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I wish I would've gotten this advice sooner - please learn from my mistakes!
I can't pinpoint the exact moment that I started thinking about getting tattoos & piercings. All I knew is that I wanted a tattoo of Dopey from Snow White. It was a nickname of mine because I was short & had a tendency to wear oversized clothes. I started collecting Dopey items when I was about 17 & had the idea for the tattoo when I was 19.
Here's a little background. It was March of 1999. I was a freshman, attending a small liberal arts college that was about 45 minutes away from my hometown of Hutchinson, Kansas. The weather was starting to get nice, & that meant the skin-showing season was growing near. I was considering my tattoo more & more carefully. I looked up designs on the internet, & found the PERFECT caricature of Dopey. I printed it out & kept it in my bag so I could admire it at any time.
One day, my friends Carolyn & Mandy said they were going to get tattoos & piercings (Carolyn a tattoo & Mandy her tongue pierced). They knew I was researching the subject & asked where I would recommend going. The only place I had really been considering was a studio in my hometown, Point Blank. They were going to go that day & I begged them to hold off for a day because I had a test & couldn't go with them. They said they were both too anxious & were afraid of chickening out if they didn't go that day. I understood, & told them they better give me all the details!
Of course I was distracted throughout my test, wondering what Carolyn & Mandy were going through. What seemed like hours later they made it back to campus sporting new mods. Carolyn got a frog tattoo on her side, which was TOTALLY her. The colors were awesome & the design was really cute. It made me that much more eager to get my own tattoo. Soon after their experience, I drove down there, myself. I met up with one of my best friends from high school, Heather, who was going to college in our hometown. Heather was going to get her eyebrow pierced. We excitedly made our way to Point Blank.
OK, here's where I wish I would've done things a bit differently. At the studio, we signed in & told the front desk guy what we wanted. He went to get the piercer & the artist working that day. The artist happened to be a classmate, Matt, who had been a year ahead of me in school. Since I was 19 (almost 20) at the time, this would've made Matt 20 or 21. At the time this encouraged me somewhat, because it would be someone I knew working on me & not some scary guy. Of course I know what you're thinking…and it's something I really wish I would've thought as well. Because he was so young, he was NOT that experienced.
I showed Matt the printout of my design. He immediately told me he couldn't do him in the colors that were depicted on the printout (Dopey's green clothes & purple hat)…& now I cant remember the excuse but it was something like he didn't think they'd take on my skin or something like that…which I know now was a load of bull. He suggested a brownish shade for the clothes & red for the hat. It wasn't what I wanted, but I agreed to it anyway because I REALLY wanted the tattoo (yet another mistake on my part). So, he set everything up & began drawing on my leg. It really didn't hurt as much as I thought it would. In fact, standing with my leg at a weird angle was more uncomfortable than the needle! In about an hour, it was done.
Now, keep in mind that I hardly knew anything about tattoos or how to draw them, but I immediately noticed that he used the same thick needle he used on the outline to do the details of the drawing. I especially noticed that Dopey's face was all smushed together & didn't really capture the facial expression I loved so much in that drawing. I was disappointed, but hey, I had Dopey permanently on my leg, so I was happy. Matt gave me aftercare instructions & sent us on our way.
I drove back to campus & waited a couple hours before taking the bandage off for its first washing. As I examined my new ink, I discovered some more problems. Instead of using any color for Dopey's face & hands, he had just left those blank, using my own flesh for the "color." I was pretty disappointed about that. Also, for Dopey's eyes, he had also left those blank, just putting a line to separate the white from the pupil. How the heck does that make ANY SENSE??? I was pretty upset when I saw that. It looked awful.
Despite not getting exactly what I wanted, when it healed I thought it was pretty great. I had a tattoo, & it was something fun. It was definitely a conversation starter. Everyone from people on campus to people at grocery stores would stop me and ask about it. That July, I decided I needed another one. I picked out a really cool labrys design (I've always thought that labrys was a great lesbian symbol) &, stupidly, headed back to Point Blank. I was alone this time, & that made me a bit more nervous. It wasn't Matt who did this tattoo, & I can't remember the name of the artist. I showed him my design & they made it into a transfer. They stuck it on my skin (I was getting it on my chest, above my right breast) & asked me about placement. I thought it looked good…but something stuck out to me. The transfer was a very simplified design if the intricate labrys picture I brought in. I figured maybe they were just using that as a guide, & they'd add the rest of the details freehand. Nope. A mere 15 minutes later, & they had just done a simple outline of what I brought in & said I was done. I was dumbfounded, & stupidly I didn't speak up and say this wasn't what I wanted. It wasn't terrible, but it wasn't what I had gone in for at all.
Ladies, a bit of advice. I never really thought boob tattoos were cool. That's why I got mine ABOVE my right breast, thinking it would stay there forever. Well…I have fairly large breasts…and after 11 years my labrys tattoo has drooped south. It's definitely something to keep in mind when considering getting a chest tattoo.
Fast forward to 2002ish, 3 years after I had gotten Dopey. By that time, the novelty of my first tattoo had worn off, & I just REALLY wanted him fixed. Wouldn't you know, I go back to Point Blank. I talked to an artist named Steve. I told him that Matt had done this monstrosity, & asked if he had been telling the truth about how he couldn't use green & purple on my skin. Steve had no earthly clue why Matt would've told me that. He proceeded to set his station up for the touchup. I started smiling after the outline was done & he started coloring in the green & purple. My tat was FINALLY beginning to look like Dopey! Because the lines of the face were done w/ the outlining needle, all Steve could do was go over them again to brighten them up. He also filled in the pupils with black ink, where Matt had just left a line. It looked better, but it still didn't exactly capture Dopey's expression. I was 100% more happy with this touchup than I was with the original ink. The touchup was free because I got it from the same studio, but I still tipped Steve.
Fast forward to 2009. It had been 7 years since that touch up, & Dopey was looking pretty droopy. The lines of his face had almost completely run together. The entire outline had blown out & looked super thick. Also, this was around the time I had noticed the labrys was sitting quite further down on my breast than it had originally been placed. I had gotten 5 more tattoos since the labrys, & I had become aware of all the mistakes that had made as a noob to body modification. I had begun to give serious consideration to getting Dopey touched up again, but I was also afraid that there wasn't anything that could be done about the thick lines of the outline, face, & other details.
I mulled this over for about a year. I also noticed a problem with a tattoo I had gotten from my preferred studio where I reside now. That is Skin Illustrations in Overland Park, KS. I had gotten some stars on my shoulder blades (the same stars seen on top of every page of the Harry Potter books) & noticed that the stars had faded in some spots. I decided to go to Skin Illustrations & talk to someone about getting the stars, the labrys, & Dopey touched up in the same sitting. I found another labrys design that I thought would make a great cover up for the initial tattoo. I was set.
When I went in for my initial consultation, I talked to Trey. I showed him my labrys & my stars & he agreed that those touchups would be fairly easy. But when I got to Dopey, he admitted that that touch up would be out of his league & he didn't even want to attempt to fix it. However, he referred me to another artist, Chris, who would be in the following week. He said Chris had several years more experience than Trey, & he might have some ideas on how to fix Dopey. A week later I went in to talk to Chris. He admitted that fixing Dopey would be a challenge, but he said he had some ideas that he was fairly certain would work. He didn't have any time that night, but he told me to come in the following day since they only take walk-ins on Saturdays, & to come early so I could beat the crowd.
I went in the following day, March 20th, 2010. Unfortunately I didn't get there early enough, & a guy was already in line for a tattoo from Chris. I didn't mind the wait. I had cleared that day so I could spend the afternoon there without feeling rushed. Besides, I love people-watching at tattoo & piercing studios! After waiting a couple hours, it was finally my turn. Chris wanted to start with the labrys first. Unfortunately, after several attempts at resizing the design I brought in, he just couldn't make it work over my old tattoo. He asked if I would mind if he tried to freehand something. He reassured me that he would use markers to draw on my skin first, before taking a needle to me. I agreed, & he began to draw on my boob. After a couple attempts, he drew something I could agree with, & he got to work. The end product wasn't really what I had in mind, BUT it turned out to have more depth & detail than the design I initially brought in, so I was very satisfied with the result.
The touchup on the stars went without incident, & before I knew it, it was Dopey's turn. Even though Chris had already been inking me for about 45-60 minutes at that point, I started getting really nervous. I had a feeling this was either going to be really great, or it was going to be a disaster. Chris put me at ease, though, simply by saying "Let's see what we can do for the Dopester." I hadn't told him this, but ever since I got the tattoo 11 years ago, I had always referred to it as the Dopester.
I should back up slightly at this point. The night that I had my initial consultation with Chris (aka the previous night) I had the brilliant idea to try to find the initial picture I had found for Dopey's design. Luckily, it has been used several places on the internet so I found it in no time. Seeing the design again made me very, very upset. I hadn't looked at this design since the original botched tattoo by Matt. There was a LOT of detail that had been neglected that I never picked up on. In the original design, Dopey had a belt. The belt had been completely left off. Also, Dopey has part of his leg showing because of the way he is standing. The leg had been colored in green like the rest of his pants. Chris fixed both of these things. Also, Chris inked an actual flesh tone for Dopey's hands, face, & the bit of leg, instead of just using my blank skin.
The end result was incredible. Chris is a complete miracle worker, & I could not be happier. It's like I have a brand new tattoo. What I'm most impressed with is how Chris reconstructed Dopey's face. I'm not sure how he did it, but the details are all there & the lines are not mushed together at all. And, the eyes actually have WHITES and BLUE PUPILS!! I'm singing Chris's praises wherever I can, & I'm telling all of my friends who are contemplating new ink to go to him. I can't wait til Dopey's all healed, & I'm looking forward to showing him off this Spring and Summer.
There are several lessons to be learned from my experience: 1. Don't expect quality tattoo artists to work in smaller towns. In hindsight, I should've looked at studios in Wichita. The internet is a valuable resource. Unlike 1999, most tattoo studios now have reviews, portfolios, etc online. I really wish I had the robustness of today's internet back then.
Be very wary of young tattoo artists. I don't doubt that there are some talented individuals out there. However, I would definitely ask to see a younger artist's portfolio. It's actually a good habit to get into, regardless of the artist's age.
ASK QUESTIONS!!! I continue to beat myself up over not asking more questions when getting those first 2 tattoos. First, I would've asked Matt why he thought the purple & green wouldn't have worked on my skin. Obviously he was mistaken, since both Steve & Chris had no problem using those colors on me. Second, when they put the labrys transfer on me, I should've asked how they were going to make that into the design I brought in.
Inspect the artist's work carefully before you leave the studio. If something doesn't look right, SPEAK UP. This will avoid unpleasant discoveries when taking the bandage off later. And, if they're truly an artist with integrity, they will want YOU to be happy with their work.
Here is how Dopey looked around the Summer of 2009:
Here's Dopey the night of Chris' touch up:
submitted by: AnnieB
on: 19 April 2010
in Tattoos


