text:
Methadone-Dolutegravir (DTG - GSK1349572) Drug Interaction Study.
|The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details.
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01467518
Recruitment Status : Completed
First Posted : November 8, 2011
Last Update Posted : April 9, 2012
- Study Details
- Tabular View
- No Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
|Condition or disease
|Infections, Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis
|Drug: Dolutegravir Drug: Methadone
|Phase 1
|Study Type :
|Interventional (Clinical Trial)
|Actual Enrollment :
|11 participants
|Intervention Model:
|Single Group Assignment
|None (Open Label)
|Official Title:
|A Phase 1, Open-Label, 2-Period Drug Interaction Study to Assess Steady State Plasma Methadone Enantiomer Pharmacokinetics Following Co-Administration of Methadone QD With Dolutegravir (GSK1349572) 50 mg Twice Daily in Opiate-Dependent, HIV Seronegative Adult Subjects.
|Study Start Date :
|December 2011
|Actual Primary Completion Date :
|February 2012
|Actual Study Completion Date :
|February 2012
Period 1
Subjects will be on individualize stable dose of methdaone for 8 days.
Drug: Methadone
Methadone is a synthetic opioid used in the treatment of opioid dependence. Subjects will be on individualize stabe dose for 8 days.
Period 2
Subjects will be on individualize stable dose of methadone and open label doses of 50mg Dolutegravir (DTG) every 12 hours for 5 days.
Drug: Dolutegravir
Dolutegravir is an experimental drug in the integrase inhibitor class for the treatment of HIV. Dose of 50mg every 12 hours for 5 days.
Drug: Methadone
Methadone is a synthetic opioid used in the treatment of opioid dependence. Subjects will be on individualize stabe dose for 8 days.
- Composite of Methadone Pharmacokinetics [ Time Frame: Day 3 (Period 1) and Day 5 (Period 2) at pre-dose, 1, 2, 3, 4. 6, 8, 12, 16, and 24 hours post-dose. ]Steady state total and R-methadone PK measure: AUC (0-t), Cmax and Ct.
- Composite of Methadone and DTG Pharmacokinetics [ Time Frame: Day 3 (Period 1) and Day 5 (Period 2) at pre-dose, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 24 hrs post-dose for methadone; pre-dose, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hrs post-dose for DTG. Unbound R-methadone at 3 and 24 hours on Day 3 (Period 1) and Day 5 (Period 2). ]Dolutegravir PK: AUC (0-t), Cmax, C0, Ct, Cmin, and CL/F; Steady state total and R-methadone: C0, Cmin and CL/F; Steady state plasma S-methadone: AUC (0-t), Cmax, C0, Ct, Cmin, CL/F; Ratio of S/R-methadone AUC (0-t); Ratio of S/R-methadone AUC (0-t); Steady state plasma unbound R-methadone plasma concentrations.
- Adverse Events -Number of participants with adverse events [ Time Frame: Pre-screen visit, Day 1 and Day 5 (Period 2) ]Assessed by change from baseline in vital signs (BP and HR), number of subjects with adverse events and toxicity grading of clinical laboratory tests.
- Composite of Methadone and DTG Pharmacodynamics [ Time Frame: Day 3 (Period 1) and Day 5 (Period 2) at pre-dose, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 post-dose. ]Change from baseline in the subject in the overall opiate agonist score and withdrawal score at post-dose and PK concentrations of methadone alone and in combination; Change in the pupillometry parameters from baseline (minimum pupil diameter [CFBmin], pupillometry area over the effect curve [PAOE] and scores at each time point) and PK concentrations of methadone alone and in combination.
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years to 65 Years (Adult, Older Adult)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Healthy as determined by a responsible and experienced physician, based on a medical evaluation including medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests and cardiac monitoring. A subject with a clinical abnormality or laboratory parameters outside the reference range for the population being studied may be included only if the Investigator feels that the finding is unlikely to introduce additional risk factors and will not interfere with the study procedures. Subjects with positive serology for hepatitis B or C may be entered at the discretion of the investigator, if there is no evidence of active disease or hepatic impairment and it is not a new diagnosis.
- Male or female between 18 and 65 years of age inclusive, at the time of signing the informed consent.
- Subject is enrolled in a methadone maintenance program for at least 12 weeks prior to Period 1, Day 1, and is expected to continue in the program though the duration of this study.
- Subject is receiving a methadone QD regimen that has remained unchanged for 14 days prior to Pre-Screening Visit and the dose is ≤200mg daily.
- A female subject is eligible to participate if she is of: Non-childbearing potential defined as pre-menopausal females with a documented (or self reported history) tubal ligation or hysterectomy; or postmenopausal defined as 12 months of spontaneous amenorrhea [in questionable cases a blood sample with simultaneous follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) > 40 MlU/ml and estradiol < 40 pg/ml (<147 pmol/L) is confirmatory]. Child-bearing potential and agrees to use one of the contraception methods listed in Section 8.1 for an appropriate period of time (as determined by the product label or investigator) prior to the start of dosing to sufficiently minimize the risk of pregnancy at that point. Female subjects must agree to use contraception until the follow up visit.
- Body weight >/=50 kg for males and >/=45kg for females and BMI within the range 18.0 - 33.0 kg/m2 (inclusive).
- ALT, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin </=1.5xULN (isolated bilirubin >1.5xULN is acceptable if bilirubin is fractionated and direct bilirubin <35%).
- Capable of giving written informed consent, which includes compliance with the requirements and restrictions listed in the consent form.
Exclusion Criteria:
- The subject has a positive pre-study drug screen. Drugs that will be screened for include amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, and PCP.
- The subject has a positive pre-study alcohol screen.
- A positive test for HIV antibody.
- Current use of alcohol, which in the investigator's opinion, would compromise subject's safety and/or compliance with the trial procedures, including subjects who are likely to experience withdrawal symptoms upon abstinence.
- The subject has participated in a clinical trial and has received an investigational product within the following time period prior to the first dosing day in the current study: 30 days, 5 half-lives or twice the duration of the biological effect of the investigational product (whichever is longer).
- Subjects using any concurrent prohibited medication. (see Section 9.2, for details on prohibited medications). Use of common medications which are permitted during the study are listed in Section 9.1 (permitted medications).
- History of sensitivity to any of the study medications, or components thereof or a history of drug or other allergy that, in the opinion of the investigator or GSK Medical Monitor, contraindicates their participation.
- Where participation in the study would result in donation of blood or blood products in excess of 500 mL within a 56 day period.
- Pregnant females as determined by positive serum or urine hCG test at screening or prior to dosing.
- Lactating females.
- Unwillingness or inability to follow the procedures outlined in the protocol.
- Subject is mentally or legally incapacitated.
- History of sensitivity to heparin or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
- Consumption of red wine, seville oranges, grapefruit or grapefruit juice and/or pomelos, exotic citrus fruits, grapefruit hybrids or fruit juices from 10 days prior to the first dose of study medication.
- Subjects with a pre-existing condition interfering with normal gastrointestinal anatomy or motility, hepatic and/or renal function, that could interfere with the absorption, metabolism, and/or or excretion of the study drugs. Subjects with a history of cholecystectomy, peptic ulceration, lower or upper GI bleeding, inflammatory bowel disease or pancreatitis should be excluded.
- Subject has inadequate venous access.
- History of Gilbert's disease.
- The subject's systolic blood pressure at screening visit is outside the range of 90-140mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure is outside the range of 45-90mmHg or heart rate is outside the range of 50-100bpm for female subjects or 45-100 bpm for male subjects.
- Exclusion criteria for screening ECG as listed in the protocol.
- Evidence of previous myocardial infarction (Does not include ST segment changes associated with repolarization).
- Any clinically significant arrhythmia, any clinically significant conduction abnormality (including but not specific to left or right complete bundle branch block, AV block [2nd degree or higher], Wolf Parkinson White [WPW] syndrome), sinus pauses>3 seconds, and non-sustained or sustained ventricular tachycardia.
- Heavy smokers (e.g., >20 cigarettes/day) who are unable to abstain for at least 8 hours as required by the protocol.
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT01467518
|Canada, Ontario
|GSK Investigational Site
|Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5V 2T3
|Study Director:
|GSK Clinical Trials
|ViiV Healthcare
|Responsible Party:
|ViiV Healthcare
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01467518 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|First Posted:
|November 8, 2011 Key Record Dates
|Last Update Posted:
|April 9, 2012
|Last Verified:
|March 2012
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
HIV Infections
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Immune System Diseases
Lentivirus Infections
Retroviridae Infections
RNA Virus Infections
Virus Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Slow Virus Diseases
Analgesics, Opioid
Central Nervous System Depressants
Physiological Effects of Drugs
Sensory System Agents
Peripheral Nervous System Agents
Antitussive Agents
Respiratory System Agents
HIV Integrase Inhibitors
Integrase Inhibitors
Enzyme Inhibitors
Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action
Anti-HIV Agents
Anti-Retroviral Agents
Antiviral Agents
Anti-Infective Agents

