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Red Hat Linux Advisory: mpg321May 16, 2002, 23:22 (0 Talkback[s])
--------------------------------------------------------------------- Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat Security Advisory Synopsis: Updated mpg321 packages available Advisory ID: RHSA-2002:078-04 Issue date: 2002-04-30 Updated on: 2002-05-06 Product: Red Hat Linux Keywords: mp321 buffer overflow network Cross references: Obsoletes: --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Topic: Updated mpg321 packages are available for Red Hat Linux 7.2, which fix a buffer overflow in the network streaming code as well as other bugs. 2. Relevant releases/architectures: Red Hat Linux 7.2 - i386, ia64 3. Problem description: mpg321 is a GPL command-line mp3 player. It is possible for mpg321 before version 0.2.9 to segfault if given certain specifically crafted data. In the case of network streaming, this data would be remotely supplied, which could lead to remote code execution. The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures project (cve.mitre.org/) has assigned the name CAN-2002-0272 to this issue. It is recommended that users of mpg321 upgrade to these errata packages containing mpg321 version 0.2.10, which is not vulnerable to this issue. 4. Solution: Before applying this update, make sure all previously released errata relevant to your system have been applied. To update all RPMs for your particular architecture, run: rpm -Fvh [filenames] where [filenames] is a list of the RPMs you wish to upgrade. Only those RPMs which are currently installed will be updated. Those RPMs which are not installed but included in the list will not be updated. Note that you can also use wildcards (*.rpm) if your current directory only contains the desired RPMs. Please note that this update is also available via Red Hat Network. Many people find this an easier way to apply updates. To use Red Hat Network, launch the Red Hat Update Agent with the following command: up2date This will start an interactive process that will result in the appropriate RPMs being upgraded on your system. 5. Bug IDs fixed (http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla for more info): 55679 - gtoaster hangs when recording audio tracks with mpg321 56422 - RFE: make libmad a separate package 62714 - mpg321 segmentation fault when play Tainted love by m manson 6. RPMs required: Red Hat Linux 7.2: SRPMS: ftp://updates.redhat.com/7.2/en/os/SRPMS/mpg321-0.2.9-2.5.src.rpm ftp://updates.redhat.com/7.2/en/os/SRPMS/libmad-0.14.2b-3.src.rpm i386: ftp://updates.redhat.com/7.2/en/os/i386/mpg321-0.2.9-2.5.i386.rpm ftp://updates.redhat.com/7.2/en/os/i386/libmad-0.14.2b-3.i386.rpm ia64: ftp://updates.redhat.com/7.2/en/os/ia64/mpg321-0.2.9-2.5.ia64.rpm ftp://updates.redhat.com/7.2/en/os/ia64/libmad-0.14.2b-3.ia64.rpm 7. Verification: MD5 sum Package Name -------------------------------------------------------------------------- f24938c01387569bcbb1aa7f4529208f 7.2/en/os/SRPMS/libmad-0.14.2b-3.src.rpm 6819983f66d17da35bbc8c5067a81ca2 7.2/en/os/SRPMS/mpg321-0.2.9-2.5.src.rpm 77ea28f34a20a0aa98287bc018240bab 7.2/en/os/i386/libmad-0.14.2b-3.i386.rpm 303336e4e07e4df3e4d5eaec1411471a 7.2/en/os/i386/mpg321-0.2.9-2.5.i386.rpm 64f6146aab1fe5a9dc6441950dafa3d9 7.2/en/os/ia64/libmad-0.14.2b-3.ia64.rpm 18596dd07f8bffd390585373ca558da1 7.2/en/os/ia64/mpg321-0.2.9-2.5.ia64.rpm These packages are GPG signed by Red Hat, Inc. for security. Our key is available at: http://www.redhat.com/about/contact/pgpkey.html You can verify each package with the following command: rpm --checksig <filename> If you only wish to verify that each package has not been corrupted or tampered with, examine only the md5sum with the following command: rpm --checksig --nogpg <filename> 8. References: http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CAN-2002-0272 http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=134751 Copyright(c) 2000, 2001, 2002 Red Hat, Inc.


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İngilizce essay örnekleri
İngilizce essay örnekleri
toefl essay örnekleri
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argumantative essay örnekleri
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örnek essay
For many years
wars have been in the world. War is very natural thing for humanity.Although nowadays the meaning of the war is changing
the importance of war is the same.Two major causes can be identifed.These causes are economic and political benefits of countries.
economic benefits lead government to start a war. To get resources in the world is the most important one of economic gains. These countries want to get more natural sources such as mineral resources
water or soil. Also they wish to get industrial resources.The most significant one is petroleum . Hanson indicates in his article -THE SECRET:Oil Crunch is Coming- that Muslim countries stress economies of Western countries because Muslim nations have 60 percent of the sources of petroleum and they have 95 percent of oil market on the world. (2002) Financial resources and manpower are very important such as China which has perfect manpower. Geopolitical positions of nations are other economic gains. Trade ways and strategical points such as bosporuses and Cyprus are opportunity to get money.
political gains are other important causes of war.Some nations can start war to get their freedom such as Turkish Independence War.Causes about religion lead governments to involve in wars. In addition
some people want to get control of holy areas. For example
pope arranged the Crusades to get Jerusalem. Also
people can use wars to spread their religion. Ambition to be the dominant power in the world is another reason such as USA.Economic and political benefits result in war whose effects are economic depression and health problems.
One of the biggest effects of war is economic depression. War expenses are very high.As Brouwer explains
the biggest financial cost of the First World War is for Germany
with 37.775.000.000 Dollars
second one is Great Britain with 35.334.012.000 Dollars lost. (2001) Wars result in poor economic conditions for people.Wars come out education problems because of economic problems
so people can not get opportunity to obtain new information easily. Lack of investment and production occur because of war.
another important result of war is health problem.By end of war there are a lot of deaths.Aspointed out in the chart -WAR DEATS per Century-
there were 2 million deaths because of war in 1500s
in 1600s
the number of deaths increase to 6 million.In 1700s
the number of deaths remained the same .From 1700s to 1900s
there are sharp increased in the number of deaths.(1995) In addition
wars result in illness and also cause epidemic.By end of the wars there were a lot of woundeds.
In conclusion
wars cause economic depression
health problem. Although people know harms of the war
they will involve in wars.Peace should be in the world instead of wars .
Advantages of Steel Bridges
Thesis: Steel bridges are the most popular construction types because of their useful features such as being environmentally-friendly and economical as well as offering high quality of material.
I. Environmentally-friendly
A. Usefulness and appearance of steel bridges for the environment
1. Portable and recyclable steel bridges
2. Beautiful and aesthetic steel bridges by using less energy
B. Steel bridges specific attributes to the environment
1. Weathering steel bridges
2. Longer span
II. Economical
A. Manufacturing cost
1. Decreased weight
2. Prestressed steel bridges
B. Long term benefits
1. Life cycle cost
2. Modification and repair
III. High quality of material
A. High quality features in building process
1. Off-site fabrication
2. Speed of erection
B. High quality features in usage
1. Strength
2. Light weight
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Showing 1-24 of 193 items found in Outdoors & Play
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Explore the dramatic rock formations, cliffs and trails of the most visited site in the Shawnee National Forest. Millions of years in the making, the Garden of the Gods provides spectacular views unlike anywhere in the Midwest. See Camel Rock, Anvil Rock, Devil's Smoke Stack and other magnificent rock formations in this hiker's and photographer's wonderland.
CITY:Karbers Ridge
The Shawnee National Forest is famed for its awesome Garden of the Gods, and is home to the Rim Rock Recreational Trail (the forest has a system of 403 miles of equestrian/hiking trails). Hikers are greeted by magnificent jutting walls of rock covered with emerald-green moss, and paths that meander through canyons under the forest canopy. Nestled between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, the stunning Shawnee National Forest landscape features rolling hills, lakes, creeks and rugged bluffs. If you're into climbing than a must-see is Jackson Falls, located near the town of Ozark in the Hidden Springs Ranger District in Shawnee National Forest. The climb takes place on 60 feet of sandstone cliffs and boulders that include numerous freestanding towers.
Nestled in the beautiful hills of the Shawnee National Forest, Timber Ridge offers something for everyone, from families and honeymooners to outdoor enthusiasts. Enjoy some Southern hospitality while staying in a real log cabin or one-of-a-kind tree house. Each of the units, including the tree house, is equipped with a bathroom, kitchenette, heating and air conditioning. Physical Location: Karbers Ridge, IL 62955 GPS: 37°33'52.18?N 88°20'17.03?W
Rolling agricultural fields, reclaimed strip mines, ravines, rocky streams and wooded bluffs dominate the northern half of the Tunnel Hill State Trail. With 47.8 miles (one-way) of crushed gravel surface, extended inclines and dark tunnels, this trail is a difficult one, but one not to pass up, as long as you're up for the challenge. The southern half of the trail explodes with scenery that includes bottomland woods, ponds, streams and marshes. The trail, which winds through seven towns, even touches upon a handful of ghost towns that faded into the landscape after the trains here stopped running.
