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The evidence from evolution seems overwhelming that women have evolved a diversity of sexual strategies, all with the aim of getting the 'best' sperm based upon her position within the tribe.
Males and females do not represent two discrete populations, heterosexual and homosexual. The world is not to be divided into sheep and goats. Not all things are black nor all things white. It is a fundamental of taxonomy that nature rarely deals with discrete categories. Only the human mind invents categories and tries to force facts into separated pigeon-holes. The living world is a continuum in each and every one of its aspects. The sooner we learn this concerning human sexual behavior the sooner we shall reach a sound understanding of the realities of sex. (Alfred Kinsey, Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male, 1948)
While this may be a monogamous coupled relationship, as the research below shows, it is clear that there are many other strategies available to a woman as well.
* The shape of the penis causes it to act as sperm pump. The only explanation is to displace other male's sperm - thus it must have been common for the female to have sperm within her vagina from a variety of males.
* It is clear from evolution that the more promiscuous the female of the species is, the more 'sperm competition' strategies will evolve in the males (we have a great book on this, 'Dr Tatiana's Sex Advice to all Creation', by Olivia Judson).
Some species form such sticky / waxy semen that it becomes a plug that prevents other males fertilising the female. In human males there is also some Semen coagulation, and natural spermicide properties (to kill other male's sperm) which suggest the female was promiscuous.
Evolution, Human Reproduction & Fertilization: Semen Displacement as Sperm Competition Strategy
* Related to this, seminal fluid buffers acidity of vagina, creating more viable conditions for sperm.
Evolution and Group Sex: Successful Sex Strategy to be Last in Line
* There are benefits of multiple sex partners for sharing of diseases (and hormone function)
* By having multiple male partners the woman can confuse paternity (thus there is less chance of infanticide, males provide more help & food for raising young).
Sexual Evolution: Recent research challenges notion of Female Monogamy
* Women can have multiple orgasms (unlike men). This suggests that females evolved to have sex with a series of males in succession (which may partly explain the 'gang bang' fantasy of males).
Female Masturbation: A Variety of Techniques, Sexual Response & Multiple Orgasms
* Related to the above, children evolved to look more like their mothers (to confuse paternity). The male infanticide instinct is obviously more hostile to other male's children.
* The evolution of pornography. Males have evolved to watch other males having sex with woman, which aroused them in preparation for their turn.
* Similar to above, there is some instinct in males to masturbate in groups (waiting for turn with female).
* The woman's vagina is lubricated only at the beginning of sex. We suspect this is because seminal fluid also acts as a lubricant.
* Other primates are promiscuous. e.g. Bonobo (we need more research on this).
All in all the evidence is conclusive. Females have evolved to be promiscuous as one common strategy in their ancestry. And this diversity of behaviour is also shared by the males, creating a wonderfully rich and complex tapestry of sexual behaviours and strategies.
Sexual Evolution: Recent research challenges notion of Female Monogamy
For generations, biologists had assumed females to be naturally chaste, while males were renowned for their promiscuity. Now, hundreds of studies and a spate of books are challenging that conventional wisdom. Females of many species have evolved strategies for passing on their genes that involve copulating with multiple males - and recognition of that fact is literally changing our view of the birds and the bees.
'Natural selection, it seems, often smiles on strumpets,' says evolutionary biologist Olivia Judson, 'As a rule, loose females have more and healthier children.' ... On the surface, the conventional view made sense. Sperm seemed to come cheap to males, while eggs were expensive to females, which have to invest the time to raise offspring. ... Then came DNA paternity testing. The first and most extensive examples of polyandry were found among avian species, which was quite a shock to scientists because birds had appeared to be paragons of traditional family values.
Biologists have struggled to come up with broad theories for why females benefit from playing the field, but so far the reasons seem to vary widely according to species. A lot of complex theory boils down to this: A gal's got to do what's necessary to ensure the survival of her genes. In some cases, females may get more help around the home. In other cases, females swap sex for food - the more sex, the more food and the healthier their offspring. Promiscuity can also simply be a matter of survival. Male chimpanzees, for example, have been known to kill infants not their own. Frequent sex with several males can confuse paternity and act as insurance against harm to her offspring.
Females of many species have sex with multiple partners. Males, in turn, have adapted ways to ensure that their genes, and not those of competitors, are passed on. Understanding this co-evolution is changing our view of male and female sex roles.
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This story actually started a year ago when my girlfriends , most of who are bi as I am threw me a birthday party . One of the "joke" gifts was one of those inflatable dolls that caused a lot of laughs as it was intended . After the party I put it up on a shelf in my closet and forgot about it .
Fast forward to a month go . My three closest girlfriends all went on vacation to Jamaica but I had to back out as sudden job requirements woudn't allow the time off . So , I was sitting home alone one evening thinking of all the sex they were likely engaging in either with each other or some of the newbies they had hoped to meet there . This was making me extremely horny and after masturbating and finding myself still needing more my mind went to the blow up doll . At first I dismissed the thought as I am a healthy , attractive 28 y.o. old woman with normal sexual desires but the thought kept returning . I figured , what the hell .
I took the doll out of the box , laid it on the bed and inflated it with the pump that came with it . It looked really stupid with a clownish face and straight out arms and legs but lo and behold right in the center of it's body was this magnificent 8" cock as big around as my wrist ! It even had veins like a real one and a just right sized head at the top . Two latex balls sat under it . I felt it and it was cool to the touch so I got some hot water and soap to clean it and this warmed it up . I amazed myself in that I was actually getting wet as I stroked it . I was able to envision it as a real cock and I knew I had to go further . I placed my mouth over the head of this monster . It did have a slight rubbery taste and smell but by now none of that mattered as I was getting hot . I closed my eyes and slid my mouth down the length of it's shaft and it was easy to pretend it was one of my boyfriends cocks that I was going down on . When it hit the back of my throat I slid back up sucking hard on it as I do with a real cock and then runing my tongue around it's knob . I got into a regular rhythm sliding down the shaft and sucking back up . I honestly felt like I was giving someone a blowjob and this thought caused my nipples to get rock hard and what felt like a river to flow in my cunt . At the same time I realized that sucking on this thing was not going to be enough to satisfy me and I envisioned what I would do next with my new found friend .
After sucking on the dolls cock until my jaw ached I decided to try fucking him so I got out of my halter top , shorts and panties . Although it's cock was pretty big I felt my pussy could accomodate the size and I knew I was wet enough by now that entry should be easy but I got out my bottle of baby oil just to be sure . I have never had a really huge cock in me and I don't let my girlfriends do me with really large toys as I wish to maintain my snug passage . It gives me so much pleasure to feel my vagina enveloping that just right "size" whether it be a real cock or a vibrator or even a strap on . This 8 incher made me a little nervous ! Anyway , I applied a little baby oil on the shaft and spread it around , especially on the head to facilitate entry . I mounted the doll and placed the "swollen head" at the entrance to my pussy and moved it up and down until the wetness covered all . Needless to say , I was incredibly wet by now and even the rubbing of the rubber cock on my clit sent shivers of pleasure through me . Here goes I thought !
I easily slid down all the way in one motion but slowly and steadily as it was the first time until it hit my cervix and I felt his balls on my ass cheeks . I laid like that for a while enjoying the feeling of fullness . It was great knowing that I would be calling all the shots and doing all the movements with no concern about my partner cumming too quick . Okay , time to fuck I thought . I slid up slowly but unfortunaly I felt the doll follow me somewhat due to the suction of my cunt . This was not good but I was so hot by now there was no stopping . I slid my knees up and forward and placed my feet above the dolls knees and slid my pussy down . This time when I moved my ass up the doll stayed in place . I started a slow rocking motion impaling myself on it's cock and then sliding my pussy up to where the head was against my clit . I moved around a little getting such joy from the contact then down again for the fullness . I was loving it so much and could feel my juices running over the cock to the point I could take no more and started fucking in earnest . I bent my lower torso to get the cock to contact my clit and began actually slamming down and lifting my ass rapidly . I knew I was going to cum and I felt it start deep inside me . When my orgasm hit me me , it hit with atomic force . I could actually feel my flow run down all over it's cock and thighs as I lay there trembling . What a fantastic cum ! When my orgasm finally subsided I lay there in wonderment that this could happen to me . Then something dawned on me . This cock was just as hard as when I started and would always be ready for more action unlike most guys ! I figured , what the hell and moved the doll onto the floor in front of my full length mirror .
Just as I finished washing the dolls cock again and was thinking of how I wanted to fuck it next my doorbell rings ! I answer it to find it was Lisa , one of my girlfriends . Lisa is gorgeous and probably the sexiest of all of them . She is of Italian descent , 5'2" , athletic body , dark skin , deep chestnut brown hair and an adventurous side . I quickly threw on my ivory full slip I had worn to work that day , closed the bedroom door and opened the front door to let her in . Her first question to me was , "are you all right" ? Yes of course I answered but realized what I must look like having just fucked and had a most memorable orgasm . She says , "you look and smell like you just had sex" ! I apologized and said I was thinking of our friends in Jamaica and got so hot I masturbated which was actually true . She stated she had been thinking of them also and had gotten hot and come over to see if I was up for a little action which I usually am but was especially so as what I had just done and was intending to do had left me craving for more .
I wasn't sure how to handle the bedroom situation as I wasn't ready to admit I had just fucked a rubber doll although as I said , Lisa does have a bit of a wild streak . I decided to just keep quiet about it . When we were both on our second glass of Chardonnay on my couch she started coming onto me and we began to kiss . We talked and kissed for a while before I decided it was time to let her know how much I wanted this . I tasted her tongue then gave her mine to suck on . This was to let her know I was ready to proceed as all my friends know , I don't like being hurried or pushed . She slid the straps of my slip down and caressed my breasts and nipples which were still a little hard from my sex before . I pulled her halter top up and off and did the same feeling the weight of her breasts by gently lifting each of them in my palm in turn and kissing them . Lisa has the most beautiful 36C breasts , and always goes braless and in no time I had her nipples as hard as pebbles with my caressing . She made on O with her lips and placed it over one of my nipples . She swirled her tongue around my entire nipple then flicked it over the hardening tip repeatedly and then moved over and did the same to the other one . Then she tried to suck my entire left breast into her mouth but her mouth is too small . Oh my , I can feel it starting again I thought as I felt the wetness once again begin in my vagina . After a while doing this she put her hand on my thigh and rubbed upward in a circular motion and I slowly spread my legs apart to give her access . She slid her hand all the way up pushing up my slip as she went toward her goal . She placed her hand flat against my pussy and exclaimed , "you've been doing more than masturbating haven't you ?" as she looked toward my bedroom door . It was then I realized how swollen and slippery my labia must be from the fucking . She all ready had me going so I figured what the hell .
I made her promise not to tell any of our other friends and brought her into the bedroom and showed her my new "toy" laying on the floor with it's cock standing at attention just waitng for more pussy ! She smiles and says " Oh WOW ! I see ! Oooo , how kinky !" as it became clear to her what had gone on . Our foreplay had us both excited so when I suggested we include my new friend in our lovemaking she promptly replied ok !
I wasn't quite sure how to start at this point so I asked Lisa if she wanted to mount the doll and having never done this she suggested I show her how to start . I said I would be happy to oblige with a smile on my face . I warmed the dolls cock again with a hot towel and mounted it and sat up straight making sure Lisa could see the cock entering my pussy . I once again put the head at my opening and started down . I thought I would be wet enough after the foreplay on the couch but found I had to rise up and go back down a couple of times to spread my wetness before its cock was all the way in me . With my eyes locked on Lisas I slowly began a rocking motion and soon felt the feeling beginning again . I think part of it was the strangeness of the situation and of course Lisas glazed eyes watching my every movement . "Heather , let me remove this " she said and I realized I had not removed my slip in my anxiousness . I nodded and she grasped the straps and gave a tug . As the fabric slid over my breasts it generated a little more arousal as my nipples were super sensitve by now . Smiling , I said "Lisa , let me remove these" referring to her shorts . When I had done this , she was standing there with only the cutest little bikini panties on and right in the center of the crotch was a big red kiss which without hesitation she pressed against my lips . This was all being reflected in my full length mirror and the view at that moment will always be in my mind ! I slipped her panties down to reveal her shaved pussy . Oh wow I thought . I could feel my orgasm starting in me as I continued to fuck the doll but Lisa would have no part of this . "My turn" she says and although I was reluctant to part with the doll , (Lisa can be a real demanding bitch) I slid up off the cock so she could have a turn . She shocked me by getting on the floor and putting her mouth over the dolls cock ! "I wanted to taste you and didn't want it getting cold " she said smiling . This was getting soooo hot ! She spun around and in one smooth movement impaled herself on the dolls cock . I think her saliva and my juices helped the entry . She started moving up and down and soon moans started escaping her lips . "I've had bigger but there's something about this cock that has my motor racing " she said . By now I was going crazy as my interrupted orgasm was not subsiding much . I placed my feet on either side of the dolls chest , bent back and offered Lisa my pussy . I held my labia open for her and she took the hint and started licking up and down my slit all the while fucking the doll . I didn't know where all this was heading but there was no way either of us wanted it to stop . She continued riding the dolls cock and licking my slit but it wasn't long before I felt her moving faster and I knew her orgasm was fast approaching . I whispered , "Lisa , slide your tongue in me as far as possible when you cum ". When her orgasm started I pulled her face into my open pussy . When she came it was as if it was me cumming for I felt every little tremor as they passed through her body right into the core of me . Why I didn't cum also I will never understand but the night was still young I thought with a smile . When she finally climbed off the doll she was pretty limp and headed for the bed . I beat her to it , spread my legs wide and up and said "Lisa , you have had me on the edge since the living room so put your mouth on my cunt and lick me until I cum !" She loves it when I talk that way . She climbed between my legs and placed the tip of her tongue right on my anus (she's a nasty little bitch and she knows how sensitive I am there) . After swirling her tongue around a while she moved up and put the flat of her tongue right on my openess , folded it and slid it into me . I was so damned hot and close that as soon as she placed her puckered mouth on my clit and ran her tongue over it I started to cum and cum and cum . This was truly an orgasm to match my earlier one ! When she finally moved her mouth off me a string of my juices connected her mouth to my slit like a cobweb . She slid up next to me and I could smell the result of our lovemaking on her face as we laid side by side . "That was soooo nice Lisa " I said and she replied with an mmmm snuggling up to me .
We chatted , kissed and caressed lightly keeping the mood alive and giving our bodies a much needed rest but it wasn't long before Lisas body temp. started to rise with mine right behind . Apparently Lisa wanted to skip the preliminaries and rolled me gently onto my back , turned her body around swinging one leg over me until I was looking directly into her pussy . It wasn't too difficult to see what she wanted . She spread my inner lips and put her tongue inside me rubbing my clit with her chin . This woman knows how to treat a sex partner right ! I wrapped my arms around her thighs and spread her cute little cheeks exposing both her anus and slit . I first gave her anus a little pressure with my tongue tip . This caused her to moan big time as she likes this as much as I do . I prefer the taste of cunt so I slid my tongue into her vagina which was as smooth as a babys butt due to her recent "shave" and like her found my chin pressing on her clit . I rocked my head back and forth sliding my tongue onto her clit , sucking for a while then back inside her tunnel as she lifted her ass to accomodate me . The feeling of her bald pussy on my lips and cheeks was driving me crazy ! She was doing amazing things with her mouth also . This went on for some time for we had both cum and wanted this one to be a slow easy fuck . I could feel her saliva and my flow running down the crack of my ass which heightened the joy . I knew what was coming so I lifted my thighs higher and wider . This of course allowed Lisa to easily pentrate my anus with a finger whereas I had to wet one of mine with her juices to allow easy penetration of her other hole . Lisas moans got louder and closer together and I sensed she was getting close and this got me hotter . We both inserted our fingers deeper into each others anus . She started licking me faster signaling that I should do the same. I did so and rocking to and fro we came together . It was the kind of moment only two women can share ! We kept our mouths locked to eachothers source of pleasure revelling in the moment until finally Lisa once again turned and lay next to me .
We finally got up and showered together . I then lit a candle and brought the wine into the bedroom where we had another glass . This was more in line with our usual lovemaking but the doll had added a nice touch . After finishing the wine Lisa said she wanted to fuck one more time . She's a hot blooded Italian and can be insatiable . I asked her if she wanted to fuck the doll or have me do her with my strapon . She chose the strapon because as she said , "the doll don't have tits !" and I laughed as I knew she loves my breasts .
"OK , wait a minute" . I went to my dresser and took out my toy slipped it around my waist and approached the bed . I personally think this must look a little foolish . Here I am an attractive woman with nice firm 34C breasts and a 7" cock sticking out from my crotch but Lisa is turned on by this as are my other girlfriends . I slid into bed and we once again started to kiss . She spent a lot of time on my breasts as she hadn't had a lot of time before and of course had my nipples rock hard as she licked and sucked gently on them . Then I took a turn doing the same . Lisas breasts are incredible as I said and I wasn't going to miss out on this . She held the back of my head as I kissed and sucked on hers . "Heather , I'm ready so lay on your back so I can ride you first ". I did so and Lisa swung a leg over me sitting up so I could continue caressing her breasts and worked the artificial cock into her slit . What a sight ! I watched glassy eyed as the "cock" disappeared into her pussy and on the upward motion she would open herself so I could see her inner lips and clit. Yipes , this was amazing I thought . On the down move she would press her lips inward to get max contact . We fucked like this for quite some time before I asked Lisa if I could fuck her for a while and she agreeed . Without losing contact we rolled over gently until I was on top . She wrapped her legs around my back and locked her heels together as I slid my toy in and out of her . As I fucked her we caressed eachothers breasts thumbing the nipples which were all rock hard at this point . I leaned down and sucked real hard on hers all the time pumping my butt up and down entering her pussy then pulling out to the very edge , hesitating then sliding back in again . She was loving this all the time moaning softly and telling me how much she loved me and loved fucking with me . This was one of those slow comfortable screws we both love but after quite some time I could sense that Lisa had decided she needed to cum and then she said "Oh my beautiful Heather , I feel it starting deep inside my cunt" . I started to pump a little harder for her sake but again she took charge , rolled me over onto my back . She started fucking in earnest riding my "cock" as her moans got louder . "Oh Heather , oh Heather I am getting close " she mumbled . I watched her fucking upright and saw why I loved her so much . Her eyes were slits , mouth slightly open breathing hard , truly gorgeous ! . "Oh my , oh my , Heather I'm cumming , I'm cumming " . She lowered her torso onto me so we were breast to breast as she knows I love this as it enables me to feel her tremors as they overtake her body . When her orgasm finally subsided and after a brief rest she removed the strapon from my waist , placed it on herself and fucked me (she on top of course) until I cum which didn't take very long as my orgasm had been building throughout our first strapon session . She rolled off me after a while , removed the toy and lay next to me and we lay in eachothers arms . We thanked one another for a most wonderful time and I suggested she spend the night as it was getting really late .
It was a Friday and I didn't have to go into my office Saturday and Lisa has her own business so could pretty much go in when she wanted to . This coupled with the fact that we were both utterly exhausted from the lovemaking with the doll and eachother so she agreed . Lisa sleeps nude as I do so that wasn't a problem but we found being after midnight all we both wanted was some sleep . After cleaning up we both slipped into bed and into eachothers arms . There was a little light kissing but as I said we were both exhausted so nothing more was going to happen this night . Just for chuckles though , just before Lisa nodded off I got the doll and put him into bed between us . His cock made a bump in the sheet that was covering us and we had one last laugh before Lisa entered dreamland with one hand on its cock .
Sometime during the wee hours I was having this incredibly sexy dream . I dreamed Lisa was fucking me with my strapon again and I swear I could actually hear her moans and the bed rocking . Something brought me out of my dream and there was Lisa riding that rubber cock . "I'm sorry . I was trying not to wake you by going slowly " she said . "I awoke really hot and needed just one more fuck". As tired as I was I was not going to miss this so I slid the sheet down over her magnificent body onto the floor . The moonlight was coming through the blinds and gave just enough light that I could see all . I don't think she or any of my other girlfriends have ever been more beautiful . She kept her pace down for my benefit and I layed on my side watching this gorgeous bitch fucking my doll . My hand eventually found it's way down to my pussy and I was surprised at the wetness I found there . She held off her orgasm to allow me to catch up for she wanted me to cum with her . She kept on fucking the doll slowly watching me as I placed two fingers into my pussy , stroked a few times and then lifted my fingers to my clit and rubbed it in a circular motion . After doing this a few times I realized this wasn't going to take long at all . I offered my fingers to Lisas mouth and she gently sucked on them telling me how much she loved my taste and my scent . I returned them into my tunnel and onto my clit and resumed with my other hand tweaking my nipples . I timed my penetration to her pumping and on the upstroke I would rub my clit vigorously then back in as she slid down . This went on for maybe five minutes when she moaned , "Oh god Heather , I'm going to cum again " and I was right there with her with my flow running onto the sheet . She slid onto me and we kissed as we shuddered together to an exhausting finish . We fell asleep in eachothers arms but before I did I peeked over at the doll and I swear it had a grin on it's face !