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For this week's Music Monday, we called up David von Mering and Carter Schultz of the band Aer to chat about life-changing albums, puppy parties and what kind of jeans they live in. The reggae/hip hoppers just released their first full length album this year and have been on the road a lot. Between the tour bus and the stage, these two have stories to tell. Get to know after the jump!
AEO: People usually want to know what any artist's influences are. But we're going to make you narrow that down to the one album that truly affected your path in music.
David: Californication by the Red Hot Chili Peppers.
Carter: For me, I'd say, The Mixtape "A Kid Named Cudi" by Kid Cudi. It just opened my eyes to the possibilities of genre melding.
AEO: Being a musician means traveling to a lot of different cities and playing to a lot of different crowds. Which place was your favorite and why?
David: Dallas, because the crowd showed way too much love for us not being from there.
Carter: We should say Boston, 'cause that's our most love. But besides that, Dallas. Just to clear that up.
AEO: Where was your first show together and what was it like?
Carter: The first show we ever played together, we were on Newbury street. My older brother was running a pop up shop on Newbury St, he was selling backpacks. And they were having a launch party one Friday night. So there was probably about 40 people there. And we set up two speakers, plugged in our laptops, pressed play on the instrumentals and performed in front of 40 people there at the party.
So it was awkward. It was fun. It was an icebreaker. And it was definitely a learning experience.
David: It was a pretty embarrassing, but also like, groundbreaking moment. I'll never forget that experience
AEO: If you could bring just three things on tour, other than your equipment, what would they be?
David: C lean socks. Chapstick. Probably like, I dunno, my money. Yeah, my identity and my money, I guess.
Carter: Metal chopsticks. Fresh shorts. And my mini plastic skateboard.
AEO: Anyone who's seen any movies about rock bands knows that the tour bus can be like an extension of a wild backstage party or a place for band antics. Tell us the craziest or funniest tour bus story to date…
Aer: After some shows, depending on how we feel, we'll have a party on the bus afterward. And one night we decided to have a party, and we had a bunch of people on the bus. And this one girl was like, hold on, I'll be right back. She left, and when she came back she had four puppies with her and she just let them loose on the bus and everyone just lost their minds.
AEO: Describe a day in your life in five words.
Aer: Always trying to move forward.
AEO: At AEO, we love our denim. What's your favorite fit or wash and how do you style them?
Carter: Dave, I'd say you're like a regular fit. And I go for more of that slimmer fit. Preferably, in terms of wash, I like it to be like darker jeans and maybe like waxed. And I don't like to cuff unless the cuff has something cuff-worthy like sometimes the denim will have a funky patterned cuff. So I'll cuff that. I really love jeans that just fit really well that you fall in love with and are like, damn, these were made for my body.
AEO: Mountain Dew or Dr. Pepper?
David: Dr. Pepper
Carter: Dr. Pepper
AEO: Saturday or Sunday?
David: Saturday
Carter: Saturday
AEO: Scrambled or fried?
David: If he's making them, scrambled. If I'm making them, fried.
Carter: Depends on my mood.
AEO: T-shirts or tanks?
David: T-shirts
Carter: T-shirts
AEO: Sweet or Savory?
David: Sweet
Carter: Savory
AEO: Stones or Beatles?
David: Beatles
Carter: Beatles

subset: commoncrawl


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Financing Municipal Government
by FRED M. OLIVER Partner, Salt Lake City Office
Presented before the Annual Meeting of the Wyoming Association
of Municipalities, Jackson, Wyoming—June 1963
SINCE the early beginnings of local government in the United States primary dependence has traditionally been placed on the property tax as the major source of revenue for financing the basic services of government.
The primary reason for this was based on the fundamental concept that the services originally performed were the protection of life and property
and that the cost of such services should be levied on those who received the benefit of such services.
Thus, the "benefits received" principle became the traditional basis for determining which segment of the population to impose the costs of local government upon. This principle has withstood the test of time and even today is still the cornerstone of taxation for local government. Despite all of the historical increases in property tax rates generally, the "raise that breaks its back" has not yet arrived.
Some 1962 statistics, drawn from data in United States Census Bureau publications, bear out the conclusion mentioned above. Of all tax revenues received by local governments in the United States in that year, 87% came from property taxes and only 13% from non-property tax sources. In 1952, ten years before, 88% of total tax revenues came from the traditional property tax.
However, when the relationship of property tax revenues to total revenues of all local governments in the United States is considered, a noticeably different trend is observed. In 1961, for example, of the total income
received by state and local governments in the United States, only 39% was from the general property tax. This point was reached in 1961 after a long period of gradual departure from the property tax as a base of taxation.
Gradual Shift to Non-property Taxes
It was in the mid-thirties that the trend away from this traditional reliance
on the property tax first became noticeably discernible, although a very gradual change in this direction actually began as far back as 1900. A sharp acceleration occurred after World War II. For example, between the years of 1942 and 1949, in all cities having 1940 populations of 25,000 or more, property taxes collected increased 223%. Other types of revenues,


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Inside the Theatre, the photo feature series that documents Broadway's historic playhouses, continues with the Minskoff Theatre.
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Our website is made possible bydisplaying online advertisements to our visitors.
Please consider supporting us bywhitelisting playbill.com with your ad blocker.Thank you!


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Jefferson City Entrepeneurs Participate in "Jellyweek"
JEFFERSON CITY - Local residents met Thursday at the Jefferson City business incubator in order to participate in "Jellyweek 2013." Jellyweek is a worldwide event dedicated to entrepreneurs, workers and innovators. It began as a European event in 2011 and has since expanded. Jefferson City entrepreneurs decided to join the event for the first time this year. The business incubator is a center dedicated to helping small businesses get up and running.
Software engineers, website developers and other members of start-up businesses met this week to bounce ideas off of each other and assist one another in developing their businesses. David Frahm works as a Carfax software developer by day, but also works on his own projects in his free time. The group gives him an opportunity to work with other people who have similar projects in the making.
"Jellies," as the working groups are called, are meeting around the world this week, keeping updated with other jellies through Twitter, Facebook and Google+. The Jefferson City jelly keeps a Twitter wall to keep updated with jellies across the nation and overseas. Members meet between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. until Friday and anyone who is interested in getting help with an entrepreneurial project or small business is welcome. The group meets at the Jefferson City incubator at 411 Madison Street.


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The Federal Trade Commission announced today that it has approved a settlement with Facebook over charges that the social network "repeatedly deceived consumers by telling them they could keep their information on Facebook private, and then repeatedly allowing it to be shared and made public."
The terms of the settlement mandate that Facebook must provide a "clear and prominent notice" to users before their information is shared. The social network must also obtain "express consent before sharing [users'] information beyond their privacy settings." Further, Facebook must agree to biennial audits of its privacy practices by a third-party for the next 20 years.
Failure to abide by the terms of the settlement will result in civil fines of up to $16,000 per violation.
"We intend to monitor closely Facebook's compliance with the order, and will not hesitate to seek civil penalties for any violations," wrote the FTC in a statement issued today.
The FTC's settlement with Facebook was first announced last November following an investigation that began in 2009 after public watchdog agencies claimed that Facebook had made public user data that was meant to be private. Since November, the settlement deal has been open for public comment. Today's decision by the FTC brings the investigation to a close.
"We are pleased that the settlement, which was announced last November, has received final approval," a Facebook spokesperson told Digital Trends via e-mail.
In a letter posted to his profile page following the initial announcement of Facebook's settlement with the FTC, the company's CEO and co-founder Mark Zuckerberg said that Facebook had "made a bunch of mistakes," including a "small number of high profile mistakes" that "have often overshadowed much of the good work we've done."
Editors' Recommendations
- Almost every state joins in on antitrust investigation into Facebook
- Justice Department piles on with its own antitrust investigation of Facebook
- Sen. Ron Wyden wants to protect your data from Big Tech, if Congress lets him
- Private data of some Facebook and Twitter users leaked through malicious apps
- Big tech is tracking your kids, and consumer groups want the FTC to step in


