas interconnections occurred during the mid nineties. It is calculated that between 1996-2003 gas infrastructures increased by 72% and production by100%. The deregulation reforms in the energy sector and the privatization of state owned petroleum enterprises motivated an increased level of investments.
Such is the case of YPF Argentina (1999) that passed into the hands of REPSOL, a Spanish company, and YPFB of Bolivia, which became a group of joint enterprises through which the companies Amoco-Bolivia and YPF - Pérez Compac- Pluspetrol were awarded with exploration rights and production areas, and Enron-Shell with transportation. The refineries were sold to PETROBRAS.7
Within this framework, and under the proposal of IIRSA (Regional Integration Infrastructure of South America) conceived during a meeting of South American Presidents, in Brasilia (2000), two proposals emerged, with different motivations:
Energy Ring Project
Southern Gas Pipeline Project
Proposal: Energy Ring
The "South American Energy Ring" (AES) project was comprised of an infrastructural connection by private initiatives, and encouraged by some governments, in order to ensure sufficient gas supply in the region. At first, the cooperation by Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Peru and Uruguay was considered, and later the possibility arose to include Bolivia and Paraguay.
One of the motivations of AES was to create an institutional framework in order to bring investments into the energy sector that at the time were scant. Therefore it was indispensable to create a suitable legal arrangement and a predictable industrial regimen.
Specifically, the project did not make much progress in real terms although it had plenty of publicity support. The seven governments never got to negotiate together.
One of the technical obstacles regarding the viabilities of this project was the lack of proven reserves of the first supplying country, Peru, which implied that the project would have to be carried out with the involvement of Bolivia. However, the latter was going through social upheavals, political crisis and awareness of a coup d'état. Therefore, faced with this discouraging scenario for investments, there was no way to continue with the project.
On the other hand, it is worth mentioning that the lack of a regional vision of cooperation with regard to energy was noticeable. In the region a tendency of integration proposals exists that is based on political agreements, prominence of the state and components of cooperation. The incompatibility of this project with the vision of regional integration by some governments from the Southern Cone, failed to give it legitimacy, although it is necessary to mention that the project was economically rational, but unsuitable for the political climate at that time. The AES project could not be approved at the MERCOSUR Presidential Summit, which took place in December of 2005.
Proposals: Southern Gas Pipeline (SG)
In December of 2005, after Venezuela joined MERCOSUR as a full member, the governments of Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela signed a memorandum of understanding in order to proceed with feasibility studies for the Southern Gas Pipeline construction (Ruiz, 2006).
The shortage of supplies in Argentina and repercussions in Chile, together with the political and social upheavals that Bolivia was going through, and that Brazil's rather large market needed to be stocked up, made the project at first glance seem quite interesting.
The SG project was based on constructing a large gas pipeline that would unite Puerto Ordaz with Brazil, and reaching Buenos Aires (See Map 2). This infrastructure would have an approximate extension length of 8,000 Km. This large gas pipeline proposal would have required an investment of 23,000 million dollars and could have transported 150 MMm3/d.
Hence, this construction project represented an economic interest, if not as the Venezuelan President stated, political interests under the framework of cooperation between the Bolivarian states.
To the best of intentions, the project was economically and technically unviable. One of the limitations of this project was focused mainly on the true capacity of Venezuela to supply the needed amount of gas. A large proportion of its gas reserves were associated with petroleum production. Only 10% of proven gas reserves could be found in deposits of free gas (Kosulj, 2008).
The cooperation initiative and regional players
The energy integration initiatives of the hemisphere were defined in the Plan of Action of the First Presidential Summit of the Americas (1994), the objectives of which were to create "Free Trade in the Hemisphere". In this sense, regional energy cooperation and the development of policies that could facilitate private investments in the sectors were being stimulated. The main promoter was the United States, the world's largest consumer of petroleum (Ruiz, 2006).
Reforms in the energy sector, made in ALC during the nineties, promoted the vision of the Summit of 1994. Under the notion of inefficiency of state owned enterprises, these were capitalized and privatized, changes were made in the contracting system for upstream activities and the entry barriers to downstream activities which were liberalized, among other reforms (Ruiz, 2006).
However, the gas interconnection process in the Southern Cone went into a crisis in 2004. A set of factors such as devaluation in Argentina, supply restrictions against growing demand, changes in the crude oil price situation and political changes that were taking place in the region, weakened the progress of further construction of infrastructure. Accordingly, the energy crisis became increasingly deeper, especially in Chile (Kosulj, 2008).
The visions of integration that are currently being pointed out by some governments are contained within the idea of cooperation between neighboring countries, contrary to integration visions at the beginning of the nineties, which favored the participation of private enterprises. According to Ruiz (2006), the Petroamerica Initiative is a clear example that "the character of energy integration organized only by the market, has been replaced by one in which the state has a more active participation." (p. 23).
According to the Declaration of Caracas,9 the progresses made in energy integration are acknowledged and the PETROAMERICA Strategy is considered to be helpful in the identification of mechanisms of cooperation and energy integration, acting as a geopolitical authority among the states. In the same way, in order to safeguard interests of the nations and autonomy in the management and utilization of their own energy resources, the right of the people to sovereignty is enhanced.
In this way, Venezuela is playing the main role in integration agreements, as is shown by its bilateral agreements of cooperation with Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia.
A. LNG market tendencies around the world
By the beginning of the year 2000, large changes were already being expected from the role that Liquefied Natural Gas would play in the gas industry and in the global energy market. The combination of high prices of natural gas, low costs of LNG due to technological improvements, increased gas demand, and the desire of the producing countries to monetize their reserves, incentivized the making of new projects with the purpose of intensifying the LNG trade.
Accordingly, the distance that exists between producing countries and the large consumer market has encouraged these projects in order to supply growing demands. According to Andy Flower10, transporting LNG by means of ship is cheaper than by gas pipeline when the distance is equal to or greater than 2,000 Km. for offshore pipelines and around or above 3,800 Km. for onshore pipelines.
In the following chart, a substantial increase of LNG consumption compared to the total world gas consumption starting from the year 2003 can be observed. The new liquefaction plant projects of regasification, and the joining of Russia into the market, might maintain this growing importance of energy trade.
Chart 5. Participation evolution of LNG in the worldwide gas consumption
Exporters of LNG: The LNG market is comprised of the following zones: the Pacific Basin, the Middle East and the Atlantic Basin. In the year 2002, the Pacific Basin produced 2.6 trillions of cubic feet (tcf), which represented 49% of the total production. Among the producing countries were Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, Brunei and the United States.
The Middle Eastern Market (Qatar, Oman, UAE), produced 1.2 tcf, which represented 23% of the total production. On the other hand, during the same year, the Atlantic Basin had a production of 29%. Among the producing countries from the latter were: Algeria, Nigeria, Trinidad and Tobago, Libya, Egypt and Norway.
In 2007, the exporting matrix was diversified with the participation of new players in the market. Exporters from the Middle East supplied 25% of LNG to the world. The Pacific Basin represented 39%. Regarding the Atlantic Basin (36%), the new liquefaction projects, mostly in Trinidad and Tobago, and the joining of Nigeria in 2002, entailed a greater participation of these countries in the LNG market.
Qatar: In 2007, Qatar was the largest LNG producer in the Middle East and the world. This could be consolidated since it is carrying out programs to increment its production capacity from 30 millions of tons per year (MTY) in 2006 to 77 MTY in the next years. The increased production capacity of Qatar could modify the markets and affect price levels.
According to the Goldman Sachs Group Inc., the price of LNG will tend to fall by the second half of 2009, due to the supply from Qatar and a low demand for fuel from Japan. Moreover, it would be necessary to add to the expected supply those from other countries like Indonesia and Yemen.
Qatar has the highest GDP from the Middle East and it is among the top 5 richest countries in the world. With a GDP per capita of US$ 101,000 it occupies the second place following Liechtenstein.11
Malaysia: In 2007, Malaysia was the second most important exporter in the world, with an export level of approximately 1 trillion cubic feet (tcf), which represented 13% of the world total. The three main consumer markets were Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. PETRONAS, National Petroleum Enterprise controlled 62% of MISC (Malaysia Shipping Corporation) which was in charge of transporting LNG by sea.
