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April 2, 2012
Celebrate the 2,765th birthday of Rome
Faculty, staff and students are invited to "An Evening in Ancient Rome," celebrating the 2765th birthday of the Eternal City, to be held Thursday, April 12, at 6:00 p.m. in the Nestor Hall auditorium. The event is free and open to the public.
The Humanities Department has written a script based entirely on primary sources from the Roman world that highlights many of the thoughts, actions and literature from ancient Rome, according to Dr. Judith Dann, associate professor of Humanities.
"The narration we have written between each primary source excerpt will be spoken by 'Roma' herself," explains Dann. "All of this is done with accompanying slides and movie clips that bring to life much of what we will be describing. We will be in costume—Roma, a Roman matron, will be there, as well as a senator, a soldier, an emperor and even a barbarian! It is not a lecture and not necessarily a play, although we try hard to be dramatic in our readings."
A birthday cake will be offered at the end of the presentation. The purpose of the performance is to incite interest in the ancient world so that students consider registering for Humanities courses such as Classical Mythology as well as new classes History of Greece, History of Rome and History of Byzantium, which will be offered in the fall.
DiPietro recognized by Arts Council
Rocco DiPietro, adjunct faculty in the Humanities, has been awarded a $5,000 grant by the Ohio Arts Council in the 2011 Individual Excellence Awards program, which recognizes outstanding accomplishments by artists in a variety of disciplines.
DiPietro won the award for music composition with his works entitled "Italian Rajas with Odalisques" and "Caravaggio-Chiaroscuro II".
According to the Ohio Arts Council, "The Individual Excellence Awards give the artists who receive them the time and resources to experiment, explore and reflect as they develop their skills and advance their art form." The Individual Excellence Awards may be used for a variety of expenses related to the growth and development of the artist and his work.
Late breaking news: Spring Wellness Fest is Wednesday!
Don't miss the "Spring into Wellness" fair on Wednesday, April 4 from 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. in the Delaware Hall Gymnasium. Sponsored by the Human Performance Center, the event will have demonstrations and fitness classes like spinning and Zumba, a fitness challenge, door prizes, a scavenger hunt and more than 30 vendors. If you bring five canned goods to the fair, you will also receive one free fitness assessment and a free personal training session!
Grawemeyer published in Kenyon Review
Julia Grawemeyer, ESL instructor in Modern Languages, was published in the Spring 2012 issue of the Kenyon Review. Her translations from the French included several chapters from French-Moroccan author Tahar Ben Jelloun's book Jean Genet, Menteur Sublime about the taboo French author and thinker.
Reminder: RSVP for your In-Service Meals by April 13
Spring In-Service Day will be held Friday, April 20. Please send your reservations for breakfast and lunch by Friday, April 13.
The schedule:
7:45 – 9:00 a.m. – Continental breakfast, ground level Parking Garage
You may RSVP for breakfast here: http://web.cscc.edu/is/EmployeeTraining/register.asp?C=398&D=2532
9:00 a.m. – Welcome and morning session with President Harrison
11:00 a.m. – Breakout sessions with each Vice President (locations to be announced in General Session)
12:00 noon – Lunch served, ground level Parking Garage
You may RSVP for lunch here: http://web.cscc.edu/is/EmployeeTraining/register.asp?C=399&D=2533
12:00 – 1:30 p.m. – Wellness Fair in Nestor Hall Lounges
1:30 – 5:00 p.m. – Professional Development activities coordinated by Departments/Divisions. (Locations to be announced by Department/Division supervisors)
Grants office has new website
The Columbus State Grants Office has placed information for faculty and staff on a new website: http://www2.cscc.edu/about/grants/. Information about recent awards can be found online, including the recent $304,500 grant to the Small Business Development Center (SBDC) at Columbus State. The grant from the Ohio Department of Development will fund core functions at the SBDC, including the Latino SBDC and the Manufacturing and Technology SBDC.


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Working in a contemporary art gallery in New York, I have the opportunity to meet many artists. Each artist is unique, but there is no one quite like Alejo Musich.
I met Alejo serendipitously at the PINTA NY art fair in November 2013 through my other artist friend, Tomas Rivas. The unassuming, slight, and Argentinian Alejo would become a great friend instantly.
A native Spanish speaker with perfect English grammar and a penchant for idioms and colloquialisms, Alejo has the desire to utilize and stretch language to the maximum. Each thought is exquisitely executed through syntax, intonation and conciseness.
When I asked him about the impending ArteBA fair in Buenos Aires in which his paintings would be shown by Miau Miau Gallery, this was his response:
right now they may be in another galaxy, setting everything up and with their minds flirting with breakdown. today's the pre opening and it has been raining mad for two days now. anticlimatic. I live something like ten blocks away from the pavilion where all takes place, and in this rain I won't go walking. imagine if to attend you have to leave your house in a leisure set of mind, you are a vip and you can just stay home with netflix, vogue italia, your afghan dogs, and just wait, maybe for tomorrow or next year. "We'll always have Basel", and ask someone for another coffee, and another someone to take de dogs about for a pipi.
In addition to the his language skills, Alejo is a very talented painter. He paints scenes from nature, some informed from Russian fairy tales, and others from his imagination. His brush strokes are textural and intentional. His color palette is deep with accents of pastel and neon integrating beautifully into the canvas. His paintings are full of mystery and tension.
All in all, I am happy to be able to call this talented and spirited artist my friend.

subset: commoncrawl


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by Scott Boyle
With a short pass from Barkley Christensen on the Bronco's first offensive play of the season, Logan Meyer and the San Juan Broncos served notice, 61 yards later, that the 2012 version of the San Juan Broncos are explosive as ever in football.
The Bronco football team started the 2012 season out with flourish with a gritty 19-11 home win over the visiting Snow Canyon Warriors, a 3A school from St. George.
Though the Broncos didn't score on that first drive, they found paydirt three times in the first half and slowed down the Warriors just enough in the second half to grabbed the big season opener.
Unofficially, Christensen was 11 for 17 and 190 yards in that first half alone, with three TD tosses, one to Bobby Bowring of 10 yards and two to Meyer, 11 and three yards, as the Broncos forged a 19-3 halftime lead on the jittery Warriors, who might have been a little cold in the 86 degree weather at game time.
In the second half, when the Broncos were trying to run the clock, Christensen still connected on six of twelve passes for 64 additional yards. Meyer grabbed seven of those passes for 139 yards unofficially and Bowring caught six more for 64 yards.
Ammon Mitchell caught two passes for 47 yards as the Broncos went repeatedly over the top on the Snow Canyon defense.
Out of the backfield, running back Justin Nielson had two catches. The Broncos made the pass work as the running game had a tough time getting going on the big Snow Canyon defensive front, rushing for only 50 yards on 21 carries by my count.
Nielson rushed for 23 of those yards on ten carries, while Mitchell had 33 yards on four carries.
When asked about how to improve the running game, Coach Lee said, "[We need to] play a team that doesn't defend the run so well. Just practice. The offense is always behind the defense for the first half of the season. It will come! Kids did great for the first game, we just need to keep getting better each week."
The Bronco defense showed great heart and stamina against an avalanche of an offensive line for Snow Canyon, including 300 something pound right tackle, Austin Best, who opened huge holes for the Warrior running backs.
But the Bronco defensive line and the linebackers closed those holes just as quickly to not allow the Warriors to ever get any offensive consistency. However, after the Warriors used up seven minutes on the third quarter clock and methodically drove 68 yards in 14 plays to draw within eight at 19-11, the defense had to step up.
Late in the fourth quarter, the Warriors were driving again, using their size, strength and quickness to push the ball to the Bronco 10 yard line. That's when Mitchell came up with the play of the game.
With the Snow Canyon running back heading to the endzone, Mitchell reached in and ripped the ball away, stopping the drive cold in its tracks with 4:56 left on the game clock. The Broncos managed one first down on a Bowring reception but were forced to punt, when Meyer made the second play of the game. Back to punt with 1:52 left, Meyer watched the center snap sail over his head towards the endzone and certain disaster. Somehow, Meyer reached out a hand way behind and over his head and "with the tips of his fingertips" as the Bronco announcer claimed, corralled the errant snap and got off a booming punt just ahead of the rabid Snow Canyon rush. Then junior Brayden Giddings made three outstanding plays in a row for the defense, sacking the QB, and making two diving stops to end potential big gains, forcing SC to give up the ball on downs and the victory was assured.
The Broncos and the Monticello Bucks tangle this Friday in Monticello, after not meeting last year for the first time in many a year. See you in the stands.
Volleyball news
Speaking of Bronco-Buckaroo contests, the volleyball teams of both schools found themselves in the same bracket at the St. George tournament last weekend.
The Lady Broncos of coach Cassy Moon defeated Tony Esplin's Lady Bucks in straight sets, but the Bucks did better in the bracket, defeating South Sevier and Union, both of whom beat San Juan.
Esplin cited the excellent play of Jessica Ewart and Devin Dalton for the good Buckaroo showing. Important cog Shaylyn Black was battling the sickness bug but should be back to full strength soon as a bunch of new Buckaroos saw action in the tournament.
Cross country teams begin action this weekend in Cedar City.