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November competition: Play all month and win Crowns + VIP!
Do you play a lot of chess on ChessCube? Well... this competition is for you: we want to encourage all users to play as many games as possible - and win or lose - you will stand a chance to win great prizes!
At midnight on November 1 - we started tracking all general (non-Tournament) games played by all users. At the end of each week at 23:59 GMT we will award the top 3 users who have played the most games.
The prizes for the weekly top 3:
1st - 30 Crowns + 1 week VIP
2nd - 20 Crowns + 1 week VIP
3rd - 10 Crowns + 1 week VIP
We will also see who the top 3 users are who played the most games overall in November. This will be calculated from November 1 at 00:00 GMT and 30 November at 23:59 GMT.
The prizes for the month:
1st - 150 Crowns + 1 month VIP
2nd - 100 Crowns + 1 month VIP
3rd - 50 Crowns + 1 month VIP
Points system:
We give the different types of games different points because we know it is much easier to play many bullet games for every blitz or standard game - so we don't want only bullet players to have a chance with this!
Bullet game played = 1 point
Blitz game played = 5 points
Standard game played = 10 points
Definitions: Bullet (< 3min) || Blitz (>= 3min and < 15min) || Standard (>= 15min).
All VIP users will earn double points per game played. That means you have an even better chance of winning the weekly and monthly competitions!
Upgrade or extend your VIP membership now!
Fairplay System:
To stop using playing a few moves and resigning, we're going to run a fairplay system that will ensure these users will not run away with the competition. We know some users will see the game point difference and try to game this competition by playing lots of fast Standard games to get lots of points, but we will look at ALL winners games and if you are are playing blitz or standard like blitz, you will be disqualified and might be banned. Likewise, to stop users playing a few moves and resigning, we might disqualify and ban any user involved in this.
If you've run out of Cubits to play, or if you want MORE Cubits to wager - visit the ChessCube In-Application Store to get more! Remember - more is always better!
Get Cubits Now!
Keep a look out for the weekly winners - the results will be posted in the forum at the end of each week.
We hope you enjoy November as much as we will
-The ChessCube Team


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Word Starting With Alphabet "C":
chiefly بنیادی طور پر
Words Starting With CWords Starting With Alphabet C
Words Starting With Alphabet C"C" is third letter of the modern English alphabet, its a constant. In meaning "C" corresponds to Greek gamma. "C" sounds like "See" like "C" is the big blue thing in which fish swim and live happily. In chemistry "C" is the symbol of the element "carbon". "C" in capital and "c" in small alphabets. The capital letter "C" also represents the Roman numeral for 100. "C" is also what blind people don't do i.e. they can't "C". "C" can be used as a verb, as in this sentense: "C you later". It can also be used as an adjective, but only for things involving turtles: C shell, C side of a turtle. "C" is also used to show third in a series meaning the third best or the third highest in quality or rank, simply the third position.
Words being searched now starting with alphabet "C" are:
Cauterized, Came, Circumcise, Curvy, Conceit, Captain, Color, Connection, Cruse, Conditions,
Words Beginning With CList of Words Beginning With Alphabet "C"


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Lost in President Barack Obama's State of the Union speech this week was the potential impact of the federal budget battle on the states. The more that Congress cuts spending, the better things will be for balancing the federal budget. At the same time, those cuts will result in fewer federal dollars flowing to the states. For some states, the reductions may be little more than a nuisance. For California, any cuts in federal funds will be significant at a time when the state is trying to climb out of a $25 billion budget hole over the next 18 months--the largest of the fifty states.
During the current fiscal year, California received about $70 billion in federal grants-in-aid for various programs, not including $8.2 billion in one-time assistance from the Economic Stimulus Program. They include areas such as agricultural subsidies, public education, law enforcement, Medicaid, water resource programs, and transportation projects, to name a few. In most cases, the state ponies up a small matching amount ranging between 5 percent and 50 percent, depending upon the federal grant. But the point is that the feds pay the lion's share of these vital program areas.
The $665 billion in grants in aid dished out to the nation are the likely targets for budget cutters because the constituencies supporting such programs, while organized, are not as menacing to Congress as the supporters of big three spending areas: Social Security, Medicare, and defense. Together, these categories account for 84 percent of all federal expenditures. Simply put, it's easier to reduce funds for education or health than a get into a fight on Social Security benefits or a state of the art military hardware.
The fight may take place in Washington over the next few weeks, but the casualties will be found in the states. And in recession-weary California, the toll may be much more than the budget cutters anticipate.


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So watching various YouTube videos on the diverse processes of artists, inspired me to paint in my own style, compiled from the many I've seen. As an artist, it's crucial to develop your own style to stand out from the crowd. In this new dragon tutorial, I will show you the painting process on how I colored my dragon digitally, plus, a few tip steps on the many customizations of a dragon's features. For the coloring part, I'd recommend getting yourself a digital painting program like Corel Painter 12 or Photoshop CS3. Whatever the case, practicing and watching others paint and draw is probably the best way. You learn so much just by watching, and by just 'doing it', you will advance as an artist faster than you know it. Anyways, I had so much fun experimenting with this, I hope you guys will enjoy my tutorial on 'how to draw a dragon', step by step. Enjoy and have fun!
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


