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Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 2, by Edward Gibbon, [1781], at sacred-texts.com
In the midst of a rocky and barren country, the walls of Jerusalem 59 enclosed the two mountains of Sion and Acra, within an oval figure of about three English miles. 60 Towards the south, the upper town, and the fortress of David, were erected on the lofty ascent of Mount Sion: on the north side, the buildings of the lower town covered the spacious summit of Mount Acra; and a part of the hill, distinguished by the name of Moriah, and levelled by human industry, was crowned with the stately temple of the Jewish nation. After the final destruction of the temple by the arms of Titus and Hadrian, a ploughshare was drawn over the consecrated ground, as a sign of perpetual interdiction. Sion was deserted; and the vacant space of the lower city was filled with the public and private edifices of the Aelian colony, which spread themselves over the adjacent hill of Calvary. The holy places were polluted with mountains of idolatry; and, either from design or accident, a chapel was dedicated to Venus, on the spot which had been sanctified by the death and resurrection of Christ. 61 *_0054 Almost three hundred years after those stupendous events, the profane chapel of Venus was demolished by the order of Constantine; and the removal of the earth and stones revealed the holy sepulchre to the eyes of mankind. A magnificent church was erected on that mystic ground, by the first Christian emperor; and the effects of his pious munificence were extended to every spot which had been consecrated by the footstep of patriarchs, of prophets, and of the Son of God. 62
The passionate desire of contemplating the original monuments of their redemption attracted to Jerusalem a successive crowd of pilgrims, from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, and the most distant countries of the East; 63 *_0055 and their piety was authorized by the example of the empress Helena, who appears to have united the credulity of age with the warm feelings of a recent conversion. Sages and heroes, who have visited the memorable scenes of ancient wisdom or glory, have confessed the inspiration of the genius of the place; 64 and the Christian who knelt before the holy sepulchre, ascribed his lively faith, and his fervent devotion, to the more immediate influence of the Divine Spirit. The zeal, perhaps the avarice, of the clergy of Jerusalem, cherished and multiplied these beneficial visits. They fixed, by unquestionable tradition, the scene of each memorable event. They exhibited the instruments which had been used in the passion of Christ; the nails and the lance that had pierced his hands, his feet, and his side; the crown of thorns that was planted on his head; the pillar at which he was scourged; and, above all, they showed the cross on which he suffered, and which was dug out of the earth in the reign of those princes, who inserted the symbol of Christianity in the banners of the Roman legions. 65 Such miracles as seemed necessary to account for its extraordinary preservation, and seasonable discovery, were gradually propagated without opposition. The custody of the true cross, which on Easter Sunday was solemnly exposed to the people, was intrusted to the bishop of Jerusalem; and he alone might gratify the curious devotion of the pilgrims, by the gift of small pieces, which they encased in gold or gems, and carried away in triumph to their respective countries. But as this gainful branch of commerce must soon have been annihilated, it was found convenient to suppose, that the marvelous wood possessed a secret power of vegetation; and that its substance, though continually diminished, still remained entire and unimpaired. 66 It might perhaps have been expected, that the influence of the place and the belief of a perpetual miracle, should have produced some salutary effects on the morals, as well as on the faith, of the people. Yet the most respectable of the ecclesiastical writers have been obliged to confess, not only that the streets of Jerusalem were filled with the incessant tumult of business and pleasure, 67 but that every species of vice - adultery, theft, idolatry, poisoning, murder - was familiar to the inhabitants of the holy city. 68 The wealth and preeminence of the church of Jerusalem excited the ambition of Arian, as well as orthodox, candidates; and the virtues of Cyril, who, since his death, has been honored with the title of Saint, were displayed in the exercise, rather than in the acquisition, of his episcopal dignity. 69
The vain and ambitious mind of Julian might aspire to restore the ancient glory of the temple of Jerusalem. 70 As the Christians were firmly persuaded that a sentence of everlasting destruction had been pronounced against the whole fabric of the Mosaic law, the Imperial sophist would have converted the success of his undertaking into a specious argument against the faith of prophecy, and the truth of revelation. 71 He was displeased with the spiritual worship of the synagogue; but he approved the institutions of Moses, who had not disdained to adopt many of the rites and ceremonies of Egypt. 72 The local and national deity of the Jews was sincerely adored by a polytheist, who desired only to multiply the number of the gods; 73 and such was the appetite of Julian for bloody sacrifice, that his emulation might be excited by the piety of Solomon, who had offered, at the feast of the dedication, twenty-two thousand oxen, and one hundred and twenty thousand sheep. 