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The report discussed in the NYT
Granted, the sample was small and geographically limited. The sampling of US troops is even smaller than the sample of Afghans. So, yes, the report has limitations. It is less science than it is anecdotal… but as a combat advisor who has worked with Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), the report does carry the ring of truth. The NYT scarcely touches on the real point; the enemy is within… us. It turns out that most of the fratricidal murders that have occurred were not the work of insurgent infiltrators, but the work of very angry ANSF. It is easier to put more money into vetting ANSF recruits than it is to effectively deal with the real problem.
Our counterinsurgency manual lists a set of behaviors that are historically proven to be unsuccessful practices. One of those is a "low priority on quality advisors." Army Special Forces have a selection process that is designed to weed out those who, among other things, are not suited to working with indigenous peoples. My own experience demonstrates what every other non-SF combat advisor knows; we were not selected based upon on any key criteria for what it takes to be a high quality advisor. We were warm bodies with the requisite military skill set and the requisite rank. Some didn't even have those prerequisites; they simply had a pulse. There was no personality testing. There was no stress testing. There was no selection process. Individual team chiefs (those who actually had an opportunity and a pool to select from) sometimes made efforts to select a quality team… mostly based on records reviews and interviews, which are very limited in what they can tell a leader. It was a shot in the dark. Mostly, it has worked out. We are discussing what happens when it doesn't.
Trends emerged. Guardsmen turned out to be particularly well-suited to advisor roles. This does not mean that Regular Army officers and NCO's were never successful; there are lots of success stories. But, on the whole, the Guard is better suited to advisory roles. It is generally accepted that Guardsmen have more well-rounded experience based on their immersion in civilian culture. There is a lot there to be plumbed; another entire discussion could be had about what the reasons for this phenomenon are. At this point, suffice to say that it has been more than adequately demonstrated to those of us who have served in close relationships with ANSF that some people have absolutely no business being in proximity to Afghans. We have all seen them, Guard and Regular alike; they are a danger to themselves and others, and sometimes they have gotten people killed. The last several paragraphs address the advisor issue, but more and more American line troops, not trained as advisors, are coming into constant contact with ANSF.
These types of killings are not new, but there has been an increase. The article quotes the report's author, Dr. Bordin, as stating that 16% of hostile Coalition deaths are attributable to these fratricidal murders. I don't know if this is accurate, but any other problem, the resolution of which could result in 16% fewer casualties, would be attacked with vigor. Well, they are attacking… but they are attacking the statistically much less significant problem of preventing insurgent infiltrators. It appears that the problems that contribute to the majority of these events are being left to smolder, dismissed by officials. Those officials can smear the techniques, they can smear the language, but I'm here to tell you that the message makes sense to me and many other advisors, and it can be addressed just as the military addresses any other recognized source of injuries and deaths; command emphasis.
A few questions may come to mind. Why would a non-insurgent Afghan soldier or policeman decide to open fire on his own allies? The report indicates a number of reasons, key among them being issues related to respect. Profane language and behavior are cited.
Afghans do not use profanity in their language as a matter of course. In the American military, the use of profanity surpasses even the use of profanity in American culture in general (with the possible exception of gangsta rap). Use of the f-bomb is rampant in American movies. Profane name-calling is an art form. In Afghan culture, to insinuate even jokingly that a man has intimate relations with his mother is an offense so great that it may inspire lethal ire. Americans call each other "motherfuckers" all the time. I have witnessed American soldiers calling Afghans such things, or referring to an Afghan as such when discussing them with another Afghan. This then gets back to the Afghan so-referenced and a resentment is begun. This may seem a simple misunderstanding, but it has been known to have lethal consequences.
I've seen violence almost break out over cultural issues. I've heard Afghan soldiers make death threats against American soldiers because the American soldier made a statement about Afghan women. The American soldier who had been threatened saw hypocrisy in the anger. Afghans see American movies and the promiscuity depicted as a matter of course. They also see American porn. Afghan soldiers love American porn, and they view American women as loose. The American soldier had been listening to his Afghan counterparts talking about American women, became irritated and said that he wanted to see photos of naked Afghan women. That was all it took. It could have resulted in a killing, but the situation was diffused and the soldier was strongly admonished not to engage in such discussions with Afghans for any reason. He survived. Others have not.
Basically, the problem is akin to racism; ignorance and arrogance combine to form a sense of natural superiority that is difficult and sometimes impossible to overcome. Just as many do not suffer from such delusions, some do things that endanger themselves and others. We have a military culture that is not only fond of profanity, it is fond of judging one's self in relation to others. Esprit d' corps is often built upon inculcating the belief that the members of a given unit are somehow superior and more elite than members of another unit. Now, how is a young man who has been raised since he was at the tail end of his childhood to believe that this is how to judge others (especially those in uniform) supposed to suddenly suspend this value system because he is put into close daily contact with indigenous forces?
It is nigh on impossible. Some will have the personal characteristics to overcome it, but enough who cannot will make it into these close situations. Some leaders, even some commanders, will recognize the danger and take action. Enough do not, and there is no higher-level emphasis that this is a responsibility of leadership; to recognize and remove such threats from our own ranks. To do so leaves us even more short-handed than we appear to be on paper. To not do so leaves us open to up to 16% higher casualties.
Why has the rate of such incidents increased? What has changed? An emphasis on "partnering" with Afghan units and a move away from emphasizing advising/mentoring. The cited report indicates that ANSF had uniformly positive impressions of American advisors, such as ETT's and PMT's, and are less happy with American units more recently. American and Coalition regular units are being placed in close living and working situations with ANSF on a frequent basis. This is, overall, a good thing; even if the advising is being downplayed (generally, there is a mixture). However, since we have the immature and arrogant in our midst, there is a greater potential for dangerous situations to occur. They have, in fact.
Younger soldiers who have been in a strictly military environment since shortly after they graduated from high school have a greater tendency to be unable to adapt to the cultural differences between Afghans and Americans. They are more likely to blithely err in ways that are not intuitively dangerous to American youth. Add to this the small but significant enough number of officers and NCO's who are unable to effectively work with ANSF and you have a recipe for isolated outbreaks of lethal violence among allies.
While cultural training has improved, it is spotty in its stress on language and gestures. Afghan cultural training often stresses not using the left hand to gesture and emphasizes never showing the soles of your feet. Well, Afghans will often wave with their left hand, especially if the right hand is busy… but they will never shake with it. They will offer the right forearm if the right hand is busy, wet or dirty. Afghans do not appreciate the carelessly rude or purposeful display of the sole of the foot, but they are not so sensitive that accidental or comfort-related moves that expose the sole are taken as an offense.
While making too much an issue of the left hand, offensive gestures and language are often overlooked. Afghans view profane language as very distasteful and ignorant (even if they are illiterate). Profane names are absolutely out and never acceptable. The thumbs-up used to be an offensive gesture, but because of its common American use, it is accepted. However, the American fist pump to the chest is the equivalent of flipping an Afghan the bird and is considered to be extremely offensive… but I've only seen one cultural trainer who actually explained this. It's not just cultural training that can be improved, it's also incorporating this knowledge into individual task training.
Recently, a National Guard unit was performing its pre-mobilization required individual task training. One of these tasks was "perform detainee operations." The emphasis was on searching detainees. The trainers were well-rehearsed and professional, executing the task to the precise standards they were given; including how a male searches a female. Teaching male soldiers how to search females puts the idea in their heads that an American male soldier searching an Afghan female could under some bizarre circumstance be acceptable. It is never acceptable, ever (did I mention ever?). There are other ways to deal with the problem. Always. Our premobilization task training is not battle focused on the only battle these young men will serve in. We can adjust that. We can do better with tailoring our training to suit the combat environment, especially culturally.
Finally, a quote from an American officer emerges from the end of the article:
"In this culture, they shoot first, ask questions later," said Lt. Col. David C. Simons, a spokesman for the training mission in Afghanistan. "Back in the States, if this happens a guy punches you and you walk away and hope you don't get arrested. But here, you just hope you don't get killed."
Well, okay… but part of that is bullshit. Afghans do value human life, and it's not "shoot first and ask questions later." It's a difference in what is worth taking life over. If you call an Afghan a "motherfucker" (just an example) and he actually understands you… as more and more of them do… you are taking your life and possibly those of your buddies into dangerous waters. Oh, and everyone has a weapon capable of ending life with the twitch of a finger. No, the questions do not need to be asked later. You have answered any question required to convince that man that you need to die based on every value he was raised with. In fact, his honor demands it. With all due respect to LTC Simons, he is a spokesman and does not appear to be an advisor. If it were shoot first and ask questions later, many more advisors would have died during the course of this war. I never walked around wondering if I was about to be shot by the Afghans I worked with. That's a cowboy quote that is unhelpful in considering the problem. The view from Camp Eggers does not include the experience necessary to evaluate what is worth killing a man over in Afghanistan, but since he is actually in Afghanistan, it was a juicy quote that sounded ominous in the NYT. All I can say is, "Thank you, Sir."
It's stuff like that which makes young men go to Afghanistan fearing sudden death from any quarter. Being respectful when you are frightened is more difficult than having awareness of the cultural don'ts.
As noted, the report is not great science; but it still hits home. To ignore its findings is to continue to suffer unnecessary casualties. A recommendation to mitigate the risk is to encourage commanders and leaders in general to identify and remove from contact with Afghans any individuals who appear to lack the ability to adapt to working with ANSF. Just as each unit is mandated to have an Equal Opportunity (EO) officer or NCO to investigate and recommend action to mitigate issues of racism and sexism, a similar emphasis should be made to identify and remediate the risks of both soldiers and leaders who place their fellows at risk through imprudent language and behaviors. Education and training are helpful, but we have all seen that they are not enough. Some individuals simply will not adapt. Sometimes, in the immortal words of Offspring, "you gotta keep 'em separated."
If the end result is 16% fewer casualties, you tell me where the effort is a waste of time.
The question would be not only to teach afghan values but also to give them some respect.
Wich seems dificult as we are raised thinking our values are the best and commonly contemn other cultures.
The armed forces should teach ethics from basic training.
[…] Original-Artikel erschien auf Afghan Quest: The Enemy Within, von Old Blue, […]
An incredible article. Thank you for your thoughts on this –I agree with you!
The observation that older, National Guard soldiers perform much better in advisory roles doesn't surprise me. It's the broad platform of life experience, of having to get along in the civilian world for your bread and butter, along with a seasoning of maturity that makes the difference.
I agree about educating troops about the local culture and customs. I'm old and retired from the USAF, but throughout my entire career I encountered guys that didn't know how to act in certain situations – especially overseas. I recall some black USAF personnel walking around in Adana, Turkey trying to talk 70's jive slang to some black men on the street. The African guys thought they were nuts! Also experienced some guys talking about our Turkish driver's daughters. He got very angry – rightfully so. He understood enough English to figure it out. I also had to tell a friend to knock off the nasty language in the base bowling alley with kids bowling on the next lane. Most GI's are able to be respectful when required, some others are not. There's a time and place for certain language and actions, and there's a time and place to mind your manners. There is no way around using AFN and interpreters in Afghanistan. We have to do so wisely and to best affect. If that takes teaching manners, then teach manners.
The ETT training I had was (to me) stereotypical. Soles of the feet, check. No ogling the babes. Check. Start meetings with the question-answer-question-answer (how are your chickens? Fine. How are your goats? Bountiful…). But there was little on the background to why things were as they are.
Tribalism, for instance. Sign of a primitive culture, or quite possibly a conscious decision for mutual security in absence of an effective central police?
Sharia law… For the local inhabitants, is it an outpouring of raw emotion, or is it to an extent a lack of a central justice system that is effective?
Corruption. In a country with no retirement, how are the less fortunate supported? Is that local man of importance helping others with that 10% skim, or is it all going into his electronic bank account and being safely held in Dubai?
In Bosnia, the old guard was forced into making changes, then they were removed as needed. Different mandate, I guess.
Teach afghans values?
Guy, they have values already. That their values are different
than western nations does not invalidate them.


