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Clackamas County, 1800 to 1843
Between the War of Revolution and the War of 1812, the American frontier had barely begun its advance toward the (Old) Northwest and the Mississippi Valley. The Pacific Northwest was a remote mystery, a destination at the end of a year's voyage. An unmapped route over an unknown distance lay between the new United States and the Oregon country.
American Captain Robert Gray and British Captain George Vancouver sighted the mouth of the Columbia River while on exploring voyages a few years before 1800 and both could claim "discovery." Their ships were just two of some 28 vessels on the Alaskan-Californian coast that year, 1792. By the 1780's, a thriving trade in furs centered at Nootka Sound (on modern day Vancouver Island). Ships in Pacific Northwest waters included Boston traders, some French expeditions, British, Russian, and Spanish explorers and merchantmen, New England whalers, and even a few Japanese junks.
The American/European fur trade--an enterprise that linked London, New England, China, Russian Alaska, and Spanish California--penetrated little beyond the Pacific Coast in 1800. The newcomers were at the fringe of a vast Native American trading network. Plateau Indians traded and hunted east of the Bitterroot Mountains while CLACKAMAS COUNTY's Molallas maintained strong ties to the Klamath people of the south. At sites such as Celilo Falls on the Columbia River, coastal Indians met inlanders for a regular, yearly trade fair, or rendezvous. In CLACKAMAS COUNTY, the Willamette Falls and the Clackamas River Rapids on the Willamette River served as similar traditional sites for trade.
In the first half of the 19th century, Americans focused on a rivalry with the British for possession of the Pacific Northwest just as earlier the British had competed with the Spanish and Russians. The bigger story of conquest in the Northwest, however, was the near destruction of entire cultures and the death or dispossession of hundreds of thousands of people. While European and American diplomats (and sometimes soldiers) struggled over possession of the land, disease decimated the land's first people.
Before Americans and Europeans even landed, Indian trade routes became a conduit for small pox into lands where no white men had been seen. The very first fur trading vessels brought other diseases previously unheard of in the Northwest--malaria, measles, whooping cough, flu--and a second wave of small pox. From the 1780's onward epidemics swept inland eastward from the coast and westward along the fur trade trails. Within a single generation in CLACKAMAS COUNTY, between 1820 and 1850, the Native American presence shrank to a sprinkling of individuals and half-white children among the white settlements.
The inland fur trade in the Pacific Northwest would grow rather slowly and, for a time, seem to fit in smoothly with the regular Native American trade network. A decade passed before Americans of the Astor's Pacific Fur Company arrived by ship (1811) while other Astorians trekked overland from Missouri for the Northwest. At the same time, the Canadian Northwest Fur Company (followed by the Hudson's Bay Company) came overland from central Canada to the Columbia River to establish trade. Over the next 20 to 30 years, only a few emigrants from Canada and the United States made a permanent home in the Northwest: French Canadians and their half-Indian families, a handful of American mountain men also with Indian wives, about a dozen Protestant missionary families, assorted adventurers, and a few Catholic priests.
Just two years separate the opening of the Oregon Trail in 1841 and the inauguration of civil, democratic government in Oregon. Most of the early emigrants to Oregon were drawn by the frontier itself--the fur trade, a calling to make Christian converts, trail and border trade, or simply adventure. The Oregon Trail brought a new type of emigrant to the Oregon country, frontier families in search of their own land. In July 1843, old hands and newcomers joined to create the independent Oregon Provisional Government.
In fall of this year, 1800, a party of Kutenai (Canadian Indians from west of the Rockies) visited traders of the Canadian Northwest Company at Rocky Mountain House (on the upper Saskatchewan River). French Canadians, one with his Indian wife, returned to the Northwest with the Kutenais.
With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, President Thomas Jefferson extended United States territory westward from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains. In this same year, the Russians sent an expedition to California from their Pacific Coast establishment at Sitka Sound and Britain was trading as far west as Alberta Canada. Meanwhile, traders from New Orleans trekked to New Mexico and another expedition went north up the Mississippi toward the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers.
In 1804, Jefferson dispatched Meriwether Lewis and William Clark with a large party to find their way across the new Louisiana Purchase territory over the Rockies and all the way to the Pacific Ocean. The Lewis and Clark Expedition wintered near the mouth of the Columbia River at their wilderness camp, Ft. Clatsop (now in Oregon) and returned to the States in 1806. Lewis and Clark's notes taken along their lengthy journey described "new" lands full of space, abundance, and variety as well as the route from the Mississippi to the Pacific.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition trekked eastward along south shore of the Columbia River on their way back to the United States from winter camp on the coast of Oregon. In passing, they noticed "Image Canoe Island" (Sauvies Island) in the fog but did not realize the island sat in the mouth of a great river (the Willamette). Forty miles beyond this point, Indians told them they had missed the "Multnomah," an enormous river that ran from south to north and emptied into the Columbia. Several Expedition members back-tracked to investigate. Although the Expedition voyaged no further up the river than the site of present-day Linnton (just north of Portland), they received a report about a numerous and powerful people, the "Clackamus, one of the best known Upper Chinookean tribes."
Indians referred to the lower River as the Multnomah and the upper River--above Willamette Falls--as something like the Wil-lamt. Both terms were also the names of tribes. In time, the whole length of the River was called the Willamette River. With the exception of the region around Lake Oswego and West Linn cities, the Willamette forms the western border of CLACKAMAS COUNTY.
American entrepreneur J.J. Astor organized the Pacific Fur Company and financed two trading expeditions to the Pacific Northwest this year, one to travel by ship and another to journey overland.
Kalapuyans, normally a peaceful and rather sedentary people, fought a big battle against Klamath intruders in the Willamette Valley this year.
Partners and employees of the Pacific Fur Company arrived by ship in spring 1811 and founded Ft. Astor near the mouth of the Columbia River. An expedition from the rival (British Canadian) Northwest Fur Company arrived from Canada that summer. Astor's Pacific Fur Company overland expedition from the States did not arrive until just after the New Year, 1812.
William Henry and Alfred Seton journeyed by bateau up the Columbia River from Ft. Astor and then paddled up the Willamette River as far as the Falls. They were likely the first white men seen in the region that would become CLACKAMAS COUNTY.
Henry and Seton's party ported their canoes around the Falls on the east side and then canoed the Willamette to a place where the banks flattened out on either side of the river. At this spot, later called Champoeg or French Prairie, they built a trading post. Champoeg became a nucleus of early settlement in Oregon and the portage place at the Falls became the site of Oregon City.
In late 1812 or very early 1813, William Wallace and John C. Halsey established a trading post near the future site of Salem. John Reed and Alfred Seton, fellow Astorians, spent the winter with them and returned to Ft. Astor in March 1813.
In October of 1813, in the midst of war with Britain, Astor's Pacific Fur Company sold their operations in Oregon to the (Canadian) Northwest Fur Company. Some Astorians returned to the States while others became free agent trappers or transferred their allegiance to the Nor'Westers.
Registre Bellaire, a former employee of the (Canadian) Northwest Fur Company, traveled with John Day, and Alexander Carson, both former employees of Astor's (American) Pacific Fur Company, into the Willamette Valley. The men hunted and traded for furs during the winter of 1813-14 working as free trappers along the Willamette River.
In January, Alexander Henry (cousin of William Henry), William Matthews and eight oarsmen traveled up the Willamette River to see William Henry at his Champoeg post. Below the Falls they noted a village of the Clowwewallas (a Clackamas Upper Chinook people). At first the voyagers beached on the opposite (eastern) bank but their camp was so miserable that they decided to risk a visit to the Clowwewalla village.
After a peaceful night and portage around the Falls along the west bank, Henry and his oarsmen reached Champoeg. There they found William Henry, Alfred Seton, and about 30 more employees of the fur company. Two huts housed freemen (unaffiliated white trappers) and Nepisangues who worked as hunters. Kalapuyans were also camped near the post. (The term "Nepisangues" is so far unidentified--perhaps Native American or half-Indian people from Canada)
Also in January of 1814, a delegation of Walla Wallas, Cayuse, and others came to Ft. Astor to request trade. At the same time, Nez Perce and Cayuse delegates warned the Nor'Westers to stay out of Willamette Valley hunting grounds.
Alexander Ross and party made a treaty with Indians permitting white men to enter the Willamette Valley; it is not clear which tribe or tribes made this treaty. At this time there were at least 16 tribal divisions within the area, some allied and others warring.
A party of trappers with the Northwest Fur Company killed a chieftain at the Clackamas rapids on the Willamette River when the Indians demanded tribute for safe passage. Two of the ten men in the trapper party were wounded in the battle.
Agent James Keith of the Northwest Fur Company dispatched a party of 25 to restore peace but the Indians refused to accept compensation for the death of their chief. One of the fur company party was wounded in a night attack during the voyage back to Ft. George (formerly Ft. Astor).
Alexander Ross and a force of 45 men made another attempt at peace on behalf of the Northwest Fur Company. This time the party brought a large quantity of tobacco, a precious commodity. The Indians (the Multnomahs) camped on the east bank just below the Falls of the Willamette while the whites, with their two field pieces, camped on the west bank.
After three days of peaceful approaches, Ross met with Kesno, the chief. The calumet (peace pipe) was smoked, the flag offered, tribute and restitution given, and an Indian slave was given to Ross and returned. The whites received permission to pass peacefully along the Willamette River and make portage around the Falls. They were forbidden to establish an outpost or to take salmon at the Falls.
At this time Kesno was a high chief, recognized by Indians along the Coumbia, the Multnomahs of the Portland area and the Clackamas--all people nearly identical in language and culture. Usually, Willamette Valley Indians recognized (and named) political groups no larger than their immediate band or extended family. Circumstances or a great chief could create a larger association which would last only as long as the individual. "Multnomah" may have been such a high chief in the distant past.
In the winter of 1818-19, Thomas McKay led a hunting brigade south towards the sources of the Willamette River. His mostly Iroquois (or mixed race) hunters killed 14 Indians in a battle on the Upper Umpqua River. The party retreated back to Ft.George (formerly Ft. Astor) but Louis LaBonte, Joseph Gervais, Etienne Lucier, Louis Kanota, and Louis Pichette dit DuPre stayed to hunt in the Willamette Valley throughout 1819. The five were free trappers, not bonded employees of the fur company.
The British government ordered the Northwest Fur Company to be absorbed by the Hudsons Bay Company, franchised to control all fur trade west of the Rockies and north to Russian Alaska. During the 1820's the HBC established 13 trading posts in the Northwest with headquarters at Ft. Vancouver.
John McLoughlin Biography
Dr. John McLoughlin assumed the post of chief factor for the Hudson's Bay Company at Ft. Vancouver (just across from Portland on the Columbia River in present-day Washington State). McLoughlin extended aid, loans, and trade to American missionaries and settlers as well as to the ex-employees and members of the HBC.
From this
year onward, the Hudson's Bay Company operated yearly round-trip caravans from
Ft. Vancouver to the Snake River country, to California, to Montreal, and to
New Caledonia (Ft. Alexandra, Canada).
Dr. John McLoughlin employed Etienne Lucier and a work party to build a log store-house and three cabins at the Falls of the Willamette, the first construction at the future site of Oregon City. Indians burned McLoughlin's cabins and the pile of logs meant for construction of a mill.
In 1829, Lucier also founded his own farm on the plains of Champoeg (later called French Prairie) in the Willamette Valley. Dr. John McLoughlin used the case of Lucier (who was a Canadian citizen but not officially assigned to the HBC), to set a new policy. Previous company rules ordered that retired employees return east to the place where they signed up for service (for terms of two to 10 years). Lucier, and other retirees who followed, wished to stay in the Willamette Valley with their half-Indian families. McLoughlin encouraged settlement, so long as it was restricted to the Valley, by providing supplies and a pair of cattle (to be returned when the settler founded his own herd).
New England Captain John Dominis sailed to Oregon on the ship Owyhee with plans to found a fishery. The brig ran aground at Deer Island in the Columbia River. Dr. McLoughlin of the Hudsons Bay Company dispatched a crew of French Canadians and Hawaiians to help. After the Owyhee was floated, it sailed up the Willamette River, the first ocean-going ship to do so, and anchored at the Clackamas Rapids.
Some accounts say that Dominis became irate during negotiations over the price of salmon and threatened the Clackamas. Other accounts say that the Clackamas people simply jealously guarded their rich fishery at the Rapids from any intruder. In any case, Clackamas swimmers cut the Owyhee's anchor rope and Dominis gave up his hopes for a fishery.
But he sailed away too late for the sake of the Clackamas people. Aboard his ship were many sick sailors, ailing from a fever (malaria) which the people of the Willamette Valley called the "cold sick." The illness had spread from the crew to the men who had helped free the ship at Deer Island and to the local Clackamas.
The Clackamas associated the beginning of the disease with a channel marker placed by an Indian employee of Dominis. The Indian quickly sickened and died and a rumor began that the infection was a deliberate attack by the American captain. Later, this story became confounded with the (true) story about Astorian Duncan McDougall who threatened to release small pox against the Indians from a small, blue vial in his pocket. Dominis, who had become angry during the negotiations with the Clackamas--and whose ship brought a deadly disease--became confused in local accounts with "Chief Small Pox" McDougall.
In this single year, 1829, nine out of ten of the Clackamas people died from the cold sick. By 1851, only 88 members of this tribe were left in Oregon. Lewis and Clark had estimated their number at 1,800 in 1805.
Beginning this year and peaking in the year 1833, epidemics decimated the tribes of the Lower Columbia River, Klamath Lakes, and the Willamette Valley. Epidemics--of measles, cold sick, the ague, malaria, and smallpox--followed both Indian and white travelers along the river trade routes.
A new type of fever, perhaps measles or flu, killed many Indians inland all the way to the Walla Walla Valley.
Mt. St. Helens (in Washington near the Columbia River) erupted this year.
Nathaniel Wyeth, a young American businessman, and a small party came to Oregon this year to scout business prospects. While Wyeth's supply ship was lost at sea and the enterprise abandoned this year, Wyeth kept his enthusiasm for the Northwest. He went back to the States but would return with a new party of recruits in 1834.
John McLoughlin of the Hudson's Bay Company sent a crew to the Willamette Falls to blast a channel for a mill-race.The crew built cabins on the east bank of the Willamette River just below the Falls and sited the mill on "Mill" (Abernethy) Island. This time local Indians allowed the buildings to remain. McLoughlin's claim was operated mainly by Kanakas (Hawaiians) who had signed on for a two-year service with the Hudson's Bay Company. Workers farmed the nearby land and the mill produced lumber (grind stones for a grist mill were added later).
News of the great number of "unsaved" Indians in the Northwest sparked missionary fervor in New England. The newly organized Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society dispatched Jason Lee, his nephew Daniel Lee, lay missionary Cyrus Shepard, and two assistants (P.L. Edwards and C.M. Walker) to Oregon to establish a mission. As planned, they traveled with Nathaniel Wyeth and his party of entrepreneurs who came to establish trade in Oregon.
The Jason Lee party founded a mission upriver from the Willamette Falls near to the claim of Joseph Gervais on French Prairie. French Canadians already settled on French Prairie helped to build the mission with supplies from both Wyeth and Dr. McLoughlin.
Meanwhile, Wyeth established trading outposts at Ft. Hall (Idaho) and, in 1835, on Wapato (later called Sauvie's) Island in Oregon.
Another American party came to Oregon. Hall J. Kelley, a long-time Oregon promoter, and Ewing Young, an experienced trader/mountain man, led approximately 16 American men from Monterey, California, into the Willamette Valley. Kelley returned to the states by ship but Ewing Young founded a homestead across the Willamette River and west of Champoeg (French Prairie).
[At this time and well into the 1850's, settlers used the term "Champoeg" to refer to the entire region now called French Prairie and centered on the city of St. Paul. The designation of Champoeg County--Marion County's original name--reflected this early practice. Today "Champoeg" survives as a name for specific places--a park, a historic district, a cemetery--in northernmost Marion County.]
While Kelley and Young were on their way north, Spanish Governor Figueroa of California had sent a message by ship to the HBC's chief factor, John McLoughlin. This message maligned the Americans as horse thieves and bandits. McLoughlin denied them his usual welcome at Ft. Vancouver and posted warnings about Young and his companions. (For humanitarian reasons--because Kelley was ill--McLoughlin did give refuge to Kelley at the fort). Many months later McLoughlin discovered the truth about the innocence of the Americans through further inquiries to California. But by this time, Young had a personal grudge against McLoughlin and the HBC and Kelley had been convinced of a British/HBC conspiracy to keep Americans out of the Northwest.
Until his death in February 1841, Young was the most prosperous homesteader in Oregon; his land claim, brickyard, and mills were near Chehalem Creek and the site of present day Newburg. Except for McLoughlin's mill at the Willamette Falls, the CLACKAMAS COUNTY area was without white settlements.
Rev. Samuel Parker toured the Columbia River, the Walla Walla Valley (Washington), and the Willamette Valley to scout a location for an American Missionary Board mission (Presbyterian/Congregationalist). Rev. Marcus Whitman, a Presbyterian minister, traveled with Parker as far as the fur trade Rendezvous at Green River (Idaho).
Eight American men, one with a family, journeyed from northern California to Oregon. Four of the travelers were killed in an attack at the Rogue River and the survivors arrived wounded and destitute.