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Influence of Michael Jackson on Bollywood
On the death of Michael Jackson, the whole world has been astonished and speechless including Bollywood. Michael Jackson was the first emperor of Pop and an excellent dancer. He is the one who became the inspirations of various actors, dancers and musicians all over the world, as well as Bollywood. He became a trademark for various kinds of new fashion, a hallmark for the youth generation. His classy and amazing dance steps make the whole world crazy including Bollywood.
Michael Jackson Dies
With the demise of Michael Jackson, the legendary Pop star led the world of his fans into deep sorrow and sadness. On the 25th of June, 2009 Michael Jackson ended his days due to a cardiac arrest at Los Angeles. His huge fan following base remained almost stunned on hearing this bad news. Being one of the most successful entertainers, the death of Michael Jackson has been an excruciating loss to the music industry.
This big entertainer started off his career at a very young age of 11 and his career was an iconic stature for many people. With many Grammy Awards, platinum discs and world records in his career the death of such a person was a blow to many communities across the globe.


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Events for January 1, 2020
Day Navigation
10:00 am
Electronic Goods and Household Hazardous Waste
Each Wednesday Electronic Goods and Household Hazardous Waste are collected from 10am-2pm. Household Hazardous Waste can include items such as household cleaners, garden pesticides, oil-based paint, nail polish, fluorescent bulbs, and antifreeze. Paper Shredding is available on the 1st Wednesday of Each monthFind out more »
Paper Shredding
Paper Shredding is available the 1st Wednesday (10am-2pm) and 1st Saturday of of each month (8:30am-2pm) Paper Shredding- Residents can bring up to 2 file boxes of personal confidential papers for shredding (financial and legal documents, receipts, and tax and medical records). Papers with staples or paper clips are accepted. All events are restricted ...Find out more »


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NCTE extends its appreciation to the many volunteers who have helped the Council in countless ways. We couldn't do it without them!
Bobbi Ciriza Houtchens teaches at Arroyo Valley High School in San Bernardino, California. She participated in "The Expanding Canon: Teaching Multicultural Literature in High School," a professional development television series that was produced in collaboration with NCTE. She chronicles some of her many other activities in the following interview. Read more . . .
Leila Christenbury has been a member of NCTE for almost 30 years and has served in elected positions in the Adolescent Assembly, the Conference on English Education, the Secondary Section, and the Executive Committee.
Read more . . .
Jerome Harste shares his motivations for volunteering with NCTE and the benefits that he has experienced through his service to the organization.
Jay Wootten offers her view of volunteerism with NCTE, specifically as it relates to her work with CCCC and TYCA.
Charles Duke speaks on the wide variety of volunteer roles he has held within NCTE and how they have enhanced his career.
Teri Lesesne explains the work and rewards of serving as assistant co-chair of the Middle Section, a book and convention proposal reviewer, a lesson plan developer for ReadWriteThink, and a speaker.
Gerry Kuroghlian explains the work and rewards of serving as chair of the Resolutions Committee and his work with the Standing Committee on Affiliates.
Jesse Perry speaks about his role as a member of the Literacy Award Committee, as well as his previous roles as NCTE President, as a founding member of SLATE, as a Secondary Steering Committee member, as Commission on Language director and as a NCTE Fund committee member.
Copyright © 1998-2019
National Council of Teachers of English. All rights reserved in all media.
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A Professional Association of Educators in English Studies, Literacy, and Language Arts


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Analysis of your Home's Approximate Value Emailed to your Inbox!
Complete the required information on your home and you will receive a complimentary Computer Analysis, indicating your home's approximate present value on the market today. You will receive this information quickly, by email, and without having to speak with an agent!
Equal Housing Opportunity
A free service of
Debbie Cook
Long & Foster Real Estate, Inc.
Greater Silver Spring Office - 12520 Prosperity Dr Silver Spring MD 20904
Copyright © 2003-2019 Real Pro Systems LLC. All rights reserved.
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Chandeliers: Add sparkle in every room
Chandeliers have come a long way since Rhett Butler carried Scarlett O'Hara up the grand staircase in "Gone With the Wind," an ornate crystal one hanging in the foreground. Of course, Old World-style fixtures still abound. Yet today's options range from romantic vintage-inspired versions to nature-based fixtures made of organic materials to hyper-modern versions fashioned in bold geometric shapes.
There are no rules, but chandeliers are always dramatic. Chandeliers, often referred to as the "jewelry of the room," are intended to tell a story and create a mood.
Semantic alert: While many call anything than hangs from a ceiling a "chandelier," a true chandelier is a suspended light fixture with two or more arms. And designers are putting a new twist on that definition, hanging multiple pendants from a single canopy.
Sag Harbor's Helen Gifford, founder of HelenBilt, is one such lighting designer who uses many light sources to create a chandelier effect. The pieces in her dazzling Urchin series are comprised of repurposed incandescent flame-tip bulbs surrounding a recycled steel armature that cascade at varying heights.
"It's a chandelier reimagined in a modern aesthetic," she says. Gifford, who moved to the Hamptons to be near her glassblower and welder in order to lower her carbon footprint, uses recycled materials as much as possible.
Another trend is to use a traditional silhouette, but to enclose the entire piece in a single drum shade.
"I don't use the word chandelier anymore," says Dennis Beard, lead designer at Illinois- based LBL Lighting. "The term feels very dated." Of course, Beard acknowledges that the traditional chandelier with big crystal pieces and lots of arms "still works in both contemporary settings and period homes," but he says he believes that many current chandeliers can "almost be called sculptures or installation art."
Many modern chandeliers are inspired by their classical precursors, says Sean Lavin, chief design officer at Generation Brands, an umbrella company that includes lighting brands Feiss and LBL.
"We'll use a ghosted vignette," he says, explaining that a new design might have a center band with arms branching off, but the lines will be modern and the wood finish, weathered. "There's a trend toward delicate, washed-wood surfaces with subtle architectural details. Barn wood is big right now."
Many designers are following the vintage look established by Restoration Hardware. Michael Lichtenstein, owner of the Lighting Gallery in Huntington Station, calls it the "industrial look" and says it encompasses a range of raw materials, including reclaimed woods, rustic metals and canvas. "No one thought they'd have a burlap bag over their dining room table," he says. The biggest technological trend is toward energy-efficient LED lighting, with manufacturers racing to hide the microchip discs within a chandelier's structure. In contrast, there is also a retro trend making a nod to the '60s and '70s, says Lichtenstein. "It's the 'Brady Bunch' look: strings of shells and crystals wrapped into organic shapes," he says.
But mostly, he says, "There's a move toward what you'd least expect. I've seen chandeliers made of antique bicycles and even bamboo."
Chandeliers are no longer relegated to the dining room or hallway. They can now be found liberally distributed in kitchens, living rooms, bedrooms and even bathrooms. Or outside on the patio, where they can add sparkle with or without electricity.
1. On one hand, you don't want too large a fixture in too small a room, or vice versa. On the other hand, when it comes to today's chandeliers, bigger is often better. So, in hanging a chandelier, don't be afraid to rely on your intuition. Huntington interior designer Kate Singer advises holding up a fixture where you intend to hang it to get an accurate idea of how it will look.
2. The bigger the room, the bigger the fixture. To assess the size of the chandelier you'll need, add the length and width of the room. If the room is 15 by 12 feet, the sum of those two numbers is 27 -- that's how many inches you'll need the diameter of your chandelier to be.
3. For best lighting effect, fixture height depends on ceiling height. The rule of thumb is to measure feet from floor to ceiling and multiply by 2.5 or 3. The total is how many inches you should hang the chandelier from the ceiling. So, if your ceiling is 10 feet high, you'll want to hang it 25 to 30 inches from the ceiling. If you have very high ceilings, you can raise the chandelier higher. If it is being hung more as a statement than a lighting source, anything goes.
4. The standard height from tabletop to the bottom of a fixture is 36 inches to allow seated diners a clean line of sight. Sag Harbor lighting designer Helen Gifford prefers to lower the fixture another six inches (30 inches from table to fixture) to afford more intimacy and flattering light.
We're revamping our Comments section. Learn more and share your input.