74 These considerations might influence his designs; but the prospect of an immediate and important advantage would not suffer the impatient monarch to expect the remote and uncertain event of the Persian war. He resolved to erect, without delay, on the commanding eminence of Moriah, a stately temple, which might eclipse the splendor of the church of the resurrection on the adjacent hill of Calvary; to establish an order of priests, whose interested zeal would detect the arts, and resist the ambition, of their Christian rivals; and to invite a numerous colony of Jews, whose stern fanaticism would be always prepared to second, and even to anticipate, the hostile measures of the Pagan government. Among the friends of the emperor (if the names of emperor, and of friend, are not incompatible) the first place was assigned, by Julian himself, to the virtuous and learned Alypius. 75 The humanity of Alypius was tempered by severe justice and manly fortitude; and while he exercised his abilities in the civil administration of Britain, he imitated, in his poetical compositions, the harmony and softness of the odes of Sappho. This minister, to whom Julian communicated, without reserve, his most careless levities, and his most serious counsels, received an extraordinary commission to restore, in its pristine beauty, the temple of Jerusalem; and the diligence of Alypius required and obtained the strenuous support of the governor of Palestine. At the call of their great deliverer, the Jews, from all the provinces of the empire, assembled on the holy mountain of their fathers; and their insolent triumph alarmed and exasperated the Christian inhabitants of Jerusalem. The desire of rebuilding the temple has in every age been the ruling passion of the children of Israel. In this propitious moment the men forgot their avarice, and the women their delicacy; spades and pickaxes of silver were provided by the vanity of the rich, and the rubbish was transported in mantles of silk and purple. Every purse was opened in liberal contributions, every hand claimed a share in the pious labor, and the commands of a great monarch were executed by the enthusiasm of a whole people. 76
Yet, on this occasion, the joint efforts of power and enthusiasm were unsuccessful; and the ground of the Jewish temple, which is now covered by a Mahometan mosque, 77 still continued to exhibit the same edifying spectacle of ruin and desolation. Perhaps the absence and death of the emperor, and the new maxims of a Christian reign, might explain the interruption of an arduous work, which was attempted only in the last six months of the life of Julian. 78 But the Christians entertained a natural and pious expectation, that, in this memorable contest, the honor of religion would be vindicated by some signal miracle. An earthquake, a whirlwind, and a fiery eruption, which overturned and scattered the new foundations of the temple, are attested, with some variations, by contemporary and respectable evidence. 79 This public event is described by Ambrose, 80 bishop of Milan, in an epistle to the emperor Theodosius, which must provoke the severe animadversion of the Jews; by the eloquent Chrysostom, 81 who might appeal to the memory of the elder part of his congregation at Antioch; and by Gregory Nazianzen, 82 who published his account of the miracle before the expiration of the same year. The last of these writers has boldly declared, that this preternatural event was not disputed by the infidels; and his assertion, strange as it may seem is confirmed by the unexceptionable testimony of Ammianus Marcellinus. 83 The philosophic soldier, who loved the virtues, without adopting the prejudices, of his master, has recorded, in his judicious and candid history of his own times, the extraordinary obstacles which interrupted the restoration of the temple of Jerusalem. "Whilst Alypius, assisted by the governor of the province, urged, with vigor and diligence, the execution of the work, horrible balls of fire breaking out near the foundations, with frequent and reiterated attacks, rendered the place, from time to time, inaccessible to the scorched and blasted workmen; and the victorious element continuing in this manner obstinately and resolutely bent, as it were, to drive them to a distance, the undertaking was abandoned." *_0056 Such authority should satisfy a believing, and must astonish an incredulous, mind. Yet a philosopher may still require the original evidence of impartial and intelligent spectators. At this important crisis, any singular accident of nature would assume the appearance, and produce the effects of a real prodigy. This glorious deliverance would be speedily improved and magnified by the pious art of the clergy of Jerusalem, and the active credulity of the Christian world and, at the distance of twenty years, a Roman historian, care less of theological disputes, might adorn his work with the specious and splendid miracle. 84
The silence of Jerom would lead to a suspicion that the same story which was celebrated at a distance, might be despised on the spot *_0057
59 Reland (Palestin. l. i. p. 309, 390, l. iii. p. 838) describes, with learning and perspicuity, Jerusalem, and the face of the adjacent country.
60 I have consulted a rare and curious treatise of M. D'Anville, (sur l'Ancienne Jerusalem, Paris, 1747, p. 75.) The circumference of the ancient city (Euseb. Preparat. Evangel. l. ix. c. 36) was 27 stadia, or 2550 toises. A plan, taken on the spot, assigns no more than 1980 for the modern town. The circuit is defined by natural landmarks, which cannot be mistaken or removed.
61 See two curious passages in Jerom, (tom. i. p. 102, tom. vi. p. 315,) and the ample details of Tillemont, (Hist, des Empereurs, tom. i. p. 569. tom. ii. p. 289, 294, 4to edition.)
*_0054 On the site of the Holy Sepulchre, compare the chapter in Professor Robinson's Travels in Palestine, which has renewed the old controversy with great vigor. To me, this temple of Venus, said to have been erected by Hadrian to insult the Christians, is not the least suspicious part of the whole legend. - M. 1845.
62 Eusebius in Vit. Constantin. l. iii. c. 25-47, 51-53. The emperor likewise built churches at Bethlem, the Mount of Olives, and the oa of Mambre. The holy sepulchre is described by Sandys, (Travels, p. 125-133,) and curiously delineated by Le Bruyn, (Voyage au Levant, p. 28-296.)
