text:
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 2, by Edward Gibbon, [1781], at sacred-texts.com
The answer of Trajan, to which the Christians of the succeeding age have frequently appealed, discovers as much regard for justice and humanity as could be reconciled with his mistaken notions of religious policy. 59 Instead of displaying the implacable zeal of an inquisitor, anxious to discover the most minute particles of heresy, and exulting in the number of his victims, the emperor expresses much more solicitude to protect the security of the innocent, than to prevent the escape of the guilty. He acknowledged the difficulty of fixing any general plan; but he lays down two salutary rules, which often afforded relief and support to the distressed Christians. Though he directs the magistrates to punish such persons as are legally convicted, he prohibits them, with a very humane inconsistency, from making any inquiries concerning the supposed criminals. Nor was the magistrate allowed to proceed on every kind of information. Anonymous charges the emperor rejects, as too repugnant to the equity of his government; and he strictly requires, for the conviction of those to whom the guilt of Christianity is imputed, the positive evidence of a fair and open accuser. It is likewise probable, that the persons who assumed so invidiuous an office, were obliged to declare the grounds of their suspicions, to specify (both in respect to time and place) the secret assemblies, which their Christian adversary had frequented, and to disclose a great number of circumstances, which were concealed with the most vigilant jealousy from the eye of the profane. If they succeeded in their prosecution, they were exposed to the resentment of a considerable and active party, to the censure of the more liberal portion of mankind, and to the ignominy which, in every age and country, has attended the character of an informer. If, on the contrary, they failed in their proofs, they incurred the severe and perhaps capital penalty, which, according to a law published by the emperor Hadrian, was inflicted on those who falsely attributed to their fellow-citizens the crime of Christianity. The violence of personal or superstitious animosity might sometimes prevail over the most natural apprehensions of disgrace and danger but it cannot surely be imagined, that accusations of so unpromising an appearance were either lightly or frequently undertaken by the Pagan subjects of the Roman empire. 60 *_0006
The expedient which was employed to elude the prudence of the laws, affords a sufficient proof how effectually they disappointed the mischievous designs of private malice or superstitious zeal. In a large and tumultuous assembly, the restraints of fear and shame, so forcible on the minds of individuals, are deprived of the greatest part of their influence. The pious Christian, as he was desirous to obtain, or to escape, the glory of martyrdom, expected, either with impatience or with terror, the stated returns of the public games and festivals. On those occasions the inhabitants of the great cities of the empire were collected in the circus or the theatre, where every circumstance of the place, as well as of the ceremony, contributed to kindle their devotion, and to extinguish their humanity. Whilst the numerous spectators, crowned with garlands, perfumed with incense, purified with the blood of victims, and surrounded with the altars and statues of their tutelar deities, resigned themselves to the enjoyment of pleasures, which they considered as an essential part of their religious worship, they recollected, that the Christians alone abhorred the gods of mankind, and by their absence and melancholy on these solemn festivals, seemed to insult or to lament the public felicity. If the empire had been afflicted by any recent calamity, by a plague, a famine, or an unsuccessful war; if the Tyber had, or if the Nile had not, risen beyond its banks; if the earth had shaken, or if the temperate order of the seasons had been interrupted, the superstitious Pagans were convinced that the crimes and the impiety of the Christians, who were spared by the excessive lenity of the government, had at length provoked the divine justice. It was not among a licentious and exasperated populace, that the forms of legal proceedings could be observed; it was not in an amphitheatre, stained with the blood of wild beasts and gladiators, that the voice of compassion could be heard. The impatient clamors of the multitude denounced the Christians as the enemies of gods and men, doomed them to the severest tortures, and venturing to accuse by name some of the most distinguished of the new sectaries, required with irresistible vehemence that they should be instantly apprehended and cast to the lions. 61 The provincial governors and magistrates who presided in the public spectacles were usually inclined to gratify the inclinations, and to appease the rage, of the people, by the sacrifice of a few obnoxious victims. But the wisdom of the emperors protected the church from the danger of these tumultuous clamors and irregular accusations, which they justly censured as repugnant both to the firmness and to the equity of their administration. The edicts of Hadrian and of Antoninus Pius expressly declared, that the voice of the multitude should never be admitted as legal evidence to convict or to punish those unfortunate persons who had embraced the enthusiasm of the Christians. 62
III. Punishment was not the inevitable consequence of conviction, and the Christians, whose guilt was the most clearly proved by the testimony of witnesses, or even by their voluntary confession, still retained in their own power the alternative of life or death. It was not so much the past offence, as the actual resistance, which excited the indignation of the magistrate. He was persuaded that he offered them an easy pardon, since, if they consented to cast a few grains of incense upon the altar, they were dismissed from the tribunal in safety and with applause. It was esteemed the duty of a humane judge to endeavor to reclaim, rather than to punish, those deluded enthusiasts. Varying his tone according to the age, the sex, or the situation of the prisoners, he frequently condescended to set before their eyes every circumstance which could render life more pleasing, or death more terrible; and to solicit, nay, to entreat, them, that they would show some compassion to themselves, to their families, and to their friends. 63 If threats and persuasions proved ineffectual, he had often recourse to violence; the scourge and the rack were called in to supply the deficiency of argument, and every art of cruelty was employed to subdue such inflexible, and, as it appeared to the Pagans, such criminal, obstinacy. The ancient apologists of Christianity have censured, with equal truth and severity, the irregular conduct of their persecutors who, contrary to every principle of judicial proceeding, admitted the use of torture, in order to obtain, not a confession, but a denial, of the crime which was the object of their inquiry. 64 The monks of succeeding ages, who, in their peaceful solitudes, entertained themselves with diversifying the deaths and sufferings of the primitive martyrs, have frequently invented torments of a much more refined and ingenious nature. In particular, it has pleased them to suppose, that the zeal of the Roman magistrates, disdaining every consideration of moral virtue or public decency, endeavored to seduce those whom they were unable to vanquish, and that by their orders the most brutal violence was offered to those whom they found it impossible to seduce. It is related, that females, who were prepared to despise death, were sometimes condemned to a more severe trial, !_0007 and called upon to determine whether they set a higher value on their religion or on their chastity. The youths to whose licentious embraces they were abandoned, received a solemn exhortation from the judge, to exert their most strenuous efforts to maintain the honor of Venus against the impious virgin who refused to burn incense on her altars. Their violence, however, was commonly disappointed, and the seasonable interposition of some miraculous power preserved the chaste spouses of Christ from the dishonor even of an involuntary defeat. We should not indeed neglect to remark, that the more ancient as well as authentic memorials of the church are seldom polluted with these extravagant and indecent fictions. 65
The total disregard of truth and probability in the representation of these primitive martyrdoms was occasioned by a very natural mistake. The ecclesiastical writers of the fourth or fifth centuries ascribed to the magistrates of Rome the same degree of implacable and unrelenting zeal which filled their own breasts against the heretics or the idolaters of their own times. It is not improbable that some of those persons who were raised to the dignities of the empire, might have imbibed the prejudices of the populace, and that the cruel disposition of others might occasionally be stimulated by motives of avarice or of personal resentment. 66 But it is certain, and we may appeal to the grateful confessions of the first Christians, that the greatest part of those magistrates who exercised in the provinces the authority of the emperor, or of the senate, and to whose hands alone the jurisdiction of life and death was intrusted, behaved like men of polished manners and liberal education, who respected the rules of justice, and who were conversant with the precepts of philosophy. They frequently declined the odious task of persecution, dismissed the charge with contempt, or suggested to the accused Christian some legal evasion, by which he might elude the severity of the laws. 67 Whenever they were invested with a discretionary power, 68 they used it much less for the oppression, than for the relief and benefit of the afflicted church. They were far from condemning all the Christians who were accused before their tribunal, and very far from punishing with death all those who were convicted of an obstinate adherence to the new superstition. Contenting themselves, for the most part, with the milder chastisements of imprisonment, exile, or slavery in the mines, 69 they left the unhappy victims of their justice some reason to hope, that a prosperous event, the accession, the marriage, or the triumph of an emperor, might speedily restore them, by a general pardon, to their former state. The martyrs, devoted to immediate execution by the Roman magistrates, appear to have been selected from the most opposite extremes. They were either bishops and presbyters, the persons the most distinguished among the Christians by their rank and influence, and whose example might strike terror into the whole sect; 70 or else they were the meanest and most abject among them, particularly those of the servile condition, whose lives were esteemed of little value, and whose sufferings were viewed by the ancients with too careless an indifference. 71 The learned Origen, who, from his experience as well as reading, was intimately acquainted with the history of the Christians, declares, in the most express terms, that the number of martyrs was very inconsiderable. 72 His authority would alone be sufficient to annihilate that formidable army of martyrs, whose relics, drawn for the most part from the catacombs of Rome, have replenished so many churches, 73 and whose marvellous achievements have been the subject of so many volumes of Holy Romance. 74 But the general assertion of Origen may be explained and confirmed by the particular testimony of his friend Dionysius, who, in the immense city of Alexandria, and under the rigorous persecution of Decius, reckons only ten men and seven women who suffered for the profession of the Christian name. 75
During the same period of persecution, the zealous, the eloquent, the ambitious Cyprian governed the church, not only of Carthage, but even of Africa. He possessed every quality which could engage the reverence of the faithful, or provoke the suspicions and resentment of the Pagan magistrates. His character as well as his station seemed to mark out that holy prelate as the most distinguished object of envy and danger. 76 The experience, however, of the life of Cyprian, is sufficient to prove that our fancy has exaggerated the perilous situation of a Christian bishop; and the dangers to which he was exposed were less imminent than those which temporal ambition is always prepared to encounter in the pursuit of honors. Four Roman emperors, with their families, their favorites, and their adherents, perished by the sword in the space of ten years, during which the bishop of Carthage guided by his authority and eloquence the councils of the African church. It was only in the third year of his administration, that he had reason, during a few months, to apprehend the severe edicts of Decius, the vigilance of the magistrate and the clamors of the multitude, who loudly demanded, that Cyprian, the leader of the Christians, should be thrown to the lions. Prudence suggested the necessity of a temporary retreat, and the voice of prudence was obeyed. He withdrew himself into an obscure solitude, from whence he could maintain a constant correspondence with the clergy and people of Carthage; and, concealing himself till the tempest was past, he preserved his life, without relinquishing either his power or his reputation. His extreme caution did not, however, escape the censure of the more rigid Christians, who lamented, or the reproaches of his personal enemies, who insulted, a conduct which they considered as a pusillanimous and criminal desertion of the most sacred duty. 77 The propriety of reserving himself for the future exigencies of the church, the example of several holy bishops, 78 and the divine admonitions, which, as he declares himself, he frequently received in visions and ecstacies, were the reasons alleged in his justification. 79 But his best apology may be found in the cheerful resolution, with which, about eight years afterwards, he suffered death in the cause of religion. The authentic history of his martyrdom has been recorded with unusual candor and impartiality. A short abstract, therefore, of its most important circumstances, will convey the clearest information of the spirit, and of the forms, of the Roman persecutions. 80
59 Plin. Epist. x. 98. Tertullian (Apolog. c. 5) considers this rescript as a relaxation of the ancient penal laws, "quas Trajanus exparte frustratus est: " and yet Tertullian, in another part of his Apology, exposes the inconsistency of prohibiting inquiries, and enjoining punishments.