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Social conservatives fight back
The preferred plot line for many in the GOP establishment for revitalizing their party goes something like this: They move to a more libertarian stance on key social issues — particularly same-sex marriage — and the Bible-thumping, evangelical wing of the party meekly complies, realizing times have changed.
One problem with that scenario, however: The Christian Right, while a diminished force, doesn't like how that story ends at all.
Story Continued Below
Leading cultural conservatives, including the movement's standard-bearers from the past two presidential campaigns, have had it with Republican elites faulting them for the party's losses and are finally ready point a finger back at the establishment.
"Look, the Republican Party isn't going to change," former Sen. Rick Santorum said in an interview. "If we do change, we'll be the Whig Party."
( PHOTOS: Rick Santorum's career)
Santorum continued: "We're not the Libertarian Party, we're the Republican Party."
Former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee, who carried the Christian conservative torch in 2008, pointed to the drop-off in enthusiasm among Republicans following George W. Bush's victories.
"The last two presidential elections, we had more moderate candidates, so if anything a lot of conservatives went to the polls reluctantly or just didn't go at all," said Huckabee in a separate interview. "If all of the evangelicals had showed up, it may have made a difference."
Huckabee and Santorum are reacting to the conventional wisdom that has swept through much of the Republican political class since the party's latest presidential thumping last November: We're getting our hats handed to us because young voters, minorities and women are turned off by our social stances and rhetoric.
( PHOTOS: Republicans on how to fix the GOP)
To reach these increasingly crucial voters, this explanation continues, we must moderate on tone and perhaps even substance when it comes to issues like gay marriage and abortion.
The argument began immediately after the election but has intensified in the wake of the Republican National Committee's scathing self-review and as the Supreme Court has heard the legal challenge to restrictions on same-sex marriage. It has been articulated by both the usual mix of donors and operatives, and by the emerging libertarian wing of the GOP represented by Sen. Rand Paul of Kentucky.
Yet during this season of Republican soul-searching, comparatively little has been heard from the party's social conservatives. It has been the would-be reformers — citing gay marriage, politically damaging comments on abortion and the need for immigration reform — who have dominated the discussion. Given the makeup of the modern Republican coalition, the social conservatives' relative absence has been striking.
( Also on POLITICO: A Gingrich-Santorum ticket?)
For decades, the Christian conservative bloc has represented, alongside the business community, one of the GOP's twin pillars. With changing demographics, ever greater distance from the 1960s backlash and the Obama-era focus on fiscal issues rather than the traditional culture wars, however, the voice of social conservatives seems to have become more muted.

