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When Jim DeMint resigned from the Senate to lead the Heritage Foundation, Governor Nikki Haley appointed Tim Scott to fill the remainder of DeMint's term. That opened up Scott's House seat, and a special election to fill it is in progress. We and many others were disappointed when former governor Mark Sanford won the Republican primary. He is now running against Elizabeth Colbert Busch, whose principal claim to fame is that the is the sister of comedian and Democratic Party activist Stephen Colbert.
The special election will take place on Tuesday. It has been a strange race. Sanford has never gotten on well with South Carolina's Republican Party, and South Carolina Republicans were slow to come to his support after he won the primary. Still, Republicans couldn't stand the thought of losing a district that Mitt Romney carried by 18 points, and they have slowly come around to supporting Sanford.
Democrats, meanwhile, went into a fundraising frenzy in support of Ms. Busch. Those on the Democrats' email lists (like me) have been getting pleas for money on Busch's behalf approximately every 48 hours for some weeks or months. The Democrats' hysteria about the race has paid off; The Hill reports that as of April 25, "Colbert Busch had raised $880,000 to Sanford's $450,000."
But Sanford's undeniable populist appeal–while there are obvious differences, he could be described as a South Carolina version of Mike Huckabee–has never depended on money, and he has managed to pull even in the polls. Which has prompted a new outbreak of hysteria on the part of the Democratic Party. Here is their latest fundraising appeal, with multiple links to donation pages omitted:
From: Democrats 2014
Date: May 5, 2013, 9:47:09 AM MDT
To: Hinderaker, John H.
Subject: This is URGENT:
John — It's infuriating:
You can't turn on a TV in South Carolina without seeing an ad bashing Elizabeth Colbert Busch. And here's the worst part: the Republicans' baseless attacks are working.
This race has tightened to a dead heat, 46%-46%.
The election is in 2 days. If we want to win, we have to double-down on our voter contact program immediately.
Suggested Support: $3.00
This is urgent: Donate $3 to help us fight Republican attacks in too-close-to-call races like this one >>
Our latest projections show that this race could come down to less [sic] than 300 votes. We don't want to look back on Tuesday night and wish we'd done more when we had the chance.
Chip in $3 or more right now to fight Republican attacks nationwide — while your donation can still make the difference:
Thanks for your support,
Democrats 2014
As always, the Democrats refer to no public policy issues and make no substantive arguments in support of Ms. Busch. It is all about being part of the team that defeats those horrible Republicans, who–unlike the Democrats, presumably–are so nefarious as to launch "attacks."
I pretend to no special insight into South Carolina politics, but it sounds like the race may be slipping away from the Democrats. South Carolina's First Congressional District is heavily Republican, and I suspect that a great many Republicans will turn out for Sanford, some enthusiastically and some, figuratively speaking, holding their noses. Ms. Busch's enormous money advantage might allow her to pull out the race, but her utter lack of qualifications should be a drag on her candidacy. If she were a comedian herself, as opposed to being merely the sister of a comedian, she might have a better shot. Just ask Al Franken.
What is happening in South Carolina is a precursor of things to come. The Democrats are determined to catch the Republicans napping (or disunited over immigration) and win back the House next year. South Carolina's special election should be taken as a sign that the Democrats will not concede a single seat, anywhere, in their quest to obtain complete dominance over the federal government.


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^^^ Haha, I thought I was the only who noticed the similarity to Ragelope!I wonder if you'll be able to fly around the dungeons you are about to explore or if it will be the same as with sailing in EO3. Would be cool if you had to fly in a balloon to reach a new stratum.
What other RPGs are out right now for the 3DS right now? Devil Survivor and......?

subset: commoncrawl


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Wednesday, December 20, 2006
Princess Ella
Posted by Jenn at 11:03 PM
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Breeding adventures with my Shorkie Daisy and her daughter Montana. The last litter we are going to be having for quite some time was born on Christmas day 2011. It was a scary event that ended in a successful c-section! 2 girls and 1 boy will be ready to go in March. They are going to be super tiny shorkies, mom is 4lb white shih tzu and dad is 3lb yorkie. Contact me if you are interested in bringing one of these shorkies into your home.
Posted by Jenn at 11:03 PM


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by Tom Utescher
Area crew teams each enjoyed success last Sunday as the Manny Flick regatta series resumed following the Easter hiatus. The weather was sunny and uncharacteristically warm, and much of the day there were headwinds that kept the times high in many race categories.
Mount St. Joseph Academy's varsity eight remained on a roll, and the Magic won several fours races, as well. The Springside Chestnut Hill Academy boys sent out an unusually large number of singles, while on the girls' side Jen Sager continued to excel in the varsity singles class. There was also continued success for Penn Charter rowers of both genders in the JV double, and for Germantown Friends' Andrew Bair in the JV single.
The boys' events were all held in the morning and midday hours, and right from the jump SCH received second-place finishes from freshmen Rayan Bousso (timed in seven minutes, 10.38 seconds) and Jimmy Klauder (6:55.33) in two different flights of the novice single.
Penn Charter won the novice quad in 6:18.49 with the ninth-grade line-up of (stroke to bow) Ethan Ashley, Chad Coursen, Conor Foley, and James Paolini, while SCH was the runner-up in the second flight of the freshman quad. Here, Joey Torsella, James Schweitzer, Matt Miller, and Will Tasman finished in 6:33.94.
Germantown Friends' Bair, a junior, continued his winning streak in the JV single, with his time of 6:23.68 putting him a dozen seconds ahead of the second-place boat. GFS sophomores Greg Goldstein and Ethan Genyk, who had not raced in the Flicks since the first installment on March 18, were back at it last weekend, coming in third in the third flight of the JV double (6:10.39).
Penn Charter had already set the time standard in that category, though, as juniors Kevin Kelly and Spencer Grant won the first JV double race in 5:47.35, topping Inter-Ac League rival Malvern (5:50.03) while recording the fastest time out of all three flights.
The SCH Blue Devils entered each of the three sections of the varsity single. Carl Delacato won his race in 6:17.61, while fellow junior Drew Adubato was second in a different flight (6:21.45) and senior John Olson was runner-up in the third race (6:39.04). Germantown Academy's Eric Blood remained at the top of this class with a time of 6:06.56.
The area girls crews got off to a strong start with victories by Penn Charter in the novice double and by Mount St. Joe in the novice eight.
Quakers freshmen Rachel Gordon and Sophie Eldridge won by 23 seconds with a time of 7:26.19. Like almost all of the Mount crews, the novices had raced down at St. Andrew's School the day before. For Sunday's race, Mimi O'Malley rotated into the coxswain's seat, guiding her rowers (Bernadette McGirr, Kelly Dougherty, Madi Ehmann, Danielle Kosman, Sara Healy, Sophia Cocozza, Meg Kelly, and Maria Zonies) to victory in the first flight with a time of 6:25.75.
The SCH Lions racing in the novice quad category (Breon West, Devon McAllister, Lauren Stokes, Liz McClafferty) came in second with a time of 6:35.27. West and Stokes are freshmen, and McAllister and McClaefferty are sophomores who are rookie rowers.
Charter kept cooking along in the girls' JV double, where the 11th-grade tandem of Maria Georgiou and Heidi Zisselman (6:45.91) finished 10 seconds ahead of runner-up Sacred Heart and third-place Conestoga, who were separated by just three-tenths of a second at the finish. The second flight in this category was considerably slower.
The Quakers also won the third flight in the JV quad class, clocking in at 6:43.19 with the quartet of Katie O'Malley, Celina McCall, Maddie Perlmutter, and Tara Malone.
The spotlight doesn't often shine on fours from Mount St. Joe, but two of them won at the fourth Flick. A time 6:37.96 was good for first place in the second flight of the JV four, where the Magic line-up consisted of coxswain Beth Weinrich and rowers Quinn DeVore, Sarah Curcio, Emma Thompson, and Fiona Kelly. In the lightweight four, Megan Mirabella coxed for Emily McHugh, Rachel Heller, Maura O'Donnell, and Liz McKernan, who took top honors in the first flight in 6:29.66.
In an unusual development, the Mount raced two lightweight eights. The first group (Mary Raggazino – cox, Kait Loftus, Michela Karrash, Maureen Flynn, Kate Mirabella, Leah Ramos, Leah McGlynn, Lexi Meister, Meg O'Brien) went down the course in 5:48.47, placing second behind a tall and talented group from Holy Spirit High School (5:43.08).
In the girls senior single, the only meaningful competition for SCH's Sager has come from out of town in recent weeks. Last Sunday, the entries included Averyl Freimarck, who has been the subject of a feature story in her hometown paper up in Glen Ridge, NJ. Sager won in 6:58.47 (the headwinds held down the times for all the smaller boats considerably), while her North Jersey rival was runner-up in 7:11.32.
Last Saturday, Mount St. Joseph won the varsity eight race at St. Andrew's over runner-up National Cathedral School (D.C.) and third-place Merion Mercy Academy. Merion, a Catholic Academies colleague of the Mount's, churned off the starting line on Sunday and led coming under the Strawberry Mansion Bridge (just a few hundred meters into the course).
"They were ahead for a little bit, but we kept our focus and moved in front," commented coxswain Erin McElroy, a senior who signed with Northeastern University last November. "When we stay controlled and concentrate on our own boat, the other things take care of themselves."
The Magic had two-a-day practices all through the previous week (their spring break), and with racing on Saturday, as well, they had to be a little drained, physically.
Not necessarily, according to the V-8 coxswain, who said "I think the two-a-days are really paying off for us. The girls always show up on race day, anyway. They're always pumped up, so I don't worry about that."
The Mount won Sunday's race in 5:22.95, while Merion was second in 5:28.06 and 2011 Stotesbury Cup champion Radnor High School was third in 5:34.81.
In the practices and the early regattas, the Mount's emphasis is always on preparing for the big medal races in May.
"It's like we're making deposits every day to reach the goal," McElroy said. "It's over the next three weeks that we'll earn our medals, and on race day we just collect them."
Confident talk, but then self-doubt shouldn't be part of the equation for a crew that plans to be racing at the Henley Women's Regatta in June (no crew likes to discus that trip long beforehand in keeping with the universal "one game at a time" mantra, but the fact is that travel and lodging arrangements have to be made well in advance, especially during an Olympic summer in England; in short – they're going). Bow seat Keira McCloy is a junior, but fellow rowers Dana Lerro, Julie McGlynn, Katie O'Connell, Darian DiCianno, Dana Zielinski, Emily Carbone, and Rose Ehrlich are all seniors, and if you're not going to set high goals during your final season together, then when?