60 Eusebius (Hist. Ecclesiast. l. iv. c. 9) has preserved the edict of Hadrian. He has likewise (c. 13) given us one still more favorable, under the name of Antoninus; the authenticity of which is not so universally allowed. The second Apology of Justin contains some curious particulars relative to the accusations of Christians.
Note: Professor Hegelmayer has proved the authenticity of the edict of Antoninus, in his Comm. Hist. Theol. in Edict. Imp. Antonini. Tubing. 1777, in 4to. - G.
Neander doubts its authenticity, (vol. i. p. 152.) In my opinion, the internal evidence is decisive against it. - M
*_0006 The enactment of this law affords strong presumption, that accusations of the "crime of Christianity," were by no means so uncommon, nor received with so much mistrust and caution by the ruling authorities, as Gibbon would insinuate. - M.
61 See Tertullian, (Apolog. c. 40.) The acts of the martyrdom of Polycarp exhibit a lively picture of these tumults, which were usually fomented by the malice of the Jews.
62 These regulations are inserted in the above mentioned document of Hadrian and Pius. See the apology of Melito, (apud Euseb. l iv 26)
63 See the rescript of Trajan, and the conduct of Pliny. The most authentic acts of the martyrs abound in these exhortations. Note: Pliny's test was the worship of the gods, offerings to the statue of the emperor, and blaspheming Christ - praeterea maledicerent Christo. - M.
64 In particular, see Tertullian, (Apolog. c. 2, 3,) and Lactantius, (Institut. Divin. v. 9.) Their reasonings are almost the same; but we may discover, that one of these apologists had been a lawyer, and the other a rhetorician.
!_0007 The more ancient as well as authentic memorials of the church, relate many examples of the fact, (of these severe trials,) which there is nothing to contradict. Tertullian, among others, says, Nam proxime ad lenonem damnando Christianam, potius quam ad leonem, confessi estis labem pudicitiae apud nos atrociorem omni poena et omni morte reputari, Apol. cap. ult. Eusebius likewise says, "Other virgins, dragged to brothels, have lost their life rather than defile their virtue." Euseb. Hist. Ecc. viii. 14. - G. The miraculous interpositions were the offspring of the coarse imaginations of the monks. - M.
65 See two instances of this kind of torture in the Acta Sincere Martyrum, published by Ruinart, p. 160, 399. Jerome, in his Legend of Paul the Hermit, tells a strange story of a young man, who was chained naked on a bed of flowers, and assaulted by a beautiful and wanton courtesan. He quelled the rising temptation by biting off his tongue.
66 The conversion of his wife provoked Claudius Herminianus, governor of Cappadocia, to treat the Christians with uncommon severity. Tertullian ad Scapulam, c. 3.
67 Tertullian, in his epistle to the governor of Africa, mentions several remarkable instances of lenity and forbearance, which had happened within his knowledge.
68 Neque enim in universum aliquid quod quasi certam formam habeat, constitui potest; an expression of Trajan, which gave a very great latitude to the governors of provinces.
Note: Gibbon altogether forgets that Trajan fully approved of the course pursued by Pliny. That course was, to order all who persevered in their faith to be led to execution: perseverantes duci jussi. - M.
69 In Metalla damnamur, in insulas relegamur. Tertullian, Apolog. c. 12. The mines of Numidia contained nine bishops, with a proportionable number of their clergy and people, to whom Cyprian addressed a pious epistle of praise and comfort. See Cyprian. Epistol. 76, 77.
70 Though we cannot receive with entire confidence either the epistles, or the acts, of Ignatius, (they may be found in the 2d volume of the Apostolic Fathers,) yet we may quote that bishop of Antioch as one of these exemplary martyrs. He was sent in chains to Rome as a public spectacle, and when he arrived at Troas, he received the pleasing intelligence, that the persecution of Antioch was already at an end.
Note: The acts of Ignatius are generally received as authentic, as are seven of his letters. Eusebius and St. Jerome mention them: there are two editions; in one, the letters are longer, and many passages appear to have been interpolated; the other edition is that which contains the real letters of St. Ignatius; such at least is the opinion of the wisest and most enlightened critics. (See Lardner. Cred. of Gospel Hist.) Less, uber dis Religion, v. i. p. 529. Usser. Diss. de Ign. Epist. Pearson, Vindic, Ignatianae. It should be remarked, that it was under the reign of Trajan that the bishop Ignatius was carried from Antioch to Rome, to be exposed to the lions in the amphitheatre, the year of J. C. 107, according to some; of 116, according to others. - G.
71 Among the martyrs of Lyons, (Euseb. l. v. c. 1,) the slave Blandina was distinguished by more exquisite tortures. Of the five martyrs so much celebrated in the acts of Felicitas and Perpetua, two were of a servile, and two others of a very mean, condition.
72 Origen. advers. Celsum, l. iii. p. 116. His words deserve to be transcribed.
Note: The words that follow should be quoted. "God not permitting that all his class of men should be exterminated: " which appears to indicate that Origen thought the number put to death inconsiderable only when compared to the numbers who had survived. Besides this, he is speaking of the state of the religion under Caracalla, Elagabalus, Alexander Severus, and Philip, who had not persecuted the Christians. It was during the reign of the latter that Origen wrote his books against Celsus. - G.
73 If we recollect that all the Plebeians of Rome were not Christians, and that all the Christians were not saints and martyrs, we may judge with how much safety religious honors can be ascribed to bones or urns, indiscriminately taken from the public burial-place. After ten centuries of a very free and open trade, some suspicions have arisen among the more learned Catholics. They now require as a proof of sanctity and martyrdom, the letters B.M., a vial full of red liquor supposed to be blood, or the figure of a palm-tree. But the two former signs are of little weight, and with regard to the last, it is observed by the critics, 1. That the figure, as it is called, of a palm, is perhaps a cypress, and perhaps only a stop, the flourish of a comma used in the monumental inscriptions. 2. That the palm was the symbol of victory among the Pagans. 3. That among the Christians it served as the emblem, not only of martyrdom, but in general of a joyful resurrection. See the epistle of P. Mabillon, on the worship of unknown saints, and Muratori sopra le Antichita Italiane, Dissertat. lviii.
74 As a specimen of these legends, we may be satisfied with 10,000 Christian soldiers crucified in one day, either by Trajan or Hadrian on Mount Ararat. See Baronius ad Martyrologium Romanum; Tille mont, Mem. Ecclesiast. tom. ii. part ii. p. 438; and Geddes's Miscellanies, vol. ii. p. 203. The abbreviation of Mil., which may signify either soldiers or thousands, is said to have occasioned some extraordinary mistakes.
75 Dionysius ap. Euseb l. vi. c. 41 One of the seventeen was likewise accused of robbery.
Note: Gibbon ought to have said, was falsely accused of robbery, for so it is in the Greek text. This Christian, named Nemesion, falsely accused of robbery before the centurion, was acquitted of a crime altogether foreign to his character, but he was led before the governor as guilty of being a Christian, and the governor inflicted upon him a double torture. (Euseb. loc. cit.) It must be added, that Saint Dionysius only makes particular mention of the principal martyrs, [this is very doubtful. - M.] and that he says, in general, that the fury of the Pagans against the Christians gave to Alexandria the appearance of a city taken by storm. [This refers to plunder and ill usage, not to actual slaughter. - M.] Finally it should be observed that Origen wrote before the persecution of the emperor Decius. - G.