subset: commoncrawl


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Wall Street response to iPhone 4S muted, but optimisticFollowing Apple's unveiling of the iPhone 4S on Tuesday, Wall Street's response was relatively subdued, though analysts remain optimistic that Apple sales growth will continue to rise.
Apple took the wraps off the iPhone 4S at its "Let's Talk iPhone" event. The fifth-generation handset is a "world phone" that carries the same external form factor as the iPhone 4, but boasts a faster processor, improved antenna design and new Siri voice recognition functionality.
Shares of Apple experienced volatility on Tuesday in light of Apple's announcements. The stock slide from a close of $374.60 on Monday to as low as $355.18 during the day on Tuesday, before rallying back to close at $372.50, down just 0.56 percent.
The general response by the public appears to be largely underwhelmed. But, several Wall Street analysts noted the disappointment, while also reiterating their confidence in Apple's continued growth.
Piper Jaffray
Piper Jaffray analyst Gene Munster sent a note to investors saying that Apple's announcements at its "Let's Talk iPhone" event were in line with expectations.
"The bottom line is that while investors may be disappointed by the lack of a redesigned iPhone, we believe the iPhone 4S will meet or exceed unit expectations, as it represents the first iPhone launch at two major US carriers (Verizon and Sprint) along with KDDI in Japan," he wrote.
Munster believes the launch of the device will attract long lines, based on survey data from August. According to him, there is pent up demand for the iPhone 4S, as 64 percent of mobile phone users surveyed in August indicated plans to buy an iPhone the next time they purchase a new phone, with 36 percent of those surveyed saying they would wait for the "iPhone 5." But, it should be noted that the survey had a small sample size of just 216 respondents.
Verizon and Sprint are expected to give Apple a sales boost, even without a redesign of the iPhone's externals. Munster remains comfortable with his 25 million unit estimate, given the level of demand expected from the two carriers. According to him, Sprint should have the highest backlog of demand, though large numbers of Verizon customers who passed on the iPhone 4 and have been waiting for a next-generation Apple handset are also predicted to buy the iPhone 4S.
74 percent of Verizon subscribers who do not have an iPhone but plan to buy one as their next mobile phone were waiting specifically for the fifth-generation model, compared to 53 percent of AT&T subscribers, Munster noted.
Analyst Mike Abramsky said Tuesday that a drop in Apple's stock price was "not unexpected" because the announcements only met expectations. He remarked that updates in the iPhone 4S and iOS 5 are "largely evolutionary," though he did note that the Siri voice assistant was "cool."
The analyst recommends investors buy shares of Apple on weakness, as he remains positive on Apple in the longer-term.
"Similar to the iPhone 3GS (which was evolutionary vs. the iPhone 3G), we believe investors should not underestimate the potential upgrade cycle of the iPhone 4S," he said, adding that RBC survey data shows "unprecedented" demand for the iPhone 4S.
Abramksy sees iCloud and iOS 5 as important differentiators that will help lock users into the Apple ecosystem. Also, the addition of Sprint as an Apple carrier partner will expand the iPhone's addressable market by 25 percent in the U.S.
He pointed out that the new $0 iPhone 3GS will psychologically provide a "compelling offer" to consumers, potential doubling Apple's addressable market to 150 million smartphones per year.
On page 2 of 2: J.P. Morgan, UBS and Morgan Stanley.


text:
Pentagon's sexual-assault prevention chief steps down
WASHINGTON — The director of the Pentagon's sexual-assault prevention efforts is retiring, after a year in which estimates of sexual misconduct spiked and he was implicated in an effort to cover up abuse at a hospital in Afghanistan.
Army Maj. Gen. Gary Patton has led the Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office. His office was responsible for the study this spring that estimated there were 26,000 instances of unwanted sexual contact in the military in 2012, an increase of more than a third compared with 2010.
Meanwhile, the Pentagon's inspector general announced this fall that it had determined Patton and his boss, Lt. Gen. William Caldwell, had improperly tried to hinder the staff at their training command in Afghanistan in 2011 from talking to investigators about poor conditions at a hospital there.
Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel praised Patton, who also led troops in combat in Iraq, in announcing his retirement.
"He has a history of tackling tough assignments, and I want to thank him for the transparency, energy, persistence and strong leadership he has brought to the department's sexual-assault prevention and response program over these past 18 months," Hagel said in a statement. "I met with him every week and always have counted on his expertise. Maj. Gen. Patton has made a lasting, positive impact on our program and on the men and women of our military."
Patton will be replaced by Maj. Gen. Jeffrey Snow next month.
Patton declined to comment on his retirement.
Advocates for sexual-assault victims and whistle-blowers said his departure was overdue.
Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand, D-N.Y., has led an effort to overhaul the military's judicial system to deal with the sexual-assault crisis. She questioned Patton's fitness for the job.
"There are serious questions about Gen. Patton's conduct involving blocking an independent investigation, so I am concerned this decision is more about avoiding getting to the bottom of what happened in that case," Gillibrand said in a statement.
Danielle Bryan, executive director of the Project on Government Oversight, a non-partisan watchdog group, said Patton was the wrong choice for the job.
"Patton was not the right person to lead this important program, and his retirement is the first step in restoring credibility to the Pentagon's promise of reducing sexual assaults in the military," she said.
In an interview with USA TODAY this summer, Patton said eradicating sexism and sexual harassment from the military were key to stemming its crisis with sexual assault.
"It's the climate of dignity and respect where there are no instances where sexual harassment, sexist behavior, sexual assault are tolerated," Patton said. "How will we know when we get there? We'll know when we get there when a sexist remark is treated with the same absolute disdain and visceral response as a racist slur is today in the military. We have a ways to go to get to that point."
Patton, along with then-Gen. Carter Ham, were among the first general officers to acknowledge that they had suffered from post-traumatic stress. In an interview in 2008, Patton told USA TODAY that his experience commanding a brigade in Iraq that lost 69 soldiers dogged him at home in Fort Carson in Colorado.
STORY:General's story puts focus on stress stemming from combat
He worked with a counselor to deal with the issue and said it was incumbent on generals to talk about it.


