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Setting up an OpenVPN server with Red Hat Linux and Viscosity
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) can be utilized for a number of very useful applications. You can securely connect to any public WiFi hotspot. You can overcome geo-blocking restrictions on your favourite websites. And you can even connect to your home or office network from anywhere in the world, as if you were sitting right at your desk. This guide will walk you through the process of setting up your own OpenVPN server, and connecting to it with your copy of Viscosity.
Running your own OpenVPN server will allow you to encrypt everything you do on the internet, so that you can safely do your online banking on the free WiFi at your favourite cafe. Anything you send over the VPN connection will be encrypted from your device until it reaches your OpenVPN server at home. Setting up your OpenVPN server to access your home or office network gives you full access to all your files on your network.
This guide will walk you through the steps involved in setting up an OpenVPN server on a Red Hat Linux host that allows you to securely access your home/office network from a remote location and optionally send all of your network traffic through it so you can access the internet securely as well.
For this guide, we assume:
- You have already installed the latest version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (7.2 at time of writing)
- You have root access to this installation
- This installation of Red Hat is a fresh install
- You already have a copy of Viscosity installed on your client device
If you need to download and install a copy of Red Hat, an evaluation copy can be found at https://access.redhat.com/products/re.../evaluation. We won't be covering the details of setting up a Red Hat instance, many guides can be found online. If you are running a different version of Red Hat, it's very likely that many or even all of the steps outlined in this guide will still apply. If you are looking to setup an OpenVPN server on a different operating system, please check out our other guides.
If you don't have a copy of Viscosity already installed on your client, then please check out this setup guide for installing Viscosity (Mac | Windows).
Unfortunately we cannot provide any direct support for setting up your own OpenVPN server. We provide this guide as a courtesy to help you get started with, and make the most of, your copy of Viscosity. We've thoroughly tested the steps in this guide to ensure that, if you follow the instructions detailed below, you should be well on your way to enjoying the benefits of running your own OpenVPN server.
For further information or help with RHEL, support is offered at https://www.redhat.com/en/services/support
Countless RHEL communities and forums are also easily searchable across the Internet.
Accessing the Command Line Interface
The steps outlined in this guide are performed via the command line interface (i.e. terminal) on your Red Hat server. If you are running this server remotely, you will need to use the SSH application to connect securely between your client device and the server (to "SSH into" your server). If you are setting up your OpenVPN server on a virtual private server (VPS), you may only be familiar with the web interface. Many VPS suppliers provide SSH access in addition to the web interface. Please consult your VPS provider for details.
SSH From Mac
To SSH from a Mac device, you can use the preinstalled ssh program. This program can be accessed by first opening the terminal application. Press
⌘ +
space to bring up the spotlight search bar and type
terminal. Once in the Mac terminal, you can SSH into your Red Hat server by typing:
followed by
ENTER. You will then be prompted for the root password before being logged in.
SSH From Windows
To SSH from a Windows device, you need to use an SSH client. Windows does not come with an SSH client preinstalled, so you will need to download one. One of the best free-to-use clients is called PuTTY. Download a copy of PuTTY and run it. PuTTY is a very small program, so you don't need to install anything, it will just run as a stand alone executable file. Once opened, enter the IP address of your Red Hat server in the 'Host Name (or IP address)' section. You will also note that the 'SSH' connection type has been selected by default. If this is the first time you are SSHing into this server from your client device, the SSH protocol will require you to verify that you are connecting to the server you think you are. You will have a 'PuTTY Security Alert' pop up when you attempt to connect. If you have entered the IP address of your server correctly, then you can press 'Yes' to indicate that you trust the server. After you then provide your root username and password, you will be logged into the terminal on your Red Hat server.
Getting Started
Once logged in to root, we need to ensure that Red Hat's repository is up to date by typing the following:
yum update
This will run through and update the preinstalled packages. If any updates are found, you will be asked if you want to continue. Confirm that you do by entering
y. You may be informed that you need to restart after the package upgrades complete. If so, make sure to log back in to the terminal as root after restarting.