text:
For discussion of Electric Universe and Plasma Cosmology. The ideas and opinions expressed on this forum do not necessarily reflect those of T-Bolts Group Inc or The Thunderbolts Project(TM)
From: Antartica thread wrote:ancientd wrote:Certainly some have seen high voltage powerlines on live trees causing petrification very quickly.
lloyd writes,
* However, we still have to explain why flesh sometimes fossilized but most of the time did not.
The team—led by Peter Van Roy, a Yale postdoctoral associate, and Derek Briggs, the Frederick William Beinecke Professor of Geology & Geophysics and director of the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History—uncovered more than 1,500 fossils of soft-bodied marine animals in newly discovered sites in southeastern Morocco during a field expedition last year. Many are complete fossils, and include sponges, annelid worms, mollusks and horseshoe crabs—in particular, a species similar to today's horseshoe crab, which appeared some 30 million years earlier than previously known.
Fossilization occurred rapidly enough to be influenced by tissue composition and involved a diagenetic sequence: apatite calcite ± gypsum pyrite ± chalcopyrite galena.
The tyrannosaur of the minerals, this gold nugget in quartz weighs more than 70 ounces (2 kilograms).
By Becky Oskin, OurAmazingPlanet
Earthquakes have the Midas touch, a new study claims.
Water in faults vaporizes during an earthquake, depositing gold, according to a model published in the March 17 issue of the journal Nature Geoscience. The model provides a quantitative mechanism for the link between gold and quartz seen in many of the world's gold deposits, said Dion Weatherley, a geophysicist at the University of Queensland in Australia and lead author of the study.
When an earthquake strikes, it moves along a rupture in the ground — a fracture called a fault. Big faults can have many small fractures along their length, connected by jogs that appear as rectangular voids. Water often lubricates faults, filling in fractures and jogs.
About 6 miles (10 kilometers) below the surface, under incredible temperatures and pressures, the water carries high concentrations of carbon dioxide, silica and economically attractive elements like gold.
Shake, rattle and gold
During an earthquake, the fault jog suddenly opens wider. It's like pulling the lid off a pressure cooker: The water inside the void instantly vaporizes, flashing to steam and forcing silica, which forms the mineral quartz, and gold out of the fluids and onto nearby surfaces, suggest Weatherley and co-author Richard Henley, of the Australian National University in Canberra.
While scientists have long suspected that sudden pressure drops could account for the link between giant gold deposits and ancient faults, the study takes this idea to the extreme, said Jamie Wilkinson, a geochemist at Imperial College London in the United Kingdom, who was not involved in the study.
"To me, it seems pretty plausible. It's something that people would probably want to model either experimentally or numerically in a bit more detail to see if it would actually work," Wilkinson told OurAmazingPlanet.
Previously, scientists suspected fluids would effervesce, bubbling like an opened soda bottle, during earthquakes or other pressure changes. This would line underground pockets with gold. Others suggested minerals would simply accumulate slowly over time.
Weatherley said the amount of gold left behind after an earthquake is tiny, because underground fluids carry at most only one part per million of the precious element. But an earthquake zone like New Zealand's Alpine Fault, one of the world's fastest, could build a mineable deposit in 100,000 years, he said.
Surprisingly, the quartz doesn't even have time to crystallize, the study indicates. Instead, the mineral comes out of the fluid in the form of nanoparticles, perhaps even making a gel-like substance on the fracture walls. The quartz nanoparticles then crystallize over time. [Gold Quiz: From Nuggets to Flecks]
Even earthquakes smaller than magnitude 4.0, which may rattle nerves but rarely cause damage, can trigger flash vaporization, the study finds.
"Given that small-magnitude earthquakes are exceptionally frequent in fault systems, this process may be the primary driver for the formation of economic gold deposits," Weatherley told OurAmazingPlanet.
The hills have gold
Quartz-linked gold has sourced some famous deposits, such as the placer gold that sparked the 19th-century California and Klondike gold rushes. Both deposits had eroded from quartz veins upstream. Placer gold consists of particles, flakes and nuggets mixed in with sand and gravel in stream and river beds. Prospectors traced the gravels back to their sources, where hard-rock mining continues today.
But earthquakes aren't the only cataclysmic source of gold. Volcanoes and their underground plumbing are just as prolific, if not more so, at producing the precious metal. While Weatherley and Henley suggest that a similar process could take place under volcanoes, Wilkinson, who studies volcano-linked gold, said that's not the case.
"Beneath volcanoes, most of the gold is not precipitated in faults that are active during earthquakes," Wilkinson said. "It's a very different mechanism."
Understanding how gold forms helps companies prospect for new mines. "This new knowledge on gold-deposit formation mechanisms may assist future gold exploration efforts," Weatherley said.
In their quest for gold, humans have pulled more than 188,000 tons (171,000 metric tons) of the metal from the ground, exhausting easily accessed sources, according to the World Gold Council, an industry group.
These mineralised fibres of collagen are samples extracted from the ribs of an indeterminate dinosaur and analysed using a scanning electron microscope.
Scientists have discovered what appear to be red blood cells and collagen fibres in the fossilised remains of dinosaurs that lived 75 million years ago.
Traces of the soft tissues were found by accident when researchers at Imperial College in London analysed eight rather shabby fossils that had been dug up in Canada a century ago before finding their way to the Natural History Museum in London.
The finding suggests that scores of dinosaur fossils in museums around the world could retain soft tissues, and with it the answers to major questions about dinosaur physiology and evolution. More speculatively, it has made scientists ponder whether dinosaur DNA might also survive.
Most of the fossils the scientists studied were mere fragments and in very poor condition. They included a claw from a meat-eating therapod, perhaps a gorgosaurus, some limb and ankle bones from a duck-billed dinosaur, and a toe bone from triceratops-like animal.
This ungual claw from a theropod yielded structures which appear to be red blood cells. Photograph: Laurent Mekul
Intact soft tissue has been spotted in dinosaur fossils before, most famously by Mary Schweitzer at North Carolina State University, who in 2005 found flexible, transparent collagen in the fossilised leg of a Tyrannosaurus rex specimen.
What makes the latest discovery so remarkable is that the blood cells and collagen were found in specimens that the researchers themselves describe as "crap". If soft tissue can survive in these fossils, then museum collections of more impressive remains could harbour troves of soft dinosaur tissue. Those could help unravel mysteries of dinosaur physiology and behaviour that have been impossible to crack with bony remains alone.
"It's really difficult to get curators to allow you to snap bits off their fossils. The ones we tested are crap, very fragmentary, and they are not the sorts of fossils you'd expect to have soft tissue," said Susannah Maidment, a paleontologist at Imperial.
The fossils are a smattering of pieces collected last century, probably directly from the ground, at the Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta, Canada. To analyse the remains, the scientists broke tiny pieces off the fragments to expose fresh, uncontaminated surfaces inside.
Sergio Bertazzo, a materials scientist at Imperial, had been working on the build up of calcium in human blood vessels when he met Maidment and asked if he could study some fossils with an array of electron microscope techniques.
Months after the specimens arrived, Bertazzo began to look at thin sections of the fossils. He began with the therapod claw. "One morning, I turned on the microscope, increased the magnification, and thought 'wait - that looks like blood!'," he said.
Bertazzo suspected the blood was historic contamination: a curator or a collector had a cut when they handled the speciment. But Maidment suggested a check. Mammals are unusual among vertebrates in having red blood cells that lack a cell nucleus. If the fossil's blood cells had nuclei, they could not be human. When they sliced through one of the cells to check, they saw what looked like a nucleus. "That ruled out someone bleeding on the sample," said Maidment.
This video shows scanning electron micrographs being reconstructed into 3D shapes based on the serial sections taken of the red blood cell-like structures. Video: Bertazzo et al., Nature Communication
Another surprise was to come. Bertazzo was examining another fossil fragment, a piece of rib from some unidentified dinosaur, which had been sliced in two inside the microscope. He spotted bands of fibres, which further tests found to contain amino acids known that make up collagen, the protein-based material that forms the basis for skin and other soft tissues.
More work is needed to be sure the features are genuine blood cells and collagen. The scientists now hope to scour more fossils for soft tissues, and then work out what sorts of burial and environmental conditions are needed for their preservation.
"It may well be that this type of tissue is preserved far more commonly than we thought. It might even be the norm," said Maidment, whose study appears in Nature Communications. "This is just the first step in this research."
A detailed study of the soft tissues could unravel some of the long-standing mysteries of dinosaur evolution. The dinosaurs evolved from cold-blooded ancestors, but their modern descendants are warm-blooded birds. When did the transition occur? Red blood cells may hold the answer.
If collagen and red blood cells can survive for 75 million years, what about dinosaur DNA, bearing the genetic code to design, or potentially even resurrect, the beasts?
"We haven't found any genetic material in our fossils, but generally in science, it is unwise to say never," said Maidment. Bertazzo is hedging his bets too: "This opens up the possibility of loads of specimens that may have soft tissue preserved in them, but the problem with DNA is that even if you find it, it won't be intact. It's possible you could find fragments, but to find more than that? Who knows?"
Anjali Goswami, a paleontologist at University College London, said that if dinosaur soft tissues were found in many more fossils, it could have a transformative effect on research. "If we can expand the data we have on soft tissues, from fossils that are poorly preserved, that has real implications for our understanding of life in deep time," she said.
If collagen and red blood cells can survive for 75 million years
The research, by Mars Science Laboratory Participating Scientists at The Open University and the University of Leicester, used the Mars Curiosity rover to explore Yellowknife Bay in Gale Crater on Mars, examining the mineralogy of veins that were paths for groundwater in mudstones.
The study suggests that the veins formed as the sediments from the ancient lake were buried, heated to about 50 degrees Celsius and corroded.
Professor John Bridges from the University of Leicester Department of Physics and Astronomy said: "The taste of this Martian groundwater would be rather unpleasant, with about 20 times the content of sulphate and sodium than bottled mineral water for instance!
"However as Dr Schwenzer from The Open University concludes, some microbes on Earth do like sulphur and iron rich fluids, because they can use those two elements to gain energy. Therefore, for the question of habitability at Gale Crater the taste of the water is very exciting news."
The researchers suggest that evaporation of ancient lakes in the Yellowknife Bay would have led to the formation of silica and sulphate-rich deposits.
Subsequent dissolution by groundwater of these deposits -- which the team predict are present in the Gale Crater sedimentary succession -- led to the formation of pure sulphate veins within the Yellowknife Bay mudstone.
The study predicts the original precipitate was likely gypsum, which dehydrated during the lake's burial.
The team compared the Gale Crater waters with fluids modelled for Martian meteorites shergottites, nakhlites and the ancient meteorite ALH 84001, as well as rocks analysed by the Mars Exploration rovers and with terrestrial ground and surface waters.
The aqueous solution present during sediment alteration associated with mineral vein formation at Gale Crater was found to be high in sodium, potassium and silicon, but had low magnesium, iron and aluminium concentrations and had a near neutral to alkaline pH level.
The mudstones with sulphate veins in the Gale Crater were also found to be close in composition to rocks in Watchet Bay in North Devon, highlighting a terrestrial analogue which supports the model of dissolution of a mixed silica and sulphate-rich shallow horizon to form pure sulphate veins.
Ashwin Vasavada, Curiosity Project Scientist from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory said: "These result provide further evidence for the long and varied history of water in Gale Crater. Multiple generations of fluids, each with a unique chemistry, must have been present to account for what we find in the rock record today."
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by University of Leicester. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
allynh wrote:You don't need to have an external source of protons or neutrons to work the transmutation, just add energy to an existing molecule. Everything happens inside.
The quark structure of the proton. There are two up quarks in it and one down quark. The strong force is mediated by gluons (wavey). The strong force has three types of charges, the so-called red, green and the blue. Note that the choice of green for the down quark is arbitrary; the "color charge" is thought of as circulating among the three quarks. Credit: Arpad Horvath/Wikipedia
A large team made up of researchers from across the globe has repeated experiments conducted several years ago that showed a different radius for a proton when it was orbited by a muon as opposed to an electron—a finding dubbed the proton radius puzzle—using a deuterium nucleus this time and has found the same puzzle. In their paper published in the journal Science, the team describes the experiments they conducted, what they found and offer a few possible ideas to help dispel the notion that the puzzle indicates that there may be some problems with the Standard Model.
Scientists have been able to calculate the radius of a proton (0.88 ± 0.01 femtometers) for some time using the charge of the electron that orbits around it and doing so has helped confirm theories regarding the Standard Model. But, in trying to improve the accuracy of the measurement by using a negatively charged muon (which orbits closer to the proton), researchers at the Max Planck Institute back in 2010 found a different radius—one that was 7 deviations from what was considered the official value. This proton radius puzzle has had physicists scratching their heads ever since because it suggests there is an error in the Standard Model somewhere. Over the past six years various researchers have offered theories to solve the puzzle, most of which have involved ways to preserve the Standard Model, but to date, the puzzle still remains.
In this latest effort the researchers sought to gain more insight into the problem by adding another piece to the puzzle, a neutron, i.e. by using a deuterium nucleus. Their thinking was that the presence of the neutron would change the way that electrons and muons perceived the proton charge. They report that they found that the measurement they made of the radius of the proton was still different from that found with just an electron and proton, by approximately 7.5 sigma.
The results by the team offer no new explanations for the measurement discrepancies—it remains a puzzle, but they do offer some possible avenues for further investigation, e.g. ways to improve measurements and forcing muons to interact with the protons to see if there might be any evidence of an unknown force at work.
Explore further: Physicists confirm surprisingly small proton radius
More information: R. Pohl et al, Laser spectroscopy of muonic deuterium, Science (2016). DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2468