text:
whereisjames needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 122 designs submitted by 27 freelance designers.
we charge a flat rate for EV (electric vehicle) charger installation
be able to tell what we do by looking at the logo, maybe a little eco, and service in the design. maybe a car in the design?
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
Fixing Pinball machines around the Central Coast and Newcastle areas ,
Pinball circuit boards repaired , Prom / Eprom programming and Pinball
rom sales.
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Carrying a tired child and a large plastic bag of possessions, Mallon Dgirhoulalimbay and his family are among the thousands walking home to Chad's capital, N'Djamena, after a rebel attack on the city earlier this month forced them to flee to neighboring Cameroon.
He's spent nearly a week in the Cameroonian border town of Kousseri, where he, his wife, and five children have squatted uncomfortably under a tree with their few belongings gathered about them. Though glad to be leaving Cameroon, he knows his troubles are not over.
"I'm going back, but I know it's not going to be easy," says Mr. Dgirhoulalimbay, as he begins the 15-mile walk to N'Djamena from the Cameroon border. "My house is OK, but I hear many things have been looted in town. And if the rebels come back, we'll be running to Cameroon again."
The attempted coup in Chad, which was repelled by government forces last week, has created yet another humanitarian emergency in a region already struggling to cope with hundreds of thousands of refugees. Existing aid operations that keep some half a million people alive in eastern Chad could be jeopardized, says the United Nations. Meanwhile, Chad has threatened to force 250,000 refugees from its territory after blaming them for worsening tensions with neighbor Sudan, which it says backed the rebels who launched the attempted coup.
At the peak of the exodus from N'Djamena last week, more than 30,000 Chadian refugees were officially registered in neighboring Cameroon, though more were absorbed by the local community, making accurate head counts difficult. The UN estimates that 20,000 refugees will remain in Cameroon in the medium term, needing food, water, and other basics. More Chadian refugees are being looked after by authorities 300 miles farther west, in Nigeria.
Many of those returning say they are heading back to Chad because they cannot cope with the poor conditions in Cameroon, where thousands of other refugees are sheltered in crumbling schools or sleeping outside.
Father of three Bouahima Razaki says that he and his family have had nothing to eat or drink for days. "Our children are getting ill from sleeping out in the night. It's better to go home; security or no security." A crowd gathered to listen in agrees with him in loud voices.
Maurizio Giuliano, of the UN's Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in N'Djamena, says that distribution of food and water for up to 50,000 people began in Cameroon on Saturday.
"We would encourage refugees who feel it is safe enough to do so, to come back," says Mr. Giuliano. "Whatever aid they receive in Cameroon should not encourage them to stay."
The UN aims to provide the same services slowly being made available to refugees in Cameroon to the population of N'Djamena – both those who stayed throughout the fighting and those who are just returning. But that will not be easy.
Even though government forces, with military support from former colonial power France, repelled the rebels within two days, many public buildings were shot at, broken into, and partially burned down.
Hundreds died in the fighting and thousands were injured, according to the Red Cross.
In the aftermath, looting has been a major problem, including robberies of homes, businesses, and the stores of humanitarian organizations. Traders at the main market in N'Djamena either lost their wares to the fire that started when a government helicopter dropped a bomb meant for rebels, or saw what remained carted off by looters.
"Our town is broken, our market is broken. We have lost our brothers, our sisters, and our parents here, in these events," says office worker Ahmat Ahidjo, close to the market where smoke still rises from the burned-down stalls.
For now, a heavy presence of government forces wearing turbans and sunglasses against the harsh desert sun patrols the streets of N'Djamena providing a semblance of order that will take time to fully be restored.
Top UN officials have repeatedly voiced concern that the recent and ongoing instability in N'Djamena could jeopardize operations in the east of the country. There, some 250,000 refugees from the conflict in Sudan's Darfur region, and more than 100,000 Chadians displaced by the same conflict as well as some 50,000 refugees from the Central African Republic are reliant on international aid.
The European Union resumed deployment Tuesday of a much-awaited peacekeeping force to eastern Chad. The deployment had stalled because of the coup attempt, but Chad is blaming the refugees they are sheltering for the instability, further complicating the situation.
"We are being attacked by Sudan because of these refugees," Chad's Prime Minister Nouradin Koumakoye told reporters in N'Djamena on Monday.
"We demand that the international community transfer the population [of Sudanese refugees] from Chad to Sudan to free us," said Mr. Koumakoye. "We want the international community to look for another country so that the Sudanese can leave. If they cannot do it, we are going to do it."
This is not the first time that President Idriss Déby's government has said the Sudanese refugees are not welcome in Chad. Following a previous rebel attack in 2006, that Chad said had Sudanese backing, only intense international pressure forced Chad to back down and allow the refugees to stay.
Sudan has repeatedly denied that it backs Chadian rebels seeking to oust Mr. Déby.
But many Chadian refugees in Cameroon put their country's troubles firmly at the feet of their president for not entering into dialogue with the rebels, many of whom are related to the president or former members of his government.
Young men like Julian Ndoubanom, a student, say that Déby – who seized power in a 1990 coup – is so desperate to hold onto power that young men were being forced to fight against the rebels.
"Some of my friends were out playing football when we heard of the rebel approach," says Mr. Ndoubanom. "They were taken away, and I haven't seen them since."
Boris Behoudim also says he is frightened of being forced to fight for the government if he goes back to Chad. He says he's not going back until there's peace.
"For us to get peace in our country, maybe our president must leave or maybe he needs to get another solution to what the rebel groups are asking for. If not, we are not ready to get peace in our country," says Mr. Behoudim. "And I am not ready to go back to N'Djamena."
• For more on how Chad's refugees are surviving the turmoil, go to csmonitor.com.


text:
The Collegiate Church of Jerichow was built in 1150 for the Order of the Premonstratensians. It was created on the eastern edge of the German Empire at that time, near the Elbe River and is one of the first brick buildings in Northern Europe. Models for them come from northern Italy, and the church was probably built with the help of construction workers from there.
Today's very cool impression is the result of the restoration in 1850 by F. von Quast, though originally the walls were not plastered as well for the most part.
The crypt in the east was built in the course of an extension of the church as early as 1200, so the choir room was set higher. On the underside of the archs of the crossing in the choir remnants of original paint are are still visible.
The panorama shots were taken handheld
Wikipedia (Google Translation): here
To the panorama taken in the choir: here
Germany? Before the beginning there was Ginnungagap, an empty space of nothingness, filled with pure creative power. (Sort of like the inside of my head.)And it ends with Ragnarok, the twilight of the Gods. In between is much fighting, betrayal and romance. Just as a good Godly story should be.Heroes have their own graveyard called Valhalla. Unfortunately we cannot show you a panorama of it at this time, nor of the lovely Valkyries who are its escort service.Hail Odin, wandering God wielding wisdom and wand! Hail Freya, hail Tyr, hail Thor!Odin made the many lakes and the fish in them. In his traverses across the lands he caused there to be the Mulheim Bridge in Cologne, as did he make the Mercury fountain, Mercury being of his nature.But it is to the mighty Thor that the Hammering Man gives service.Between the time of the Nordic old ones and that of modern Frankfort there may have been a T.Rex or two on the scene. At least some mastodons for sure came through for lunch, then fell into tar pits to become fossils for us to find.And there we must leave you, O my most pure and holy children.Text by Steve Smith.