Next we will need to install EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux), as this contains the OpenVPN package. Before we can install EPEL, we need to install wget so that we can download the repository:
yum install wget
Be sure to check https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL for the latest version of the release and modify the wget command below accordingly. To download and install EPEL, enter:
wget http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/x86_64/e/epel-release-7-5.noarch.rpm
rpm -ivh epel-release-7-5.noarch.rpm
Now that we have the extended packages we can go ahead and install OpenVPN. Type the following into the terminal:
yum install openvpn
You will be asked:
Is this ok [y/d/N]
y. We will need to use a text editor to modify various settings throughout this guide. We will use nano, although you are welcome to perform the steps in the guide with any other command line text editor of your choice. You can install nano with the following command:
yum install nano
You will be asked if you want to continue, enter
Finally, we will install net-tools as this will give us access to ifconfig which we may need to examine the network setup:
yum install net-tools
OpenVPN Server Configuration
There are a number of different settings we need to customize in the OpenVPN server configuration (.conf) file. If you are familiar with OpenVPN and just want to get started, here is the completed conf file for our server: example.conf. Modify it to suit your configuration.
First, create a new conf file by typing:
nano /etc/openvpn/example.conf
Now paste the following into the nano window:
# The key length is the number of bits used to encrypt the VPN. We'll use 2048 # bits, as this is considered standard (at the time of writing) dh dh2048.pem # Our VPN connection will be transported over UDP proto udp # The server needs to keep a record of client virtual IP addresses so that they # can be reassigned if the server goes down ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt # To ensure that each side of the VPN knows if the connection has been severed, # we want to ping each side every 10 seconds. If either side fails to recieve a # ping within 2 minutes, then it will assume the other side is down keepalive 10 120 # There can be security issues if you run the OpenVPN server as root, so we will # downgrade the user and group user nobody group nobody # To avoid attempting to access resources that may no longer be accessible on # restart persist-key persist-tun # To write (and rewrite) a short summary of current VPN connections every minute # to a file status openvpn-status.log # The verbosity of this connection logging (displayed in the Viscosity 'Details' # window) can range from 0 (silent) to 9 extremely verbose. We will use the # default of 3 verb 3 # To prevent more than 10 duplicates of the same log message in a row from # flooding the Viscosity log mute 10 # The credential files ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key # This server will use the default OpenVPN port (1194) port 1194 # We need the VPN to create a tun network interface through which we can route # all our traffic dev tun0 # The VPN requires a private IP subnet. We will use the default OpenVPN IP # subnet server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 # We want VPN clients connected to this server to be able to access any hosts # accessible on your home network. We are assuming that your local network # subnet is 192.168.0.x/24. If it is something else, you will need to change the # IP address in the command below push "route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0" # We want to allow hosts connected to the OpenVPN server to be able to see each # other client-to-client
Pay special attention to the IP address in the
push "route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0". Ensure that this subnet matches your home/office LAN IP subnet. If you are not setting up this VPN server to access your home/office LAN, then you can comment out this line. When you are done, press
ctrl +
x to exit nano. Save the changes when prompted.
IP Forwarding
In order to forward our requests passing through the VPN, we want the OpenVPN server to act like a router. As such, we need to enable IP forwarding.
- In the terminal, we can enable IP forwarding on the Red Hat server by entering:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
- To ensure that hosts on the home/office network can find the VPN server, we need to make the server respond to any ARP requests:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/ens33/proxy_arp
- where ens33 is the network interface of the home/office network.
- Every time we reboot the server, these commands will be undone. To ensure that doesn't happen, we need to modify the sysctl.conf file:
nano /etc/sysctl.conf
- Add the following lines to the bottom of this file:
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
- and
net.ipv4.conf.ens33.proxy_arp = 1
- Press
xto exit nano. Save the changes when prompted.
- To enable the changes made to the sysctl.conf file, type:
sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf
DNS Server
If you are planning on encrypting all network traffic through your VPN server then it is recommended to enable your own DNS server.
- To install the DNS server, type:
yum install bind bind-utils bind-libs bind-chroot
- To set up the forwarding rules for our DNS server, we will modify the configuration file:
nano /etc/named.conf
- At the top you will see a braced collection of instructions labelled options. Insert the following two lines at the bottom of the list of options:
forwarders {18.104.22.168;126.96.36.199;}; #IP of upstream nameservers
forward only; #rely completely on our upstream nameservers
- where we are using the Google DNS servers (you are free to use your DNS resolution service of choice).
- Add the VPN subnet (10.8.0.0/24) to the listen-on and allow-query parameters at the top of the options so that they now look like:
listen-on port 53 { 10.8.0.0/24;127.0.0.1; };
allow-query {10.8.0.0/24;localhost; };
- Press
xto exit nano. Save the changes when prompted.