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Holiday Inn Allentown-I-78 (Lehigh Valley)
Holiday Inn Allentown-I-78 (Lehigh Valley)
7736 Adrienne Drive
7736 Adrienne Drive
Breinigsville, Pennsylvania
United States
Check In: 3PM
Check Out: 12PM
Check-in Age: 21
Book With Us Advantage
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We promise you access to the guaranteed best available prices, or your first night is free.
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Your room is guaranteed.
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IHG takes your privacy seriously and works to protect you. All personal information you provide is encrypted and secure.
Welcome to Holiday Inn Allentown-I-78 (Lehigh Valley)
In the heart of Lehigh Valley, in the foothills of the Pocono Mountains, the Holiday Inn Hotel Allentown-I-78 (Lehigh Valley) is your Pennsylvania getaway destination. Do not miss out on making special memories with your family at our hotel. The hotel's location is near Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom and it's just a short drive to Bethlehem, home of Christkindlmart and WindCreek Casino. Bear Creek Ski & Recreation is less than 10 miles from the hotel for skiing or hiking in the Poconos.
Business travelers find it refreshing to stay at this hotel while in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Many international businesses, including Nestle, Coca-Cola, Kia Motors America and Amazon have offices within two miles of the hotel. Our conference facilities, from the boardroom to the Presidential Ballroom that seats 800, are perfect for any gathering, and we offer video conferencing and web-casting technology.
We aim to make you comfortable during your stay, and that includes pets for a nominal fee. Start making memories in Allentown at our hotels seasonal outdoor pool. Enjoy tasty breakfast at the ReFresh Restaurant where kids eat free or relax with friends in the Samuel Adams Brewhouse open from 4pm till 10pm weekdays and until 2am on weekends. Make your plans today!"
Kids Stay and Eat Free
Kids ages 18 and under stay for free when sharing their parents' room. Up to four kids ages 11 and under eat free any time of the day in any Holiday Inn® on-site restaurant.
*View Terms & Conditions for Details.
Children's Activities Available.
|Kids Stay Free
|Kids Eat Free
|United States, Canada, Central America, South America, Mexico, Caribbean
|18 and Under
|11 and Under
Free High-Speed Internet
Standard Wireless Internet service is included for all guests.
Shuttle/ Parking
- Car Parking Available
- Complimentary Daily Self-Parking is available
- Plenty of FREE, well lit parking on site.
Pet Policy
- Pets allowed
- Service Animals Allowed
- Pets Walking Area Available
- Pet Deposit per Stay: 25 USD
- Pets Love Us! We are a pet friendly hotel. There is plenty of room behind and beside our hotel to walk and run your pet. The charge for dogs and cats is a one time fee of just 25.00 per stay. .
Languages Spoken by Staff
Credit Cards
- American Express
- Visa
- MasterCard
- Diners Club
- Carte Blanche
- Discover
- Smoke-Free Facility
- Number of Floors: 3
- Total Number of Rooms: 175
- Number of Suites: 2
- Number of Non-Smoking Rooms: 175
- Number of Accessible Rooms: 3
- Connecting Rooms Available
- Public Entrance
- Guest Rooms
- Elevators
- Public Restrooms
- Registration Desk
- Exercise Facility
- Business Center
- Pool
- Number of Accessible Meeting Rooms: 8
Accessible Hotel Areas
- Registration Area
- Accessible Guest Rooms
- Business Center
- Meeting Room
- Exercise Facility
- Pool
Hotel Areas with Accessible Routes from Accessible Public Entrance
- Accessible Self-Parking
- Van Accessible Self Parking
- Ramp Access
- Portable Bathtub Seats
- Closed Caption TVs
- Telephone with TDD
- Visual Alarm/Alert in Guest Rooms
- Visual Alarm/Alert in Public Spaces
- Communication Kits with Visual Alarms
Provided by Hotel