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Quick Search: Choose Model and Year, then enter search topic.
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Cleaning the engine compartment
Risk of damage, e.g. to the alternator, electrical components and plug connections, painted surfaces and valve covers.
Cleaning windows
The front side windows have a water-repellent (hydrophobic) coating, which prevents soiling of the windows.
This coating is subject to natural wear and can be renewed.
Care of windshield wiper blades
Windshield wiper blades that are in perfect condition are vital for a clear view.
Repairing the underbody protection
The underside of your car is durably protected against chemical and mechanical influences.
As it is not possible to exclude the risk of damage to this protective coating in day to day driving, it is advisable to have the underside of the car inspected at certain intervals - preferably before the start of winter and again in spring - and the undercoating restored as necessary.
Your authorized Porsche dealer is familiar with the bodyseal treatment procedures and has the necessary equipment for applying factory approved materials. We recommend that you entrust them with such work and inspections.
Unlike conventional spray oils, undercoating and rust-proofing compounds based on bitumen or wax do not attack the sound-proofing materials applied at the factory.
Exhaust System Fire Risk
The exhaust system becomes very hot when the engine is running. Flammable material close to the exhaust system could ignite. Additional undercoating or rust protection agents on or near the exhaust system can become too hot when driving and ignite.
Effective rust-proofing is particularly important during the cold weather season. If your car is driven frequently in areas where salt has been spread on the roads, the whole engine compartment should be cleaned thoroughly after the winter to prevent salt from causing any lasting damage. A full under-body wash should also be performed at the same time.