New Producers: It is expected that Angola, Iran, Yemen and Peru will enter the market in these immediate years. Russia entered last year, with the culmination of its first LNG plant on the Island of Sakhalin which has an annual capacity of 4.8 MT. It is one of the largest integrated projects in the world that will allow the Russian Federation to innovate in technology for offshore production. Russia has, for the moment, its main market in Japan. The first shipment left in March of 2009.
Angola is waiting to be incorporated into the market in 2012. The first LNG plant has an investment of between US$ 8,000 and 10,000 million. Its main markets will be the United States, Europe and Asia.
Iran has intended to start exporting 2.5 MT of LNG in 2010, a number that will increase gradually up to 10.8 MT. Its markets of interest are Europe and China.
On the other hand, Yemeni Liquefied Natural Gas Company has its liquefaction plant ready and it is negotiating contracts with its possible buyers. Its exporting capacity is of 200 millions of cubic feet
(MCF) per year. At the moment, the United States and South Korea will be its main markets.
Importers of LNG: By 2002, twelve countries were importing LNG. Moreover, in the last six years six more countries joined in, among them India (2004), China (2006), Russia and Great Britain.
The main LNG buyers are the countries belonging to the Pacific Basin (Japan, South Korea and Taiwan). In 2001 the purchases of these countries represented 71% of the total imported. Due to new countries joining the market, the considerable increase of demand from the United States, and the expansion of the LNG market, their participation in the international market decreased to 66%.
Japan is the largest LNG importer. By 2002, it represented 48% of total imports. Natural Gas covers 12% of its energy demand and more than 95% of that consumption is LNG. The electric power sector is the largest consumer: 61% of the total LNG consumption in 2008, according to EIA Data.
South Korea is the second most important LNG buyer and one of the four most important petroleum purchasers. Due to its lack of energy resources, it depends very much on the external market. In 2007, it attained dependence on external energy of 96.7%. Its main suppliers are Indonesia, Qatar and Oman. Although it is intending to diversify its energy matrix, by stressing investment in R&D in order to develop nuclear power and renewable sources, Korea will continue having high rates of dependence.
Korea has liberalized (although not in its totality) its energy sector and the company KOGAS has lost its monopoly. The contracts operated by Korea are focused on searching for a greater flexibility regarding them.
Another market that supposedly will have influence is China. Gas consumption from 2003 to 2005 has grown with an annual average of 30%. China joined the LNG market in 2006, and although its LNG imports have grown 15% in 2008, mainly because of the Olympic Games in Beijing, it is expected that by 2009, the amount will not be increased, nor be reduced.
B. LNG market tendencies in South America Brazil
"We have petroleum, gas, hydroelectricity, wind and nuclear power, if we act with intelligence, South America could be the first energy power of the world."12
For the medium term it might be hard to plan that South America will become the first energy power of the world; however, the prospects for Brazil are favorable. Brazil is the tenth biggest energy consumer (2008). Its consumption growth is explained by its sustained economic development. It is for this reason that the development of the energy sector, greater diversification of the kind of energy used with emphasis in the incorporation of renewable energies, is a long term goal that is being achieved through state policies.
In 2006, petroleum consumption represented 46% of the total energy consumed, while natural gas reached 7%. Nevertheless, the rate of gas demand growth has increased considerably from the year 2000. The provider countries of this energy are Bolivia and Argentina.
The growing demand for gas together with the lack of trust towards Bolivia as a provider motivated the construction, in record time, of two regasification terminals: Pecem Terminal located in the north and the Guanabara Terminal in the south of the country. For that purpose, Brazil has hired regasification ships under two biddings gained by the company Golar LNG. These ships have the technological capacity to store and regasify on board. According to Golar LNG, the industry estimates that floating storage unit (FSU) technology is advantageous since it is 50% to 75% cheaper than others.13 For that reason the demand of both OECD and non-OECD countries, have chosen this technology.
Pecem Terminal is capable of regasificating 247.34 millions of cubic feet per day (MCF/d). It received its first shipment in July 2008 from Trinidad and Tobago. On the other hand, Guanabara Terminal is capable of regasificating 494.4 MCF/d. According to ANP, the total amount of LNG received during 2008 reached 1.3 BCF coming entirely from Trinidad and Tobago.
Although this implies a greater LNG supply, Brazil will not stop importing gas from Bolivia, at least not until the culmination of their contract by year 2019. The main LNG objectives are to supply its thermoelectric companies for electricity production.
In this context, with the progress achieved in the energy sector, it seems that Brazil will play a fundamental role in the geopolitics of energy in South America and that its regional hegemony will be consolidated.
"If you study history, you will see that it took five centuries of war in Europe and two world wars to finally surpass some of the identity conflicts and to create the European energy and political integration. We have to take a long-term perspective and look at Latin American integration over the long term. There are some things that are happening. Let's give it some time."14
Central Plant Quinteros:In May of 2004, President Ricardo Lagos from the Republic of Chile,
entrusted the state owned enterprise ENAP with the regasification plant project for LNG supply. In June of 2009, Quinteros Plant received its first LNG carrier "Jane Elizabeth" from Trinidad and Tobago to start the functioning of its operations. Approximately 8 weeks later, another methane tanker arrived, "Methane Rita Andrea", with 145000 m3 of LNG coming from Egypt, destined for commercial operations. The regasification plant Quinteros counts with an investment of US$1,100 million.
Central Plant Mejillones:This plant is expected to start functioning by May of 2010, with the arrival of a vessel from Trinidad and Tobago. FSU has a maximum capacity of 5.5 Mm3/d. The investment is approximately US$ 500 million.15
The project Mejillones is represented by the copper company CODELO and GDF SUEZ, each with a 50% participation. The objective of the plant is to supply the main mining enterprises of Big North with electric power. Contracts have already been made with the Northern Codelco Division, Escondidas from BHP Billion16, ABRA and with Collahuasi.
Argentina and Uruguay
Faced with a situation of uncertainty regarding Argentina's energy supply, and its heavy dependence on natural gas, LNG projects used to be part of the solution. In 2008, the first LNG carrier arrived at Port Bahia Blanca. The location contract for the LNG regasification project by means of a regasificating vessel, Excelsia, was signed between ENARSA and YPF. In addition, the project consists of a new gas pipeline that connects the ship with the transportation system TGS.
The contract was worth a total of US$ 49 million and has five years of validity, with a regasification period of 5 months per year (from the 1st of May to the 30th of September). The regasificating vessel has a total capacity of 8MMm3/d, approximately 6% of the average demand volume of Argentina.17
According to the newspaper el Clarín, the added cost of importing and regasificating LNG, will cost Argentina between US$12 and 14 per every million BTU, almost double the price paid to Bolivia (previously US$ 6.97 per million BTU, which was increased to US$ 7.8 after renegotiations).
In the case of Uruguay, since it has a small economy, it seems as if the project progresses slowly, contrary to that in Brazil and Argentina. The very first plans took place in 2007, however, it did not begin until the year 2009. The kind of terminal that it is hoped to be implemented could share some technological similarities with the Mejillones Plant. It is expected that by 2012, the plant will start operating.
With regard to the maximum capacity of the plant, there are still uncertainties. If Uruguay decides to use it for self-supplies, the capacity according to its demands would be of 3 4 Mm3/d. However, if a negotiation agreement is reached with Argentina so that the plant can supply both countries with LNG, its investment and capacity would be greater.
Peru's LNG project, of which the main and majority shareholder is Hunt Oil Company18, is exclusively aimed for the development, construction and operation of the Liquefaction Plant of Natural Gas and a new gas pipeline 408 Km long, for natural gas transportation from the Camisea fields to the liquefaction plant. The main destination of the product is Mexico, which wishes to reduce it dependence on the United States and diversify its energy matrix.