Mt. St. Helens erupted this year.
Narcissa and Marcus Whitman, Eliza and Henry Spalding (newlywed missionaries) and missionary assistant William H. Gray came to Oregon to begin service for the American Board of Missions. The Whitmans operated Waiilatpu Mission in the Walla Walla Valley (later Washington State) and the Spaldings served at Lapwai Mission on the Clearwater River (later in Idaho).
Settlers built the first Catholic Church in Oregon at St. Paul (on French Prairie). Without a priest, the church was not blessed and dedicated until 1839.
Two ships brought missionary reinforcements (three families and six unmarried adults) to help at the Methodist Episcopal Missions under Jason Lee.
Missionary Jason Lee, ex-trailblazer Ewing Young and several settlers formed the Willamette Cattle Company to bring a herd from California. Until this time, the only source of livestock was that supplied by McLoughlin from Ft. Vancouver--a situation that particularly galled Ewing Young.
U.S. Navy Lt. Slacum--in Oregon on a brief tour of investigation (ordered by President Andrew Jackson to counter British activity)--offered free transport on his ship to San Francisco for the Company's agents.
A frequently fatal fever swept through the Cayuse villages near Waiilatpu Mission in the Walla Walla Valley.
A missionary party traveled with the fur caravan from St. Louis to make their way to Oregon and reinforce the Presbyterian (American Board) missions. The party included bachelor Cornelius Rogers and four newlywed couples: the W.H. Grays (Gray was returning to Oregon with his bride), the Cushing Eells, the Asa .B. Smiths, and the Elkanah Walkers.
They assisted at Lapwai and Waiilatpu missions, founded a new mission among the Spokane Indians at Tshimiahkan (a place north of the Spokane River between the HBC's Spokane House and Ft. Colville). The next year (1839) they established a fourth mission, Kamiah, among the Nez Perces (on the Clearwater River).
Missionaries Daniel Lee and HKW Perkins built a new Methodist mission, Wascopam, at the Dalles (on the Columbia River, Oregon).
The Hudsons Bay Company's second in command at Ft. Vancouver, James Douglas, took a census of the Willamette Valley and counted a total of 51 non-native males. American settlers numbered 18 and Canadians 23 (the other ten were presumably missionaries)
After this census, the Oregon Trail (not designated as such until the first organized settlers traveled it in 1841) brought a number of new arrivals. Two missionary couples and a bachelor missionary (the Mungers, the Griffens, and assistant W. Geiger) came to aid the American Board Missions (Waiilatpu and Lapwai). Two parties of young men--one of them called the Peoria Party (led by T.J. Farnham)--set out from Illinois. Another small group of travelers, intent on going to California, instead came to Oregon because they found no guides at the Ft. Hall (Idaho) turn-off. In this year, and increasing in later years, veteran fur trappers left the mountains to settle in the Willamette Valley.
The ship Lausanne arrived with the Great Reinforcement for the Methodist Missions. The contingent included several families and a number of single missionaries. During the next three years they would found (short-lived) missions at Nisqually, Clatsop, and Oregon City as well as building a new mission (called Chemeketa, later Salem) to replace the old one on French Prairie.
The Oregon Trail also brought a number of newcomers to the Willamette Valley. Three Protestant missionary couples (the Harvey Clarks, the Alvin T. Smiths, and the Philo Littlejohns)--none of them financed by any established Northwest mission--traveled west with the American fur company brigade. Three American Catholic priests--Fathers DeSmet, Mengarini, and Point--also came to establish missions in the Northwest. Most of the Peoria Party (who stayed to trap furs in the mountains after the journey west in 1839) decided to relocate to the Valley in 1840. Many veteran fur traders--such as Robert Newell and Joe Meek --also abandoned the mountains to settle their families on Valley homesteads.
By the end of the year, several of the former American mountain men and their families had reached the Willamette Valley. A small temporary camp west of the Willamette Falls housed Joe Meek, Robert Newell, Caleb Wilkins, George Ebbert, and William Doughty. The men and their families eked out a meager living through the winter and, in the spring, established farms in Tuality (Hillsboro) or Champoeg (later called French Prairie) with supplies from the Hudson's Bay trading post on Sauvie's Island.
Robert Moore, another newcomer from Illinois traveled from Bent's Fort, Colorado to Oregon in 1840. Moore homesteaded land on the west bank of the Willamette Falls. Unlike many, Moore purchased his land from the local inhabitants. His place, named "Robins Nest" was the foundation of West Linn. The local Kalapuyan people, led by Wanaxa, retained their homes and fishing rights on Moore's 1000-acre property, which stretched from one-half mile below the Falls to two miles upriver and inland for one-fourth mile.
By this time, Kalapuyans had replaced the Clowwewallas (Upper Chinook/Clackamas people) in the region below the Willamette Falls. The east bank above the Falls, once the site of a Clackamas outpost, was nearly depopulated. Meanwhile, as Kalapuyan population dwindled, Molallas moved into their territory from the east (along the Molalla River all the way to the Willamette) and Washington Klikitats moved into former Kalapuyan territory on the Tualatin Plains.
Missionary Alvan F. Waller and his wife, Elpha, were assigned by Jason Lee to establish a new Methodist Mission at the Willamette Falls. HBC chief factor, Dr. John McLoughlin, supplied the lumber and milling for the new mission from his claim at Oregon City.
Dr. Ira L. Babcock--an arrival on the Lausanne who replaced Dr. Elijah White at the Methodist Mission-- estimated that 500 Native Americans in the Willamette Valley died of fever in the year 1840 alone.
The Hudsons Bay Company's Dr. William Tolmie and a crew of Klikitats (Washington Indians) and Iroquois (eastern Canadian mixed-bloods) cut a cart road around Willamette Falls on the east bank.
For this year, missionary W.H. Gray (an assistant to Whitman and Spalding) described the population of the Willamette Valley as: "American settlers, twenty-five of them with Indian wives, 36; American women, 33; children, 32; lay members Protestant Missions, 13; Methodist Ministers, 13; Congregational, 6; American Physicians, 3; English Physicians, 1; Jesuit Priests, including DeSmet, 3; Canadian French, 60. Total Americans 137; total Canadians, including Priests, 63. Total population, not including Hudson's Bay Company operatives within [what is now a portion of Montana, and all of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon] 200."
The Bidwell/Bartleson party--a group of about a hundred people in 36 parties of single men and families-- traveled the Oregon Trail. A number of the settlers turned off for California but at least 24 people passed through Waiilatpu Mission on their way to make homes in the Willamette Valley. Several former fur trappers also took up farms in Oregon in 1841--by this year the American fur trade had ended and future Trail travelers would come in search of land, not pelts.
This year-- 1841--is designated the opening of the Oregon Trail as an emigrant road.
Another overland party, this one from the Red River (Manitoba) region of Canada made way to the Nisqually area of (future) Washington State. The party, organized by investors in Britain and Canada, was called the Puget Sound Agricultural Company and represented an attempt to begin a British colony in the Northwest. Crops raised by the settlers were to be used partially for company profit and partially to repay grubstake loans; eventually the settlers would earn ownership of the land they farmed. Instead, most of the settlers brought west by the Puget Sound Company simply moved south to Oregon for free land.
The US Exploring Expedition under Lt. Charles Wilkes arrived by ship in Oregon to make reports on HBC activities and American prospects in the Pacific Northwest. During the summer, parties of the Expedition received a friendly welcome from the HBC's John McLoughlin at Ft. Vancouver, visited missions at Lapwai, Waiilatpu, and Salem as well as a number of settlements and farms in the Willamette Valley. At the end of summer, Lt. George Emmons led a party from the Expedition overland to the south and escorted a number of Oregonians who wished to relocate to California.
When Felix Hathaway was assigned by the Methodist Mission to construct a sawmill on an island near Willamette Falls, John McLoughlin claimed the island as part of his Oregon City claim. The next year, Steven Meek, a newly arrived settler, was ordered off this same island by the Methodist Mission which, in 1842, claimed that they owned the land (later called Abernethy Island). McLoughlin became embroiled in a long and acrimonious land dispute, first with the Methodist Mission and then with those who bought mission property or otherwise claimed land in the Oregon City area. (The missions dissolved in 1844). Ownership was not settled until long after Oregon became a state.
After the death of Ewing Young, a wealthy settler who left no will or apparent heirs, settlers met to discuss forming a government for the Willamette Valley. In February, Oregonians met at the Old Methodist Mission, elected officers and a constitutional committee, and met again in June at the new Chemeketa Methodist Mission (Salem). Participants included ex-Hudsons Bay Company employees, Methodist missionaries, a Catholic priest, and former American fur trappers--a cross-section of the inhabitants of French Prairie. The committee was instructed to confer with Lt. Wilkes of the US Exploring Expedition about the formation of an Oregon government. There is no record of later meetings and this effort apparently produced no lasting organization.
George Abernethy, a missionary steward in charge of Methodist finances, suggested that a missionary store be kept at Oregon City to help with the distribution of donated missionary supplies shipped in on the Lausanne (in 1840). From an establishment near the new Methodist Mission, Abernethy distributed goods among the Methodist missionaries and other settlers by extending credit or bartering exchanges.
Julia Waller--the first white child born in Oregon City--arrived in May 1841, the daughter of Methodist missionaries Alvan and Elpha Waller.
By autumn, the Oregon Trail had brought an estimated 140 newcomers to the Willamette Valley led by Eljah White and guided by Lansford W. Hastings. Many of these would relocate to California in 1843. Dr. Elijah White had been newly appointed as US Indian sub-agent and was making a return trip to Oregon in 1842. The former Methodist missionary was, in 1842, the only US official in the Northwest.
The area previously known as Willamette Falls (or Hyas Tyee Tumchuck) was renamed Oregon City by Dr. McLoughlin. Expecting an influx of American settlers--and already contending with the mission over the island millsite--McLoughlin decided to formally regularize his land claim at the Falls. The town "Oregon City" would continue to be called "Willamette Falls" for many years.
John McLoughlin platted his land claim and hired Sidney W. Moss with J.M. Hudspeth to survey Oregon City. They used a pocket compass and a rope (such methods were used until the first US survey in 1851). This claim would later be controversial as the Methodist Mission dissolved and new settlers arrived who refused to recognize the land claims of non-American citizens.
In October 1842, the Methodist Mission formed the Island Milling Society and began operations on an island near the Willamette Falls that was claimed by Dr. John McLoughlin. The mission also claimed a section of land in the Oregon City area that overlapped McLoughlin's.
That same month, October 1842, the Oregon Institute opened in Salem. The college, later called Willamette University, was organized by the Methodist Mission, which selected its original board of trustees in January 1842.
Hugh Burns, a new arrival who had been blacksmith for the Elijah White/H.W. Hastings wagon train on the Oregon Trail in 1842, staked a claim adjacent to Robert Moore's. In October, Burns platted a town, to be called Multnomah City, on his 640-acre claim. Burn's settlement eventually included a tannery and a hotel (the Price Hotel). Multnomah City (now the site of West Linn's Bolton neighborhood) was less successful than Moore's establishment (Robin's Nest/Linn City). Multnomah's lower river landings were obliterated by flood in 1853 and the site abandoned. (Burns later settled in Washington County, Oregon).
For $285, Sidney Moss bought a lot at the corner of Third and Main Streets from Dr. McLoughlin and built a house. Moss opened his Oregon City home for the first meeting of the Willamette Falls Lyceum and Debating Society.
In the fall and winter of 1842, the Lyceum in Oregon City held debates on the advisability of forming a Provincial Government. Those who wished to wait for US jurisdiction, if within four years, won one of the debates.
Oregon City had a population of 137. Full-size Oregon City Map, 1846
Mt. St. Helens (a volcano in Washington just across the Columbia River but visible in the Willamette Valley) erupted on Nov. 22, 1842 spewing a large amount of ash. Intermittent, small eruptions continued through 1857.
In Missouri, 700-900 people and about 120 wagons set out on the Oregon Trail briefly led by Peter H. Burnett, then by William Martin (until the California cut-off). The train was so huge that it split into a fast moving group and a slower moving "Cow Column" (led by Jesse Applegate). The emigrants trickled into the Willamette Valley over a period of weeks and a variety of routes with most reaching their goal by the end of November. Trail journal of 1843: "An Immigrant of '43"
Fathers Peter Devos and Adrian Hoeken plus several lay brothers arrived with the overlanders. During this year, Father Bolduc, who had come from Canada by ship, opened the St. Joseph School for boys on French Prairie.
John C. Fremont's official US exploring expedition followed in the wake of the overlanders, took a side trip to the Great Salt Lake, and arrived at the Dalles November 4. They crossed the summit of the Sierra Nevadas in January 1844 and traveled into California.
Robert Moore surveyed his land to plat a town for his claim at Robin's Nest (later Linn City). Moore's land covered 1000 acres (eventually the standard claim was set at the more traditional 640 acres per man and wife). Moore planned 25 blocks, each 320-by-220 feet, and 60-foot wide streets, each named after a US President. Moore planned to retain two entire blocks, one of them riverfront, as his personal holding. Two years earlier he had told Lt. Wilkes of the US Exploring Expedition that he also had plans for an iron smelter, ferry, and dock.
Hiram Straight claimed 600 acres near the mouth of Abernethy Creek and the Clackamas River. George Abernethy retained the adjacent narrow stip of land to the south (Green Point) next to McLoughlin's claim.
In February 1843, a small group met at the Methodist Mission (Chemeketa; Salem) to discuss protecting herds of cattle and horses from predators. This group, nick-named the Wolf Organization, became the nucleus of government in Oregon. They met again on March 6, at Joseph Gervais's Champoeg home. Meetings during the succeeding months (at the Methodist church/school/granary in Oregon City) culminated in a vote, taken July 5, 1843 at Champoeg, which formed the government by referendum and elected officers.
On March 25, 1843 in Oregon City, Robert Shortess and A.E. Wilson devised a strongly worded petition against the Hudsons Bay Company and the British to be presented to the US Congress. This petition was signed by 65 settlers and dispatched overland to the east. Although published in the Congressional Record, it led to no official US action.
This year marked the creation of CLACKAMAS COUNTY: as specified by the Provisional Government of Oregon, "District Number 3, to be called the Clackamas District comprehending all the territory not included in the other three districts." The territory covered by Clackamas was as vast as the imaginations and ambitions of the early settlers. Bounded by Champoeg District on the south and by the Willamette River on the west, Clackamas stretched eastward to the crest of the Rocky Mountains and northward to the international border at 54o 40' with Russian Alaska. (The northern border between British Canada and the United States had not yet been negotiated and Oregon's Provisional Government claimed all of the Pacific Northwest).
Map of Clackamas County in 1843
The Philip Foster and Francis Pettygrove families arrived in Oregon City. The year before, Pettygrove and his junior partner (son-in-law) Foster had sold out their lumber business and stores in Maine and sailed as far as Hawaii. They got to Oregon City in April, paid a token fee for one of McLoughlin's new town lots, and were ready for business by late May 1843. They built a 2-storey building which housed the families upstairs with a store on the bottom floor.
The Oregon Trail brought a booming business to the Pettygrove emporium at the foot of 3rd Street opposite the ferry. The store had arranged for an inventory to be sent from Hawaii; by December, the store doubled this order and added $4000 worth of additional goods.
With other newcomer businessmen, missionaries, and Dr. McLoughlin, Pettygrove organized a new Willamette Cattle Company which imported 550 head of cattle, 535 sheep, and 20 horses from California to be kept at a farm in Yamhill, Oregon. Others in this business included Ira Babcock, Bishop Blanchet, Philip Foster, John Koman, and Jacob Liese.
Captain John Couch, an associate of the Cushing merchant and shipping family of Massachusetts, settled in Portland this year but opened a general store in Oregon City which was managed by George LeBreton. Couch had been trading ship captain on New England-Hawaii-Oregon circuit. His attempt to found a fishery in Oregon (1840) had failed but the store would prove successful. He financed his new store with proceeds from the sale of the ship Maryland in Hawaii.
October 1843, Capt. Sylvester's ship Pallas sailed with a load of Pettygrove's products from Oregon City to Hawaii. By October 1843, the Pettygrove's enterprise produced salted salmon and barreled peas grown in the Willamette Valley for shipment to the store's supplier in Hawaii.
Walter Pomeroy (who had purchased a town lot from McLoughlin) and Philip Foster contracted with Dr. John McLoughlin to build a flour mill on Abernethy Island at the Willamette Falls. Around this time McLoughlin and Robert Moore began to operate a regular ferry between a landing at 3rd street in Oregon City and Moore's settlement at Robin's Nest (later called Linn City). From this village, an Indian trail (later Rosemont Road) ran uphill and then down into the Tualatin Valley.
At the corner of 3rd and Main in Oregon City, Sidney Moss opened the first "hotel" west of the Rockies to accommodate Oregon Trail newcomers. The Main Street Hotel's amenities were limited to a space on the floor during this first year, but at least it was out of the rain. After Moss married a widow, the establishment (at that time a full-scale hotel, linens and all) added a livery stable and dining hall.
The First Congregational Church organized in Oregon City, the first Protestant church (rather than mission) west of the Rocky Mountains. It did not have its own building so the Methodists (1844) also could claim this "first".
In the fall of 1843, Catholic missionary priest Father Demers moved from St. Paul (French Prairie) to Oregon City. Demers rented a residence/chapel from Walter Pomeroy. With lumber and donations from Dr. John McLoughlin, Demers built a church for Oregon City worshipers. St. John the Apostle was completed in 1845 and was blessed in 1846. Between 1843 and the end of the century, it was the site of 285 marriages and 1,100 baptisms.
Newcomer M.M. McCarver discovered a rich load of iron near the later site of Oswego (across the Willamette River from Oregon City and north of Linn). The next year, B.C. Kindred would also note the iron ore near Sucker Creek and Lake.
Go to Next Timeline, 1844-1848
Go to Clackamas History Introduction (a quick overview)
See References and Links
Go to Library Page
Patricia Kohnen