Spectacular woodlands and sheer sandstone walls create a challenge for rock climbing and rappelling, as well as hiking. Outdoor lovers will also find horseback riding, a lookout tower, cabins and a swimming pool. Dine at historic Giant City Lodge, known for its homemade fried chicken dinner. Two different locations in Giant City State Park near Carbondale give you climbing options. A trail behind the picnic shelter takes you to a set of steep bluffs known as Shelter #1 near the Makanda entrance; another climbing area of the park includes the steep sandstone cliffs in Devil's Standtable. Plan to bring all of your own equipment since no permanent anchors are allowed. Ropes are permitted in both areas. After rainstorms, the wet sandstone gets really slippery. Use caution when grabbing for ledges as copperhead snakes warm themselves on the rocks during sunny days.
Egyptian Hills Resort is your passport to the Ultimate outdoor family vacation. Whether you are into waterskiing, wakeboarding, tubing, sport fishing, or pleasure boating; the Lake of Egypt is a boater's paradise. All within a stone's throw of your cabin. Within minutes of your cabin, your family can enjoy guided expeditions such as; horseback riding, rock climbing, mountain biking, kayaking, geo-caching, wildlife photography and many other outdoor activities. Whether planning a single activity or multiple activities for your group, we at Egyptian Hills are your personal concierge in planning your ultimate outdoor family vacation. Whether onsite or through one of our partner guides, all activities are tailored for all ages and experience levels.
CITY:Creal Springs
The Shawnee Hills Wine Trail features 12 award-winning wineries located along a 25-mile scenic drive along highway 127 and highway 51 in the Shawnee National Forest. Along the way have a picnic, go on a hike, visit a shop, and stay in a cozy B&B or cabin. Many of the wineries host special events throughout the summer and fall.
Scuba dive at this unique spring-fed stone quarry and marvel at underwater treasures such as a submerged airplane (actually used in the movie U.S. Marshals) and a cement petting zoo. Mermet Springs offers on-site instruction and equipment rental.
The largest man-made lake in Illinois (26,000 acres), is a premier location for outdoor sports. Known to sailors, it is one of the best and most challenging for sailboats. There is also boating, fishing, hunting, bird watching, sand beaches, and camping areas. Hotels, cabins and golf courses make the area a true outdoor lover's playground.
On the Shawnee Hills Wine Trail, Rustle Hill winery features an amphitheater bandstand for live music, great wines and beers, restaurant and cabins for rent.
This natural geologic sandstone formation spans 90 feet across a ravine in a mature beech, oak and hickory forest. Nearby is an easy hiking trail dotted with picnic sites.
Wander along the Ohio River and step into the large cavern, steeped in history of river pirates. Enjoy the spectacular river views from the lodge perched atop the overhanging bluffs. Cabins, picnic areas, camping and showers available.
CITY:Cave In Rock
Anchoring the eastern end of the Shawnee Hills Wine Trail, our winery offers you "The Romance of Italy in the Hills of Southern Illinois". We are open year-round, 7 days a week, to provide great Illinois wine. Please join us for wine tasting, a variety of hearty sandwiches, soups, pizzas, and snacks, as well as wine-alternatives such as beer and non-alcoholic beverages. Come enjoy our large indoor seating area and two beautiful outdoor terraces that overlook our vineyard and the rolling countryside.
Located near the town of Ozark in the Shawnee National Forest, Jackson Falls offers arguably the best rock climbing in southern Illinois. There are roughly 60 climbing areas along the sandstone bluffs and freestanding boulders, each with multiple named routes on them. There are over 500 named routes in all. Most of the routes are 50-60 feet in height. The whole area sits in a very scenic glen. Most of the routes at Jackson Falls are sport routes, though there are a number of traditional routes, and a few areas suitable for setting up a top-rope. There are also many excellent bouldering opportunities here.
Cache River State Natural Area
Renowned for its ancient cypress-tupelo swamp, this natural area has been named one of America's 10 Most Beautiful Hidden Gems by Budget Travel. This sprawling area contains 100 threatened or endangered plant and animal species, and 11 state champion trees that have stood for centuries. Visitors enjoy birding, hunting, wildlife watching, canoeing and hiking. Bikers can access the Cache River via the Tunnel Hill State Trail.
Located on Lake Kinkaid, the marina offers camping, boat slip rental, and boat rental. They have a restaurant, bar, bait shop, camping and boating accessories, and water toys. In addition, you can also purchase your fishing license.
The Little Grand Canyon trail is located within the Shawnee National Forest. Experience the easy 3.6 miles of beauty it offers as you ride your bike or hike these fun trails that meander past lush wooded canyons, riverside bluffs, songbirds, woodpeckers and deer; while hawks and vultures soar high above the cliffs. Explore towering rock walls, eroded sandstone canyons, craggy bluffs and moist bottom lands, too.
A 3.6 mile loop trail constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. Offers spectacular views of the Big Muddy River, Turkey Bayou, and the Missouri bluffs across the Mississippi River.
It's all about the water at Rend Lake, where you can swim, boat, water ski and fish. Relax at Rend Lake Resort, tee off at the 27-hole Rend Lake Golf Course or do some target practice at the Rend Lake Shooting Complex. Also located at Rend Lake is the Southern Illinois Art & Artisans Center, featuring more than 800 artists.
Alto Vineyards Winery & Tasting Room
Nestled in the Shawnee Hills of Southern Illinois, sits Alto Vineyards, the region's oldest, most award-winning winery. Founded in 1988 by Guy Renzaglia, Alto introduced a new industry to the area, starting a movement that has altered its landscape. Today, Alto Vineyards shares the region with 11 other wineries along the Shawnee Hills Wine Trail, in the state's first federally recognized grape-growing region, known as an American Viticultural Area (AVA). While continuing to produce some of Illinois' finest wine, Alto opened a new tasting room in Champaign, IL, and began distributing throughout the state and surrounding regions. Celebrating 25 years in business in 2013, Alto constructed a new, modern tasting room next to the vineyard in Alto Pass. Resting atop the new facility lies an outdoor deck for customers to take in the view on one of southern Illinois' oldest vineyards – a truly breathtaking sight that exemplifies the beauty of the Shawnee National Forest and Illinois wine country. We invite you to visit our winery and tasting rooms to experience the tradition of Alto Vineyards.
CITY:Alto Pass
Shawnee Bluffs Canopy Tour consists of eight zip lines, the longest stretching more than 1,100 feet, which will zig-zag across the property's bluffs and through the valley. The tour also includes 11 platforms high in the trees, three aerial suspension bridges, the longest stretching 180 feet, and two short ground hikes. A canopy tour is an exciting way to experience the flora, fauna, geology and history of the outdoors by safely traversing an established route of ziplines and aerial bridges between platforms built in the trees, and they are just plain fun!
Kite Hill Vineyards Bed and Breakfast
Kite Hill's B&B is located on a 30-acre estate with a five-acre vineyard, all surrounding Kite Hill Lake. Start your day with a full three-course breakfast followed by a stroll through the vineyards or around the lake. After a full day of Southern Illinois activities, enjoy a complimentary wine tasting at the winery.
If you want to truly experience the Shawnee National Forest, and Southern Illinois, then the River-to-River Trail in Illinois is for you. The Trail spans 160 miles of Illinois from Battery Rock on the Ohio River to Devil's Backbone Park in Grand Tower Illinois on the Mississippi River, and it can take up to 2-3 weeks to complete in its entirety. With a combination of plains, bayous, bluffs and upland forests, there's something for everyone to feast their eyes on. And, with difficulty levels ranging from easy to hard there's a path for everyone in your party to enjoy.
CITY:Karbers Ridge
Aquatic Zoo Waterpark - Mt. Vernon
The Aquatic Zoo Waterpark is fun for all ages. The facility features two 30-ft. tall slides; one 112-ft. body slide; one 266-ft. dual rider tube slide; two diving boards; a children's splash pad; interactive voice and light features; lazy river; zero depth entry leisure pool and concessions.
CITY:Mount Vernon


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On a quiet Bellevue street next to 1950s ramblers and ranch-style homes with well-maintained flower gardens, one behemoth of a single-family residence towers over the neighborhood. With its no-frills design and more than 6,500 square feet, it looks like an apartment house instead of a luxury home.
The designer, George Shen, says the house at 1722 144th Ave. S.E., a 15-minute walk from Bellevue College, was built with renting at least some of the seven bedrooms in mind, especially since the college is expanding from a two-year to a four-year school.
"It's a typical house,'' Shen said, "with just a little more room.''
And it's in zoning for single-family housing, designated at a time when the word "family" was presumed not to need any clarification. Times, however, have changed. Is a family two adults and two children or four unrelated adults?
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Neighbors of the house on 144th Avenue Southeast say the owner and other developers in Bellevue's Spiritwood area have taken advantage of the lack of a family definition in the city's "single-family" zoning ordinance to convert the homes they've bought over the past year or so into boardinghouses.
Qing Shen Song, the owner of the home on 144th,
declined to comment on his project. His attorney, Bennett Tse, said Song is one of a large group of investors who have bought rental houses all over the Puget Sound area and California and say they are merely taking advantage of an economic opportunity.
On Sept. 23, the Bellevue City Council took the first steps to curb what officials say is an emerging business model — not just in Bellevue, but in Auburn, Edmonds and Lynnwood, as well as in numerous cities around the country — through an emergency ordinance that limits the number of unrelated adults living in one house to four. It's patterned after an ordinance Auburn recently approved; it also requires homeowners to live at the house if they are going to rent out rooms and limits the rooms rented to two. It does not prevent group homes for the elderly or disabled.
Bellevue is now working on a permanent ordinance. The first public hearing
is scheduled for Nov. 4.