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COMM 101 Dynamics of Speech Communication (2)
Offers a laboratory approach to the communicative skills needed for the changing conditions of a contemporary world.
COMM 111 Mass Media of Communication (3)
Presents a comprehensive introduction to communication in the modern world; studies the role of the media in today's society; examines the challenges and opportunities in the communications professions.
COMM 112 Communication Theory (3)
Studies the nature of communication in its psychological, social, philosophical, and technical contexts; includes a review of media institutions in regard to communication theory.
COMM 115 News Writing (3)
Presents fundamentals of newspaper and broadcast style; how to spot news; get information; interview; organize, write, and edit stories. Computer lab simulates real reporters in real situations.
COMM 116 Feature Writing (3)
Introduces fundamentals of writing and editing feature stories for newspapers and magazines, including personality profiles, human interest, in-depth analysis, investigative reporting, and trend stories; computer lab.
COMM 117 Corporate Communication Media Aesthetics and Production (3)
Examines computer applications relevant to the corporate communication field. Topics include desktop publishing and multimedia production. Students are introduced to underlying concepts, aesthetic foundations, software/hardware operations, and work on various projects (e.g., creating a newsletter and a multimedia production).
COMM 118 Introduction to Electronic Journalism and Social Media
This course complements Comm 115-News Writing and serves as an introduction to the electronic journalism field. Existing and emerging media systems and tools are covered as well as fundamental design concepts, ethics and research.
COMM 130B First-Year Practicum (1)
Introduces first-year students to the principles and protocol that govern work in the Communication Arts field. Students are required to apply these principles through practical work in the areas of Advertising/Public Relations, Digital Media and Broadcast Production and Journalism.
COMM 201 Marketing Principles for Communication (3)
Analyzes the four factors in marketing-product, price, place, and promotion from a creative communications perspective; a managerial approach for advertising copywriters that considers consumer, industrial, business-to-business, retail, and nonprofit organizations. Cross-listed with BUS 111.
COMM 202 Advertising: Principles and Practices (3)
Studies social and economic aspects of advertising; discusses creative strategy and media planning, including concept development and preparation of copy and art; evaluates role of marketing and consumer research; examines ethics of advertising. Cross-listed with BUS 212.
COMM 204 Public Relations: Principles and Practices (3)
Studies the nature of public relations; the processes of researching and influencing public opinion; analysis of public relations programs; responsibilities of the public relations practitioner to professional principles, to the media, and to the public.
COMM 205 Principles of Corporate Communication (3)
Basic approaches to developing various kinds of programs to meet company and client needs, including training activities, product marketing, personnel recruitment, corporate positioning, among others.
COMM 206 Organizational Communication (3)
Cross-listed with BUS 221. See BUS 221 for course description.
COMM 213 Consumer Behavior (3)
Cross-listed with BUS 213. See BUS 213 for course description.
COMM 222 Dissent and Discussion (3)
Presents principles of argumentation and techniques of leadership and participation in discussion. Permission of the instructor required.
COMM 223 Phonetics of American Speech (3)
Analyzes characteristics and production of speech sounds in the context of acceptable professional standards for American English.
COMM 224 Electronic Newsgathering Seminar
The seminar explores advanced journalism topics. The subject will change, on a semester to semester basis, reflecting current issues. These can range from the impact of new media tools in the news market to the reporter and editor's role in ensuring that news is accurately portrayed and reported.
COMM 230A, B Communication Arts Practicum (1, 1)
COMM 330A, B Communication Arts Practicum (1, 1)
COMM 430A, B Communication Arts Practicum (1, 1)
Under supervision of the department faculty, involves students in the application of theory through practical experience in the various programs of study. Requires 60 activity hours for academic credit.
COMM 231 Audio Production (3)
Introduces digital audio equipment for broadcast/non-broadcast operations. Involves preparation and evaluation of various types of broadcast/non-broadcast productions.
COMM 233 Video Production I (3)
Introduces basic video equipment for broadcast and non-broadcast purposes; presents training in the planning and presentation of various types of television productions, using studio and ENG/EFP facilities.
COMM 234 Video Production II (3)
Continues the study of video production, including more complex techniques and special effects. Electronic digital field production and nonlinear editing skills are also emphasized. Prerequisite: COMM 233 or permission of program director.
COMM 237 New Communication Technologies (3)
Examines the applications and implications of the new communications technologies. Relevant issues cut across the broadcasting/non-broadcasting fields and include satellite communication, HDTV, digital technology, relevant computer applications, and digital imaging. Social, legal, economic, ethical, and aesthetic issues are also covered. These include intellectual property and aesthetic principles governing multimedia productions.
COMM 238 Media Scriptwriting (3)
Uses workshop approach to the techniques of writing various types of radio, television, and possibly, cable presentations, including commercial and public service announcements, documentaries, dramas, and programming geared for smaller, specific audiences.
COMM 239 Telecommunications Research (3)
Examines research methodologies and applications relevant for the telecommunications field. These include questionnaire design, surveys, and analysis of broadcast ratings. Data analysis and spreadsheet operations for organizational/analytical purposes are also covered.
COMM 301, 302 Advertising Copywriting (3,3)
Analyzes strategic and tactical creative decisions; writing for print, television, and radio; emphasizes campaign development, positioning, concept, copy structure, visualization, and execution; use of computer word processing, and computer graphics. Prerequisite: COMM 202 or permission of program director.
COMM 303 Public Relations Writing for the Media (3)
Presents fact gathering and writing skills for the print and electronic media from a public relations viewpoint. Prerequisite: COMM 204 or permission of program director.
COMM 304 Publicity and Special Events (3)
Discusses techniques for creating public awareness and planning a publicity campaign; presents practical analysis and development of specialized communications materials and events to gain reaction and support from various publics. Prerequisite: COMM 204 or permission of program director.
COMM 305 Media Planning and Buying (3)
Reviews media planning, execution, and control of advertising media programs for print and broadcast; analyzes media and audience characteristics, sources of analytical media data, computer-assisted media planning techniques, buying and selling process. Prerequisite: COMM 202 or permission of program director.
COMM 306 Communication Graphics (3)
Provides a managerial approach to hands-on skill training in graphics, including visualization, design, layout, typography, and production for advertising; includes computer art graphics and practical applications for advertising campaigns.
COMM 307 Case Problems in Public Relations (3)
Presents case studies of public relations problems in industry, labor, education, government, social welfare, and trade associations. Prerequisite: COMM 204 or permission of program director.
COMM 308 Sales Promotion (3)
Presents sales promotion techniques and planning, implementation, evaluation and legal aspects of strategies for consumer, industrial, and trade markets; coordinates promotion campaigns with marketing, advertising, and public relations programs. Prerequisite: COMM 202 or permission of program director.
COMM 309 Computer Graphics (Desktop Publishing; Multimedia Production) (3)
Covers elementary to more advanced desktop publishing and multimedia skills; application to advertising, public relations, newsletters, and brochures. Suggested pre-requisite: COMM 306 or permission of program director.
COMM 310 Promotion, Publicity and Public Relations (3)
Integrated techniques for effectively conveying corporate messages to relevant clients, including internal constituencies, consumer public, business-to-business and the media.
COMM 311, 312 Multimedia Approaches to Oral Interpretation (3,3)
Involves creative oral interpretation of various forms of literature, directed towards an experience shared by the reader and an audience, combining the techniques of the various media of modern communication.
COMM 316 Telemarketing (3)
Cross-listed with BUS 316. Please see BUS 316 for course description. Prerequisites: COMM 201, 202, BUS 111 or permission of program director.
COMM 320 Communications Ethics and Law
This course covers key ethical and legal issues relative to the journalism field. It will also be used to explore, in an in-depth fashion, some topics introduced in earlier courses.
COMM 334 Media Management (3)
Studies administrative principles and procedures in radio, television, and possibly, cable operation; staff organization; business affairs. Management issues relevant for new, emerging media institutions will also be covered.
COMM 336 Broadcast Newswriting (3)
Deals with news reporting, writing, editing, and production for the electronic media; the role and responsibilities of the newscaster; the impact of words and pictures; ethical and legal issues; class is held in a production/ workshop environment.
COMM 337 Media Programming (3)
Examines past, present, and future programming in light of industry structures and public demand. Programming options for new, emerging media institutions may also be covered.
COMM 338 Telecommunications Law and Policy (3)
Examines legal topics relevant to the communications field. Topics include the FCC, regulation and deregulation, libel, and slander, copyright; designed to introduce future TV/Radio/Cable station personnel and managers to legal issues that affect their field(s). The course also covers relevant ethical issues.
COMM 339 Media Performance (3)
Offers practical training in techniques for appearances before the microphone and camera in broadcast and non-broadcast settings; includes discussions of suitable clothing, body movement, and articulation; students participate in various audio and video exercises.
COMM 340 Writing for Corporate Communication (3)
Practical writing skills for a corporate communication environment. The course covers essential technical communication principles and examines writing for, among other topics, internal publications and annual reports. Students may also explore a topic(s) of their particular interest, such as slide-tape shows and software documentation.
COMM 389 Telecommunications Sales and Promotions (3)
Examines sales, marketing, and promotional strategies in the radio, television, and possibly, cable industries. May also cover new, emerging media institutions.
COMM 400 Instructional Design and Media (3)
Planning modes of instruction to meet corporate needs, use of instructional technologies and
COMM 401 Retail Advertising (3)
Presents planning and preparation of retail advertising with
COMM 411B Curriculum Materials and Methods in the Communication Arts (3)
Analyzes classroom techniques in teaching the Communication Arts in the secondary school; curriculum design and execution; resources in technological aids to effective teaching.
COMM 416 Advanced Reporting-Local, Regional and International Perspectives
Students explore advanced reporting techniques relative to the electronic and print news fields, with a focus on the former. Topics include: conducting research for a news story; interviewing techniques; working with alternate news sources; community reporting; reporting for an international audience; reporting through new modalities (e.g., podcasts); verifying sources; data mining.
COMM 422 Personnel Management (3)
Examines the changing responsibilities of a personnel manager within an organization; addresses human and interorganizational behavior. Discusses processes and philosophies of obtaining personnel, developing their abilities, rewarding them monetarily, aligning group and individual interests with organizational goals, and preserving the health of the work force. Cross-listed with BUS 422.
COMM 431 Contemporary Issues in Telecommunications (3)
Examines topical issues in the Telecommunications field. Cuts across broadcast/non-broadcast operations and introduces students to the contemporary forces that are changing and challenging their disciplines. Topics can range from
COMM 433 Educational Telecommunications (3)
Examines the policies and practices of radio and television for instructional applications in and out of the classroom; discusses how to meet the challenge of cultural improvement and continuing education through the media.
COMM 435 Media Criticism (3)
Analyzes examples of television and, possibly, cable programming in respect to their form and content; the role of the media critic; basis for criticism; the relationships between the media and society.
COMM 448 Special Topics in Communication Arts (3)
Examines topics of immediate current interest in communication arts; focus of course changes each time offered, according to evolving directions in various professional areas.
COMM 449 Film and Society (3)
Introduces students to film history and the relationships between film and society. Movies are viewed in class; class focus can change on a semester basis.
COMM 450 Internship (3-6)
Involves practical experience under the direction of qualified professionals at cooperating organizations and institutions in the areas of specialization in communication arts. Requires 45 training hours per academic credit. Prerequisites: minimum QPA of 2.50 Communication Arts courses and 2.00 in all other university work; approval of department chair. Generally, only open to students majoring in the Communication Arts. An exception may be made with the permission of the department chairperson.
COMM 451 Coordinating Seminar in Communication Arts (3)
Synthesizes the related disciplines in Communication Arts, involving individual in-depth exploration of various problems and preparation of thesis or equivalent project. Generally, only open to students majoring in the Communication Arts. An exception may be made with the permission of the department chairperson.
COMM 499 Independent Study (3)
Involves options not offered in regular courses, permitting maximum freedom to enhance a student's personal interests in academic pursuits, under the direction of the department faculty. Requires approval of the faculty member directing the student's program as well as the department chairperson; minimum QPA 3.00 in Communication Arts courses. Generally, only open to students majoring in Communication Arts. An exception may be made with the permission of the department chairperson.
COMM 418 Electronic Storytelling and Documentary Production
This course builds on the concepts and techniques covered in Comm 336-Broadcast News Writing and Comm 238-Media Scriptwriting. Students, for example, learn how to write and produce a documentary that could subsequently be distributed via a traditional communications channel (e.g., cable station) or through a social networking site.


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What Critics are Saying About Rihanna's 'Unapologetic'
Pop singer Rihanna has been flying around the world to promote her just-released new album "Unapologetic." But will her release fly as high with fans and critics?
The new album features a starry roster of contributors including Eminem ("Numb") and David Guetta ("Right Now," "Phresh Out The Runway"). The single "Diamonds" has already been featured on "Saturday Night Live."
"Unapologetic" is being praised by some reviewers for taking some stylistic chances, such as on the seven-minute long concept track "Love Without Tragedy" / "Mother Mary."
But Chris Brown's appearance on the album on the duet "Nobody's Business" is generating the most talk. Brown pled guilty to assaulting her, his then girlfriend, in a 2009 incident and was sentenced to community service and probation.
To market the album, Rihanna has embarked on "777 Tour" (seven concerts in seven countries in seven days), with the final stop taking place in New York City tomorrow. The new album is currently No. 20 on Amazon's list of bestselling albums, behind releases from Taylor Swift, Rod Stewart and Kelly Clarkson.
Here's what critics are saying about "Unapologetic":


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Each summer, the La Plata County 4-H program celebrates the traditions and pride of our community at the annual county fair.
4-H members bring in animals, food, heritage arts projects and much more to be on display for all to see. The fair also is filled with fun contests, a community barbecue, livestock shows and an auction, dances and more. Our 4-H'ers look forward to this event all year and will remember each one for a lifetime.
The fair is an annual success because of the tremendous amount of volunteer time and work put in throughout the year. The planning and organizing of such a big event is no small feat. It takes dedicated commitment and leadership. During the last 25 years, the La Plata County Fair has been a success because of the dedicated leadership of fair board president Randy McKee, who died Feb. 11 from complications of the H1N1 influenza virus. He was 60.
There are many aspects to the fair, but the thing Randy loved most was working with the 4-H youths. He told me each year they were the main reason he was so dedicated. He took great pride in watching our members grow from year to year. He would tell me a story every fair about walking into an after-school community event and being able to pick out the 4-H members. He could do this because of their respectful mannerisms and ability to communicate with adults. Randy saw the value in how positive youth-adult partnerships are a benefit to our community.
Randy was instrumental in making our Junior Livestock Sale what it is today. Our 4-H members benefit by selling the animal they raised to the highest bidder. Randy worked with many businesses and people throughout our region to encourage them to become buyers. Most of our members put their sale money away for higher education to attend trade schools, colleges or universities.
Randy also had a unique and admirable passion for keeping agriculture alive and relevant in La Plata County. The fair is a showcase for our agriculture roots and for the character of our region. He helped keep those roots and that character strong in our younger generation.
As many of us know, the fair will not be the same without Randy. However, he instilled a strong foundation for us to carry on the good spirit and values the fair represents.
The La Plata County 4-H community gives our deepest condolences to the McKee family. We will surely miss him. We thank Randy for his countless hours and dedication to the betterment of our program.
A memorial service will be held at 1 p.m. Saturday at Church of Christ, 2011 U.S. Highway 160B in Bayfield. Memorial contributions may be sent to the La Plata County Fair Board, c/o Extension Office, 2500 Main Ave., Durango, CO 81301.
email@example.com or 382-6463. Greg Felsen is La Plata County 4-H youth-development agent.