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Welcome to the food labelling and packaging area for teachers and students.
The resources are designed to support teaching and learning about food labelling and packaging at KS3 and KS4.
Why not also try our online interactive Kahoot quizzes for this section. For further support using Kahoot, take a look at our kahoot user guide.
Kahoot Food labelling quiz
Kahoot Food packaging quiz
Last reviewed: 15/12/2017
Next review date: 01/09/2019


text:
Phil Mickelson joins new Augusta member Condi Rice
AUGUSTA, Ga. — Phil Mickelson stood off to the side as one of his playing partners lined up a 40-foot putt at the end of Sunday's round at Augusta National. As the putt disappeared into the hole at 18, the three-time Masters champion quickly congratulated the ecstatic partner.
Condoleezza Rice.
On a tranquil, casual day dimmed only but intermittent cloud cover, Augusta National members and selected guests teed it up with entrants in the men's first major championship of the season. That included a group of Mickelson, his agent, Steve Loy, a member and former U.S. Secretary of State Rice, who along with financier Darla Moore are the first female members of Augusta National Golf Club.
"She's one of my favorite people. She's got the greatest personality and attitude, and she's so much fun to be around," Mickelson told reporters after the round. "She's so knowledgeable about world affairs. It's just incredible. It's a great experience.
" … As soon as I saw she was a member, I called her to work up a game, just like I did Arnold (Palmer) back in the day as an amateur. She's just one of my favorite people to be around."
She's pretty good with the flat stick, too. Rice and Mickelson warmed up next to each other on the range, and then walked to the first tee together. Rice's final putt of the round was a 40-footer for a par and a net birdie, considering her 17 handicap. Afterward, Rice put on a green jacket and walked around the practice range, mingling with players including 2008 champion Trevor Immelman.
"She kept asking about the course, and I kept asking her about countries," Mickelson said. "It was really fun. And she really can putt.
" … She's a phenomenal putter."
Tiger Woods played a practice round, as did Adam Scott, Keegan Bradley, Jason Dufner, Martin Kaymer and others.


text:
Business keeps growing in new ways at Prayter's Parts and Service southeast of Morenci.
Owner Michael Prayter started out selling used small engine parts on the internet, then he added new parts and became a dealer for Stens and A&I lawn and farm tractor parts.
More recently, he got in contact with mechanic Larry Gault who was looking to do some service work. If things go well, Prayter would like to build a shop at his home on County Road 16-3.
Gault took the skills that he learned at Four County years ago and finished high in a national mechanic competition. He formerly had a repair shop in Wauseon.
Prayter is still looking for used equipment that he can use in his parts business. With Gault working alongside him, the business offers small engine repair on a variety of equipment including snowmobiles and snowblowers. Pick-up and delivery is available.
See the Observer's business directory for other details.