The deuteron is the simplest compound nucleus, composed of one proton and one neutron. Deuteron properties such as the root-mean-square charge radius rd and the polarizability serve as important benchmarks for understanding the nuclear forces and structure. Muonic deuterium μd is the exotic atom formed by a deuteron and a negative muon μ–. We measured three 2S-2P transitions in μd and obtain rd = 2.12562(78) fm, which is 2.7 times more accurate but 7.5σ smaller than the CODATA-2010 value rd = 2.1424(21) fm. The μd value is also 3.5σ smaller than the rd value from electronic deuterium spectroscopy. The smaller rd, when combined with the electronic isotope shift, yields a "small" proton radius rp, similar to the one from muonic hydrogen, amplifying the proton radius puzzle.
Journal reference: Science
© 2016 Phys.org
The Wood Transformed into Iron Ore
During the set up f the iron pits in Orbissau in Bohemia, one discovered a former wood 15 to 20 feet under the ground, whose trees hat not fossilized on the normal way, but had been transformed into iron ore. Meanwhile these trunks have still had all branches and branches, and nobody could carry the slightest doubt that these have been formerly trees of a wood. One has also used these trunks of iron stone to melt it to iron, and has found them to be even more efficient, than the remaining iron stone that was surrounding it. Also here one is not able to get to another imagination than from an extensively long period that made such a change happen.
OLYMPUS experiment sheds light on structure of protons
A mystery concerning the structure of protons is a step closer to being solved, thanks to a seven-year experiment led by researchers at MIT. Credit: Christine Daniloff/MIT
A mystery concerning the structure of protons is a step closer to being solved, thanks to a seven-year experiment led by researchers at MIT.
For many years researchers have probed the structure of protons—subatomic particles with a positive charge—by bombarding them with electrons and examining the intensity of the scattered electrons at different angles.
In this way they have attempted to determine how the proton's electric charge and magnetization are distributed. These experiments had previously led researchers to assume that the electric and magnetic charge distributions are the same, and that one photon—an elementary particle of light—is exchanged when the protons interact with the bombarding electrons.
However, in the early 2000s, researchers began to carry out experiments using polarized electron beams, which measure electron-proton elastic scattering using the spin of the protons and electrons. These experiments revealed that the ratio of electric to magnetic charge distributions decreased dramatically with higher-energy interactions between the electrons and protons.
This led to the theory that not one but two photons were sometimes being exchanged during the interaction, causing the uneven charge distribution. What's more, the theory predicted that both of these particles would be so-called "hard," or high-energy photons.
In a bid to identify this "two-photon exchange," an international team led by researchers in the Laboratory for Nuclear Science at MIT carried out a seven-year experiment, known as OLYMPUS, at the German Electron Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg.
In a paper published this week in the journal Physical Review Letters, the researchers reveal the results of this experiment, which indicate that two photons are indeed exchanged during electron-proton interactions.
However, unlike the theoretical predictions, analysis of the OLYMPUS measurements suggests that, most of the time, only one of the photons has high energy, while the other must carry very little energy indeed, according to Richard Milner, a professor of physics and member of the Laboratory for Nuclear Science's Hadronic Physics Group, who led the experiment.
"We saw little if no evidence for a hard two-photon exchange," Milner says.
Having proposed the idea for the experiment in the late 2000s, the group was awarded funding in 2010.
The researchers had to disassemble the former BLAST spectrometer—a complex 125-cubic-meter-sized detector based at MIT—and transport it to Germany, where it was reassembled with some improvements. They then carried out the experiment over three months in 2012, before the particle accelerator at the laboratory was itself decommissioned and shut down at the end of that year.
The experiment, which was carried out at the same time as two others in the U.S. and Russia, involved bombarding the protons with both negatively charged electrons and positively charged positrons, and comparing the difference between the two interactions, according to Douglas Hasell, a principal research scientist in the Laboratory for Nuclear Science and the Hadronic Physics Group at MIT, and another of the paper's authors.
The process will produce a subtly different measurement depending on whether the protons are scattered by electrons or positrons, Hasell says. "If you see a difference (in the measurements), it would indicate that there is a two-photon effect that is significant."
The collisions were run for three months, and the resulting data took a further three years to analyze, Hasell says.
The difference between the theoretical and experimental results means further experiments may need to be carried out in the future, at even higher energies where the two-photon exchange effect is expected to be larger, Hasell says.
It may prove difficult to achieve the same level of precision reached in the OLYMPUS experiment, however.
"We ran the experiment for three months and produced very precise measurements," he says. "You would have to run for years to get the same level of precision, unless the performance (of the experiment) could be improved."
In the immediate future, the researchers plan to see how the theoretical physics community responds to the data, before deciding on their next step, Hasell says.
"It may be that they can make a small adjustment to a detail within their theoretical models to bring it all into agreement, and explain the data at both higher and lower energies," he says.
"Then it will be up to the experimentalists to check if that holds to be the case."
Explore further: Scientists mix matter and anti-matter to resolve decade-old proton puzzle
More information: Hard Two-Photon Contribution to Elastic Lepton-Proton Scattering Determined by the OLYMPUS Experiment Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 092501 – Published 3 March 2017 journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.092501
MAVEN spacecraft orbiting Mars
Metals ahoy
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
By Leah Crane
Mars's atmosphere harbours a layer of electrically charged metal atoms, and they're not behaving as expected.
NASA's MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Emission) spacecraft found layers of atmospheric metal ions that defy models based loosely on Earth's atmosphere.
"Mars is giving us observations both like and unlike Earth, and that's very exciting," says Joseph Grebowsky at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, head of the team that found these Martian metals.
The space between planets is full of metallic dust and rocks. As they are drawn into a planet's atmosphere, they burn up, leaving behind metal particles like iron and magnesium. On Earth, the behaviour of those particles is mostly controlled by the planet's strong magnetic field. They use magnetic fields as a sort of highway, and stream along the magnetic field lines to form thin layers throughout the atmosphere.
But Mars has no such field. The planet does have small regions with weak magnetic fields in its southern hemisphere, but without a global field like Earth's, it should not be able to form the layers that MAVEN sees.
"Something is causing these layers – something is pushing them around – but we don't know what," says Grebowsky. Mars's nubs of magnetic field certainly play a part, and winds through the atmosphere probably do as well, but the exact mechanism must be different from the one at work on Earth.
Grebowsky says that he has expected that the Martian atmosphere would have metal ions for years, but this is the first time that a spacecraft there has confirmed their continuous presence.
Heavy metal
He and his colleagues also found an unexpected distribution of iron and magnesium ions at Mars. Iron is heavier than magnesium, so it should sink and leave less iron than magnesium higher in the atmosphere. Instead, the two are well-blended much higher in the atmosphere than expected.
"The profiles are surprisingly ordered with respect to altitude," says Grebowsky. "It's very unlike at Earth."
These wavy clouds of metals could be related to chemistry and climate in Mars's upper atmosphere. They may even help explain how the planet lost much of its atmosphere to space, leaving it dry and barren.
"In terms of understanding the habitability of a planet, it's very important to be sure about understanding atmospheric processes," says Guillaume Gronoff at NASA's Langley Research Center. "Here it's showing that there are a couple of things that we don't get."
These new MAVEN findings yield more questions than answers: how do the metal ions get so high up in the atmosphere? How do they form layers like Earth's without a strong magnetic field? Why are they mixed in so well together?
The models that we have now of Mars's atmosphere can't explain any of these phenomena. "This is neat because it shows us that the Martian atmosphere is an atmosphere all by itself," says Dean Pesnell, who is also based at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center but was not involved in this work. "It's not just another Earth that's a little different."
Journal reference: Geophysical Research Letters, DOI: 10.1002/2017GL072635
allynh wrote:Did anybody read about such "metallization" as a form of "fossilization" in another context before?
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A compilation of bridal makeup and hairstyling by The Beauty Society.SAVE TO WISHLIST
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Gerra was very professional and detailed! i never looked so beautiful before in my life! All my wedding day pictures turn out perfect because of her make up skills! i look pretty from all angles! Prior to my actual day, she met up with me to discuss on the kind of look that i wanted. i did not have any idea in mind, and just let her decide for me. the trial make up was already very beautiful. Imagine, on my actual day, she level up and made me the most beautiful woman on earth! Using Gerra as my makeup artist was the best decision i made!
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I have a sensitive face and the products used does not make me itch as much as other make up that I've used before. Thumbs up for the products. Most importantly, The make up done brings out my features in a very natural way. my face still looks like mine. I'm very particular about looking natural which is how all make ip should be. I highly recommend anyone who is looking for a natural look to engage Gerra. Her hair styles are also beautiful. My hair style was able to hold out through out the wedding as it is tied together firmly but not so tight.
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Hello Fello Kite Riders
My Name is Yaniv & i am the webmaster of the Israeli KiteForum.- KiteSite.co.il
In Israel there are about 3000-5000 active kiters, & almost all of the brands are represented here.
I wanted to write my short review about Xenon brand here- how it went into our market as a newcomer at 2009, & now became one of the most selling Brands in here, & i see it's success in many other countries around the globe.
I think That the Importer here was one of the first to take the brand & distribute it here at 2009, today you can find it in 3-4 points (retailers) at our small country.
Before i start i think it's necessary to note- i am an experienced rider, 11 years riding & 10 years in the KiteBoarding Biz.
I've been travelling all over the globe by now & i can ride/choose to have any kiteboarding brand/gear i wish. I ride Naish gear from 2000, but since 2010 I got my TT board- a Xenon La-luz 132. I kite with Naish Tourches, weight 65 KG, & practice mainly freestyle.
At 2009 i started to hear about Xenon as a new brand in the market, the Importer here did a pretty good work, Boards are very good, Image had built itself world-wide & soon riders became aware, tested and started buying Xenon.
At 2010 i was wondering how it had became so successful here, so I've called the importer, which we had only biz relations by than, & asked him to send me a La-luz 132 for test, the rest is history, i don't want to ride on any other board now (like i wrote, i can have any gear i desire).
As far as i know, Xenon is a Polish brand, that produce it's TT line in EU Union, with all of the advantages in it.
I can see the brand is spending loads on it's promotion world-wide & I've entered the dealers list of it, was very surprised to see that it is selling in over 60 countries on it's third year in the market- http://www.xenonboards.com/dealers.html
Tests- I've tested the line of 2011, & here is what i got to say:
La-luz 132/40:
It's Xenon's "star" - thier most selling board who won the best TT at 2009 & second place at 2010 (IKsurfmag contest).
Xenon changed the graphics from 2010 (was a bit boring) - IMO at 2011 it's the most clean & beautiful board in the market.
The pads are really comfy, looks like the had invested loads into this new 2011 mould. Straps look pretty much the same but they have the logo now & another inner layer of foam in the strap- which enables comfort + to close the strap for very small sizes if needed (a thing some brands need to change ASAP).
Light- the board is so light, i was afraid I'll brake it... but it survived all super mega loops done by me & friends at 40 k winds...
Xenon also offer 2 years breakage warranty for those boards, so not much to worry about.
The board is very "square"- i think this is what's making it so unique- it feels so soft, but sure does deliver the pop... Landings- "idiot proof"... so easy going.
Fins are G-10 50 mm, i think it's good they made it shorter for this model in 2011 (at 2010 it was 54, which IMO was bit too much).
The centre of the board is stiff, bit more than last year, but the tips are flexi.
It's fast but not too fast, could be a bit faster but i guess it will change it's other characteristics, so better not.
On the turn, could curve faster as well (tho i like that exact speed of it), i guess it's because of it's square shape, maybe those who like riding waves with TT will not like it, but hell ! who goes on waves with TT ?
Anyway it turns & speeds better than 2010 model because of it's smaller fins and because it's stiffer.
All in all a great freestyle/freeride board, looks stylish, delivers everything you need- my choice for the second year in a roll.
Infra - I am still trying to figure the size of board for me. There is the 133/40- which is definitely the sizes i am used to, but for those freestyle boards, a bit bigger/wider board is needed so i am thinking of having the 136/41... i'll probably go for the 133/40 because i like small boards in general, & my weight is 65 kg this is also the board I've tested.
Infra 133/40 -The board is pretty much as Xenon say it is- "No Grey Zone Areas"- Black or White, the way it's designed.
I think this board is very stylish, the colours are representing the message Xenon wants to deliver- "No Grey Zone Areas"-
BUT, i wrote "pretty much" as it is not as very stiff as i expected it would be, it had a very, very ! strong pop, but relatively soft landings, i guess again it is the shape & construction.
It has a smaller rocker & it's heavier- heavier is better for this kind of board who needs to absorb all kind of abuse (& obstacles), i would like a few more MM on rocker. The board is kind of 3D, the only model of Xenon built this way, i like this kind of mould/construction.
Thinking about obsickels - Xenon did it smart that on the bottom of the board they did the sheet layer "Mat"- so it's not easily screatched. On the top it is shiny, got it's special Xenon logo & black Handle (again, very smart thing they did- making this board with a handle, a mistake many brands do with "Freestyle Boards").
Infra is great for riding boots. Some riders went on it on a MasterCraft ( speed boat) session, were amazed of how this board reacts (considering the fact it's a KiteBoarding board), the only thing is that they had to change in it were fins for that session, they put on some 2.5 cm ones.
Infra board- a great freestyle board, one that will not brake your knees while landing & will survive hard abuse.
Rayo 134/41:
Can not say much on this board, because the size I've tested was a bit too big for me, & also I've only took on it for a few H session on strong wind & choppy conditions.
What i can say is that it's soft, softer than La-luz for sure, but somehow i was still able to create pretty good pop while unhooking.
It is so very "buttery" on the water, smooth board. Very strong Upwind ability (54 mm fins, which fits the boards stiffness level)
I think it fit's those who like to go easy, intermediates & beginners.
Good on ya Xenon, your are definitely on the right track.