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- Brazilian Grand Prix
Webber leads Red Bull one-two in Brazil
- News:
'Next year will be different' - Webber
- News:
Whitmarsh praises 'gutsy' Hamilton
- News:
Ferrari hoped for more - Domenicali
- News:
Horner 'delighted' with driver pairing
- News:
Kobayashi praises Sauber recovery
- News:
Alonso pleased with 'perfection'
- News:
Rosberg struggles with overheating tyres
- News:
Schumacher blames Senna for clash
- News:
Button bemoans soft tyre pace
- Race:
- Brazilian Grand Prix
- Drivers:
- Jenson Button
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- Sebastian Vettel
- |
- Mark Webber
Mark Webber took his first win of the season at the Brazilian Grand Prix as team-mate Sebastian Vettel struggled to second with a race-long gearbox problem.
McLaren's Jenson Button attempted to put pressure on Vettel in the closing stages but had to settle for third after surge back through the field in his final stint. Button demoted Ferrari's Fernando Alonso to fourth with his late charge but it was too little too late to catch Vettel's ailing Red Bull.
Alonso finished comfortably ahead of his team-mate Felipe Massa and had a strong race, passing Lewis Hamilton at the start and then pulling a fantastic move on Button around the outside of Ferradura early in the race. He fell back on the medium tyres at the end of the race and was passed by Button in the DRS zone.
Massa was a solid fifth and looked set for yet another battle with his year-long nemesis Hamilton when the McLaren's gearbox failed and put the Briton out of the race.
Adrian Sutil had a very strong finish to the season in sixth, ahead of Nico Rosberg, Paul di Resta, Kamui Kobayahsi and Vitaly Petrov who took the final four points positions. Despite the double points finish for Force India, Renault held on to fifth place in the constructors' championship by just four points, while Kobayashi's points gave Sauber seventh ahead of Toro Rosso.
When the expected rain didn't come before the race, it seemed grand prix would follow a well-known pattern as Vettel streaked away in the opening lap to pull out a two second lead before the DRS was activated. Behind him Alonso made a good start to pass Hamilton and pressure Button but settled in to fourth place. Rubens Barrichello - on potentially his last race start - dropped back after bogging down off the line and found himself in 20th place after the opening corners.
As the opening stint unfolded it became clear that the Red Bulls had the pace to dominate, while Alonso seemed to have the edge on the McLaren pair and was soon pressuring Button. While the DRS didn't really facilitate overtaking in to Descida do Lago, Alonso used it to get a run on the McLaren out of turn five and despite being forced to the outside he impressively drove round Button through the high speed Ferradura.
Michael Schumacher was battling with Bruno Senna for ninth place when the paid clashed approaching turn one. As Schumacher passed around the outside before the braking zone he turned across on Senna, causing the Renault to lock its tyres. Further contact occurred at the apex with Senna's front wing puncturing the left rear of Schumacher's Mercedes, and Senna earning a drive through penalty for his troubles.
At the front the race then changed when Vettel was told that he had a gearbox issue and was advised to short-shift in second gear to look after the problem. Having maintained the gap to Webber he was soon told to short-shift in both second and third, but remained over three seconds ahead after the first round of pit stops.
From that point the gap started to drop as Vettel's problem developed further. Timo Glock retiring without a left rear wheel and Pastor Maldonado parking his car in the wall on the outside of Ferradura slowed progress a little, but Vettel was soon told that his problem was "serious" and he responded by telling the team that he would drop behind Webber and look after the car, before radioing in to say "I feel like Senna in 91".
With the leader comfortably in position the battle for fifth between Hamilton and Massa became the closest fight on track. Despite their numerous clashes throughout the year the pair fought cleanly until Hamilton - who had been warned that he had a gearbox problem that he could do nothing about - got a box of neutrals exiting the Curva do Sol and had to retire his car.
With the rain holding off it was quickly becoming a three-stop race, and although Button had pitted for medium tyres during his second stop he managed to keep pace with Alonso ahead and after the final stops was told that he could complete the final stint at qualifying pace. The McLaren appeared to be able to get the harder tyres working much better than the Ferrari, as has been the case so often this season, and soon closed a six second gap before using DRS to pass in to Descida do Lago.
In the battle for sixth it took Sutil two bites of the cherry to pass Rosberg, but eventually his superior pace told. Having passed the Mercedes along the pit straight, Rosberg dived back up the inside. The next time round though Sutil repeated the move and shut the door on the inside quickly to cement the position.
The final aspect of the race was weather Button could catch Vettel for second, and while his pace was strong the gap wasn't coming down at a quick enough rate for the number of laps left. Having dropped over 16s behind Webber, Vettel just eased the car home and was never overly pressured by the McLaren as Button secured his runner-up spot in the championship.
As Webber crossed the line his celebrations were somewhat subdued, but it was the kind of drive that Formula One became used to in 2010 as he showed a clear pace of advantage over the rest of the field, and will look to replicate on a regular basis in 2012 to give Vettel a more sustained challenge.


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Fountain Basics – Spring Maintenance & Re-Installation
When the weather warms and the ice on your lake melts, it's time to kick off pond season! But before you dust off your boat and fishing pole, you need to do a little fountain maintenance and installation first.
If you didn't perform regular upkeep on your fountain when you pulled it out last fall, now's the time to do so. Here's a quick list of to-do items before you put the fountain back in place:
- Power wash the motor so built-up material doesn't trap heat.
- Inspect the cord for cuts.
- If you have muskrats, protect the cord with ratcord.
- Send the motor in for regular seal/oil maintenance if you haven't done it in a few years.
Once it's cleaned up an inspected, you can position your fountain. Be sure your mooring lines are snug enough to hold your fountain in place. If you're anchoring it with blocks at the bottom of the pond, make sure they're spread far enough apart so the fountain doesn't spin from the force of the motor, which could cause the lines to get tangled.
Now is a great time to add that first dose of pond dye, too. Nature's Blue™, Twilight Blue™ or Black DyeMond™ shade and protect the pond while enhancing its beauty. If you put the dye in at the same time as your fountain, the color will disperse evenly throughout the lake.
Pond Talk: What's the first thing you plan to do once pond season begins?
Filed under: Fountain, Pond & Lake, Pond Dye | Tagged: black dyemond, black dyemond pond dye, decorative fountain, fountains, maintenance, nature's blue, nature's blue pond dye, pond maintenance, Twilight Blue |


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Alibaba's Spurning of Hong Kong Listing Has Downsides
This post originally appeared on MoneyBeat.
Alibaba's choice to ditch a Hong Kong listing for a U.S. listing of up to US$15 billion will allow the ecommerce behemoth to keep control over the company's board, a privilege denied Alibaba by Hong Kong regulators. While getting into the U.S. may be easy, and a successful New York IPO is all but assured for China's biggest ecommerce player, Alibaba is unlikely is to find being listed in the U.S. easy sailing.
First, the risks of investor lawsuits loom. By listing in the U.S., Alibaba exposes itself to class-action lawsuits from investors since Hong Kong lacks a class-action mechanism. A suit filed in 2004 by U.S. shareholders against giant China Life Insurance over its alleged failure to disclose sensitive information--including a government audit--alerted many Chinese companies to U.S. litigation risk, although those claims ultimately were dismissed by courts in 2008. China Life, the country's largest insurer, listed in both the U.S. and Hong Kong in 2003.
Second, Alibaba's listing implies the need to turn over books containing valuable data on the Chinese economy to U.S. regulators. That might make Chinese officials uneasy.
"There's a lot of what China might consider to be state secrets inside of Alibaba," said Paul Gillis, a professor of accounting at Peking University. "Giving U.S. regulators access to that information is something that I think China doesn't really relish."
More In Alibaba
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- Alibaba's Flying Pig Travel Service Becomes Ethnic Flashpoint in China
- It's Electric: Chinese Tech Titans Reach for the Same Historic Analogy
- Over the Moon: Alibaba Engineers Fired for Mooncake Hacking
- Why China Picked Hangzhou to Host G-20
- Alibaba Cautioned on Fakes in Rare Public Comments
Third, Alibaba faces uncertainty from an ongoing battle between the Securities and Exchange Commission and PRC affiliates of the Big Four accounting firms. The SEC has demanded access to working papers from the Big Four affiliates, which they say they cannot provide without violating Chinese law. In January, an SEC administrative judge suspended the PRC affiliates from auditing U.S-traded clients for six months, a decision the firms have appealed. Alibaba is insulated from the immediate suit; it says its principal auditor is PricewaterhouseCoopers Hong Kong, which is unaffected by the ruling. But sources previously have told Moneybeat that issues surrounding Chinese secrecy laws might also apply in some cases to Hong Kong auditors, leaving them vulnerable to SEC sanction in the future.
And lastly, while a favorite venue of Chinese tech firms, the U.S. remains an unfamiliar market. Hong Kong has a larger investor base that understands--and is willing to invest in--Chinese companies. Alibaba Executive Vice Chairman Joe Tsai has written on Alibaba's corporate blog that since most of Alibaba's business is in China, "it was natural for Hong Kong to be our first choice." In an emailed statement, the Hong Kong Exchange echoed that sentiment, noting that HKEx has been "the leading offshore capital formation centre for companies from Mainland China" for the past 20 years.
In fact, Alibaba rival, Tencent Holdings, is up roughly 10% since the beginning of 2014 in Hong Kong and has surged nearly 700% since it raised around US$200 million in its 2004 IPO. It now has a market capitalization of roughly US$140 billion. Meanwhile, Baidu, Inc., China's leading search engine and another internet rival of Alibaba's, is down 9% year to date. It hasn't done badly however, a reflection of the huge investor base in the U.S. covering fast-growing Chinese tech companies: Since its roughly US$4 billion IPO, Baidu is now worth US$56.63 billion.
Ironically, Alibaba may be exempt from the burden most companies associate with a U.S. listing--onerous requirements on disclosures and transparency. Foreign issuers are exempt from some of the stricter reporting requirements under the U.S.'s landmark Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Hong Kong, meanwhile, has more burdensome barriers for entry for companies using variable interest entity structures, or VIEs, which allow Chinese companies in industries where foreign ownership is restricted-web companies, for example-to list on overseas exchanges, according to Antony Dapiran, a partner at Davis Polk. Under VIE structures, the offshore listed company owns a Chinese shell company which contracts with the underlying Chinese firm to receive all its profits. Because the arrangement relies on contracts, if a company fails, foreign investors don't have much access to the underlying company's assets in China. Compared to Hong Kong, U.S. VIE regulation is light.
"In a way the U.S. is less burdensome than Hong Kong for a company like Alibaba," said Mr. Dapiran. The VIE structure already worked to Alibaba's advantage in 2012, when Alibaba founder Jack Ma transferred the contractual assets of Alipay, Alibaba's online payment system, to a private company he controlled-over the protests of Alibaba investor Yahoo.
-- Ned Levin
Follow @ChinaRealTime on Twitter for the latest updates.