text:
Browsing Center for Law, Economics & Financial Institutions (LEFIC) by Title
Previous Page
Now showing items 21-40 of 48Next Page
en retsøkonomisk analyseRose, Caspar (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Artiklen indeholder en diskussion af Værdipapirhandelslovens forbud mod insider handel. Der redegøres for tesen om effektive markeder. Med udgangspunkt i økonomisk teori redegøres for argumenter for et forbud. Der argumenteres for at, at insiderforbudets økonomiske berettigelsen med fordel kan støttes på tesen om effektive markeder. Det er i modsætning hertil blevet gjort gældende i den nyeste børsretlige teori, at den økonomiske teori om effektive markeder ikke er et adækvat grundlag for insider reglerne, og at denne teori bør erstattes af den såkaldte Lemon-teori, formuleret af Akerlof. Artiklen gør gældende, at det ikke er uden problemer at overføre Akerlof's teori til de finansielle markeder, eftersom der ikke tages hensyn til markedets selvregulerende mekanismer, som mindsker problemet med asymmetrisk information. Artiklen afsluttes med en diskussion af de reguleringsmæssige konsekvenser som følge af valg af det økonomiske grundlag for insiderforbudet. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6793
Files in this item: 1wplefic152003.pdf (426.7Kb)
New Challenges and Opportunities for RegulatorsGoldberg, Lawrence G.; Sweeney, Richard J.; Wihlborg, Clas (København, 2005)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Nordea is the first major international bank planning to operate important host country activities in branches as the Second European banking directive envisions rather than as subsidiaries. Nordea is the result of mergers of roughly equal-size universal banks in four Nordic countries with the intention to reap economies of scale and scope by providing services in an integrated organization. Nordea has so far operated under a legal structure with subsidiaries in the host countries. When the new branch organization is implemented, EU directives specify that the home country is responsible for supervision, regulation as well as deposit insurance. Supervisors in all involved countries are challenged by this prospect and they are negotiating to obtain an acceptable division of responsibilities. We argue that the Nordea case offers an opportunity to implement the EU's vision and to develop institutional foundations for substantial market discipline in banking. In particular, distress resolution and insolvency procedures for banks must be made rule based and credible for host country authorities to accept home country control. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6783
Files in this item: 1wplefic042005.pdf (209.7Kb)
Fosfuri, Andrea; Røende, Thomas (København, 2002)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Abstract We analyze firms' incentives to cluster in an industrial district to benefit from reciprocal technology spillovers. A simple model of cumulative innovation is presented where technology spillovers arise endogenously through labor mobility. It is shown that firms' incentives to cluster are the strongest when the following three conditions are met: 1) technological progress is rapid; 2) competition in the product market is relatively soft; 3) the probability of a single firm to develop an innovation is neither very high nor very low. We show that some trade secret protection is always beneficial for firms' profits and stimulates clustering. Excessive protection may impede technology spillovers and reduce firms' incentives to cluster. JEL Codes: J3, K2, L1, O32, O34. Keywords: Cumulative innovation, industrial districts, intellectual property rights, technology spillovers. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6784
Files in this item: 1wplefic132002.pdf (365.3Kb)
validating new indicators by understanding patenting strategiesReitzig, Markus (København, 2002)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6816
Files in this item: 1wplefic092002.pdf (214.0Kb)
Davis, Lee (København, 2002)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6819
Files in this item: 1wplefic012002.pdf (425.5Kb)
Franke, Guenter; Peterson, Sandra; Stapleton, Richard C. (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Investors choosing a portfolio strategy, in order to secure a pension at a future date for example, are faced with many uncertainties. One major uncertainty is the amount by which their pension fund will be supplemented by personal savings from a variety of sources such as life insurance contracts, bequests, or property sales. Over long periods of time these uncertainties are likely to be large and difficult to hedge, and hence may have a significant effect on the dynamic portfolio strategy. Drawing on the results of previous literature on the reaction of investors to non-unhedgeable background risk, and on the theory of stochastic dynamic programming, this article derives optimal strategies for investors maximising the expected utility of terminal wealth, where this wealth consists of the value of a pension fund plus accumulated personal savings. Numerical results, assuming that the market portfolio and the expectation of personal savings follow (possibly) correlated geometric Brownian motions, are derived to illustrate the effects of the size and uncertainty of the personal savings, as well as the effect of the resolution of the uncertainty in them over time. The computation uses a new technique for implementing the stochastic dynamic programming. This involves a binomial approximation, in two dimensions, which ensures that the computations are feasible for relatively long-term problems. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6795
Files in this item: 1wplefic192003.pdf (540.9Kb)
la Cour, Lisbeth; Møllgaard, Peter (København, 2002)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6792
Files in this item: 1wplefic052002.pdf (393.5Kb)
On the Choice Between Such Simple Mechanisms as Individual Ownership and the First-come First-serve Rule When Renegotiation is CostlyLando, Henrik (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This article compares a set of often used simple contracts or mechanisms in terms of how well they allocate decision rights between two agents over time. A basic assumption is that agents incur a fixed cost each time they renegotiate. The contracts or mechanisms studied are: individual ownership and authority, the first-come first-serve rule, the alternating rule and the sign-up rule. One trade-off that arises is the following: when usage of the asset is flexible in the sense that it does not matter in which period it occurs, agents may rely on obtaining the asset through arriving first at some point, while when an agent needs to time and plan the use of the asset, he or she may wish to hold stronger rights or to use the sign-up rule as a simple form of contracting. (JEL:D10, D23, L22); Keywords: Incomplete contracts, individual ownership,first-come first-serve rule, costly renegotiation. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6815
Files in this item: 1wplefic012004.pdf (658.9Kb)
Lando, Henrik; Rose, Caspar (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Abstract: Proponents of specific performance as a remedy for breach of contract have found support in the alleged use of the remedy in Civil Law countries. However, we provide evidence that specific performance is in fact a rare remedy in Denmark, Germany and France, and under CISG, when performance requires actions to be undertaken, and we relate this to costs of enforcement. We argue that it is administratively costly to run a system of enforcement that renders specific performance attractive to the aggrieved party, and that the Civil Law countries have (like Common Law countries) chosen not to incur these costs of enforcement. This is especially clear in the case of Denmark, where specific performance of actions has been abandoned as a legal remedy. At the normative level, we argue that enforcement costs provides an additional rationale, over and above the rationales of the theory of efficient breach, for damages and against specific performance as the general remedy. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6823
Files in this item: 1wplefic142003new2.pdf (270.4Kb)
Eliasson, Gunnar; Wihlborg, Clas (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The New Economy is closely associated with computing & communications technology, notably the Internet. We discuss property rights to, and trade in, the difficult-to-define intangible assets increasingly dominating the New Economy, and the possibility of under-investment in these assets. For a realistic analysis we introduce a Schumpeterian market environment (the experimentally organized economy). Weak property rights prevail when the rights to access, use, and trade in intangible assets cannot be fully exercised. The trade-off between the benefits of open access on the Internet, and the incentive effects of strengthened property rights, depend both on the particular strategy a firm employs to secure property rights, and the protection offered by law. Economic property rights can be strengthened if the originator can find innovative ways to charge for the intangible assets. The extreme complexity of the New Economy and the large number of possible innovative private contract arrangements make it more important to facilitate the use and enforcement of private individualized contracts to protect intellectual property than to rely only on standard mandatory patent and copyright law. Enabling law is one proposed solution. Current patent legislation in the US has led to costly litigation processes weakening the position of small firms and individuals in patent disputes. The property rights of such firms and individuals could be strengthened with insurance or arbitration procedures. Key words: Competence bloc theory, Enabling law, Experimentally Organized Economy, New Economy, Weak property rights, Tradability, Underinvestment. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6811
Files in this item: 1wplefic052003.pdf (378.8Kb)
On the optimal negligence standard in tort law when one party is a long-run and the other a short-run playerLando, Henrik (København, 2005)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6828
Files in this item: 1wplefic022005.pdf (156.2Kb)
Davis, Lee (København, 2002)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6822
Files in this item: 1wplefic022002.pdf (432.2Kb)
Lando, Henrik (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The standard of proof in criminal law a®ects retributive justice through the number of wrong convictions and wrong acquittals. It also a®ects the level of crime, since a higher standard of proof implies less deterrence and less incapacitation. This article derives an expression for the optimal standard from a trade-o® between these e®ects, and applies the expression to the crime of sexual violation against women. For this crime, social preferences for justice versus prevention of crime are elicited through a survey and inserted into the expression for the optimal standard. The result indicates that the concern for prevention of crime may have a signi¯cant e®ect on the optimal standard of proof. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6785
Files in this item: 1wplefic042003.pdf (634.2Kb)
Lando, Henrik (København, 2005)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6797
Files in this item: 1wplefic012005.pdf (248.0Kb)
Lessons for the EU from United States History, 1789 - 1861Sweeney, Richard J. (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: If secession or expulsion ends in a "velvet divorce," as with Czechoslovakia, costs are minimal and the split is relatively unimportant. High costs arise if a federation splits into mutually hostile, comparably sized regions. Perhaps the majority of splits lead to dangerous hostility. A well-designed constitution minimizes the likelihood of hostile splits by limiting the issues that are dealt with at the federal level, by providing checks and balances, and by establishing due process under the rule of law. Preventing the conditions under which a hostile split may arise is more costeffective than trying to optimize the terms of a split or to find last-minute compromises to forestall the split. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6786
Files in this item: 1wplefic122003.pdf (396.6Kb)
Why Didn't the U.S. Civil War Go On and On?Sweeney, Richard J. (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The post-Civil War reconciliation between the North and the South is a very rare event in the history of civil wars. The South was thoroughly beaten. Top generals, particularly Robert E. Lee, saw further fighting as "useless effusion of blood." There was no call by top Confederate leaders for continuing the fight with the type of bushwacking that occurred in Missouri and Kansas. Reconstruction is often thought of as harsh, but compared to the standards of history Confederates were by and large treated well after the Civil War. Within a decade or so of the end of the Civil War, conservative white elites had established political, economic and social dominance in the South. They had lost their "slave property" and the "government of our own." They could never get back slavery, and a government of their own was not worth fighting for. There was little reason for the kind of persistent low-level guerilla warfare that often occurs after civil wars, or the organization of a succession of rebellions. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6810
Files in this item: 1wplefic132003.pdf (447.2Kb)
Lessons from the Causes of the American RevolutionSweeney, Richard J. (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Because the conflicts that led to the American Revolution mainly arose from constitutional issues, the history of these conflicts offers lessons for the design of the new European Union constitution. One lesson is the importance of avoiding needless conflicts between federal and member-state governments. In particular, forcing decisions on where sovereignty lies may cause great conflict. Another lesson is that a federal system depends on good will among the federal and member-state governments, and because this good will is easily dissipated, efforts should be made to nurture it. Federal exercise of power will often alienate member states; thus, a sensible strategy is to grant the federal government only the minimal powers that a strong consensus agrees it must have, and to change these powers only by strong consensus. Removing "democratic deficits" may not be sufficient in many cases to give legitimacy to exercise of federal power; minorities may require protection by constitutional limits on federal powers. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6782
Files in this item: 1wplefic102003.pdf (372.3Kb)
Lando, Henrik (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The paper argues that society should vary the sanction applied to a criminal defendant with the weight of the evidence against him or her. This is optimal when it is costly for society to apply sanctions, since it can yield the same degree of deterrence while requiring fewer resources to be spent on sanctioning. Furthermore, when the unfairness of convicting an innocent defendant increases with the size of the sanction, this provides a further rationale for graduating sanctions with the probability of guilt. Some objections are briefly discussed, mainly that it is inherently unfair to apply different sanctions on people, who have committed the same offense, and that the legal system will lose legitimacy if it allows sanctions to vary in the way suggested. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6820
Files in this item: 1wplefic082004.pdf (289.7Kb)
Wihlborg, Clas (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The democratic deficit in the so-called bargaining democracy provides the motivation for constitutional efforts to limit the ability of different groups to form coalitions that are able to grant benefits to themselves through legislation that more or less directly benefit identifiable groups. A constitutional hierachy of laws that stand in conflict is proposed. In this hierarchy more "rule-oriented" legislation dominate less "rule-oriented" legislation. The main purpose of the proposal is to create a momentum of the political process towards more rule-oriented policy actions and legislation, and to inspire the policy debate to focus on principles and rules to an increasing extent. At the same time, the difficulty of defining a rule as opposed to an outcome-oriented directive is avoided by limiting the task of a constitutional court to simply rank conflicting policy actions with respect to the degree actions satisfy criteria for rules. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6791
Files in this item: 1wplefic052004.pdf (195.8Kb)
a matter of contractual failuresRose, Caspar (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Abstract: This article analyzes the conflict of interests between shareholders and other stakeholders, including when such conflicts of interests may arise. It is argued that shareholder value cannot be justified simply by referring to any prerogative property rights of the shareholders. Instead, shareholder value coincides with the efficient hypothetical perfect contract. However, due to contractual failures in certain bargain situations, management may be unable to "internalize the firms externalities". This means that in these situations there is a tradeoff between a broad duty of loyalty for management in listed firms and other traditional remedies. The theoretical insights are applied on a case from the Danish Supreme Court (Louis Poulsen A/S) where the interests of the stakeholders were decisive. However, it is shown that the verdict may instead harm the relevant stakeholders illustrating how cautious the legal system should use a doctrine based on the "company's interests". In addition, the notion of a firm's social responsibility is critically evaluated together with the associated pitfalls of accepting this concept. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6796
Files in this item: 1wplefic162003.pdf (375.9Kb)
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Now showing items 21-40 of 48Next Page


text:
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|Vyapam scam: Another mysterious death, Dean found dead in Delhi hotel
JPNN/New Delhi /Bhopal / Jul 05, 2015 /A Dean of a medical college in Madhya Pradesh involved in Vyapam scam probe was found dead in a Delhi hotel today in the second mysterious death in the scandal in as many days, adding yet another murky twist to the case.
The twin deaths gave fresh ammunition to the Congress, which renewed its demand for a CBI probe into the massive admission and recruitment scam, saying the spate of "deaths of 45 people" related to Vyapam scam is indeed "extremely intriguing and deeply suspicious.64-year-old Arun Sharma, Dean of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Medical College, Jabalpur, who was said to be probing irregularities in admissions to his college in connection with the scam, was found dead under mysterious circumstances at a Dwarka hotel, sending shockwaves and triggering outrage.An almost empty bottle of alcohol and vomit was found in the room. Forensic evidence has been collected and his body sent for post mortem.Yesterday, 38-year-old Akshay Singh, a Delhi-based investigative journalist with TV Today group, died in MP's Jhabua district soon after having interviewed the parents of Namrata Damor, an accused in the scam, whose body had been found near rail tracks in Ujjain district on January 7, 2012.Under attack over a string of deaths of people connected in some way to the scandal, MP Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan said the government will write to the High Court-appointed SIT to "thoroughly investigate" Singh's death.Addressing a press conference in Bhopal, Chouhan said his government has no objection if the MP High Court gets the probe into the scam done by any other agency, including CBI, a demand made by Congress.What fuelled speculations of possible foul play in Sharma's death was the fact he is the second Dean of the Jabalpur college to have died in suspicious circumstances in the last one year.D K Sakalle, his predecessor, who was inquiring into admissions of candidates for whom proxies had allegedly appeared in the Pre-Medical Test, had been found burnt at his residence. MP police had then concluded he had committed suicide.Union Home Minister Rajnath Singh spoke to Chouhan and asked him to conduct a probe into Singh's death amid reports that the chief minister had agreed to send the journalist's viscera samples to AIIMS following a request from his sister.
Terming the spate of deaths of people reportedly associated with 'Vyapam' as "extremely intriguing and deeply suspicious", Congress demanded a Supreme Court-monitored CBI investigation into the alleged scam. Delhi's ruling AAP demanded a Supreme Court-monitored SIT probe.Calling the Vyapam the "most sinister scam of India", Congress's communications department incharge Randeep Surjewala claimed that the mechanism of SIT-STF combine has proved ineffective in probing the matter.Agency
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The controversy around Nestle's Maggi noodles has caused panic throughout the nation and it doesn't look like it will die down any time soon.
After the initial test results by Uttar Pradesh Department of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) showed harmful levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and lead in Maggi, various states across India and even Bangladesh conducted tests on Maggi to find out whether the food product is safe or not.
The controversy around Maggi has led to tests being conducted across the country.
The entire controversy began when the UP FDA last month asked Nestle India to withdraw a batch of Maggi noodles "which were manufactured in February 2014" after it found high levels of added MSG, a taste enhancer, in the noodles and lead beyond permissible limits.
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JPNN|Washington|Snacking on almonds instead of carbs could reduce belly fat and lower the risk of heart disease, a new study has claimed.Read more...
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JPNN|Scientists have found a "reset button" for our biological clock, paving the way for moreRead more...
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Artist description:
vent work... wrong category...crap I only suffocate those around me why have friends if you cant keep them.... its my fault..fml. it sucks..i know
Java Draw Created Feb 07, 2011 640 x 460px Unless noted Copyright 2011 angel14.
We encourage you to submit a comment and let the artist know what you think of this drawing. Please log in or join to post a comment.
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This is beautiful!! Makes me feel sad though:(
Wow!!Wonderful drawing..I love it!! ^_^
wow great drawing!!from a great artist! :) no it doesnt suck! its great
Reminds me of a speedpaint I saw on youtube recently :) Very cute, I love how her hair floats on the water :)
cute draw and nice effect on the hair 8). It really seems like drowning and water and it came out really well. I hope things get better for you. Nobody's a bad friend, try to talk it out and be open to each other 8). I hope it works out for you!
aww.. Dx *close my eyes* T^T She is so cute!~ xD I love her expression! xD 5/5 and favs^^ :P
Deep emotion and description.....*5*
feel the same way. 5/5
nice line art,the description seems sad
it dosnt suck!! i may not be a close friend or anything and i may not know you well, but i do comment on your draws..but anyways! id gladly be your friend and im sure you wont drive me away or anything XDD its hard to do, actually.. 5/5!!