text:
It was right around this time last year that the financial crisis became a panic that brought down some of Wall Street's giants and caused market conditions in general to deteriorate so dramatically. Thus, now is good time to consider what caused this crisis.
John Taylor, a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and a professor of economics at Stanford, tackles this question in a slender book called Getting Off Track. Taylor's thesis is that government actions and interventions caused, prolonged, and worsened the financial crisis. In this post, I deal only with his analysis of causation.
The classic explanation of financial crises, Taylor observes, is that they are caused by excesses that lead to a boom and an inevitable bust. In this case, "we had a housing boom and bust, which in turn led to financial turmoil in the United States and other countries."
Taylor argues that the housing boom was caused mostly by monetary excesses. He shows that from mid-2002 until 2005 the Fed rate was substantially below the rate indicated by the "Taylor Rule." That rule is, so named by The Economist I think, is essentially a model that derives the appropriate interest rate from the inflation rate and GDP using as the benchmark the monetary policy during the 1980s and 1990s when the U.S. economy experienced a period of great stability and growth. Taylor views the Fed's deviation as purposeful – an attempt to avoid deflation – and thus calls it a discretionary government intervention, i.e., a deviation from the regular way of conducting policy in order to address a specific problem.
Taylor contends that by slashing interest rates more than normal policy would have dictated, the Fed encouraged a housing boom. He bases his case on a model, developed that estimates what housing starts would have been had the Fed set interest rates in a manner consistent with the Taylor Rule. According to his model, housing starts in 2005 would have been approximately 1.6 million units, as compared to the actual figure of approximately 2.1 million.
Monetary policy is not the only culprit in the housing boom and bust. Taylor also blames the use of subprime mortgages. He notes, however, that the excessive risk taking associated with such mortgages was related to the Fed's low-interest monetary policy. The low interest rates inflated the value of houses, which lowered the foreclosure rate (the benefits of doing whatever it takes to hold on to one's home are far greater when its price is rising). The lower foreclosure rates, in turn, masked the risk associated with underwriting subprime loans.
The problems were amplified when the adjustable-rate subprime loans were packaged into mortgage-backed securities of great complexity. This phenomenon meant that people didn't know where the bad mortgages were and which banks were holding them. "That risk in the balance sheets of financial institutions has been at the heart of the financial crisis from the beginning," says Taylor.
Finally, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, both government sponsored entities, were encouraged to expand and buy mortgage-backed securities, including those formed with risky subprime mortgages. Legislation such as the Federal Housing Enterprise Regulatory Reform Act of 2005 were proposed to control these excesses. However, Democrats like Barney Frank made sure they were not passed into law [note-the point about Frank and the Dems is my editorial comment; Taylor is relentlessly non-partisan in his economic analysis] Thus, Taylor concludes, "the actions of those agencies should be added to the list of government interventions that were part of the problem."
In future posts, I'll present Taylor's analysis of what went wrong after the government intervened in response to the crisis.
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text:
Pink Lace with PG Cross Candy Wrapper
Baptism & Christening Candy Bar Wrappers
Pink Lace with PG Cross Candy Wrapper, Item# CB119FC
Note: Sparkles are simulated and will not light up.
Pink Lace with PG Cross Candy Wrapper, Item# CB119FC
Note: Sparkles are simulated and will not light up.
Pink Lace Cross PG Return Address Labels
What would sweeten your special occasion more than a customized Candy Bar Wrapper with a delicious chocolate bar inside? Recipients will be thrilled with this unique favor!
"Pink Lace" features a pink faux finish background with a Grey & white vertical lace strip along the left side. A beautiful pink and mint green cross provides an elegant finishing touch for this design.
Wrappers come unassembled, however we will email you assembly instructions.
The wrapper is designed to fit a 1.55 oz. Hershey's® Candy Bar. Note: foil is not included. Our wrappers fit directly over the Hershey's® Candy Bar Wrapper.
Due to the hot summer months and the chance of chocolate melting while in transit, we temporarily do not offer the Hershey's Chocolate Bars with the wrappers.
You will be able to select the typestyle and ink colors to use for your personalized text during the design process. Start by clicking on the green 'Personalize and Continue' button. We recommend using the default typestyle and ink colors.
|Item Type:
|Candy Bar Wrapper
|Candy Bar Wrapper Dimensions:
|5.50 X 5.60 (W x H)
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text:
The 'Connecticut effect' cannot be stopped
The shocking and senseless deaths of 20 innocent children and six talented educators in Sandy Hook last December gripped the nation and focused our national dialogue on the need for comprehensive gun violence legislation. While the unimaginable horror of that tragedy -- and more recently the shooting at the Navy Yard in Washington, D.C. -- has dominated our attention, the steady, heartbreaking stream of violence in our urban centers continues with little attention.
Since the United States took a collective vow to stop the increasing instances of gun violence, more than 8,000 men, women and children -- many from our cities -- have died from guns. Whether it is 6-year-old Jesse Lewis in Newtown, 26-year-old LaChristopher Pettway in Bridgeport or 62-year-old Kathy Gaarde at the Navy Yard, these are people whose lives have been needlessly and tragically cut short. And there are thousands of other Jesses, LaChristophers and Kathys. Yet Congress has done nothing to cure this national epidemic. It is shameful and disgraceful.
We recently attended a forum on gun violence in Bridgeport where we listened to Mayor Bill Finch, Assistant Police Chief James Nardozzi, and many city residents whose family members have died from gun violence. We heard the tragic stories -- a son who lost his life saving others from gunfire. We heard the statistics -- this year alone, eight men have been lost to gun violence in Bridgeport and 51 additional people have been wounded. Similar stories and statistics are all too common in other Connecticut cities and urban centers across the country.
The constant drumbeat of gun deaths in our cities and the all-too-common tragedies in places like Sandy Hook, Aurora and Virginia Tech have spawned new, powerful partnerships between the families and friends of victims of urban gun violence and mass shootings. These partnerships will not be stopped until there is federal action to stop gun violence.
Last week, just after the nine-month anniversary of the Newtown tragedy, brave and determined families from Hartford, Chicago, Newtown, Aurora, Tucson and Virginia Tech walked arm in arm through the halls of Congress and talked with senators and representatives about their sons and daughters whose lives were abruptly ended by senseless gun violence. Those partnerships have continued -- this week, Newtown families joined together with Harlem families in a call for action. As each day goes by and dozens more are lost to gun violence, the ranks of heartbroken families and communities painfully continues to grow and the broad coalition of those fed up with the status quo of violence demanding action gets bigger. While we do not know when Congress will finally muster the courage to listen to the voices of these families -- and 90 percent of the American public -- we know time and trends are tragically on our side. Gun deaths will not subside until Congress passes common sense and constitutional gun reforms.
In the months following the horrific tragedy in Sandy Hook and the continuing deaths of our urban youth, Connecticut passed strong bipartisan legislation strengthening background checks, establishing a state registry for dangerous gun offenders, increasing penalties for gun trafficking, expanding the existing assault weapons ban and more. But Connecticut and other state laws are not enough.
Particularly in the area of illegal gun trafficking, the impact of state laws -- even strong, thoughtful laws such as those in Connecticut -- is woefully limited without federal action. Shockingly, there are no federal laws pertaining to either gun trafficking or straw purchasing, making it all too easy for criminals to purchase guns in states with lax laws and transport them to states such as Connecticut to be used in deadly crimes. Without strong federal trafficking laws, the pipeline of illegal guns into our cities will continue. And, as Chicago police superintendent Garry McCarthy commented last week after the deadly shooting at Cornell Square Park: "Illegal guns. Illegal guns. Illegal guns drive violence." Unfortunately, where Connecticut and other states have succeeded, Congress failed. Despite support from a majority in the Senate, a minority of senators continues to block consideration of common-sense federal gun legislation.
We will continue to demand comprehensive, common sense and constitutional federal action on guns to remove the weapons of war from our neighborhoods, to give law enforcement the tools they need to enforce the laws on the books, to make our schools the safest places they can be, and to improve our broken mental health systems. Connecticut's bipartisan success should serve as a national model. It is time for Congress to step up.
After Sandy Hook, we vowed to act so that no other community, no more families would be forced to suffer such an unspeakable tragedy. We had promised this before -- after Columbine, Virginia Tech, Aurora and Tucson. And we have promised it since then -- after the Navy Yard shooting, and after each and every one of the eight deaths in Bridgeport, or any other city in America. While the path forward is not yet clear, the outcome is -- we are determined, and we will prevail. The "Connecticut effect" has grown into the "America effect" and cannot be stopped.
Richard Blumenthal, a Democrat, represents Connecticut in the U.S. Senate. Monte Frank is a board member of Newtown Action Alliance.


text:
When it's early in the season and nearly time to plant a host of greens, put in a little time with your garden soil to prevent weed problems.Working the Soil
Work the soil once or twice in the week or so before planting time. This puts the soil in good tilth, with no clods or soil chunks, and kills early-growing weeds. Weed seeds are quite small and must be near the surface where there's moisture and warmth before they can sprout to life. When they do sprout, you have to look hard to see them. Working the soil, even raking it, will get rid of the tiny weed seedlings before they shoot up.
By periodically going over the soil before planting, you destroy most of the weeds that could be a problem later on. Work the soil one last time a few minutes before planting. This eliminates most weed seeds that have germinated since your last outing and will give your greens an even chance against the few remaining ones.Greens Love Rich Soil
The healthiest and best-tasting greens are those that grow quickly. The important contributors to rapid growth are a steady moisture supply and fertile soil rich with decomposed organic matter or humus. Make it a point to regularly work plenty of organic matter into the top six to eight inches of soil. Use leaves, compost, grass clippings, garden residues or easy-to-grow cover crops, such as buckwheat, cowpeas or annual ryegrass.
Organic matter in the soil helps it to act like a sponge, retaining moisture. Without organic matter, the soil may drain too quickly, and shallow-rooted crops, like lettuce, will dry out and stop growing. When growth is interrupted like that, food quality goes way down.
When you spade or till all this organic matter into the soil, you're feeding the teeming soil life - those millions of microorganisms that break down the organic matter into nutrient-rich humus. Feed them, and they'll feed you in return.
The microorganisms in the soil and the plants' roots have to breathe, too, and organic matter gives the soil a porous quality so that oxygen can reach the roots. If you have heavy soil that doesn't drain well and crusts over after a rain, the particles of organic matter will wedge themselves between the tightly packed soil particles, so that air and water can circulate better.About pH
Lettuce, spinach, chard, beet and turnip greens, and most of the other greens, prefer slightly acid soil with a pH of 6.0 to 6.5. The term pH refers to the measure of soil acidity or alkalinity. The pH scale of measurement runs from 1 (very acid) to 14 (very alkaline), with 7 as neutral. (In nature you generally find the range between 4.0 to 8.3.) If your soil pH is too high or too low, your crops may disappoint you. Spinach, for example, will be stunted and less tender when the soil pH is down below 6.0.
To test your soil pH, you can buy an inexpensive testing kit at a garden center or send a soil sample to a commercial lab or to your local Cooperative Extension Service, if they do soil tests. The results may indicate you need to add ground limestone to raise your pH, or you may have to mix sulfur into the soil to lower your pH.
The soil test report will indicate what and how much to add to your soil to bring it into the correct range.
|1. Leaf Crop ABC's
|2. The Wide World of Lettuce
|3. Planning Your Greens Garden
|4. Spinach Varieties
|5. Preparing Soil for Greens ← you're on this article right now
|6. Growing Head Lettuce
|7. Easy Cold Frames
|8. Beets and Turnips
|9. Cabbage Family Greens
|10. Celery Essentials
|11. Lettuce Essentials
|12. Spinach Essentials