- Set the conf file permissions to 644:
chmod 644 /etc/named.conf
As this conf file is sensitive to errors, we can check it by typing:
named-checkconf /etc/named.conf
If your configuration file contains no errors, this command will return nothing.
- Open the list of nameservers:
nano /etc/resolv.conf
- Set the server resolver to point to itself:
nameserver 127.0.0.1
- Press
xto exit nano. Save the changes when prompted.
- If your Red Hat server is run on a router with a DHCP service, you need to ensure that the resolv.conf file does not get overwritten on DHCP lease renewal. Type:
nano /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens32
- where ens32 is the name of your WAN network interface.
- Ensure that the following three parameters are set:
- Press
xto exit nano. Save the changes when prompted.
- To start the DNS server, type:
systemctl start named
- Enable DNS server auto start on system boot:
systemctl enable named
That's it, the DNS server is now set up.
Firewall Rules
We will use the firewalld firewall installed by default on Red Hat. If you are installing OpenVPN on a server that already has its own firewall setup, make sure to add the rules to allow our OpenVPN traffic. However, if this is just a simple standalone Red Hat server, the firewall settings below should be enough to get your OpenVPN server up and running.
- Allow the openvpn service:
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=openvpn
firewall-cmd --add-service=openvpn
- Set the OpenVPN server to provide masquerade:
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-masquerade
firewall-cmd --add-masquerade
- Allow the OpenVPN port (1194):
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=1194/udp
- Allow the DNS port (53):
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=53/udp
- Restart the firewall with these new settings:
firewall-cmd --reload
Creating Certificates and Keys
You can use the scripts provided by Easy-RSA to generate the required certificates and keys on your client device. Please follow the steps in our Creating Certificates and Keys.
Transferring Files to the Server
In order to use the credential and conf files you have created to set up your OpenVPN server, you need to transfer them to the server. For OpenVPN to be able to access these files, we need to copy them to the directory
/etc/openvpn/. The method which you use will depend very much on your particular setup. If you followed the steps to generate the certificates, your files should be on your client device in the directory:
~/Documents/Viscosity/server/keys/ (or on Windows:
Whichever method you choose to transfer these files, be very careful that you use an encrypted method (such as SFTP or SCP). There are a number of GUI applications that you can use to securely transfer these files to the server: Cyberduck, Transmit and WinSCP to name just a few. Alternatively, if you have physical access to the server and client, perhaps transfer them via a USB drive. Just make sure you don't transfer them over the internet unencrypted.
Below is the command to transfer the files via SCP:
From the Terminal, type:
scp ~/Documents/Viscosity/server/keys/* [email protected]:/etc/openvpn/
From the Cygwin prompt, type:
scp /cygdrive/c/Users/your-account-name/Documents/Viscosity/server/keys/* [email protected]:/etc/openvpn/
Starting the OpenVPN Server
Now that all the required credentials and configuration files are on your Red Hat server, you can start the OpenVPN server. Type into the terminal:
systemctl -f enable [email protected]
systemctl start [email protected]
To check the server status, enter:
systemctl -l status [email protected]
To which it should reply with the status and in green you should see:
Active: active (running)
Your OpenVPN server is now up and running and ready for you to connect to it.
Router Setup
If your Red Hat server is directly accessible, then you can skip this section. There is no router to configure.
However if your Red Hat server is behind a router (such as on your home WiFi), then you will need to configure your router to permit VPN traffic. Due to the many different models of router and network configurations, we cannot provide a step by step guide on how to set up your router to allow VPN traffic. However there are a few settings you are likely to need to change, so we will outline them here.
As the the router will be directing all traffic to and from your OpenVPN server, you will need to set up port forwarding so that the OpenVPN server is externally accessible. Port forwarding may be under the section in your router management interface named 'Virtual Servers'. In general, you will want to forward any traffic incoming to the router on the OpenVPN port (1194). You will need to setup a rule to send any UDP traffic on these ports to the local IP address of your OpenVPN server (which is probably something in the range 192.168.0.x).
If you have set up port forwarding please also make a note of your external WAN IP address. This is the IP address assigned to your router by your Internet Service Provider (ISP). This address will be needed when configuring your connection in Viscosity below.