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New front for death penalty debate: Pharmacy rules
ST. PAUL, Minn. (AP) — In a new tactic, death penalty opponents are lobbying state health regulators to prohibit pharmacists from mixing the drugs for lethal injection.
They started Wednesday in Minnesota, where capital punishment doesn't exist and where there isn't evidence pharmacists are supplying any execution drugs. The push is driven by concern that unproven drugs have caused botched executions and a belief that pharmacists are duty-bound to promote well-being rather than aid in death.
Minnesota's Board of Pharmacy opened its discussion but postponed any action until September to give people on both sides of the issue time to make their case. Even then, board executive director Cody Wiberg said his preference would be to let the Legislature decide next year given the controversial nature.
"Just because we don't have a death penalty and you might get a more sympathetic ear than a state like Texas, it does not mean it will be an easy row to hoe," Wiberg told The Associated Press after the hearing.
Minnesota abolished its death penalty in 1911 and lawmakers turned back an effort to reinstate it a decade ago.
That helped draw the attention of Kelsey Kauffman, a retired-teacher-turned-activist from Indiana who took up the cause after learning that national codes of ethics don't specifically prevent pharmacists from assisting in executions. Kauffman and her allies, including Amnesty International USA, plan to approach licensing boards in Maine, Michigan and Wisconsin next in hopes of eventually building a critical mass.
"Until the past year pharmacists had no role to play in executions. That's why it's a big issue now," she said. "There's nothing that's stopping death penalty states from getting their drugs from non-death penalty states."
Capital punishment states are in pursuit of new supplies after several drugmakers — many based in Europe — stopped selling drugs for use in lethal injections. They've looked to compounding pharmacies to help fill the void.
In execution-leading Texas, state officials refuse to disclose where they get drugs used in lethal injections. In neighboring Oklahoma, where state officials are investigating an execution that went awry in April, a pharmacy regulator said health boards don't belong in the death penalty debate.
"We haven't even considered it," said Cindy Hamilton, with the Oklahoma State Board of Pharmacy. "I think that's a political issue, and it's not our job to get into political issues."
Gay Dodson, executive director of the Texas State Board of Pharmacy, also was dubious.
"Texas is such a proponent of using the death penalty, I don't think it would get through the Legislature, but who knows?"
The proposal presented to Minnesota officials is aimed at compounding pharmacies, which custom-make drug preparations, not neighborhood drug stores. Since death penalty drugs are injected, they could only be made at a small handful of them in Minnesota that are licensed to make sterile preparations, or perhaps at hospital pharmacies. Wiberg said he would be surprised if any Minnesota compounding pharmacies were doing so but couldn't say so with certainty.
Steve Anderson, owner of The Apothecary Compounding Pharmacy in Sartell, does sterile compounding but said he probably wouldn't want to make death penalty drugs.
"I would have a problem compounding medications for that use. Just my Christian background. It probably wouldn't be something that I would agree to anyway," Anderson said.
Associated Press writers Steve Karnowski in Minneapolis and Justin Juozapavicius in Tulsa, Oklahoma contributed.
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There is no easy answer to what is the best source of energy or electricity. Is the priority reliability, affordability, the economy, international human rights, limiting greenhouse gas emissions, preserving environmental resources, or human health? It's undeniable that today — whether we like it or not — humans worldwide are overwhelmingly dependent onfossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas. Everything eaten, worn, lived in, and bought is tied to availability of fossil fuels.
Even if 100 percent of politicians were determined to stop using them today, society has neither the electricity grid nor the vehicular and industrial technology to sustain the current American lifestyle on non-fossil sources of energy. Yet. When comparing sources of energy, it's easy to forget how universal fossil fuels are. These sources continue to dominate for reasons that are difficult to measure, like political influence, advertising clout, and control over energy infrastructure. Other sources have disadvantages purely because they don't fit in as well.
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Volume brings another difficulty in comparing sources of energy. There is so much more fossil energy, and it's been used for a long time, so we know a lot more about its hazards and benefits. More modern technologies are harder to quantify. Some are renewable but still pollute (biofuels), some are very clean except in accidents or waste disposal (nuclear). Most electricity sources (renewable or not) use steam turbines, and all the water to make steam has to come from somewhere, but how important should that factor be?
Clicking the graphic above will give an abbreviated chart comparing sources line by line, but that doesn't provide anywhere close to the whole story. Each of the following topics compares the major sources of energy through a different lens. Though environmental and local issues may seem the most important to those of us who don't own power plants or utility companies, the cost of energy drives which sources are actually in place today and which sources will see investment tomorrow.