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subset: commoncrawl


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These days the Australian slips cordon is terrible, especially compared to previous cordons. You had Taylor, the Waugh brothers, Hayden, Warne etc. Now we have Clarke in first slip, Ponting in second (who is good) and whoever in third when we use it (didn't pay much attention during this test).
How good was it when we had an off side field of
Slips - Hayden, Ponting, Warne
Gully - Hussey
Point - Clarke
Covers - Symonds
Now the Australian side isn't as good in the fielding aspect of the game, as well as batting and bowling, compared to previous years.


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Hot New Campus Accessory: Guns
What's new "on campus" these days? Guns! Guns, guns, guns. The college experience is no longer considered complete without a firearm to accompany you all over campus. Don't be a victim—of enemies of the Second Amendment!
Inside Higher Ed has an overview today of the rapidly expanding field of States Where Crazies Have Somehow Made It Legal to Carry Guns on Campus-ology. I mean, sure, we expect this stuff from Arizona. And Texas. But Oregon and Wisconsin, allowing concealed guns on campus? Believe it, thanks to conservative legislators and lawsuits from gun nuts! Thank god that your children will now be safe.
Advocates of concealed carry argue that it is essential to keeping themselves or others safe. While campus police officers may protect a college to the extent that they can, license-holders would be able to respond to incidents such as the massacre at Virginia Tech University when officers don't get there in time, they say. Shootings may take place in mere minutes or even seconds, and it often takes police longer than that to arrive on the scene.
Movie sequel idea! HOW HIGH 2: FULLY LOADED. Method Man and Redman return to campus to smoke lots of marijuana and stage panty raids—only this time, they're both carrying concealed Glock 9 millimeters at all times. Everyone feels much safer.
Feel good movie of the summer! Education and safety, huzzah!


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Liz Capo McCormick
Thursday, 03 July 2014 10:55 AM
Pacific Investment Management Co.'s Bill Gross said wage growth that is keeping inflation below the Federal Reserve's target will keep the central bank on course for slow and below-average interest-rate rises.
A government report showed U.S. employers added 288,000 workers in June, exceeding forecasts, and the unemployment rate fell to an almost six-year low of 6.1 percent. Average hourly earnings rose by 0.2 percent for a second month and increased 2 percent during the past 12 months, which compared with an annualized rate of 2.1 percent last month.
"It's actually the wage number that is critical and the jobs that takes second seat," Pimco's Gross said in a radio interview on "Bloomberg Surveillance" with Tom Keene and Mike McKee. "In order to get to the 2 percent inflation target that the Fed wants to get to, assuming a 1 percent productivity number, you are going to have to see wages at 3 percent plus. So the Fed is willing to stay put here."
The benchmark 10-year Treasury yield rose to the highest in two months after the report, reaching 2.69 percent in New York, according to Bloomberg Bond Trader prices. The two-year note yield increased three basis points, or 0.03 percentage point, to 0.51 percent.
Market Rates
"Markets are doing what they are doing today and it's good to have higher interest rates for those that have cash," Gross said. Given where Treasury yields are, "what we see is a market that is over-anticipating what the Fed will do. That they think in years 2016, 2017, and 2018 it will be close to 3 percent federal funds rate, but we believe it will be closer to 2 percent as the economy simply can't stand those levels of levered yields."
Pimco is betting on a "new neutral" era characterized by global growth converging toward lower, more stable speeds and interest rates that remain below their pre-crisis equilibrium.
The 10-year Treasury yield is likely capped at 3 percent, as yields above those levels would slow the housing market and the pace of growth overall, Gross said. The unemployment rate needs to fall to about 5.5 percent, what he sees as the natural level of unemployment for the U.S., before the Fed is likely to be concerned that growth is at levels that could begin to spark inflation.
The Fed's favored gauge of inflation, the personal consumption expenditure price index, rose 1.8 percent in May, below the Fed's 2 percent target.
Fed Policy
The Fed, led by Chair Janet Yellen, cut its monthly bond purchases last month by another $10 billion to $35 billion. At the current pace, the quantitative-easing program intended to push down borrowing costs for companies and consumers would end this year. Yellen has said interest rates will stay close to zero for a "considerable time" after the U.S. central bank is done with its bond-buying.
Gross's Pimco Total Return Fund suffered its 14th straight month of withdrawals in June as the world's largest bond fund trailed 58 percent of its peers this year so far with a return of 3.25 percent. The formerly top-ranked fund has seen its five-year ranking slip to the 58th percentile, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. Total Return climbed 0.1 percent in the past month, beating 78 percent of peers.
Pimco, a unit of the Munich-based insurer Allianz SE, managed $1.94 trillion in assets as of March 31.
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Photo: Commencement speaker
Joseph Coughlin '82, who is internationally known for his work in gerontology and public policy, received an honorary doctor of science degree from the State University of New York May 12 at Oswego's 151st Commencement. Coughlin, the founding director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology AgeLab, shared the words of an Oswego professor who deflected Coughlin's gratitude toward future generations. "Perhaps the best advice I still carry with me from Oswego — give thanks to those who invested in you by being generous with others tomorrow," Coughlin told the graduates and their families. The Oswego Alumni Association honored him with the Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2003, and he has been the keynote speaker at Quest, the college's annual symposium of scholarly research and creative activity.
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Green walls in Italy's industrial heartland will absorb CO2, reduce noise, and save energy.
In Milan, a forest will soon be planted in the sky. Building works for a pair of skyscrapers that will become home to the world's first vertical forest is underway. The brainchild of architect Stefano Boeri, the €65 million 'Bosco Verticale' is already under construction. When complete, the skyscrapers will contain luxury apartments, each one equipped with a copious balcony specially designed to hold around 900 small trees and other plants. If planted on the ground the total vegetation would cover an area of 10,000 square metres.
As well as providing green outdoors space for residents, and providing the city with some much needed green views, the project should have a range of other benefits, including:
- filtering pollution
- absorbing CO2 and dust particles
- reducing noise pollution to the building
- improving the microclimate
- saving energy by sheltering the building from solar radiation in summer
- reducing rainwater run-off so curbing flooding.
And all this, claims Boeri, for a premium of just 5% on the cost of normal high rises.
On the surface, it is a simple idea – with growing populations requiring land use for lodgings, why not plant our greenery upwards, rather than outwards? It is certainly becoming increasingly popular, with schemes in Chicago and Suwon, South Korea [see 'Fish and veg take to the skies'].
Alexander Felson, Director of the Urban Ecology and Design Laboratory at Yale University, agrees that "there will potentially be microclimate and air particulate removal benefits", but warns that the "overall energy required to construct a building that would support both trees and the wet weight of soil" places some serious question marks over its overall sustainability. He favours a more modest approach focusing on green roofs. – Catherine de Lange
Photo: Matthew Fromboluti