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The mother of murdered 25-year-old Tamara Henderson told the killer, "I forgive you for killing my daughter and I pray for you.... I know that hating you would only eat me up inside."
When convicted killer Dontaye Henderson got his chance to speak, he said, "First off, I would like to ask for another trial to be set," and he repeated his claim that the shot to his wife's chest "was a accident."
At the sentencing hearing in the Vista courthouse on Thursday, February 23, the killer said that he wanted to communicate to members of the media and that there were "facts not disclosed." Henderson claimed the prosecutor had lied about him. It seemed an afterthought when he mentioned, "I deeply apologize" to the victim's family.
Superior court judge Robert Kearney, who heard the trial last month, appeared unmoved and found "no basis for a new trial at this time" and continued with sentencing.
The judge spent some minutes adding up the years in prison; the count was complicated because Henderson had a "strike prior" and "prison prior" after being convicted of raping his first wife. The judge also noted that Henderson was on parole at the time and that he had used a gun when he shot Tamara.
After multiple doubling of sentences and enhancements were totaled, Judge Kearney declared Henderson should spend 80 years to life in prison.
After the hearing in the court hallway, Elsie Billups, the mother of Tamara, said she was adopting her two young grandchildren that had witnessed their mother's death, and she planned to move her family back to Louisiana.
More from SDReader
- More stories by Eva Knott
- Lost in homicidal ideation — March 19, 2015
- Dontaye brought his wild man act to San Diego — May 9, 2012
- Alleged Oceanside Killer Was Seeking Next Female — Jan. 10, 2012
- Man Accused of Murder Injures Self to Avoid Court — Aug. 6, 2011
- Oceanside Fugitive Dontaye Henderson Faces Extradition in St. Louis — Jan. 16, 2011
Not reported by Eva is that the defense attorney complained that 80-to-life was going to be equivalent to life without parole for this dude. Doh! That's the idea, counselor. Figure it out. (He knows that, he's doin' his usual defense attorney, feel-sorry-for-my-dirtbag-client stuff. That's what they are paid to do.)
But for these jailbird types, there are always features and/or conditions that were not revealed, and justice was not done.
He be shinin' 'em on, dude.
It IS too bad that the guy probably got a bad roll of the dice as a kid, but so have a lot of other kids who resisted persisting to be baby-boys-old-enough-to-be-men and turned into real men instead. It's just the way the world turns . . .
The tragic train-wrecks have to suffer, and the rest of us have to pay and pay and pay to keep them from murdering again. And men who murder women should have a special place in the prison-yard . . .
Still, compare this guy to Craig Peyer, sentence by sentence and crime to crime. Something stinks in the injustice system, but it isn't putting killers away . . . maybe not putting them away far enough?
It's not that this sentence was too harsh, it's that when those parts of the "justice" system get the gavel, it speaks more softly--and the justice system's credibility turns another notch toward contempt.
And my hard dollars will go towards supporting him for the rest of his days.