63 The Itinerary from Bourdeaux to Jerusalem was composed in the year 333, for the use of pilgrims; among whom Jerom (tom. i. p. 126) mentions the Britons and the Indians. The causes of this superstitious fashion are discussed in the learned and judicious preface of Wesseling. (Itinarar. p. 537-545.)
*_0055 Much curious information on this subject is collected in the first chapter of Wilken, Geschichte der Kreuzzuge. - M.
64 Cicero (de Finibus, v. 1) has beautifully expressed the common sense of mankind.
65 Baronius (Annal. Eccles. A. D. 326, No. 42-50) and Tillemont (Mem. Eccles. tom. xii. p. 8-16) are the historians and champions of the miraculous invention of the cross, under the reign of Constantine. Their oldest witnesses are Paulinus, Sulpicius Severus, Rufinus, Ambrose, and perhaps Cyril of Jerusalem. The silence of Eusebius, and the Bourdeaux pilgrim, which satisfies those who think perplexes those who believe. See Jortin's sensible remarks, vol. ii. p 238-248.
66 This multiplication is asserted by Paulinus, (Epist. xxxvi. See Dupin. Bibliot. Eccles. tom. iii. p. 149,) who seems to have improved a rhetorical flourish of Cyril into a real fact. The same supernatural privilege must have been communicated to the Virgin's milk, (Erasmi Opera, tom. i. p. 778, Lugd. Batav. 1703, in Colloq. de Peregrinat. Religionis ergo,) saints' heads, &c. and other relics, which are repeated in so many different churches.
Note: Lord Mahon, in a memoir read before the Society of Antiquaries, (Feb. 1831,) has traced in a brief but interesting manner, the singular adventures of the "true" cross. It is curious to inquire, what authority we have, except of late tradition, for the Hill of Calvary. There is none in the sacred writings; the uniform use of the common word, instead of any word expressing assent or acclivity, is against the notion. - M.
67 Jerom, (tom. i. p. 103,) who resided in the neighboring village of Bethlem, describes the vices of Jerusalem from his personal experience.
68 Gregor. Nyssen, apud Wesseling, p. 539. The whole epistle, which condemns either the use or the abuse of religious pilgrimage, is painful to the Catholic divines, while it is dear and familiar to our Protestant polemics.
69 He renounced his orthodox ordination, officiated as a deacon, and was re-ordained by the hands of the Arians. But Cyril afterwards changed with the times, and prudently conformed to the Nicene faith. Tillemont, (Mem. Eccles. tom. viii.,) who treats his memory with tenderness and respect, has thrown his virtues into the text, and his faults into the notes, in decent obscurity, at the end of the volume.
70 Imperii sui memoriam magnitudine operum gestiens propagare Ammian. xxiii. 1. The temple of Jerusalem had been famous even among the Gentiles. They had many temples in each city, (at Sichem five, at Gaza eight, at Rome four hundred and twenty-four;) but the wealth and religion of the Jewish nation was centred in one spot.
71 The secret intentions of Julian are revealed by the late bishop of Gloucester, the learned and dogmatic Warburton; who, with the authority of a theologian, prescribes the motives and conduct of the Supreme Being. The discourse entitled Julian (2d edition, London, 1751) is strongly marked with all the peculiarities which are imputed to the Warburtonian school.
72 I shelter myself behind Maimonides, Marsham, Spencer, Le Clerc, Warburton, &c., who have fairly derided the fears, the folly, and the falsehood of some superstitious divines. See Divine Legation, vol. iv. p. 25, &c.
73 Julian (Fragment. p. 295) respectfully styles him, and mentions him elsewhere (Epist. lxiii.) with still higher reverence. He doubly condemns the Christians for believing, and for renouncing, the religion of the Jews. Their Deity was a true, but not the only, God Apul Cyril. l. ix. p. 305, 306.
74 1 Kings, viii. 63. 2 Chronicles, vii. 5. Joseph. Antiquitat. Judaic. l. viii. c. 4, p. 431, edit. Havercamp. As the blood and smoke of so many hecatombs might be inconvenient, Lightfoot, the Christian Rabbi, removes them by a miracle. Le Clerc (ad loca) is bold enough to suspect to fidelity of the numbers.
Note: According to the historian Kotobeddym, quoted by Burckhardt, (Travels in Arabia, p. 276,) the Khalif Mokteder sacrificed, during his pilgrimage to Mecca, in the year of the Hejira 350, forty thousand camels and cows, and fifty thousand sheep. Barthema describes thirty thousand oxen slain, and their carcasses given to the poor. Quarterly Review, xiii.p.39 - M.
75 Julian, epist. xxix. xxx. La Bleterie has neglected to translate the second of these epistles.
76 See the zeal and impatience of the Jews in Gregory Nazianzen (Orat. iv. p. 111) and Theodoret. (l. iii. c. 20.)
77 Built by Omar, the second Khalif, who died A. D. 644. This great mosque covers the whole consecrated ground of the Jewish temple, and constitutes almost a square of 760 toises, or one Roman mile in circumference. See D'Anville, Jerusalem, p. 45.