The plant, which intended on starting its operation by mid 2010, is located in Pampa Melchorita, 169 Km from Lima. It has a cost of US$ 3.9 thousand million (including financing costs), of which the Interamerican Bank is contributing with a direct loan of US$ 400 million.
The Peru LNG project represents an enormous effort for this country, which will allow the growth of its energy sector to generate an income of US$ 1,400 million per year of exports, increasing the total exports of the country by approximately 4.2%. As a result of this project the Peruvian government expects to receive an average of US$ 235 million per year for royalties and US$ 90 million from taxes from the income received during the first years.19
Regarding the social impact of the project, it is estimated that it will generate 3,000 direct jobs and 2,200 indirect ones during the construction period (2006-2010), 150 permanent jobs and 130 indirect ones during commercial operations.20
C. Challenges for Bolivia
"I welcome foreign investors."21
Bolivia has the second largest gas reserves in South America. Its proven reserves, production and consumption increased considerably by the end of the nineties, due to private investments that were developed in the sector. The energy sector, as well as the whole economy of the country, joined the deregulation package. Privatization of the state owned enterprise YPFB in 1994 and low tax rates, motivated transnational enterprises to invest in stages of exploration, production and distribution.
However, investments in exploration and production have decreased during these past few years. This drop, on the one hand, has to do with features of the industry as well as other factors. The first stages are intensified with capital investment, which helps the total investment value to be higher and which tends to naturally decrease when the infrastructure is already installed. Among other factors is the ability of the state to invest a considerable amount in order to develop its gas industry.22
The drastic nationalization of hydrocarbons in Bolivia and the breach of some contracts, were in a certain way catalysts that made many countries turn away from the LNG market in the region.
With the new regional context that welcomed the commercialization of liquefied gas to ensure its energy supply, Bolivia seems to be at a disadvantage due to its landlocked position, since there is a worldwide LNG market expanding to which it cannot have direct access. Argentina preferred paying almost double for gas it had imported by sea, than renegotiating prices with Bolivia. Brazil has a 10 year contract that will end by year 2019, and which it has no intention to continue, at least for the moment.
Nevertheless, according to declarations made by the YPFB President, Carlos Villegas, during the 24th Worldwide Gas Conference, Bolivia would be interested in capturing foreign investments for the development of its gas industry. Substantially, the country intends to invest US$ 11 billion for the expansion of the sector and because of that it is looking for foreign investors. In the same way, the meeting between the Argentinean Minister of Planification and the YPFB President to settle gas pipelines in the North of Argentina together with the possibility of new contracts could be a good sign for both countries.
The primordial challenge for Bolivia is investment in exploitation, but overall in exploration to increase its proven reserves. This fundamental step would provide it with international support in order to make new contracts. Legal and trustworthy frameworks with a certain level of encouragement for international companies, could be the keys to renegotiate with neighboring countries.
On the internal level, the culmination of the gas pipeline Carrasco-Cochabamba that connects the gas fields of Carrasco and the city of Cochabamba is fundamental to supply energy to the industrial sector.
In short, Bolivia has many advantages in spite of its landlocked situation and the new LNG market in South America, because it is located at the center of countries with great consumption capacities and that are willing to negotiate investments in infrastructure if the legal frameworks are trustworthy. However, the urgent challenge that this country faces, is to increase its investment levels in exploration and exploitation.
The importance of energy in regional integration proposals is currently very significant given the worldwide context of price fluctuations of petroleum and given the regional context in which main regional players, Brazil and Venezuela, have a preponderant weight in the energy matrix.
The development of transnational energy interconnections brought about during the period of market deregulation and that was guided by private interests, did not support a greater integration process widely understood and defined in this work. The failures in elaborating joint energy policies and a transnational legal framework could not regulate energy trade activities. Therefore, during conflicting moments, the lack of supply was made evident as well as the absence of cooperation among countries. It is for this reason that it can be concluded that although there was progress in the infrastructure of the transnational energy network, there were no advances in energy integration at that time.
However, different and currently valid energy cooperation initiatives, combined with infrastructural progress, are steps that need to be made the best of, in order to allow such processes to advance. The growing increase of energy demand, the high dependence on fossil fuels and their impact on the environment, are subjects of energy security that require joint solutions.
On the one hand, in the last six years the importance of liquefied natural gas in the global energy market has increased. The joining of Russia and Yemen to the market and the immense production of Qatar will increase the supply capacity. On the other hand of demand, the behavior of Japan and the future demand of China, will define its tendency. It is expected that the growing demand will exceed the supply putting pressure on prices.
Among the new exporters it is important to note that Trinidad and Tobago exported 8% of the worldwide total production. The regional presence in the LNG market will be increased with Venezuela and Peru joining in.
LNG imports by Latin American countries will increase in the next years as well. Regasification plants in Brazil, Chile and Argentina and possibly in Uruguay in the near future will help this growth. Currently the region consumes 0.48% of the total exported LNG.
The regasification plants in Brazil are destined mainly to supply electricity power plants. In Chile, the main regasified LNG users from the Mejillones plant would be the mining enterprises in the north: Quinteros plant has the aim of mainly supplying the central region.
In the case of Argentina, the high prices paid for LNG (almost double the price paid for imported gas from Bolivia), is a clear example that energy security has elevated costs. After the 24th Gas Conference that took place in Buenos Aires and with indications given by the Bolivian Government of capturing foreign investments, there could however be a new start of renegotiations between both countries.
Latin America has been incorporated into the worldwide LNG market in the search for security of energy supply throughout the world. Bolivia, facing this situation and given its geographic location has some disadvantages but at the same time, certain advantages.
Its landlocked situation prevents it from accessing the worldwide LNG market directly and to make the best out of the situation in the worldwide context. At the same time, Bolivia has an advantage due to its geographical position because of its proximity to Brazil (tenth biggest energy consumer of the world) and to Argentina which is the biggest natural gas consumer in Central and South America.
Although Brazil and Argentina entered the LNG market with the construction of regasification plants, the growing utilization of natural gas in the production of energy power, will make renegotiations possible with Bolivia, if the latter is interested and if it sets out a legal framework that is transparent, trustworthy and predictable.
For the moment, the main challenge for Bolivia is to increase its investment of exploration, exploitation and gas production.
Bela Balassa (1961), "The theory of economic integration". Homewood, IL. Available on www.questia.com
British Petroleum (2007), BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2007.
British Petroleum (2009), BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2009.
Cámara Boliviana de Hidrocarburos (2007), Revista Petróleo y Gas. Santa Cruz, diciembre de 2007.
Cardozo, Elsa (2006), "La gobernabilidad democrática y regional y el papel (des)integrador de la energía". Nueva Sociedad, No. 204.
CEPAL (2008), Panorama social en América Latina 2008. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL.
Energy Information Administration EIA (2003), The Liquefied Natural Gas Market: Status and Outlook. Washington, DC: EIA. Available on www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/global/
(2009), International Energy Outlook. Washington, DC: EIA. Available on www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/ieo/index.html
Empresa Nacional del Petróleo - ENAP (2008), Memoria anual 2008. Santiago de Chile. Available on www.enap.cl
Flower, Andy, (2009) "What will be the impact of Qatar's six mega trains on the global market? Presented at the 7th Doha Natural Gas Conference & Exhibition (March).
Fundación Henrich Böll y OXFAM (2008), Escenarios energéticos en América del Sur. Available on www.boell-latinoamerica.org
Gudynas, Eduardo (2007). "La diplomacia de la energía y el cruce de caminos en la integración sudamericana". Programa de las Américas (20/7/2007). Available on www.ircamericas.org/esp/4318
Jensen, James (2004), The Development of a Global LNG Market. Is it likely? If so When? Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
Kozulj, Roberto (2008), Situación y perspectivas del GNL en América del Sur. Serie Recursos naturales e infraestructura. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL (febrero).
Linkohr, Rolf (2006), "La política energética latino americana entre el Estado y el Mercado". Nueva Sociedad, No. 204.