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The BlackHat USA 2012 conference will be held at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada, from July 21-26 to bring together thought leaders from all facets of the Information Security world from the corporate and government sectors to academic and even underground researchers.
More Insights
White Papers
- In Today's Age of Digital Transformation, How Does Your Firewall Measure Up?
- SANS Report: Cloud Security Survey
- Assessing Cybersecurity Risk in Today's Enterprise
- The Definitive Guide to Managed Detection and Response (MDR)
WebcastsMore >>
This year's event sees a special session hosted by Jared DeMott entitled "Application Security: For Hackers and Developers." DeMott himself is a principal security researcher for the "Crucial Security" business area at Harris Corporation. He is also a Ph.D. candidate at Michigan State University.
Demott's session aims to both straddle and interconnect what he denotes as the "four technical skills" required by security professionals in any job function:
- source code auditing
- fuzzing
- reverse engineering
- exploitation
In light of the fact that many code bases (C/C++ code and others) have long been plagued by security errors resulting from memory corruption, there is now a need to drill into key information-security skills for programmers in order to bring the pedigree, core architecture, and wider remit for operation of their application up to scratch to meet today's exacting standards for security.
This conference session then will feature analysis of problematic code and web auditing issues. Fuzzing will be covered with analysis of mutation file fuzzing and framework definition construction.
According to BlackHat 2012 conference organizers, those attending this event will focus on learning to reverse compile software written in C and C++. "Understanding how and when to audit source code is key for both developers and hackers. Students learn to zero in on the important components of each language. Automated tools are mentioned, but auditing source manually is the focus, since verifying results is a required skill even when using the most advanced tools. Spotting and fixing bugs is the focus."
Attendees, or "students" as they are commonly referred to at this highly practical training event, will typically be expected to hold a college degree in a computer related disciple or have equivalent work experience.