text:
Where Your Heart Is Card
Learn how to make this card using these free instructions. Handmade cards are the perfect way to show you care, and with these card-making steps, creating this design is easy.
SUPPLIES: Cardstock: (pink, orange, white, light pink, medium pink) Bazzill Basics Paper Clear stamps: (assorted from Where the Heart Is set) Simon Says Stamp Dye ink: (Tuxedo Black) Tsukineko Accents: (pearl, rhinestones) Kaisercraft Dies: (cloud, house, window, door, tree) Simon Says Stamp Finished size: 5 1/2" x 4 1/4"
1 Make card from cardstock.
2 Die-cut clouds from cardstock.
3 Stamp clouds on dies and adhere to cardstock rectangle.
4 Stamp sentiment on panel and cardstock. Trim heart from cardstock and adhere to panel.
5 Die-cut tree from cardstock. Adhere to panel.
6 Adhere rhinestones.
1 Die-cut houses, windows, and door from cardstock. Stamp corresponding images.
2 Adhere die cuts together. Note: Adhere houses together with foam tape.
3 Adhere house to panel and adhere panel to card.
4 Adhere pearl.
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text:
The /etc/fstab file can be used to define how disk partitions, various other block devices, or remote filesystems should be mounted into the filesystem.
Each filesystem is described in a separate line. These definitions will be converted into systemd mount units dynamically at boot, and when the configuration of the system manager is reloaded. The default setup will automatically fsck and mount filesystems before starting services that need them to be mounted. For example, systemd automatically makes sure that remote filesystem mounts like NFS or Samba are only started after the network has been set up. Therefore, local and remote filesystem mounts specified in
/etc/fstab should work out of the box. See
man 5 systemd.mount for details.
mount command will use fstab, if just one of either directory or device is given, to fill in the value for the other parameter. When doing so, mount options which are listed in fstab will also be used.
- 1 File example
- 2 Field definitions
- 3 Identifying filesystems
- 4 Tips and tricks
- 5 See also
File example
A simple
/etc/fstab, using kernel name descriptors:
# <file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> /dev/sda1 / ext4 defaults,noatime 0 1 /dev/sda2 none swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sda3 /home ext4 defaults,noatime 0 2
Field definitions
/etc/fstab file contains the following fields separated by a space or tab:
<file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
- <file system> - the partition or storage device to be mounted.
- <dir> - the mountpoint where <file system> is mounted to.
- <type> - the file system type of the partition or storage device to be mounted. Many different file systems are supported:
auto. The
autotype lets the mount command guess what type of file system is used. This is useful for optical media (CD/DVD).
- <options> - mount options of the filesystem to be used. Note that some mount options are filesystem specific. Some of the most common options are:
auto- Mount automatically at boot, or when the command
mount -ais issued.
noauto- Mount only when you tell it to.
exec- Allow execution of binaries on the filesystem.
noexec- Disallow execution of binaries on the filesystem.
ro- Mount the filesystem read-only.
rw- Mount the filesystem read-write.
user- Allow any user to mount the filesystem. This automatically implies
nodev, unless overridden.
users- Allow any user in the users group to mount the filesystem.
nouser- Allow only root to mount the filesystem.
owner- Allow the owner of device to mount.
sync- I/O should be done synchronously.
async- I/O should be done asynchronously.
dev- Interpret block special devices on the filesystem.
nodev- Don't interpret block special devices on the filesystem.
suid- Allow the operation of suid, and sgid bits. They are mostly used to allow users on a computer system to execute binary executables with temporarily elevated privileges in order to perform a specific task.
nosuid- Block the operation of suid, and sgid bits.
noatime- Don't update inode access times on the filesystem. Can help performance (see atime options).
nodiratime- Do not update directory inode access times on the filesystem. Can help performance (see atime options).
relatime- Update inode access times relative to modify or change time. Access time is only updated if the previous access time was earlier than the current modify or change time. (Similar to noatime, but doesn't break mutt or other applications that need to know if a file has been read since the last time it was modified.) Can help performance (see atime options).
discard- Issue TRIM commands to the underlying block device when blocks are freed. Recommended to use if the filesystem is located on an SSD.
flush- The
vfatoption to flush data more often, thus making copy dialogs or progress bars to stay up until all data is written.
nofail- Mount device when present but ignore if absent. This prevents errors being reported at boot for removable media.
defaults- the default mount options for the filesystem to be used. The default options for
- <dump> - used by the dump utility to decide when to make a backup. Dump checks the entry and uses the number to decide if a file system should be backed up. Possible entries are 0 and 1. If 0, dump will ignore the file system; if 1, dump will make a backup. Most users will not have dump installed, so they should put 0 for the <dump> entry.
- <pass> - used by fsck to decide which order filesystems are to be checked. Possible entries are 0, 1 and 2. The root file system should have the highest priority 1 (unless its type is btrfs, in which case this field should be 0) - all other file systems you want to have checked should have a 2. File systems with a value 0 will not be checked by the fsck utility.
Identifying filesystems
There are three ways to identify a partition or storage device in
/etc/fstab: by its kernel name descriptor, label or UUID. The advantage of using UUIDs or labels is that they are not dependent on the order in which the drives are (physically) connected to the machine. This is useful if the storage device order in the BIOS is changed, or if you switch the storage device cabling. Also, the BIOS may occasionally change the order of storage devices. Read more about this in the Persistent block device naming article.
To list basic information about the partitions, run:
$ lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT sda ├─sda1 ext4 Arch_Linux 978e3e81-8048-4ae1-8a06-aa727458e8ff / ├─sda2 ntfs Windows 6C1093E61093B594 └─sda3 ext4 Storage f838b24e-3a66-4d02-86f4-a2e73e454336 /media/Storage sdb ├─sdb1 ntfs Games 9E68F00568EFD9D3 └─sdb2 ext4 Backup 14d50a6c-e083-42f2-b9c4-bc8bae38d274 /media/Backup sdc └─sdc1 vfat Camera 47FA-4071 /media/Camera
Kernel name
lsblk -f to list the partitions, and prefix them with
See the example.
For detailed information on how to label a device or partition, see Persistent block device naming#by-label. Renaming the root partition has to be done from a "live" Linux distribution because the partition needs to be unmounted first.
lsblk -f to list the partitions, and prefix them with
# <file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> LABEL=Arch_Linux / ext4 defaults,noatime 0 1 LABEL=Arch_Swap none swap defaults 0 0
All partitions and devices have a unique UUID. They are generated by filesystem utilities (e.g.
mkfs.*) when you create or format a partition. See Persistent block device naming#by-uuid for details.
lsblk -f to list the partitions, and prefix them with
# <file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> UUID=24f28fc6-717e-4bcd-a5f7-32b959024e26 / ext4 defaults,noatime 0 1 UUID=03ec5dd3-45c0-4f95-a363-61ff321a09ff /home ext4 defaults,noatime 0 2 UUID=4209c845-f495-4c43-8a03-5363dd433153 none swap defaults 0 0
Tips and tricks
Automount with systemd
If you have a large
/home partition, it might be better to allow services that do not depend on
/home to start while
/home is checked by fsck. This can be achieved by adding the following options to the
/etc/fstab entry of your
/home partition:
This will fsck and mount
/home when it is first accessed, and the kernel will buffer all file access to
/home until it is ready.
The same applies to remote filesystem mounts. If you want them to be mounted only upon access, you will need to use the
noauto,x-systemd.automount parameters. In addition, you can use the
x-systemd.device-timeout=# option to specify a timeout in case the network resource is not available.
If you have encrypted filesystems with keyfiles, you can also add the
noauto parameter to the corresponding entries in
/etc/crypttab. systemd will then not open the encrypted device on boot, but instead wait until it is actually accessed and then automatically open it with the specified keyfile before mounting it. This might save a few seconds on boot if you are using an encrypted RAID device for example, because systemd does not have to wait for the device to become available. For example:
data /dev/md0 /root/key noauto
Filepath spaces
If any mountpoint contains spaces, use the escape character
\ followed by the 3 digit octal code
040 to emulate them:
UUID=47FA-4071 /home/username/Camera\040Pictures vfat defaults,noatime 0 0 /dev/sda7 /media/100\040GB\040(Storage) ext4 defaults,noatime,user 0 2
External devices
External devices that are to be mounted when present but ignored if absent may require the
nofail option. This prevents errors being reported at boot.
/dev/sdg1 /media/backup jfs defaults,nofail 0 2
atime options
The use of
nodiratime or
relatime can improve drive performance. Linux by default uses
atime, which keeps a record (writes to the drive) every time it reads anything. This is more purposeful when Linux is used for servers; it doesn't have much value for desktop use. The worst thing about the default
atime option is that even reading a file from the page cache (reading from memory instead of the drive) will still result in a write! Using the
noatime option fully disables writing file access times to the drive every time you read a file. This works well for almost all applications, except for a rare few like Mutt that need the such information. For mutt, you should only use the
relatime option. Using the
relatime option enables the writing of file access times only when the file is being modified (unlike
noatime where the file access time will never be changed and will be older than the modification time). The
nodiratime option disables the writing of file access times only for directories while other files still get access times written. The best compromise might be the use of
relatime in which case programs like Mutt will continue to work, but you'll still have a performance boost because files will not get access times updated unless they are modified.
tmpfs is a temporary filesystem that resides in memory and/or your swap partition(s), depending on how much you fill it up. Mounting directories as tmpfs can be an effective way of speeding up accesses to their files, or to ensure that their contents are automatically cleared upon reboot.
Some directories where tmpfs is commonly used are /tmp, /var/lock and /var/run. Do NOT use it on /var/tmp, because that folder is meant for temporary files that are preserved across reboots. Arch uses a tmpfs
/run directory, with
/var/run and
/var/lock simply existing as symlinks for compatibility. It is also used for
/tmp in the default
By default, a tmpfs partition has its maximum size set to half your total RAM, but this can be customized. Note that the actual memory/swap consumption depends on how much you fill it up, as tmpfs partitions do not consume any memory until it is actually needed.
To use tmpfs for
/tmp, add this line to
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs nodev,nosuid 0 0
You may or may not want to specify the size here, but you should leave the
mode option alone in these cases to ensure that they have the correct permissions (1777). In the example above,
/tmp will be set to use up to half of your total RAM. To explicitly set a maximum size, use the
size mount option:
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs nodev,nosuid,size=2G 0 0
Here is a more advanced example showing how to add tmpfs mounts for users. This is useful for websites, mysql tmp files,
~/.vim/, and more. It's important to try and get the ideal mount options for what you are trying to accomplish. The goal is to have as secure settings as possible to prevent abuse. Limiting the size, and specifying uid and gid + mode is very secure. For more information on this subject, follow the links listed in the #See also section.
tmpfs /www/cache tmpfs rw,size=1G,nr_inodes=5k,noexec,nodev,nosuid,uid=648,gid=648,mode=1700 0 0
See the
mount command man page for more information. One useful mount option in the man page is the
default option. At least understand that.
Reboot for the changes to take effect. Note that although it may be tempting to simply run
mount -a to make the changes effective immediately, this will make any files currently residing in these directories inaccessible (this is especially problematic for running programs with lockfiles, for example). However, if all of them are empty, it should be safe to run
mount -a instead of rebooting (or mount them individually).
After applying changes, you may want to verify that they took effect by looking at
/proc/mounts and using
$ findmnt --target /tmp
TARGET SOURCE FSTYPE OPTIONS /tmp tmpfs tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime
Generally, I/O intensive tasks and programs that run frequent read/write operations can benefit from using a tmpfs folder. Some applications can even receive a substantial gain by offloading some (or all) of their data onto the shared memory. For example, relocating the Firefox profile into RAM shows a significant improvement in performance.
Improving compile times
Compiling requires handling of many small files and involves many I/O operations; therefore it is a prime activity to benefit from moving its working directory to a #tmpfs.
For one session
BUILDDIR value may be exported within a shell to temporarily set makepkg build directory to an existing tmpfs:
$ BUILDDIR=/tmp/makepkg makepkg
Permanently via
On the other hand, this configuration can be permanently set by uncommenting the
BUILDDIR line in makepkg.conf:
[...] ######################################################################### # BUILD ENVIRONMENT ######################################################################### # # Defaults: BUILDENV=(fakeroot !distcc color !ccache check !sign) # A negated environment option will do the opposite of the comments below. # #-- fakeroot: Allow building packages as a non-root user #-- distcc: Use the Distributed C/C++/ObjC compiler #-- color: Colorize output messages #-- ccache: Use ccache to cache compilation #-- check: Run the check() function if present in the PKGBUILD #-- sign: Generate PGP signature file # BUILDENV=(fakeroot !distcc color !ccache check !sign) # #-- If using DistCC, your MAKEFLAGS will also need modification. In addition, #-- specify a space-delimited list of hosts running in the DistCC cluster. #DISTCC_HOSTS="" # #-- Specify a directory for package building. BUILDDIR=/tmp [...]
Please be reminded that any package compiled in tmpfs will not persist across reboot. Therefore such packages should be installed consecutively to building or be moved to another (persistant) directory.
Writing to FAT32 as Normal User
To write on a FAT32 partition, you must make a few changes to your
/etc/fstab file.
/dev/sdxY /mnt/some_folder vfat user,rw,umask=000 0 0
user flag means that any user (even non-root) can mount and unmount the partition
rw gives read-write access;
umask option removes selected rights - for example
umask=111 remove executable rights. The problem is that this entry removes executable rights from directories too, so we must correct it by
dmask=000. See also Umask.
Without these options, all files will be executable. You can use the option
showexec instead of the umask and dmask options, which shows all Windows executables (com, exe, bat) in executable colours.
For example, if your FAT32 partition is on
/dev/sda9, and you wish to mount it to
/mnt/fat32, then you would use:
/dev/sda9 /mnt/fat32 vfat user,rw,umask=111,dmask=000 0 0
Remounting the root partition
If for some reason the root partition has been improperly mounted read only, remount the root partition with read-write access with the following command:
# mount -o remount,rw /