78 Ammianus records the consults of the year 363, before he proceeds to mention the thoughts of Julian. Templum . . . . instaurare sumptibus cogitabat immodicis. Warburton has a secret wish to anticipate the design; but he must have understood, from former examples, that the execution of such a work would have demanded many years.
79 The subsequent witnesses, Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, Philostorgius, &c., add contradictions rather than authority. Compare the objections of Basnage (Hist. des Juifs, tom. viii. p. 156-168) with Warburton's answers, (Julian, p. 174-258.) The bishop has ingeniously explained the miraculous crosses which appeared on the garments of the spectators by a similar instance, and the natural effects of lightning.
80 Ambros. tom. ii. epist. xl. p. 946, edit. Benedictin. He composed this fanatic epistle (A. D. 388) to justify a bishop who had been condemned by the civil magistrate for burning a synagogue.
81 Chrysostom, tom. i. p. 580, advers. Judaeos et Gentes, tom. ii. p. 574, de Sto Babyla, edit. Montfaucon. I have followed the common and natural supposition; but the learned Benedictine, who dates the composition of these sermons in the year 383, is confident they were never pronounced from the pulpit.
82 Greg. Nazianzen, Orat. iv. p. 110-113.
83 Ammian. xxiii. 1. Cum itaque rei fortiter instaret Alypius, juvaretque provinciae rector, metuendi globi flammarum prope fundamenta crebris assultibus erumpentes fecere locum exustis aliquoties operantibus inaccessum; hocque modo elemento destinatius repellente, cessavit inceptum. Warburton labors (p. 60-90) to extort a confession of the miracle from the mouths of Julian and Libanius, and to employ the evidence of a rabbi who lived in the fifteenth century. Such witnesses can only be received by a very favorable judge.
*_0056 Michaelis has given an ingenious and sufficiently probable explanation of this remarkable incident, which the positive testimony of Ammianus, a contemporary and a pagan, will not permit us to call in question. It was suggested by a passage in Tacitus. That historian, speaking of Jerusalem, says, [I omit the first part of the quotation adduced by M. Guizot, which only by a most extraordinary mistranslation of muri introrsus sinuati by "enfoncemens" could be made to bear on the question. - M.] The Temple itself was a kind of citadel, which had its own walls, superior in their workmanship and construction to those of the city. The porticos themselves, which surrounded the temple, were an excellent fortification. There was a fountain of constantly running water; subterranean excavations under the mountain; reservoirs and cisterns to collect the rain-water." Tac. Hist. v. ii. 12. These excavations and reservoirs must have been very considerable. The latter furnished water during the whole siege of Jerusalem to 1,100,000 inhabitants, for whom the fountain of Siloe could not have sufficed, and who had no fresh rain-water, the siege having taken place from the month of April to the month of August, a period of the year during which it rarely rains in Jerusalem. As to the excavations, they served after, and even before, the return of the Jews from Babylon, to contain not only magazines of oil, wine, and corn, but also the treasures which were laid up in the Temple. Josephus has related several incidents which show their extent. When Jerusalem was on the point of being taken by Titus, the rebel chiefs, placing their last hopes in these vast subterranean cavities, formed a design of concealing themselves there, and remaining during the conflagration of the city, and until the Romans had retired to a distance. The greater part had not time to execute their design; but one of them, Simon, the Son of Gioras, having provided himself with food, and tools to excavate the earth descended into this retreat with some companions: he remained there till Titus had set out for Rome: under the pressure of famine he issued forth on a sudden in the very place where the Temple had stood, and appeared in the midst of the Roman guard. He was seized and carried to Rome for the triumph. His appearance made it be suspected that other Jews might have chosen the same asylum; search was made, and a great number discovered. Joseph. de Bell. Jud. l. vii. c. 2. It is probable that the greater part of these excavations were the remains of the time of Solomon, when it was the custom to work to a great extent under ground: no other date can be assigned to them. The Jews, on their return from the captivity, were too poor to undertake such works; and, although Herod, on rebuilding the Temple, made some excavations, (Joseph. Ant. Jud. xv. 11, vii.,) the haste with which that building was completed will not allow us to suppose that they belonged to that period. Some were used for sewers and drains, others served to conceal the immense treasures of which Crassus, a hundred and twenty years before, plundered the Jews, and which doubtless had been since replaced. The Temple was destroyed A. C. 70; the attempt of Julian to rebuild it, and the fact related by Ammianus, coincide with the year 363. There had then elapsed between these two epochs an interval of near 300 years, during which the excavations, choked up with ruins, must have become full of inflammable air. The workmen employed by Julian as they were digging, arrived at the excavations of the Temple; they would take torches to explore them; sudden flames repelled those who approached; explosions were heard, and these phenomena were renewed every time that they penetrated into new subterranean passages. This explanation is confirmed by the relation of an event nearly similar, by Josephus. King Herod having heard that immense treasures had been concealed in the sepulchre of David, he descended into it with a few confidential persons; he found in the first subterranean chamber only jewels and precious stuffs: but having wished to penetrate into a second chamber, which had been long closed, he was repelled, when he opened it, by flames which killed those who accompanied him. (Ant. Jud. xvi. 7, i.) As here there is no room for miracle, this fact may be considered as a new proof of the veracity of that related by Ammianus and the contemporary writers. - G. To the illustrations of the extent of the subterranean chambers adduced by Michaelis, may be added, that when John of Gischala, during the siege, surprised the Temple, the party of Eleazar took refuge within them. Bell. Jud. vi. 3, i. The sudden sinking of the hill of Sion when Jerusalem was occupied by Barchocab, may have been connected with similar excavations. Hist. of Jews, vol. iii. 122 and 186. - M. It is a fact now popularly known, that when mines which have been long closed are opened, one of two things takes place; either the torches are extinguished and the men fall first into a swoor and soon die; or, if the air is inflammable, a little flame is seen to flicker round the lamp, which spreads and multiplies till the conflagration becomes general, is followed by an explosion, and kill all who are in the way. - G.