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UFC FIGHT NIGHT: Kennedy vs Natal Weigh-in Gallery
November 05, 2013
53 Photos
UFC Fight Night: Kennedy vs Natal official weigh-in at the Fort Campbell Sabre Air Field hanger on November 5, 2013 in Clarksville, Tennessee.
Getty Images reserves the right to pursue unauthorized users of this image or clip. If you violate our intellectual property you may be liable for: actual damages, loss of income, and profits you derive from the use of this image or clip, and, where appropriate, the costs of collection and/or statutory damages up to $150,000 (USD).


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The FX100 System uses the Power Plus I Pressure Plate with a custom heavy-duty Steel Back Organic friction disc. This clutch is engineered for heavy-duty street use. It is specifically designed for extended wear and additional clamping force for the enthusiast who has added an exhaust system, an intake system, up to 50hp NO2 upgrade, or other non-forced induction external bolt-ons. It features only slightly increased pedal pressure, longer life than stock, and normal clutch feel during engagement and disengagement for a very smooth operation.
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Keep on Growing®
Beyond delivering exceptional men's grooming products, we believe self-investment leads to a better world. When you grow, others will follow.
Our Mission: To Make Men Awesome
Recommended Reading
Our Product Ethos
We formulate our products to work with your body's natural chemistry; rather than to disguise or change it. Many competing products are formulated to address a man's insecurities rather than helping them embrace their own awesomeness. We think you are awesome and our products are designed to help you be the man you want to be.
Beardbrand Comes Into Existence
Beardbrand came from very humble beginnings when we launched with a YouTube channel and a blog. Our goal from the first day was to change the way society views beardsmen and wanted to make a big mark on the world.
To do that, we needed to unite a community of urban beardsmen, provide education & inspiration, and offer class leading products.
The community has grown quite a bit since 2012, but our mission is still true.
Beardbrand Online Store Launches
The next major step in the history of Beardbrand was when we decided to grow beyond a community and offer grooming products.
The world quickly took notice and Beardbrand founder, Eric Bandholz, was quoted in the New York Times about his take on the beard grooming and the need for beard products.
Since the beginning, we've been independent, self funded, and a profitable business. This means we are in control of how we serve the community and are not beholden to outside forces or influence.
Eric Meets the Sharks
On Halloween of 2014, Eric Bandholz shared the Beardbrand story with the sharks of Shark Tank. We made a big impact on them and even was able to convince Lori (a beard hater) to feel the softness of a Beardbrand beard.
Although the sharks didn't bite it was a big step for us to show the world how men are investing in their style and wearing beards in environments where it was not traditionally acceptable.
Men's Sea Salt Spray Released
A big movement for us in 2016 was to grow beyond the beard. We realize that many men decide to grow their beards in the winter and shave it for the summer. This is something that we have always supported as it's up to the the individual to dictate their style, not pressures from society.
Many of these same men wanted high quality products for their hair so we launched our men's sea salt spray.
It's a great product that gives natural texture, a light hold, and killer look. Funny enough, we see a lot of guys also use this product on their beards.
The All Natural, Multi-Functional Balm
In 2016 we launched our highly acclaimed Utility Balm. When the industry was settling for beard balms, we decided to shake up the market and build a product that can be used on your beard, body & hair.
The Utility Balm is a conditioning balm that melts quickly in your hands and absorbs into your skin & beard. It's lightweight and smells terrific.
Made from natural ingredients, this balm is used to help tattoos pop, tackle dry skin, and protect your body from the daily elements.
Welcome to Our Community
If you've made it this far then we are happy to welcome you our awesome community. We have created several resources to help you with your journey towards becoming a better man.
Our tagline "Keep on Growing" is about helping you grow as an individual and become a better man. Life is too short to settle for mediocrity and you are a person who is willing to step up to the challenge and press yourself to become the best version of yourself.
This of course means great grooming habits, but it's also more than that - it's about continuing to educate yourself, to develop more fruitful relationships and to make an impact on your community and occupation.
We have a newsletter, blog, YouTube channel, and social media pages to help keep you in the loop. Be sure to stick around and email us at [email protected] for anything you need help with!
Eric Bandholz


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Community BancPac
It's Time to Support Community Banking Through Community BancPac
What is Community BancPac?
Community BancPac is a non-partisan statewide political action committee of the Community Bankers Association of Illinois (CBAI) that seeks to elect both challengers and incumbent state lawmakers who support community banking and strive to maintain safety and soundness standards for the banking profession.
Who Can Contribute?
YOU! Also, corporate contributions can be made by state banks and bank holding companies (regardless of the charters of their bank subsidiaries). Although nationally-chartered institutions are prohibited from making corporate contributions, individuals associated with national banks may personally contribute. Officers, directors, staff, and friends may make personal contributions at any time.
How Are Donations Distributed?
The CBAI Governmental Relations staff, with the advice of CBAI leaders and Community BancPac officers, decide how to allocate the funds to best serve the community banking profession based on their knowledge of the candidates. Community BancPac also invites contributing CBAI members to recommend candidates for financial support. Community BancPac often coordinates with CBAI members to attend the fund raising events of local candidates to build grassroots relationships.
"Public sentiment is everything. With public sentiment, nothing can fail; without it, nothing can succeed."
-Abraham Lincoln
August 21, 1858
Please contact CBAI's Department of Governmental Relations with any questions at 217/529-2265.
With your continued support, Community BancPac helps maintain the only independent voice exclusively representing the interests of Illinois community banks in the Illinois General Assembly.
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|Home >> Course Descriptions >> College of Arts and Sciences
|Special Topics in Public Administration
|Three semester hours. (FL)
|Special topics relevant to public administration. May be repeated for credit when topic changes.
Home - General Information - Student Services -
Academic Undergraduate Regulations -
Undergraduate Degrees - Academic Graduate Regulations -
Graduate Degrees - Course Descriptions - Faculty -
Appendix A - Appendix B - Appendix C - Appendix D


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Wedding Draping is using a very sheer and lightweight fabric to cover the walls, or provide a backdrop covering unsightly areas of a venue. You can cover and create a very elegant look for your event by using draping. Draping can also be used on the ceiling. It will soften a harsh industrial look and it will also lower some of the very tall ceilings. It really changes the look of the room and brings your eye up when your taking in the look of the whole room. Draping comes in many different colors. White and ivory are the standard. However, black has also been used behind stages and D.J stands to create a clean look. There are many brides that may prefer to have more than one color of drape in their wall drapery which would make a focal point in the room. Draping will really bring your event to the next level. It is gorgeous and impressive.
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If you are looking for wedding draping, linens, chair covers, or chiavari chairs in the Grand Rapids area look no further than Wedding and Events Decor. We are a one stop shop company looking forward to working with you. We can do it all. Give us a call at 616-837-9706/ We would love to give you a price quote on your wedding decor. We also love servicing brides that have booked their events at the Grand Haven Country Club check them out at www.grandhavencountryclub.com. They are fabulous to work with and do such a nice job.
Email us we would love to talk to you about your plans firstname.lastname@example.com.
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10:00 AM to 2:00 PMThe Application Information Day provides an opportunity for you and/ or your parent(s)/ guardian(s) to drop in to meet with a member of the DARE team to discuss your application. Drop in anytime between 10am and 2pm for information on the HEAR and DARE Schemes:

Talk to DARE and HEAR advisors about your application.
Information videos will be shown hourly throughout the morning.
Applicants, parents, guardians, teachers, guidance counsellors all welcome.