text:
It feels like winter now that frigid air is gripping Chicago, but it may look like it if the city's snowless streak ends Thursday.
The National Weather Service is calling for sustained low temperatures and subzero wind chills through midweek. And snow could shroud the city Thursday.
"There's still uncertainly on how it plays out," National Weather Service meteorologist Richard Castro said. "But a lot of the computer models are giving a solution that would bring the first accumulating snow of the season."
After more than 700 days without dipping below zero and about 11 months without a major snowstorm, Chicagoans are about to be reminded that they don't live in Oklahoma. If the current projections hold steady, Thursday could end a record-setting stretch of about 330 calendar days without an inch of snow.
That snow would come after a stretch of extreme cold that's expected to drop wind chills to minus 17 degrees Monday. Temperatures at O'Hare International Airport are expected to dip to minus 1 overnight Monday, which would end the city's fourth-longest streak without a subzero reading. The record of 1,415 days, set in 1940, is about two years away.
This week will be a frosty chapter in a balmy winter that has already seen Chicago bust records for days without a subfreezing high temperature and the latest 1-inch snowfall.
Regardless of whether the mercury finally plunges below zero, Castro said residents would be smart to bundle up and avoid long stretches outdoors.
"It's something we haven't seen since 2011," he said. "Even though Chicagoans have (endured) past cold winters, we haven't dealt with anything like this for a while. So it's going to be a shock to the system."


text:
Meirian Jump has been the Archivist and Library Development Officer at the Marx Memorial Library & Workers' School in December 2014. She graduated from University College, London's Masters Programme in Archives and Records Management in 2010, having pursued a research interest in twentieth century Spanish and British history at undergraduate level at the University of Oxford, and postgraduate level at Queen Mary College, University of London.
We're open from Monday-Thursday 12 noon-4pm. Get in touch for room bookings and guided tours
Farringdon station on the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines.Rail
Farringdon Station - Thameslink services for connections to London Bridge, St Pancreas, Brighton, East Croydon
If you want more information then contact us by phone on #44(0) 207 253 1485 or visit the contact us page


text:
METAmachine streamlines and simplifies browsing and editing metadata.
Saugatuck, Michigan, October 28, 2009 - HindSight Ltd., http://HSLtd.us, developer of software for the photographic and imaging markets, has released a Windows version of their popular METAmachine.
METAmachine is an inexpensive, metadata browser that streamlines the important process of editing or adding keywords, licenses and other essential metadata to images, either individually or in batches. METAmachine reads and writes XMP formatted metadata in TIFF, JPEG, PSD and DNG images.
METAmachine can be used to write a complete set of the IPTC standard metadata into images. It can also be used to add solely copyright and contact information or licensing terms, leaving all other metadata already in the images unaltered.
METAmachine is compatible with all XMP compliant Digital Asset Management software and can become a simple step in the work flow for any combination of programs. Writing metadata with this utility is as simple as dragging images from the Desktop, either one at a time or in batches, onto a target area where the metadata is added. Images themselves are not moved or opened and re-saved, so there is no destructive re-compression involved. It amounts to a highly streamlined, efficient and accurate process that greatly simplifies the process of identifying and branding images in formats understood by all.
METAmachine has Copyright Protection options built in that prevent overwriting any existing copyright information in images, making it the only metadata writing software in full compliance with the Meta Manifesto of the Stock Artists Alliance.
Built into the software is HindSight's extremely fast, hierarchical keywording system and a license constructor. Both include usable sample data, but can be modified as necessary to fit the end-user's needs. Included with the keywording system is a 1,400 word multi-language thesaurus to simultaneously add keywords in English, Spanish, German and French.
"I have previously used Photo Mechanic, iView Media Pro, Photoshop, Lightroom, and Aperture for writing metadata. While adequate, none of them come up to the ease of use of this new software. I love it." states Richard Wesigrau, photographer, author and former Executive Director of the American Society of Media Photographers.
Pricing and Availability: METAmachine is $49.00 per license. Information, free demos and online purchase are available at http://HSLtd.us/metamachine.
Until November 30, 2009, METAmachine can be purchased for just $25 by entering "MM re-Intro", without the quotes, as the Coupon Code of the shopping cart when checking out.
About HindSight HindSight Ltd. is an independent software company dedicated to developing powerful, yet affordable image and business management solutions for professional photographers and graphic artists since 1985. HindSight's suite of software products provides creative professionals with a choice of modules including StockView, which manages digital assets through its catalogue, browser, metadata handling and licensing management system. HindSight's flagship products, InView and StockView, as well as Photo Price Guide and the METAmachine are in use by successful, professional creative artists in over 40 countries worldwide. HindSight remains dedicated to the development of leading edge software and is vigilant and responsive to the changing needs of today's creative professionals. www.HSLtd.us


