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Flevoland, which sits more or less in the center of the Netherlands, half an hour from Amsterdam, is the country's newest province, a status that is partly administrative and partly existential. For most of the past several millennia, Flevoland lay at the bottom of an inlet of the North Sea. In the nineteen-thirties, a massive network of dams transformed the inlet into a freshwater lake, and in the nineteen-fifties a drainage project, which was very nearly as massive, allowed Flevoland to emerge out of the muck of the former seafloor. The province's coat of arms, drawn up when it was incorporated, in the nineteen-eighties, features a beast that has the head of a lion and the tail of a mermaid.
Flevoland has some of Europe's richest farmland; its long, narrow fields are planted with potatoes and sugar beets and barley. On each side of the province is a city that has been built from scratch: Almere in the west and Lelystad in the east. In between lies a wilderness that was also constructed, Genesis-like, from the mud.
Known as the Oostvaardersplassen, a name that is pretty much unpronounceable for English-speakers, the reserve occupies fifteen thousand almost perfectly flat acres on the shore of the inlet-turned-lake. This area was originally designated for industry; however, while it was still in the process of drying out, a handful of biologists convinced the Dutch government that they had a better idea. The newest land in Europe could be used to create a Paleolithic landscape. The biologists set about stocking the Oostvaardersplassen with the sorts of animals that would have inhabited the region in prehistoric times—had it not at that point been underwater. In many cases, the animals had been exterminated, so they had to settle for the next best thing. For example, in place of the aurochs, a large and now extinct bovine, they brought in Heck cattle, a variety specially bred by Nazi scientists. (More on the Nazis later.) The cattle grazed and multiplied. So did the red deer, which were trucked in from Scotland, and the horses, which were imported from Poland, and the foxes and the geese and the egrets. In fact, the large mammals reproduced so prolifically that they formed what could, with a certain amount of squinting, be said to resemble the great migratory herds of Africa; the German magazine Der Spiegel has called the Oostvaardersplassen "the Serengeti behind the dikes." Visitors now pay up to forty-five dollars each to take safari-like tours of the park. These are especially popular in the fall, during rutting season.
Such is the success of the Dutch experiment—whatever, exactly, it is—that it has inspired a new movement. Dubbed Rewilding Europe, the movement takes the old notion of wilderness and turns it inside out. Perhaps it's true that genuine wildernesses can only be destroyed, but new "wilderness," what the Dutch call "new nature," can be created. Every year, tens of thousands of acres of economically marginal farmland in Europe are taken out of production. Why not use this land to produce "new nature" to replace what's been lost? The same basic idea could, of course, be applied outside of Europe—it's been proposed, for example, that depopulated expanses of the American Midwest are also candidates for rewilding.
I visited the Oostvaardersplassen during a stretch of very blue days in early fall. As it happened, two film crews, one Dutch and the other French, were also there. The French crew, whose credits include the international hit "Winged Migration," was scouting the reserve for possible use in an upcoming feature about the history of Europe as seen through the eyes of other species. The Dutch crew was finishing up a full-length nature documentary. One afternoon, we all got into vans and drove to the middle of the park. A stiff breeze was blowing, as it almost always does near the North Sea. We passed a marshy area covered in reeds, which nodded in the wind. Ducks bobbed in a pond. Farther on, where the land grew drier, the reeds gave way to grass. We passed a herd of red deer and some aurochs wannabes, and the carcass of a deer, which had been picked almost clean by foxes and ravens. (The Dutch crew had filmed the scavenging with a time-lapse camera.) Eventually, we came to a herd of about a thousand wild—or, at least, feral—horses. They whinnied and cantered and shook their heads. The horses were an almost uniform buff color, and the breeze lifted their manes, which were dark brown. We all piled out of the vans. The horses seemed not to notice us, though we were just a few yards away.