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Welcome to eaves San Dimas Canyon, a place where sensible apartment living meets a sensible cost of living. We offer quality San Dimas apartments with a few little extras, like well-equipped kitchens with brand name appliances. Simply put, our San Dimas apartments for rent offer more of what you hope for. Better than you bargained for. So, what are you waiting for?
When you come home to your San Dimas apartment, you want it to be in a community that allows you to live comfortably. At eaves San Dimas Canyon, that's exactly what you'll get. Located on S. San Dimas Canyon Road in the prestigious Bonita Unified School District, our Los Angeles apartment community is conveniently located within easy access of the 210, 10 and 57 freeways, along with the Metrolink line, and offers convenient access to an array of shopping, dining and recreation. San Dimas is a hot destination for foodies as there is an abundance of good restaurants like Lucky Elephant Thai Cuisine, Pozzetto Italian Dining and The Bagelry. If it's entertainment that you're looking for, you will enjoy visiting Raging Waters, Pioneer Waterland and the Pacific Railroad Society.
Our blend of quality apartments, thoughtful details and convenient location make eaves San Dimas Canyon the perfect choice for comfortable apartment living in San Dimas. Becoming a part of our Los Angeles County community will grant you many perks designed for a lifestyle of comfort and convenience. This includes free access to our sparkling outdoor swimming pool and spa, and our fitness center. If any maintenance issues arise, you can rest assured that it will be taken care of promptly, so you can pay more attention to things that take a higher priority in your life.
Contact us to schedule an appointment and learn more about your new apartment in San Dimas today.
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Your pets are part of your family. That means finding a home that welcomes all of you. We couldn't agree more, which is why we are a pet-friendly community and created WAG The Pet Program to take pet-friendly living to the next level.
Cats and dogs are welcome! Please check the dog breed and pet restrictions below.
Max of 2 Pets Allowed
Max Weight Limit: N/A
AvalonBay Communities reserves the right to deny residency to any animal deemed aggressive whose breed is not explicitly listed. Should your pet injure any other pets, residents or AvalonBay Communities associates, you will be asked to remove the pet from the premises immediately.
Pets must be on a leash at all times when outside the apartment home. If applicable, dogs must be leashed whenever entering and exiting the Pet Park, but may be unleashed while within the enclosure of the Pet Park.
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Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering
On-line version ISSN 2309-8775
Print version ISSN 1021-2019
J. S. Afr. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol.53 n.2 Midrand Oct. 2011
Application, advantages and limitations of high-density gravimetric surveys compared with three-dimensional geological modelling in dolomite stability investigations
I J Breytenbach; P J A Bosch
The article discusses the nature of the gravimetric survey as applied and used in dolomite stability investigations on areas underlain by the Chuniespoort Group in South Africa. A short discussion is given on the gravimetric survey procedure along with its uses and alternative methods. Finally, two case studies illustrate the application of the method on a high-density survey grid spacing in comparison with three-dimensional geological modelling based on the lithology and karst weathering horizons of the Chuniespoort Group deduced from rotary percussion borehole data and limited rotary core borehole data. The two different case studies highlight the advantages and limitations of the high-density gravimetric survey.
The first case studies shows that the high-density gravimetric survey can be applied to great effect to sites with a complex, variable profile, provided the grid spacing of the survey is adequate to identify the sub-surface features. Simultaneously, the findings of the second case study illustrate how the method has exactly the same limitations as regular gravimetric surveys if the scale of the grid is not compatible with sub-surface conditions.
Key words/terms: dolomite, gravimetric survey, rotary percussion drilling, three-dimensional geological modelling, karst
Development on dolomitic land in South Africa has been a topic of much discussion. The procedure of investigation and revision by authorities is constantly evolving and is periodically updated and improved to appropriately address matters of concern. A pivotal part of current investigative practice is the execution of a gravimetric study. The method is widely acknowledged to be the most applicable geophysical method for assessment of dolomitic sites. The application of two high-density gravimetric studies and comparative geological modelling are discussed to highlight the advantages and limitations of the high-density gravimetric survey. The two examples considered were researched as part of commercial investigations and are compared here in theoretical terms.
Background on dolomite stability investigations
Much has been discussed throughout the last few decades concerning the dolomite-related problems in South Africa. In recent times more emphasis has been placed on the risks associated with development on dolomitic land (Kirsten et al 2009), whereas in the past, the formation mechanism and influencing factors were researched (Brink 1981; Kleywegt - date unknown (a); Brink & Partridge 1965). Many catastrophic dolomite "events" have been discussed and recorded, the most famous of which are arguably those described by Brink (1981).
Current practice in the industry is to conduct a dolomite stability investigation by means of a gravimetric survey, percussion drilling, surface investigation and reporting. Reports are reviewed by the Council for Geoscience and, based on the comments, additional investigation may be required or a proposed development may be supported or not. Whilst many individuals feel that this process is overly conservative, a number of authors have emphasised that developments on dolomitic land must be thoroughly investigated, and have observed that in the past, investigative steps were not completely sufficient; hence the continually evolving guidelines for dolomite investigation. Yet, despite thorough investigation, not every cavity or potential karstrelated problem can be identified (Brink 1981). The matter is not only restricted to South Africa, as discussed by Patterson et al (1995). A general observation is that results of a gravimetric survey should be calibrated and verified by means of exploratory drilling (Brink 1981; Botha & Mouton - date unknown; Trollip 2006; Kleywegt - date unknown (a); Enslin & Smit 1955) to verify the prevailing conditions and develop a model of the prevailing geology (Bosch 2008).
The South African geotechnical industry has adapted the use of rotary percussion drilling for dolomite stability investigations. The method was applied in the past and drilling resistance and air loss were identified at an early stage as parameters which serve as good indicators of sub-surface conditions (Kleywegt - unknown date (b)). Under general conditions, percussion drilling for dolomitic investigations in South Africa is halted at a pre-established depth (e.g. 60 m or 100 m, depending on the geological nature and the results required) or when six successive metres of hard bedrock are encountered. In other countries the required depth of drilling is often more lenient. For example, Zisman (2001) describes that drilling in Tampa, Florida, is halted 1,5 m into bedrock. Though it is not the purpose of this article to discuss such matters, the occurrence of floaters in the South African dolomite profiles would render such limited bedrock drilling pointless.
Geophysical methods and dolomite stability investigations
A number of geophysical methods have been applied and tested to aid in assessments of dolomite terrain and it is clear that selection of an effective method is not a simple task (Van Schoor 2002). The limiting factor is not an unsuitable or ineffective geophysical method, but rather the complexity of dolomite and karst profiles (Roux 1981), resulting in a highly variable and unpredictable survey target (Van Schoor 2002). Whilst some of these methods were promising, few delivered sensible results that could be applied consistently. Articles have been written in the past which compare various geophysical methods with one another (Roux 1981; Kleywegt - unknown date (b)). A short, simplified discussion on methods (other than gravimetric) applied to dolomite stability investigations and their associated limitations follows:
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a promising method for surveying near-surface conditions (Van Schoor 2002). The depth that the method can survey is its main limiting factor. Zisman (2001) indicates that the method is limited to depths between 30 feet and 40 feet and it is unable to penetrate clay zones. Van Schoor (2002) also indicates that cavities in the sub-surface are nearly undetectable in the presence of conduc tive overburden, whilst the presence of pinnacles or boulders could produce reflections that interfere with the data, thereby obscuring other data.
Electromagnetic surveys were found to have limited potential in the investigation of dolomitic areas, due to a lack of resolution in highly variable conditions, and are more suitable for areas of shallow dolomite (Botha & Mouton - date unknown). The method is better applied to the identification of faults and dykes according to Enslin and Smit (1955).
Seismic surveying is theoretically a good method for the investigation of dolomitic areas, as the expected high velocity through bedrock materials and a much lower velocity through overburden should provide good contrast. However, Formanek (1981) pointed out that the method is limited by the fact that low velocities cannot be detected below high velocities (e.g. a cavity below overburden or within thin bedrock cover). The author also stated that the accuracy of the method is affected by a rugged sub-surface, such as typically associated with a dolomitic, pinnacle-rich profile. Further limitations of the method include the fact that it does not discern small features clearly. Zisman (2001) concluded that the seismic method is more suitable to profiles in which the material density and subsequent sounding velocity increase with depth, a property which is frequently reversed in a dolomite profile.
Resistivity surveys focus on the difference in electrical conductivity or resistivity of different strata (Zisman 2001). According to the author, the method is capable of surveying to a depth roughly equivalent to 20% of the line length utilised for surveying. In general, though, the method is useful for surveying depths of up to 30 metres (Zisman 2001). Enslin and Smit (1955) also indicate that the resistivity method was abandoned as impractical in application to dolomitic terrains. However, the method (multipole resistivity) can be applied with success to map slots and intrusions in shallow dolomitic bedrock.
Review of the gravimetric survey
The gravimetric survey is a multi-phase procedure. The method consists of initial fieldwork and measurements (preferably on a grid) of small variations in the prevalent gravity field (Enslin & Smit 1955), followed by data processing and correction (e.g. for instrument drift). The initial results are generally utilised as a guide for percussion drilling. Thereafter the drill data is used to calibrate the gravimetric model. The size of the grid spacing on which the gravimetric survey is conducted is usually selected after reviewing the purpose and scale of the project. For example, surveys for large areas (regional) can be conducted using a 30 metre grid spacing, whilst medium-sized projects may utilise a ten metre grid spacing (Botha & Mouton - date unknown). Guidelines provided by the Council for Geoscience (2007) also indicate that the grid spacing of the survey should not exceed the overburden thickness (i.e. the grid should be roughly the same as the vertical distance to bedrock), though this is given as a rough guide and can only be confirmed once drilling has commenced.
The ultimate aim of the residual gravity survey is to indicate dolomite bedrock topography by estimating the thickness of the overburden (Trollip 2006; Kleywegt date unknown (a), Roux 1981). In doing so, potentially safe and dangerous zones can be identified which are to be investigated by drilling (Enslin & Smit 1955). A simplified explanation is that shallow bedrock will result in a higher gravity reading than deep bedrock, if measured from the same horizontal plane.
The method is not without limitations, though. The equipment used is fairly sensitive, and as such excessive ground noise (e.g. drilling, blasting etc) will adversely affect the survey (Patterson et al 1995). Roux (1981) also indicates that the residual gravity survey will not present accurate readings over bedrock with steep gradients or structures which are narrow. Keeping this in mind, structures such as grikes or pinnacles may not be identified by gravimetric results (Trollip 2006) and may have a profound effect on the prevalent dolomite stability. The scale of features which may not be identified by a gravimetric survey may depend to a large extent on the grid spacing used for the survey compared with the size of the feature (e.g. a survey on 30 metre grid spacing will not recognise a five metre diameter cavity).
The results of gravimetric surveys are dependent on density contrasts between materials in the profile (Van Schoor 2002). A typical survey would reveal areas of high, low and intermediate (or transient) residual gravity. Whilst one may hastily assume that areas indicated as having a "low gravity" would be the best target for cavities and adverse conditions, some authors do not agree. Enslin and Smit (1955) state that an area of closely spaced gravity contours (i.e. areas where a steep gravity gradient occurs) is likely to be problematic. To further complicate the matter, Trollip (2006) emphasises that different mass distributions may be associated with a single anomaly.
Another critical element of the gravimetric method is the reproducibility of data. Though it is not the aim of this article to discuss the matter, the gravimetric survey is subject to recording errors and must therefore be analysed to ensure accuracy and reproducibility.
As a point of interest, the equipment used for the gravimetric surveys conducted in this study was kindly subjected to reproducibility testing at the request of the authors. Upon discussing the matter of data reproducibility with Mr Richard Day of Engineering and Exploration Geophysical Services cc - the company which conducted the gravimetric surveys used in this discussion - data measurements were repeated on an independent site to assess reproducibility. The results were found to be satisfactory after data refinement had been completed. Critically, the data refinement included adapting data according to base station readings and removing trends.
Principles of the high-density gravimetric survey
As can be deduced from the name, the high-density gravimetric survey is a gravimetric survey conducted at a short interval, using smaller grid spacing. In the context of this article "high-density" grid spacing was accepted as five metre grid spacing. In comparison, Patterson et al (1995) discusses a project using "microgravity", based on eight metre grid spacing.
The high-density method uses the same equipment and principles as a regular gravimetric survey, with the fundamental difference being that a larger number of points are observed which provide more detailed data at closer spacing. The more detailed data, in turn, can be manipulated to give a higher resolution model of the sub-surface. The biggest negative aspect of the high-density survey is its cost, though execution of a high-density gravimetric survey remains more cost effective than closely spaced exploratory drilling, which may not necessarily yield a representative profile of the bedrock distribution (Brink 1981) and may also fail to intercept anomalies in the profile.
Principles of three-dimensional geological modelling
The three-dimensional geological models may be formulated according to the geological information requirements of the engineering geological investigation, and this may include the classification of rock types into formal lithostratigraphic units or combination of rock types with engineering geological parameters. It is therefore important to log (or describe) the material obtained from rotary percussion drilling or rotary core drilling in sufficient detail to enable the interpretation and conversion of data into engineering geological or lithostratigraphic units. Examples of parameters to be described which prove most useful in this regard include the degree of weathering, the hardness of the rock, density of the rock, deformation of the rock, rock types, formal geological units or any combination of these. Subdivision of rock strata into formal geological units requires specialised knowledge of the regolith horizons, rock types and structures related to the dolomitic hazardous land.
The complete compilation of the threedimensional geological models is a lengthy process. The entire method and steps performed can therefore not be included in this article due to space constraints.
The first case study concerns a commercial development in the Irene vicinity. The study area falls within a larger area which was previously investigated on a regional level on two occasions.
The area under investigation was roughly 5,7 ha in size and made out a small portion of the area previously investigated on a regional level. The region is located on the weathered and unweathered chemical sediments (mainly dolomite, chert, chertresiduum and wad) associated with the Chuniespoort Group, and bedrock in the area is extensively intruded by erratically distributed syenite. The geology of the dolomitic land may be highly complex, due to various lithological changes, chemical changes in the rock, variable weathering periods and associated karstic materials. Also, geological structures such as folding, faulting, jointing, igneous intrusions and karstic features are to be considered.
The project commenced with footprint drilling on the layouts of the proposed structures and trial-hole inspection after consulting the available reports. The boreholes were placed after consulting the results of the regional gravimetric survey executed for previous (regional) investigations. However, drilling soon revealed extensive sample and air losses, along with rapid to intermediate drill rates and irregular drilling. In addition, hard bedrock was encountered at variable depths across the study area. In short, conditions appeared challenging and variable over short intervals and could not be suitably refined with the existing gravimetric survey, done on a regional scale.