text:
Rates in effect for travel up to March 31, 2020.
Autos with trailers, campers, motor homes, vans, minibuses
All accommodation types not available on all vessels.HST charged on accommodation rates.
Pet travel carriers are not provided.Kennel stowage space sizes and availability varies by vessel.HST charged on kennel stowage space.
Please note that full payment is required for all bookings.
Commercial rates will be charged to customers who are:
Commercial commodities may include, but are not limited to, lobster traps, farm equipment, Christmas trees, livestock, fresh fish, construction supplies and equipment, service equipment, travel trailers for sale, and any other commodity for sale.
For rate information on commercial vehicles, please select the Commercial Vehicle Rates page .
15 per cent Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) will
be applied to all onboard purchases and accommodations, including kennel space.
HST is not applicable to passenger and vehicle rates. Passenger and
vehicle rates are subject to a fuel surcharge.
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text:
Like many spinach salads, this one features lots of chopped-up hard-boiled egg. But since most of the calories in an egg are in the yolk, this recipe uses just two whole eggs, plus the whites from six additional eggs, for a satisfying spinach salad that keeps the calories in check.
Ready In


text:
peace redd rebel. I started a new Warcloud forum yesterday on the request of a few fans. I decided to start a DSR thread there as well in the hiphop section to keep everyone update on DSR, promoted your latest release earlier today there. feel free to check it out & join http://rumorsofwar.tk all of your vids, songs etc are welcome there too, I made an artists section. or you can simply post in the DSR thread. peace!
Peace fam!
fine U?
how's it going pal?
yo sample this shit...
shit is funky
hey Claaaa7 was kwu then -aid4afrika-
my memory fucks with me but i remember the "Fearless Vampire Killer" part and i think Uncle Ruckus is a cool name.. but what was your other(s) nmes here? peace
peace g
Just wanted someone to know why I won't be posting anymore in WuTang forum.
It is because the moderator SUNNY WATERS practices False Attribution.
He attributes words to me that I did not post. He deletes my words from my post and inserts his own words in their place,... thus attributing words to me that I did not post.
I know it is hard to believe that a moderator would stoop to such dishonest tactics, but that is the fact.
For MANAGEMENT, a moderator, to do this degrades and makes worthless the whole formum.
It makes honest debate impossible. So no reason for me to post here.
Best Wishes to all, JP
glad to know u liked it
i will send u more bangers fam if u want
peace god
Send an Instant Message to UNCLE RUCKUS Using...
sleepless in basedworld
The ABBOTT
Non Ignorant Cult
Killer Bob
Balls Deep
crushed out heavenly
French kissing in the USA


text:
Tag Archives: Balloons
A Vietnamese Reminder…
As we returned to the capital Hanoi, we visited the final centre on our adventure through Vietnam. Whilst this orphanage provided a home for a number of children who would otherwise be without one, this centre presented a contrast with the other centres we had visited, and a candid reminder many children in Vietnam still … Continue reading A Vietnamese Reminder…
That little bit extra
The fourth stop on our journey was a Disabled Children's Support Facility in Hi Giang. Located in the very north of the country, it was a centre trying to do more to help the wider community. Trying to do 'that little bit extra'. It was the smallest centre we had visited so far, providing support … Continue reading That little bit extra
SOS Village's Legacy: Greater than the Sum of its Parts
Day three arrived, and it was time to visit the third orphanage on our route: SOS Village. It was an impressive place to visit. It aimed to make a major difference to children's lives, now and in the long-term. Home to 203 children, 103 of which were between kindergarten age and 18. The additional 70 … Continue reading SOS Village's Legacy: Greater than the Sum of its Parts
Some Perspective
Hiaphong was the next destination on our travels through Vietnam. Staying at a local hotel near the city's centre, we took a short motorbike ride to the second destination on Xain's schedule: Hoa Phuong Orphanage. Little did I know, my experience at this centre would leave a lasting impression. Once again, we worked through the … Continue reading Some Perspective
The Clown Effect: It's Universal!
And so it was the first day on our planned schedule of visiting various orphanages in the North of Vietnam. First stop on our route: Peace Village. Located within the country's capital Hanoi, Peace Village was a large, well developed centre with a spacious playground and well constructed classrooms and teaching facilities. It provided a … Continue reading The Clown Effect: It's Universal!


text: With its elegant V shape, metal art bear scene in gorgeous rust finished steel and mica shade, the Bear Vegas Sconce provides just the right touch of rustic lighting. Shade available in your choice of white mica (shown) or amber mica for a soft, ambient glow. Handcrafted in the USA. Uses one 60-watt max candelabra bulb and measures 10"W x 4"D x 10 1/2"H. ~ Ships from the manufacturer. Allow 3 to 4 weeks. Cannot express ship or ship to Alaska or Canada.


text:
Microcontroller ATmega1280Operating Voltage 5VInput Voltage (recommended) 7-12VInput Voltage (limits) 6-20VDigital I/O Pins 54 (of which 15 provide PWM output)Analog Input Pins 16DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mADC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mAFlash Memory 128 KB of which 4 KB used by bootloaderSRAM 8 KBEEPROM 4 KBClock Speed 16 MHz
5v seems a bit high, but that maybe correct, im not sure. I used some while LEDs from cheapo flashlights, and they were running at 4.5v (3 AAA batteries).
I bought 5mm leds without specifications. based on some information found on the internet, a white led uses 5v, 32a.
I believe Vf for White LEDs is generally in the 3.2V to 3.6V range, similar to a Blue LED.


text:
Opinion: Pope and Change
Columnist Dan Henninger on the lessons of Pope Benedict's extraordinary life.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... welcome to Opinion Journal why Mary Kissel ... Benedict the sixteenth left the Vatican in these last few hours ... the final time as pontiff is historic moment ... where will have ... to live in Crocs is short order ... first what lessons can we learn from this Pope's ... very extraordinary life ... Wonderland Columnist Dan Henninger is here ... Dan is hard to think of the Pope is an average guy ... but the minute the sixteenth ... why is he was born in Germany forced into the Nazi army ... those experiences ... influence and with what you've learned from that period this line ... well I've The it comes down to a word that is being highlighted today and is so vital message which is the struggle ... I think that of ... that ... Cardinal Ratzinger understood struggle and as Pope he did as well ... and certainly is a German citizen are growing up in that time ... and ... after all you become the leader of the Catholic church this enormous institution all over the world ... and you realize that you have very complex responsibilities Mary ... and what I take away from that it would Benedict accomplished is he understood there was a struggle in Europe for the life of the soul ... and that it was a struggle going on among radical Islamic ... perk up the losses of which was literally a death struggle they were under pressure there ... and Benedict had to deliver these two poles of the Christian life in Europe where it was simply syncing and in his lawnmower was under so much pressure ... parallels here with the experience that he had working so closely with help from Paul the second ... core courses at the forefront of the struggle between ... East and lasts democracy versus communism Missoni mean ... he spent many many years is very close confidant that Pope ... that was uniquely prepared ... thus for those struggles in just outlined ... this is an excellent point because I think that in many ways Benedict was the continuation of John Paul ... and I hope that the next pope ... top honors Benedict sufficiently to create up an extension of his idea that's the usual point in your here that are good there and I know you share that that that that was far more conservative than ... its worth or more progressive Pope John Paul the second ... I don't think that was quite true ... I think he was he was different but they were essentially doing the same thing ... John Paul was about fighting Soviet communism ... and Benedict has understood that the challenge for Islam is that this is long has tremendous moral self confidence that may be misguided ... but is it the other is a lot of moral self confidence that Islam radical Islam to stand against that the West needs to rediscover its moral soul kitchen Hess to discover there is still ranked ... in moral self confidence now it is simply in a state of kind of moral and sushi and some weakness in Tibetan demonstrate the ultimate moral self confidence by saying ... I'm not serving the church ... the sun must step down to go from that position of power ... we see this all the time were sitting in the middle of your and powerful people ... they like to stay in their jobs ... here is that fuel tantalizing and he's getting Benedict have fully understood that the terms of the struggle ... were so intense know that the church deserve to have ... a whole a leader with enough vitality to be able to carry that struggle forward ... and he saw John Paul at the end of this life struggling physically to keep going ... and he didn't want the church to suffer as a result of being led by a man who simply do not have ... the physical strength to do it ... since then the continuation of John Paul ... and Paul Benedict who might that be ... well I don't know exactly who well ... we might carry on the way I think the Archbishop of Milan ... Arnold school ... Carnell school on is the one who has spent ... more time than any other Cardinal ... doing outreach into the Middle East and trying to engage in Islam in the way that Benedict did if I had to mention ... somebody on my shortlist I think would be Colonel school on the shortlist Cardinals color you're hurting your first one data on this tanning ... and thank you so much for being with us