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Effectiveness and Affordability Review
Ithaca College partnered with Huron Consulting Group last August to find opportunities for additional revenue, promote efficiencies, improve services, and reduce expenses. The consultants worked closely with a steering committee and met with more than 80 employees across campus who provided information about their units. A campus-wide survey was also used to gather suggestions on how to accomplish those goals.
In May the Ithaca College Board of Trustees will review and vote on proposals on which of Huron's recommendations to pursue in the near term, which ones to abandon altogether, and which ones to research further. This information and a tentative timeline for implementation will be communicated to the campus by the end of the summer.
Some of the recommendations are more complex than others and the cost savings vary. One suggestion is to institute data-based retention efforts, so the college can identify students who are at risk of leaving the college and provide more support. Another suggestion is to improve the energy management function, so the college can better track energy use and motivate students and staff to conserve.
Another recommendation involves improving space utilization so that classrooms sit empty less often. Aligning program capacity with applicant demand is a vital component of this recommendation. If there is a large demand for a particular program—where the number of applicants substantially exceeds the number of seats available—Huron recommends we find ways to accommodate more students in this area.
Moving the operations of the Rochester physical therapy center to the Ithaca campus is another Huron recommendation. This recommendation will be reviewed by both the academic department and the curriculum review committee to ensure that there are no unintended consequences that could harm the quality of the education being delivered.
Not all of the recommendations will be implemented, but some changes must occur because the college wants to keep the tuition from increasing at too steep a rate. It is becoming increasingly difficult for the college to meet the demonstrated financial aid needs of its applicants, which in turn forces students to rely more on federal financial aid and private loans—or look elsewhere.
"Even if prospective students feel that IC offers the best possible educational experience, the one they would like to have in an ideal world, they will not come here if they cannot afford to do so," Rochon says.
Back to "The Value of an IC Education"