It became apparent that pinnacles were present on a portion of the study area, but a lack of sample recovery left uncertainty regarding the remainder of the property. Also, a lack of sample recovery limited the identification of overburden materials, a critical aspect considering that the dolomite stability of the study area was being evaluated. In order to evaluate the materials of which no samples could be retrieved by percussion drilling, four rotary core boreholes were drilled through the relevant depth intervals in an attempt to obtain representative samples from the profile. The materials recovered by the core drilling comprised unconsolidated chert residuum and (limited) dolomite residuum which showed signs of extensive low temperature hydrothermal activity. Both bedrock and residuum contained evidence of very fine (low temperature) hydrothermal crystallisation. The unconsolidated nature of the materials explained the sample and air losses encountered by percussion drilling, as chips and air pressure simply dissipated into the small voids between the residuum clasts.
High-density gravimetric survey
Whilst the state and nature of the materials in the profile were explained by the core drilling, the distribution and intervals of the residuum and bedrock were still not clear. After consulting Mr Richard Day of Engineering and Exploration Geophysical Services CC and discussing the matter with the client, it was decided to perform a more detailed gravimetric survey over the entire site. Where the previous geophysical survey was done on 30 metre grid spacing, the new (high-density) survey was done on five metre grid spacing. The survey was performed using a Scintrex Autograv gravimeter, taking readings at points set out by GPS. The results were processed using Surfer (version 9.9.785) software and refined using the existing borehole data. Figure 1 illustrates the residual gravimetric results.
After refining the data using the existing borehole information, the data was manipulated to produce a three-dimensional representation, as illustrated in Figure 2.
Three-dimensional geological modelling
For the purposes of direct comparison between the three-dimensional geological modelling and the depicted gravimetric results, the three-dimensional model based on borehole data had to be simplified. As the gravimetric survey is concerned only with estimating the depth to bedrock (or conversely the thickness of overburden), the borehole data was drastically simplified into two classes, namely overburden (comprising all non-bedrock materials) and bedrock. Based on the current requirements for dolomite investigations, bedrock was assumed to be hard bedrock, as defined by drill times exceeding three minutes per metre drilled.
Borehole locality information, collar altitude and borehole depth intervals of the defined units were compiled in a Microsoft Office Excel® spreadsheet. These spreadsheets were then imported into the RockWorks15 (a product of RocWare®) software which was used to compile isopach maps of the thickness of the various units. The results of extensive isopach modelling were then manipulated to produce crosssections and three-dimensional solid and transparent block diagrams that display the architecture of the various chosen units.
In the case of the studies at hand, though, the extensive isopach comparisons will be omitted due to publication constraints and only the three-dimensional representations compiled from borehole data will be compared with the results of the gravimetric survey to ascertain the ground truth of the predicted bedrock profile. The model derived from the borehole data is illustrated in Figure 3.
The results of the high-density gravimetric survey enabled the engineering geologist to piece all the information obtained together and derive a hypothesis of the karst profile investigated. It is emphasised that this is merely a hypothesis, as verification would require intensive further regional investigation.
It is speculated that vertical displacement occurred on the site, presumably along a normal fault, resulting in one portion having bedrock at a significantly deeper interval than the remainder of the site. As time passed, chert residuum backfilled the vertically displaced area to produce a near uniform ground level. The intrusion of syenite in the vicinity was most likely the cause of hydrothermal activity, which forced thermal fluids to move through both the dolomite bedrock and the residuum. This is evident from the fact that the crystallisation was encountered in both residuum and bedrock materials.
In this case study the high-density gravimetric survey proved to be adequate in interpreting the prevailing site conditions and profiles. Though costly, proving the same results by means of additional (exploratory) rotary percussion drilling or rotary core drilling would have resulted in considerably bigger expenditure and most probably would not have yielded as clear a model as had been delivered by the gravimetric survey.
From the observations made by comparing the three-dimensional model derived from borehole data with the gravimetric results (and subsequent model) it appears that the geology of the area is complicated and not readily explained. As an example, the modelling of boreholes presented a second possible hypothesis in that the dolomite profile may be explained in terms of structural geology as an anticlinal ridge, rather than a vertically displaced fault system. Nevertheless, detailed investigation showed that the distribution pattern of the gravity signal is representative of the geological strata, the structures and the extent of weathering resulting in the bedrock profile.
In summary then, on this site the gravimetric survey conducted on 30 metre grid spacing for the regional investigation could not be effectively utilised to interpret the karst topography for small areas, as the results of the survey are scale-dependent. The results of the high-density survey, though, proved pivotal in explaining the prevailing conditions and correlate well with the ground truth model produced from borehole data.
As with case study one, this project involved a proposed commercial development. The larger surrounding area had also been investigated on a regional level in the past and, as in the first case study, the area is also underlain by dolomite and chert in addition to karst weathering products of the Chuniespoort Group.
The study area consisted of only the footprint area of one proposed building and its immediate peripheral area, and is significantly smaller than the area investigated in case study one, covering an area of some 5 400 square metres. The investigative procedure again commenced with trial-hole inspection and rotary percussion drilling, after consulting the existing report and results of the regional gravimetric survey. Again, it was realised that conditions within the footprint area were inconsistent and erratic, as dolomitic bedrock appeared to be incised and filled with variable materials, and therefore the regional gravimetric survey was not sufficient.
It was deduced that the site was underlain by bedrock which had been incised by (what is now) the Sesmylspruit - a perennial water course in close proximity of the study area. The incisions in the bedrock were subsequently most likely backfilled by alluvial materials (i.e. river deposits) comprising a material mixture which includes both fine sandy alluvium and massive transported boulders. Such mixed alluvial materials are frequently encountered in the flood plain of the Sesmylspruit.
Gravimetric survey
It was once again decided to conduct a highdensity gravimetric survey on the site, using five metre grid spacing, as opposed to the 30 metre grid spacing used for the regional survey. The survey was performed using the same equipment and methodology indicated in the first case study. The data from the boreholes already drilled was used to refine the model produced by the gravimetric survey, and the results of the calibrated model were indicative of the complexity of the sub-surface, as illustrated in the threedimensional depiction of the gravimetric survey (see Figure 4). Based on this model, additional percussion boreholes were drilled at key points in an attempt to gain further insight into the profile.
The additional drill samples that were obtained, confirmed the initial findings of a highly irregular bedrock profile. However, upon considering the information obtained from all the boreholes drilled, compared with the results of the high-density gravimetric survey, the results were not entirely sensible. Occasional air and sample losses were recorded whilst cavities were encountered in areas of low and intermediate "gravity", which is in accordance with the current understanding and application of the method in dolomitic environments. However, a cavity was also intercepted in a "gravity high" area. This borehole contained (what is interpreted as) a succession of dolomitic boulders in an alluvial matrix, with hard bedrock encountered at a depth of 25 metres. In comparison, another borehole located on a "gravity high" area revealed hard bedrock from a depth of six metres. The converse was also encountered in a borehole in a "gravity low" area revealing hard bedrock at a depth of seven metres. Simply stated, the borehole data contradicted the gravimetric survey in a number of occasions.
Three-dimensional geological modelling
The geological model compiled for case study two was produced using the same assumptions made for case study one; hence borehole data was divided only as bedrock or overburden to simplify the model. The geological model compiled from borehole data depicts a significantly different image than portrayed by the gravimetric results. That being stated, however, it is anticipated that, due to the highly variable sub-surface conditions, the amount of data obtained from boreholes is not sufficient to produce an entirely representative model. The model based on borehole data is illustrated in Figure 5.
Both the ground truth model (based on borehole data) and the model resulting from the gravimetric survey show that the area is geologically and structurally very complex. The area has a complicated sub-surface topography of ridges and valleys. These features were interpreted as incisions and pinnacles that were influenced by flow channel erosion and differential (and preferential) weathering by the adjacent Sesmylspruit. Such erosion occurred in the geological history of the area. Regardless of this, some features identified by the gravimetric survey could be related to the geological model, though the correlation was poor, at best. In addition, the limited accuracy of the geological model must also be anticipated.
Conditions were simply too variable over very small intervals to allow accurate depiction by the gravimetric survey alone, even one executed on a five metre grid. The high variability of the area exceeds the potential of the grid spacing applied. As such, pinnacles or cavities may be misinterpreted or even missed. Even large structures were not easily identified with the gravimetric survey and these only became apparent with the aid of the three-dimensional geological modelling, which is also considered to be of very limited accuracy. It also appears that large dolomite boulders set in alluvium may deliver false representation as bedrock or pinnacles by the gravity survey, but this interpretation may be corrected if boreholes penetrate these boulders and are drilled into the underlying lithologies.
All things considered, the gravimetric survey that had been conducted at a higher density failed to provide sufficient additional insight into the bedrock profile, a limitation also suffered by the model that was produced based on the borehole data. In this case, it is anticipated that the only manner of identifying the true bedrock profile would be to conduct exploratory drilling - most likely on one metre grid spacing - followed by intense stratigraphic modelling. This never materialised though, as the adverse conditions encountered (i.e. large cavities in the profile) resulted in an unfavourable inherent risk classification, disqualifying the site from use for the proposed project. The project was ultimately abandoned.
The high-density gravimetric method proved to be an excellent and potent tool under suitable circumstances, but also failed to be of notable use on its own under intensely variable (variation from one metre to the next) conditions. It was found that the results of this method compared well with true conditions encountered on site one. However, the predicted model failed to show notable correspondence with the model produced for site two. The real life model produced for the latter site is also expected to be of limited accuracy, due to the high degree of variability in the sub-surface profile.
The high-density gravimetric method (with verification drilling) therefore serves as a very powerful alternative to exploratory drilling on challenging sites, but essentially suffers the same limitations as conventional gravimetric surveys:
The method is susceptible to a scale factor. As such, conditions with high variability over very short intervals may not be accurately depicted by the method, as proved by case study two. The method is known to depict rapid changes such as steep gravity contours (e.g. incised channel walls) inaccurately.
Large boulders in the profile may deliver misleading results, as proved by case study two.
The method requires verification (e.g. drilling of boreholes) and may not be accepted as a representative model of actual conditions without such verification.
The grid spacing at which the survey is done must be appropriate to the nature of the ground conditions in the study area, and critically, to the underlying profile. This grid size of a high-density gravimetric survey cannot be estimated until an initial survey and drilling has been done.
On the other hand, the method holds some major advantages when the grid spacing that is utilised complements the underlying study area. Amongst these are:
The application of a high-density gravimetric survey, though costly, will prove more viable when compared with the costs of exploratory drilling on similarly sized grid spacing and subsequent intense modelling.
The method delivers a wealth of information which, upon verification by drilling, enables the investigator to derive a model of the sub-surface and explore key areas.
In conclusion then, the high-density gravimetric survey is a method worth considering on sites which prove challenging as far as the prevailing profile is concerned. The method can serve as a potent aid in understanding the prevailing conditions and formulating a geological model in the same way that surveys on a larger grid are used to verify regional scenarios. Due to the costs related to such a survey, the method should preferably only be applied to sites where the only remaining alternative is exploratory drilling on a fixed grid. However, the method still suffers the same limitations as conventional gravimetric surveys, and as such must be interpreted and considered within its limitations.
Finally, the comparison between the models predicted by the gravimetric study and the three-dimensional models depicting real life conditions, emphasises the extent to which the modelling and characterisation of borehole data can benefit the investigation and understanding of the karst profile. Whilst current practice requires the use of gravimetric analyses only, the additional geological modelling considered in conjunction with gravimetric data can be manipulated to produce sub-surface models of greater accuracy in a complex geological environment than can be produced by a gravimetric survey or even high-density gravimetric survey. However, the greater accuracy of such a model would necessitate additional exploratory drilling resulting in amplified costs.
The authors wish to thank Soilkraft CC and the Council for Geoscience for the opportunity to produce the research at hand, and also M&T Development for granting the provisional use of project data for the research. Thanks also to Judith Grobler of the Council for Geoscience for assistance in obtaining some hard-to-find literature. Many thanks are due to Mr Richard Day of EEGS for on-going assistance and advice with many aspects of the geophysical methods. Finally, the contributions of Dr R J Kleywegt and Mr I S Venter are also acknowledged with gratitude.
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Botha, W J & Mouton D J (no date). An evaluation of the time domain electromagnetic method as a tool for investigating potential sinkhole formation areas in dolomite. (Source unknown). [ Links ]
Brink, A B A & Partridge, T C 1965. Transvaal karst: Some considerations of development and morphology, with special reference to sinkholes and subsidences on the far West Rand. South African Geographical Journal, 47: 11-34. [ Links ]
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Enslin, J F & Smit, P J 1955. Geophysical surveys for foundations in South Africa with special reference to the sink-holes in the dolomite south of Pretoria. The Transactions of the South African Institution of Civil Engineers, 5(9): 318-322. [ Links ]
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Kleywegt, R J (no date (a)). Engineering geological problems associated with soluble rocks in the Republic of South Africa. (Source unknown). [ Links ]
Kleywegt, R.J. (no date (b)). The role of geophysics in the far West Rand subsidence problem. Pretoria: Geological Survey. [ Links ]
Patterson, D A, Davey, J C, Cooper, A H & Ferris, J K 1995. The investigation of dissolution subsidence incorporating microgravity geophysics at Ripon, Yorkshire. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 28: 83-94. [ Links ]
Roux, P 1981. Ondersoektegnieke in dolomietgebiede samevatting. Proceedings, Seminar on the Engineering Geology of Dolomite Areas, University of Pretoria, pp 74-86. [ Links ]
Trollip, N Y G 2006. The geology of an area south of Pretoria with specific reference to dolomite stability. MSc Dissertation, University of Pretoria, 96 p. [ Links ]
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Izak Breytenbach obtained his MSc degree in Environmental and Engineering Geology from the University of Pretoria in 2009. He is a Professional Natural Scientist registered with SACNA SP (South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions) and a member of SAIEG (South African Institute for Engineering and Environmental Geologists). He works as consultant in the engineering geological and geotechnical field.
PIETER BOSCH , a Professional Natural Scientist, obtained his MSc (Geology) from the University of Pretoria in 1992. He is a Chief Geologist at the Council for Geoscience in Pretoria with 26 years' experience. Pieter specialises in field mapping, sedimentology, dolomitic hazardous land, road aggregate mineralogy and three-dimensional modelling.