The increased need for affordable housing in the Northwest has brought a variety of ways to meet that need. Renters take on an entire house and sublet rooms without the owners' knowledge. Homeowners rent rooms to several roommates to meet the mortgage.
Review Craigslist ads and you'll find a Redmond couple looking for five roommates, at $700 a room, to help pay the mortgage. An Edmonds woman is looking for a third roommate to pay $650 a room in the house she rents near Edmonds Community College — parking not included. And someone in Lynnwood is renting rooms in one house for $600 each.
Seattle has licensed boardinghouses that provide affordable places for people on small incomes. These places meet building codes and provide a safe environment, which makeshift boardinghomes might not.
In neighborhoods where single-family homes end up being converted to boardinghouses, neighbors complain about yards not being kept up, trash collecting, rats and traffic. Some of the homes that developers bought in Spiritwood appear run down and have unkempt yards, a contrast with the rest of the neighborhood.
Tse said there has not been a single complaint about the behavior of the tenants who live in the rental houses so the number of renters should not be an issue. Nevertheless, he said the investors agreed they would comply with the ordinance and limit the number of renters. But "it only hurts the renters because there are fewer units available and the rents will be higher," he said.
College connection
Nationwide, using single-family homes as boardinghouses is a problem, especially whenever there is a college nearby, said Bellevue City Councilmember Kevin Wallace.
"For years, Bellevue has carefully protected the character of the neighborhoods … so here are these investors looking to skirt the zoning. … We've had multiple complaints," Wallace said. "This is not the first time I've noticed it happening, but not on this scale.''
For Barbara Benson, Stephanie Walter and others who have lived in the Spiritwood neighborhood for decades, City Council action can't happen fast enough. Developers, including Song, have now bought six properties in the area.
The neighborhood shift began innocently enough with Benson, a friendly woman who started a conversation across the fence with Song, who appeared to be a new neighbor.
He was working in the yard of a house at 1718 144th S.E., which he had purchased. He and his wife were moving to the neighborhood. They had a pregnant daughter who wanted a house, too. Did Benson know of others in the neighborhood that might be for sale?
"We were thrilled" at the prospect of new neighbors, Benson said, and showed him a rambler at 1613 144th S.E., a block from hers. He didn't purchase it, but Blue Sky Equities bought it from Dakoda Rooney for $340,000 cash without an inspection.
Then Song told Benson he wanted housing for his nephews. Benson showed him another nearby house at 14424 S.E. 17th St. In June, C & S Real Estate, owned by Song's daughter, Cindy Song, purchased the house for $300,000 cash, again without an inspection. On Aug. 13, Cindy Song filed for a permit to demolish the home. Tse said what will be built on the site will "be much better than what's there.''
Neither Song, his daughter or nephews moved into the houses that he said were being bought for them, neighbors say.
Shen insists the new house he designed will be Song's home, although he said the proximity to the college was why the house was built.
The house has seven bedrooms, eight bathrooms, two studies, a great room, two rec rooms, a family room, a den and an unfinished basement with another 2,654 square feet of space and a garage that can park six cars.
It had two kitchens, but Bellevue's single-family home building code allows for only one. So one kitchen was removed from the plan.
Eight bedrooms
The rambler Benson first showed her neighbor is an illustration of what went wrong in the neighborhood, city officials say.
When Rooney lived at 1613 144th S.E., it had three bedrooms. Rooney visited her old home in August when she returned to the area for a wedding. A construction worker was outside the home and asked her if she was from the city. When she said no, one of the renters invited her in. She said she was stunned. The house was unrecognizable. It had been chopped into eight small bedrooms filled with blankets and air mattresses, she said.
Blue Sky obtained a remodel permit to build an addition to the home, convert the garage to heated storage space and remodel the bathroom. But Bellevue issued a stop-work order after other remodeling without a permit was discovered.
In late August, the city found the property to have six bedrooms and to be in compliance with the code. The garage had been converted to a heated storage space and was not being used as a bedroom, putting the home in compliance, according to the city's code.
Under Bellevue's emergency ordinance there are no penalties for operating a boardinghouse in a single-family home until July 2014, when a permanent ordinance will go into effect, say city officials. In the meantime, an ample supply of needy renters is a tempting incentive for developers.
Neighborhoods do change over time, said Councilmember John Chelminiak. And affordable housing is a need.
"That's something we'll have to address. How do you make redevelopment occur so the neighborhood feels comfortable with it?''
Seattle Times news researcher Gene Balk contributed to this report. Nancy Bartley: 206-464-8522 or email@example.com or


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Djokovic wins Dubai again
05-03-2013 09:37:42
Novak Djokovic rallied from a break down in the first set to win his fourth Dubai Championships title in five years on Saturday, downing third-seeded Tomas Berdych 7-5, 6-3.
The top-ranked Djokovic extended his unbeaten streak this year to 13 matches, which included his third straight Australian Open title. He's won 13 of their last 14 meetings en route to his 36th career title.
"It was never going to be an easy final for either one of us," Djokovic said. "Tomas is a fantastic player. He has been around the tour and was a Grand Slam finalist (at Wimbledon). ... I'm just fortunate to go through."
In an early display of power tennis, the sixth-ranked Czech used blistering groundstrokes and a serve that approached 132 mph. He hit a crosscourt winner to break Djokovic and go up 3-2 in the first set and extended it to 4-2 with another crosscourt winner.
But errors began creeping into the Czech's game and Djokovic took advantage.
The Serb broke to draw even when Berdych missed an easy volley winner and then saved three break points to make it 5-4. Djokovic broke Berdych a second time to win the set when the Czech made three unforced errors and finished with a double-fault.
"Well, I just wanted to hang in there and just try to wait for my chance to come back to the match. When it was presented, I took it," Djokovic said. "He basically gave me that break on 4-3 when he missed an easy volley. But still, I fought it and I believed I can come back, and that's I think something that can eventually decide the winner in these kind of matches."
Djokovic broke to go up 5-3 in the second when Berdych hit a foreland long, and then saved a break point in the next game before clinching the victory with a forehand winner.
After beating 17-time Grand Slam champion Roger Federer in the semifinals, Berdych was looking to take down the world's top two players in the same tournament for the first time.
"I had a break, but playing with the best returning guy on tour, it's just (an) advantage but not something really huge," Berdych said. "It was a quite good game, but it was not enough today.
"These guys (Djokovic and Federer), you can just basically go there, try your best and if it doesn't happen, all right. They are the first and second player in the world and possibly the best two for many, many years. That's how it is."
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Deeksha PAL Launched- A Mobile App Helping Students Score Better in PU Exam29-Jan-2016
Technology brings new aspects for students. Deeksha, a reliable name in the arena of PU and competitive exam coaching in Bangalore launched Deeksha PAL, an android app that assists science students prepare for second year pre-university (PU) exam starting in March at Ocean Pearl on January 21. The launch of this app symbolizes Read More...
Seven Quick Tips To Reduce Stress During Exams29-Jan-2016
When we are in a rush to do our best while preparing for exams, stress might be one thing that we would have to combat with. There are several simple and quick techniques that help reduce stress while preparing for exams. Here are seven of them: Read More...
Positive Affirmations22-Jan-2016
Positive Affirmation is a wonderful way of helping someone who is coping with stress. Putting it in other words 'Positive Affirmation' would be simply assuring someone about the positive and the nice things about that person and about life in general.
When done regularly it could be the source of a tremendous Read More...
Eating right during exams20-Jan-2016
It is important to keep the engine in the best possible condition before a race and likewise we need our mental faculties to be primed so that we can deliver our best and nothing less!
Further clarifying that 'Diet' just means the food we eat and not restricting our food intake which could be counterproductive.
Tete a Tete with Dr. Sridhar19-Jan-2016
An IIT aspirant himself today has turned the tables around by training students to crack the IIT Entrance exam, through innovative approach. The first student to become an IITian from his hometown, Dr. Sridhar G today runs one of the most successful education solutions company, which has been around for over 15 years with over 40000 success stories. In an interaction he shares the journey of his personal and professional life. Read More...
You raise me up14-Jan-2016
Being a parent is being there through the milestones, tantrums and the tears. It is about raising kids who have a head full of knowledge, a hand ready to give, ears open to listening and a heart that dares to follow dreams. Being a parent is never a burden, it is about loving someone wholeheartedly and unconditionally. Parenthood is not a job but a privilege to cherish.
Make hay while the sun shines08-Jan-2016
Dear Parent,
Greetings from Deeksha!
Ensuring the all-round development of Deekshaites is something that's given a lot of importance at Deeksha. Considering parents play an important role in this, we would Read More...
The Lunch Break Conundrum06-Jan-2016
Dear Deekshaite,
Greetings from Deeksha! Hope all is good and the exam preparations have kick-started. It is said that 'A task well begun is a task half done'. We might have noticed this ourselves over time. In accord with this and to keep you motivated to work well through this important yet fun phase of exams we would be staying Read More...
Last DSAT on 10th of January- Don't Miss This Opportunity04-Jan-2016
Are you among those who have not attended DSAT (Deeksha Scholastic Aptitude Test) till now? If so, then, hurry up. Don't miss the chance to appear for this aptitude test and gauge your competency in exams like IIT and CET. Students in large numbers belonging to different locations have appeared for this test and made the event a huge success. By writing DSAT, students have got a clear idea on various topics. Some of them include:


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The Early Days (1955-1980)56 medical students, a small outstanding young faculty, 1 science building, 1 teaching hospital: how the Department began.