84 Dr. Lardner, perhaps alone of the Christian critics, presumes to doubt the truth of this famous miracle. (Jewish and Heathen Testimonies, vol. iv. p. 47-71.)
*_0057 Gibbon has forgotten Basnage, to whom Warburton replied. - M.


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Student Success Institute After School Program
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The HERO program addresses the difficult subject of respect in its respective communities. In large part because of diluted images of respect, students face problems such as bullying in its varying forms, low self-esteem without the understanding of how to process and outlet emotions. Our objective is to promote positive changes in behavior, social emotional learning, and diffuse a pro respect culture improving the quality of environment. Hero is a student driven integrated network of accessible emotional support and direction by providing children with consistent and frequent avenues of self-exploration, valuing differences and celebrating our likeness consequently resulting in a community movement. All Hero activities will be purposeful, intentional and student inspired.


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'Dragon Tattoo,' 'W.E.' and 'Harry Potter' win Costume Designer Guild Awards
Trish Summerville won the Costume Designers Guild Award on Tuesday evening for excellence in contemporary film for "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo," while Arianne Phillips won in the period film category for "W.E.," and Jany Temime earned the award for fantasy film for "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2."
The 14th Annual Costume Designer Guild Awards were given out at the Beverly Hilton Hotel's International Ballroom with Jane Lynch serving as host.
Awards were also handed out in TV and commercial categories.
Lou Eyrich and Jennifer Eve won for outstanding contemporary TV series for "Glee," while John A. Dunn and Lisa Padovani earned their awards in the period/fantasy TV series category for "Boardwalk Empire." Susannah Buxton took home the award for made-for-television movie or miniseries for "Downton Abbey," and Roseanne Fiedler won for excellence in commercial costume design for "Swiffer-Country Dirt Cowgirl."
Four honorary awards were also presented Tuesday evening -- Kate Beckinsale won the Lacoste Spotlight Award and costume designer Marlene Stewart received the Disaronno Career Achievement in Film Award. Eyrich, who won for "Glee," also earned the Career Achievement in Television Award.
And the Distinguished Collaborator Award went to costume designer Deborah Hopper and Clint Eastwood, who have collaborated on more than 22 films in the last two decades.
"Emmy-nominated costume designers on dressing characters with success"
"Oscar's favorite costumes up close at FIDM"
--Susan King
Photo: "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo" won an award for excellence in contemporary film. Credit: Baldur Bragason / EPA


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Andrew Ruggiero, of Boston, planned to be at the finish line of the Boston Marathon on Monday, down on one knee with diamond in hand, when his girlfriend crossed the finish line.
He and Melissa Blasczyk, a Wallingford, Conn. native, did get engaged Monday, but only after terrifying moments amid tragic events as explosions turned a festive day into a tragic one.
Blasczyk ran the Boston Marathon on Monday, and Ruggiero had secretly arranged to become a finish-line volunteer and had a news crew ready to film the proposal at the finish line.
"Trying to play it cool, and not let her know that I had this elaborate plan with a diamond ring at the finish line, with her family, with my family," he said.
Then, the bombs went off.
"We were about 10 minutes up, and I had my back to the fence, and you heard the first loud boom," Ruggiero said.
Melissa had safely been turned back from the finish line, but her family did not yet know that as they stared at the finish line when the first bomb went off.
"I walked away from the race and walked all the way to Cambridge, about a couple miles away," she said. She was getting news of what had happened from Facebook and CNN.
Meanwhile, Blasczyk's loved ones set out to look for her. They called her cell phone hundreds of times, but there was no answer. Then, a friend spotted Melissa on the street and drove her home.
"Everyone came and gave me a big hug. It was so great to see everyone. He (Ruggiero) was standing there a little awkwardly," Blasczyk said.
It's because Andrew was debating whether he should pop the question.
"In light of such dark evil, even I felt it important to say it's not going to deter me from finally marrying the girl that I love," Ruggiero said.