76 The letters of Cyprian exhibit a very curious and original picture both of the man and of the times. See likewise the two lives of Cyprian, composed with equal accuracy, though with very different views; the one by Le Clerc (Bibliotheque Universelle, tom. xii. p. 208-378,) the other by Tillemont, Memoires Ecclesiastiques, tom. iv part i. p. 76-459.
77 See the polite but severe epistle of the clergy of Rome to the bishop of Carthage. (Cyprian. Epist. 8, 9.) Pontius labors with the greatest care and diligence to justify his master against the general censure.
78 In particular those of Dionysius of Alexandria, and Gregory Thaumaturgus, of Neo-Caesarea. See Euseb. Hist. Ecclesiast. l. vi. c. 40; and Memoires de Tillemont, tom. iv. part ii. p. 685.
79 See Cyprian. Epist. 16, and his life by Pontius.
80 We have an original life of Cyprian by the deacon Pontius, the companion of his exile, and the spectator of his death; and we likewise possess the ancient proconsular acts of his martyrdom. These two relations are consistent with each other, and with probability; and what is somewhat remarkable, they are both unsullied by any miraculous circumstances.


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Force de dissuasion
|French Armed Forces
The Force de frappe (French for: strike force), or Force de dissuasion after 1961,[1] is the designation of what used to be a triad of air-, sea- and land-based nuclear weapons intended for dissuasion, the French term for deterrence. The French Nuclear Force, part of the Armed Forces of France, is the third largest nuclear-weapons force in the world, following the nuclear triads of the Russian Federation and the United States.
France has deactivated all land-based nuclear missiles. On 27 January 1996, France conducted its last nuclear test (in the South Pacific) before signing the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) in September 1996. In March 2008, President Nicolas Sarkozy confirmed reports giving the actual size of France's nuclear arsenal and he announced that France would reduce its French Air Force-carried nuclear arsenal by 30%, leaving the Force de Frappe with 290 warheads.[2]
In addition to its nuclear military programme, France has a large peaceful nuclear programme and ranks as one of the world's largest generators of nuclear power.
The decision to arm France with nuclear weapons was made in 1954 by the administration of Pierre Mendès-France under the Fourth Republic.[3] President Charles de Gaulle, upon his return to power in 1958, solidified the initial vision into the well-defined concept of a fully independent Force de Frappe capable of protecting France from a Soviet or other foreign attack, independent of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which President de Gaulle considered to be dominated by the United States to an unacceptable degree. In particular, France was concerned that in the event of a Soviet invasion of Western Europe, the US—already bogged down in the War in Vietnam and afraid of Soviet retaliation against the United States proper—would not come to the aid of its Allies in Western Europe. According to de Gaulle, France should never trust its defense and therefore its very existence to a foreign and thus unreliable protector.[1]
The strategic concept behind the Force de Frappe is one of countervalue, i.e., the capacity to inflict so much damage on a potential (and more powerful) adversary's population that the potential adversary will be deterred from attacking no matter how much destruction they themselves are capable of inflicting (see Mutual Assured Destruction). This principle is usually referred to in French political debate as dissuasion du faible au fort (Weak-to-strong deterrence) and was summarized in a statement attributed to President de Gaulle himself:
Within ten years, we shall have the means to kill 80 million Russians. I truly believe that one does not light-heartedly attack people who are able to kill 80 million Russians, even if one can kill 800 million French, that is if there were 800 million French.[4]
General Pierre Marie Gallois said "Making the most pessimistic assumptions, the French nuclear bombers could destroy ten Russian cities; and France is not a prize worthy of ten Russian cities." [5]
In his book La paix nucléaire (1975), French Navy Admiral Marc de Joybert explained deterrence as:
Sir, I have no quarrel with you, but I warn you in advance and with all possible clarity that if you invade me, I shall answer at the only credible level for my scale, which is the nuclear level. Whatever your defenses, you shan't prevent at least some of my missiles from reaching your home and causing the devastation that you are familiar with. So, renounce your endeavour and let us remain good friends.[6]
While not referred to as such, the French nuclear posture of the time bears some significant similarities to other common policies of the era such as Mutually Assured Destruction and Massive Retaliation. It remains unknown whether the French government ever seriously considered their policy different from other NATO member strategies or if their public statements were more aimed to improve morale and confidence in the French population.
Certainly, France's position in the 1960s and the 1970s required some changes in posture. After the French withdrawal from the integrated command structure of NATO to pursue their own defense systems, their position with their NATO allies was less clear. Equally, both the French government and the French public took pride in their independence from US control and their ability to defend their own interests without NATO aid against the Warsaw Pact, if necessary. As a result, statements of nuclear policy spoke of a confrontation with the Soviet Union directly and without allied support, but that was very unlikely as France remained in NATO. However, no matter the scenario it would have been extremely impolitic for France to imply they would not join a wider NATO war but wait for a threat on their own soil or to say that they would use nuclear weapons against West Germany, Italy or Belgium, the only places from which Soviet forces could advance on France.
It may seem on the surface that an avowed policy of attacking civilians was a significant departure from the typical nuclear policies of the time, but it was common for states to refer to their nuclear abilities in terms of numbers of cities destroyed, and the power of hydrogen bombs makes it unclear how different attacks on populations and military forces would be. Perhaps the most significant difference in French strategy is that it includes the option of a first strike attack even in response to non-nuclear provocation.
France carried out its first test of an atomic bomb in Algeria in 1960[7] and some operational French nuclear weapons became available in 1964. Then, France executed its first test of the much more powerful hydrogen bomb over its South Pacific Ocean test range in 1968.
President de Gaulle's vision of the Force de Frappe featured the same triad of air-based, land-based and sea-based weapons deployed by both the United States and the Soviet Union. Work on these components had started in the late 1950s and was accelerated as soon as de Gaulle became the President of France.
Initially, the Force de Frappe consisted of an airbase component of the Strategic Air Forces Command (Commandement des Forces Aeriennes Strategique (CFAS)) of the French Air Force, established in 1955 and operating 40 Sud Aviation Vautour IIB bombers.[5] These were considered marginal for a strategic bomber role and work began almost immediately on a replacement resulting in the Mirage III.
In May 1956 a requirement for what became the Dassault Mirage IV bomber was drawn up;[5] this bomber was designed to carry AN-11 nuclear gravity bombs over targets in the Eastern bloc at supersonic speeds and was declared operational in October 1964. It has been modernized since then and converted to carry its successor the AN-22 bomb. The Mirage IV-P version was later armed with the ASMP missile and entered service in 1986. All bomber versions of the Mirage IV retired in 1996.
From 1973 until 2003 the CFAS also operated SEPECAT Jaguars which were limited nuclear capable by using the tactical AN-52 nuclear bomb which were certified for supersonic flight. A total of 100 were built between 1972-1982. They were compatible with modified Mirage III fighters and later with the standard Jaguar. The Mirage 2000 was in theory capable of carrying it but never did. The AN-52's were deactivated and placed into storage in 1991.
The Mirage 2000N entered service from 1988 and is capable of carrying gravity bombs, the ASMP and the new longer-ranged ASMP-A missile which entered service 2009. The Mirage 2000N is being replaced by the Dassault Rafale F3 as of 2011.
The land-based component of the French nuclear triad was added in August 1971 when 18 silo-based S2 medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs) achieved operational readiness at French Air Force Aerial Base 200 of Saint Christol Albion in the Vaucluse region of southern France. Later, this land-based component was augmented with the mobile shortrange Pluton missile and Hadès missile, which were designed to be launched from the front lines at any approaching foreign army. To defend against a Soviet/Warsaw Pact invasion of West Germany, these could be deployed with the French Army in the French Zone of Germany in western Germany.
Since the French military judged that a full-scale invasion of Western Europe by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact Allies was unlikely to be stopped by conventional armaments, these short-range nuclear missiles were meant as a "final warning" (ultime avertissement in French) which would tell the aggressor that any further advances would trigger a nuclear armageddon upon its major cities and other important targets.
The Pluton missile, introduced in 1974, was retired from service and scrapped beginning in 1993 and its successor, the Hadès missile, was produced in limited numbers during the early 1990s and then withdrawn from the Army and placed in arsenal storage in 1995. Next, the French Government decided to eliminate all of these missiles and the last Hadès was dismantled on 23 June 1997. That was the end of the French mobile land-based nuclear missiles.
The French fixed S3 IRBMs at the Plateau d'Albion, were considered to be approaching obsolescence and also deemed to be no longer necessary following the fall of the Soviet Union, were also disposed of. The silos have been imploded and the missile base closed 1999, eliminating the landbased missile leg of the French nuclear triad.
The ocean-based, mobile component of the French nuclear triad entered service in December 1971 with the commissioning of its first ballistic missile submarine, the nuclear submarine Le Redoutable, which initially carried 16 M1 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles similar to the former US Polaris missiles.