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NeNe Leakes of "Real Housewives of Atlanta" and "Celebrity Apprentice" fame is selling some of her "gently worn" designer garments on eBay, UsWeekly reported.
The 44-year-old wrote on NeNeLeakesCloset.com,"I love fashion and I am asked that famous red carpet question all the time: Who are you wearing? All of the top designers, of course, Hunni! Now I want to share these beautiful clothes with you."
Some of the garments listed are a Valentino Blue Spa Skirt (starting at $350), a Celine Burgundy two-piece lamb and silk dress (priced at $825) and a Oscar De La Renta grey skirt (listed at $350).
Leakes co-stars on on the NBC series "The New Normal." She will also appear in the fifth season of Bravo's "Real Housewives of Atlanta."


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Sold Out $32.95
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DUAL-VOLTAGE(110-240V, 50/60Hz) 100%Solid ceramic 1" x 3 ½" plates 140⁰F– 450 ⁰F temperature amplitude FunctioningLED indicator Variabletemperature settings for all hair types Heatsto max temperature rapidly Curvededge plates to achieve...
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Universal dual voltage flat iron - perfect for world wide travel Titanium plates for intensive hair care On/off switch On indicator light Tangle-free swivel power cord. Multi-current from 110-240V
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Various Adapter Plugs for foreign travel for converters, transformers and 2 or 3 pin, dual voltage appliances. The adapter will accept plugs from any country in the world except South...
Set of three embroidered flags. Washable and colorfast, they can be sewn to any fabric. This is a Canadian company
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David Ash threw four touchdown passes and ran for another as the No. 15 Texas shook off a slow start to roll over New Mexico State 56-7 Saturday night.
Ash threw two interceptions in the second quarter and the Longhorns' new up-tempo offense stalled as the Aggies took a 7-0 lead. Ash then connected on touchdown passes of 54 and 66 yards to John Harris and Daje (duh-jay) Johnson in the final two minutes of the first half.
In the third quarter, Ash turned a scramble into a 55-yard touchdown and passed to Malcolm Brown for a 74-yard score. After falling behind, Texas (1-0) scored 35 points on 15 snaps and finished with a school-record 715 total yards with Ash accounting for 434.
Andrew McDonald was 32-of-46 passing with one touchdown, but also had two turnovers for the Aggies (0-1), who went 1-11 last season.