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Publish Classroom iPad Podcasts on Audioboo or iPadio
Educational podcasts blend technology and learning in an iPad classroom. You can share the podcasts your students create through audio sharing websites like Audioboo or iPadio. Assignments that incorporate podcasts improve student's communication and collaboration skills, and sharing those podcasts is an important part of the process.
Publish educational iPad podcasts on Audioboo
As is the case with SoundCloud, Audioboo works both over the web or via a downloadable app on your iPad. Record your "boo" and then publish it to your account. The free account limits your recordings to 3 minutes each, but you can upgrade your account and get up to 30 minutes recording time.
You can add titles, tags, geolocation info, and a photo to the recording before you upload it, and it's all saved with the recording.
Publish educational iPad podcasts on iPadio
Podcasting, as you know, consists of audio or video files that are placed on an Internet server where subscribers can download them for listening/viewing. But what about phonecasting? iPadio allows you to broadcast live to the web from any cellphone, or record and publish from the iPadio app.
Download the iPadio app and sign up for an account on the iPadio website. You'll be given a phone number to use for live phonecasts and an account to upload your published recordings.
iPadio will record and share high-quality audio of up to 60 minutes. When you create and upload a recording (a phlog) to your account, it's given a unique URL that you can include on any website to share with others. You can also create a channel for your class phlogs and designate yourself as the moderator.


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Learn what top industry analysts are saying about Oracle Database.
Oracle Autonomous Database is available exclusively through Oracle and is offered in two versions optimized to meet the specialized requirements for online transaction processing and data warehousing. Both use machine learning and automation to eliminate complexity, human error, and manual management, helping to ensure higher reliability, security, and more operational efficiency. Oracle Autonomous Transaction Processing Service allows much simpler application development and deployment for enabling real-time analytics, personalization, and fraud detection. Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse delivers unprecedented reliability, performance, and highly elastic data management that enables data warehouse deployment in seconds.
"Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse will allow Hertz to reduce costs and reinvest savings into improving our customer service and rewarding our customers," said Benjamin Arnulf, Director, BI & Analytics, Hertz
Oracle redefines data management with the world's first autonomous database. Autonomous Database eliminates complexity, human error, and manual management, helping to ensure higher reliability, security, and more operational efficiency at the lowest cost.
Autonomous Database is the world's first autonomous data management in the cloud to deliver automated patching, upgrades, and tuning—including performing all routine database maintenance tasks while the system is running—without human intervention. This new autonomous database is self-driving, self-securing, and self-repairing, which helps to eliminate manual database management and human errors.
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Traditional database clouds are manually managed and tuned, subject to human error, and easily exposed to costly security vulnerabilities, making the promise of cloud savings and efficiency unattainable. Oracle is using machine learning to revolutionize data management with the introduction of the world's first autonomous database, delivering more automation for more savings.
Jerry Gearding, CTO of DX Marketing, discusses running advanced analytics in Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse.
Drop Tank is innovating the fuel loyalty programs by providing data insights using the Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse. Drop Tank can now automatically scale to support millions of their loyalty members for faster growth.
Data Intensity solves big financial reporting challenges with Oracle Autonomous Database.
The Hertz Corporation accelerates IT to deliver better customer service by cutting database set-up time from weeks to minutes with Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse.
We've found that Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse is very easy to use, very easy to load data, and the performance has been amazing.Miles Oustad, Data Integration Team Manager, Minnesota State
Miles Oustad, Enterprise Architect with Minnesota State, shares his experience of Autonomous Data Warehouse's ease of use, query performance, and elastic scalability.
Autonomous database technologies will not only allow reduction of operational costs but it will enable us to dig deeper to provide more accurate insights and ultimately propel our customers' success.Al Cordoba, COO, Qualex
Autonomous Data Warehouse in conjunction with ML analytics enables QLX Consulting to deliver better sports fan experiences.
Analytics expert Tim Vlamis discusses how the Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse will open up opportunities for organizations to put data in the Cloud and use it quickly.
When you're dealing with human lives, time is everything. Having Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse automatically tune and manage itself with no downtime means faster response times and quicker decisions—that's critical for us and our patients.Michael Morales, CEO, QMP Health
Michael Morales, CEO of QMP Health, explains how the Autonomous Data Warehouse will enable QMP to work at a faster speed and also provide a better service to their clients in the healthcare industry.
Benjamin Arnulf, Director of Business Intelligence and Analytics with Hertz Corporation, discusses transitioning to Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse.
Analytics expert Tim Vlamis explains how the Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse can help analytics start small and easily grow.
Steve Chamberlin, CEO of Sensa Analytics, shares their experience working with the Autonomous Data Warehouse in terms of ease of use, speed of performance, and elasticity.


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The marine iguana displays special design for sneezing excess salt.
The "Wonders of Creation" issue of Answers magazine explores just a few of the amazing designs God has placed in creation to show us His glory.
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Answers in Genesis is an apologetics ministry, dedicated to helping Christians defend their faith and proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ.


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I'm writing a device driver for a custom PCI device in an embedded system. We're using a pretty-much stock Linux 2.6.10 or later kernel (we'll settle on the version as we get closer to the end of the initial development).
This device has a single PCI target ASIC that is set up to give access to several custom I/O devices that will be managed through on-board logic (once set-up directly by the Linux driver) and data will be buffered in on-board memory and polled by the driver (block transfers will be done using DMA). There are three distinct types of external I/O connections supported by the device, and I'm using a single low-level driver that will present each type of external interface as a different device to user-space programs (one /dev file for each "connection").
The issue that I'm trying to resolve is whether a single module can create multiple classes in sysfs. Each type of connection has a different set of attributes, so I don't want to use a single class. I think that the kernel doesn't forbid multiple classes in one driver module, but is it considered an acceptable practice?
Any thoughts will be appreciated.