Since then, the ocean-based French nuclear weapons arsenal has been expanded to a squadron of 4 submarines, 1 of which is always on patrol.[8] Since 1985, some of the French ballistic missile subs have become obsolete. These subs have been retired and replaced by newer subs that also have 16 missile tubes apiece and carry the more advanced French M45 missile. A new submarine, the Le Terrible, was put into service on 20 September 2010, armed with the M51 missile, which is similar to the US Trident II.
The Aeronavale or French Naval Aviation has operated a fleet of nuclear-armed aircraft since 1962, with the Dassault Etendard IV on its Clemenceau-class aircraft carriers. The Etendard could be armed with AN-52 nuclear gravity bombs. In 1978, the Dassault Super Etendard entered service, giving the Aeronavale a stand-off nuclear strike ability via its Air-Sol Moyenne Portée (ASMP) nuclear missiles. As the Clemenceau class retired from 1997 to 2000, the Super Etendard remained in service on the succeeding R91 Charles-de-Gaulle. Since 2010 it carries Rafale F3 fighters armed with the upgraded ASMP-A nuclear missiles.
Land-based component[edit]
France no longer possesses land-based nuclear missiles. The IRBM base at the Plateau d'Albion (Vaucluse region) was deactivated in 1999 and its missiles scrapped. All French Army units equipped with short-range missiles such as the Pluton and the Hadès were disbanded, their missiles scrapped and their fissile nuclear materials recycled.
Sea-based component[edit]
The French Navy includes a nuclear strategic branch, the Force Océanique Stratégique, which has contained as many as 5 nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines.
- 6 Redoutable class submarines, armed with 16 M4 IRBMs entered service between 1971 and 1985. The last of these, the L'Inflexible (S 615), was retired from service in 2008.
- 1 Le Terrible (S 619) commissioned in 2010, armed with 16 of the more modern M51 missile, successfully tested in 2010.[9]
- 3 Triomphant-class SSBNs: the Le Triomphant (S 616), the Le Téméraire (S 617), the Le Vigilant (S 618), armed with 16 of the less modern M45 missile. They will be upgraded to the new M51 missile by 2018, Le Vigilant will be the first to be upgraded, starting in 2011.[9]
Air-based component[edit]
The Armée de l'Air has 75 ASMP medium-range air-to-ground missiles with nuclear warheads at its disposal,[10] of which:
- Appx 50 could arm the Air Force to be carried by Mirage 2000N long-range multirole fighters. Strike detachments of these aircraft are based at Luxeuil Air Base, Istres Air Base and Avord Air Base. Since 1 July 2010, a new squadron of Rafale N (N for Nuclear) has been declared fully operational as EC 1/91 Gascogne in Saint-Dizier BA 113.
- About 15 more could arm the Aviation navale to be carried by the French Navy's Rafale (M version, for Marine). These aircraft are landbased at Landivisiau Naval Air Base and on the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle when at sea. Thus they can be operated flexibly. The Rafale M is also certified to operate from United States Navy aircraft carriers.
- 10 ASMP's are permanently in overhaul and form the reserve.
The locations of the nuclear missiles are secret (although many storage facilities are already known to the public, the number of warheads inside is classified and changes frequently). The range of strike aircraft is extended currently by the KC-135 and in the future by the forthcoming Airbus A330 MRTT aerial refueling fleet.
Jupiter Command Post[edit]
The Jupiter Command Post is a structure in the bunker of the Élysée Palace. It is equipped with means of communication and protection to enable the president of France and his advisers to manage crisis situations and to be in contact at all times with other government entities, military command posts and foreign governments. The bunker was built for President Albert Lebrun in 1940 during the Phoney War, and President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing installed its command post in 1978.
See also[edit]
- France and weapons of mass destruction (includes more detailed discussion of nuclear testing)
- List of states with nuclear weapons
- List of nuclear weapons tests
- Foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle
- Nuclear weapon
- Gaullism
Notes and references[edit]
- ^ a b Gunston, Bill. Bombers of the West. New York: Charles Scribner's and Sons; 1973. p104
- ^ "France to reduce nuclear arsenal, warns of Iran danger". 21 March 2008.
- ^ Gunston, Bill. Bombers of the West. New York: Charles Scribner's and Sons; 1973. p103
- ^ Serge Gadal, (2009). Forces aériennes stratégiques: histoire des deux premières composantes de la dissuasion nucléaire française. Economica. p.86. ISBN 2717857583. Quote: "Dans dix ans, nous aurons de quoi tuer 80 millions de Russes. Eh bien je crois qu'on n'attaque pas volontiers des gens qui ont de quoi tuer 80 millions de Russes, même si on a soi-même de quoi tuer 800 millions de Français, à supposer qu'il y eût 800 millions de Français."
- ^ a b c Gunston, Bill. Bombers of the West. New York: Charles Scribner's and Sons; 1973. p105
- ^ Les Redoutable : Histoire d'une aventure technique, humaine et stratégique, meretmarine
- ^ Blair, W. Granger (13 February 1960). "France Explodes Her First A-Bomb in a Sahara Test". New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ^ "FAS.org".
- ^ a b "Mer et Marine". Mer et Marine.
- ^ (in French) Centre de Documentation et de Recherche sur la Paix et les Conflits, Etat des forces nucléaires françaises au 15 août 2004
- (in French) Jean-Hugues Oppel, Réveillez le président !, Éditions Payot et rivages, 2007 (ISBN 978-2-7436-1630-4). The book is a fiction about the nuclear weapons of France; the book also contains about ten chapters on true historical incidents involving nuclear weapons and strategy (during the second half of the twentieth century).


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Plan ahead for accidents and emergencies.
Review Date: Tuesday, December 01, 2015
National Health Information Center - NHICU.S. Department of Health and Human Services
There is no way to know when the next disaster will strike. Make sure your family is prepared. Planning ahead can help keep you and your loved ones safe.
Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are placed in public and/or private places where large numbers of people gather or where people who are at high risk for heart attacks live. Information on AEDs, including training, purchasing, and apprporiate use of the device is provided.
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This fact sheet describes first aid procedures including bleeding control and attending to victims of shock. Instructions for the Heimlich maneuver for choking victims, burn care, and the appropriate responses for heat exhaustion and poisoning are presented.
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This fact sheet answers commonly-asked questions regarding dog and cat bites. First aid procedures, what to expect if your doctor has to treat a dog or cat bite, and prevention strategies are among the topics discussed.
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Find a first aid and CPR class in your community.
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A well-stocked first-aid kit, kept within easy reach, is a necessity in every home. Having supplies gathered ahead of time will help you handle an emergency at a moment's notice. You should keep one first-aid kit in your home and one in each car. Learn what items are essential to include in your kits.
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Use this list to check the supplies in your first aid kits.
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Keeping your child safe is your top priority. Learn how to protect your child inside the house and out, what to do in an emergency, how to stock a first-aid kit, where to call for help, and more.
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A well-stocked first aid kit is a handy thing to have. To be prepared for emergencies, keep a first aid kit in your home and in your car.
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The Heimlich maneuver is an emergency technique for preventing suffocation when a person's airway (windpipe) becomes blocked by a piece of food or other object. Read on to find instructions and illustrations for administering first aid to adults, infants, and children.
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This page presents illustrated guides and video demonstrations showing how to administer Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) to adults, children, infants and even pets. First aid for choking victims and phone apps are also provided.
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Mental Health First Aid is a 12-hour training course designed to give members of the public key skills to help someone who is experiencing a mental health crisis. Mental Health First Aiders learn a single 5-step strategy that includes assessing risk, empathic listening, and identifying appropriate professional help.
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CORAL GABLES, Fla. – Senior forward Courtney Hurt led all scorers with a game-high 32 points to go along with career-best 21 rebounds, and classmate Andrea Barbour added 23 points to lead VCU to a 73-52 win over Morgan State Thursday evening in the opener of the University of Miami Holiday Tournament.
It was VCU's second straight 20-point victory, while Hurt's 21 rebounds were just three shy of program's single-game record. Hurt also posted her sixth double-double in the last seven games, while she and Barbour, who added eight boards and a game-high six steals, combined to score 55 of VCU's 73 points. Sophomore Robyn Parks added nine off the bench.
VCU (8-3) got off to a slow start, hitting just two of its first 13 from the field and Morgan State jumped out to a 12-6 lead at the 13:08 mark. However, the Rams would settle down and used a 10-1 spurt to pull ahead 16-13, their largest lead of the half, on a 3-pointer from junior Carleeda Green with 8:58 remaining.
Morgan State's Chyress Lockhart then nailed a triple on the Bears' ensuing possession and DeKeisha Mathis converted a fast break layup to regain the lead less than a minute later. But a traditional 3-point play by Hurt, who contributed 10 points and 12 rebounds in the opening stanza, put VCU back on top with 7:02 left.
Morgan State (2-8) went on to build a 25-21 advantage over the next five minutes before another and-one from Hurt with 1:27 to go gave the Rams a 26-25 edge. The Bears' Keirah Hicks hit a trey from the left wing with a minute left to put Morgan State in front 28-26 at the break.
VCU, which shot just 25 percent from the field in the first half, came out on fire to start the second stanza, hitting seven of their first 11, while holding Morgan State scoreless through the first 6:17. Hurt eventually gave the Rams a 47-35 lead on a layup with 9:35 left, capping off a 21-7 Black & Gold run.