Muchielli, J-Louis ; Mayer, Thierry (2005.), "Économie Internationale". Dalloz, Paris.
OLADE (2006), Informe Estadístico Energético.
(2007), Sistema de Información Económica Energética, versión 18. Quito (noviembre).
Peru LNG Project, Project Abstract. Available on www.latinpetroleum.com/new/
Primera Reunión de Ministros de Energía de la Comunidad Sudamericana de Naciones. "Declaración de Caracas". Available on www.comunidadandina.org
Quinta Cumbre de las Américas (2009), "Declaración del Compromiso de Puerto España". Trinidad y Tobago. Available on www.summit-americas.org
Ruiz, Ariela (2006), Cooperación e Integración energética en América Latina y el Caribe. Serie Recursos Naturales e infraestructura. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL (abril).
(2007), La seguridad energética de América Latina y el Caribe en el contexto mundial. Serie Recursos naturales e infraestructura. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL (noviembre).
Sánchez, Fernando (2006), América Latina y la búsqueda de un nuevo orden energético mundial. Nueva Sociedad No. 204.
Solís de Ovando, Lino y Larraín, Sara (2005), Anillo energético sudamericano. Desafíos de la integración energética del Cono Sur. Fundación Heinrich Böll (diciembre).
Tavares, M. Conceição; Gomes, Gerson (1998), La CEPAL y la integración económica de América Latina. Revista CEPAL, número especial. Santiago de Chile. Available on www.eclac.org
The Petroleum Economist (2001), LNG Glossary. Available on www.petroleum-economist.com
Torres, J.J (2004), La concepción predominante sobre la integración latinoamericana 1960-1990. Integración en Ideas. IDELA/UNT. Available on www.academia.unse.edu.ar
1 "Declaration of Commitment of Port of Spain". Fifth Summit of the Americas. Trinidad and Tobago, April 2009.
2 The objectives of CARIFTA were to increase, diversify and liberalize trade by removing tariffs and quotas to ensure a loyal competition of the signatory countries in the international trade. See http://www.caricom.org/
3 Further on we shall see that the origins of these two types of agreement are in essence different and so are their purposes.
4 Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community. Available on www.europa.eu
5 The EIA is a section of the US Department of Energy (DOE) providing statistics, data, analysis on resources, supply, production, consumption for all energy sources.
6 Mexico's level of proved reserves represents 6.68% of the total reserves of LAC and 11% of the Venezuelan reserves.
7 José Ramón García, "Capitalización, privatización y nacionalización". La Insignia, España (junio de 2006). Available on www.lainsignia.org
8 See Kosulj (2008)
9 Signed by the Ministers of Energy of Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Surinam and Venezuela, in September 2005. Available on: www.uniondelsur.menpet.gob.ve
10 Andy Flower Associates, "In the Global Liquefied Natural Gas Market". EIA, 2003, p. 4.
11 "Top 5 Richest Countries in the world", on www.aneki.com
12 Marco Aurélio García, Adviser to the President of Brazil, Lula da Silva, at the meeting of the creation of the South American Energy Council.
13 "The Global Energy Challenge: Review of the strategies for Natural Gas". Presented at the 24th Gas World Conference, October, 2009.
14 "Question for Ghislaine", regarding LNG imports of Chile and its impact on the Latin American energy integration. EIA Program Manager for Latin America. Published by: Business New Americas. Paris, October 23, 2009.
15 El Mercurio, March 24, 2009. Available on: www.mercurioantofagasta.cl
16 Escondidas is the biggest copper producer in the world and the one with the lowest production costs. Its markets are Asia, Eastern Europe, North and South America. www.bhpbillion.com
17 Facts from ENARSA.
18 Peru LNG has 4 partners: 50% Hunt Oil Co. (operator), 20% SK from South Korea, 20% Repsol-YPF from Spain, 10% Marubani from Japan.
19 Peru LNG Project (PE-L1016). See http://www.latinpetroleum.com/
20 Ibid.
21 President of the state owned Enterprise YPFB. 24th Worldwide Gas Conference. Taiwan News, Business Section, 19 of October, 2009. See www.etaiwannews.com
22 YPFB was nationalized on May 1st of 2006, through Supreme Decree No. 28701, "Heroes del Chaco". In the first article it is pointed out that: "The state takes back the property, possession and total and absolute control of these resources".


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As a Mathematics major, your classes will be challenging and rewarding, and you will develop skills which every employer is looking for. Those skills will include: problem solving, critical thinking, effective communication, ability to work as part of a team, leadership potential, self-motivation, and proficiency with technology.
Whether you are just beginning your undergraduate studies or you are transferring from another school, you are now a part of a close community of learners. The Mount has a large number of students majoring in Mathematics, and this network of peers will become a valuable resource in your classes and beyond. Members of the faculty are easy to find and eager to answer your questions about the classes you take or the road that lies ahead.
Kappa Mu Epsilon (KME) is a national honor society whose members are recognized for their outstanding achievements in mathematics. The honor society encourages their members to volunteer inside and outside of the college community. The Math Club is created and organized by students majoring in mathematics and other students interested in mathematics.
Each semester KME and the Math Club hold contests, competitions, luncheons and dinners with the Math faculty, and trips to local conferences and events. KME and the Math Club have joined forces to create the Bishop Dunn Math Club. Students from MSMC volunteer their time at a local middle school. This gives students the opportunity to hone both their teaching and mathematics skills when they are teaching non-traditional math lessons to 6th-8th grade Bishop Dunn students.
Students majoring in Mathematics must take a minimum of 36 credits in the discipline and maintain a minimum Grade Point Average of 2.0.
After graduation you will be ready for a career in education, business, government, or industry, or you may choose to continue your studies in graduate school, law school, or medical school. A degree in Mathematics can lead to opportunities never imagined.
The projected growth in employment from 2012 to 2022 for mathematicians is 23%, much faster than the occupational average of 11 percent*.
*U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, August 2015.
Internship Opportunities

subset: commoncrawl


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A few weeks ago the director of my library asked me to design and produce a website for a small community group, the North Shore Business Development Foundation (NSBDF). I was happy to be given the opportunity (I start getting the shakes if I don't get to design a website ever-so-ofter). I had about a week to look over their logo, handouts, mission and vision statements, previous event flyers, etc. and around 7 more days to actually build the website. Time was short because of an upcoming program which the group wanted to use to make attendees aware of the new website. The website was built with a day to spare using the Drupal content management system (CMS).
While designing the website for the NSBDF, I gave a speech about the Drupal CMS to patrons of the Skokie Public Library. Happily, quite a few people came. One was the accidental webmaster of The Talking Farm, an organic, educational urban farm in the Skokie area. Following the instruction session we set up an appointment to look over the website (done in Joomla) and introduce her to some basic skills/tricks such as using Firebug and the basics of CSS. Talking with her a few weeks later I learned that they will probably be going with Drupal sometime in the future.
These two occurrences so close to one another caused a light bulb moment: what if the library offered to build and host websites for local organizations? Wouldn't this bring significant value to the community? Could we fill this techie role in every community and become invaluable … forever?
I might not include organizations such as a Park District ( especially after that Parks and Recreation episode) or the Village Government or Public Schools because of their size. But groups like a local historical society or the Chamber of Commerce would be ideal. An open source content management system such as Drupal is excellent for these sorts of websites. It makes it possible to give the content creators enough flexibility to create without having to worry about the mark-up and all that other CMS goodness.
A few libraries are already doing this in one form or another:
I asked Eli Neiburger to describe how the always cutting edge Ann Arbor Library District does this. He wrote:
"The Ann Arbor Library District hosts web content for several local projects in different ways depending on the capabilities of the group. Some sites are AADL products, developed and maintained by AADL's production librarians, and are presented as sub-sites of aadl.org. Examples are http://aapd.aadl.org, an online exhibit of the history of the Ann Arbor Police Department, or the Making of Ann Arbor, http://moaa.aadl.org, a product developed in cooperation with the University of Michigan. The Ann Arbor Street Exhibits project presents online the content developed by the Streets Exhibit project. In addition, AADL also hosts arborwiki.org, a vibrant wiki for the city of Ann Arbor and surrounding area; this project is not part of aadl.org and is instead hosted on AADL's community projects server. The Arborwiki moderators, who are not AADL employees, maintain and enhance the site along with the contributions of the public."