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About This Section
This section is based on a series of three articles written by Milford Fulop and James Scheuer, originally published in Einstein Journal of Biology and Medicine, 2004: Volume 20, Number 2.
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To assess the accuracy of novel algorithms using an oximeter-based finger plethysmographic signal in combination with a nasal cannula for the detection and differentiation of central and obstructive apneas. The validity of single pulse oximetry to detect respiratory disturbance events was also studied.
Patients recruited from four sleep laboratories underwent an ambulatory overnight cardiorespiratory polygraphy recording. The nasal flow and photoplethysmographic signals of the recording were analyzed by automated algorithms. The apnea hypopnea index (AHIauto) was calculated using both signals, and a respiratory disturbance index (RDIauto) was calculated from photoplethysmography alone. Apnea events were classified into obstructive and central types using the oximeter derived pulse wave signal and compared with manual scoring.
Sixty-six subjects (42 males, age 54 ± 14 yrs, body mass index 28.5 ± 5.9 kg/m2) were included in the analysis. AHImanual (19.4 ± 18.5 events/h) correlated highly significantly with AHIauto (19.9 ± 16.5 events/h) and RDIauto (20.4 ± 17.2 events/h); the correlation coefficients were r = 0.94 and 0.95, respectively (p < 0.001) with a mean difference of −0.5 ± 6.6 and −1.0 ± 6.1 events/h. The automatic analysis of AHIauto and RDIauto detected sleep apnea (cutoff AHImanual ≥ 15 events/h) with a sensitivity/specificity of 0.90/0.97 and 0.86/0.94, respectively. The automated obstructive/central apnea indices correlated closely with manually scoring (r = 0.87 and 0.95, p < 0.001) with mean difference of −4.3 ± 7.9 and 0.3 ± 1.5 events/h, respectively.
Automatic analysis based on routine pulse oximetry alone may be used to detect sleep disordered breathing with accuracy. In addition, the combination of photoplethysmographic signals with a nasal flow signal provides an accurate distinction between obstructive and central apneic events during sleep.
Sommermeyer D; Zou D; Grote L; Hedner J. Detection of sleep disordered breathing and its central/obstructive character using nasal cannula and finger pulse oximeter. J Clin Sleep Med 2012;8(5):527-533.
Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is highly prevalent in the general population. It is estimated that 20% of the general population has at least mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and moderate-to-severe OSA occurs in 1 of 15 adults.1 Central sleep apnea (CSA) is less common but has been reported in 40% of patients with chronic heart failure.2 The gold standard to monitor and diagnose SDB is polysomnography (PSG).3 However, PSG is a costly, labor-intensive, and technically demanding procedure, which in many healthcare systems limits the accessibility of SDB diagnosis and treatment. Hence, a large number of portable monitoring devices including simplified cardiorespiratory polygraphy and limited-channel recording devices have been introduced.4
The limited-channel device in the current context uses a continuous single or dual bio-parameter recording, typically oxygen saturation and/or nasal airflow.5 Despite the advantages in terms of applicability and cost-effectiveness, the usefulness of such a device for SDB diagnosis has generally been limited by insufficient accuracy.6 For instance, depending on the cutoff, the sensitivity and specificity of a pulse oximeter to detect OSA can range from 31% to 98% and 41% to 100%, respectively.7 A high sensitivity but low specificity was reported with a single-channel device that measures airflow through a nasal cannula using an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5 as OSA cutoff.8–12 Moreover, without respiratory effort recording, this device does not discriminate obstructive from central events.8 Several approaches have been applied to improve the diagnostic accuracy of SDB using single oximetry or a combined Holter oximeter.13,14 However, distinction between obstructive and central events using oximetry alone is an issue that remains to be solved, especially in patients with chronic heart failure.15
Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: The usefulness of limited channel devices for sleep disordered breathing (SDB) diagnosis has generally been restricted by limited sensitivity and specificity. This study describes a novel automated algorithm that uses a combination of nasal flow and several features of photoplethysmographic pulse wave signals to detect and differentiate obstructive and central apneas.
Study Impact: It was demonstrated that the combination of photoplethysmographic signals and a nasal flow signal provides an accurate distinction between obstructive and central apneic events during sleep. Information from a finger pulse oximeter alone may be used for an accurate diagnosis of sleep disordered breathing.
Intrathoracic pressure changes during spontaneous breathing are mirrored in the peripheral pulse wave.16 Whether this feature can be used to distinguish obstructive and central apnea events has not been tested. We have developed a novel finger photoplethysmography pulse oximeter sensor for the assessment of cardiovascular risk in patients with suspected OSA.17 Several parameters including oxygen saturation, pulse rate and a finger pulsatile wave signal can be derived from the oximeter sensor. In the current study, we aimed to validate an automatic algorithm using signals derived from the oximeter probe and nasal cannula to detect and differentiate obstructive and central apnea. In addition, the accuracy of the oximeter sensor signal for quantification of SDB was evaluated alone or in combination with a nasal airflow signal.
Seventy-six subjects with suspected SDB were recruited from the sleep laboratory at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (n = 46) and 3 German sleep centers in Ulm, Berlin, and Nuernberg (n = 30). Subjects were informed regarding their participation in the study.
All patients underwent an ambulatory overnight cardiorespiratory polygraphy recording (SOMNOcheck2, WEINMANN, Germany) including nasal airflow, thoracic and abdominal respiratory effort, heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2) and body position. Patients received oral/written instructions for proper application during the sleep clinic visit. The device was self-applied by the patients at home before bedtime.
Sleep related respiratory events were manually scored by sleep technicians who were blind to the study. In brief, an apnea was scored as ≥ 90% flow reduction compare to baseline ' 10 seconds. An obstructive apnea was classified by continued/increased inspiratory effort during the event and a central apnea was characterized by absent inspiratory effort during the event. A hypopnea was defined by ≥ 50% nasal flow reduction compared to baseline for ≥ 10 sec together with ≥ 3% oxygen desaturation. AHImanual was calculated as the total number of apnea/hypopnea events divided by the recording time.
A subset of the polygraphic channels (pulse oximeter and optional nasal cannula) was applied for autonomic analyses. The pulse wave signal was extracted from the oximeter recording. Pulse wave amplitude (PWA) and pulse rate were calculated from the pulse wave signal.
A minimum ≥ 3-h artifact-free analysis periods of the flow signal were considered acceptable for computation of validity data in the study. In general, a signal decomposition algorithm based on a dictionary of time-frequency atoms (matching pursuit method)18 was modified in order to analyze specific patterns in the oximeter signals (see appendix for further detail of method). Thus, well-defined template functions were correlated through the original signals and the template functions with the highest correlation coefficient were saved for further analysis. The forms of these template functions were predefined by designed mathematical functions which reflect the typical patterns of interest (e.g., desaturations). These functions were then fitted to the particular, real signal pattern by varying function parameters to generate the best fit in terms of amplitude and frequency characteristics. By doing this, chronological coherences as well as morphological parameters of the used signals were considered in the calculation process. Separate algorithms were applied to automatically quantify respiratory disturbance index (RDIauto), AHIauto, obstructive apnea index (OAI), and central apnea index (CAI).
An autonomic arousal, which indicates an activation of the autonomic nervous system, was used to confirm the sleep disrupting character of mild respiratory events like hypopneas. It was defined as: (1) pulse rate increase ≥ 20% compared to baseline; or (2) PWA attenuation ≥ 40% compared to baseline; or (3) PWA attenuation ≥ 35% with pulse rate increase ≥ 15% compared to baseline.
RDIauto was calculated based on oximeter signal alone. SpO2, pulse rate, and PWA were used to classify respiratory disturbance events. The definition of an automatically scored respiratory disturbance event was: (1) SpO2 drop ≥ 4% or (2) SpO2 drop ≥ 3% with an autonomic arousal. RDIauto was calculated as the number of automatically scored respiratory disturbance events divided by the recording time.
AHIauto was automatically calculated using nasal flow and oximeter signals. The definition of an automatically scored apnea was: (1) ≥ 90% drop in the flow amplitude compare to baseline; (2) duration of the event ≥ 10 sec; (3) > 90% of the event's duration met the amplitude reduction criteria for apnea. The definition of an automatically scored hypopnea was: (1) ≥ 50% drop in the flow amplitude compared to baseline together with 3% oxygen desaturation or an autonomic arousal; (2) duration of the event ≥ 10 sec; (3) more than 90% of the event's duration met the amplitude reduction criteria for hypopnea, which conforms to the alternative criteria of the AASM scoring manual.19 AHIauto was calculated as the number of automatically scored apnea/hypopnea events divided by the recording time.
Identification of apneas as well as determination of their duration was based on the assessment of the inspiratory and expiratory phases of the nasal flow signal. The type of the apnea (obstructive vs. central) was determined by analysis of the pulse waveform. In detail, respiratory effort was derived by analyzing fluctuations of the PWA signal caused by intrathoracic pressure changes during spontaneous breathing cycles. The PWA signal was derived from the photoplethysmographic pulse wave signal by computing and plotting subsequently the amplitude value of each pulse wave for the duration of each single pulse wave (Figure 1). In order to detect the presence or absence of respiratory effort, baseline drifts of the PWA signal were eliminated as a first analysis step. Next, the signal power in the typical frequency band of breathing (0.15-0.4 Hz) was determined during the apnea phase and compared with the signal power of the same frequency range 15 sec before the apnea event (Figure 2). An effort ratio index was defined as:
Shown is the raw signal (top) and the derived amplitude value of each pulse wave (bottom).