Trailing by 12 with 9:35 remaining, the Bears chipped away and pulled within 52-47 on back-to-back 3-pointers from Mathis with 6:35 to go. The scoring spurt wouldn't last long though as the Rams held Morgan State to just five points the rest of the way, scoring 21 of the final 26 points of the game.
VCU has outrebounded its last seven opponents, including a +14.0 rebounding margin during its last four contests. VCU held a 54-40 advantage on the glass against Morgan State.
After trailing by two at the half, the Rams outscored Morgan State 47-24 in the second stanza.
Mathis led the Bears with 15 points and seven rebounds. Hicks chipped in 10 points off the bench.
VCU continues play in the Miami Holiday Tournament on Thursday, facing No. 12/10 Miami at 7 p.m.


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Verdict on Vichy: Power and Prejudice in the Vichy France Regime
Arcade Pub., 2002 - 419 páginas
On May 10, 1940, Hitler's Panzer divisions launched an all-out offensive, sweeping through the Low Countries and the Ardennes. Despite France's impressive army and equality in weaponry, by mid-June the Germans had occupied Paris, Days later, a new Frnch government under Marshal Philippe Petain was formed, with its capital in Vichy. For the next four years France was occupied by the Nazis. What actually happened during that fateful period has been hard to assess, for many who collaborated later surfaced as prominent post-war figures in politics, business, and finance. Now finally, after almost six decades, the complex truth is emerging, as long-suppressed files are made public. Using the latest research, Michael Curtis examines the degree to which ministers and officials of the Vichy regime, the legal and administrative system, the Church, the French police, and people in all walks of life, collaborated with the Nazis, especially regarding the fate of France's 330,000 Jews, one-third of whom perished in the Nazi death camps. Despite all we have learned about World War II atrocities, this is a book that will shock and anger.
World War II still fascinates readers: this is an important, still relatively little-known aspect of that tumultuous period.
Supplements and complements Robert Paxton's book on the subject, published 30 years ago.
Analyzes postwar trials, including the recent, highly-publicized trials of Klaus Barbie and Maurice Papon.
Reveals that Hitler's ally Mussolini was far more solicitous about and protective of Italian Jews than were the French.
Prewar chapters demonstrate how the strength of anti-Semitism in France in the 1930s made Hitler's "final solution"much easier to implement.
Answers the question: Why were the French, as opposed to many occupied countries in World War II, such zealous collaborators?
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A damning indictment of the Vichy Government during the Second World War. Well written and researched and worth a read for any student and reader of the time in French history. Leer reseńa completa
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Drancy. Vel d'Hiv. Petain. These are just a few words that evoke one of the darkest times in France's history: the Vichy government of 1940-44. Curtis (political science, Rutgers Univ.) has written a ... Leer reseńa completa
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Verdict on Vichy: Power and Prejudice in the Vichy France Regime
Michael Curtis
Vista previa restringida - 2015
Verdict on Vichy: Power and Prejudice in the Vichy France Regime
Michael Curtis
Vista previa restringida - 2002
Verdict on Vichy: Power and Prejudice in the Vichy France Regime
Michael Curtis
Vista previa restringida - 2003
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actions activity administrative anti anti-Semitic appointed armistice arrest and deportation Aryanisation assets August Auschwitz authorities banks became behaviour Bousquet camps Catholic cent CGQJ Church collaboration communists Conseil d'Etat Consistory Court crimes against humanity d'Hiv Dannecker Darlan Darnand Darquier December decree deputy discriminatory Drancy Dreyfus Dreyfus affair economic fascist foreign Jews Francaise Francois French Jews French nationality French police Gaulle German German occupiers Gestapo head Hitler Holocaust implemented individuals interned issues Italian Jacques January Jean Jewish July June Justice Laval leaders legislation Liberation Lyon Maurice Papon Maurras Milice military Minister Ministry Mitterrand Nazi November occupied zone October officials organisations Papon Paris persecution Petain Pierre Pierre Laval political prefects prefecture prefecture of police protest refugees regional Resistance responsible role round-ups sent September social Statut des Juifs Third Republic Touvier trial UGIF unoccupied Vallat Vichy France Vichy regime Xavier Vallat
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Among the Righteous
Robert Satloff
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Bad Faith: A Forgotten History of Family and Fatherland
Carmen Callil
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Extract from a Satsang held by Dr Harbhajan Singh in St. Gilgen on 11 July, 1993
You have just listened to the talk of the Master. He spoke about harmony. What is this harmony? To be in tune with ourselves and then see this harmony within all. Masters come into the world only to bring a change to the heart of man. The Master does not change the outer man, though He changes the outer habits of man. That is what man-making means.
Guru Nanak said, "O Nanak, the whole world is in flames, the whole world is burning." What is this fire? The hidden fire in man that makes a lot of problems rise and creates problems for others as well. So this fire is that of attachment, passions and otherness. This fire creates otherness, because man thinks that he knowsit all much better and in spite of all actions – good or bad actions – he considers himself superior to all. In spite of the fact that he is at fault, he justifies himself as being true. It is his habit. How does a habit getcreated? When man does something wrong, there is some awakening; a voice from God saying that "you should not do it", that it is not right. But man does it, then he does it fora second time, a third time, and a fourth time. He always gets some warning, but he does not respond to it. Man does whatever he likes. When one does it many times, it becomes a habit, and with the habit reaction is there. So this way man is bound with habits and it is very difficult to leave the habits. Especially old persons are more bound with their habits, because they got used to them throughout their lives, one after another.
So Guru Nanak says that there is only one solution for all these problems, "O Nanak, the whole world is in flames; if there is anyone who just rises above, put Your gracious hand on him, save him!" This means just to take work from his awakening. Then man thinks over, "I am not doing good, I am bad, I am worse than everything. I want to be good, I want to solve the riddle of my life." When these questions arise in man, it is awakening, it adds to the awakening, it increases the power of discrimination. Master says, "Such a person raises his head." As Guru Nanak says, "If somebody raises his head, then put Your gracious hand on him, so that he is saved." Once this gracious hand of the Master is on our head, He gives us holy wisdom. We are devoid of this holy wisdom only due to our ill thoughts, ill deeds and ill actions.
So if we really want to realize this harmony in us, we should beg for it from the Godpower. When we beg for something, He will give us something. A mother will not give poison to the child, she will give nourishing food to the child. As it is in the holy scriptures, there is a provision: there is water for the thirsty and bread for the hungry. It is there inside man, and one can have it.
Guru Nanak saw that the whole mankind, all human beings suffer from one and the same problem. He said, "O God, give peace to all the children, peace be all over the world. O Lord, bless my children with peace and harmony." This is from the heart of a competent Master, because He does not discriminate. He loves all, also those who do not follow Him, even those who slander Him. Even for those who create problems for Him, He has good wishes. He wishes a better atmosphere, better chances for them to think of God. So Master is gracious to all, He is not the enemy of anyone. He begs for this grace from God, He is gifted with it and gives it to others.
Baba Sawan Singh used to say, "After midnight this Power comes with the grace. He comes full of grace and this grace is for all human beings." But when He comes, He sees some are indulged in passions, others dream about the passions, some are drowned in other ways. Some think of worldly things, but there is hardly anyone who yearns and weeps for Him. But He gives everything to the one who yearns for Him. He says, "Well, you take it, because He doesn't want to take it back". So we see that it is only the grace of the Master that can create harmony in us. Otherwise there is no chance, because man has the power, but he does not know how to use it, that is the problem.
Master said that the problems of the world are self-created, and that the highest way is to forgive and forget. The second thing (that we should realize) is that we have to leave this body. Due to which problems did we get this body? It is due to problems that we have created for the body, that we created for our self-existence in this world. So there is no problem with the body, the problem is with ourselves, with the mind and whatever we created through the mind. It has become a big attachment, it has become a forest of problems. We have created lots of thorny bushes around ourselvesthat we have to weed out again. As long as we do not weed out all those things, we cannot get rid of this body (and we must come again into the world). Furthermore we cannot create harmony in ourselves.
Master explains the primary steps. How to take our steps in this direction? For that we have to finish with everything. Master said that whatever we got from this world – out of wishes, through our mind, out of our relations – we have to detach from it completely, we rather have to burn it all. You know the cremation of the dead, what it means? That we have burnt everything (that belongs to the world). "Now we belong to You."
What is the meaning of the tree of life? It means that you have to bear abundant fruit. And this fruit is not for the tree, it is for others. So this means, once you know that you have to go back, then you don't live for yourselves, but for others. This means to give, give and give. Don't hope to receive anything. If you hope to receive anything in the world, you have to come back into the world. So Masters always tell us to give, give and give. This is what is meant by the tree of life. We have to bear abundant fruit with good thoughts, good words and good deeds, and we have to distribute them everywhere. We should not live for ourselves, but we have to distribute to all othersinstead. So those who get the fruit will also change their angle of view. So both are benefited, also those who come in contact with such a personality in the world, because they are blessed with the gift of real life. This gift comes from you, and it is given further to others; it is our heritage, the heritage of all of us.