This is a nationwide event, more information and venues can be found by clicking here
Athlone Institute of Technology
Westmeath view map
Upcoming Events
10:00 AM to 2:00 PMThe Application Information Day provides an opportunity for you and/ or your parent(s)/ guardian(s) to drop in to meet with a member of the DARE team to discuss your application. Drop in anytime between 10am and 2pm for information on the HEAR and DARE Schemes:

Talk to DARE and HEAR advisors about your application.
Information videos will be shown hourly throughout the morning.
Applicants, parents, guardians, teachers, guidance counsellors all welcome.

This is a nationwide event, more information and venues can be found by clicking here
12:00 AM to 12:00 AMAthlone Institute of Technology will be holding a CAO Information Evening on the 15th of January, 2020.

For further information, contact:
Name: Daniel Seery
Phone: 090 646 8136
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
12:00 AM to 12:00 AMSciFest STEM Fair will take place at AIT on the 22nd of April, 2020.

For further information, contact:
Name: Dr. Noreen Morris
Phone: 090 647 1878
Email: email@example.com
About Us
Undergraduate programmes at AIT are characterised by a real-world focus that equips students with the knowledge and skills sought by employers. This extends from curriculum content and project work through to work-based placements. Opportunities are available at sub-degree and honours degree level in engineering, science, business and humanities. Within each faculty, there is plenty to choose from.
Engineering provision is in a new state-of-the-art €36 million facility, with degrees available, for example, in cloud computing, game development, mechanical engineering, environmental engineering science, electronics and computer engineering, and civil engineering. The School of Science, too, has benefited from a multi-million euro investment in laboratories and equipment. A diverse range of opportunities is available, including biotechnology, pharmaceutical science, toxicology, audiology, health science with nutrition, sports science and sports therapy.
The Business School is renowned internationally for accountancy education, while programmes in business and management, digital marketing, entrepreneurship and innovation, and business computing help develop the business leaders of tomorrow. AIT is a pioneer in hospitality, tourism and leisure studies education, and graduates from these degrees are to be found working in some of the leading hotels and tourism locations internationally. The School of Humanities also offers degrees in graphic design and digital media, as well as social care and childcare.
Postgraduate at AIT
AIT offers taught postgraduate programmes in engineering, science, humanities and business. Taught programmes include Master's degrees in business, accounting, an Executive MBA, child and youth care, advanced social care practice, polymer technology, software engineering, toxicology, and environmental, health and safety management, and intellectual disability nursing. Similarly, a number of postgraduate diploma and higher diploma opportunities exist in business, computing and nursing. Entry to postgraduate programmes normally requires either a first or second class honours primary degree in an appropriate discipline.
Research at AIT
Research opportunities are available through AIT's three strategic research institutes in materials (MRI), bioscience (BRI) and software (SRI) research. Further research clusters exist within the four schools. The research institutes have developed international collaborations with leading multinational companies and universities in Europe, Asia and the US, and have attracted significant, multi-million euro funding. A new Research Hub includes the Graduate School, as well as purpose-built research workspace, seminar and social space. In 2010, AIT launched the President's Seed Fund, which was worth €750,000 in its first two years. Under the initiative, some 30 MSc and PhD positions were funded. AIT enjoys delegated authority to award its own PhDs in the areas of polymer engineering, toxicology and microbiology.
Study Abroad at AIT
AIT students have the opportunity of studying for a period in one of our partner colleges overseas. The process is administered by the International Office in association with the student's home faculty. Permission must be sought and granted by the relevant head of department.
For example, students from the School of Engineering have availed of EU funding to enable them to carry out industrial training programmes abroad. The School of Humanities has developed mobility exchange programmes with universities in Canada and the USA in the fields of social care and child and youth care.
Links have been established by the School of Science with UK institutions such as Staffordshire University, University of London Royal Postgraduate Medical School and the University of Portsmouth. Student and staff exchanges have been set-up between AIT and the Institut Universitaire de Technologie (IUT), Rennes, France. Students from year three programmes in the School of Science can apply to study or complete placement for one semester at AIT partner colleges in the US at Daemen College, Buffalo; New College, Florida or Pitzer College, California.
Student Support Services at AIT
The institute offers a wide range of services to students. The Student Services Department is one of the first ports of call for students seeking information and help on any aspect of institute life. The range of services provided include tutorial support, careers, health, disability support, financial support, counselling and chaplaincy. The services offered continue to expand and are designed to help students obtain maximum benefit from their time at the institute.
The Careers Office at AIT provides career counselling to facilitate students in knowing and evaluating the possibilities available. Advice is available in terms of compiling CVs, cover letters and interview techniques, while the annual careers fair enables students to come directly in contact with employers.
Student services also coordinates the Peer Assisted Student Support (PASS) scheme, which encourages first year students to support each other and learn cooperatively under the guidance of a trained student from the second year of your course.
The free and confidential counselling service provides help and support if you are experiencing difficulties in relation to study or examinations, lack of confidence or self-esteem, unsatisfactory relationships, family difficulties, anxiety or depression.
Why us?
Why study at Athlone Institute of Technology?
- AIT graduates enjoy excellent career prospects. According to our most recent graduate survey, just 13% of graduates were seeking employment six months after completing their studies.
- Large number of internships. A large number of AIT's programmes feature internships or practice placements, which give students an ideal opportunity to put into practice the material they are learning in the lecture theatre, while simultaneously building relationships with potential employers.
- More people complete their studies at AIT. Some 89% of honours degree students complete their degree at AIT, on a par with some universities and better than many other institutes of technology. This highlights the range of support measures which are in place in Athlone, including a dedicated peer support system for first year students.
- AIT is a research and innovation-active institution. AIT has a proven track record in securing research funding and has received more than €23 million since 2000.
AIT has an attractive modern campus, which has received an investment of more than €100 million since 2000. The most recent projects to be completed are the Engineering and Informatics Building (€36m), the Research Hub (€2m) and the FIFA astro-turf pitch and IAAF-approved athletics track (€2m). Construction work is currently underway on a new indoor sporting arena (€10m), which is due to be completed in 2012.
Situated in the heart of Ireland, Athlone Institute of Technology (AIT) offers students an education that equips them for career success. With a focus on real-world engagement, AIT's approach to teaching and learning gives students the knowledge and skills sought by employers. This professional orientation is embedded across all faculties, through placements, project work and an applied research focus. AIT offers more than 100 full-time programmes from two-year sub-degree courses through to PhD, across its four schools of business, humanities, engineering and science.
This modern higher education institution has a state-of-the-art campus, the benefit of a €100 million investment since 2000. In addition to cutting-edge laboratories and lecture theatres, AIT's sporting infrastructure boasts Olympic-standard indoor and outdoor facilities. Students from more than 50 different nationalities call AIT home, small wonder given the personal welcome they receive and the attention to ensuring that all students receive the very best education possible.


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Hot Stove roundup: Rays keep middle infield intact
Zobrist, Escobar back in Tampa Bay for 2014; Red Sox decline option on Thornton
With the deadline for exercising or declining options looming at 5 p.m. ET on Monday, teams continued to make those decisions Saturday. Below is a recap of those moves, plus news on the Mariners' managerial search and more.
• The Rays will bring back their same middle infield in 2014 after picking up options on second baseman Ben Zobrist and shortstop Yunel Escobar. However, they still must decide whether to do the same for outfielder David DeJesus and reliever Juan Carlos Oviedo.
• The Red Sox declined a team option on reliever Matt Thornton, while two of the team's free agents -- first baseman Mike Napoli and catcher Jarrod Saltalamacchia -- would like to return. In other news, second baseman Dustin Pedroia soon will undergo surgery on his left thumb after playing the whole season with a sprained ulnar collateral ligament.
• Joey Cora is among a handful of finalists to become the Mariners' new manager.
• Roger McDowell will return as pitching coach of the Braves after signing a new two-year deal.
• As expected, the Giants declined their option on pitcher Barry Zito, according to the MLB Players Association. Zito becomes a free agent after completing his seven-year contract with San Francisco, which also declined an option on outfielder Andres Torres.
• Also per the MLBPA, the Orioles declined their option on lefty Tsuyoshi Wada, who underwent Tommy John surgery after signing a two-year deal before the 2012 season and never appeared in a game for Baltimore.