Darien Library in Connecticut provides hosting for local non-profit organizations. They do not design or maintain the websites though.
But why not offer to do the same for locally owned for-profits? Their are many small companies in a public library's community that do not have the time, money, and skill level to build their own websites, but these same companies bring jobs, goods, and make the town a nicer place to live. If libraries would build and host these websites their small companies would stay more viable, the community would be a better place to live, and world peace would soon follow… well perhaps just the first two.
I have not considered what this process would look like and imagine it would be different for each library. The Library Success Wiki would be good place to share the processes chosen, forms designed, etc.
Now I have mentioned Drupal fairly often in this post, but that is just my weapon of choice. Many other excellent options exists such WordPress, or even WordPress MU, Webs.com, Google Sites, and straight HTML/CSS websites.
Does this seem doable? Is anybody else already doing this?
I mentioned this idea to Kyle Jones via Twitter and he, as he normally does, came up with a brilliant direction to take it, which will be posted in the near future.
TTW Contributor: Mick Jacobsen


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Big Sandy & His Flyrite Boys
2715 Rochester Ave
Kansas City, MO 64120
Twenty-five years, fourteen albums & hundreds of thousands of miles. What a dream it's been! When I first got together for a garage rehearsal with a group of musician friends in the spring of 1988 in Anaheim, California, I never imagined that I would someday be celebrating the silver anniversary of the rocking little band that formed that afternoon. Putting together the new all-acoustic record for Cow Island Music has brought back a flood of memories; we went through our entire catalogue of LP's, picked out some of our favorite original numbers, and gave them fresh new arrangements, rhythms, and instrumentation. In many ways , it was our way of looking back at everything that has led us to where we are now, while looking forward towards new musical horizons. Happy 25th Anniversary, Fly-Rite Boys! Here's to 25 more!


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I will show you how to create a simple stopwatch for visual basic 6 beginners. This stopwatch consists of 3 labels called Label1, Label2, Label3 and 2 buttons called btnSart and btnExit.
1. Create 3 labels named Label1, Label2 and Label3.
2. Change the text of these labels to the number 0.
3. Create a Start/Stop button called btnStart.
4. Create an Exit button called btnExit.
5. Finally, create a timer called tmrTime. Make sure you change the timer interval to 1000 to represent 1 second. This can be placed anywhere in the form as it does not interfere with the design/object.
Then we start our coding. As long as you have labelled everything correctly, you can simple just type all this in without going back and referring to each component.
We will first code the button Start/Stop. This code means if the timer doesnt start automatically, this starts it.
Private Sub btnStart_Click() If tmrTime.Enabled = False Then tmrTime.Enabled = True Else tmrTime.Enabled = False End If End Sub
Next we will code the timer tmrTime. This basically means the timer will gradually add on 1 second and when it reaches 60 secs, the minute label will start. This is the same for the hour label.
Private Sub tmrTime_timer() Label3.Caption = Val(Label3.Caption) + Val(1) If Label3.Caption = 60 Then Label2.Caption = Val(Label2.Caption) + Val(1) Label3.Caption = 0 ElseIf Label2.Caption = 60 Then Label1.Caption = Val(Label1.Caption) + Val(1) Label2.Caption = 0 End If End Sub
Now we will address the issue of the form. This means when the form loads, the timer will not start yet until you click the start/stop button.
Private Sub Form_Load() tmrTime.Enabled = False End Sub
Finally we code the Exit button. This just exits the program.
Private Sub btnExit_Click() Unload Me End Sub
Now the form should look similar to the attached image. You can also change the name of the form and give the hours, minutes and second a name label.
Thanks for viewing this tutorial.
Attached image(s)
This post has been edited by firebolt: 27 March 2009 - 12:29 AM


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McCormack-Nagelsen Tennis Center
705 S. Henry Street · (757) 221-7378
Award Winning Facilities
This award winning facility welcomes both Williamsburg area residents and out of town visitors to play tennis. Don't let the weather dampen your game. At the MNTC, all are eligible to participate in a wide range of programs, activities, clinics and tournaments ... rain or shine.
Experienced Staff
Our staff is dedicated to providing you and your family with a wonderful experience, both on and off the courts. Our USPTA instructors have years of experience and are ready to help you take your game to the next level. Crunched for time? Many of our programs and clinics are offered with both day and evening sessions to fit your busy schedule.
Diverse Programming
Our Junior Tennis programs and summer camps offer a great way to share your love of tennis with the kids. For adults, whether you're interested in private lessons, playing doubles with our pros, or trying a little Tennis Cardio, we've got you covered.
In addition to offering our premiere indoor tennis facilities to the public, the Center is the proud home of:


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Save $300 per couple on select 2019 Avalon Waterways Europe river cruises
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When you book by December 16, 2019
Knowing that you're more careful than ever about spending your money, Avalon Waterways is an undeniable value. Our prices include accommodations, local sightseeing, many meals and complimentary wine with dinner.
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If you want to see the world, cruise down its legendary rivers. If you want to see more of the world, look no further than Avalon Waterways. Our Suite Ships feature one-of-a-kind Panorama Suites, with the widest opening windows in river cruising, the industry's only Open-Air BalconySM, and beds facing the incredible views.
Beyond our wall-to-wall, floor-to-ceiling windows is a world waiting to be...


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Show of hands: Who thinks that sitting on a wobbly camp chair in the rain and wind for nearly ten hours a day, watching half-ton Alaska brown bears lumber by, sleeping in a tent and having freeze-dried food for dinner sounds like a good time? Anyone who's still paying attention, well, have we got a summer vacation for you!
The McNeil River area, down on the Alaska Peninsula, 250 miles southwest of Anchorage, is the largest known gathering of brown bears in the world, according to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. And if you're very, very lucky, you can go hang with them for a few days.
Getting in on the action is not all that easy. Admission to the refuge — allowed only during the summer months — is by lottery only. And then, once you do win the lottery, there are considerable costs involved, not to mention a mountain of logistical issues. And, of course, there is also the small matter of hanging around a whole bunch of big creatures that do not necessarily care for your company.
But, good news! During the 40 years that the department has been operating this remote facility, no visitors have been maimed or killed — a possibility when dealing with the brown bear, a group not known for its playing-well-with-others-ness. (Trips into the viewing area are limited to parties of 10, each accompanied to the viewing area by an armed staff member. It's like being on safari in Africa, but generally with less sunshine.)
Say you do win — applications for next summer are due December 1, by the way, and the selection process takes place over the winter — your 4-day visit starts with a briefing from camp staff at 9 AM. The guide will go over the plan for the day, covering weather, tides, clothing recommendations, etc. The view sites are a couple of miles from camp, and the 1-2- hour hike, while not especially demanding, does require the ability to walk over rough, muddy trails and through thigh-deep water.
Visitors and camp staff hike out to the viewing site together in the morning, spend the day viewing bears, and return as a group at the end of the day. If you get out to the falls and find you've forgotten your lunch or a piece of gear, or you're tired of watching bears after a couple of hours, that's too bad. (If you want to become the camp pariah, try screwing up a day's worth of world-class bear viewing by forcing an early end to the day because you forgot your rain gear.)
While you're at the viewing site, there can be as many as 60 bears within view at one time. Through generations of conditioning, they know that while people are on the gravel pad viewing site, they are not permitted to set foot on it. They can stroll by on the trail and wander behind the visitors at literally spitting distance, but any attempt to cross the invisible line separating them from you is met by quick defensive actions by the refuge staff. They'll step to the edge of the pad to reinforce that the animal is approaching the forbidden zone and bluff the bears back into their proper place.