Visualization of the computation of the PWA signal
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The respiratory induced component of the high pass filtered PWA signal during the apnea event is considered in relation to the accordant signal component 15-sec window before the apnea event.
Illustration of the principle of the algorithm for obstructive/central apnea distinctionThe respiratory induced component of the high pass filtered PWA signal during the apnea event is considered in relation to the accordant signal component 15-sec window before the apnea event.
In order to evaluate the influence of signal quality to the algorithms, flow data quality was rated according to the proportion of recording time with an offset signal, mouth leak, or reduced signal amplitude (positioning of the sensor). A 3-level scale was used with cutoff of more than 80%, 60% to 80%, and < 60% of artifact-free recording time.
Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the association between AHImanual and AHIauto/RDIauto. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the overall agreement between AHImanual and AHIauto/RDIauto. Differences between the methods were analyzed using the Bland-Altmann plot. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were applied to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the algorithm using different AHI cutoff points. Sensitivity and specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), as well as positive and negative likelihood ratio were calculated. The data were presented as mean and standard deviation. A p-value of 0.05 or less was considered statistically significant.
Ten of 76 subjects were excluded due to poor data quality (7 with poor flow or effort signals, 3 with insufficient recording time due to loss of finger sensor signal). Sixty-six subjects (42 males, age 54 ± 14 years, body mass index 28.5 ± 5.9 kg/m2, recording time 6.9 ± 1.2 h) were included in the final analysis. The most frequent comorbidities included hypertension (46%) and diabetes (14%). See Table 1 for patient characteristics.
Patient characteristics of the study cohort
The recordings were manually scored by 2 experienced sleep technicians according to the standard criteria. The AHIauto vs. AHImanual difference did not systematically differ between the 2 scorers in a post hoc analysis (-1.1 ± 5.7 events/h vs. 0.2 ± 8.1 events/h, p = 0.47).
In total, 8,804 apnea/hypopnea events (4,715 apneas) were manually scored, and 9,055 apnea/hypopnea events were detected by the autonomic algorithm. Among 2,260 hypopnea events automatically detected, 74% were based on 3% oxygen desaturation criteria and 26% were based on autonomic arousal criteria (approximately 9 events per subject, generating an index of 1.4/h). There was a very good agreement between AHImanual and AHIauto (r = 0.94, ICC 0.93, p < 0.001). The mean difference between the methods was −0.5 ± 6.6 events/h (Figure 3A). The correlation between the AHImanual and the oximeter based RDIauto was r = 0.95 (p < 0.001). The Bland-Altmann analysis showed a mean difference between the methods of −1.0 ± 6.1 events/h (Figure 3B); the ICC was 0.94. The variability of the AHI/RDI differences suggested an underestimation of the automated algorithm in some patients with higher AHImanual. Flow signal quality analysis showed that 36 of the 66 recordings contained > 80% artifact-free time. An additional 20 recordings were in the 60% to 80% range. Finally, 10 recordings showed < 60% of recording time without artifacts. The correlation between AHImanual and AHIauto in the 3 categories was 0.98, 0.90, and 0.88, respectively, indicating that flow signal quality strongly influenced the agreement between the methods.
(A) AHImanual and AHIauto comparison; (B) AHImanual and RDIauto comparison.
Bland-Altman plots
The analysis of the algorithm for differentiation of obstructive (n = 3,673) and central (n = 1,042) apneas was made on the complete data set irrespective of the flow signal quality. Mixed apnea in the manual scoring was classified as obstructive apnea in the comparison. The correlation coefficients between manually and automatically scored CAI and OAI were 0.95 and 0.87, respectively. The mean difference between the methods for central apnea and obstructive apnea detection was 0.3 ± 1.5 and −4.3 ± 7.9 events/h, respectively. BMI did not systematically influence the accuracy of the detection algorithm, although only a limited number of subjects (n = 6) had BMI > 35 kg/m2 (data not shown). Some of the obstructive apnea events were scored as hypopnea in the algorithm. The difference between manually and automatically scored hypopnea indices was 4.1 ± 7.2 events/h. A case-by-case comparison in subjects with central apnea index ≥ 3 events/h is shown in Figure 4.
Subject 8 has mixed apneas.
Case-by-case comparison of subjects with central apnea index ≥ 3/hSubject 8 has mixed apneas.
Different cutoff values were used to validate the diagnostic capacity of the AHIauto. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV), positive and negative likelihood rations (+LR, -LR), and the area under the ROC curve value for identification of sleep apnea are shown in Table 2.
The AHIauto, based on photoplethysmography and flow signals, showed a sensitivity of 0.90 and a specificity of 0.86 when the AHI cutoff of 15 was used. The area under the ROC curve was 0.96. When the assessment was purely based on the pulse oximetry derived RDI, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.97 and 0.94, respectively, with the area under the ROC curve of 0.98 (Figure 5).
Receiver operator characteristic curve of RDIauto and AHImanual (cut-off AHImanual ≥ 15), AUC = 0.98
When using CAImanual ≥ 5 events/h as the diagnostic cutoff for patient with a component of CSA (n = 6), the automated algorithm detected CSA patients with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, +LR, -LR, and area under the ROC curve of 0.83, 0.98, 0.83, 0.83, 25, 0.17, and 0.98, respectively.
The current study demonstrated for the first time that a novel computer algorithm based on a combination of nasal air flow and photoplethysmographic pulse wave signals may be used to accurately detect and differentiate obstructive and central sleep apnea events. In addition, an algorithm based on the pulse oximeter signal alone provided a good quantitative estimate of SDB severity.
OSA, the most common type of SDB, has been associated with cardiovascular, metabolic, and pulmonary comorbidities.20 In the light of a growing need for diagnosis and treatment of SDB patients, unattended home sleep studies using portable monitoring devices have been widely applied in the clinical setting. For instance, ambulatory cardiorespiratory polygraphy have been used for CSA/Cheyne-Stokes respiration detection in heart failure patients.2,21 According to the AASM, a minimum of heart rate, oxygen saturation, and respiratory analysis (e.g., by airflow or peripheral arterial tone) is required for out-of-center sleep testing.22 Finger PWA derived from peripheral arterial tone has been used for respiratory disturbance event detection in combination with a pulse oximeter at home.23 In this study, we were interested in the combination of airflow and signals derived from a common pulse oximeter sensor, including PWA. Recently, we were able to derive a PWA signal from pulse oximetry and evaluated its relevance for cardiovascular risk assessment.17 Thus, we wanted to further test the validity of such a signal for SDB diagnostics in the ambulatory setting. The diagnostic capacity was tested in two separate conditions: One included application of a nasal cannula and the other was based on signals derived from the pulse oximeter sensor alone.
It is known that respiratory movements cause variation in the peripheral circulation. Changes in intrathoracic pressure modulate central venous pressure and alter venous return to the heart which can be detected by photoplethysmographic sensor attached to skin.16 The respiratory induced frequency component of the photoplethysmographic signal has been closely associated with respiratory volume.24 Although the underlying physiological mechanisms are not fully understood, intrathoracic pressure changes and autonomic nervous activity oscillations seem to play a role in this variation.24,25 Central apnea is characterized by an absence of inspiratory effort during airflow cessation which is associated with lower signal power in the 0.15-0.40 Hz frequency band of the PWA signal. This was indeed the case in our finger PWA signal analysis which provided a possibility to distinguish between obstructive and central apnea. We also found that in subjects with dominant central apneas, the algorithm tended to slightly underestimate the number of central events. In cases with mixed apneas, which were classified as "obstructive apnea" in the analysis, there was a trend towards overestimation of the central events, and the degree depended on the length of the central apnea component.
The pathogenesis of CSA and OSA is different, but there may be similar clinical complications in terms of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In a large community-based cohort, increments of obstructive and central apnea indices were both associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular events.26 In patients with congestive heart failure, severe SDB provided a 2-fold increase risk for death compared with those without severe SDB.27 In the post hoc analysis comparing severe and mild SDB groups, mortality was only significantly higher in the group with predominant CSA but not in those with predominant OSA. Hence, the distinction between different types of respiratory events may have important implications for the classification and treatment of patients with SDB. According to the AASM guidelines, the preferred technique for detection of respiratory effort is either esophageal manometry, or calibrated or uncalibrated inductance plethysmography. However, both methods provide an obvious limitation in terms of applicability during unattended recordings in the home environment. To the best of our knowledge, the current available diagnostic instruments using nasal flow and pulse oximeter can detect apnea/hypopnea events but are unable to differentiate obstructive versus central apnea event. In the current study we have shown that our automatic algorithm can differentiate central/obstructive events with high accuracy. Hence, the algorithm may provide an important additional benefit in screening programs, particularly in populations with high likelihood of central events (e.g., patients with heart failure, stroke, or opioid intake).