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The embattled chief executive of the prestigious American Academy of Arts and Sciences plans to take time away from her responsibilities running the Cambridge honorary society while an outside law firm investigates reports that she has embellished her resume for at least a decade.
The academy announced Thursday that Leslie Cohen Berlowitz, who has overseen the scholarly institution for the past 17 years, has "requested time away from her day-to-day activities" while the Boston law firm of Choate Hall & Stewart conducts an independent inquiry into reports about her conduct.
Earlier this week, the Globe reported that Berlowitz claimed to have a doctorate from New York University and misstated her work history in at least three federal grant applications from 2003 to 2012.
In a statement Thursday, the board said Berlowitz will remain as president and is fully cooperating with the inquiry.
"Together, we believe these steps are appropriate to address and resolve the questions that have been raised," the board said in a statement.
A board spokesman declined to say whether Berlowitz will be paid while she takes time away or to say how long the inquiry might last.
The announcement was made a day after Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley's office contacted the board to find out how it was handling questions about Berlowitz's resume, compensation, and other issues.
On Monday, the Globe reported that Berlowitz earned total compensation of more than $598,000 in fiscal 2012, four times the median salary for the directors of all US nonprofits that size, according to a GuideStar USA survey.
Coakley's office, which oversees charitable organizations in Massachusetts, also planned to ask whether the board fully disclosed Berlowitz's executive perks, such as first-class air travel, on its tax forms.
"We are pleased that the executive board has retained independent counsel to conduct a full investigation into the questions and concerns that have been raised," said Coakley spokesman Brad Puffer. "Our office will continue to actively monitor this investigation and further action by the board to ensure it carries out its fiduciary responsibility."
Berlowitz has repeatedly declined requests for interviews, but an academy spokesman previously blamed academy staff for adding the 1969 doctorate to her resume and other documents and said Berlowitz "was unaware of the mistakes."
However, Berlowitz personally signed at least one of the grant applications. Several former staff members said they doubted she was unaware of the mistakes because she was known for meticulously reviewing grant proposals and other academy paperwork.
Berlowitz's inflated resume has gained special notice in academic circles because of the academy's prominence in celebrating academic achievement for more than two centuries. It was founded by John Adams and other Harvard College alumni in 1780 and boasts a roster of members that includes 250 Nobel laureates and 60 Pulitzer Prize winners. Past inductees include Thomas Jefferson, Albert Einstein, and Duke Ellington.
Many academics have little tolerance for people lying about their degrees. Marilee Jones, a popular admissions dean at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, left in disgrace in 2007 after she falsified her degrees.
David Hollinger — a historian at the University of California, Berkeley — applauded the academy's decision to hire an outside law firm to investigate, both because of the mounting evidence that Berlowitz exaggerated her academic credentials and concerns that academy members could not rely on the board to thoroughly investigate the issues on their own. The chairman of the board, 91-year-old industrialist Louis W. Cabot, has long been considered one of Berlowitz's strongest supporters.
"The leadership of the academy has shown itself to be so close to Berlowitz herself that an outside investigation is imperative," said Hollinger, a longtime academy member and frequent contributor to the academy's journal Daedalus.
Berlowitz has long been a polarizing figure at the academy.
Some credit her with energizing the academy's fund-
raising and launching new programs, while others complain she mistreated employees with frequent tirades, prompting some to quit in a matter of days or weeks.
One former worker recalled that Berlowitz once posted yellow tape over the entryway to the employee kitchen, cordoning it off like a crime scene, for weeks because a worker left a dirty spoon in the sink. Another said Berlowitz screamed at employees if they talked to one another in the office.
James Miller, who worked as Daedalus editor for eight years under Berlowitz, said he hopes the law firm will examine her treatment of employees and allegations that she improperly meddled in the selection process for new academy members.
"It's about time that somebody called this bully to account," said Miller, now a professor and special adviser to the provost at the New School in New York City. "Leslie Berlowitz's behavior toward staff members has for too long made a mockery of the academy's high ideals."
Federal officials are also examining whether Berlowitz or the academy may have violated federal law by including false biographical information in three grant applications to the National Endowment for the Humanities since 2003.
In addition to citing a nonexistent degree, the grant applications also misstated her employment history at NYU, using a different title for one job and overstating the length of time she held another, according to university records.
The endowment, which gave the academy $1.2 million based on the proposals, asked its investigative arm to look at whether the academy broke any laws earlier this week.
Two other agencies that gave the academy grant money, the US Department of Energy and National Science Foundation, have not yet released copies of the grant proposals and would not say whether they have launched their own inquiries.
The nonexistent doctorate was also mentioned in a draft of an obituary the academy prepared a few years ago to be used in the event of her death. And an employment ad referred to her as "Dr. Berlowitz" three times, though the only doctorate it mentions is an honorary degree from Northeastern University.
Richard Wilson, a Harvard University professor emeritus and member of the academy for 55 years, said the reports were "sufficiently serious that basically all the academy members must take notice."
Todd Wallack can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com or on Twitter @twallack.