There was a king named Patry, who renounced the world for gaining self-realization. Before he went to the forest, he sought some advice from his mother, who was a very holy lady. His mother said, "Well, my child, you should keep the bed warm and have a sound sleep there." He replied, "Mother, I am going to the forest, how can I have a warm bed and a sound sleep there?" She answered, "The sweet remembrance of the Master, the devotion to the purpose why you are leaving the world, that will give you the warmth within. The devotion to the Master will make you forget everything!" Pleasure and displeasure of the world are for those who take it to the heart. Those who do not take it to the heart do rise above both: they do not discriminate between pleasure and displeasure. Further she said, "Sleep only, when you really need it, not before. Sleep only, when you are fully tired, then you can sleep even on the floor." Then his mother told him, "Have a good diet, a nourishing diet there." He said, "Mother, what can I get from the forest? How can I cook all the food there?" She answered, "Take the food only when you are really hungry, that will help you. It will keep you very healthy, and you can meditate a lot." Then she said, "Well, you are a king, you should live in a fort." – "Mother, there is no fort in the forest. I have to live under the trees." She said, "The fort is the grace of the Master. You live according to the commandments of the Master, that is a fort, that will protect you from all sides." You know, when you really live directly under the grace of the Master, under the protection of the Master, you may be sitting anywhere in the forest, and this forest may even be full of beasts, they will not touch you at all.
You know, when SantKirpal Singh was in Dhera Dun, a lion used to come sometimes, only to have the darshan(glimpse)from Master. The lion was very punctual, he always came at four to see the Master. When Master raised His hand and said, "Well, go now", he did not stay, but immediately moved away. He obeyed the commandment of the Master. Similarly, there was abig snake, and it also used to be there at four early in the morning. It used to look towards the Master very attentively and once Master raised His hand, it used to creep back into its hole. It was also very obedient.
One day, when Biji and I were there, Master said, "If you want to see it, come along with me at four." It was His grace that He showed it to us. Man is supreme; he has the highest rung in the creation. This whole world is his servant, but he has forgotten it. He has to live in harmony by living for others, but man lives on othersinstead. We feed ourselves on others, how can we live in harmony with other beings? How can we create love in the heart of other peoplethis way? (If you are really in harmony with God), even the beasts and very dreadful animals will love you.
One time Guru Nanak was tending grazing buffaloes. It was very hot and He fell asleep in the scorching heat of the sun. A snake came and held his head in a position to give shade to His head. People passing by said, "O, the snake is giving shadow on the face of Guru Nanak. He is a holy person." I mean to say, when Masters come into the world, they do not only teach us human beings, they also teach the beasts, the lower species in the world; they bring this harmony everywhere. Their purpose is to bring harmony and peace. Now I tell you, where will this tiger go, where will this lion or this snake go? It is said that none has come in the world, none has got this human form without the grace of the Master. It is very, very difficult to come back into the human body, if one goes into the transmigration.
We have to create harmony by living for others, by leaving all attachments, and thus becoming human beings. And a human being is the only one who knows the purpose of human life. The purpose of human life is that we have to leave this body for all the time. We must not come back into this "manbody". Master says, "Then ifyou are sent into the world, you are sent as a doctor, not as a prisoner." A doctor also goes to the prison, but not as a prisoner. He goes to treat the prisoners, that is the purpose. So our purpose is to become fully conscious of the aim of our life. If we are conscious of that, we can be conscious of many things. And I tell you, everything will rise out of you, not from outside. It will grow out of you and it will spread outside; it will spread wide.
There is a beautiful example Master used to give: once Lord Vishnu invited gods, goddesses and demons. It was a rare chance that both gods and goddesses, and non-gods got together. Delicious dishes had been cooked and were spread on the tables. The host, Lord Vishnu, said, "It is all for you, but with one condition: while taking the food, you must not bend your arms." So all thought, "O, the food is very delicious, but we cannot take it." Thedemons were not able to think much about it, so they went away. They were angry and said, "No, we are not treated well, we will take revenge on Vishnu." The gods, however, thought, "Since it has been spoken by Lord Vishnu, there must be some meaning behind it, so we must think it over, we must solve this puzzle." At last they decided, "There is no problem, you feed me and I feed you. Then we do not need to bend our arms. "Is there any person who does not "bend the arms" (who always think of others first)? We should not bend our arms.
Masters come into the world to live hundred percent for others. And by living for others you create (an atmosphere of) harmony for others. Master lives for others, He creates harmony in the whole family. He develops one person in the family, and thus He creates harmony in the whole family. He creates harmony for the whole world, for all people who understand Him and rejoice in His grace. I tell you, this is not difficult; it is only that we have not understood it (our purpose). Nobody has realized it. When Masters come, they realize it and say, "It is your purpose, you do it, you live with it and you will find (it is true)." Once we have experienced this, we say, "O, it is a very good thing." If youreally help somebody, you will feel a certain radiation that you have never felt in your lifebefore. Then you say, "It is good to live for others, it is good to help others."
Master is the Power who teaches us to serve God and to serve others. Service to others means service to God; therein lies the fruit of life. The attention of the Master bears all what we need. It bears our eternal life. His attention transcends even the seven oceans. He can transcend and go everywhere in the world.
Once a man phoned from the USA. He was very sick and had to stay in hospital. He said, "Master, I have not seen you, but I have heard about you. I am very sick, I am very restless lying in the hospital, can you help me?" Master simply said, "Put your attention at the back of the two eyes." (And He explained something more to him.) The result was that he was happy. He phoned back, "Since I heard your advice, I am free from all problems." So Master is a wonderful phenomenon in the world. He gives this harmony to the heart of other people. He was sitting in India and within a moment He could help somebody inthe USA. I mean to say, it is the Masterpower alone that creates harmony, nobody else can do it. Some people can give you a lot of things, can provide more humanity to the world, but not this harmony. Harmony means this inner peace, not peace for the mind, but peace for the soul. The soul must understand, "I am the owner of this house, I am the highest of all."
This is the harmony that the soul must get. All are in the hand of the Godpower, provided we become like children. A child can get everything from the mother, because themother knows that the child knows nothing except her love, and it demands everything from her. The child knows only that much that her mother is great and she has everything, and she can provide everything to the child. When the child grows older, it says, "O, my parents cannot dothis, my father cannot dothat, he is not capable of giving me what I want." Later on the child is aware, but when it is still a small child, it sometimes becomes even naughty, "No, you can do it, you must do it for me!" A child is very proud of its mother. So we should become like children, then we can get everything from Him. But it is only possible when we do not let our intellect and our mind become a barrier. The child still has to develop intellectually, its mind stillhas to be developed, it is more conscious within. So as it is conscious, it is very proud of the Masterpower, the Godpower. So it says, "Whatever I demand, that will be given to me." Thereafter, (whenthe intellect and themind are interfering), one becomes narrow-minded. The more one becomes narrow-minded, the more he is away from the reality, the more he is away from the grace, and the more he lacks the harmony within – this harmony that is within the child when it is born. We all had this harmony, we were blessed with this harmony. And also this promise that we gave to our Father, that we will fulfill our purpose of human life and come back, that concerns this inner harmony. I mean to say, this harmony is not a separate subject; it is the root cause of our doing.
How can we create this harmony? Master described it beautifully – forgive and forget. The law of forgiveness is also the law of grace. The one who forgives and forgets becomes gracious and loveable to all, because he is full of devotion. Whatever he wants, he cancreateforothers.
There was a disciple, whose Master's name was Bheek. He was a very intoxicated person and always remained in the sweet remembrance of God. But whenever he went above the body-consciousness, people asked, "O Bheek, where are you?" He replied, "I am with God, I am God." They asked, "What is your religion?" He said, "My religion is Bheek." – "And who is your Master?" He answered, "My Master is Bheek." According to Islam they called this man an "unbeliever" and so he should have been beheaded. The king (who had to approve the death-sentence) was very wise, so he thought, "Let me ask Bheek and hear what he says." The king asked him, "Bheek, who is your God?" He answered, "He is Bheek by name." – "And who is your Master?" He said, "Bheek." – "And who are you?" He said, "I am Bheek." At that time there was severe drought, all the fields were drying, and so there was starvation already in the country. The king said, "Bheek, there has not been any rain for many months, can you ask your Bheek to help us with some showers of rain?" He said, "Yes, no problem, I will ask Him." The king set him free. On the second day there was heavy rain. Then the king asked him, "Bheek, maybe you have to spend a lot, I want to give you some villages as a donation." But Bheek ran away shouting, "O king, I don't want to bring such worldly things to my Master, to Bheek. My Master doesn't want these things, and I am also fully detached from them. You tell, whatever you need, my Bheek will give you everything, because you want it for others." So if you want something for others, this will be given to you; if you want it for yourself, God will not give it to you. You cannot have two things together: you want to go back and still you keep some wishes in your heart – that is impossible. Rise above the wishes! Conscious is theone who has no wish at all. He becomes a conscious co-worker of the divine plan. He knows, "I must becomewishless, desireless."