Using AHI ≥ 15 as the diagnostic cutoff, oximeter combined with nasal cannula has been shown to detect sleep apnea with a high accuracy. However, when AHI ≥ 5 was applied as the cutoff, high sensitivity but low specificity of the automatic analysis was found in the current study. This was not unexpected, as previous studies using similar signals and cutoff levels showed comparable results.8–11 Hence, limited-channel devices may be sensitive to rule in SDB patients but seem to be less robust to rule out patients, especially when lower thresholds are applied. The diagnostic accuracy of these devices could be improved if recordings are manually reviewed. A study comparing automatic analysis to manual scoring from a limited channel device found an increase in specificity from 0.6 to 0.87 when a cutoff AHI ≥ 5 was used.12
The quantification of RDI using information derived from oximeter yielded also a good agreement with the manually scored AHI. The diagnostic accuracy of using oximeter signal alone was found to be similar to nasal cannula/oximeter combination in this cohort. One explanation could be that there were few respiratory disturbance events based on 3% desaturation and autonomic arousal in the analyzed material (~2.5 events/h). On the other hand, finger pulse wave attenuations reflecting sympathetic nervous activity have been shown to associate with apnea/hypopnea events and to coincide with arousals.28 A composite criterion including PWA attenuation, pulse rate increase, and oxygen desaturation has been shown to accurately detect respiratory disturbance events during sleep.29 Although information from the oximeter alone did not assess the severity of respiratory events (apnea/hypopnea/flow limitation), it may serve as a standalone screening tool or alternative method in SDB diagnostics when the focus is directed towards the general assessment of SDB or when technical problems (e.g., mouth breathing, poor nasal airflow signal, patients intolerance of the nasal cannula) occur during the night.
Several study limitations need to be addressed. In order to reflect the clinical setting, unattended ambulatory recordings were applied in the study. However, we did not use PSG as the comparator which limited the capacity for scoring arousals and may, in some patients (delayed sleep onset or low sleep efficiency), lead to overestimation of the validity of the algorithm. Inter- and intra-score variability testing was not conducted prior to the analysis and event-by-event concordance was not performed. Nasal flow, but not oronasal thermistor, was used to classify an apnea event; this is not in accordance with current AASM guidelines as remaining mouth flow may be left undetected.30 The hypopnea event definition in the study was adapted from the alternate AASM guidelines, but automatic arousal was used rather than arousal determined in electroencephalgraphic (EEG) recording. Although the number of hypopnea events detected solely by the autonomic arousal criterion was low in the current study, we consider that these events may provide novel information on apnea/hypopnea related autonomic activation and it is important to maintain it in the algorithm. PWA attenuations and pulse rate accelerations were used to classify autonomic arousal events instead of changes in electroencephalography activity used for standard arousal classification. It has been shown that a drop of PWA is a sensitive marker for changes in cortical activity during sleep.31 Acoustically induced arousal from NREM sleep could induce biphasic changes of finger PWA fall and an increase of heart rate.32 Indeed, the reduced PWA alone or in combination with an increase in heart rate was found to be closely correlated with PSG-scored electroencephalography arousals.33 In the current study, we did not use a separate nasal airflow and oximeter device for comparison with the polygraphic recording. Rather, we tested the algorithm using signals derived from the polygraphic recording itself. Hence, the reproducibility of such algorithms in a two-channel screening device for SDB recognition remains to be determined. Study subjects were selected among patients referred to the sleep laboratory. Although the cohort included some patients with predominantly central apneas, the study population was not ideally balanced in terms of proportion of central or obstructive sleep apnea. The applicability of the algorithms to identify high risk SDB patients in the general population needs also to be further studied. Finally, the classification of mixed apneas as "obstructive" apneas might not be accurate in all the cases.
There is an unmet need for simple diagnostic devices with documented accuracy for the differentiated classification of SDB. This study describes a novel automated algorithm that uses a combination of nasal flow and different features of the photoplethysmographic signals to detect and differentiate obstructive and central apneas. It was also demonstrated that information from the finger pulse oximeter alone could be used for more advanced SDB diagnostics. This finding has a potential implication in the era of shift from attended laboratory monitoring towards ambulatory home testing.34
This study was supported by a research grant from Weinmann GmbH. Dr. Sommermeyer was an employee of MCC which was under contract to Weinmann GmbH. Dr. Grote has served as a medical advisor of Weinmann and has participated in clinical studies sponsored by MSD, Philips Respironics, Weinmann and Mundipharma. Dr. Hedner has participated in clinical trials sponsored by MSD, Philips Respironics and Weinmann. The other author have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
This work was supported by the German Ministry for Education and Science (BMBF), the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation and the Royal Society of Arts and Science in Göteborg.
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Catcheside PG, Chiong SC, Mercer J, Saunders NA, McEvoy RD, authors. Noninvasive cardiovascular markers of acoustically induced arousal from non-rapid-eye-movement sleep. Sleep. 2002;25:797–804. [PubMed]
Pillar G, Bar A, Shlitner A, Schnall R, Shefy J, Lavie P, authors. Autonomic arousal index: an automated detection based on peripheral arterial tonometry. Sleep. 2002;25:543–9. [PubMed]
McNicholas WT, Levy P, authors. Portable monitoring in sleep apnoea: the way forward? Eur Respir J. 2011;37:749–51. [PubMed]


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The pages of the small, leather bound journal dating back to 1899 are thin and fragile and Martin Bradley turns them carefully as he reads daily entries jotted down in cursive by Frank Schlesinger, the first astronomer to be stationed at the Ukiah Latitude Observatory, 38 degrees/8 minutes North.
Bradley, park interpreter, representing Friends of Observatory Park (FOOP), sits at the kitchen table inside the main house on 432 Observatory Ave., with articles, pictures and memorabilia dating back over a hundred years of the observatory and the adjacent 1-acre park that is now under renovation.
"The men outside from Environmental Landscape Solutions are taking every precaution to preserve the integrity of the historical site. They degraded the path that encircles the park, installed aggregate around the path and decomposed granite on top, installed a mainline for irrigation, and tore down the old fence bordering Luce Avenue replacing it with boulders. They will complete their work by grading out the planting areas and installing native, drought resistant plants around the paths enabling Ukiah residents to identify what indigenous plants can be put in their own gardens," says Bradley.
The dominant feature of the 2.5 acres is a wide grassy area, over an acre of lawn, anchored by a labyrinth composed of knolls of grass imbedded with mosaic medallion and a 250-year-old heritage black oak, bordering Luce Avenue, to be developed into a passive park, one with no barbecues or picnic tables, one meant for walking and observation.
Due to the brass monuments, still in use today, placed on the property by the U.S. Department of Geodesics and designed to calibrate variations of true and magnetic north, there has been little development of the site until recently. The markers require a clear line of sight with no interference, and surveyors visit the observatory grounds on occasion to calibrate among other things, locations of GPS satellites. The markers are surrounded with pavers and gravel, have to be in open space and require there be nothing higher than 3 feet in the area.
With care in mind, the 12 members of FOOP, meeting on and off for the last 20 years and including Judy Pruden, Paul Kobetz, Brooke Cooke and Katie Marsolan, community services administrator, and a grant of $8,000 from the Community Foundation of Ukiah and $25,000 from an anonymous donor, are launching their project the first of the year and redefining the park from one with a focus of historical preservation to that of a neighborhood park with the focus on restoration and development including an interpretive center, a library and programs on astronomy and geodesic study.
Bradley points to a set of pictures of the original house built in 1899, the same year that the observatory was built. The main house has since been relocated as a private residence to Alice Avenue, and the one that now stands is currently leased by Ukiah Unified School District for the community transition program to help developmentally disabled 18-21-year-olds.
The project was initially set in motion in 1895 by the Geodetic Association to observe the earth"s variable axis of rotation. In 1899, the International Latitude Service began the creation of a network of observation points to study the problem. Criteria for the sites included location on the same parallel of latitude, a high probability of clear nights, the character of the country had to be similar to the north and south and the sites required good seismological, hygienic and social conditions.
Five of the six original established observatories, located in Ukiah, California; Gaithersburg, Maryland; Carloforte, Italy; Kitab, USSR; and Mizusawa, Japan, operated continuously through war and depression until they were closed in 1982.
The Ukiah observatory, the most well-preserved of the observatories, has remained essentially unmodified since it was built. Only roof vents were added over the years to stabilize temperatures that affect the sensitive balancing devices on the telescope.
In the center of the floor of the square, one-story gable-roofed observatory sits a concrete pedestal, sheathed in tongue and groove redwood slats measuring approximately 30 inches square and 38 inches high, a masonry foundation with a concrete cap that held the telescope that itself measured approximately 5 feet in diameter and 2 1 2 feet in length.
There are three marks on the cap to show where the telescope was positioned and on the slab is a date, 1922, when it was set. The interior of the building is made of original redwood 1 by 4"s milled in 1899.
It is a split roof observatory with the east and west panels designed to be separated to measure a specific segment of the universe. Bradley takes out a broom, holds it up to the roof, wedges it into an old niche, pushes against the moveable roof panel creating a 6-foot expanse open to the heavens and, in so doing, demonstrates how it was done nightly by the astronomers on duty.
Twelve groups of stars, chosen to represent those that would be visible during overlapping seasons, between the magnitudes of 4.0 and 7.4, were selected and observers around the earth plotted the course of the progress of the selected stars and recorded the distance of members of pairs from the zenith. Careful records charted over the years kept track of the earth as it wobbled and bobbled across the skies determining a variation of its axis of 65 feet over a 14-month period.
Bradley points to an area on one of the walls whose wood is of a darker hue, the place where the precise pendulum clock hung. It was a 24-hour clock with a two-foot pendulum used to measure sidereal or star time and worked in conjunction with the telescope to calculate exactly when a specific star crossed the meridian line.
Leaving the observatory, Bradley gets out the broom again to close the roof and explains that they will be restoring the pulley system that was used to close the split halves of the roof.