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Vallerysthal Glassworks was founded in 1836 in Lorraine, France. In 1854, the firm became Klenglin et Cie. It made table and decorative glass, opaline, cameo, and art glass. A line of covered, pressed glass animal dishes was made in the nineteenth century. The firm is still working. Many of the pieces are from the twentieth century.
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Preet Bharara, the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, announced that PATRICK NAYYAR, a citizen of India who had been residing illegally in the United States, was found guilty yesterday in Manhattan federal court of five counts related to support he attempted to provide Hizballah, a designated foreign terrorist organization. NAYYAR was convicted after a seven-day jury trial before U.S. District Judge Robert W. Sweet.
According to the superseding indictment filed in Manhattan federal court and the evidence presented at trial:
Between July 2009 and September 2009, NAYYAR and his co-conspirator, Conrad Stanisclaus Mulholland, agreed to provide weapons, ammunition, and vehicles to Hizballah, a U.S. designated foreign terrorist organization based in Lebanon. During a series of meetings with a confidential informant working with the FBI, who represented himself as able to deliver materials to Hizballah, NAYYAR and Mulholland agreed to sell guns, ammunition, vehicles, bulletproof vests, and night vision goggles to the confidential informant. During these meetings, NAYYAR and Mulholland provided the confidential informant with a handgun, a box of ammunition, and a pick-up truck, believing that he would deliver the items to Hizballah in Lebanon.
NAYYAR was charged in the Southern District of New York in October 2009, following his arrest in the Eastern District of New York at his residence in Queens, New York, in September 2009 on a separate charge.
NAYYAR, 48, was convicted of:
■count one—conspiring to provide material support or resources to a foreign terrorist organization;
■count two—attempting to provide material support or resources to a foreign terrorist organization;
■count three—conspiring to make or receive a contribution of funds, goods, or services to, and for the benefit of, Hizballah;
■count four—attempting to make a contribution of funds, goods, or services to, and for the benefit of, Hizballah; and
■count five—conspiring to traffic in firearms and ammunition.
Count one and count two each carry a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison; count three and count four each carry a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison; and count five carries a maximum sentence of five years in prison. In total, NAYYAR faces a maximum sentence of 75 years in prison. He is scheduled to be sentenced by Judge Sweet on September 25, 2012 at 4:30 p.m.
NAYYAR's co-conspirator, Mulholland, 45, who is not a citizen of the U.S. and resides abroad, left the U.S. before charges were filed and remains at large. The charges against Mulholland are pending, and he is presumed innocent unless and until proven guilty.
Mr. Bharara praised the investigative work of the FBI and the New York Joint Terrorism Task Force.
The case is being handled by the Office's Terrorism and International Narcotics Unit. Assistant United States Attorneys Sean Buckley and Stephen Ritchin are in charge of the prosecution.


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QATAR DESIGN CONSORTIUM (QDC) is
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serving its Clients throughout its practice.
Since last 35 years, QDC and its staff living and working within the Qatari community
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QDC also has professional association with various specialist agencies from over
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Established in 1977 in Doha, QDC has grown and diversified continuously to be one
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and is on panel with almost all major public and private sector organizations in
Barwa Masaken Sailiyah & Mesaimeer Co, a subsidiary of the Barwa Group, has won the "Best Completed Development Award" at the Affordable Housing Development Middle East in Manama, Bahrain.The award was handed over to Barwa Masaken general manager, Khalifa Salman al-Mohannadi, by Bahrain's Minister of Housing, Sheikh Ebrahim bin Khalifa al-Khalifa. Also in attendance at the awards ceremony were Barwa deputy chairman Hitmi Ali al-Hitmi, Barwa investment director Ibrahim Fakhroo, and Barwa Masaken board of directors chairman, Mohamed Ismail al-Emadi, an official said.
"Masaken Sailiyah & Mesaimeer has won the award for its significant role in the development of affordable housing units in Qatar. "The projects delivered by Masaken have contributed to the increase in affordable housing in the region, while also demonstrating Barwa's ability to deliver high standard projects within budget, through outstanding design, planning and use of innovative building materials," al-Mohannadi said."Masaken deserves recognition of this kind because of its innovative and pioneering approach and the quality of construction and package of amenities on offer in these affordable housing developments," Ibrahim Fakhroo pointed out.
The Masaken Sailiyah & Mesaimeer Company was created to help middle-income residents in Qatar.The projects consist of two phases in West Sailiya and Mesaimeer with a total of 31 buildings; 14 buildings with two-bedroom apartments, and 17 buildings with three-bedroom apartments.
Each building houses 32 apartments, with a total number of almost 2,000 apartments in both areas.The housing in Mesaimeer was handed over to pre-screened tenants last year, while the Sailiyah handover was done in July, 2010.
(Gulf Times, 6th october 2010)
"Masaken Sailiyah & Mesaimeer were designed by Qatar Design Consortium, Services included Concept thru approved for construction,documentation and all statutory approvals.
Non-QP Personnel & Contractors Accommodation (6 Nos. Building Blocks of G+1)
is located at Dukhan. Non-QP Personnel & Contractors Accommodation (Service
Accommodation) comprises the construction works of 06 Nos. Building Blocks of G+1
configuration with each Building Block comprising of 08 units with a mix of 02 and
03 bedroom apartments, Construction of hard & soft landscaping, retaining walls
and other site development & infrastructure works, Construction of roads, pavements,
parking & boundary wall. The total Project cost sums up to 43 Million QAR. All
services works including tie-ins pertaining to the above buildings and site development
including plumbing, drainage, fire detection and fire alarm system, fire fighting
(extinguishers and fire blankets), HVAC, mechanical, electrical, telecommunication
and street lighting system and equipments are the part of the project.


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KulturevenemangCalendar RSS Subscribe to calendar
Note that although the calendar currently is filtered, the calendar subscription will be unfiltered.
Please follow these instructions to subscribe to the calendar in Outlook on Windows:
- Copy the calendar link.
- Switch to the calendar view in Outlook.
- Right click My calendars (or Other calendars), select Add calendar, select From Internet.
- In the dialogue that pops up, paste the calendar link.
- Approve the subscription.
The calendar is now available in Outlook. Check the checkbox besides the new calendar to view it.
For Safari on Mac, read these instructions.
In other calendar applications, copy the link and then follow the appropriate procedure.
Research Paper Drop-in! Individual guidance at the Library
Do you want help with searching for information, source material or data? Or do you have questions regarding citing or source criticism? The Library invites all students who wish to improve an essay or research paper to four drop-in sessions during the semester. Librarians from all subject fields will be there to help you out. We offer coffee. Welcome!
Spring Semester Commences
Spring semester commences 20 January 2020.
Apple Days
Did you know that over 200 varieties of apples are grown in Sweden? Get to know a good quarter of them at the apple exhibition at Linnaeus' Hammarby. Find out which apples you have in your garden. Buy an apple tree cultivated from national clone archive trees.