The other main router setting you will need to consider is static routing. Because you will have a VPN set up, there will be traffic sent to your router with a source or destination IP in the range 10.8.0.x. This traffic will need to have static routing in place to ensure that when a host recieves a request from the VPN client (on the 10.8.0.x subnet) and sends a response to that address, the router knows how to convert the 10.8.0.x IP address into an address it understands (i.e. 192.168.0.x). Thus you will need to setup a static routing rule that has the following properties:
Destination: 10.8.0.0 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 Default gateway: your-server-IP
where your-server-IP is the IP address of your OpenVPN server on the local network (something in the range 192.168.0.x).
Setting Up Viscosity
The interface provided by the Mac and Windows versions of Viscosity are intentionally very similar. As such, we will focus our guide on the Mac version, pointing out any differences with the Windows version as they arise.
If you do not have Viscosity already running, start Viscosity now. In the Mac version you will see the Viscosity icon appear in the menu bar. In the Windows version you will see the Viscosity icon appear in the system tray.
Click the Viscosity icon in the menu bar (Windows: system tray) and select 'Preferences...':
This shows you the list of available VPN connections. We assume you recently installed Viscosity, so this list is empty. Click on the '+' button and select 'New Connection':
Configuring the Connection
You will now need to set the connection parameters as outlined below:
- In the General tab, replace the connection name with your desired name for the connection, for example "DemoConnection".
- Replace the "Address" field with the IP address needed to connect to the server. If your Red Hat server is directly reachable from the internet this will be its IP address. If the server is behind a router and port-forwarding has been set up this should be the external IP address of your router (please see the section above).
- Click the Authentication tab.
- Click the
Select ...button next to the CA option. Select the ca.crt file you created earlier (Mac:
~/Documents/Viscosity/client/keys/, Windows:
- Click the
Select ...button next to the Cert option. Select the client1.crt file you created earlier
- Click the
Select ...button next to the Key option. Select the client1.key file you created earlier
- Click on the Networking tab and enter "10.8.0.1" into the "Servers" field in the DNS Settings section.
- Click the
Savebutton to save your changes.
(Optional) Allowing Access to the Internet
By default the VPN connection will allow access to the file server and other computers on the home/office (LAN) network. However if you also wish to have all internet traffic sent through the VPN connection it's necessary to make a final edit to the connection:
- Double-click on your connection in the Viscosity Preferences window to open the connection editor
- Click on the Networking tab.
- Click the "All Traffic" drop down and select the "Send all traffic over VPN connection" option. It is not necessary to enter a Default Gateway.
- Click the
Connecting and Using Your VPN Connection
You are now ready to connect. Click on the Viscosity icon in the menu bar (Windows: system tray) and select 'Connect DemoConnection'. That's it, you should see a notification that you're now connected!
To check that the VPN is up and running, you can use the Viscosity details window. Click the Viscosity menu bar (Windows: system tray) icon and select 'Details...'. This will bring up the details window.
This window will show you the traffic passing through the VPN connection.
Accessing Network Resources
Once connected to your VPN, you can access your files or other services by using the LAN IP address you would use if you were connected to them via your home/office local network.
Connect via Mac
To connect to a shared network directory from your Mac connected to the VPN:
- Open a Finder window
- Click Go on the menu bar and select "Connect to Server..."
- In the Server Address, type the LAN IP address of your network resource (something like 192.168.0.x) and click
- Enter the username and password for the network resource
- Select the shared volume you want to access and click
Network resources you would normally find appearing in the Finder sidebar will not appear when connected to via the VPN. You can find connected network resources in the Computer directory. In a Finder window, press
⌘ +
shift +
c to jump to the Computer directory.
Connect via Windows
To connect to a shared network directory from your PC connected to the VPN:
- Type the
\\lan-ip-addressinto the Search the web and Windows box in the taskbar and press
Enter(something like \\192.168.0.x)
- Enter the username and password for the network resource
- You will then see the folders shared by this host
That's it, you've set up your very own OpenVPN server. Congratulations, you are now free to enjoy the benefits of operating your own OpenVPN server!


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Film formation from nano-sized polystrene latex covered with various TiO2 layers
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Pond Talk: What algae-prevention strategy do you follow?
Filed under: Algae Control, Muck, MuckAway, Natural Water Treatments, Pond & Lake, Pond Clear | Tagged: bind phosphates, EcoBoost, Excess Nutrients, phosphates, proactive, proactive approach | 10 Comments »


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Download Free Excerpts from Bacterial Pathogenesis: Download Preface and Contents Download Index
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Bacterial illnessessuch as tuberculosis, pneumonia, typhoid fever, meningitis, and dysenteryare some of the most devastating worldwide. Although antibiotics and vaccines control their prevalence to some extent, the emergence of new virulence mechanisms and new forms of resistance to antibacterial agents makes research in this field critical to understanding and controlling infectious diseases.
Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine provides a comprehensive review of the biology of these pathogens, their virulence mechanisms, and the host's response to infection. The contributors survey the various toxins and effectors that are used to hijack the cellular machinery of the host, and they explain how their production is coordinated and controlled. The host specificity of bacterial pathogens and the genetic basis of susceptibility are also considered. Other chapters are devoted to the pathogenic mechanisms of specific bacterial species (e.g., Salmonella, Chlamydia, and Helicobacter pylori).
The authors also describe novel vaccine strategies and antimicrobial approaches (e.g., phage therapy or biofilm disruption), as well as the use of probiotics to benefit human health. This volume is thus an essential reference for microbiologists, immunologists, and cell and molecular biologists, as well as clinicians and other public health professionals.
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ROCHESTER, N.Y., March 4 (UPI) -- Most U.S. adults said they want to cut spending, but not that many want to cut Social Security, federal education aid or healthcare, a survey indicated.
A Harris Poll found only 12 percent of the public want to see a cut in Social Security, 21 said they want to cut federal aid to education and 22 said they favor cuts federal healthcare programs.
Out of 20 federal programs the only ones survey respondents wanted to cut were: 79 percent said they wanted to cut are foreign economic aid, 74 said they want to cut foreign military aid, 57 percent said they want to cut subsidies to business, 56 said they want to cut spending by regulatory agencies, 52 percent said the favor cutting the space program and 52 percent want to cut federal welfare spending.
However, there are differences in what programs people want to cut depending on party affiliation.
The Harris Poll of 2,056 U.S. adults surveyed online from Feb. 6 to 13 by Harris Interactive, indicated Republicans were much more likely to favor cutting federal welfare spending -- 72 percent compared to 36 percent of Democrats; 61 percent of Republicans favor cutting food stamps compared to 28 percent of Democrats; 59 percent of Republicans said they want to cut pollution control versus 21 percent of Democrats; 37 percent of Republicans want to cut federal healthcare versus 10 percent of Democrats.
Democrats are much more in favor of cutting defense spending than are Republicans -- 54 percent versus 27 percent.
However, Tea Party supporters are even more likely to favor cutting government programs. Sixty-six percent favor cutting food stamps, 65 percent of Tea Party supporters said they want to cut federal housing programs, 56 percent said they want to cut spending for mass transit, 44 percent want to cut federal healthcare programs and 41 percent want to cut aid to education.
The report provided no margin of error.


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Department of of Corrections Launches New Enhancements to Kentucky Offender Online Lookup System
Press Release Date: Monday, July 01, 2013
Revision Date: Monday, July 01, 2013
Contact Information: Todd Henson
(502) 564-4726 (office)
(502) 330-0362 (cell)
Frankfort, Ky. (July 1, 2013) – The state Department of Corrections today launched a newly enhanced version of the Kentucky Offender Online Lookup (KOOL) system.
House Bill 463, the criminal justice reform legislation passed in 2011, called for the enhancements and set an implementation date of July 1, 2013. Over the past year, the department has diligently been working to overhaul the system. KOOL previously included information such as names of offenders, their crimes, sentence lengths, photographs and parole eligibility dates. Now, the system includes all the previous information plus data on the expected time to serve, good time release date, maximum expiration of sentence date and the historic percentage of time served for similar offenders.
KOOL has also been expanded to include not only information on active offenders but also on offenders who are under the supervision of the Division of Probation and Parole (P&P).
The new version of KOOL contains a greatly expanded search function. There are approximately 50 different search parameters including such categories as supervision status, county of supervision, release date, current location (facility or P&P district), and current escapees or absconders.
Newly-added functions allow users to look up statistics on a particular felony offense to see the average time served for that offense, the approximate cost to incarcerate for that offense and the cost of alternatives to incarceration. There is also a function that allows users to determine the likelihood that the offender will be re-incarcerated.
A direct link to VINE (Victim Information and Notification Everyday) has also been added to the KOOL system. This link will allow someone to register for VINE notifications on an offender's change in status, such as upcoming parole eligibility or release date.
The new KOOL system can be accessed at http://kool.corrections.ky.gov/.


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