So Ruggiero got down on one knee inside their apartment and asked for Melissa's hand in marriage.
No date is set yet, but the couple plan to wed in 2014.


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Demand Destruction
The estimate on where corn demand is cutoff is currently a major debate. Some feel demand destruction is taking place while others think that $9-$10.00 corn prices will be needed to effectively cut off demand. I am in the buoyant camp. I think that the $8.00 futures level in corn is an area where we see resistance in the market and the $6.50-$7.00 area is where we find good support and trade within this range while the market further assesses the crop size.
Ethanol Margins
Ethanol plants have negative margins based on the information the CME Group distributes as well as some other proprietary groups that we get information from. Some argue that they are not losing money but on the same token, some plants have shut down and capitalism would suggest that you don't shut down something that is making money, assuming it is your main source of revenue.
Hog profitability
Hog producers that haven't hedged anything for at least the 4th quarter of 2012 are losing their shirts right now. It's the worst the crush margin has been in the last two years. Once you get beyond the FH February delivery time-frame in 2013, the crush margins begin to stabilize and eventually go positive in LH April THROUGH the end of the year in 2013. The hog market has priced in higher priced feed as well as some liquidation in the hog industry.
Below is a seasonal chart of the lean hog cash index and as you can see we are near the end of seasonally higher cash prices. The red line is the current year activity.
I'm not an optimist for the remainder of 2012 unless we hit a major run in exports, however, I'm friendly the 2013 market starting near the end of the 1st quarter.
U.S. crop size discussion
My opinion is that the lowest yield estimates for 2012 have been made. If you look back to 1988 and 2002, we have our lowest estimates in the Aug USDA crop production report and the yields moved higher from there. This can be deceiving in a sense because the yields could go up and the harvest acres go down, therefore still reducing the crop size. The market chatter should begin to switch solely to production size and away from yield. Harvested acres are the moving target now in corn.
Managed Money
Managed money is the group that will probably scratch our heads moving forward. You will notice in the corn market that we bottomed around the 23rd week of the year and rallied very strongly into the current time-frame. When the "funds" (managed money is one of 5 categories the CFTC tracks) decide they want to take the profit on these positions they will sell the market off and we will be wondering why because of short supply.
The funds don't make money with a futures position if the market is stagnant, it needs to move. If they decide to sell it could cause a snowball effect and push the market a lot lower than it fundamentally deserves to go. This should allow for the end users to come back into the market and buy coverage to allow them to lock in profits for the deferred time-frame and start the entire cycle over again. I'm making these statements on deferred profits based on the hog industry.
If you have any thoughts or comments, I would enjoy hearing them. Email me at [email protected]
Hurley & Associates believes positions are unique to each person's risk bearing ability; marketing strategy; and crop conditions, therefore we give no blanket recommendations. The risk of loss in trading commodities can be substantial, therefore, carefully consider whether such trading is suitable for you in light of your financial condition. NFA Rules require us to advise you that past performance is not indicative of future results, and there is no guarantee that your trading experience will be similar to the past performance.


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Kat DeLuna was called a "pop sensation" by the Texas Stadium announcer as she prepared to sing the National Anthem at what I'm assuming was the Monday Night game against the Eagles. She caused a sensation, all right. It's the first time I've heard an anthem singer booed who didn't unintentionally botch the lyrics. That last verse is singing's version of a DeSean Jackson TD celebration. And Ed Hochuli was the one who spent last week apologizing? Still, it's better than this. Kat DeLuna National Anthem [YouTube]
In Which We Ask The Musical Question, What The Hell Was That?


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About 10 minutes after I left them, I felt a lightness in my bags. Before I got on the train into Paris I checked for my coat. It had gone missing. I thought I had probably left it in the cafe when I had reached in a pack to get a camera for the photo of James and Drew. So I sprinted back to see if it were still there. You've heard stories of the city and how people don't care (more about that later). In this case I was in luck, my warm and needed coat was right where I left it. On to Paris.
Alice tipped me off to a wine bar in the center of town, Coinstot Vino, in one of those quaint little 'passages' , covered shopping spaces from the 19th century that predated today's sprawling malls. Alice emailed me that her friend, Lizzie was there by herself, just in from a UN mission in the Congo. We met up with her and shared a few bottles of uber-natural wine.
And there you have it. Some good stinky wines, a recovered coat, a nasty metro shakedown and a long walk home in Paris in the dark, on a cool Spring night in April. Ain't life grand?
written and photographed by Alfonso Cevola limited rights reserved On the Wine Trail in Italy


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My game-loop looks like this:
public void run() {
final double amountOfTicks = 60.0;
double ns = 1000000000.0 / amountOfTicks;
long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
long lastTime = System.nanoTime();
long now = 0;
double delta = 0;
int tickCount = 0;
int renderCount = 0;
while(running) {
now = System.nanoTime();
delta += (now - lastTime) / ns;
lastTime = now;
if(delta >= 1) {
if(System.currentTimeMillis() - time >= 1000) {
time += 1000;
System.out.println(tickCount + " Ticks, " + renderCount + " FPS");
tickCount = 0;
renderCount = 0;
In the variable "amountOfTicks" i can set how many ticks i want per second. The amountOfTicks are here the same as the fps which i have. With this solution my console prints "60Ticks, 60 FPS", but the problem is, that the CPU-performance with this method is too low. I have only 60 Ticks and only 60 FPS, but the whole while-loop is still running through as fast as my pc can.