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A place to share your modding knowledge with the community.
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Opera Software's co-founder and ex-CEO, Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner, has finally broken his silence. Speaking to ComputerWorld, Tetzchner revealed his disappointment at both the direction Opera Software is taking and how it is being managed.
Tetzchner co-founded Opera with Geir Ivarsøy in 1995, and was the Chief Operating Officer until he stepped down on January 5, 2010. He continued to be associated with the company as strategic advisor, but parted ways on June 24, 2011. In his departure mail, he wrote, "It has become clear that The Board, Management and I do not share the same values and we do not have the same opinions on how to keep evolving Opera".
Tetzchner was widely regarded as a man of ideals, and the person responsible for establishing Opera's work culture and corporate values. He believed in the open web, hated software patents, and believed in caring for his employees. He was reported to be in favor of aggressively fighting to keep Opera Software independent and uncompromised. Unfortunately, the board and the shareholders didn't always agree with him. Since his departure, Opera has streamlined itself on numerous occasions, sometimes shutting down entire offices. Opera has also invested more heavily in the advertising business. And most recently, Opera decided to ditch its rendering engine in favor of Chromium. His departure has led to a steady stream of rumors that Opera Software might be about to be acquired. The fact that he sold off a large chunk of his shares in the company for between 180 and 200 million NOK (about 32-35 million USD) over the past few months has only strengthened the rumors.
Under Lars Boilesen, Opera has made record profits, grown its mobile user base at a phenomenal pace, and expanded into new segments. However, under Boilesen, Opera has also lost its innovative edge. According to reports, Opera Software has also lost a lot of its atmosphere and culture. Wilhelm JoysAndersen, who used to manage Opera's core testing team before quitting last year alleged in a post on Hacker News that employee morale is at rock bottom. No wonder then that Tetzchner remarked, "I must admit that I think it's sad to see what happens with Opera".
Addressing the reports of mistreatment of employees, Tetzchner went on to say, "Not only do I disagree with the strategic direction management is taking now, but I'm also sad about how the company is treating its employees". "There must be good reasons to let people go. I think an atmosphere where so many must go, or stop more or less voluntarily, is unfortunate for both innovation and employees. This is very far from what I stood for. The employees are a vital resource and has been critical of the company has achieved."
He also addressed the lack of innovation. "When competition increases, I believe one must increase his efforts, not reduce it". As I noted in my previous article, since Tetzchner's resignation, many influential and well-known developers have left the company to work for Google and Mozilla among others. Opera's ex-CEO believes that a reduced focus on product innovation and core technologies is pushing talent out of Opera.
When asked if he misses being a part of the Opera management, Tetzchner candidly said, " I miss Opera as a company and I miss the staff. But the direction the company now runs did not fit me". Expanding on what he wrote in his parting email, he revealed a longstanding discord between shareholders and sections of the management including him. Tetzchner preferred to build the company stone by stone to achieve organic growth. Whereas shareholders preferred to prep the company for sale through acquisitions and cost reductions.
Note: Original Norwegian quotes have been translated with the aid of Google Translate.


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A federal judge overturned California's voter-approved ban on same-sex marriage, Prop 8, ruling that the ban discriminates against gay and lesbian couples and violates the U.S. Constitution. The decision, issued Wednesday afternoon by Chief U.S. District Judge Vaughn Walker, gives gay and lesbian couples the right to marry in California for the second time in three years.
Still, gay marriage will not be allowed to resume immediately. Walker still has to decide whether his order should be suspended while proponents pursue their appeal.
Walker, who is gay, gave both sides until Friday to submit written arguments. One gay couple went straight to San Francisco City Hall following the ruling. The clerk initially handed them a marriage license, but a couple minutes later told them they would have to come back because there was a stay.
Walker said Proposition 8 was unconstitutional under both the due-process and equal-protection clauses. Click here for ruling pdf.
"Proposition 8 fails to advance any rational basis in singling out gay men and lesbians for denial of a marriage license," Walker wrote in his decision. "Indeed, the evidence shows Proposition 8 does nothing more than enshire in the California Constitution the notion that opposite-sex couples are superior to same-sex couple.
"Because California has no interest in discriminating against gay men and lesbians, and because Proposition 8 prevents California from fulfilling its constitutional obligation to provide marriages on an equal basis, the court concludes that Proposition 8 is unconstitutional."
The ruling is seen as the first round in what will turn out to be a lengthy battle, with the ultimate destination being the U.S. Supreme Court.
The case, Perry vs. Schwarzenegger, was argued in San Francisco. The plaintiffs are Jeffrey Zarrillo and his partner Paul Katami, and a lesbian couple from Berkeley, Kristin Perry and Sandy Stier.
The lawyers who argued the case surprised no one Wednesday when they said they will appeal Walker's ruling.
"Today's ruling is clearly a disappointment. The judge's invalidation of the votes of over seven million Californians violates binding legal precedent and short-circuits the democratic process. But this is not the end of our fight to uphold the will of the people for traditional marriage, as we now begin an appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals," said Andy Pugno, general counsel for ProtectMarriage.com.
Prop 8 lawyers unsuccessfully argued the ban was necessary to safeguard the traditional understanding of marriage and to encourage responsible childbearing.
Former U.S. Solicitor General Theodore Olson argued for the two couples. "This is a victory for the American people. It's a victory for our justice system," said Olson. Olson said the ruling "vindicates the rights of a minority of our citizens to be treated with decency and respect and equality in our system."
Olson teamed up with David Boies to argue the case, bringing together the two litigators best known for representing George W. Bush and Al Gore in the disputed 2000 presidential election.
The next legal step would be the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, and then the Supreme Court.
The trial was held in January. Closing arguments were held in June. And the ruling came Wednesday.
Prop 8 outlawed gay marriages five months after the California Supreme Court legalized them. It passed with 52 percent of the vote in November 2008 following the most expensive campaign on a social issue in U.S. history.


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Nearly 4.5 billion kilometers (3 billion miles) from the Sun, Neptune orbits the Sun once in 165 years, and therefore has made not quite a full circle around the Sun since it was discovered. With an equatorial diameter of 49,528 kilometers (30,775 miles), Neptune is the smallest of our solar system's gas giants. Even so, its volume could hold nearly 60 Earths. Neptune is the densest of the four giant planets, about 64 percent heavier than if it were composed entirely of water.
The most obvious feature of the planet in Voyager pictures is its blue color, the result of methane in the atmosphere. Methane preferentially absorbs the longer wavelengths of sunlight (those near the red end of the spectrum). What are left to be reflected are colors at the blue end of the spectrum.
While methane is not the only constituent in Neptune's atmosphere, it is one of the most important. Methane cycles through the atmosphere like this:
* Solar ultraviolet radiation destroys methane high in Neptune's atmosphere by converting it to hydrocarbons such as ethane, acetylene and haze particles of more complex polymers.
* The haze particles sink to the cold lower stratosphere, where they freeze and become ice particles.
* The hydrocarbon ice particles gently fall into the warmer troposphere, where they evaporate back into gases.
* The hydrocarbon gases mix deeper into the atmosphere where the temperature and pressure are higher, mix with hydrogen gas and regenerate methane.
* Buoyant, convective methane clouds then rise great distances to the base of the stratosphere or higher, returning methane vapor to the stratosphere.
Throughout the process there is no net loss of methane in Neptune's atmosphere.
Neptune is a dynamic planet, even though it receives only 3 percent as much sunlight as Jupiter does. Several large, dark spots are reminiscent of Jupiter's hurricane-like storms. The largest spot is big enough for Earth to fit neatly inside it. Designated the "Great Dark Spot" by its discoverers, the feature appears to be an anticyclone similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. Neptune's Great Dark Spot is comparable in size, relative to the planet, and at the same latitude (the Great Dark Spot is at 22 degrees south latitude) as Jupiter's Great Red Spot. However, Neptune's Great Dark Spot is far more variable in size and shape than its Jupiter counterpart. Bright, wispy "cirrus-type" clouds overlaying the Great Dark Spot at its southern and northeastern boundaries may be analogous to lenticular clouds that form over mountains on Earth.
At about 42 degrees south, a bright, irregularly shaped, eastward-moving cloud circles much faster than does the Great Dark Spot, "scooting" around Neptune in about 16 hours. This "scooter" may be a cloud plume rising between cloud decks.
Another spot, designated "D2" by Voyager's scientists, is located far to the south of the Great Dark Spot, at 55 degrees south. It is almond-shaped, with a bright central core, and moves eastward around the planet in about 16 hours.
Voyager also measured heat radiated by Neptune's atmosphere. The atmosphere above the clouds is hotter near the equator, cooler in the mid-latitudes and warm again at the south pole. Temperatures in the stratosphere were measured to be 750 kelvins (900 degrees F), while at the 100 millibar pressure level, they were measured to be 55 K (-360 degrees F). Heat appears to be caused, at least in part, by convection in theatmosphere that results in compressional heating: Gases rise in the mid-latitudes where they cool, then drift toward the equator and the pole, where they sink and are warmed.
Long, bright clouds, reminiscent of cirrus clouds on Earth, can be seen high in Neptune's atmosphere. They appear to form above most of the methane, and consequently are not blue.
At northern low latitudes (27 degrees north), Voyager captured images of cloud streaks casting their shadows on cloud decks estimated to be about 50 to 100 kilometers (30 to 60 miles) below. The widths of these cloud streaks range from 50 to 200 kilometers (30 to 125 miles), and the widths of the shadows range from 30 to 50 kilometers (20 to 30 miles). Cloud streaks were also seen in the southern polar regions (71 degrees south), where the cloud heights were about 50 kilometers (30 miles).
Most of the winds on Neptune blow in a westward direction, which is retrograde, or opposite to the rotation of the planet. Near the Great Dark Spot, there are retrograde winds blowing up to 1500 miles an hour -- the strongest winds measured on any planet, including windy Saturn.