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This topic provides some best practices and recommendations for deploying Blackboard Drive at your institution or organization. It also provides some useful tips and examples to help with your deployment.
Blackboard Drive Overview
Blackboard Drive is a client desktop application for Windows that allows desktop access to the Content Collection tab by mapping it as a shared network drive (a lettered drive on Windows). Blackboard Drive uses the WebDAV protocol for communication with Learn content management but has many advantages over the OS native WebDAV clients. Blackboard Drive provides better reliability, a more consistent experience, and improved user efficiency.
Blackboard Drive is integrated into the Blackboard Learn user interface with Easy Edit to provide simplified editing from the Content Collection tab and improved efficiency. Easy Edit with Blackboard Drive allows users to open a file for editing directly from the user interface and makes editing as simple as three steps: click, edit, and save. To learn more about Easy Edit, see Editing Files Using Easy Edit.
Blackboard Drive must be installed on the end user's computer. To make this easier for Blackboard Learn system administrators, there a number of tools and features to help more easily deploy and manage the software, including:
- Mass Configuration, which allows Blackboard Drive configuration settings to be bundled in the product installer or downloaded from a web server.
- Auto Update, which allows Blackboard Drive to prompt end users to download and install product updates.
- MSI installer option, which allows Blackboard Drive to be deployed via standard mass deployment tools.
Blackboard recommends that Mass Configuration be used to improve the experience of end users and reduce help desk questions when installing and using Blackboard Drive. Blackboard also recommends that Auto Update or another remote deployment tool be used to automate upgrading to newer versions.
While Blackboard Drive provides an improved user experience over native OS WebDAV clients, Blackboard will continue to support these OS native WebDAV clients and the existing learn "Web Folder" feature for cases when a user does not have Blackboard Drive available.
Blackboard Learn Support
Blackboard Drive is supported for use with Blackboard Learn 9.1 SP 4 and later.
Easy Edit with Blackboard Drive, which provides simplified editing from the Content Management web interface and improved efficiency, requires Learn 9.1 SP 6 and later.
Operating System Support
Blackboard Drive for Windows 1.7 supports the following Operating Systems.
- Windows XP SP3 (32-bit)
- Windows Vista (32-bit and 64-bit)
- Windows 7 (32-bit and 64-bit)
- Windows 8 (32-bit and 64-bit)
- Windows 8.1 (32-bit and 64-bit)
Easy Edit with Blackboard Drive on Windows supports Internet Explorer, Firefox, and Chrome.
End User Requirements
Installing Blackboard Drive requires administrator privileges because it needs to install a kernel-level driver.
Deployment and Distribution
Blackboard Drive provides a simple and seamless user experience for updating, accessing, and editing files and folder in the Content Collection straight from the desktop. Blackboard Drive also provides a more consistent and improved user experience than native OS WebDAV clients, reducing the burden on IT and improving overall end user adoption and satisfaction.
Blackboard Drive must be installed on an end user's computer, so you must choose a strategy for deployment and distribution. Common options include:
- Allowing users to download and install Blackboard Drive.
- Deploying with software management tools that can deploy MSI installers for Windows.
- Pre-installing on managed computer images or in computer labs.
For any chosen distribution method, Blackboard recommends that Mass Configuration be used to improve the experience of end users and reduce help desk questions configuring and using Blackboard Drive. Mass Configuration allows pre-configuring and updating application configuration settings such as volumes and preferences. Blackboard also recommends that Auto Update or a remote deployment tool be used to automate upgrading to newer versions. To learn more, see Mass Configuration and Auto Update.
Allowing Users to Download Blackboard Drive
If you choose to allow users to download Blackboard Drive, you must decide to who, where, and how to provide the Blackboard Drive installer.
Blackboard recommends that you use Mass Configuration to create a pre-configured installer for your users. If you want to give different groups of users different configurations, such as one configuration for instructors and another for students, it is possible to create two separate configured installers.
Some suggested places to put Blackboard Drive for download include:
- In the Learn Content Collection, such as in the Institution area. This allows you to use permissions on the files to control who has access Blackboard Drive.
- Linked from a module in Learn community engagement. This allows you to control rollout using institutional roles.
- On your IT or helpdesk website.
- Another location where you distribute software to users (such as a FTP site or shared drive).
Users will then be responsible for downloading and installing Blackboard Drive. They will require administrator privileges on their computer to install.
Benefits to Users
If you provide a properly Mass Configured installer, users will be able to use Blackboard Drive immediately after installing without additional configuration. If you use Auto Update, users will automatically be notified when an updated version is available to them.
Managed Deployment with Third Party Software
If you use a third party software deployment package, such as software that covers rolling out MSI installer packages, it is possible to distribute Blackboard Drive as a MSI.
The Blackboard Drive Windows setup executable allows extracting a MSI installer to deploy to client PCs. This is possible with the /save command line argument in the Windows installer. If you do plan to use this approach and would like to use Mass Configuration to pre-configure, you must add the configuration file to create a custom installer first, then extract the MSI file. To learn more, see Command Line Reference for Windows and the Examples in this topic.
Pre-Configuring on a Disk Image or on Managed Computers
It is also possible to install Blackboard Drive onto a pre-configured disk image for managed computers. If Mass Configuration and Auto update are also used, you can manage settings and push out updates automatically on these machines.
To learn more about shared computers and computer labs, see Computer Lab Deployment and Shared Computers.
Marketing and Training for Blackboard Drive
After you have decided on your method for deployment, the next step is how to market or communicate Blackboard Drive to your user community. Blackboard Drive provides significant benefits to users. This information needs to be communicated to your users so that they can install and use it to reap the benefits of the improved user experience. Providing some basic training or resources will help your users. Marketing for awareness is especially important if users are expected to download and install Blackboard Drive themselves, and it is important to drive user adoption.
Blackboard had provided a Communication Toolkit to assist you with this process. Blackboard also recommends marketing it in visible locations such as a module in the My Institution page of Learn Community Engagement or on your IT and helpdesk website. Materials include:
- Faculty or Educator brochure (PDF): This is a two-page brochure on the benefits of Blackboard Drive to educators.
- Student Marketing (Word): This is a one-page communication about Blackboard Drive directed at students who have virtual hard drives or personal folders in the Learn Content Collection. It was designed for institutions or organizations to modify with their branding and communication style.
- Installation instructions (Word): This is an example of install instructions that can be modified and distributed as a resource for end users.
- Blackboard Drive Logos: To be used in various materials as needed for rollout of the product.
- Blackboard Drive web banner: To be used as an email signature, in a module of the Community Engagement portal or on other web properties.
Mass Configuration and Auto Update
Mass Configuration and Auto Update are two important and powerful tools to help administrators configure Blackboard Drive for end users and roll out updates to both the configuration and the software itself. Blackboard recommends using these tools as part of your Blackboard Drive deployment.
Careful use of these tools will help administrators and end users have an efficient and positive experience. Immediate benefits include:
- Efficient content management without manual configuration: Removes the need for end users to configure Blackboard Drive after install so that they can use it right away.
- Reduced Helpdesk Calls: Fewer help desk calls if it is already configured to work with your Learn server.
- Simplify Training: Train users how they can be more efficient using Blackboard Drive, not how to configure the software.
- Easy Product Updates: Auto update makes it easy to update to the latest version or to modify the configuration for users.
Mass Configuration
Mass Configuration allows configuring Blackboard Drive for users, setting up Volumes to connect to Learn, defaulting and locking preferences, and restricting users from modifying settings. Mass Configuration also allows setting some additional technical settings for the software that cannot be set in the user interface, such as connection timeouts, and auto-lock settings. Many of these technical settings are to work around application compatibility or other issues and are generally not needed unless advised by Blackboard Support.
To learn more, see Mass Configuration for Windows. These topics document the options and provide a sample Mass Configuration XML files.
Auto Update
Auto Update solves two problems. The first problem Auto Update addresses is updating the Blackboard Drive version, such as rolling out the latest service pack for users. This helps to ensure that users are on the release you want them to be on for the best experience. The second problem Auto Update addresses is remotely updating the configuration defined in Mass Configuration. This allows administrators to make sure that users are using the desired settings in Blackboard Drive.
Typically an Auto Update file will specify:
- The version of the software that should be used.
- Location of the software installer for updates (this can be in the Content Collection or another Web Server).
- Location of the remote Mass Configuration XML file and version of the Mass Configuration File. (Mass Configuration XML file can be in Content Collection or in another Web Server).
To learn more, see Auto Update for Windows.
The location of the Auto Update XML file is specified in the Mass Configuration XML file with the massUpdateUrl element in globalSettings. This auto update XML file can specify the location of a remote Mass Configuration XML file to update configuration remotely.
Blackboard recommends that Auto Update be used to push the configuration so changes can be shared remotely. Doing so requires two Mass Configuration XML files: one that specifies the Auto Update XML file location and is included in the distributed installer and a second that defines configuration options such as volumes and is pointed to in the update-info.xml Auto Update file.
To learn more, see the Examples in this topic.
Best Practices for Mass Configuration
While the specifics of the Mass Configuration will vary by an institution's needs and use cases, there are some best practices to consider when creating your Mass Configuration XML file.
- Start with the provided sample/template files rather then start from scratch. The structure is somewhat complex and editing these files and removing items that are not needed will speed up the process and reduce errors.
- Configure auto-update by specifying the massUpdateUrl to remotely update the configuration and push out new versions of Blackboard Drive.
- If using Auto Update for Mass Configuration it is possible to configure the installer with a basic configuration to set auto update URL and put the rest of the configuration in the remote configuration file. This means three XML files are needed: Mass Configuration XML to specify Auto Update XML location in installer, Auto Update XML, and remote Mass Configuration XML.
- Provide at least one Volume pre-configured for your users.
- Consider locking the volume to prevent users deleting it.
- Consider locking the volume to prevent users from editing either the entire volume or specific items within the volume such as server (URL), name, and sharing level.
- If you want to allow entering username, you will need to allow that field to be editable.
- If providing a single volume, Blackboard recommends mapping to the WebDAV root: https://server/bbcswebdav/.
- If providing multiple Volumes, consider mounting the desired content areas (/users, /courses, /institution, and so on.).
- Blackboard does not recommend providing a mapping for both root / and subfolders (such as /institution) because Easy Edit with Blackboard Drive would have to ask the user which Volume to use when opening a file. This is not an ideal user experience.
- Consider preventing users from adding additional volumes manually by locking those settings.
- In a shared computer environment such as a computer lab, consider the following
- Pre-configured volume with no username save/password specified.
- Disable saving of username and passwords.
- Consider setting clearCacheOnServerDisconnect so that the cache is cleared every time a volume is disconnected.
- Setting clearCacheOnServerDisconnect for computers used by one user is generally not necessary and performance impacts of clearing the cache may outweigh the added security.
Computer Lab Deployment and Shared Computers
If deploying on computers that will be used by multiple users, such as a in a computer lab, there are some additional considerations.
At least one drive mapping should be pre-configured (that is, to /root) or multiple to desired areas (/root and /institution for example). These volumes should be configured to not specify a username.
In a computer lab deployment, it may be desirable to automatically map a drive with a user's home folder. This is possible to do with Mass Configuration. To learn more, see the Mass Configuration for Windows.
Blackboard also recommends in a shared computer deployment to use Mass Configuration to not allow saving a password and to not require/specify a username for pre-configured volumes. This is possible with the disableSavingPassword and disableSavingUsername elements in the globalSettings of the Mass Configuration XML file.
It may also be desirable to set clearCacheOnServerDisconnect to true on the volume configuration to delete locally cached files when a user disconnects. This will prevent the next user of the computer from being able to access cached files.
It is important to realize that while Blackboard Drives look like any other network drive, there are some limitations you should be aware of. Because Blackboard Drive uses WebDAV, a WAN protocol, and is backed by a true content management system with features such as versioning, tracking, and metadata, it is not the same as a network drive that relies on LAN protocols and a simple file system. Blackboard Drive should not be expected to perform and behave exactly like a network drive in all cases. Blackboard Drive also includes special "application filter" technology that prevents many applications from undesirable and potentially destructive behavior of files. The most common example of behavior Application filters prevent is some programs that delete the original file and replace with a new one, causing versions to be lost, links in courses to break, and so on. Application filters "intercept" this behavior and overwrite the file with the "final" saved version, preventing a loss of versions or broken links, but adding some slight performance overhead.
Some specific limitations include:
- Files are written to a local cache and then uploaded to the server in the background. This means a program might be done saving a file but the file is still uploading in the background.
- It is not possible to use database files over Blackboard Drive, such as MS Access files or MySQL databases.
- It is not possible to edit "Shared workbooks" in Excel. Only one user can lock the file for editing, others would open as read only.
- Windows Explorer may try to download files to generate icon previews. It is possible to disable this in Windows for a volume.
Mounting to a Volume Using Scripts
How to Mount to a Volume on Windows
It is possible to mount an existing volume and user only (for example, workserver, john). Use net use to mount a Blackboard Drive volume.
From command line, run the following command:
>netuse x: \\BbDrive\workserver john
The volume is connected.
The following are some useful examples to illustrate some items discussed in this document. For additional examples including the template files, see Mass Configuration for Windows and Auto Update for Windows.
Example: Specifying a Auto Update XML file in Mass Configuration File
The following tag can be added to the globalSettings section of the xdconfig_customer.xml file.
Example: Specifying a Mass Configuration file and extracting MSI installer
This example shows how to specify an admin Mass Configuration file and also how to extract a MSI installer. Blackboard recommends that you specify a Mass Configuration file as well as specify an Auto Update file
Specify a Custom Configuration File
C:\> BlackboardDrive-x64_1.6.15324_setup.exe /au xdconfig_customer.xml
This command will create a new installer file: BlackboardDrive-x64_1.6.15324_setup.new.exe
The installer will contain the specified xdconfig_customer.xml file, which specifies the URL to the update-info.xml file. When downloaded, the update-info.xml file tells Blackboard Drive where to locate the Mass Configuration settings and the latest product installer for Auto Update.
Extract a MSI installer
C:\> BlackboardDrive-x64_1.6.15324_setup.new.exe /save
This command will create a MSI installer: BlackboardDrive-x64.msi
If you plan to use Mass Configuration, Auto Update, or both, you must specify the custom Configuration file before extracting the MSI file.
Example: Specifying a Auto Update XML file in Mass Configuration File
The following tag can be added the globalSettings section of the xdconfig_customer.xml file.
Example: Creating a Mapping to Learn Content Management & Locking Settings
Here is a basic example that creates a mapping to Learn Content Collection at the root folder. It also demonstrates how it is possible to lock a number of the settings to prevent users from modifying.
If you want to prohibit a change in the config tree (for example, you want to all users to have the same sharing level for all their volumes), you can use the config locking mechanism. It is easy as adding a new attribute gen:locks with particular lock name to the node which you want to lock. There are four types of lock with the following names and meanings:
- edit: user will be NOT able to change the value of the node.
- add: user will be NOT able to add new element to no the list(node).
- delete: user will be NOT able to delete any element of the list (node).
- deleteItem: user will be NOT able to delete the element (node) from its aggregating list.
If you want to have more locks on one node separate them by the comma ',' character (for example, gen:locks="add,delete").
Here is a partial XML example for adding a new volume MyVolume. We want users to have only this one volume, so we set lock for adding (gen:locks="add") of elements (volumes in this case). We would also like to forbid the deleting of the volume we are adding, so we set lock of deleting (gen:locks="deleteItem") on our new volume (Note that we could also lock the whole list entirely using <volumeList gen:locks="add,delete">). We also want that the volume have always sharing level set to Heavy level. The URL and name should also remain unchanged, so we add the edit locks to them.
The attribute gen:guid serves to make each config node unique. The value of the guid is up to the user creating the config. Blackboard recommends the following format to ensure uniqueness: <institution_name>;<date_in some format>;<string_which_describes_the_node>. Its value is not connected to any other node or value. The only restriction is its uniqueness and the recommended format is just to guarantee this.
<volumeList gen:locks="add">
<!-- Lock Prevents Adding Additional volumes -->
<gen:newElement gen:locks="deleteItem"
gen:guid="MyInstitution;04:03:08 12:30:36 +0100;MyVolume">
<!-Must Provide unique GUID, this is suggested format -->
<!-- Lock Prevents deleting this volume -->
<sharingLevel gen:locks="edit">
<!-- Lock Prevents changing setting -->
<server gen:locks="edit">
<!-- Lock Prevents editing server URL -->
<name gen:locks="edit">
Example: Map to a users home directory
The following excerpt from a Mass Configuration XML file shows how a mapping can be created to point to a users home directory in My Content.
<!-- The template which creates all user settings is updated through gen:updateListType -->
<!-- New volume that will connect to a user's home directory. Requires username to match home directory name. Useful for lab deployments for access Virtual Hard Drive in Learn NOTE: #U must be a capital U-->
<gen:newElement gen:guid="MonumentU;04:03:08 12:30:36+0100;home" gen:locks="deleteItem">
<server gen:locks="edit">
<sharingLevel gen:locks="edit">
</gen:updateListType> <!-- end of updating user settings template -->
Example: Disable saving username and password example
Useful for Computer Lab or Share computer deployments, these Mass Configuration options can prevent a user from saving their username and password for a Volume. This can be done in the globalSettings section of the Mass Configuration XML file (such as xdconfig_customer.xml).