text:
Yesterday I had dinner in a very cool place called MOMO. MOMO is attached to the busy and fancy Park Hotel in Amsterdam. The food was fine, the company great but what really caught my attention was a selection of fabulous photographs by the artist: Flore Zoé in the Gallery Zone.
The pictures inspired me enormously and I would love to recreate a similar fashion photo shoot one day. Zoé's pictures are full of emotions, meanings, interpretations and concepts. She uses fabulous contrasts of colors, textures, forms and takes her viewers to an amazing world of storytelling.
Picture source: http://www.florezoe.com/


text:
First Drop!
Vocal start
Second Drop
Collection of tracks released throughout June.
Part 6 of 12. Artwork by Ryan Davis (twitter.com/ryanxdavis).
Twitter: twitter.com/RyanStoneHipHop
Facebook: facebook.com/ryanstonehiphop
Instagram: instagram.com/RyanStoneHipHop
Bandcamp: ryanstone.bandcamp.com
This is part of a series in which I will release one new track per week before compiling the month's instrumentals into an EP. Stay tuned every week and come along for the ride.


text:
zIIP Eligibility When You Don't Have A zIIP
MartinPacker 11000094DH Visits (11545)
A couple of things have happened recently that lead me to post about projecting the amount of CPU that's zIIP eligible. (Everything in this post applies equally to zAAPs, of course.) When we first introduced z/OS specialty engines we introduced the "Project CPU" mechanism, reporting most notably via RMF. (I emphasise "z/OS" because ICF and IFL engines, which don't run z/OS, don't have such a... [More]
Time To Move From zAAPs to zIIPs?
MartinPacker 11000094DH Comment (1) Visits (12515)
Prompted by Troy Coleman's article zEC12 and zIIP Processors I thought I'd write about how I see the future for zAAPs. First, his article does a good job of covering the area. So I recommend you read it. Troy mentions the "zAAP on zIIP" function - which allows zAAP-eligible work to run on a zIIP. It's not news and it's a good piece of function: It means you can fill zIIPs more readily, making them... [More]
zIIP / zAAP Capacity Planning
MartinPacker 11000094DH Visits (13606)
I'm not a capacity planner but I play one on TV 1 sometimes. A customer asked me about the subject of zAAP Capacity Planning so I thought I'd post a few thoughts here. (Almost everything I say here is equally true of a zIIP.) The main point is I don't think it terribly different from regular CPU Capacity Planning. But there are some quirks: While we do have queuing we also have Crossover. But at... [More]
MartinPacker 11000094DH Visits (12161)
The very first computer game I ever played was called Rhino and it ran on a Commodore PET. The school had been lent one for a fortnight. (I don't know why as we didn't go on to buy any, instead getting a single RML 380Z.) Imagine a character-grid screen where the rhino's are represented by pi symbols that chase you as you try to move from A to B. It was written in BASIC and allowed from 1 to 10... [More]
zAAP and zIIP Delay
MartinPacker 11000094DH Comments (3) Visits (11331)
I was going to start this post with an apology. But, as any sensible blogger would, I left it a few days to write this. Now I realise that there's a wider point than the "I was wrong" one. (But I was wrong - in a way that I think many other people might've been wrong too.) So let me talk about two things in this post: zAAP and zIIP Delay. How I came to be wrong and what we can all... [More]
zAAP and zIIP Revisited (At Last)
MartinPacker 11000094DH Comments (6) Visits (16138)
It's been an awfully long time since I wrote When Good Work Doesn't Go To zIIP / zAAP Heaven . And too long since I posted anything at all. In fact I had a bunch of posts in my brain until this morning when a customer asked me a question which turned into this blog post. (Those posts are still in my brain and will probably see the light of day eventually, including one based on a customer... [More]
Pretty Printing XML in Python
MartinPacker 11000094DH Comments (2) Visits (27050)
A need has arisen for pretty printing XML. This post includes some Python code to do it. I've been working with the OpenOffice.org ODP presentation file format recently: I want to generate presentations from application code. An ODP file is a structured zip file. Among other items it contains an XML file - content.xml - which describes the pages in the presentation. content.xml... [More]
XML, XSLT and DFSORT, Part Zero - Overview
MartinPacker 11000094DH Visits (14330)
In the distant past I've written about using DFSORT to parse XML. This post (and two follow-on posts) will describe an experiment to make such processing much more robust. In this post I'll talk about what the problem I'm trying to solve is. And why. And a brief outline of my solution. About XML This isn't meant to be the most detailed description of XML, nor a complete list of where it's used. I... [More]
zAAP CPU Time Bug in Type 72 Record - OA29974 Is The Cure
MartinPacker 11000094DH Comment (1) Visits (12027)
If you use RMF Postprocessor you won't see this one. If you use Service Units rather than CPU seconds fields in the SMF 72-3 record you also won't see it. It's only if (like me) you use the CPU time for zAAPs in your CPU Utilisation calculation that you'll run into this problem. If you examine fields R723IFAT (zAAP CPU Time) and R723IFCT (zAAP on GCP CPU Time) you might find them zero when you... [More]
Late To The Party
MartinPacker 11000094DH Comment (1) Visits (16138)
I'm towards the end of revamping our analysis code to support (z9) and z/OS R.8. What took us so long? :-) I'm telling you this for two reasons: So you know what there is that might slow you down. So you have some view as to whether we can competently process your data. :-) System z9 About the only change in instrumentation between z990 and z9 is the separation of specialty engines into pools. But... [More]
System z Technical Conference, San Antonio TX
MartinPacker 11000094DH Visits (9442)
Last week I was at the System z Tech Conference (again getting my zeds mixed up with my zees). :-) I presented 4 times, one of which was a repeat. What's especially nice is that I got 87 attendees for the "Memory Matters in 2008" presentation - spread across 2 sessions. This was despite the second time being the very last session of the conference... and 22 people still showed up to that! So... [More]


text:
Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.
He who laughs last, thinks slowest.
Change is inevitable, except from a vending machine.
Nothing is foolproof to a sufficiently talented fool.
The 50-50-90 rule: Anytime you have a 50-50 chance of getting something right, there's a 90% probability you'll get it wrong.
The things that come to those who wait will be the things left by those who got there first.
Flashlight: A case for holding dead batteries.
The shin bone is a device for finding furniture in a dark room.
A fine is a tax for doing wrong. A tax is a fine for doing well.


text:
March 19-20: The number one bodybuilding extravaganza in the UK is the British Grand Prix!
James "Flex" Lewis wins 2011...
October 10th, 2011, 09:11 AM
Feb 19, 2011: Bodybuilding comes home to Southern California. Santa Monica Civic Center Auditorium
Winner Evan Centopani, 4x Mr...
May 17th, 2014, 10:12 AM
June 21st, 2011, 06:51 AM
March 3 to 6: The Arnold this year is packed ton with Professional and Amateur Competitions
Arnold Classic Amateurs and...
December 23rd, 2011, 03:54 PM
Same weekend as the Arnold Classic, the Arnold Amateur is in it's right one of the largest Amateur Shows in the US!
May 17th, 2014, 10:11 AM
April 6th, 2018, 06:01 AM
March 16th, 2011, 11:53 AM
May 18th, 2011, 01:34 AM
On April 29-30, 2011, three IFBB Pro shows will be held at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, Florida.
Winner Cedric McMillan, Shawn...
September 13th, 2015, 11:49 AM
This is where the rubber meets the road and the athletes determine whether or not they did the right thing to win that coveted OVERALL prize.
2011 Olympia Preview! Cutler,...
July 20th, 2011, 06:17 PM
Team MD with the Infamous Giles Thomson covered the Body Power Expo in London for your viewing enjoyment sponsored by Animal Pak!
ANIMAL presents Frank McGrath...
December 19th, 2011, 10:32 PM
May 28, 2011 One of the best Pro Bodybuilding Contests is back in Tribecca with Men Bodybuilding, Men 202, Figure and Bikini Pro
Robert Burneika One Week Out...
September 7th, 2014, 08:33 PM
May 17th, 2011, 11:01 AM
August 16th, 2011, 12:53 AM
Saturday June 4, 2011: NPC Bev Francis Atlantic States Bodybuilding, Fitness, Figure, Bikini & Men's Physique Championships Tribecca Performing Arts Center 199 Chambers Street New York, NY
October 2nd, 2011, 10:37 PM
BPI Nutrition and MD Team Together to Bring You Contest Coverage of the 2011 NPC Junior Nationals this June 16 through June 18.
After Prejudging Interview w/...
November 9th, 2011, 12:29 PM
MD and Gaspari Nutrition Team Together to Cover the Garden State this Jun 11, 2010 in Preston, New Jersey.
June 13th, 2011, 10:52 PM
July 8 and 9, 2011: WAR MEMORIAL AUDITORIUM, 800 NE 8th Street FT. LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA
Omar Garcia (LHW) wins 2011...
July 17th, 2011, 02:23 AM
Hide Yamagishi, Jason Huh &...
September 7th, 2011, 12:33 PM
October 25th, 2011, 09:02 PM
July 16, 2011: It's that time once again for the 2011 Branch Warren Classic.
Branch Warren and Flex Lewis...
July 21st, 2011, 02:48 PM
August 12th, 2011, 11:15 AM
March 4th, 2012, 03:29 PM
Muscular Development's Coverage is presented by True Protein.
The Lion of Lebanon Posing in...
November 15th, 2013, 05:22 PM
Join MD for exclusive coverage of the 2011 NPC New Jersey State Championships this August 20, 2011. Rodney Roller and Team MD will be reporting from the Garden State!
August 23rd, 2011, 08:00 PM
Juan "Diesel" Morel wins 2011...
September 6th, 2011, 05:10 PM
November 30th, 2011, 12:06 PM
August 21st, 2015, 10:23 PM
July 10th, 2012, 09:24 PM
July 22-23, 2011: FANTASTIC FEMALE FRIDAY! Prejudging Noon: Women BB, Figure, Bikini and Fitness: Finals 6:30 pm: Women BB, Figure, Bikini and Fitness: SATURDAY! Prejudging 9:00 am: Men Finals 6:00 pm: Men
December 17th, 2011, 10:54 PM
Lionel Beyeke Wins the 2012...
February 26th, 2012, 06:32 AM
July 29-30, 2011: Men and Women IFBB Pro Bodybuilding and Figure as well as an NPC Competition .... and don't forget the fitness exposition!
August 5th, 2011, 11:40 PM
May 21, 2011 This year's event is being brought back to Charleston, SC. *BODYBUILDING*MENS PHYSIQUE*FITNESS*FIGURE*WOMENS PHYSIQUE*BIKINI
December 17th, 2011, 03:36 AM
Team MD will be traveling to Canada to cover the Toronto SuperShow. It's the largest Fitness Expo in Canada with all sorts of sports, events and of course Bodybuilding.
Craig Richardson Wins Toronto...
June 25th, 2011, 08:05 PM
July 29 to 30, 2011: The largest NPC Show to date with Pro Qualifications awarded to 4 men bodybuilders.
2011 NPC USA "Play by Play" w...
March 25th, 2012, 02:50 PM
27 Aug 2011 in Phoenix, AZ the Stryker is hosting his annual Men's Professional Bodybuilding Contest and Mr Olympia Qualifier.
October 5th, 2011, 03:26 PM