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A 3- or 7-channel DMX-512 slim LED PAR can with 108 colored LEDs and a slim profile.
The Chauvet SlimPAR 56 is a traditional LED PAR can housed in a casing that is only 2 in. thick, which allows it to go where other PAR cans don't fit. Powered by 108 red, green, and blue LEDs, the LED PAR can offers 3- or 7-channels of DMX control. It also provides static colors and red, green, blue color mixing with or without a DMX controller. Built-in automated and sound-activated programs operate in either master/slave or DMX mode. The Chauvet SlimPAR 56 DMX PAR also features a variable-speed pulse effect and a double-bracket yoke that can also act as a floor stand.
- 3- or 7-channel DMX-512 slim LED PAR can
- Light source: 108 (36 red, 36 green, 36 blue) LEDs
- Static colors and red, green, blue color mixing with or without a DMX controller
- Built-in automated programs operate in master/slave or DMX modes with variable speed
- Built-in sound-activated programs operate in master/slave or DMX modes
- Pulse effect with adjustable speed
- Low-profile lights are 2.2" deep
- Double-bracket yoke also acts as a floor stand
- Weight: 2.7 lb.
- Dimensions: 8.8" W x 7" H x 7.3" D
- Operating modes:
- 3-channel: RGB control
- 7-channel: RGB, macros, run/strobe speed, automatic/sound, dimmer
Get a slim and skinny DMX PAR can that hasn't sacrificed its power when you order the Chauvet SlimPAR 56 PAR can today.
SlimPAR 56 LED PAR/Wash Light Specifications:
- Beam angle: 21
- Field angle: 32
- Lux: 1,290 @ 1m
- Power and current: 120V, 60Hz: 8W, 0.2A operating, 0.2A inrush
- AC power: autoswitching 100V-240V 50/60Hz
- Additional power output: max 46 units @ 120V (see manual for details)


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Midwest gold is flowing. We refer to corn.
Farmers and custom-combine professionals are hard at work harvesting 2017's bounty. This means motorists need to be alert for large, slow-moving ag vehicles transporting crops to markets, grain elevators, processing plants, river barges and railroad yards. The risk is especially great on rural, two-lane roads like those in Dakota and Washington counties.
Several related factors make encounters between standard vehicles traveling 55 mph or greater with farm equipment going perhaps 25 mph risky.
RELATED: MnDOT: Watch for farm equipment on highways
The first and obvious one is speed. A motor vehicle coming up behind a farm implement has only seconds to stop before a crash may occur. The solution: Drivers should not speed and they should anticipate a tractor or combine around every bend and over every hill this time of year.
A second factor is distracted driving. Any type of distracted driving - talking on cellphone, checking a text message, reaching down to eat your lunch, or simply being tired or letting your mind drift elsewhere - can make stopping in time almost impossible when reaction time is cut in half (at best).
The third factor is a matter of physics. Because farm equipment is large and heavy, operators themselves need extra time to accelerate, slow down, stop or turn.
No. 4: Size matters. These cumbersome tractors and combines sometimes cross over the center line or extend into the shoulder. You might think you have enough room to pass only to find yourself clipping a huge tire.
In addition, some farm vehicles have large blind spots, making it difficult for operators to see vehicles approaching from behind and even ahead.
The reality is that from 2011 to 2015, Minnesota experienced 688 crashes involving farm vehicles - with 23 fatalities and 348 injuries.
You would do well to:
• Watch for debris dropped by trucks.
• When approaching farm equipment, slow down and use caution. Put additional space between your vehicle and the farm equipment ahead.
• Assume the equipment operator cannot see you.
• Be patient and wait for a safe place to pass.
• Pass farm machinery only in a passing zone and when it is safe to pass.
• Do not pass on the shoulder.
• Wear seat belts.
• Drive with headlights on at all times.
• Be aware that farm equipment slowing down may be making a left turn - not trying to make it easier for you to pass.
• Exercise caution around blind curves and intersections.
• Be extra careful at night.
• Be aware of increased and slowing traffic at farm market and tourism locations.
We have entered a truly golden time of year. Keep it that way and don't become a road statistic.