Thank you, I am wishing you all the gracious hand of our Master. Take Him as the Supreme Power in the whole creation. He is the saviour, He is the sustainer, and He belongs to all human beings, His hand supersedes all. All bow before Him. He is the God-into-action- Power. He can do everything for us. And the highest is: He can take you back to your "home eternal". And that is our wish, to go back home, this is the cry of the soul. If you really are at the level of your soul, devoid of your mind and intellect, your soul will cry out, "O God, I am disconnected from You, I am alone, help me!" This is the cry of the soul, and when the soul cries, help is there.
So to gain this inner harmony, the peace of the soul, we have to detach from the world. We have to live for others, we have to live for the Master. Master lives for others. So the mission of the Master is just to separate you from the world. This has always been the mission run by the Masterpower: to separate you from the worldly level, and while you are separating from it, you help others. People see you living in the world, but you yourself feel that you are above the world. That is a way of life. This is how we can detach from the world, while living in the world of attachments; how we can remain unattached in the world of attachments. This is the only way: to live for Master, to live for the mission, to live for others – this is the only way.


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The TWEEZER-Vac provides a gentler and easier alternative to tweezers when dealing with small components. Its soft Buna-N rubber suction cups won't scratch equipment and parts. With whisper-quiet operation, you will be able to pick and place objects from 0.19 to 100 mm in size. The long-life diaphragm vacuum pump generates up to 10 inches of mercury with an open air flow of 2.3 lpm.
This model is available as a 110V AC version (NA plug) or a 220V AC version (Europe), please select the appropriate model from the drop-down selection box at the bottom of this page.
Suction is broken by pressing a button on the side of the pen device. The pen body is constructed of sturdy silver aluminum, and rests in a holder mounted on the side of the vacuum pump. You can switch quickly between straight or bent probes, or attach cups to the pen unit itself. The cups can be used in temperatures from -5° F to 250° F (-20° C to 120° C). For higher temperatures, conductive silicone cups are available optionally (see below).


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Power Bank 1800mAh, 2000mAh, 2200mAh,2600mAh,2800mAh,3000mAh(10)
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(Reuters) - Proposed reductions in government payments for Medicare Advantage insurance plans - estimated at $11 billion by an insurance industry trade group - sent health insurer shares lower on Tuesday.
Humana Inc said that the planned cuts would affect its growth in 2014, and its shares fell as much as 10 percent. Insurers UnitedHealth Group Inc, Aetna Inc and Cigna Corp also were slightly down.
Medicare Advantage is the Medicare program in which private insurers provide health insurance to seniors and are reimbursed by the government.
"These changes will disrupt coverage for Medicare Advantage beneficiaries at a time when evidence clearly demonstrates that Medicare Advantage provides higher-quality care than the fee-for-service part of Medicare," Karen Ignagni, president of America's Health Insurance Plans, said in a statement.
On Friday, the government's Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced several proposed rules for Medicare programs, including lower payment rates for Medicare Advantage. Changes are now subject to a comment period and the final rules will be published on April 1, CMS said.
The government also proposed the level of profits that insurers can earn on their businesses, known as Medical Loss Ratios, for Medicare Advantage and Medicare prescription plans.
Insurers receive a set fee per person for Medicare Advantage's members from the government to pay doctors. In other Medicare health insurance plans, doctors are reimbursed by the government based on each service they provide. About 14 million people have Medicare Advantage plans, AHIP said.
Humana, which has about 2 million customers in Medicare Advantage, said in a regulatory filing that the government's proposed 2014 payment rates were too low.
The preliminary base payments rates for Medicare Advantage implied a mid-single-digit decline in rates for the company, Humana said. The company said it based its membership and earnings growth outlook for 2014 on the expectation that the base Medicare Advantage payment rate would be flat to slightly down.
"Humana is closely analyzing all operational avenues available to address those preliminary rates and the related impact upon the company's ability to grow both its Medicare membership and its earnings for 2014," Humana said in a regulatory filing.
Humana has said it expects 2013 earnings of $7.60 to $7.80 per share. Analysts expect 2014 earnings of $8.46 per share, according to Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S.
Changes in Medicare Advantage rates are part of President Barack Obama's healthcare overhaul. The government said in its announcement that Medicare Advantage rates have fallen 10 percent since the Affordable Care Act was passed in 2010.
The rate cuts and rule changes represent an 8 percent reduction in total for 2014 payments from 2013, or potentially worse, CRT Capital Group analyst Sheryl Skolnick said in a research note.
Should the rules become final, Skolnick said she would expect UnitedHealth to exit many Medicare Advantage markets and experience a significant or severe contraction in that business. But she said that as with past rule changes, expected lobbying over the next few weeks by insurers may affect the final rule.
Humana shares fell 6.4 percent to $72.98 in New York Stock Exchange trading. Shares in UnitedHealth Group Inc, another large provider of Medicare Advantage plans, were down about 1.8 percent at $56.28. Aetna fell 1.2 percent to $48.59 and Cigna dropped 1.6 percent to $60.10.
Cigna declined to comment. UnitedHealth and Aetna were not immediately available for comment.
Reporting By Caroline Humer; Editing by Maureen Bavdek and Nick Zieminski


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Dolce Vita Comfort Dual 10 Mattress by Magniflex
room service 360° is an authorized dealer of authentic Magniflex Italian mattresses and pillows. And with our 30 Day Lowest Price Guarantee and everyday low shipping, you will not find a better price on Magniflex Mattresses anywhere!
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"Great father and son team with an amazing eye for wildlife photography!" -Nancy & Gary Klein
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Detectives from the Malibu-Lost Hills Station in Los Angeles are still investigating whether or not teen pop sensation Justin Bieber battered a male photographer who took photos of Bieber and his girlfriend, Selena Gomez on Sunday afternoon.
The alleged victim, who requested medical attention for pain following the incident, has been interviewed by authorities, while witnesses and Bieber himself are scheduled for interviews as well, according to a statement from the Malibu-Lost Hills Sheriff's department.
Bieber however, isn't even in the country. Off for a series of "secret" shows in Europe to promote his upcoming album, "Believe," Biebs tweeted to his fans on Monday, "OFF TO EUROPE."


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How to Safely Thaw a Turkeyby admin
While Thanksgiving is all about food, family, fun and some football, lurking among the managed chaos in the kitchen is something called "The Danger Zone". To help keep your family safe and healthy this holiday, the temperature of food should always stay either above or below "The Danger Zone", 40 to 140 degrees. When thawing a turkey, it is especially important to do so correctly, or any bacteria that were on the frozen turkey prior to freezing could begin to grow again if the temperature reaches above 40 degrees. Here are some suggestions from the USDA on how to properly thaw a frozen turkey.
Keep Frozen until Ready to Thaw – A frozen turkey should be taken directly home from the grocery store and placed in a freezer. It is not safe to store a frozen turkey outside, in a cooler or any place where the temperature cannot be controlled.
Do Not Thaw on the Counter – Assuming that frozen meat or poultry will thaw safely at room temperature could potentially put your family in danger. While the inside of the turkey takes longer to thaw, the outer layer could quickly reach above 40 degrees, allowing bacteria to grow.
Thawing in a Refrigerator – A refrigerator is a great place to thaw your turkey, as long as the temperature of the refrigerator is set at 40 degrees or below. It takes approximately 24 hours for each 4 to 5 pounds of turkey. Plan ahead and your turkey will be safely and perfectly thawed by the time you are ready to cook.
Thawing in Cool Water – Another way to safely thaw a turkey is wrapped securely in a leak-proof bag and submerged in cool water. Allowing 30 minutes per pound, change the water every 30 minutes to ensure a proper thawing temperature.
Thawing in a Microwave – The fasted way to thaw a turkey is in the microwave oven. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for defrosting the turkey according to the size and weight.
Know When to Cook – If you thaw a turkey in the refrigerator, you have 1 to 2 days before it is necessary to cook the turkey. However, if you thaw your turkey in cold water or in the microwave, you must cook it immediately following thawing.
Once thawed, do not wash or clean your turkey in the sink. According to a British study, bacteria can spread up to 3 feet away when doing this. Today's turkeys are safe to season and cook immediately, without washing. Also, if you have purchased a stuffed frozen turkey, you must cook from the frozen state. Allowing the stuffed turkey to thaw will create opportunities for bacteria to grow in the stuffing. Make sure you clean surfaces which may have come in contact with any turkey juices with a cleanser or wipes containing bleach to kill bacteria left behind.
Follow these steps to ensure a safe holiday meal!


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horvÁth & partners is a CCH Tagetik Consulting Partner in germany
Horváth & Partners are the specialists for the corporate performance management and performance optimization of private and public sector organizations. As such they offer their clients consulting services from developing the business concept through to anchoring the solution in the company. Additionally, they also impart their knowledge through the Horváth Academy in the form of training seminars and further education events.
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The first and foremost means of God-realisation is love – love of the Lord all unsurpassed.
- Swami Tapovan Maharaj
Attachment is resistance to Godliness & Ego is resistance to self-expansion.
- Swami Abhedananda
Knowing how to think is more important than knowing what to think.
- Swami Tejomayananda
Welcome what comes, willingly give up what goes. There is no need to worry about either.
- Swami Tapovan Maharaj
What you meet in life is destiny. How you meet it is free will!
- Swami Chinmayananda
The knowledge of the Self is not a natural process. It only comes through effort graced by God and Guru.
- Swami Abhedananda
In spirituality, it is faith that matters, not intelligence!