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Greek astronomy
|Ancient Greek index
|History Topics Index
Today the study of astronomy requires a deep understanding of mathematics and physics. It is important to realise that Greek astronomy (we are interested in the topic during the 1000 years between 700 BC and 300 AD) did not involve physics. Indeed, as Pannekoek points out in [7], a Greek astronomer aimed only to describe the heavens while a Greek physicist sought out physical truth. Mathematics provided the means of description, so astronomy during the 1000 years that interest us in this article was one of the branches of mathematics.
The Greeks began to think of philosophy from the time of Thales in about 600 BC. Thales himself, although famed for his prediction of an eclipse, probably had little knowledge of astronomy, yet he brought back from Egypt knowledge of mathematics into the Greek world and possibly also some knowledge of Babylonian astronomy. It is reasonable to begin by looking at what 'astronomy' was in Greece around this time. However we begin by looking further back than this to around 700 BC.
Basically at this time astronomy was all to do with time keeping. It is natural that astronomical events such as the day would make a natural period of time and likewise the periodic phases of the moon make the next natural time span. Indeed these provided the basic methods of time keeping around the period of 700 BC yet, of course, another important period of time, the year, was not easy to determine in terms of months. Yet a knowledge of the approximate length of the year was vital for food production and so schemes had to be devised. Farmers at this time would base their planting strategies on the rising and setting of the constellations, that is the times when certain constellations would first become visible before sunrise or were last visible after sunset.
Hesiod, one of the earliest Greek poets, often called the "father of Greek didactic poetry" wrote around 700 BC. Two of his complete epics have survived, the one relevant to us here is Works and Days describing peasant life. In this work Hesiod writes that (see [5], also [1] and [7]):-
... when the Pleiades rise it is time to use the sickle, but the plough when they are setting; 40 days they stay away from heaven; when Arcturus ascends from the sea and, rising in the evening, remain visible for the entire night, the grapes must be pruned; but when Orion and Sirius come in the middle of heaven and the rosy fingered Eos sees Arcturus, the grapes must be picked; when the Pleiades, the Hyades, and Orion are setting, then mind the plough; when the Pleiades, fleeing Orion, plunge into the dark sea, storms may be expected; 50 days after the sun's turning is the right time for man to navigate; when Orion appears, Demeter's gift has to be brought to the well-smoothed threshing floor.For many hundreds of years astronomers would write works on such rising and setting of constellations indicating that the type of advice given by Hesiod continued to be used.
An early time scale based on 12 months of 30 days did not work well since the moon rapidly gets out of phase with a 30 day month. So by 600 BC this had been replaced by a year of 6 'full' months of 30 days and 6 'empty' months of 29 days. This improvement in keeping the moon in phase with the month had the unfortunate effect of taking the year even further out of phase with the period of the recurring seasons. About the same time as Thales was making the first steps in philosophy, Solon, a statesman in Athens who became known as one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece, introduced an improved calendar.
Solon's calendar was based on a two yearly cycle. There were 13 months of 30 days and 12 months of 29 days in each period of two years so this gave a year of about 369 days and a month of 291/2 days. However, the Greeks relied mainly on the moon as their time-keeper and frequent adjustments to the calendar were necessary to keep it in phase with the moon and the seasons. Astronomy was clearly a subject of major practical importance in sorting out the mess of these calendars and so observations began to be made to enable better schemes to be devised.
Pythagoras, around 500 BC, made a number of important advances in astronomy. He recognised that the earth was a sphere, probably more because he believed that a sphere was the most perfect shape than for genuine scientific reasons. He also recognised that the orbit of the Moon was inclined to the equator of the Earth and he was one of the first to realise that Venus as an evening star was the same planet as Venus as a morning star. There is a pleasing appeal to observational evidence in these discoveries, but Pythagoras had a philosophy based on mathematical 'perfection' which tended to work against a proper scientific approach. On the other side there is an important idea in the Pythagorean philosophy which had a lasting impact, namely the idea that all complex phenomena must reduce to simple ones. One should not underestimate the importance of this idea which has proved so powerful throughout the development of science, being a fundamental driving force to the great scientists such as Newton and particularly Einstein.
Around 450 BC Oenopides is said to have discovered the ecliptic made an angle of 24° with the equator, which was accepted in Greece until refined by Eratosthenes in around 250 BC. Some scholars accept that he discovered that the ecliptic was at an angle but doubt that he measured the angle. Whether he learnt of the 12 signs of the zodiac from scholars in Mesopotamia or whether his discoveries were independent Greek discoveries is unknown. Oenopides is also credited with suggesting a calendar involving a 59 year cycle with 730 months. Other schemes proposed were 8 year cycles, with extra months in three of the eight years and there is evidence that this scheme was adopted.
About the same time as Oenopides proposed his 59 year cycle, Philolaus who was a Pythagorean, also proposed a 59 year cycle based on 729 months. This seemed to owe more to the numerology of the Pythagoreans than to astronomy since 729 is 272, 27 being the Pythagorean number for the moon, while it is also 93, 9 being the Pythagorean number associated with the earth. Philolaus is also famed as the first person who we know to propose that the earth moves. He did not have it orbiting the sun, however, but rather all the heavenly bodies went in circles round a central fire which one could never see since there was a counter earth between the earth and the fire. This model, certainly not suggested by any observational evidence, is more likely to have been proposed so that there were 10 heavenly bodies, for 10 was the most perfect of all numbers to the Pythagoreans.
Meton, in 432 BC, introduced a calendar based on a 19 year cycle but again this is similar to one devised in Mesopotamia some years earlier. Meton worked in Athens with another astronomer Euctemon, and they made a series of observations of the solstices (the points at which the sun is at greatest distance from the equator) in order to determine the length of the tropical year. Again we do not know if the 19 year cycle was an independent discovery or whether Greek advances were still based on earlier advances in Mesopotamia. Meton's calendar never seems to have been adopted in practice but his observations proved extremely useful to later Greek astronomers such as Hipparchus and Ptolemy.
That Meton was famous and widely known is seen from the play Birds written by Aristopenes in about 414 BC. Two characters are speaking, one is Meton [see D Barrett (trs.), Aristophanes, Birds (London, 1978)]:-
Meton: I propose to survey the air for you: it will have to be marked out in acres.Meton and Euctemon are associated with another important astronomical invention of the time, namely a parapegma. A parapegma was a stone tablet with movable pegs and an inscription to indicate the approximate correspondence between, for example, the rising of a particular star and the civil date. Because the calendar had to be changed regularly to keep the civil calendar in phase with the astronomical one, the parapegma had movable pegs which could be adjusted as necessary. A parapegma soon also contained meteorological forecasts associated with the risings and settings of the stars and not only were stone parapegma constructed but also ones on papyri. Meton and Euctemon are usually acknowledged as the inventors of parapegmata and certainly many later astronomers compiled the data nessary for their construction.
Peisthetaerus: Good lord, who do you think you are?
Meton: Who am I? Why Meton. THE Meton. Famous throughout the Hellenic world - you must have heard of my hydraulic clock at Colonus?
Peisthetaerus: Good lord, who do you think you are?
Meton: Who am I? Why Meton. THE Meton. Famous throughout the Hellenic world - you must have heard of my hydraulic clock at Colonus?
There is evidence for other observational work being undertaken around this time, for Vitruvius claims that Democritus of Abdera, famed for his atomic theory, devised a star catalogue. We have no knowledge of the form this catalogue took but Democritus may well have described the major constellations in some way.
The beginning of the 4th century BC was the time that Plato began his teachings and his writing was to have a major influence of Greek thought. As far as astronomy is concerned Plato had a negative effect, for although he mentions the topic many times, no dialogue is devoted to astronomy. Worse still, Plato did not believe in astronomy as a practical subject, and condemned as lowering the spirit the actual observation of the heavenly bodies. Plato only believed in astronomy to the extent that it encouraged the study of mathematics and suggested beautiful geometrical theories.
Perhaps we should digress for a moment to think about how the ideas of philosophy which were being developed by Plato and others affected the development of astronomy. Neugebauer [6] feels that philosophy had a detrimental affect:-
I see no need for considering Greek philosophy as an early stage in the development of science ... One need only read the gibberish of Proclus's introduction to his huge commentary on Book I of Euclid's Elements to get a vivid picture of what would have become of science in the hands of philosophers. The real "Greek miracle" is the fact that a scientific methodology was developed, and survived, in spite of a widely admired dogmatic philosophy.Although there is some truth in what Neugebauer writes here, I [EFR] feel that he has overstated his case. It is true that philosophers came up with ideas about the universe which were not based on what we would call today the scientific method. However, the very fact that theories were proposed which could be shown to be false by making observations, must have provided a climate where the scientific approach could show its strength. Also the fact the philosophy taught that one should question all things, even "obvious" truths, was highly beneficial. Another important philosophical idea which had important consequences from the time of Pythagoras, and was emphasised by Plato, was that complex phenomena must be consequences of basic simple phenomena. As Theon of Smyrna expressed it, writing in the first century AD:-
The changing aspects of the revolution of the planets is because, being fixed in their own circles or in their own shperes whose movements they follow, they are carried across the zodiac, just as Pythagoras had first understood it, by a regulated simple and equal revolution but which results by combination in a movement that appears variable and unequal.This led Theon to write:-
It is natural and necessary that all the heavenly bodies have a uniform and regular movement.Perhaps the most telling argument against the above claim by Neugebauer is that our present idea of space-time, as developed from Einstein's theory of relativity, was suggested more by the basic philosophy of simplicity than by experimental evidence.
The advances made not long after the time of Plato by Eudoxus, incorporating the idea of basic simplicity as expressed in Pythagorean and Platonic philosophy, were made by an outstanding mathematician and astronomer. In fact Eudoxus marks the beginning of a new phase in Greek astronomy and must figure as one of a small number of remarkable innovators in astronomical thought. Eudoxus was the first to propose a model whereby the apparently complex motions of the heavenly bodies did indeed result from simple circular motion. He built an observatory on Cnidus and from there he observed the star Canopus. The star Canopus played an important role in early astronomy, for it is seen to set and rise in Cnidus yet one does no have to go much further north from there before it can never be seen. The observations made at Eudoxus's observatory in Cnidus, as well as those made at an observatory near Heliopolis, formed the basis of a book concerning the rising and setting of the constellations. Eudoxus, another who followed Pythagorean doctrines, proposed a beautiful mathematical theory of concentric spheres to describe the motion of the heavenly bodies. It is clear that Eudoxus thought of this as a mathematical theory, and did not believe in the spheres as physical objects.
Although a beautiful mathematical theory, Eudoxus's model would not have stood the test of the simplest of observational data. Callippus, who was a pupil of Polemarchus himself a pupil of Eudoxus, refined this system as presented by Eudoxus. The reason that we have so much information about the spheres of Eudoxus and Callippus is that Aristotle accepted the theory, not not as a mathematical model as originally proposed, but rather as spheres which have physical reality. He discussed the interactions of one sphere on another, but there is no way that he could have had enough understanding of physics to get anywhere near describing the effects of such an interaction. Although in many areas Aristotle advocated a modern scientific approach and he collected data in a scientific way, this was unfortunately not the case in astronomy. As Berry writes [2]:-
There are also in Aristotle's writings a number of astronomical speculations, founded on no solid evidence and of little value ... his original contributions are not comparable with his contributions to the mental and moral sciences, but are inferior in value to his work in other natural sciences ...As Berry goes on to say, this was very unfortunate for astronomy since the influence of the writings of Aristotle had an authority for many centuries which meant that astronomers had a harder battle than they might otherwise have had in getting the truth accepted.
The next development which was absolutely necessary for progress in astronomy took place in geometry. Spherical geometry was developed by a number of mathematicians with an important text being written by Autolycus in Athens around 330 BC. Some claim that Autolycus based his work on spherical geometry On the Moving Sphere on an earlier work by Eudoxus. Whether or not this is the case there is no doubt that Autolycus was strongly influenced by the views of Eudoxus on astronomy. Like so many astronomers, Autolycus wrote a work On Risings and Settings which is a book on observational astronomy.
After Autolycus the main place for major developments in astronomy seemed to move to Alexandria. There Euclid worked and wrote on geometry in general but also making an important contribution to spherical geometry. Euclid also wrote Phaenomena which is an elementary introduction to mathematical astronomy and gives results on the times stars in certain positions will rise and set.
Aristarchus, Timocharis and Aristyllus were three astronomers who all worked at Alexandria and their lives certainly overlapped. Aristyllus was a pupil of Timocharis and in Maeyama [23] analyses 18 of their observations and shows that Timocharis observed around 290 BC while Aristyllus observed a generation later around 260 BC. He also reports an astounding accuracy of 5' for Aristyllus' observations. Maeyama writes [23]:-
The order of accuracy is an essential measure for the development of natural sciences. accuracy is in fact more than the mere operation of measuring. Accuracy increases only by virtue of active measuring. There cannot exist a high order of observational accuracy which is not connected with a high order of observations. Hence my assumption is that there must have been abundant accurate observations of the fixed stars made at least at the epochs 300 BC - 250 BC in Alexandria. They must have disappeared in the fires which frequently raged there.Maeyama also points out that this is the period when the coordinate systems for giving stellar positions originated. Both the equatorial and the ecliptic systems appear at this time. But why were these observations being made? This is a difficult question to answer for on the face of it there seems little point in the astronomers of Alexandria striving for observational accuracy at this time. In [34] van der Waerden makes an interesting suggestion related to the other important astronomer who worked in Alexandria around this time, namely Aristarchus.
We know that Aristarchus measured the ratio of the distances to the moon and to the sun and, although his methods could never yield accurate results, they did show that the sun was much further from the earth than was the moon. His results also showed that the sun was much larger than the earth, although again his measurements were very inaccurate. Some historians believe that this knowledge that the sun was the largest of the three bodies, earth, moon and sun, led him to propose his heliocentric theory. Certainly it is for this theory, as reported by Archimedes, that Aristarchus has achieved fame. His sun-centred universe found little favour with the Greeks, however, who continued to develop more and more sophisticated models based on an earth centred universe.
Now Goldstein and Bowen in [16] attempt to answer the question of why Timocharis and Aristyllus made their accurate observations. These authors do not find a clear purpose for the observations, such as the marking of a globe. However van der Waerden in [34] suggests that the observations were made to determine the constants in the heliocentric theory of Aristarchus. Although this theory has strong attractions, and makes one want to believe in it, all the evidence suggests that Timocharis certainly began his observations some time before Aristarchus proposed his heliocentric universe.
Goldstein and Bowen in [16] make other interesting suggestions. They believe that the observations of Timocharis and Aristyllus recorded the distance from the pole, and the distances between stars. They argued that the observations were made by means of an instrument similar to Heron's dioptra. These are interesting observations since the work of Timocharis and Aristyllus strongly influenced the most important of all of the Greek astronomers, namely Hipparchus, who made his major contribution about 100 years later. During these 100 years, however, there were a number of advances. Archimedes measured the apparent diameter of the sun and also is said to have designed a planetarium. Eratosthenes made important measurements of the size of the earth, accurately measured the angle of the ecliptic and improved the calendar. Apollonius used his geometric skills to mathematically develop the epicycle theory which would reach its full importance in the work of Ptolemy.
The contributions of Hipparchus are the most important of all the ancient astronomers and it is fair to say that he made the most important contribution before that of Copernicus in the early sixteenth century. As Berry writes in [2]:-
An immense advance in astronomy was made by Hipparchus, whom all competent critics have agreed to rank far above any other astronomers of the ancient world, and who must stand side by side with the greatest astronomers of all time.It is Hipparchus's approach to science that ranks him far above other ancient astronomers. His approach, based on data from accurate observations, is essentially modern in that he collected his data and then formed his theories to fit the observed facts. Most telling regarding his understanding of the scientific method is the fact that he proposed a theory of the motion of the sun and the moon yet he was not prepared to propose such a theory for the planets. He realised that his data was not sufficiently good or sufficiently plentiful to allow him to base a theory on it. However, he made observations to help his successors to develop such a theory. Delambre, in his famous work on the history of astronomy, writes:-
When we consider all that Hipparchus invented or perfected, and reflect upon the number of his works and the mass of calculations which they imply, we must regard him as one of the most astonishing men of antiquity, and as the greatest of all in the sciences which are not purely speculative, and which require a combination of geometrical knowledge with a knowledge of phenomena, to be observed only by diligent attention and refined instruments.Although a great innovator, Hipparchus gained important understanding from the Babylonians. As Jones writes in [21]:-
For Hipparchus, the availability of the Babylonian predictive methods was a boon.We will not describe the contributions of Hipparchus and Ptolemy in detail in this article since these are given fully in their biographies in our archive. Suffice to end this article with a quotation from [6]:-
Alexandria in the second century AD saw the publication of Ptolemy's remarkable works, the 'Almagest' and the 'Handy Tables', the 'Geography', the 'Tetrabiblos', the 'Optics', the 'Harmonics', treatises on logic, on sundials, on stereographic projection, all masterfully written, products of one of the greatest scientific minds of all times. The eminence of these works, in particular the 'Almagest', had been evident already to Ptolemy's contemporaries. this caused an almost total obliteration of the prehistory of the Ptolemaic astronomy.
Ptolemy had no successor. What is extant from the later Roman times is rather sad.....
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson


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Originally published Monday, March 4, 2013 at 5:01 AM
Beyond Angry Birds: great cellphone reads
Short stories are perfect for reading on your smartphone (or tablet); in the space of a bus ride you can sample some fine short fiction.
Special to The Seattle Times
... it is continuing to rain, and you continue to behave as if you were a tad bored ... But it might also be that while you were riding along like that, you heard or saw something beautiful, gay, or sad, something you will never forget.
— "In the Electric Train," by Robert Walser
We know the old complaint: So Many Books, So Little Time! Those of us who don't read (much) cite busy lives as the culprit, and yet somehow we still manage to steal a few precious moments for Fruit Ninja, Temple Run or the latest iteration of the Harlem Shake. Maybe you're not up for reading an entire novel on your cellphone, but short stories are another matter. In the space of your daily bus ride you can treat yourself to entire oeuvres. Here are some outstanding recent story collections for various tastes, all available as eBooks from the Seattle Public Library.
The quote above is from "Berlin Stories"(New York Review Books Classics, translated by Susan Bernofsky), brief sketches in which the Swiss flâneurRobert Walser rambles through a succession of everyday scenes — train platforms, bustling boulevards — with an enchanting simplicity that reveals the eternal in the ephemeral. With gentle humor that's far more devastating than snark, holy fool Walser points out curious bubbles and eddies in the stream of experience flowing around us. It's the perfect thing to read on public transit.
Walser's countryman Peter Stamm also writes with a disarming immediacy, luring us into his characters' lives with spare, unassuming prose that unmoors us from our habituated views, revealing a stranger reality. Footfalls from the apartment above. A vacation destination that disappoints. A couple haltingly furnishing their new relationship. The situations depicted in Stamm's "We're Flying"(Other Press, translated by Michael Hoffmann) evoke the negative spaces of Raymond Carver or the quiet menace of Shirley Jackson, but with Walser's light touch. Maybe it's a Swiss thing.
The short mysteries in John Harvey's "A Darker Shade of Blue" (Pegasus) deal in real crimes and victims whose vulnerability is all too palpable. Harvey has a knack for the telling detail, conjuring pushers, pimps and pedophiles, avenging angels and tarnished knights into stirring life — and sometimes bloody death — with a few deft strokes of his pen. These are bite-sized morsels of the best British crime writing around.
In the title story of Seattle author Kij Johnson's"At the Mouth of the River of Bees"(Small Beer Press), a woman takes her dog and leaves Seattle, heading east until her progress is arrested (around Missoula) by a shifting river of bees. It is unexpected to be sure, but no more unnatural than the inexplicably disappearing monkeys, the storytelling dogs, or the woman-cum-fox also found in Johnson's surreal menagerie. Less predictable than mere grown-up fairy tales, the curiously captivating stories in this collection map out a natural world that we perversely imagine ourselves to be outside.
Most tribute anthologies are about as inspiring as an obligatory retirement dinner, but when the late Ray Bradbury is the guest of honor it brings out the best. In "Shadow Show: All-new Stories in Celebration of Ray Bradbury"(Morrow), a staggering array of great writers offer up a spectrum of tales in all the master's hues, from dreamy to nightmarish to wistful to grim. Standouts include Joe Hill's "By the Silvery Water of Lake Champlain," in which three children find the washed-up corpse of a legendary monster, and Neil Gaiman's "The Man Who Forgot Ray Bradbury," with its haunting vision of a world losing his stories. Perish the thought!
David Wright is a Reader Services librarian at the Seattle Public Library's Central Branch.


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Register »And join the Social Network for MMO players
The ranking is made with your average rate and the total number of votes, so if you want to be listed here,
tell your friends to rate your uberchars!.
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Pay-Per-Minute Viewing
You can now enjoy this movie on your iPhone®, iPad®, or compatible Smart TV & Android devices.
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DRM-free downloads offer content that is not limited by standard Digital Rights Management (DRM) access technologies. These technologies allow hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders and individuals to limit the usage of digital content.
When you purchase DRM-free downloadable content, that content is available for you to download on any computer and save to a disk whenever you like. You can also download to multiple computers. There is no timeframe associated with your purchase and the content will not expire.
Running Time: 69 minutes
Released: 03/2017
Studio Name: Kink
Series: The Upper Floor
Director: Ex Libris
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Description: Greedy kink fan girl endures humiliation, flogging, & bondage to taste cock, but only after Roxanne's anal punishment. BDSM swinger orgy all night.
5 Scenes from Fangirl Turned Sex Slave
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For many years in the past, Elon athletic fans turned out to support the Fighting Christians as they represented the college against teams that were pretty much in the boundaries of North and South Carolina and Virginia.
Then a few years ago those same Elon fans continued to support the teams when they became known as the Phoenix. Elon was a university by then, and the range of teams they played extended into Tennessee, Georgia and areas north beyond Virginia.
The Fighting Christians and the Phoenix both have etched their place in the history of Elon athletics over the years.
It was in 1923 that the Fighting Christians name was chosen, according to a history of Elon athletics written by Jim Wagoner, fitting in with the Wake Forest Demon Deacons and the Duke Blue Devils nearby. And the school had been founded by the Christian Church and maintained a close relationship with the church at the time.
And the nickname stayed that way until 2000 when the Phoenix appeared. At least that�s what most people believe.
But I wonder just how many of you remember the Elon Golden Lions?
Not many, huh? I thought not. Am I pulling your leg? A joke?
Not at all.
In 1947 the name of the Elon mascot was changed from the Fighting Christians to the Golden Lions.
You want proof?
In The Daily Times-News of Tuesday, Sept. 9, 1947, on page six, there was this headline:
�Elon Changes Nickname To Golden Lions.�
There followed a story which began:
�Maroon and gold uniforms of the 1947 football team and of future athletic aggregations at the Christian Institution will signify presence of the Golden Lions instead of Fighting Christians, Alumni Secretary Jimmy Darden announced today.�
The story continued:
�The new nickname has been selected for all Elon teams, Darden said, �to get away from the somewhat contradictory name formerly used.� Speaking from a technical standpoint, Darden said, �Christians are not supposed to be fighters if they can help it, so we tried to select something more appropriate.��
A lion�s head was chosen for the emblem �and will be prominently displayed . . .�
The decision apparently was made by Athletic Director L.J. �Hap� Perry, who had assumed his post a year earlier after coaching at Reidsville High School for many years. It so happened that Reidsville had the Golden Lion as its mascot as well at that time.
But what happened? Why do we not see references to this in other places?
According to a �source� with a long history in Elon athletics, the decision was made without the knowledge or the blessings of then-Elon College President Leon Smith.
According to that source as well, President Smith was out of town when the decision was made, but when he got home, the Golden Lions went into history and the Fighting Christians were back on the field. Dr. Smith, it seems, was not about to say goodbye to the Fighting Christian. Anyone who remembers Dr. Smith might understand that a bit better than others. He was, as one might say, in command.
Actually the Golden Lions might have survived for no more than a day or two, but they really are a part of Elon University�s athletic history.
The Fighting Christian survived until 2000 when he went into the dressing room one day and came out a bird � a Phoenix. It was felt that as the school was moving into Division 1 in the NCAA lineup of schools, the Fighting Christian name was not broad enough to reflect the true diversity of the university at the time.
And the Phoenix was a perfect choice, reflecting the school�s rise from the ashes of a fire in 1923 that could have destroyed the future of the institution. The Phoenix shook its feathers, flipped away the ashes and lived to fight another day.
And so it is today in Elon�s 125th year as the Phoenix moves into a new athletic conference this year � the Colonial.
But in 1947, at least for a day, Elon had the nickname Golden Lions.
At least for a day.
Don Bolden is editor emeritus of the Times-News. His column appears every Sunday. He can be contacted at email@example.com.