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Mustang MonthlyFeatured Vehicles
'65-'73 Mustang Street Survival Guide
How to live with (and enjoy) your vintage Mustang on the street
Do you remember when we used to drive classic Mustangs daily? We cruised during high school in 1967, drove them to college in 1969, came home from Vietnam in 1972 to a new Cobra Jet Mach 1, and spent an endless summer vacation with a new convertible in 1973. We like to remember our Mustangs like they were during our youth.
But, today, owning and driving a classic Mustang presents its own set of challenges. Those hard bucket seats numb the posterior on a long trip. The driver-to-steering-wheel relationship isn't what it used to be, especially if you're sporting a midlife belly or have shoulder problems. Leaking cowl vents or windshields make our shoes (and carpet) soggy when it rains. That clunk in the front end is annoying. Fuel economy isn't what it could be. Forty-year-old brakes aren't as effective as the four-wheel discs on our everyday '02 GT. Wind noise at highway speeds makes it hard to hear the Rolling Stones on that tinny factory radio. And what about safety?
These and other concerns come up whenever we think about driving a classic Mustang daily or as a weekend pleasure vehicle. But driving an old Mustang on the street doesn't have to be unpleasant or unsafe. Our approach has to be laced with plenty of common sense, better technology where possible, and closer attention to driving technique.
Better Brakes
The first thing you should do to a frequently driven vintage Mustang is install better brakes, especially on cars with drum brakes all around. Opt for a set of four-piston Kelsey-Hayes front disc brakes from Stainless Steel Brakes Corporation. Years ago, we suggested the '68-up single-piston front disc brakes, also called Granada disc brakes, because they were more trouble-free than the four-piston Kelsey-Hayes units that were original equipment from 1965 to 1967. The old four-piston Kelsey-Hayes disc brakes suffered from sticking pistons and dragging pads. Today, the four-piston front disc brakes from Stainless Steel Brakes are refined to keep the pistons working smoothly. It's simply a better disc brake than the single-piston unit.
Single-piston front disc brakes deliver braking pressure at a single point. Four-piston calipers deliver brake pressure more uniformly across both pads, making it a more effective disc brake. One advantage of the single-piston caliper is it's free-floating, which isolates the caliper from the spindle. The four-piston caliper mounts directly onto the spindle.
Single-piston front disc brakes were cheaper to manufacture, yet effective for street use.
Double Up With A Dual Braking System
Prior to the '67 model year, all U.S.-made automobiles had a single hydraulic braking system that operated all four brakes. If you lost the master cylinder or had a brake-line rupture, the result was no braking of any kind. The most you could hope for was the parking brake, which didn't offer much consolation when hydraulics were lost.
Beginning in 1967, Ford fitted new Mustangs with a dual-braking system--one master cylinder with two reservoirs, which is basically two master cylinders combined on a single bore. Each master cylinder, both tied to one pushrod, provided braking pressure to the front and rear brakes. The rear reservoir and cylinder provided pressure to the front brakes. The front reservoir and cylinder provided pressure for the rear brakes. If one system failed, the remaining system would provide some stopping power.
Single braking systems are easily converted to dual systems with a dual-reservoir master cylinder and some minor plumbing work. We suggest running the rear brakes directly off the master cylinder's front reservoir with an adjustable proportioning valve within easy reach. The front brakes can be run from the distribution block we see on '65-'66 Mustangs. You can also use the '67 or '68-'70 distribution block with the warning-light switch that advises you of lost braking pressure should either system fail. All you need is a fused power source, wiring, and the switch. When the switch detects a drop in pressure, it grounds the circuit, illuminating the warning light.
Do You Need Four-Wheel Disc Brakes?
For all the hoopla about four-wheel disc brakes, here are the facts. Disc brakes work more effectively than drum brakes because they resist fading under heavy braking. They also resist lockup and continue to operate well in wet conditions. But, do you need them for your classic Mustang driver? If you want truly effective braking without the drawbacks of rear drum brakes, order a set of rear disc brakes. They will improve braking effectiveness and require very little maintenance except for occasional pad changes.
The parking brake is the downside to rear disc brakes. Because '65-'68 Mustangs employ a dash-mounted hand brake, they don't work well even with the stock drum brakes. If having a functional parking brake is important to you (it should be), consider installing a hand brake between the bucket seats. It offers more leverage, which enables you to set the parking brake. The dash-mounted hand brake with rear disc brakes typically doesn't work well. The foot-operated parking brake on '69-'73 Mustangs provides more leverage to set it. Mustangs from '74 and up have the hand brake between the bucket seats, making light work of setting the brake.
Improve Handling For Safety
The best safety equipment available keeps you out of an accident in the first place. We've addressed braking systems, but what about driving your way out of an accident? Mustangs that handle well are easier to maneuver out of trouble. To get there, you need tires with a larger, wider contact patch. You also need a suspension system that makes the most of that contact patch. Stiffer springs reduce body roll and can also lower the car's center of gravity for greater stability. Sway bars also reduce body roll, but there are two schools of thought with them. Some recommend rear sway bars, and others don't. Rear sway bars generally do a terrific job, but they can be noisy.
Three types of suspension bushings are available: rubber, polyurethane, and urethane. The factory used rubber to begin with, as it has the most "give" and takes up more road shock. Polyurethane is a flexible form of urethane because it consists of several polymers designed to absorb a lot of road shock while keeping suspension components where they belong. Urethane is as hard as a brick. It doesn't give or forgive. Expect extraordinary stiffness, which is wonderful on a road course but annoying during the morning commute.
There are three basic types of shock absorbers: gas shocks, high-performance gas shocks, and super heavy-duty, adjustable gas shocks. Standard gas shocks damp the ride like a stock shock absorber and take up road shock well, but you sacrifice handling. High-performance gas shocks, like KYBs, stiffen the ride and improve handling. Heavy-duty, adjustable gas shocks, like Konis, greatly improve handling, but ride quality suffers. The best street compromise we've seen is 620 coils and five-leafs with either the standard gas shock or the high-performance gas shock. The super-stiff 620s and Koni shocks are wonderful on the track, but will beat the daylights out of you during normal street driving.
The hot shoes will suggest the thickest front sway bar out there, but all you need for the street is a 1-inch front sway bar. Anything thicker will harden the ride and make noise.
More advanced suspension technology is available, like the Fox-body-based suspension system from RRS, which provides both ride and handling. Total Control's front coilover suspension system is also a nice substitute for the Mustang's Falconesque upper-arm setup, which remains antiquated in 2005. The Total Control system isn't cheap, but it improves classic Mustang handling and ride quality.
When you lower your Mustang's center of gravity with lowering springs, you make the car safer by making it a vehicle less likely to roll over during an evasive maneuver. A lower center of gravity keeps the vehicle stable.
Single Wire, One Less Thing
Older Mustangs through the mid-'80s had alternator-charging systems with external voltage regulators, offering reliability that's hit-and-miss with those old mechanical point contacts. Solid-state voltage regulators have improved reliability and charging-system performance. Still, reliability isn't what it could be.
Single-wire alternator charging systems are good for alternator and generator charging systems alike. If you have a '641/2 Mustang, you can replace the generator with a single-wire alternator and eliminate the dated charging system entirely. What's more, you can keep the car's original wiring, which won't be used with the single-wire system. With a single-wire alternator, all you need is a link between the alternator and battery, and a ground wire. By stepping up to a high-tech, high-amp single-wire alternator from Powermaster, you'll have 160 amps of charging power at your disposal, which is great for sound systems, power windows, additional lighting, electronic engine control, and other accessories.
Halogen Headlamps
With those old sealed-beam headlamps from the '60s, night illumination is more like driving with a pair of candles. The dated, brown glow from the sealed beams just doesn't light the road ahead like modern Halogen and electric-arc headlamps. This is an important point for your Mustang classic. Halogen headlamps offer unequaled performance when properly aimed, which is comforting on a rainy night when you'd like to see 300 feet or more ahead of the vehicle.
Driving Lamps For Visibility
Driving lamps are a nice option when visibility gets poor. Not only do these high-power lights improve a Mustang's looks, they light the road ahead when the going gets dark. Use these in conjunction with your Mustang's high-beam headlights for better performance.
Speak Loud
We like the nostalgic sound of factory Ford car horns from '65 to '78. However, they don't do much for getting attention in traffic when some schmuck cuts you off or someone pulls out in front of you. This is where time and technology have gotten the best of our old Mustang horns. Most new Fords today are equipped with Signaltone horns, which are also available from the aftermarket. Like your Mustang's original horns, these are twin high- and low-pitch horns that yield a European tone, which is plenty loud, with a nice harmony. They quickly get the attention of other motorists and pedestrians. The Signaltone horns are cheap, at $12.95 each, and are available from J.C. Whitney or a number of auto accessory stores.
Collapsible Steering Column
We've performed this one ourselves, so we know it works. Prior to the '68 model year, classic Mustangs were fitted with solid-shaft steering columns that do not give in a frontal collision, putting you at risk for injuries. Did you know you can install the '68-'69 Mustang/Cougar collapsible steering column in your '65-'67 Mustang? You have a couple of options with this conversion. You can keep the '68-'69 collar, which includes the turn-signal and emergency flasher switch, which may not blend well with your '65-'66 interior. Or you can adapt the '65-'67 top collar to the '68-'69 column. Some modification to the steering column is required to tie the '65-'67 top collar to the collapsible column.
Be Seen: Halogen And LED Taillights
While it's important for you to see the road ahead at night, it's also important for others to see you. In the past five years, two items have come to market designed to make your Mustang's taillights brighter. Halogen taillight bulbs are smaller and much brighter than the 1157 lamps they replace. A downside to the Halogens is the heat they generate, which can be especially bad if you're sitting in traffic with your foot on the brake. Scott Drake Enterprises offers a special taillight lens for '65-'66 Mustangs designed to take the heat of the Halogen lamp without melting or distorting.
Another innovation is Light Emitting Diode (LED) taillight modules for '65-'73 Mustangs. These lights are bright without generating any heat. Several types are available, including the ones from Mustang Project that also offer sequential operation. We suggest the larger LED modules that cover the entire taillight lens. The small LED bulbs don't work well and create less light than the 1157 bulb.
Three-Point--Be Safe
If you're going to drive your Mustang regularly, safety behind the wheel is paramount. Those factory lap belts keep you in the car in a collision, but they won't protect your face and torso. Three-point safety belts give you late-model protection without having to give up the classic Mustang experience. You can get this kind of protection by securing a set of three-point safety belts from a variety of Fords and Mercury donor cars from the mid- to late-'70s. They have simple restraint reels and are easy to install in classic Mustangs. An easier option is to install a new set of three-point safety belts from Custom Accessories, the same folks who bring you Custom Autosound. These belts are easy to install and use your Mustang's factory seatbelt attachment points, and they work exceptionally well with low-back bucket seats. You can also protect your rear-seat passengers with three-point protection in back.
No use protecting your face and torso if you aren't going to protect your neck. Headrests aren't there just for your comfort, but to protect your head and neck in a rear-end collision. Owners of '68-'69 Mustangs can opt for a set of factory headrests that are easily incorporated into the stock seats. Those of us with '65-'69 Mustang low-back bucket seats can choose headrest conversion kits from Custom Accessories or TMI Products.
Roller Derby