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Photographer's Note
Leading festival flaot is hard mission for them.
Maybe she walked 10 kms or more in so hot day.
Her misssion remains one hour or less.
Nobody marcou esta nota como útil
Critiques | Translate
daddo (28698) 2013-07-12 5:01
Hi dear Takero. The costume and its patterns remind me of Hokusai's prints (even though his subjects were adult women). Beautiful little girl who looks serious about her role. Really classic composition in the style of Japanese woodblock prints. i like it very much. Regards. Klaudio.
jemaflor (125739) 2013-07-12 5:48
Hi Takero,
Excellent portrait well managed, perfect attitude light and colors, Tfs.
yquem46 (38752) 2013-07-12 5:48
hello Takero
Nice colorful and luminous portrait of this young cutie with a good dof to get rid of the BG
Have a nice WE, best regards
PeterDF (421) 2013-07-12 5:53
A very nice photo here of the young lady taking a little break under the shade with her lantern. The colors of her costume are just beautiful...as I have seen before, and her hair decorations are lovely, too..to go with her wonderful face. Very nicely done again, Takero. And hard work for her, too!
SnapRJW (31631) 2013-07-12 6:58
Hello Takero - This is lovely. I like the girl's far-a-way expression and the way her posture makes a lovely 'L' shape on the canvas. Beautiful colours and excellent use of DOF. Congratulations, a super shot. Warm regards Rosemary
Royaldevon (64334) 2013-07-12 7:11
Hello Dear Takero,
This is an exceptionally good portrait of the young girl.
The diagonal composition and the narrow dof are perfectly executed. Then, the details are so eye-catching and the colours nicely saturated.
Lastly, and by no means the least important, her expression shows a stoic determination, despite the heat!
My warm regards,
Bev :-)
No_One (4) 2013-07-12 7:21
Hi Takero,
Another beautiful portrait, the girls costume is beautiful, but her expression and slight smile even more so. I see by her face that even though she is tired and in need of rest and shade, she is very proud to be taking part in this. Nicely seen, a great capture of a moment.
Best wishes from a heat wave in Ireland :)
timecapturer (49288) 2013-07-12 7:37
Hi Takero
what a delightful study this is. So colourful and full of character and a reticent smile that is innocent and beautiful. Executed perfectly and a winning presentation. Excellent!
Have a good weekend - Brian.
goodwill (4242) 2013-07-12 8:00
The floral top on the yellow dress makes the shot a colorful presentation.
Her smiles even though she did walk for 10 kms speaks volumes of her inner strength. Waking with just sleepers for such a long stretch and the socks still not wet! Great stuff of the socks.
What is she holding remains a curiosity for us.
Dear Takero, its the beauty of f stop of 2.8, which has thrown the background off and pops up the kid.
drt100 (3738) 2013-07-12 8:45
A sweet photo - rich with color, position, and .... and happiness. Nice daily life photo.
amitrajs (132) 2013-07-12 10:00
こんにちは Takero.............Lovely face she has........beautiful, colorful, vibrant, great expression on the irl's face.........nice capture.......tfs
chrisvek (7003) 2013-07-12 16:38
Hello Takero
Very wonderful portrait with splendid colors and lightning usage.Perfect saturation and contrasts.Nice POV and atmosphere too.
Have a nice weekend
Sonata11 (34119) 2013-07-12 20:14
Hello Takero,
she's very beautiful girl. Wonderful portrait of this child. Colors, sharpness, clarity are fabulous. Tfs.
Best regards and have a wonderful WE,
jjcordier (79299) 2013-07-12 22:19
Joli portrait de cette délicieuse enfant au costume coloré qui garde son sourire malgré la fatigue.
carlo62 (81029) 2013-07-12 22:32
Ciao caro amico
un magnifico ritratto, la ragazza è molto bella ed i colori del suo vestito ne aumentano la piacevolezza.
Un eccellente lavoro ed una bella condivisione.
danos (110395) 2013-07-13 2:34
Hello Takero,
very nice the snapshot with the young lady to be under the tree for a short breat.I like the vivid colours of her traditional clothes as the excellent light management of the image.
Regards from Athens,Danos
marabu61 (11587) 2013-07-13 4:31
Konichiwa Takero san
Now she definitely has earned a little rest in the shade after such a long walk.
Beautiful portrait with a perfect DOF, she really stands out against the unobstructive background and her dress is beautiful.
have a good weekend
ourania (51103) 2013-07-13 10:05
Hello dear Takero,
a superb portrait of the beautiful girl who looks tired but is still smiling. Her expression is very intriguing too. I love the diagonal of her posture in the vertical frame, the lovely bright colours and sharpness with which she stands out against a deep, blurry and neutral backdrop. The shade is luminous and peaceful, an agreeable temporary shelter for the little girl. Congratulations and thank you!
All the best, have a lovely day,
cornejo (61182) 2013-07-13 12:33
Hello Takero, excellent photography of this beautiful girl, resting a moment after the long journey, very well captured in this very nice and interesting image, with very good sharpness, light and color. Excellent and beautiful work well done, congratulations my friend. Thanks for sharing this interesting work.
Good morning and happy Sunday.
Warm greetings from southern Spain.
mirosu (16313) 2013-07-14 6:13
Hello Takero,
I'm glad to see that we are back in contact. I was missing your nice comments. I always enjoy your excellent festival photos. This one is also superb. You have captured the small girl in very good light. The clean BG is perfect. Really very well done. Greetings, Miro
annjackman (23019) 2013-07-14 7:24
Hello Takero,
A beautiful study of this girl. The shallow DOF is absolutely right for this shot so that she is isolated from the BG. She has a lovely expression and is wearing beautiful colours that you have caught very well.
Kind Regards, Ann
Cricri (176) 2013-07-14 11:08
Hi Takero
J'aime l'expression coquine de la jeune fille, ces vêtements colorées et sa position, très beau portrait
Belle soirée
wolf38 (30) 2013-07-15 22:25
Hello Takero. I like it when one person is singled out from the crowd. This pretty girl is so beautifully dressed. Total beautifully and aesthetically.
Rgds, Wolfgang.
adores (46979) 2013-08-02 12:09
Hi Takero!
Another great portrait during a festival! The pose, the expression, and the traditional and colourful clothes make it perfect. A nice smile. A very good shot!
bachapi (369) 2013-08-24 3:24
Perfect as always, great colors and shot in the good moment.
Photo Information
- Copyright: Takero KAWABATA (bukitgolfb301) (53382)
- Genre: Pessoas
- Medium: Cor
- Date Taken: 2013-07-07
- Categories: Festivais
- Camera: Canon 1DX Mark2, Canon EF 70-200 f/2.8L IS USM, 77 mm CPL
- Exposição: f/2.8, 1/500 segundos
- More Photo Info: view
- Versão da Foto: Versão Original
- Date Submitted: 2013-07-12 4:48
- To PeterDF: Thanks (1)
by bukitgolfb301, last updated 2013-07-12 04:26