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You probably know that you can easily create multiple email aliases in Gmail by adding the plus symbol or dots to your Gmail username but here's something even more interesting.
When you create a Gmail account, you actually get two email addresses – one is the regular @gmail.com address while the second email address has @googlemail.com in the domain.
That means if your email address in Gmail is something like email@example.com, all email messages that are sent to email@example.com will also be delivered to your own Gmail account. That's two for the price of one.
Like the Gmail plus trick, you can take advantage of these two domains so that less spam reaches your Gmail mailbox. For instance, gGive the @googlemail.com address to your close contacts (put that in the visiting card) while keep the @gmail.com address for public (put it on your blog). Then set a Gmail filter such that all email messages with @googlemail.com in the header go a special folder so you will never miss important email from close friends.
And if you multiple Twitter accounts, associate one with your main @gmail.com address and the other with your new @googlemail.com address.


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Before Google there were many search engines worth trying out on the Internet. Technically, many of them still exist. What, you haven't visited Dogpile recently? Well maybe you should, if only to see what its puny algorithm thinks you're searching for.
Punch "Am I," "does," or "can you" into the search box and Dogpile serves up wonderful, nonsensical suggestions. Ahem:
• "Can you get arthritis in thr face"
• "Am i required to attend sc divorce mediation hearings?
• "Am I evil?"
Who searches for this stuff? Judging by the results, either something's funky with Dogpile's algorithms or its users are seriously confused about whether they've murdered a bunch of people. Head over to Geekosystem for more autocomplete madness. [Geekosystem]


text:
|Trichloroisocyanuric Acid, Copper Sulphate and Aluminium Sulphate.
|A 200g chlorine tablet that also contains an algaecide and a flocculant. Used as a sanitiser for swimming pools.
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text: With The Toll Roads Rewards Program, accountholders who drive The Toll Roads at least once during the month will receive a special promotion from a local retail partner as a token of our appreciation. The program is free for accountholders and easy to join. Log in to your account now!


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Of course that about food processors is only to get you to have a look at this.
On the other hand this approach to life can be applied to everything, including food processing.
By the way I am a great fan of Steve Jobs and Apple devices, but not of what his company has done to the world. That a company making fun gadgets should be the most valuable company in the world and bigger than many countries of the world, needs consideration. That it makes otherwise productive people inanely make repetitive tweets/comments is sad. Worse, that these mainly get lost in the billions of others and remain unread but stored for decades!


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Arts & Events
FILM REVIEW: A Fierce Green Fire Brightens the Screens
Now playing at the Shattuck Landmark Theater, A Fierce Green Fire has been a long time coming but it's worth the wait.
Berkeley filmmaker Mark Kitchell's follow-up to his justly acclaimed documentary, Berkeley in the Sixties, has effectively captured the crusades of the modern environmental movement over a span of five decades. The film's compendium of uber-eco clips ranges from the years leading up to the first Earth Day to the current struggles over mountaintop mining, oil spills, climate change and the nuclear threat.
Having seen earlier versions of the Fierce Green work-in-progress over the years (most recently, a screening a few years back at the David Brower Center), I held some doubts whether a film that focused on so many "battles from the past" would find an audience with the front-liners of the Occupy Generation. I no longer have those reservations. A Fierce Green Fire excels at evoking both the initial optimism and the enduring passion of the Green Movement's first 50 years.
Even though I had seen most of the footage before (and even participated in several of the campaigns), the finished film still reached me emotionally. I was alternately enraged anew at the careless arrogance of the despoilers and I felt my pulse racing with each new audacious act of grassroots resistance.
The audience at the landmark clearly felt the same. Several times the theater was filled with the anguished groans of the viewers. And more than once, the theater rang with cheers and applause.
While this last and final version of A Fierce Green Fire features a chorus of celebrity narrators — Robert Redford, Meryl Streep, Isabelle Allende, Van Jones and Ashley Judd — it is the voices of the activists that carry the message home.
The film unfolds in five acts: the formative battles of the 1960s; the pollution and population ballets of the 1970s; the nonviolent activism of Greenpeace and the ship-sinking antics of the Sea Shepherd; the global campaigns in the Amazon, Africa and India; the growing climate campaigns that began with the historic Rio Summit — only to be followed by repeated refusals by the US and other industrialized Polluter Nations to accept binding reductions in greenhouse gases.
Despite the overall shadow of growing — and possibly irreversible — global doom, Kitchell's movie can still give an audience something to cheer about.
Who can't get behind the families of Love Canal ? Faced with a wall of official indifference at the growing evidence of an entire community poisoned by long-buried chemicals, the residents finally took history into their own hands. When a team of EPA inspectors arrived for a perfunctory visit, local mothers and children blocked the doors and took the bureaucrats hostage. Local activist Lois Gibbs put down her megaphone long enough to place a phone call to the Washington demanding action. It worked. The Carter Administration acted.
And there are the women of India's Chipko movement, protecting their threatened forests from loggers' chainsaws by hugging the trees with their bodies. And we revisit Brazilian rubber-tapper Chico Mendes whose haunted face reveals the awareness of man who understands that he has been marked for death.
The film celebrates the daredevils of Greenpeace, who pumped adrenalin into the movement with decades of audacious stunts — blocking undersea pipes gushing pollution, parachuting from atop a nuclear cooling towers and confronting whaling ships. (Who was that unnamed Greenpeace activist who can be seen jumping from a speeding Zodiac onto the back of a harpooned whale as it is hauled up the blood-washed gates of a Japanese whaling ship?).
One of the many profound observations offered in Kitchell's film comes from Paul Watson. A founding member of Greenpeace, Watson carried direct action to the next level aboard a Sea Shepherd fleet that set sail to intercept — and sink — whaling vessels on the open seas and in their home ports.
Watson recalled the day he was aboard a Greenpeace zodiac that had placed itself between a pod of whales and a Russian whaler. Ignoring the danger, the Russians fired and the harpoon shot past, only a few feet above the unprotected activists. Everyone on the boat heard the female whale scream. A male that went to her aid was also shot. As he was dying, the whale rolled over and one huge eye locked with Watson's eyes.
"Why were these whales being killed?" Watson wondered. He discovered it was because their bodies were being tapped for a special lubricant that was essential for the operation of intercontinental ballistic missiles!
"So we were killing whales to make it possible to build nuclear missiles that could destroy millions of humans!" That's when it hit him, Watson concluded: "We humans are insane!"
A Fierce Green Fire serves as a touchstone and a reminder that many of Earth's people still harbor some sanity. Once again, we're faced with another bloody chapter in the ancient contest between The Many and The Few — The Givers and the Takers. Only this time, there's a world to lose.