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There is a paucity of information on the epidemiology of sleep disorders among US Hispanics. This study describes the frequency of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) risk, insomnia complaints, poor sleep quality, and daytime somnolence in a clinical cohort of ethnically diverse US Hispanics living in South Florida.
We explored the presence of sleep disorders in a cohort of Hispanics seen at primary care, pulmonary, and sleep clinics at the University of Miami and Miami Veterans Affair Medical Center. Participants completed validated questionnaires, evaluating risk of SDB, presence of insomnia symptoms, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness. Polysomnography was completed on the majority of the sleep clinic participants.
Participants (N = 282; 62% male; mean age 54 ± 15 years; mean BMI 31 ± 6 kg/m2) included Hispanics of Cuban, Puerto Rican, Central/South American, and Caribbean heritage. Excessive daytime sleepiness was noted by 45% of participants. Poor sleep quality was reported by 49%; 76% screened high risk for SDB, and 68% had insomnia symptoms. Sleep disorders were more commonly reported in sleep clinic participants; however, 54% of non-sleep clinic participants were high risk for SDB, 35% had insomnia complaints, 28% had poor sleep quality, and 18% reported daytime sleepiness.
Sleep disorders (including SDB) are common in clinical samples of Hispanics in South Florida. These findings highlight the urgent need for linguistically relevant and culturally responsive screening, awareness and education programs in clinical sleep medicine among US Hispanics.
Shafazand S; Wallace DM; Vargas SS; Del Toro Y; Dib S; Abreu AR; Ramos A; Nolan B; Baldwin CM; Fleming L. Sleep disordered breathing, insomnia symptoms, and sleep quality in a clinical cohort of US Hispanics in South Florida. J Clin Sleep Med 2012;8(5):507-514.
Hispanics in the United States (US) are a diverse population originating from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and countries in Central, South America, and the Caribbean. Several studies have documented increased rates of disorders traditionally associated with sleep disordered breathing (SDB), including diabetes,1,2 obesity,3,4 and cardiovascular disease5,6 among US Hispanics. Acculturation to the American diet and lifestyle, in addition to lower socioeconomic status, decreased access to health care, and increased stress associated with migration may all contribute to the increased prevalence of these disorders.3,7–9 Similar to other ethnic groups, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in US Hispanics.10
A significant body of literature points to the roles that sleep quality (SQ) and sleep duration play in normal metabolism, immune function, mood, and cognitive functioning.11–14 In particular, SDB has been associated with an increased risk of stroke, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, worsening diabetes, and all-cause mortality.15–19 Given the relationship between sleep disorders and cardiovascular disease, sleep health is likely to play a significant role in the overall health and healthcare utilization of US Hispanics.15,20,21 As the largest and fastest growing minority population in the US, Hispanics will continue to have considerable social, economic, and political impact, with unique healthcare requirements that need to be recognized and addressed. Despite significant research in recent years on the prevalence and health impact of sleep disorders, there is a relative paucity of data on sleep disorders among ethnically diverse US Hispanics. This study describes the frequency of SDB risk, insomnia complaints, poor sleep quality, and daytime somnolence in a clinical cohort of ethnically diverse US Hispanics living in South Florida. We hypothesized that Hispanic participants recruited from sleep clinics would have higher prevalence of sleep complaints than those participants from non-sleep clinics.
Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: Despite significant research in recent years on the prevalence and health impact of sleep disorders, there is a relative paucity of data on sleep disorders among ethnically diverse US Hispanics. This study describes the frequency of sleep apnea risk, insomnia complaints, poor sleep quality, and daytime somnolence in a clinical cohort of ethnically diverse US Hispanics living in South Florida.
Study Impact: Our study increases the awareness that risks for sleep apnea, insomnia symptoms, poor sleep quality, and excessive daytime sleepiness are common in a clinical cohort of US Hispanics and highlights the need for increased screening and awareness by healthcare providers.
We enrolled consecutive adult (age ≥ 18 years), self-identified Hispanic patients referred to the University of Miami (UM) sleep, primary care (general internal medicine), and pulmonary clinics, and the Miami Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center sleep clinics from September 2009 to November 2010. Participants were excluded if they were unable to read English or Spanish at a fifth-grade level. Participants in the general internal medicine or pulmonary clinics had chief complaints unrelated to a primary sleep disorder. The reasons for primary care visits ranged from routine well visits to the renewal of prescription medications, monitoring chronic health conditions (diabetes, hypertension), and new patient visits. The pulmonary clinic participants were seen for follow-up of common respiratory conditions including cough, dyspnea, asthma, and emphysema. The University of Miami and the Miami VA Administrative Panel on Human Subjects in Medical Research approved the protocol, and all participants signed a written informed consent prior to enrollment.
Demographic characteristics and medical history were obtained from patient interview and a review of medical records. Depression and anxiety were determined by the following single question asked at the time of enrollment, "Have you ever been told by a doctor that you have depression or anxiety?" Anthropometric measures (height, weight, and neck circumference) were obtained on the day of enrollment. All participants completed validated questionnaires (available in both English and Spanish) to determine risk for SDB, insomnia symptom severity, sleep quality (SQ), and daytime somnolence. We screened for increased risk of sleep apnea using the STOP BANG questionnaire.22 A recently validated measure to determine SDB risk, the STOP BANG compares favorably to the Berlin sleep index.23,24 The validated insomnia severity index (ISI)25 was used to measure insomnia symptomatology.25,26 Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).27–29 A global PSQI score > 5 yields a diagnostic sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 86.5% in distinguishing good from poor sleepers.28 We evaluated subjective daytime sleepiness using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).30–32 The internal consistency, concurrent validity, and sensitivity to clinical improvements of these questionnaires are well established.
Both sleep and non-sleep clinic participants were encouraged to undergo in-laboratory video polysomnography (PSG), with most of the participants recruited from the sleep clinics agreeing to do so. We conducted PSG in accordance with the standards established by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Records were scored using standardized techniques and the recommended scoring rules for hypopneas.33 The oro-nasal thermistor and nasal pressure transducer channels were used to score apneas and hypopneas, respectively. An apnea-hypopnea index ([AHI], number of apneas and hypopneas/h of sleep) ≥ 5 was used to diagnose SDB.
We report means and standard deviations (SD), medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) and frequencies. Participants were divided into 2 groups (sleep clinic, and non-sleep clinic participants); differences in study variables were compared using the χ2 test statistic, Fisher exact test, Student t-test, or Mann Whitney U tests. Given the small number of participants recruited from pulmonary clinics (n = 22), we have provided summary statistics for the general medicine and pulmonary clinic subgroups (non-sleep clinic group), but we did not perform comparisons between subgroups. High risk for SDB was calculated as the proportion of individuals with a STOP BANG score ≥ 3. The presence of insomnia symptoms was calculated as the proportion of individuals with ISI score ≥ 8. The frequency of poor SQ was calculated as the proportion of individuals with a PSQI ≥ 5. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) was defined as proportion of participants with ESS ≥ 10. We used multivariable modeling to adjust results for gender, age, body mass index (BMI), presence of diabetes, anxiety, and depression. We accepted a 2-tailed p-value < 0.05 as statistically significant for all analyses. We analyzed data using SPSS for Windows, version 17.0 statistical software package (SPSS; Chicago, IL).
We enrolled 282 participants (174 sleep clinic,108 non-sleep clinic), 62% male with a mean age of 54 ± 15 years and mean BMI 31 ± 6 kg/m2 (Table 1). At the UM enrollment sites, Spanish was the preferred language for communication and completion of study questionnaires for 77% of participants, with 44% expressing discomfort with speaking English in day-to-day life. Cuban Americans, the largest Hispanic group in this study, constituted 35% of participants, with Puerto Ricans being the next largest group at 22%. There was a statistically significant difference in age and BMI between sleep clinic and non-sleep clinic subgroups, with the sleep clinic subjects being younger and heavier. Sleep clinic participants were more likely to be male, diabetic, and to suffer from anxiety or depression, with no other differences in comorbidities noted (Table 1).
Characteristics of the Study Population
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An increased risk of SDB using the STOP BANG measure was noted in 76% of all participants. Sleep clinic subjects were more likely to be at high risk for SDB (90% vs. 54%, p < 0.001). Baseline PSG was available for 56% of all participants; 81% of participants completing PSG had objective SDB with median AHI of 20.2 (IQR 136.7), 63% of whom had moderate to severe disease (AHI ≥ 15). Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS), defined as AHI ≥ 5 and sleepiness (ESS ≥ 10) was found in 83% of the sleep clinic population.
Symptoms suggestive of clinical insomnia (ISI ≥ 8) were reported in 68% of the group as a whole, with a significantly higher frequency in the sleep clinic participants (87% vs. 35%, p < 0.001). The mean ISI for all participants was 11.6 ± 7.8 (Table 2), indicating mild clinical insomnia in this population. There were significant group differences seen in the ISI scores with the non-sleep clinic participants reporting lower ISI scores (6.2 ± 6.4 vs.14.9 ± 6.6, p < 0.001). This difference remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, BMI, presence of diabetes, and mood disorders. The results for insomnia symptoms and severity are provided in Table 2.
Sleep Questionnaires
The mean PSQI for all participants was 8.8 ± 4.9, indicating poor SQ; however, the non-sleep clinic group had significantly better SQ than sleep clinic subjects (6.3 ± 4.6 vs. 10.2 ± 4.5, p < 0.001) (Table 2). These comparisons remained significant between groups after adjustment for age, gender, BMI, presence of diabetes, anxiety, and depression.