As you watch the bears from day to day, you begin to notice individuals and how they react to the group experience at the river. Normally these bears live solitary lives and don't easily tolerate other bears. However during the salmon runs, all the personal space rules cease to apply, and even the crankiest of the old guys are willing to tolerate other bears in the area, up to a point. There are still plenty of opportunities to watch these enormous carnivores fighting for space, for fish and for dominance in the pecking order, and nearly all of them have the scars to show for it. Fights to the death are very rare, but big flaps of skin torn loose, missing ears and eyes, and other signs of past battles are everywhere.
You soon learn to recognize individuals, and watch how they deal with their colleagues as they all try to pack in as many salmon as they can in as short a time possible. You'll watch sub-adults try out some laughably ineffective fishing techniques as they learn to fend for themselves, see dominant boars saunter out to the best fishing holes as lesser bears scurry away, watch a clever female sidle up to boars and ease fresh salmon from between their paws, and all the rest of the daily soap opera that constitutes life at the McNeil River falls. It's endlessly fascinating — before you know it, 8 hours will have come and gone. Like most great experiences in Alaska, the going may be rough, but you'll always be glad you came.
How to go The refuge is on the Alaska Peninsula, about 250 miles southwest of Anchorage. Access is by float plane, and the outfits flying from Homer charge about $700 per person for round-trip flights. You're limited to a person and gear weight per seat, typically 250 pounds. This means if you weigh 200 pounds on the hoof, you can bring 50 pounds of gear. If you tip the scales at over 250, you're going to have to purchase an additional seat to allow for the weight, or fly with a skinny friend. Your permit is good for four days at the refuge, and most visitors fly in the day before their permit is valid, and leave the day after. Access is weather dependent- allow an extra day or two between your flight out and your flight home in case you get stuck.
Come prepared Weather on the Alaska Peninsula is notoriously fickle, and days of rain, wind and temperatures in the 50s or even 40s are not unheard of, nor are temps in the 70s with clear blue skies. You'll need warm clothing, good rain gear, hip waders, gloves and a warm hat.
Staying over There are tent sites and a secure cook shack for storing food, preparing meals, drying wet clothing and socializing. Cookware and propane burners are supplied. Fresh water, available from a nearby stream, must be treated. Outhouses and a wood-fired sauna complete the list of facilities. There's no phone service, and no electricity for recharging batteries. Emergency communication is possible using camp resources, but if contact with the outside world is essential for you, you'll need to bring your own satellite phone.
More info To apply, visit adfg.alaska.gov. Learn more about the refuge at mcneilbears.org.


text: Find this wine Find this wine Red Diamond Merlot 2010 A polished wine with softly-spiced black cherry, berry, and plum flavors. Pin It Tweet 6 years ago by Billclaybourn More posts Red Diamond Merlot 2012 Really nice boquet. Full of fruit but not to acidic. Found a new table wine. 4 years ago by Mcduhon Red Diamond Merlot Merlot 5 years ago by Solac M. Red Diamond 2011 Blunt merlot with subtle berry tones. Smooth! 5 years ago by Francine L. Red Diamond Merlot Washington State 2009 Very smooth. Light on tannins. At hotel in port orchard WA 5 years ago by Ssb Red diamond merlot flemings 6 years ago by Sueandaudie


text:
Glad you see it too Frank. I just rebooted my machine so it is as clean as it can get.
Based on my fight to get T4 to run from Compile.cmd the way it worked for other ARM Teensy - it seems perhaps something is making the build process run oddly? I was getting ENV vars not expanded properly. The boards.txt isn't specifying the F_CPU Speed from .menu section - is anything else different in the T4 Boards.txt section?


text:
Your Search Results
HBase, Neo4j, C#, Life Insurance
21 Companies
Insurance • Other
We are the digital acceleration team for Automobile Club of Southern California, also known as, AAA. We are the team responsible for building intuitive customer experiences across the AAA verticals of insurance, travel, and emergency roadside services. We're a team delivering maximum value to our members and business for a smarter future.
73Local Employees
Los AngelesLocation
eCommerce • Mobile
We are the ultimate digital network for all things movies. Fandango entertains and informs consumers with exclusive film clips, trailers, celebrity interviews, fan reviews and news, while offering the ability to quickly select a film and buy tickets in advance.
450Local Employees
Beverly HillsLocation
AdTech • Automotive
At Edmunds, we're driven to make car buying easier. Ever since we began publishing printed car guides in the 60's, the company has been in the business of trust, innovating ways to empower and support car shoppers. When Edmunds launched the car industry's first website in 1995, we established a leadership position online and have never looked back....
500Local Employees
Santa MonicaLocation
Universal Music Group
Consumer Web • Music
Universal Music Group (UMG) is the world's leading music company. In everything we do, we are committed to artistry, innovation, & entrepreneurship. We own and operate a broad array of businesses engaged in recorded music, music publishing, merchandising, & audiovisual content in more than 60 countries.
1500Local Employees
Woodland HillsLocation
We provide online financing solutions for small and medium sized businesses. It's our mission to continue promoting fast and innovative financing options while providing excellent customer service.
140Local Employees
Los AngelesLocation
Nordstromrack.com | HauteLook
eCommerce • Fashion
Nordstromrack.com | HauteLook is the leader in online, off-price retail, with over 31 million members and billions of page views a year. We strive to empower shoppers through choice of the hottest fashion at great prices. We're constantly taking on challenges in discovery, payments, and logistics — all through a customer-obsessed lens.
300Local Employees
Los AngelesLocation
Artificial Intelligence • Automotive
At CCC, we're all about connectedness - from our people to our products. Our team is truly reshaping the auto and casualty insurance, auto manufacturer, collision repair, and parts industries. We're setting the bar in these industries for AI-powered data insights, machine learning, IoT, and telematics.
75Local Employees
The Trade Desk
The Trade Desk powers the most sophisticated buyers in advertising technology. We were founded by the pioneers of real-time bidding, and we've become the fastest growing demand-side platform in the industry by offering agencies, aggregators and their advertisers best-in-class technology to manage display, social, video and TV advertising campaigns....
202Local Employees
Los AngelesLocation
Virgin Hyperloop One
Hardware • Software
Virgin Hyperloop One is reinventing transportation to eliminate barriers of time and distance by using hyperloop transport to move cargo and passengers immediately, safely, efficiently, and sustainably. Our technology will transport passengers on-demand and direct from origin to destination.
210Local Employees
Los AngelesLocation
Ecosense Lighting
Hardware • Machine Learning
Ecosense is a technology company that designs and builds innovative LED luminaries and complete lighting technology solutions for some of the most beautiful spaces in the world.
110Local Employees
Los AngelesLocation
InvestCloud, Inc.
We're InvestCloud - California-based with a global presence, known for first-class, financial digital solutions, pre-integrated in the cloud. We create beautifully designed client experiences and intuitive operations solutions using our ever-expanding library of digital modular apps.
130Local Employees
West HollywoodLocation
Fintech • Software
BlackLine is a leading provider of cloud-based solutions that automate and control financial close processes. Our vision is to deliver deeper insight and strategic value, turning uncertainty and doubt into confidence and trust in the global economy. More than 2,700 customers in over 150 countries trust BlackLine to ensure balance sheet integrity.
530Local Employees
Woodland HillsLocation
Fintech • Software
AuditBoard is a leading cloud-based platform transforming the way enterprises automate, collaborate and report in real-time on critical risk, audit and compliance workflows. The company offers a full suite of easy-to-use audit management and compliance solutions for SOX, controls management, internal audits, and workflow management.
165Local Employees
El SegundoLocation
ServiceTitan Inc.
Cloud • Software
ServiceTitan is a leading business management software platform, powering some of the world's best home service companies. It helps streamline operations, deliver amazing customer service, and significantly improves sales. We are a unique start-up with a proven product, brand-name customers, and are enjoying significant revenue growth.