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Read a message
To open Messages, press the Digital Crown to see all your apps, then tap the Messages app . You can also open Messages from the Dock.
If you get a notification about a message, raise your wrist to see it or swipe down on the watch face.
Reply to a message
To reply, scroll to the end of a message, then choose an option. With the latest versions of watchOS and iOS, you can send a preset reply, use Scribble, record a response, and more.
To use preset replies, scroll down to the end of the message, then tap a reply. You can also create your own replies.
To send an emoji, tap the Emoji button , then turn the Digital Crown to see more options. Tap to send.
To send a handwritten message or sticker, tap the Emoji button , scroll down, then tap Stickers. To use a different message or sticker, use Messages on your iPhone.
To record a message, tap the Microphone button , say something, then tap Send or Done. If you want to send the message as text instead of audio, change your settings in the Apple Watch app on your iPhone.
Tap the Scribble button to write letters or words on the display and let your Apple Watch turn them into text. Learn about Scribble.
To show where you are on a map, firmly press the display while you're viewing a conversation, then tap Send Location.
To reply with a Digital Touch, tap the Digital Touch button , then you can send a sketch, tap, your heartbeat, and more.
To use a Tapback, double-tap a message, then tap to choose a Tapback, like thumbs-up or a heart.
Send a new message
You can ask Siri to create a message for you. For example, ask Siri to "Tell Johnny I'll be there in 20 minutes." Then lower your wrist to send. You can also use these steps:
- Press the Digital Crown to open the Home screen, then tap the Messages app .
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In time for the holiday season of 1966, Eileen Detlefsen created several original Christmas cards using the linoleum block print technique. "Old
was the theme of these cards. Notes inside the card which depicted the Follett
House on the cover stated that the residence of pioneer Sandusky
resident Oran Follett was once the scene of many social festivities in early Sandusky.
Inside the Christmas card which featured the
Sandusky harbor, Mrs. Detlefsen pointed out that in 1848 Sandusky was larger than Cleveland. In those days many sailing ships visited
the Sandusky
For many years the West House, pictured above in another of "Eileen's Originals," was known as one of the best hotels between
New York and Chicago.
The popular hotel, in operation in Sandusky
from the 1850s until the 1910s, was host to many notable visitors through the
On the inside of each Christmas card is provided an account of Christmas in
from 1824, as was described by historian Hewson L. Peeke. (Some of the account might be more legendary than historical.)
Visit the
to view these
unique Christmas cards created by Eileen Detlefsen, as well as an article about
the cards from the December 12, 1966 issue of the RFD News. Eileen, along with
her husband Harold Detlefsen, were the founders of the RFD News in 1958. Sandusky
Archives Research


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Moya Brennan
Moya Brennan's Forum
Moderators: gregoing, mise, Grania, All Moderators
Balor wrote:Was at Leo's Saturday night and met Leo. We shook hands, but he had other business to tend to, so we didn't do much except say "hello."
Was at Leo's last night. Yesterday was awful with lashing rain all day.
Now I'm in Derry.
gsanchez wrote:I know it'd be better to celebrate the 50th anniversary. And also it would be better the 100th... but, life is sligth.
birthdays comes every year (just in case). why not Leo's?.
A cheap humble Celtic Spiral hangs in my neck always... and everyone knows what it means.
gsanchez wrote:can anyone tell me the exact date of the anniversary?.
Maybe we should go to the tavern the following weekend.
Dab051176 wrote: Even so, if you haven't been, and you're ever in Donegal, Leo's is well worth a visit, whatever is going on!
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest


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Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia
Project DescriptionThe Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) is an international research initiative conducted from 1995-2005 and led by Brazil. The LBA Project encompasses several scientific disciplines, or components. The LBA-ECO component focuses on the question: "How do tropical forest conversion, regrowth, and selective logging influence carbon storage, nutrient dynamics, trace gas fluxes, and the prospect for sustainable land use in Amazonia?"
The Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is the largest remaining expanse of tropical rain forest on Earth, harboring approximately one-third of all Earth's species. Although the jungle's area is so large that it reaches out into several different countries, most of its area is located within the Brazilian territory. Despite three centuries of scientific study in Amazonia, only a small fraction of its biological richness has been revealed.
Summary provided by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.]


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Changing/Cancelling a bid
Changing your credit card after submitting an offer is not currently permitted. Alternatively, you can cancel your original offer and submit a new one with the new payment details.
To make a new offer, click the link in your cancellation email, or log in to the Upgrade Bid Welcome Page (cathaypacific.com/Upgrade Bid) and follow the simple step-by-step process.
Unfortunately upgrades cannot be transferred at the moment. If you choose to change your flight, your upgrade offer will be forfeited, and no refund or credit will be given. Fare conditions remain the same as before the upgrade was accepted, subject to seat availability at the time of booking change.
Yes, provided the offer window has not closed (50 hours prior to departure of the first sector of your flight). To make a new offer, please visit the Upgrade Bid Welcome Page at cathaypacific.com/Upgrade Bid and make a new offer.
If you did not request this change, or if this request appears to have been made by an unauthorised person, please click the cancel button in the email and log in the Upgrade Bid platform with your booking reference and Family Name to cancel the offer. However, if you have submitted bids for multiple passengers, then any passenger listed in the booking will be able to log in and amend or cancel the bid, after which you will receive a notification informing you of the change. Please note that once you have submitted your credit card details to bid for an upgrade, you will not be required to re-enter those credit card details if you wish to adjust the bid amount at a later stage.
Your offer may already have been accepted by Cathay Pacific and we are currently processing your upgrade case. Please note that an offer can be modified or cancelled up to 50 hours before departure. After that, no modification or cancellation can be made. You can modify or cancel your booking in accordance with the fare conditions of your original booking if you wish to change your booking to another time, but you will not receive a refund or credit for your successful upgrade offer.


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Furharvester's Workshop Sept. 21
Workshop instructors will teach furharvesting laws, ethics and techniques
The Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism (KDWPT) is hosting a furharvester's workshop Sept. 21, 2013 from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. in the
of the Crawford County Fairgrounds in Girard. Topics covered in the workshop include furharvesting laws and ethics, trapping equipment, trap sets for a variety of furbearers, fur handling, and more.
Anyone born on or after July 1, 1966 must complete a certified furharvester education course before trapping on land other than their own. An online furharvester education course is available at www.ksoutdoors.com under Furharvester Education, but students will learn much more in an outdoor classroom with experienced instructors.
"Furharvesting is probably the most intimate outdoor activity you can take part in when it comes to wildlife because you have to know a lot about the habits and habitats of the animals you are trying to catch to be successful," said Mined Land Wildlife Area manager David Jenkins. "It's an important part of our American heritage that we should pass on to the next generation."
To sign-up for the workshop, contact Jenkins at (620) 231-3173. The workshop is free and lunch will be provided. A furharvester education course exam will be given to those who are not certified. For more information on furharvesting regulations, get a copy of the 2013
Hunting and Furharvesting Summary. For more information on trapping and furharvesting education, go to www.ksoutdoors.com. Kansas


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In addition to medicines, other treatments are available to help you manage PTSD. These include the following:
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can help you examine your feelings and thought patterns. It can help you learn to interpret them in a more realistic way and apply coping techniques. CBT can teach you coping skills such as breathing exercises, to reduce anxiety, negative thoughts, and anger. It may also help you handle future trauma, reduce your urge to use alcohol or drugs to cope, and help you relate better with people. Multiple sessions of CBT may be most helpful in treating PTSD.
One form of CBT commonly used with trauma survivors is exposure therapy . This therapy relies on repeatedly discussing the trauma with a therapist in a safe, therapeutic setting. The goal is to decrease negative feelings from the trauma, help you develop relaxation skills during stressful times, and eventually decrease the influence of the memory. Some methods of exposure include:
- Flooding—your therapist asks you to focus on several bad memories at one time
- Imaginal exposure—repeatedly reliving the traumatic events in your mind
- In vivo exposure—planned events with objects or situations that cause bad memories and increase anxiety
- Virtual reality exposure therapy—use of device to help stimulate memories
PET may be more effective than EMDR and relaxation therapy in reducing occurrences of re-experiencing symptoms and reducing avoidance.
Another type of CBT is called cognitive processing therapy (CPT) . This therapy focuses on better understanding how the traumatic event affected your thought process. Our need to make sense of what happened can cause us to get stuck in thought patterns that prevent us from moving on. CPT works to identify these patterns and develop skills to question those thoughts when they arise. These skills can help manage feelings about the trauma and day to day challenges. CPT will also help you examine how the trauma may have changed your beliefs such as self esteem, personal safety, control, and relationships. Examining the differences in your beliefs before and after the trauma can help you establish a new middle ground. The therapy focuses on the changes to your thought pattern since the trauma and how this change affects how you act and feel.
CPT may be an effective counseling therapy for veterans with PTSD.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a new therapy for trauma survivors. It includes exposure therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy combined with eye movements. This results in a shifting of attention. It is believed that this technique may help you access and process traumatic material.
Group Therapy
Group therapy allows you to share your traumatic experience in a safe, strong, and supportive environment with other trauma survivors. A group setting can help you gain understanding and trust as you face your anger, grief, anxiety , and guilt about the trauma. Through group therapy, you can learn to cope with symptoms, memories, and other painful parts of your life.
Brief Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy helps you deal with emotional conflicts caused by the traumatic experience, especially as they relate to childhood events. This type of therapy will help you build a greater sense of self-esteem and develop better ways of thinking, coping, and dealing with intense emotions. Your therapist can also help you identify current situations that trigger traumatic memories and worsen PTSD symptoms.
Stress Inoculation Training
During stress inoculation training, you will be trained in relaxation techniques, positive reframing of negative thoughts, and assertive communication.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Adrian Preda, MD
- Review Date: 11/2018 -
- Update Date: 12/20/2014 -