Roller camshafts and rocker arms have long been perceived as "race only" engine mods, but did you know the installation of a roller camshaft can reduce your engine's internal friction by 15 percent? Flat-tappet camshafts and cast rocker arms create a lot of internal friction, which hurts fuel economy and robs power. Installing a roller camshaft not only reduces friction, it allows you to use a more aggressive cam profile for improved performance without adversely affecting driveability. Roller-tip rocker arms reduce friction even more by allowing smooth operation across the valve-stem tip.
All Steel, All The Time
Today's automotive fuels are hard on fuel systems. Additives attack rubber components, which increases the risk of fuel leakage and fire. To prevent fuel leakage, hard-line your Mustang's fuel system where it counts: underhood. Prior to 1967, Mustangs were hard-lined between the fuel pump and carburetor, with no rubber hoses under pressure. Beginning in 1967, Ford went to a rubber hose between the fuel line and carburetor. Where possible, consider the use of pre-'67 fuel lines and carburetors on your classic Mustang. If you can't hard-line between the fuel pump and carburetor, consider using heavy-duty braided fuel hoses and clamps.
Path Less Traveled
Another concern is fuel-line routing on '65 through early '67 Mustangs. The chassis line runs along the rocker panel and floorpan until it reaches the left front framerail extension. This is where the fuel line takes an unpleasant turn toward the left framerail, making it vulnerable to road debris and more. We suggest using the late-'67-'68 chassis fuel line, which was revised by Ford for safety. It runs along the rocker panel and floorpan, then through the torque box (which doesn't exist on '65-'66 hardtops and fastbacks). The way this line is routed keeps it, and you, out of harm's way.
Build A Fuelie
More and more folks are shelving carburetors and iron manifolds in exchange for electronic fuel injection. The easiest way to get there is with used components from late-model, fuel-injected 5.0L High Output V-8s. You can perform this conversion on your vintage 289, 302, or 351W, or you can do an entire powertrain swap. The late-model 5.0L engine drops right onto your Mustang's engine mounts, but you have to figure out where you intend to place the engine's electronic control module (most install it inside the vehicle under the dashboard on the righthand side). This isn't black magic--converting your classic Mustang to electronic fuel injection is simple and doable as long as you don't let it intimidate you. Check your state's motor vehicle emissions laws to make sure it's street legal. Salvage yards are full of donor vehicles and engines, and Ron Morris Performance can set you up with everything you'll need to get it pulsing.
Electronic Ignition: Many Choices
If you're going to drive a classic Mustang daily or even as a weekend pleasure cruiser, that old point-triggered ignition system has to go. Points burn and rubbing blocks wear out. Save yourself a lot of grief by retrofitting your classic Mustang with electronic ignition. You can opt for Ford's DuraSpark ignition, which involves the distributor and an ignition module. DuraSpark is available new and used.
There is a variety of aftermarket ignition systems available for vintage Mustangs. Both ACCEL and PerTronix offer drop-in electronic ignition modules for point-triggered factory and aftermarket distributors. Drop one in, set the air gap, and forget it. The PerTronix Ignitor and Ignitor II have an excellent reputation for performance and reliability even in worn-out distributors.
MSD, Mallory, and ACCEL offer excellent high-performance distributors that drop right into your Ford small-block or big-block engine. Street engines need distributors equipped with vacuum-advance units for best results. Not much is available from the aftermarket for 170ci and 200ci six-cylinder engines. However, PerTronix and ACCEL drop-in electronic ignition conversions work well in the stock distributors, improving six-cylinder performance considerably.
Contact Patch
It's a wonder we stayed safe with the bias-ply and bias-belted tires Ford originally installed on our Mustangs. Bias-ply tires simply aren't an option if safety is important. We stress this because most of us have become used to radial tires over the past 25 years. Going from radial back to bias-belted tires becomes dangerous because we aren't ready for the sluggishness of bias-ply and belted tires.
Today, there are plenty of white-sidewall, belted metric radials out there that keep the factory attitude without losing handling qualities. For those with Mach 1s, Bosses, Shelbys, and GTs, the selection gets even better with the Goodyear Eagle GT, BFGoodrich Radial T/A, and others. These tires, when properly inflated, balanced, and rotated, offer excellent wear and handling.
Coker Tire offers a number of nice-looking radial tires with the correct period-width white sidewalls, redlines, and raised white-letter designs. These tires keep your Mustang looking original without sacrificing safety and reliability.
Improve Your Comfort
Until 1970, Mustangs weren't much on seating comfort. A favorite of ours is the '69-'73 high-back bucket seat with the knitted vinyl upholstery in the Mach 1. For those with '65-'69 vanilla rides, there are the strap-on bucket seats that are hard as a rock. We've seen all kinds of innovations in classic Mustangs designed to make the ride better, including late-model Mustang bucket seats with the rear seat upholstered to match. Plenty of aftermarket bucket seats are available from Recaro, Procar, TMI Industries, and others.
TMI Industries recently introduced its Sports Seats, which convert stock Mustang bucket seats to ones with big side bolsters, heavier padding, and headrests. This comfortable seat kit, which keeps your Mustang stock in appearance while offering improved comfort and safety, is available from Virginia Classic Mustang.
Sound Off
Mustangs restored for regular street use need an entertainment element onboard to help pass the time on the freeway. Custom Autosound, of course, has a multitude of options for those who want to keep a relatively stock demeanor. There are in-dash stereo systems that fit right in place of that old AM radio. If you want to keep the original AM radio and don't want unscrupulous types to know you have something better, Custom Autosound's Secret Audio is a groovy mod no one can see but you. It consists of a hidden control panel and a remote control you can hide almost anywhere.
Our best advice is to have a sound system that's largely hidden. Hobbyists do a pretty good job hiding their sound systems--for security reasons and to keep a stock appearance.
Hardened By LifeIf you're building a powertrain for regular use, don't forget the things that will make it a world-beater. For example:
Quiet Please
If you're old enough, you remember the stark difference between cruising at 70 mph and trying to hold a conversation in a '65 Mustang and the ultra-quiet environment of a '94-'05 Mustang, where conversations can be held in normal speaking tones. The newer Mustangs are quieter inside because aerodynamics has improved hundredfold in 40 years. Mustang bodies are cleaner aerodynamically, with a slippery shape and no driprails, stainless trim, door handles, vent windows, sloppy fit, and other factors that really clutter up the slipstream.
But wait--there's more. Inside, Ford has improved the Mustang interior with new types of sound-deadening materials that shut out road noise significantly. There isn't much you can do about the sloppy aerodynamics of classic Mustangs, but there is a lot you can do about body boom. The aftermarket offers all kinds of sound-deadening kits that not only shut out noise, but heat and cold too. When you restore the interior, begin at the steel floorpan and wheelhouses by laying down sound-deadening.
Dual Exhausts
V-8 Mustangs take on a more sporty persona with dual exhausts, but remember this: bridge both sides with an H-pipe to achieve a balance between cylinder banks. Otherwise, your dual exhaust system will sound more like a popgun.
If you like your Mustang loud and obnoxious, understand that the steady din of loud exhaust-system resonance will destroy your hearing and annoy others. A throaty burble makes a more lasting impression--let's turn down the volume out there.
Cowl And Window-Leak Fixes
This is likely the greatest challenge you'll face with a vintage Mustang driven in all types of weather. Mustangs from '65 to '68 suffer badly from leaks, and windshield and rear-window rubber gaskets tend to leak a lot. As they get older and dry rotted, they only get worse. With the windshield and rear window, begin with new rubber gaskets and load them up with plenty of butyl sealer between the rubber and glass, and between the rubber and body. It's a messy job, but it has to be done if you intend to drive dry. Lay down plenty of sealer between the rubber and body right before you install the stainless trim.
Cowl-vent leaks present an even greater challenge. For one thing, Mustang cowl vents didn't have any kind of corrosion protection outside of galvanizing on the bottom half of the cowl assembly. The only permanent fix is to split the cowl assembly, drill out hundreds of spot welds, then perform the repairs, protect the steel with a good self-etching primer/sealer, seal it up, and weld it back together.
A short-term fix is the plastic cowl-vent hats that fit inside the cowl dams, which will keep moisture off your feet. If your Mustang's cowl suffers from serious corrosion and rot-through, you'll have to undertake a major cowl repair to permanently fix the problem. The Mustang aftermarket also offers a clip-on cowl-vent cap that keeps out rain and snow, and also keeps air out when driving. Clip it on when the rains come and remove it for the sunny drives.
Long-Tube or Shorty?
We get this question all the time: long-tube or shorty headers? Long-tube headers offer better performance. Shorty headers offer a cleaner trek to the exhaust system, but don't give you the performance of a long-tube header. Long-tube headers tend to get in the way of power steering and make for a hot ride in the summertime. For the daily commute, we suggest shorty headers or the leaner, cleaner Shelby tri-Y headers with Jet-Hot coating, which keeps the heat inside. They also cool off quickly when the engine is shut off.
Coolin' It
One thing we tend to fear most about driving a classic Mustang daily is overheating, especially during summer's warmer temperatures. It's inconvenient and not good for our image. A boilover in a classic Mustang is anything but cool.
Cooling systems are one of the most overlooked elements of our Mustangs because we don't see the immediate benefit, at least not until we're in trouble. To avoid problems, begin with a new high-capacity radiator, a cooling-system filter to catch the rust and iron particles, heavy-duty hoses (all of them), a 180-degree thermostat, a super-efficient cooling fan (mechanical or electric), proper water-pump-pulley sizing, a high-flow water pump, a fan shroud (where possible), proper cylinder-head-gasket installation, clean water jackets, a clear heater core, and the right antifreeze/water mix.
We suggest a good aluminum radiator fitted with a fan shroud. If you desire copper and brass, opt for a four-row desert cooler with the fan shroud. Not enough of us use a fan shroud, but it keeps air velocity moving through the radiator tubes, which removes heat. A cooling-system filter goes in the upper radiator hose to collect the rust and iron particles from a fresh engine build. This keeps them out of your new radiator. The filter has to be checked and cleaned periodically.
Theories abound about what kind of thermostat to use. For '65-'73, Ford suggested 180 degrees, which hasn't changed in 40 years. Classic Mustang engines are happiest at 180 degrees coolant temperature. As a rule, 160 degrees is too cool and 195 degrees is too hot (except in computer-controlled applications). Never run your Mustang without a thermostat. In traffic, it will overheat. On the freeway, it will run too cool, except in hot weather, when it will boil over.
Always opt for the best radiator, heater, and hoses (including the bypass hose). Make sure there's an anti-collapse spring in the lower radiator hose. Without the spring, the lower hose tends to collapse at highway speeds, cutting off coolant flow to the engine and causing a temporary overheat until you get off the interstate.
Pulley size is important. A water-pump pulley that's too large will turn the water pump too slowly. By the same token, a pulley that's too small will spin the pump too fast. Use V-belts that fit the pulleys properly. Always exercise proper belt tension: half an inch either way. Belt slippage is a one-way ticket to an overheat. If you're going to use an engine-driven fan, the best choice is a thermostatic clutch fan, which engages only when your engine needs it. Next is a lightweight aftermarket flex fan, which flows lots of air at idle and flattens out for efficiency as engine speed increases.
Electric fans, when sized properly, do a splendid job. They only come on when the ignition is on and the engine is hot.


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Arch Construction Brings Biden To St. Louis
ST. LOUIS (AP) - Vice President Joe Biden is scheduled to visit St. Louis with Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell.
The White House said Saturday in a release that Biden and Jewell will be in St. Louis on Tuesday and will visit the CityArchRiver project at the Gateway Arch. Biden's expected to discuss the project and the economy.
CityArchRiver is a massive construction project designed to better link downtown St. Louis and the Gateway Arch. The project's original completion date of 2015 has been pushed back a year. The $380 million in expected improvement costs includes $90 from a bond measure approved by city and county voters in April 2013.
CityArchRiver organizers said last month they had so far raised more than $178 million in private donations.