550Local Employees
Digital Media
Cie is an innovation accelerator for large enterprises and a growth accelerator for emerging startups. Cie creates leading digital solutions, serves as an innovation lab for a variety of prominent global brands, and acts as a platform to develop and turn ground-breaking ideas into new technology ventures.
60Local Employees
Boingo Wireless
Information Technology • Mobile
As one of the first Internet companies to call Los Angeles home, for nearly 20 years Boingo has grown from a tiny start-up to the leading Wi-Fi company in the world, publicly traded on NASDAQ (WIFI). We help the world stay connected to the people and things they love with award-winning Wi-Fi and cellular networks. Superstars always wanted–join us.
235Local Employees
Los AngelesLocation
Fintech • Mobile
Cloudvirga strives to make the process of securing a mortgage easier for consumers while making the American Dream more achievable. CV's digital mortgage platform radically cuts mortgage loan costs, increases transparency and reduces the time to close a loan. We process over $200B in loans/year for some of the largest mortgage lenders in the US.
100Local Employees
iHerb LLC.
eCommerce • Retail
iHerb.com is a global health and wellness retail leader, focused on "Offering our Customers earth's best selection of available natural products, at the best possible value, delivered with the most convenient experience."
1500Local Employees
Big Data • Digital Media
Centerfield develops intelligent Big Data driven marketing and sales technology utilizing real time biddable media (RTB), automated call routing and customized scripting. Our proprietary platform, Dugout, combined with our 1500 person sales and retention center delivers new customers at scale to many of the leading brands worldwide.
115Local Employees
Los AngelesLocation
Agency • Marketing Tech
Scorpion is a company that is 100% client-focused and results-oriented because we believe that our success is only found in our client's success. We have been delivering award-winning website design & internet marketing strategies to legal, healthcare, franchise, and home services sectors since 2001.
600Local Employees


text:
January 21, 2013
Derek Army, PC (Jr., F, North Kingstown, R.I.) Scored two goals in a 6-5 win at No. 3 UNH on Saturday night.
Kyle Bigos, MC (Sr., D, Upland, Calif.) Had a goal and an assist in Merrimack's 3-2 win over Maine Saturday.
Mike Collins, MC (Jr., F, Boston, Mass.) Notched assists on all three goals, leading Merrimack to a 3-2 victory over Maine
Joey Diamond, Maine (Sr., F, Long Beach, N.Y.) Had a goal and an assist in Maine's 3-2 loss to Merrimack on Saturday.
Jon Gillies, PC (Fr., G, South Portland, Maine) Went 1-1-0 on the weekend (.924 save%), including a career-high 48 saves on Thursday at No. 15 UML.
Johnny Gaudreau, BC (So., F, Carneys Point, N.J.) Tallied five assists in weekend split, including matching a career-high with four assists in the win at NU.
Travis Jeke, BC, (Fr., D, Pittsburgh, Pa.) Scored first collegiate goal in loss to UMass, then recorded a game-high +6 rating in a 9-3 win at Northeastern.
Steve Mastalerz, UMass (So., G, North Andover, Mass.) Backstopped the Minutemen to their first win at BC since Nov. 17, 2007 with 21 stops.
Ross Mauermann, PC (So., F, Janesville, Wis.) Had a goal at No. 15 UML Thursday and added two assists at No. 3 UNH Saturday.
Kyle Mountain, UVM (So., F, Bryn Mawr, Pa.) Notched a goal against Penn State near his hometown in Philadelphia
Pat Mullane, BC (Sr., F, Wallingford, Conn.) Matched a career-high with four points (1g,3a) in team's 9-3 win at Northeastern.
Matt Nieto, BU (Jr., F, Long Beach, Calif.) Scored a goal and added an assist in Friday's game against Northeastern
Danny O'Regan, BU (Fr., F, Needham, Mass.) Tallied a goal and two assists against Northeastern on Friday.
Robert Polesello, UVM (Fr., F, Bolton, Ont.) Had a power play goal against Penn State on Saturday in Philadelphia
Evan Rodrigues, BU (So., F, Etobicoke, Ont.) Recorded a career-high four points (2g, 2a) on Friday vs. Northeastern, added a goal vs. UML Saturday.
Kevin Roy, NU (Fr., F, Lac-Beauport, Que.) Notched a goal and two assists in the win at BU on Friday night.
Chad Ruhwedel, UML (Jr., D, San Diego, Calif.) Registered two goals in a 2-0 week for UML, including the game-winner in the third period Thursday.
Vinny Saponari, NU (Sr., F, Powder Springs, Ga.) Scored his first game-winning goal of the season along with an assist at Boston University.
Steven Shamanski, PC (Jr., D, Carberry, Man.) Had a career high three assists in the 6-5 win at No. 3 UNH.
K.J. Tiefenwerth, UMass (Fr., F, Bellmore, N.Y.) Scored an important insurance goal for UMass in the squad's first win at Boston College since 2007.
CAREER FIRSTS/MILESTONES/WHO's HOT
Justin Agosta , UNH (EAST MEADOW, N.Y.) had a career high three assists Saturday VS. PC
Derek Army, PC (North Kingstown, R.I.) has 14 points (9G,5a) in his last 13 games
Adam Chapie, UML (Oxford, Mich.) SCored his second shorthanded goal in four games in the 4-3 win at Boston University
Kevin Goumas, UNH (LONG BEACH, N.Y.) has A FIVE-GAME POINT STREAK (2g,4a)
Branden Gracel, UMASS (CALGARY, ALTA.) Has 13 points (3G,10A) IN HIS LAST nine games
Connor Hellebuyck, UML (Commerce, Mich.) is 6-0-0 with a 0.95 GAA and a .964 save % and two shutouts in his last seven appearances
Sam Marotta , MC (Bridgewater, Mass.) Leads LEAGUE in OVERALL GAA (2.04) after stopping 83 of 86 shots (.965 SAVE%) in three games vs. Maine
Ross Mauermann, PC (Janesville, Wis.) has eight points (3G,5A) in his last seven games
Chris McCarthy, UVM (Collegeville, Pa.) Two games away from 100 in his career
Merrimack penalty kill HAS Killed 18 of 19 power plays (94.7%) VS. Maine in the last three games
UMASS' LINE OF Michael Pereira (WEST HAVEN, CONN.), Branden Gracel, Conor Sheary (MELROSE, Mass .) has totale d 20 points IN LAST SIX GAMES, including six POINTS (3g,3a) in Friday's win at NO. 2 BC
UMass Lowell RIVER HAWKS won its ninth straight gameS DATING BACK TO DEC. 8TH, matching its Division I era WIN STREAK
Scott Wilson, UML (Oakville, Ont.) has EIGHTS POINTS (4G,4A) in his last five games
Boston College: BC closed a pair of league season series over the weekend, going 2-1-0 against both UMass and Northeastern. BC's 5-2 home loss to the Minutemen on Friday snapped an 18-game home unbeaten streak dating back to December 2011 and marked the first time since November 2007 that the Eagles have not beaten the Minutemen at home a span of 13 wins. The loss, coupled with a 2-1 loss at fourth-ranked New Hampshire last week, marked the first time in nearly one year that the Eagles have suffered back-to-back losses. BC dropped a pair of road games at Maine on Jan. 20-21, 2012. BC's senior class fell to 15-3-0 in 18 meetings vs. UMass in four seasons. The group fell to 11-1-0 vs. the Minutemen at Kelley Rink BC scored nine times in a win at NU and last scored nine times at BU on Dec. 3, 2011 (9-5)...With four points each vs. the Huskies, Johnny Gaudreau, Pat Mullane and Steven Whitney each matched their career highs Kevin Hayes' three assists represented a career best, while Danny Linell and Quinn Smith both matched career highs with two points apiece at Northeastern BC was without its head coach Jerry York, who is recovering from eye surgery, for the second straight weekend. BC is 2-2-0 in those games.