When queried about sleep during the previous month, 56% of all subjects reported having nighttime arousals and 46% reported loud snoring or coughing during sleep ≥ 3 times a week. A quarter of the participants required medication (prescription or over-the-counter) ≥ 3 times a week to help initiate and/or maintain sleep. Only 10% of participants ranked their overall SQ as very good, while 49% reported fairly to very bad SQ in the previous month. Sleep clinic subjects were significantly more likely to report nighttime arousals (73% vs. 39%, p < 0.001) and loud snoring or cough (57% vs. 26%, p < 0.001) ≥ 3 times a week. Only 1% of the sleep clinic participants and 25% of the non-sleep clinic participants reported very good SQ in the preceding month. Overall, participants reported a mean 6 ± 2 h sleep per night, with a self-reported sleep onset latency of 31 ± 34 minutes. There was a significant difference in sleep duration between groups, with sleep clinic participants reporting shorter mean sleep duration.
EDS was reported by 45% of all participants. Among sleep clinic patients, the rate was 62%, while 18% of the non-sleep clinic participants reported EDS. The median Epworth score for the entire study population was 9 (IQR = 11), with a statistically significant difference noted between groups that remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, BMI, presence of diabetes, anxiety, and depression. The results for EDS are displayed in Table 2.
According to 2010 US census data, there are over 50 million Hispanics in the United States (16% of the US population) comprising the largest single minority group,34 yet little is known about the sleep disturbances experienced by this growing segment of our population. Our findings indicate that subjectively reported SDB, insomnia symptoms, poor sleep quality, and daytime somnolence are common among an ethnically diverse sample of Hispanics living in South Florida who were seen in clinical settings. The presence and range of sleep disorders among our Hispanic sleep clinic patients suggest the potential for poorer health outcomes and higher health care costs relevant to sleep-associated comorbidities. We have reviewed the limited existing general population studies on sleep disorders in Hispanics and in mixed population primary care settings. Direct comparisons between studies are difficult due to the variability in measurement tools and population comorbidities. We present these data to provide a framework for the state of the knowledge to date. Table 3 summarizes the main sleep related findings in our clinical sample and places them in the context of reports from the literature as discussed below.
Reported Prevalence of Sleep Disorders in Hispanics
Snoring is a focal sign of obstructive sleep apnea. Self-reported snoring rates in our study were 55% in the entire cohort, with 43% of women and 62% of men reporting loud snoring. These numbers are higher than previous reports and may reflect our recruitment strategy.35,36 One- third of the participants recruited from our non-sleep clinics reported loud snoring, including 37% of women and 22% of men, suggesting that snoring is prevalent in our Hispanic clinical group with no specific sleep complaints. Notably, elevated rates of snoring alone among Hispanic children and adults have been reported elsewhere.7,35,36 Reasons for this increased rate among Hispanics are not known. Further studies are needed given this consistent finding to determine if culture, lifestyle, physiognomy or other factors play a role.
Over two-thirds of our participants were found to be at high risk for SDB using the STOP BANG measure, including over half of the non-sleep clinic patients. Studies in multi-ethnic office based settings suggest that the prevalence of SDB in patients seen in primary care clinics is higher than general population estimates.37,38 This may be due to the increased frequency of diabetes and obesity in these settings. Netzer et al. surveyed 40 primary care offices and clinics in United States (n = 3915) and Europe (Germany and Spain [n = 2308]) using the Berlin questionnaire to determine SDB risk. The risk for SDB was higher in US (35.8%) than European primary care populations (26.3%). The SDB risk prevalence in two Florida primary care settings included in this survey ranged from 36.4% to 43.5%.37 In their study of a family practice clinic in Cleveland Ohio, Senthilvel et al. surveyed 101 patients (11% Hispanic) using several standardized sleep questionnaires, including Berlin and STOP questionnaires.38 High risk for SDB was found in 33% (Berlin) and 34% (STOP) of participants.
Comparisons between different studies are difficult due to the variability in measurement tools, ethnic diversity of the population studied, and differing comorbidities that increase the risk for sleep apnea. However, the high frequencies of snoring and overall risk of SDB in the non-sleep clinic group in our study suggest the need for an increased awareness of SDB in this population and for routine screening during patient encounters using appropriately Spanish translated measures at relevant reading and comprehension levels.
The actual prevalence of objectively diagnosed SDB in Hispanics is not well known. Kripke performed home sleep oximetry in 355 subjects, including 44 Hispanics, and estimated that 16.3% of Hispanics and other racial minorities had ≥ 20 desaturation events per hour (comparable to moderate to severe SDB), compared to 4.9% of non-Hispanic whites.39 Bouscoulet et al.40 performed home portable respiratory monitoring during sleep in 188 subjects from Mexico City and found the prevalence of moderate sleep apnea was as high as 23.5%. We report much higher estimates in our cohort of sleep clinic patients. This may be due to our use of PSG as the gold standard of SDB diagnosis, selection bias noted in sleep clinics, or may reflect a true increase in risk. Preliminary data from two ongoing population- and community-based NIH sponsored studies20,41,42 suggest that the numbers for SDB among Hispanics is higher than the general population estimates often quoted for non-Hispanic whites,43 highlighting the trend for higher rates of SDB among Hispanics that mirrors our findings.
Very little is known about the prevalence of insomnia symptoms among US Hispanics. Overall, our study participants had significant (moderate to severe) insomnia complaints (38%), in keeping with the SHHS estimates for Hispanics who were primarily of Mexican heritage.44 Self-reported insomnia symptoms were particularly high among our patients with objective findings of SDB. The NHANES data suggest that 13.4% of Hispanic respondents had trouble falling asleep, 13.7% would wake up during the night with difficulty returning to sleep, and 14.7% would wake up early in the morning.45 More than a third (33%) of our general medicine subgroup reported insomnia symptoms. This is comparable to Senthilvel's multi-ethnic primary care office-based study, in which 32% of participants had symptoms suggestive of insomnia. 38
The data on sleep duration in Hispanics are variable and may reflect the impact of factors other than ethnicity on sleep duration. In the National Sleep Foundation (NSF) 2010 survey,46 Hispanics reported an average of 6 hours and 34 minutes of sleep during workdays. They slept longer than African Americans but less than Asians and non-Hispanic whites. In the1990 National Health Interview Survey,47 non-Mexican Hispanics had an increased risk for short sleep duration compared to non-Hispanic whites. The 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of 6139 individuals (12% Hispanic), however, reported that Hispanics (6.9 h) and Whites (7.0 h) had longer mean sleep duration than Blacks (6.5 h).45 Our data demonstrate shorter sleep duration among participants with sleep complaints seen in sleep clinics, but is consistent with the NHANES data for those individuals seen in non-sleep clinics.
Restricted or impaired sleep has a significant economic burden with conservative estimates at $107 billion.48 In our study participants reported poor SQ and even among persons without a specific sleep complaint or diagnosis, only 25% reported very good SQ. In 2010, the National Sleep Foundation (NSF) conducted a phone survey of Americans (25% Hispanic) to determine their sleep habits and knowledge.46 Nearly 40% of respondents, including 38% Hispanic, said they get a good night's sleep every night or almost every night. Rarely or never having a good night's sleep was reported by 14% of Hispanics. Although this survey is not directly comparable to our results, it corroborates our findings that many Hispanics are not satisfied with some aspect of their SQ, and very good sleep is experienced at best by less than half of those surveyed regardless of the method of evaluation.
Nearly half of our study participants reported significant daytime sleepiness, a known risk factor for vehicular crashes and impaired work performance.49,50 In the multicenter, population based SHHS, 23% of Hispanic participants had EDS.44 Bouscoulet et al.40 determined EDS prevalence to be 16.4% (95% CI 15.3-17.5) among adults ≥ 40 years old, living in 4 large Latin American cities, using a single question "Is it difficult for you to stay awake during the daytime at least 3 days a week?" Our non-sleep clinic participants were seen in clinic for routine primary care or pulmonary follow-ups; the 18% EDS noted in this group is within the range of previous estimates (Table 3) and highlights a need to address this sleep complaint in Hispanics in primary care and pulmonary clinics. The impact of EDS on overall health, social, and economic domains among Hispanics has yet to be determined.
Our study has several limitations. We are unable to make direct comparisons to other ethnic groups (non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, and Asians), as we studied Hispanic patients only. Our study cannot provide true population prevalence estimates, as we did not use randomized sampling techniques, but instead relied on a convenience sample of patients in sleep and non-sleep clinics. However, our non-sleep clinic group had no sleep disorders diagnosed at the time of enrollment and were not actively seeking help for sleep complaints. We provide data for the pulmonary and general medicine subgroups in Tables 1 and 2. However, due to the small sample size in pulmonary clinics, we refrained from subgroup analyses. Finally, SDB diagnosis was based on PSG only in the sleep clinic subjects. PSG was offered to all participants; however, the non-sleep clinic and some of the sleep clinic subjects declined testing due to lack of daytime symptoms, a belief that they did not have sleep apnea, lack of desire to use positive airway pressure therapy should the baseline test prove to be positive, or lack of insurance coverage.
Despite these limitations, our study reports the frequency of several sleep disorders in a diverse group of US Hispanics seen in clinical settings and highlights the need for increased awareness and screening by healthcare providers. Sleep and its associated disorders play an important role in health, wellness, disease, and quality of life. Hispanics are a rapidly growing segment of US society with ever growing healthcare needs. Social, socioeconomic, sociopolitical, lifestyle, cultural, or physiological characteristics may predispose Hispanic patients to an increased prevalence of sleep disorders, including sleep apnea, snoring, and poor sleep quality. Language and cultural barriers may widen health disparities. Our study increases the awareness that risk for SDB, insomnia symptoms, poor sleep quality, and excessive daytime sleepiness are common in a clinical cohort of US Hispanics living in South Florida and highlights the need for further research and education in this area.
This was not an industry supported study. The authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
All authors had access to the data and contributed substantially to the design, acquisition, and analysis of data, and writing of manuscript. The work was completed at University of Miami and Miami VA Health Care System. Dr. Shafazand was supported by a grant from the American Sleep Medicine Foundation. Dr. Fleming was supported in part by the European Union ERDF Funding to the ECEHH (University of Exeter).
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