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After a strong opening weekend meet at the Belmont Opener, Lipscomb's men and women's cross country teams will travel to Chattanooga for the first of two meets this season in the Scenic City. Friday, the Lipscomb squads will participate in the Powerade Invitational on the Moccasin Bend course, beginning at 5:45 p.m. (ET) with the women's race; the men's will begin immediately after.
The women will run a two-mile race after participating in a four-kilometer in last week's opener. The men will again be in the five-kilometer format.
Last week, both Bison squads enjoyed great success, with the women finishing second as a team and the men earning a respectable fourth. Along the way, Lipscomb dominated some very formidable competition, with the women defeating Kentucky and Tennessee and fellow Atlantic Sun foes Belmont and Kennesaw State. The men's squad also finished ahead of Kennesaw State, as well as Vanderbilt and Middle Tennessee.
This weekend, the competition will be more low-key, without any SEC or Atlantic Sun schools in the running. Competing at Moccasin Bend will be Jacksonville State, Tennessee Martin, MTSU and Tennessee State in addition to the host Mocs and Lipscomb.
This is the second year in a row the Bisons will compete in this event. Last season, the Lady Bisons were third and the men were fifth in the event, with sophomore Lacey Printz (ninth) and junior Ashton Fisher (19th) leading the pack for Lipscomb.
The Lipscomb squads welcome back a couple of contributors this weekend in the form of sophomore Alex Newby and senior Benton Reed, each of whom will make their 2011 debuts for Lipscomb. Newby was an all-conference and all-freshman performer for the Lady Bisons in 2010.
Last week, the women's squad was led by sophomore Danielle Walker's sixth-place finish in the four-kilometer race with a 14:23.80s mark. Classmate Tessa Hoefle also finished in the top-10 with a 10th-place, 14:31.17s run.
The men's squad had three top-10 finishers last week, with juniors Isaiah Greer (15:38.63s, 6th), Tim Muller (15:39.46s, 7th) and Fisher (15:47.61s, 10th) placing high on the Vaughn's Gap course.
The top-seven finishers from last week will all be back in action this weekend for Lipscomb.
The squads will be back in Nashville next weekend when they compete at the Vanderbilt Invitational, returning to the same Vaughn's Gap course they competed on in last weekend's Belmont Opener.
Check back at lipscombsports.com for all your Lipscomb cross country and track and field news, and be sure to like us on Facebook (Lipscomb University: Track & Field).


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DETROIT >> Quick update from the Detroit Red Wings morning skate before hosting the Washington Capitals at Joe Louis Arena.
Henrik Zetterberg returns to the lineup after missing two games with a reoccurring back issue.
"It's important to have him back," Wings coach Mike Babcock said. "Just look at Washington, (Alex Ovechkin) was hurt and suddenly he's back for two games and he had six points. You know you need your big guys, they keep you calm, they help you stay determined. Zetterberg's a real team leader for us so it's important to have him. The rest of us have to play real well obviously but he's an important piece."
Zetterberg replaces Daniel Cleary.
Cleary was supposed to a healthy scratch last Sunday before Zetterberg was a last minute scratch due to a bad back.
Zetterberg, who leads the team with 16 goals and 28 assists, missed 11 games in December with a herniated disc.
After sitting out the last four games, Jakub Kindl returns to the lineup as well replacing Brian Lashoff.
"When you're perceived as an offensive guy you've got to be an offensive guy, but in order to be an offensive guy you can't play in your own zone," Babcock said. "That's the big challenge for him obviously. He's really improved over the years and we think he can help our power play and yet our power play hasn't generated a lot of points here in the last bit with him on it so other guys got their opportunities back in you've got to grab your piece and hang onto it."
The Wings have lost two in a row, allowing nine goals in the process.
"Hopefully, we can play with a little better structure than we did there (in Philadelphia)," Zetterberg said. "We created some chances but couldn't score. I think special teams have to be better, especially tonight. We want to stay out of the box, they got a real good power play. Our power play has to get some goals."
The Capitals are led by Alex Ovechkin, who leads the league with 38 goals. He's also eighth in points with 55.
Ovechkin was a minus-5 in Washington's 5-2 loss Thursday to Columbus.
"Well I think anytime a team plays the night before you're always hoping they go to overtime and it's a real dog fight to the end," Babcock said. "To be honest both teams, us and them, just finished giving up five. You go through the pre-scout on a team that gave up five, you're not very impressed. Both of us need to bounce back and as you look at the standings, it's not too hard to figure out how important these games are. We play them home-and-home and this is a big series for us and a big series for them. So whether they played last night or didn't play last night it's a huge game for us we've got to be ready to go."
In nine career games against Detroit, Ovechkin has eight goals and five assists. He's also got a plus/minus of 0.
"I think for him it's going to be a little bit tougher to move on from a game like that because he's a competitor and that makes it tougher on us," Brendan Smith said. "He's a little more fired up, he wants to redeem himself and he's probably hearing it a lot from over there about being minus-5. So when you have competitors like that they try to prove that it was fluke or it was an off night or whatever the reason is.
"I just know it's going to be tougher for us and that means not only is he scoring, now he's making more plays because he was to change that plus/minus, that means he's a little upset so you have to keep your head up," Smith continued. "He's dangerous in a lot of different categories so that means he might play a little tougher defensively, back-checking even more so. He might have a huge game and it's something that we have to be aware of."
Tonight is the first of a home-and-home series between the Wings and Capitals.
The rematch is Sunday in Washington at 12:30 p.m.
The Capitals won the only other meeting this season on Nov. 15, a 4-3 shootout.


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You can receive your student financial aid refund check as a direct deposit versus a paper check in your checking account. This will allow you to have your funds quicker.
San Juan students to sign up, please complete the attached form- Direct Deposit Authorization Form and submit to the Finance department.
Miami students:
Please log into webadvisor and complete the form. You will be asked to provide your banking information. To access:
1. Go to the WebAdvisor site: http://webadvisor.albizu.edu
2. Login using your institutional account (same as SunMail and Blackboard)
3. Click on the Students banner (orange)
4. On the left side the Financial information section, click on "Bank Information (US)"
5. Input your information, verify and select I Accept
Make sure your information is correct and update immediately with any necessary changes. Banking information should be inputted at minimum one (1) week prior to posted financial aid to ensure your refund is a direct deposit versus paper check. I hope you take advantage of this beneficial resource. Once your financial aid has been applied to your account, the University has up to 14 days to issue you a refund. Having direct deposit will help reduce the turnaround time for your reimbursement.