Boston University: BU's power play went 4-for-9 over the weekend after going just 4-for-45 in its previous 10 contests...The Terriers' last five home games have all been decided by one goal and the last three have been losses after coming out top in the first two... Its weekend setbacks against Northeastern and UMass Lowell marked BU's first back-to-back losses this season...Friday's result marked the first time in 14 years that BU has lost consecutive regular-season meetings with Northeastern, as the Terriers dropped a 5-4 overtime contest at Matthews Arena on the final night of last year's regular season...The Terriers' second line of Matt Nieto, Danny O'Regan and Evan Rodrigues combined for nine points (4g, 5a) in Friday's game against the Huskies... Rodrigues has scored 15 of his 16 points this season in Hockey East play...BU's sophomores hold a slight 51-50 edge over the freshmen in the race for points by class.
Maine: Maine hosted Merrimack for a pair of Hockey East games on the weekend After Saturday night's game, the two teams have now played three straight regular season games Sophomore Connor Leen (Chester, N.Y.) scored his team-leading sixth goal of the season on Saturday night against Merrimack He finished with just one point as a freshman Joey Diamond registered his second multi-point game of the season this weekend when he tallied a goal and an assist against Merrimack on Saturday night Eleven of Maine's last 14 games have been decided by one goal or finished as a tie Maine is 4-7 in one goal games this season Mark Anthoine (Lewiston, Maine) leads the Black Bears in consecutive games played with 78, while Mark Nemec (Rouses Point, N.Y.) ranks second, having played in 65 straight games.
Massachusetts: With Friday's win, Minutemen snapped Boston College's 18-game home unbeaten streak that dated back to December 2, 2011...UMass snapped a string of 13 straight road losses to the Eagles that dated back to Nov. 17, 2007...UMass' penalty killing unit is 20-for-22 (90.9%) over the past five games with a pair of shorthanded goals and has killed off 11 straight penalties.
UMass-Lowell: UMass Lowell won its eighth and ninth straight games with victories over Providence (2-1) and No. 9 Boston University (4-3) last week, matching its Division I era record of nine consecutive victories, achieved during the 2001-02 season Boston University ended UMass Lowell's penalty kill streak at 35 straight when the Terriers scored on their second power play of the game 6:27 into the third period. UMass Lowell last conceded a power play goal on Nov. 30 in a 5-2 loss to New Hampshire. The River Hawks have killed off 41 of opponents' last 43 power plays UMass Lowell is 3-6-0 vs. ranked opponents after the win over No. 9 BU After compiling for 1-8-9 over the first 13 games, the River Hawk defensemen have accounted for 8-18-26 in the last eight games Junior blueliner Chad Ruhwedel has seven points (4g,3a) in his last five games.
Merrimack: For the first time in school history, Merrimack picked up points in consecutive games in a season in Orono, tying and defeating the Black Bears for a three-point weekend...Merrimack went 2-0-1 against the Black Bears in an eight-day span to win the season series... With points in five of their last six league games, the Warriors remain in fifth place in Hockey East, two points out of third...The Warriors have captured season-series from Maine, Northeastern and Vermont and have lost just one series (BU)...With the three-point weekend, Merrimack is 7- 2-2 in the last 11 meetings with the Black Bears...Mike Collins (Boston, Mass.) continues to lead Hockey East in points per game in conference games and is second in conference scoring...Merrimack's senior class is one win away of becoming the most successful class in its Division I history, passing last year's class...Mark Dennehy is two wins shy of 100 career at Merrimack...Merrimack will open its season-series with UNH next weekend, with a game Friday night at Lawler and Saturday (5 p.m.) at the Verizon Wireless Center in Manchester. Merrimack will play UNH three times in nine days at three arenas.
New Hampshire: UNH dropped its only game of the week 6-5 to Providence College on Saturday evening The Wildcats spotted the Friars leads of 4-0 and 5-2 before closing the gap in the third period Justin Agosta recorded a career high three assists to lead four players with multi-point efforts John Henrion (1g, 1a), Kevin Goumas (1g, 1a) and Casey Thrush (1g,1a) also had multiple points on the night The six goals by the Friars is the most by any opponent all season and the most since a 7-6 loss to Harvard on Nov. 22, 2011 The Wildcats had 42 shots on net on Saturday marking the fourth time this season the team has had 40-plus shots Kevin Goumas continues to be UNH's offensive catalyst he is riding a five-game scoring streak with two goals and four assists in that span. Additionally, Goumas has points in 15-of-16 games and 18-of-21 games overall this season John Henrion has also been hot of late with a four-game scoring streak with five points and three goals in that stretch.
Northeastern: Northeastern split the weekend with its two Beanpot rivals, edging out Boston University on Friday, 6-5, before suffering a crushing 9-3 loss at the hands of Boston College on Saturday. Northeastern's last regular season victory at Agganis Arena occurred on March 5, 2011 (4-3) before the Huskies knocked off BU in the 2011 Hockey East quarterfinal round. The last time Northeastern has won consecutive regular season games vs. the Terriers dates back to Jan. 3-17, 1989. NU beat NU, 6-4, on Matthews Arena on Jan. 3 before taking out the Terriers, 4-1, on Jan. 17 at BU. Northeastern's six goals at Boston University are the most on Terriers' ice since Feb. 28, 2004 and most ever at Agganis Arena. Senior captain Vinny Saponari has scored the last two game-winning goals against his former club. Saponari has scored seven game-winning goals in his career and three as a Husky. Rookie Kevin Roy tallied his seventh multi-point game of the season and matched a season-best four-game point streak with a goal and two assists in the win at BU. He has accounted for 10 points (3g,7a) in his last four outings...Junior Cody Ferriero set a career high five-game point streak with an assist on Braden Pimm's goal and has accounted for nine points (7g,2a) in his last five outings.
Providence College: The Friars posted a split on the week, losing 2-1 at No. 15 UMass Lowell on Thursday night before winning at No. 3 UNH on Saturday, 6-5. The Friars won at UNH for the first time since March 12, 2004 (W, 4-3 OT)...Providence also snapped a 17-game (0-15-2) winless streak against the Wildcats, dating back to a 7-1 win at Schneider Arena on Feb. 24, 2007...Steven Shamanski, who entered Saturday with 13 career points (3-10-13) but never having scored more than one point in a game, led the Friars with three assists vs. UNH...Providence is now 8-0-0 when leading after two periods, 9- 1-1 when scoring first and to 5-0-1 when scoring four or more goals... The win at No. 3 UNH was the first of the year for the Friars against a ranked opponent...At UMass Lowell on Thursday, freshman goalie Jon Gillies made a career high 48 saves, the seventh-highest single game total in the Friar record book Dating back to the second period of Providence's 5-4 win at UMass on Jan. 11, Gillies put together a shutout stretch of 124:36 before Lowell's power play goal at 2:10 of the third period on Thursday night.
Vermont: Vermont fell 4-2 against Penn State in the inaugural Philadelphia
College Hockey Faceoff at the Wells Fargo Center on Saturday
The game was Vermont's non-conference finale...It marked
the first-ever meeting between the Catamounts and Nittany Lions, who
are in their inaugural season of Division I play
The announced crowd
at the Wells Fargo Center was 19,529...Nick Luukko, a native of West
Chester, Pa., was drafted by the Philadelphia Flyers in the sixth round
of the 2010 NHL Draft with the 179th overall selection...Three other
Catamounts hail from the Philadelphia area: Chris McCarthy (Collegeville,
Pa.), Kyle Mountain (Bryn Mawr, Pa.), and Colin Markison (Princeton,
N.J.)...Mountain had a goal for UVM while Luukko picked up an assist
against the Nittany Lions.


text:
Welcome to the Cooking area for children aged 3-5 years.
In this area you will find four activity sessions.
Activity 5 - What does it taste like?
Activity 6 - How do you get ready to cook?
Activity 7 - What does this piece of kitchen equipment do?
Activity 8 - What skills do I need to make this recipe?
Each activity comprises notes to help you run the session, and supporting resources.
6 computer activities for pre-school children:
Healthy eating
For more information on the sources used in this text, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com
Last reviewed: 09/10/2009
Next review date: 01/10/2012