text:
G6957, Reviewed October 1993
Composting is a natural biological process where bacteria, fungi and other organisms decompose organic materials such as leaves, grass clippings, and food wastes. The end product is called compost. While composting occurs naturally, the process can be accelerated and improved by human intervention.
Compost can be made by five different methods: holding units, turning units, heaps, soil incorporation, and worm composting. The method of composting selected will depend on when finished compost is desired, the materials to be composted, and the space available for composting.
Remember, many organic materials such as leaves, grass clippings and chipped branches can be used as a mulch Mulches placed on the soil surface control weeds, reduce evaporation, make soil temperature cooler in summer and warmer in winter, and reduce soil erosion.
In addition, grass clippings do not need to be collected for composting. Grass clippings will filter down to the soil and rapidly decompose if you mow frequently, fertilize properly and remove no more than one-third of the leaf blade.
Holding unit
Containers or bins that hold yard and garden materials until composting is complete. Allow 6 months to 2 years for finished without turning.
Easy to build and least labor intensive. Good for small compost amounts of yard wastes. Slowest way to compost.
Figure 1
A wire-mesh holding unit.
A wire-mesh holding unit (Figure 1) is inexpensive and easy to build out of either galvanized chicken wire or hardware cloth. Non-galvanized chicken wire also can be used, but it will not last as long. Posts provide more stability for a chicken-wire bin, but make the bin difficult to move. A wire-mesh bin made without posts is easy to lift and provides access to finished compost at the bottom of the pile while the compost at the top of the pile is still decomposing.
To build a wire-mesh unit with chicken wire
To build a wire-mesh unit with hardware cloth
Figure 2
A snow-fence holding unit.
A snow-fence holding unit (Figure 2) is simple to make. It works best with four posts pounded into the ground for support.
To build a snow-fence holding unit
Figure 3
A wood and wire three-bin turning unit.
A wood and wire three-bin turning unit can be used to quickly compost large amounts of yard, garden and kitchen wastes. Although relatively expensive to build, it is sturdy, attractive and should last a long time. Construction requires basic carpentry skills and tools.
Materials for optional lids
To build a wood and wire three-bin system
Turning unit
A series of bins or a rotating bin that allows organic material to be turned on a regular schedule.Two general forms: either a series of bins, as shown in Figure 3a, or a horizontally mounted rotating barrel, as shown in Figure 4.
With a substantial input of labor, a large volume of yard waste can be composted in a relatively short time (3 weeks to 6 months). Turning bins can require a greater expense to buy or effort to build.
Figure 4
A rotating barrel composter.
Worm composting
Food wastes can be digested by red worms (red wigglers) placed in a bin with shredded and moistened newspaper, corrugated cardboard, peatmoss or sawdust. Requires temperatures between 50 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit so a basement or semi-heated indoor space is required. Worm bin (Figure 5a)
Small amounts of worms turn fruit and vegetable scraps into a high-quality soil amendment. Generally, every pound of food waste to be composted per week will require 1 square foot of surface area. Two pounds of worms are needed for every pound of garbage produced per day.
No structure is required for heap composting. The pile should be at least 3 feet high and 3 feet wide; its length will vary depending upon the amount of material used. Heaps (Figure 6)
Least expensive way to compost as no physical structure is needed. Heaps may not appear as neat and tidy as using a bin(s) for composting. Composting will be faster if the heap is turned regularly.
Soil incorporation
Non-fatty food wastes can be buried at least 8 inches below ground level. Burying at least 8 inches discourages animals from digging up the waste. Soil incorporation (Figure 7)
Good method for disposing of small amounts of food wastes. Mix soil with the food waste to hasten decomposition. Wastes break down in one month to one year depending on soil temperatures, number of organisms in soil, and the carbon content of the wastes. Do not bury meat, bones or other fatty materials as it may attract pests.
Figure 5
A worm composting bin.
Worm composting is suitable for composting fruit and vegetable scraps. The worms eat kitchen scraps, turning the material into valuable organic matter.
To build a worm composting bin
Adding the worms
Moisten the bedding material by placing it in a 5-gallon bucket and adding water to achieve a 75 percent water content, by weight. Weight the dry material and multiply the weight by three to determine the weight of the water to add. If the material cannot be weighed, or if it is already wet, add enough water to dampen all the bedding. Excess moisture will drain off most materials when they are placed into the composting bin; however, peat moss may hold too much water.
It is a good idea to put wet bedding material into the bin outdoors and wait until all the water has drained out (one to two hours) before setting the bin up indoors. Add about 8 inches of moistened bedding to the bottom of the bin. Place the worms on top of the bedding, and leave the lid off for a while. The worms will work down into the bedding, away from the light.
Adding your wastes
Dig a small hole in the bedding and add your vegetable and fruit scraps. Then cover the hole with bedding. Small amounts of meat scraps can be added in the same way. Do not add any inorganic or potentially hazardous materials, such as chemicals, glass, metal, or plastic.
Maintaining your worm composting bin
Keep your compost pile moist, but not wet. If flies are a problem, place more bedding material over the wastes, or place a sheet of plastic over the bedding. As an alternative, try placing some flypaper inside the lid. Every three to six months, move the compost to one side of the bin, and add new bedding to the empty half. At these times, add food wastes to the new bedding only. Within one month, the worms will crawl over to the new bedding and the finished compost on the "old" side can be harvested. New bedding can then be added to the "old" side.
Figure 6
The width and height of a compost heap — the length can vary according to the materials available.
Heap composting is similar to turning-unit and holding-unit composting except that it does not require a structure (Figure 6). The heap should measure about 5 feet wide and 3 feet high; its length will vary depending upon the amount of materials used.
The pile may be turned regularly or not at all. If the heap will be turned, vegetable and fruit scraps can be added (check with local authorities for ordinances that may be in effect for composting). If the pile will not be turned, adding vegetative waste may attract pests.
Incorporating food wastes into the soil well below ground surface is the simplest method for composting non-fatty food wastes. With time, the wastes will break down to fertilize established or future plantings. The wastes will decompose in one month to one year, depending on the soil temperature, the number of organisms in the soil, and the carbon content of the wastes.
Non-fatty food wastes can be incorporated outside the drip line of trees or shrubs, or buried in areas that are not being used to grow plants. The hole must be large enough to allow the waste to be buried under at least 8 inches of soil. Burying to this depth discourages animals from digging up the waste.
Chopped food wastes should be mixed into the soil before they are buried. Care must be taken to avoid damaging large roots when digging near trees and shrubs. Incorporation of meat, bones, or other fatty food wastes are not recommended as they may attract pests.
Figure 7
Soil incorporation is a useful composting technique if you need to dispose of small amounts of food waste. Waste is mixed with soil to speed decomposition and covered with at least 8 inches of additional soil.
Order publications online at http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/shop/ or call toll-free 800-292-0969.


text:
Wednesday, June 11, 2014
Sports News
Olympic champ Van Dyken posts picture of
herself smiling after injury
Send a link to a friend
[June 11, 2014]
(Reuters) - Olympic swimming
champion Amy Van Dyken said on Tuesday she was "doing great" and posted
a photo to social media showing her smiling in the hospital four days
after severing her spine in a quad-bike accident.
"Doing great today," she said on Twitter. "Making progress. First
day I sat up. Thank you all for the thoughts and prayers."
Her family said Van Dyken crashed her all-terrain vehicle on Friday
night and was airlifted to a hospital in Scottsdale, Arizona, where
emergency surgery was performed on her spine.
A photo posted to Instagram showed Van Dyken smiling in a blue
hospital gown, with two cuts on her chin, and balloons and stuffed
toys next to her bed that were sent by well-wishers.
Her room was the most decorated in the intensive care unit, she
tweeted from her account, @amyvandyken.
A second photograph - of her apparently being helped to sit up in
bed by two nurses - was also published on the social media network,
but later appeared to have been taken down.
The 41-year-old Van Dyken is one of the most decorated Olympic
swimmers of all time, winning a total of six gold medals at the 1996
Summer Games in Atlanta and the 2000 Games in Sydney.
[to top of second column]
Her family said her spinal cord was completely severed at the T11
vertebrae, but that a broken vertebrae stopped within millimeters of
rupturing her aorta, and that she did not suffer any head trauma.
Her husband, former Denver Broncos punter Tom Rouen, was with her
when the accident happened.
(Reporting by Daniel Wallis; Editing by Peter Cooney)
[© 2014 Thomson Reuters. All rights
Copyright 2014 Reuters. All rights reserved. This material may not be published,
broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
< Sports index
Back to top


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These classroom-tested lesson plans from ReadWriteThink provide ready resources for teachers working with students from kindergarten to high school.
Books from NCTE
For over seventy-five years, NCTE has published books for teachers' professional development at every level, elementary through college. Browse these books with a focus on grammar today!
NCTE Web SeminarsThese virtual events are a convenient and meaningful form of professional development. On Demand Web seminars provide the recorded version of the virtual event and include all audio, video, chat discussion, and actions within the presentation.
Grammar Themed Journals
NCTE Position StatementsNCTE has several guidelines and positons related to grammar including the NCTE Guideline: Some Questions and Answers about Grammar.
Assembly for the Teaching of English Grammar (ATEG)The purposes of this assembly are to improve the teaching of grammar at all levels, from elementary school through college; to promote communication and cooperation among teachers, researchers, administrators, and others interested in the teaching of grammar; to provide an open forum in which advocates of all grammar theories, representing the broad spectrum of views of grammar and its teaching, can interact. Visit the ATEG Web page at www.ateg.org.
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