The only thing how i can improve the cpu-performance is, if i let the thread for 1ms or so sleeping. But is this solution not dirty? This solution will maybe work on my (relative good pc), but on a other with with less CPU-performance the 1ms sleep maybe are waste, because of this the game maybe can not reach the 60FPS of this?


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BLACK FOREST, Co. Officials continue to express cautious optimism about their progress on the most destructive wildfire in Colorado history.
After a rough start to what has been dubbed the "Battle of Black Forest," firefighters made tremendous gains over the weekend, increasing containment from 30 percent Friday afternoon to 75 percent Monday afternoon. Crews also kept to fire from growing any further over the weekend, and even downgraded it in size from 15,500 to 14,280, citing better mapping.
As of Thursday afternoon the fire is 100% contained.
The situation seemed dour over the first three days as the weather conditions continued to work against the firefighters, causing the fire to balloon in size from June 11-13. Strong winds with gusts of 30 mph or more, warm temperatures and low humidity worked together to create conditions ripe for continuing fire danger. The weather calmed down significantly after Thursday, although Incident Commander Rich Harvey said lightning Sunday night caused a few scares when it struck in the burn area three times.
June 13 in particular was a harrowing day, with the news that the Black Forest Fire had become the state's most destructive wildfire in history and the discovery of two bodies in the burn area dominating the headlines.
The news that the Black Forest Fire had destroyed more homes than the Waldo Canyon Fire was particularly jarring for residents who thought they had witnessed a once in a lifetime event when the fire roared into Mountain Shadows last summer.
Almost 350 homes were destroyed that night, making the fire the most destructive in Colorado history--until the Black Forest Fire. As of Tuesday, 509 homes have been destroyed in the fire, surpassing the Waldo fire's record. Another 28 homes were partially damaged and 3,653 are unaffected. Maketa said Wednesday he believes they have assessed 99 percent of the property affected by the fire.
The fire's origin was problematic for firefighters in a way that the Waldo Canyon Fire was not, officials said when asked in Wednesday's news conference to compare the two fires.
"The fire is challenging because it began in essentially a residential area," one official said.
While the Waldo fire took four days to reach Mountain Shadows, the Black Forest Fire claimed homes within hours due to its close proximity from the beginning. Officials explained that after the fire started, winds carried it to "higher density property."
Maketa cited the wind as the leading foe firefighters faced during the early days of firefighting as they scrambled to save as many structures as they could. Late Wednesday into early Thursday, winds drove the fire back towards homes that had previously been spared and then spread the flames into areas previously untouched.
"It's been the game changer," Maketa said June 13.
As they continue to battle the fire, officials have turned their attention to what caused the fire. The investigation took on even more urgency Thursday afternoon when officials announced the discovery of human remains at one home.
The El Paso County Sheriff's Office has identified them as Marc Allen Herklotz, 52, and his wife, Robin Lauran Herklotz, 50.
Authorities speculate that the couple had been in the middle of fleeing on the day the fire broke out when the flames likely overwhelmed them. A witness spoke with the victims twice by phone on the day of the fire, and had been assured in his first phone call around 4 p.m. that the flames were still a safe distance away.
But an hour later, the witness could hear "crackling" in the background as he spoke to the victims a final time. The victims assured him they were about to leave.
The bodies were found in the garage. The garage and car doors were open.
Maketa said Sunday that the deceased knew they were under an evacuation order, but went back in to save property.
"They waited a little too long," he said.
Because of two people have died, Maketa says the fire investigation is considered a criminal investigation until proven otherwise.
Maketa said Monday that authorities are "zeroing in" on the point of origin for the fire. ATF and state officials have been called to help.
Important Information
If you have any information on what started the fire, you are asked to call 444-8393 or email your tip to firstname.lastname@example.com.
If you want to help volunteer in any way, email email@example.com. Put in the subject line the way that you can help.
All fire victims are urged to go to the Disaster Assistance Center. There are multiple non-profit and government agencies offering help to those impacted by the fire.
View Colorado Current Fires in a larger map


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WOOSTER, OH – A strong second half performance sparked Wabash to a 19-7 season opening win over Wooster Saturday afternoon. The Little Giants rolled up nearly 500 yards of total offense for its seventh straight win over the Scots.
An inconsistent Wabash first half littered the field with dropped passes, tipped passes and yellow flags. Wabash was down 7-0 before a Derek Rowe seven-yard run that had the halftime score at 7-6. The Little Giants re-grouped at halftime and then scored two second-half touchdowns while holding Wooster to just over 100 yards total offense. The game also featured a one-hour delay with 1:14 remaining because of lighting in the area.