Returning to the fragile document, the diary, Bradley explains that young Frank Schlesinger, the first to be hired at the new observatory and the one who oversaw the construction of the facility and began the observation program, later went on to become a leading American astronomer publishing many books and scientific papers.
Bradley first began studying his life in 2010 and discovered that Schlesinger"s library and journals had been donated to Citrus College in Glendora, California. In corresponding with the college they decided to donate the journal from his first year in Ukiah and negotiations are now under way for a long-term loan of his other journals with hopes that they will be housed on site.
January 2, 1899in my room all day, very
cold; NYC; the new year begins very badly;
I am unemployed
He is straight out of college. In the summer he gets his assignment in Ukiah.
July 25, 1899 early train to Chicago;
10 P.M. to SF
July 31, 1899 Saw Rogers; took the 3 P.M.
train to Ukiah from SF; Grand Hotel
August 10, 1899
Excavation for observatory begins at 1 PM
August 21, 1899 well finished; received
pass from R.R. with M; to Vichy Springs;
played tennis
Oct 8, 1899 evening with Hirsh family
[wife"s family} then to observatory; to bed
at 1:30 P.M.
It would generally take about six hours to chart the stars and he would begin about 9 P.M. and end at 3 A.M. with several more hours.
November 12, 1899 spent time with the [Grace] Hudson"s [viewing] their baskets, chests, etc. etc etc.
Bradley concludes, "Right now we are renovating the observatory building and repairing structural damage; we have stripped and repainted the entire building. There are many projects to be done, one of which is to acquire the original telescope from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. We will be placing a peace pole on the property to be encircled with five trees, representational of and indigenous to the other sites. We are recruiting people who are interested in helping us carry on the work; we need assistance to accomplish all that we want to do. Those who wish to help lend a hand either with time or financial donations please contact me at observatory.net."


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HOW TO DEFINE THE LIMITS OF RESPONSIBILITY by CARLETON H. GRIFFIN We are living in a particularly difficult business environ-ment. A combination of economic recession and severe inflation has brought widespread business failures and investor losses. But also significant is what has been exposed in their wake: a disturbing amount of improper conduct in the corporate world. It is perhaps not surprising to hear of misdeeds in such circumstances, or even the sheer volume and size of what has been discovered. Recent economic troubles have been pervasive and serious. But what is more noteworthy is the amount of collusive misconduct unearthed at high corpo-rate levels. The greatest mischief, moreover, has not been mundane defalcations—where the perpetrator's benefits are direct. It has been the highly sophisticated manipula-tion of accounting records and procedures to produce indirect benefits, through influencing stock prices or job status. Thus, we learn of not only the age-old problems of altered inventory records and fictitious vendors, but also such cooperative sleight-of-hand as hidden loan guaran-tees and contributed capital masquerading as sales revenue. Backwash from the Watergate era has added another dimension—the revelation of substantial corporate political gifts which were "laundered" through fictitious expense classifications and disguised expenditures of currency. In many instances, these practices have appar-ently been carried on for some time and are just now coming to light. The latest development—which followed the dramatic death leap by the chief executive of one of the nation's largest companies—is the burgeoning series of disclosures concerning payments made by multinational concerns in order to secure foreign business. These practices—whether bribes, kickbacks, or commissions—are at odds in varying degrees with US and foreign laws, as well as with business ethics. They are accomplished in much the same way as political gifts, though usually in a more complicated fashion. Their discovery has caused not only corporate embarrassment and the resignation or dismissal of some top executives—but also the closing down of operations in foreign lands. It has even triggered international crises. General economic ills and Watergate cannot explain all of these developments, although they have been substan-tial factors. So too has the new tide of consumerism, which has focused attention on old misdeeds and made them new problems. And as fuzzy policies and their unenthusiastic administration have created a permissive atmosphere in business, competitive pressures have made it easy to rationalize that "it can't be really wrong if everyone else is doing it." Add computerized accounting to the size and complexity of many businesses, and you aggravate the problem—providing increasingly inviting opportunities for inventive minds to cloud the real nature of transactions. These developments are causing difficulties for a great many people. Investors have been damaged or feel threat-ened. Regulatory officers are asserting their official concern. And there is a group in the middle—corporate board members and officers, together with independent auditors—who are being asked with increasing frequency such questions as: "Where were you when . . .?" "Why didn't you . . .?" "Who is going to cover my losses?" Auditors Challenged First To date, auditors have been the most beleaguered targets of such challenges. Their principal antagonists appear to be lawyers who make careers out of representing large groups of faceless investors in class action lawsuits. In the name of consumerism, these lawyers wield the threat of spectacu-larly large claims, unhindered by any realistic responsi-bility for the defendant's costs of protecting himself. The technical auditing and accounting issues involved, and the unpredictability of judge or jury in the event of carrying the case to trial, can make the threat of a staggering loss very real to the auditor-defendant, creating in turn great pres-sure for an out-of-court compromise. And, unfortunately, the auditor's problem is compounded with distaste when he senses that the plaintiff's counsel is less interested in winning a court verdict for the claimed damages than in a settlement whose acceptability is measured by the size of a contingent legal fee. The courts are also adding to the legal difficulties of the auditor. For example, decisions in recent years indicate that a plaintiff suing an accountant under the federal securities laws probably needs to prove only that the financial state- 3
Object Description
How to define the limits of responsibility
Griffin, Carleton H.
Auditors -- Professional ethics
|Illustration not included in Web version
Tempo, Vol. 22, no. 1 (1976), p. 03-06
|Originally published by: Touche Ross, & Co.
|Copyright and permission to republish held by: Deloitte
|PDF page image with corrected OCR scanned at 400 dpi
|Deloitte Digital Collection
|Digital Publisher
|University of Mississippi Library. Accounting Collection
|Date-Digitally Created


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How Prince Harry And Meghan Markle Will Make Money After They're Married
By Shared.com
January 3, 2018
For most married couples, money is always a topic that needs to be discussed. What's mine is yours, but what's yours might not be enough to pay the mortgage. For Prince Harry and his soon-to-be wife, Meghan Markle, money probably won't be an issue. But where does their money come from? Multi-million dollar weddings and $10,000 outfits aren't free, yet you won't find either of them working a 9 to 5 job.
Markle has been open about her financial struggles in the past, remembering how she was always short on cash while trying to make it as an actress, and still tries to be money-smart.
"I was not a girl who grew up buying $100 candles," she told the Toronto Star. "I was the girl who ran out of gas on her way to an audition. Actually, the doors of my car were both stuck shut. I had to pretend I was rooting around the back seat for a script and then crawl surreptitiously into the front seat."
But now that she's poised to become a member of the royal family, how are she and her future husband going to support themselves?
1. Harry's Army Salary
Prince Harry served in the British Army Air Corps for ten years, including two tours in Afghanistan as a helicopter pilot. According to Fortune, his yearly salary was $45,000. Considering he's most likely living rent-free at the palace, a lot of that salary is probably saved up.
2. Meghan's "Suits" Royalties
During her seven-year run on Suits, Markle reportedly banked about $50,000 per episode, making her take-home pay about $500,000 each year. She also earns royalties every time an old episode is replayed on any network, so she could be making money off her acting days for years to come. Markle also appeared in several movies, and probably has a hefty savings account.
3. Meghan's Endorsements
In addition to her acting gigs, Markle also started her own clothing line through Reitmans, and has leftover income from her blog, The Tig, which she shut down earlier this year. Together, Town and Country reports that Markle made $80,000 off these endeavors.
4. Taxpayers
Yep, that's right. British citizens will be contributing to the royal couple's bank accounts, but that's not new. Citizens fund the monarchy with a solid £292 million (about $391 million) per year. Each taxpayer only pays about 85 cents, though, and the Queen surrenders all profits from the Crown Estate to the government. In exchange, she's given the Soverign Grant, which goes towards palace upkeep, travel expenses, and salaries. Harry and Meghan, while they live on palace grounds, won't have to worry about anything.
But there's still a couple more ways they'll be making money.
Read the full story on Shared.com
Photo: Shared.com


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"Student success is the product of thousands of small gestures extended on a daily basis by caring, supportive educators sprinkled throughout the institution who enact a talent development philosophy." - Dr. George Kuh, Student Success Presentation, UAF, August 2007
The Statewide Office of Student and Enrollment Strategy supports University of Alaska professionals engaged in service to students. Whether identifying and developing functional enhancements to the student information system; helping craft policy or engaging the system in long-term strategic planning efforts, the Office of Student and Enrollment Strategy is dedicated to using our professional capabilities and technology to provide better service for staff which ultimately enhances the students' learning experience at the University of Alaska.
Are you looking for information on Admissions, Registration, Advising, Financial Aid or other services?
- University of Alaska Anchorage
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SYDNEY - Former Australian leg spinner Stuart MacGill has backed a return to the Test team for Shane Warne, saying he is good enough but needs to prove he has the stamina to cope with the five-day game.
A dearth of top-quality spinners has fuelled a campaign to bring back Warne, with the 43-year-old doing little to douse the speculation, recently saying he "absolutely no doubt" he could bowl successfully at Test level again.
MacGill, who took 82 of his 208 Test wickets playing alongside Warne, said he would pick him.