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Do you know what Schrodinger's cat looks like? Can you imagine how you would dress up as a Higgs Boson particle? Both are potentially difficult Halloween costumes since one might be dead and the other is hypothetical.
But The Science and Entertainment Exchange's blog makes it easy! It spells out how to create the aforementioned costumes (put yourself in a big box; put on a hard hat and a white "God" beard, respectively), as well as how to be Pavlov's dog, climate change (which is my favorite: dress up like a globe and complain about being hot or cold all night), and evolution. You will impress all your nerdy friends, and completely confuse everyone else!


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Regal Shoppingtown Mall Stadium 10
3649 Erie Boulevard East,
No one has favorited this theater yet
Showing 10 comments
October 3rd, 1997 grand opening has been posted.
Earlier this week Regal converted an additional three screens (theatres 1,2, and 3) to digital projection bringing the total number of digital screens at this theatre to six (1,2,3,11,12, and 14).
Regal has converted Theatre 12 to digital projection, in time for "Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience". Unlike the Real-D installation as the nearby Carousel Mall Stadium 17, the 35mm projector was removed from this theatre and the digital projector installed in its place (an extra portal was installed at Carousel, which allowed their theatre to have both digital and 35mm capability).
My apologies… Regal put out a press release announcing the name change and the completion of the majority of the renovations about six hours after my last post (the official grand opening will be July 11). So, with the company's correction this is now "Shoppingtown Mall Stadium 14".
This theatre should now be listed with 14 screens (all mall signage has been changed to "14"; screens 11-14 opened Wednesday 7/2 with "Hancock" on 11 and 13, "Kit Kittridge" on 12, and "Kung Fu Panda" on 14). The theatre will continue to operate as "Shoppingtown Mall 10" until October, when crews will have completed converting the final five screens from the original complex to stadium seating.
Showtimes posted by the theatre indicate (as they are showing bookings for fourteen screens) that theatres 11-14 will open July 2 (presumably with "Hancock"). The showtimes are through Sunday July 6th, which I would assume means they plan on having theatres 6-10 going dark the following day for their conversion to stadium seating. The new theatres have been described as "large" in Regal's press releases, and that would make the most sense given the existing theatre's current capacities (Theatres 11-14 the large wing, Theatres 1-5 (the original Hoyts large wing) the medium wing[120-175], and theatres 6-10 the small wing).
Crews have completed work on theatres 1-5 which will reopen tomorrow (Friday May 9) with stadium seating. It appears that theatres 6-10 will remain open (with the original seating) until construction on the new wing for theatres 11-14 is completed to allow the complex enough screens for the summer season.
The theatres 1-5 side of the complex is the side under conversion to stadium seating, because of this it appears the theatre is utilizing 119 seat theatre 7 as their main screen at this point (it has played "Cloverfield" and "Rambo" the last two weeks). Crews have also constructed a temporary concession stand/ box office while the original lobby is rebuilt to accomodate the new theatres (I imagine they would also modify the ADA issues in the original Hoyts design also).
It appears that earlier today crews began the conversion of one half of the complex to stadium seating (as they are only showing 5 screens in operation). I do not have any information as to which half it was, however if it was their main side (theatres 1-5) it will be extremely difficult to get tickets here during peak times (6-10's largest screen seats 150 at best).
Just after this theatre's 10th anniversary Regal announced plans to convert this theatre into the Shoppingtown Mall Stadium 14 by taking over approximately 18,000 square feet of the adjacent vacant anchor space once occupied by The Bon-Ton. The additional space will be used to construct 4 large auditoriums and a new lobby (expected to be completed by May 2008). Following completion of the new spaces the existing 10 screen complex is scheduled to be converted to stadium seating and all digital sound, which they hope to finish by Fall 2008.


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