"With it being the first game, everybody had nerves," quarterback Chase Belton said. "We knew we had to get it going. We had some great drives the first half but we have to finish them. So we came out in the second half and we got it together. On the first series out, it was time to go and time to pick it up. We had intensity and we had focus."
That initial second-half drive started with five straight Rowe carries for 26 yards. Belton then hit senior Jonathan Horn from four yards out on a quick slant to give Wabash its first lead.
"Obviously in first half we were a little sloppy with all the penalties," Coach Erik Raeburn said. "We had a bunch of drops on offense and a couple of turnovers. We had a couple times guys were running the wrong play and mental things like that kind kept us out of rhythm in first half.
"But I was happy to get a win. We're on the road against a good conference team so getting out of here with a win feels pretty good. It's always easier to go work on those mistakes when they haven't cost you a football game."
Those mistakes totaled 10 penalties, two interceptions, and several dropped passes. But the Little Giants still managed to rack up nearly 500 yards on total offense with 246 rushing and 244 passing yards.
"That's why I was frustrated," Raeburn said after hearing the offensive totals. "We shouldn't have shot ourselves in foot. One time we signaled a play on a third down that I thought we had them on. But we called the wrong play for the offensive line. So all the skill guys were running the right play and o-line is blocking a different play. We didn't convert after a long drive so that was kind of frustrating. We were moving up and down the field but we weren't finishing our drives."
Wabash clung to the 12-7 lead until late in the game. The drive that secured the win covered 13 plays and 76 yards in less than six minutes. Sophomore Tyler Holmes did the bulk of the damage with 29 yards on five carries. On his final carry of the drive, he went around end untouched for the score.Ian MacDougallconverted his first varsity extra point for the final, 19-7.
The Little Giant running game was stout with starter Vann Hunt picking up 85 yards on nine carries including a late 57-yard effort that was made for the highlight reel. Holmes had 64 yards on nine carries and a touchdown. Rowe had eight carries for 59 yards and Wabash's lone first-half score.
Belton hit on 17-of-35 passes for 244 yards and one score. Horn, last year's leading receiver, had a big game with 134 yards on eight catches and a touchdown. Wes Chamblee caught six passes for 69 yards.
Chamblee, of course, was making his first appearance since tearing his ACL last year in the Wooster opener. Afterwards, he was glad to have the first game behind him. He had a couple of uncharacteristic drops in the first half and was back to return kicks for Wabash.
"It felt great being out there," Chamblee said. "The knee felt wonderful. I could make all the cut that I needed to make, and I could make the blocks I needed to make. It was just a matter of getting my confidence back. I felt in second half I was able to do that."
Chamblee proved in his return that he remains a triple threat. He had 59 yards on kickoff returns, 22 on punt returns and his 69 yards receiving for 150 yards of total offense.
The defense played strong keeping Wooster's high-powered offense under 300 yards. The only Wooster score came in the first quarter after tacklers couldn't wrap up Scot quarterback Richard Barnes on a third-down conversion. Then at the 50-yard line, Barnes threw deep to Jordan McIntyre for 37 yards after the pass was tipped and nearly intercepted by Kyle Najar. The ball continued funny bounces two plays later when Scot Robert Flagg rushed for eight yards and fumbled after a Najar hit. The ball bounced into the end zone where McIntyre eventually recovered for the only Wooster score.
The defense was led by sophomore linebacker Nate Scola who and interception to go with his nine tackles. Junior Jonathon Koop started in the secondary and notched 8 tackles. CJ Gum had eight tackles. Freshman cornerback Houston Hodgeshad a strong debut with six tackles and an interception. The younger brother of cornerback Austin Hodges made his presence felt on the first series when he broke up a quick out pass with a huge hit.
Pat Clegg and Kyle Bottos had six tackles apiece. Luke Zinsmaster and Dan Allen had five tackles each.
Little Giants Open 2011 Season with 19-7 Win at Wooster
|No. 9 Wabash (1-0)
|Wooster (0-2)
WOOSTER, OH – A strong second half performance sparked Wabash to a 19-7 season opening win over Wooster Saturday afternoon. The Little Giants rolled up nearly 500 yards of total offense for its seventh straight win over the Scots.


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Browse FAQs
Data Center Expert | How do I Generate / Export Reports?
Published date: 17 May 2018
Browse FAQs
|Edit Report Criteria will allow you to edit the date range, report format, sensors, and other report criteria.
|The Marker will highlight the point for which data is displayed when you move the cursor over the graph.
|The Pan tool allows the clicking and dragging of sections of the graph to display that specific.
|The Zoom In and Zoom Out icons will show the graph in more or less detail.
|Open Summary Data will show the summary format version of the selected report.
|Open Table Data will show the table-format version of the selected report.
|Trend-line will display a linear trend line for twice the time period of the data, on numeric sensors only, and when all selected sensors use the same unit of measure.
|The Refresh icon will update the report and also allow automatic refreshing.
|The Save/Save As icon will save the report to the Saved Reports section.
|The Export Graph icon will allow the graph to be saved as an image.