"I'd play him," he told Sydney's Sun-Herald. "Should he be picked? If any selector said he shouldn't be picked, that it's not in the best interests of Australian cricket, I laugh at them. I'm interested in Australian cricket winning. Not in 10 or 15 years, but every day. The best way to win in 10 or 15 years is for it to be on the tail end of a huge streak. You pick your best team on any given day and if Shane Warne is available, then he's in it."
Earlier this month, Warne said that if Australian skipper Michael Clarke suggested his services were needed for the Ashes campaign against England next year, he would give it some serious thought.
Warne, regarded as one of the game's greatest players, quit Tests in 2007 but is still playing in the domestic Twenty20 Big Bash League.
"The only question that needs to be asked is whether he can physically (perform) all day for a couple of days -- but he would know that," MacGill said.
MacGill, who retired from international cricket in 2008 with 208 Test wickets at an average of 29.02, added that was "disappointed" with the recent performances of current Test spinner Nathan Lyon. "Right from the start, he bowls too fast and too straight," he said. "If I were Nathan Lyon at the moment, the number one thing I'd be looking at is getting my line right."


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Bee swarm 2013?
Building art? Planning to perform? Building a stage or performance space? Talk about it here.
7 posts • Page 1 of 1
- Raven9940
- Posts: 65
- Joined: Sun May 30, 2010 4:55 pm
- Burning Since: 2010
- Location: Brooklyn, NY
- Contact:
Bee swarm 2013?
I saw a youtube vid from last years burn where a bunch of burners dressed as bees and flashmob'd the man. Does anyone know who organizes that and if they'll be doing it again this year? I've seen the unicorns attack and the bunnies/carrots fight but the bees are new to me and that seems like the group I'd like to join
- Bounce530
- Posts: 1593
- Joined: Wed Jan 16, 2008 10:26 am
- Burning Since: 2007
- Camp Name: BRC Guardian Landing pad
- Location: Still stalking BDV
Re: Bee swarm 2013?
Not saying that it couldn't/wouldn't happen, but I'd bet the bees last year had to do with the fertility2.0 theme.
What other people think about you is none of your business.
- Posts: 10
- Joined: Tue Feb 12, 2013 8:24 pm
- Burning Since: 2017
Re: Bee swarm 2013?
Probably camp BeeCharge
- BBadger
- Posts: 5875
- Joined: Wed Jan 19, 2011 10:37 am
- Burning Since: 2010
- Location: (near) Portland, OR, USA
Re: Bee swarm 2013?
"The essence of tyranny is not iron law. It is capricious law." -- Christopher Hitchens
Hate reading my replies? Click here to add me to your plonk (foe) list.
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- trilobyte
- Site Admin
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Re: Bee swarm 2013?
You likely missed your chance. With last year's Fertility 2.0 theme, streets named for pollinating flowers, hivetastic aspects of the man pavilion, the 38 foot flower pistil art installation inside it, and the public call for 'bee here now' in some of the theme statement stuff, last year had a significantly greater number of people dressed as bees than you'd probably normally see. But if you want to try your hand at organizing something, go right ahead. There's certainly nothing stopping you from rocking a bee costume at any time, and you could try posting an event (either in the WWW guide or just as a note at Playa Info) and see who turns up.
- Raven9940
- Posts: 65
- Joined: Sun May 30, 2010 4:55 pm
- Burning Since: 2010
- Location: Brooklyn, NY
- Contact:
Re: Bee swarm 2013?
Makes sense. Thanks guys
Re: Bee swarm 2013?
Well this is fun, I wish I had seen this board earlier! Glad you enjoyed that swarm. You, Raven9940 have not missed your chance. WHynotnow29 is correct, that was camp BeeCharge. 2012 was our first man-swarm (as far as I know) and we did it again this year, epically, again. Next year, make sure to come to our Labeeto (honey flavored mojitos) party on Wednesday, it's from about 2 till we take off to swarm the man around 6pm-ish. Wear your black and yellow! For reference, look for a gathering like this:
Hope you had a great burn!!
Hope you had a great burn!!
7 posts • Page 1 of 1


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Six Nations - France Preview
The return of the prodigal son
Ian Moriarty
January 24, 2013
Frederic Michalak looks set to pull the strings for France © Getty Images
ESPNscrum Analysis
What goes around sometimes comes around when you least expect it. At least that seems to be the case with France's enigma wrapped up in an enigma, Fred Michalak. It's almost 11 years to the day that the 30 year-old made his debut on the Six Nations stage against Italy, and it looks quite likely that Philippe Saint-André will turn to the Toulon playmaker when Les Bleus take on the same opposition at Stadio Olimpico on February 3.
Quite incredibly, it would be Michalak's first Six Nations start in seven years (the last one came versus Wales in March 2006) should the French coaching team decide to go with the man once regarded as one of the most naturally gifted Frenchmen of his generation. His next appearance for his country will be his 60th and while that's impressive going for any player, it's worth remembering that he had made it to a half century of French caps in the 34-10 defeat to Argentina during Rugby World Cup 2007. That ten cap period and the intervening years saw a whole lot of water flow under the bridge in Michalak's life.
The position of fly-half, like Michalak's career, has remained one of those enduring riddles in the French game. Historically the scrum-half has generally been the more important of the two in the country, and the nation has excelled in having a veritable production line of Napoleonic Nines over the years, with Morgan Parra and the superb Maxime Machenaud being the most recent examples. But fly-half is a position that has continued to puzzle here, with many French coaches seemingly happy to shoehorn scrum-halves such as Jean-Baptiste Elissalde, and for the most recent World Cup, Parra, into the position.
Michalak however, has always been a different animal. Nominally a fly-half by trade, he broke through at Toulouse aged just 18, before playing a starring role for France during Rugby World Cup 2003. Off the pitch, the handsome Michalak suddenly found himself become one of rugby's new icons of the professional era. Yet his early twenties were to prove troublesome thanks to the unrelenting glare of the media spotlight. To boot, doubts lingered about his consistency and his ability to control a game, with Toulouse boss Guy Noves often favouring the youngster at scrum-half instead of his preferred position.
By 2006, Michalak's role - a favourite topic in the bars and cafés of Toulouse for much of the Noughties - had ceased being about which position best suited him. Instead, his loyalty to his club and country was questioned at times, as was his interest in the game itself. The low point may have been reached by 2007, when aged just 24, Michalak found himself being booed off the pitch at Ernest Wallon and the Stade de France with increasing regularity.
Unable to rediscover the form which had marked him out in the early part of his career and tired of the goldfish bowl existence that he had to put up with in his home town, Michalak finally bolted to the Sharks in South Africa in 2008, initially for a six month hiatus but returning there once again in 2011 following another unsuccessful spell with Toulouse.
When he returned to France last summer, he did so at the behest of the coach who first capped him for France, Bernard Laporte, joining forces with him at Toulon. Now married with a son, having met his wife Cindy in South Africa in 2008, Michalak returned to France last summer with a new found maturity in his game.
This season, he's been an integral part of a Toulon squad that along with Clermont Auvergne, look a cut above anything else in Europe this year. The stats tell us he's started more games at scrum-half than at 10 but the question remains: What position can we expect Michalak to play in when the Six Nations kicks off at the start of February?
Capped just four times under Marc Lièvremont in the period between 2008 and 2011, Philippe Saint-André wasted no time reintroducing the playmaker back into his side on last summer's tour to Argentina, and he's since gone on to start the last four Tests in the Number 10 jersey. Contrast that with the six minutes Francois Trinh-Duc has managed in those Tests and it gives you some idea of where France's head coach sees the mercurial Michalak.
With Les Bleus' options in the fly-half department seemingly as bare as they've ever been (one wonders what Guy Noves would have given to have Michalak having watched Lionel Beauxis turn in another poor performance against Leicester last weekend), it should come as no surprise that Michalak's career has come full circle.
In his early days, Michalak was the epitome of all things we consider French. His comeback should therefore come as no surprise when you consider that as is often the case with the French, you should always expect the unexpected.
© ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
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The China government has lowered its rare earths export quotas for 2014 by 30% compared to 2013 after the actual export volume last year was lower than its original estimates. Prices of cerium, yttrium and terbium oxide (rare earths used in LED production) dropped 38.1%, 0% and 41.3% on year, respectively, in March and even more compared to their peaks in 2012, indicating that the pricing pressure for LED-use fluorescent powders have already started to ease.
The US, the EU and Japan together filed an appeal to World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2012 claiming China's restrictions for rare earths exports violated WTO's regulations. WTO's ruled in favor of the complainants on March 26, 2014.
Despite the victory in the WTO ruling, the complainants have been seeking ways to reduce their reliance on China's rare earths, since China has tried to use rate earths as bargaining chips in its military and diplomatic negotiations with other countries.
Japan, which has been the biggest importer of China's rare earths, has been seeking alternative sources, such as imports from Australia. Japan has invested in India's rare earth production and has been looking for materials that can replace rare earths.
With China's dominance in the rare earths market starting to wane, rare earths prices have also been affected, Digitimes Research has observed.


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Food Hero
Food Hero is your go-to site for quick, tasty, healthy recipes and helpful tips. Whether you're a beginner or a pro, you'll find something new for your family to enjoy.
Home Food Safety and Preservation Program
Food safety and preservation resources and classes, provided through the Oregon State University Extension Family and Community Health, ensures Oregonians have access to the most reliable information available. It is critical that those who prepare food and practice preserving and processing foods at home have access to research-based information on safe food handling. Many of the county offices offer food preservation programs and workshops, including our Master Food Preserver program.