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Now we have several (Many!) Bristol Channel boaters, its time that we had a meeting! now we need to sort out dates, locations and (most importantly) who is comming. IMHO i think its best to start 3 other threads to discuss this - so please see the other threads on this forum.
Just to set out some guide lines
1) Everybody is welcome, not just people from the bristol channel
2) All types of boat are welcome, this is not just for motor boats!
3) Any more for any more? [img]/forums/images/graemlins/grin.gif[/img]
Hopefully this will fun meeting (just like those i've been to before!)


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Stock #Z1355K
2019 Toyota RAV4 Hybrid
LE AWD 2.5L 4-Cylinder|
Stock #Z1355K
Ruby Flare Pearl
Nutmeg Cloth
41 City / 37 Hwy
2.5L 4-Cylinder
Call 330-673-2200 to Confirm Availability.Read More
Dealer Information
Don Joseph Toyota
1111 West Main St.
Kent, OH 44240
Call now for more information
All advertised vehicles are subject to actual dealer availability. Certain vehicles listed may not be available, or may have different prices. Prices exclude state tax, license, documentation fee ($250), and finance charges, if applicable. Vehicle option and pricing are subject to change. Prices include all dealer rebates and dealer incentives. Pricing and availability varies by dealership. Please check with your dealer for more information. Images displayed may not be representative of the actual trim level, optional equipment, or color of a vehicle. Colors shown are the most accurate representations available. However, due to the limitations of web and monitor color display, we cannot guarantee that the colors depicted will exactly match the color of the car. Information provided is believed accurate but all specifications, pricing, and availability must be confirmed in writing (directly) with the dealer to be binding. Neither the Dealer nor Autofusion is responsible for any inaccuracies contained herein and by using this application you the customer acknowledge the foregoing and accept such terms.


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O'Beau Noir aka 'Topper' lives up to his alias (meaning Top of the Bill). It is a stately looking gelding,that stands at 16 hands and 3 inches. It is an excellent horse to work with. His Appearance is quite unique and he attracts a lot of attention by the way he moves through his paces. 'Topper' has been schooled to Prix St, George level. He has a lot of potential for passage and piaffe. 'Topper' is a real Schoolmaster.
Sold in holland, februari 2011


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Where can I get a certified birth certificate?
You can also order a Washington state birth certificate online (click on the following arrow ), but many people have found the quickest way is to drive to Everett. It takes about 15 minutes to get a copy of your player's birth certificate once you get there.


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With all the DC movie updates we got last week, the news that writer/producer Greg Berlanti might direct The Flash movie kind of got swept up in the current. However, when that news did drop, we got an interesting reaction from many of our Screen Rant readers: a number of them didn't feel like The Flash movie had anything to offer.
After reading so many comments claiming that The Flash is a lame character, I just had to write a response. In my opinion, the sentiment that The Flash movie will have little depth or complexity to it couldn't be more wrong. So let's discuss: what will The Flash be about?
First of all, we need to establish which Flash we're talking about. The Flash has had more incarnations and copy-cat versions (some with multiple incarnations of the their own) than just about any other character in comic book history. We previously discussed which Flash is best for the movie; check out that discussion and weigh in if you'd like.
On the current Flash Family tree there is:
- Jay Garrick (Golden Age Flash)
- Barry Allen (Silver Age Flash)
- Wally West (Kid Flash/Modern Age Flash)
- Bart Allen (Impulse/Kid Flash #2)
- Max Mercury (Quicksilver)
- Johnny Chambers (Johnny Quick)
- Jesse Chambers (Jesse Quick)
If you're not familiar with The Flash comic book, time travel is a big part of the character's mythology (his speed powers help him transcend both space and time), so there are actually even more variations of the character. The names I listed are what I would call the "primary speedsters" of the DC Universe; technically speaking, any one of the characters who have carried the Flash mantle (Garrick, Allen, West) are viable candidates for the forthcoming movie.
Just some of The Flash Family
Comic book writer Geoff Johns has been in charge of The Flash comic book since 2000, and was also responsible for writing up a treatment for the movie, which he turned in to DC/Warner Bros. sometime in the Spring/Summer of '09. When I asked Johns about his Flash treatment at Comic Con last year, this was his response:
"We're caught up in a world that's obsessed with speed these days. Texting, faster downloading… We're always looking for ways to speed things up, it can be hard to slow ourselves down."
Other comments made during that panel led me to believe that Johns' treatment for the film had Silver Age Flash (and fan-favorite) Barry Allen at its center - which would make sense, since it was Johns' reverence for Barry Allen that led him to resurrect the character more than two decades after his comic book demise (a record death length for a comic book hero, BTW).
Since resurrecting Barry Allen, Geoff Johns has done a major overhaul to the mythology of of The Flash - much the same way he did when he took over writing duties on Green Lantern. With both books, Johns managed to sweep away the increasingly absurd/cynical storylines that came with the 90s era, while still preserving the core values that have made Hal Jordan and Barry Allen enduring icons. Johns also took the prudent step of revising (not erasing) those campy sci-fi origin stories of the 40s/50s era, giving them more logical and weighted narrative dimensions.
In the case of The Flash, Barry Allen was originally portrayed as a forensic scientist working with the Central City police. One night while preparing to leave work, a mysterious bolt of lighting strikes a case of chemicals Allen is working with, spilling them on him and imbuing him with the ability to run at super speed.
That must've been a great origin story back in the day, but it's a pretty thin premise for today's savvy comic book audiences. Johns has updated Allen's origin, adding a brilliant backstory where Barry's mother was murdered when he was young and his father was arrested as the prime suspect. It was the need to prove "what really happened" regarding his mother's death that drove Barry into forensic science in the first place. In Johns' revision, Barry is essentially a cop trying outrun the one injustice that forever plagues - and just like that, we have a strong foundation for a complex and interesting super hero protagonist.
The Flash caught up in The Speed Force
Over the years it's been revealed in the pages of Flash comics that there is a (sentient?) 'Speed Force' at work in the universe, which occasionally empowers individuals with the ability to move so fast that they can literally breach the limits of time and space. In the Geoff Johns era, Barry Allen has been brought into the epicenter of this Speed Force mystery and it has (for better or worse) become a central theme of his story. However, that same Speed Force storyline comes with the burden of a lot of time travel logistics.
For example: that fateful lighting bolt that struck Barry Allen and gave him his powers? Well, without going too far into The Flash's history with time-travel (no pun), let's just say it has been proposed that the lighting bolt was Barry Allen himself, using the Speed Force to set his own destiny in motion. See what I mean about the burden of time-travel? It's a tricky device to shape a cinematic origin story around...


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Agriculture and the environment in the Nordic countries : Policies for sustainability and green growth »
Series: Nordic Council of Ministers
Author(s): Valborg Kvakkestad , Øystein Skutevik , and Anne Strøm Prestvik
Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers
Publication Date: 01 June 2013
Keywords: Nordic, Norden, Baltic, Baltics, Agricultural Products, Natural Resources, Fragile Ecosystems, Sustainable Agricultural Practices, Green Growth, Water Pollution
In the future, demand for agricultural products will increase. The agricultural sector must meet the increase in demand without compromising the natural resources of which it depends on and damage fragile ecosystem...
Assessment of marine benthic quality change in gradients of disturbance: : Comparison of different Scandinavian multi-metric indices »
Series: Nordic Council of Ministers
Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers
Publication Date: 01 June 2009
Keywords: Nordic, Norden, Baltic, Baltics, Scandinavian Multi-metric Indices, Moderate Ecological Quality Status, Environments of Good and High EcoQS, Water Framework Directive, Organic Pollution, Moderate Ecological Quality Status
In this study we compared three Scandinavian multi-metric indices to assess marine coastal benthic ecological status in seven different gradients of disturbance related to pollution. The indices measure in differen...