- Swami Tapovan Maharaj
The glory of life is not in never falling. The true glory consists in rising each time we fall.
- Swami Chinmayananda
A narrow vision is divisive, a broad vision expansive. But a divine vision is all-inclusive.
- Swami Tejomayananda
What you have is all His Gift to you. What you do with what you have is your Gift to Him.
- Swami Chinmayananda
Spirituality is not in doing a particular action, but in doing every action in a particular way.
- Swami Tejomayananda
As water is to cleanse the body, the mind should be consistently purified with the nectar of Lord's glories.
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text: Toggle navigation The Harry Potter Lexicon Home Blog Lexicon Podcast Harry Potter Minute Essays Sources Support the Lexicon Feedback About the Lexicon Credits Privacy Policy Terms of Use Characters Harry Potter Albus Dumbledore Lord Voldemort Severus Snape Sirius Black Hermione Granger Ron Weasley Draco Malfoy more Places Hogwarts Diagon Alley Privet Drive Ministry of Magic HQ The Burrow more Magic Spells Potions Magical Objects Magical Plants more Events Harry is sorted into Gryffindor Battle of Hogwarts Death of James and Lily Triwizard Tournament more Things Quidditch Hogwarts Express Wands Daily Prophet Aurors Currency Converter more Creatures Dragons Hippogriffs House-elves Goblins Centaurs more Sources The Harry Potter Novels Other Potter Books Interviews Other Canon more Essays The Death Eaters: A Guide To Who Was Where Famous Wizard Cards Albus Potter and the lesson in Quantum Mechanics more Lists Magical People Government Wizarding Atlas more Snape family Home Characters Snape family A muggle/wizarding family who lived in Cokeworth. Notable members include: Tobias Snape Eileen Prince Snape Severus Snape Snape family School Related Entries Characters Tobias Snape Eileen Prince Snape Severus Snape Locations Cokeworth Events Severus Snape is born Commentary Pensieve (Comments) View 0 thoughts swirling around the pensieve. Add your own. Tags: families Editors: Steve VanderArk and Cathy McCabe Sources


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Nutrition Facts
Ingredients and Preparation
- Combine pork, olive oil, 1 tablespoon lemon juice, salt, and pepper in a large plastic resealable bag, and shake to coat. Marinate in refrigerator 1 hour to overnight.
- Place fruit on a plate, drizzle with 1 tablespoon lemon juice, and sprinkle with sugar.
- Prepare grill. Grill pork about 2 minutes on each side, or until cooked through. Remove pork from heat and set aside. Grill the fruit about 3 minutes on each side and serve with pork.


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20 November, 2007
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|By Jeremy Geelan
Article Rating:
|January 28, 2009 09:00 AM EST
Can GDrive (or Web Drive, or whatever they finally decide to call it) become a central repository for the entire Web-using public's digital data? That, among other questions, was being asked Web-wide yesterday as new rumors of Google's next giant leap into Cloud Computing surfaced and triggered animated discussion among the Crowd Crowd and elsewhere.
The original discussion was triggered by the 'accidental' leak of a Google internal memo last year that began:
"The applications people use every day, such as email, photo sharing, and word processing, are moving to the web because it's easier to share and access your data from anywhere when it's online, in one place," before continuing "With infinite storage, we can house all user files, including: emails, web history, pictures, bookmarks, etc and make it accessible from anywhere (any device, any platform, etc)."
Here we bring you a brief round-up fresh from the Blogosphere, of what's currently being said...
"The networks are consolidating, like one big virtual brain, and even though Google says it's secure, encrypted and all that, the privacy-lover in me sees red flags."
Molly Hall, writing at About.com
"Think of it as IMAP for everything. It'll happen, and when it does, our portable gadgets will become truly useful."
Charlie Sorrel writing at Wired.com
"It's a little bit like saying, 'We're in a dictatorship, the trains are running on time.' Does it matter to you that someone can see everything on your computer? Does it matter that Google can be subpoenaed at any time to hand over all your data to the American government?"
Peter Brown, Free Software Foundation, quoted by Maureen O'Gara
"Remember how, before Gmail, you counted webmail storage space in the megabytes? I have a feeling GDrive will do the same for web storage. All your info, everywhere, all the time. Think of it as IMAP for everything. It'll happen, and when it does, our portable gadgets will become truly useful."
JohnRL writing at The Lone Librarian
"In 2006, the idea seemed magical. Today, not so much. See, what Gdrive seems to be is an online storage service like any other at a time when cloud computing has become commoditized, showing up in everyday high-tech parlance rather than just as a fringe buzzword."
Opinion expressed at Straylog.com
"Google seems to argue that somehow this box will 'amalgamate all of its services' but I think it's a desperate attempt to think around a problem rather than dive in head-first and solve it. So what's the problem? It's this: Google's wasting its advantage in being early to market with cloud-based could-be solutions by not providing Enterprise-class cloud services. Google docs is great but it's totally focussed on the consumer end of the market. We need tools with more functionality, or at the very least we need them marketed at business."
MrWebService, writing in The Web Service Blog
But the last word, in the interests of fairness, goes to Google:
"There's a clear direction ... away from people thinking, 'This is my PC, this is my hard drive,' to 'This is how I interact with information, this is how I interact with the web.'"
Dave Armstrong, head of product and marketing for Google Enterprise, quoted by The Guardian newspaper, UK
- Swing Is Swinging Java Out of the Desktop
- Sun "Believes In IP" But Not In "IP Colonialism," Says Schwartz at Open Source Conference
- Does Sun's Desktop System 'Hijack' the Java Brand?
- Sun Swings and Misses Once Again with JavaFX
- Bye Bye Command Line; Amazon Releases Its AWS Web Console
- How to Create a Gadget for Google Desktop
- Google Web Toolkit: Finally Java Has Been Put into JavaScript!
- There May Be Trouble Ahead...
- Exclusive Q&A with Cloud Computing CEO Michael Crandell
- SOA & Cloud Bootcamp: Comparing Cloud Computing Providers


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Jul 09, 2019
Job Description: Coach – Pre-Competitive Group The Metro Atlanta Aquatic Club, LLC (MAAC) is looking for an hourly head coach for our pre-competitive level group. The pre-competitive group consists of swimmers between ages 5-10 who are newer to the sport of swimming. Our swimmers are learning the basics of competition strokes – butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and freestyle – and are working on swimming basics like starts, turns, streamline, kicking, etc. Coaching Credentials: (Must be completed prior to reporting on first day) -Foundations of Coaching Course -USA Swimming Background Check -Safe Sport Training -CPR/First Aid -Safety for Swim Coaches Coaching & Instruction: -Must coach and instruct swimmers during the training times submitted by the employer and at the discretion of the Head Coach -Notify Head Coach and Team Manager of all major parent complaints, issues that need to be addressed -Maintain accurate record of attendance in groups -Must record all workouts through Commit Swimming App/Website (if applicable) -Meet coverage is required for all meets where Pre-Competitive Swimmers are swimming Administrative Duties: -Maintain appropriate setup and clean up before and after practice each day (including equipment closet and dryland areas) -Must assist in evaluations for placement for MAAC swim program -Must adhere to the coaches training manual and hand book -Must attend coaches meetings (as scheduled) -Collaborate with Coaching Staff to create, design and manage season plans for Pre-Competitive Group -Update and Submit Meet entries through Team Unify for all meets with Pre-Competitive Swimmers Team Events/Functions: -Coaches Orientation and Season Planning Meetings -Attend Team Banquet in Spring -Attend State Team Dinner in February -Attend Annual TeamParent Meeting in Fall Travel, Room & Board: MAAC will provide the following for all travel meets (if applicable): -Hotel, room and board -$40 gas reimbursement for meets that require 20 miles or more of travel. -MAAC will provide per diem in the amount of $40 for travel meets in which host team do not provide meals and/or MAAC does not provide meals for coaching staff. -For travel meets, or coaches clinics, MAAC will provide all meals and travel and the coaches will not receive per diem and/or gas reimbursement. Coaches Apparel & Equipment Provided by MAAC: -5 MAAC T-Shirts -1 MAAC Hoodie/Sweatshirt -1 MAAC Polo Dress Code for Practice Sessions: -Any MAAC t-shirt/polo or sweatshirt Dress Code for Meets: -MAAC Polo Training Schedule: -Please refer to training schedule located on the team website www.maacswim.com -Coaches are expected to arrive at the pool no later than 15 minutes prior to the assigned practice time -All practices take place at the Campus Recreation Center at Georgia Tech, 750 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA Compensation: -Pay Rate $12-15/hour commensurate with experience and references Experience: -Competitive Swim Experience Required (high school level required, college level preferred) -Swim Lesson Teaching/Coaching Experience Required -Club Level Coaching Experience Preferred
The Metro Atlanta Aquatic Club, LLC 750 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, GA, USA Part time


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Shoes designed for climbing rocks. The fit of climbing shoes varies dramatically between manufacturers and styles, but don't let this worry you. If you buy a pair and they don't fit we will let you swap them for a different size, all we ask is that you don't climb in them before you send them back! To help you choose the right sized shoe first time around we have added a newsizing tool to our rock shoepages. We call it the Shoeculator.
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