"Ah, c'est joli ça!" the French exclaimed. A flock of black-and-white barnacle geese rose into the air and then, a moment later, a yellow train clicked by, carrying passengers from Almere to Lelystad or, perhaps, vice versa. A few members of the French crew had brought along video cameras. As they panned across the horses—at the edge of the herd, a mare nuzzled a foal that couldn't have been more than two or three days old—I wondered what they would do with the high-voltage power lines in the background. It occurred to me that, like so many post-modern projects, the Oostvaardersplassen was faintly ridiculous. It was also, I had to admit, inspiring.
If one person could be said to be responsible for the Oostvaardersplassen, it is an ecologist named Frans Vera. Vera, who is sixty-three, has gray hair, a gray beard, and a cheerfully combative manner. He spent most of his adult life working for one or another branch of the Dutch government and now works for a private foundation, of which, as far as I could tell, he is the sole employee. Vera picked me up one day at my hotel in Lelystad, and we drove over to the reserve's administrative offices, where we had a cup of coffee in a room decorated with the mounted head of a very large black Heck bull.
Vera explained that he first became interested in the Oostvaardersplassen in the late nineteen-seventies. At that point, he had just graduated from university, in Amsterdam, and was unemployed. He read an article about some Greylag geese that had appeared in the reclaimed area, which was then a boggy no man's land. The geese kept the vegetation low by chomping on it, and in this way maintained their marshy habitat. Vera was an avid bird-watcher, and the story intrigued him. He wrote his own article, arguing that the place ought to be turned into a nature preserve. Soon afterward, he got a job with the Dutch forestry agency.
In the late seventies, the prevailing view in the Netherlands was—and, to a certain extent, it still is—that nature was something to be managed, like a farm. According to this view, a preserve needed to be planted, pruned, and mowed, and the bigger the preserve, the more intervention was required. Vera chafed at this notion. The problem, he decided, was that Europe's large grazers had been hunted to oblivion. If they could be restored, then nature could take care of itself. This theory, coming from a very junior civil servant, was not particularly popular.
"Mostly there's no trouble as long as you are within the borders of an accepted paradigm," Vera told me. "But be aware when you start to discuss the paradigm. Then it starts to be only twenty-five per cent discussion of facts and seventy-five per cent psychology. The thing I most often heard was, 'Who do you think you are?' " Undaunted, Vera kept pushing. He had a few allies at various government ministries, and one of them arranged for him to get the money to buy some Heck cattle. In 1983, while the future of the Oostvaardersplassen was still being debated, Vera acquired the cows from Germany, although he had not yet secured permission from the governing authorities to release them.
"I bought them and I was standing here with the trucks," he recalled happily. "And they were so angry!" This first group of Heck cattle was not allowed onto the site, but a second group, acquired some months later, was let in. The following year, Vera bought forty Konik horses from Poland. Koniks are believed to be descended from tarpans, one of the world's last subspecies of truly wild horse, which survived in Eastern Europe into the nineteenth century. (Practically all the horses that are called "wild" today are, in fact, the offspring of domesticated horses that were, at some point or another, let loose.) Red deer, which are closely related to what Americans call elk, were brought in during the nineteen-nineties.
Meanwhile, other animals were finding their way to the Oostvaardersplassen on their own. Foxes arrived, as did muskrats, which in Europe count as an invasive species. Buzzards and goshawks and gray herons and kingfishers and kestrels turned up. A pair of very large white-tailed eagles swooped in and built their nest in an improbably small tree. In 2005, a rare black vulture appeared, but after a few months in residence it wandered onto the railroad tracks, where it was hit by a train. (The rail line runs along the southern edge of the preserve.) Vera's dream is that one day the Oostvaardersplassen will be connected to other nature reserves in the Netherlands—a plan that has been partly but never fully funded—and that this will, in turn, allow it to attract wolves. Wolves were extirpated from most of Western Europe more than a century ago, but, owing to stringent protections put in place over the past few decades, they have recently been making a comeback in countries like Germany and France. (Two packs, with about ten wolves each, now live within forty miles of Berlin.) Last year, a wolf believed to be the first seen in Holland since the eighteen-sixties was spotted about seventy miles southeast of the Oostvaardersplassen, in the town of Duiven.
"That is probably unimaginable for people in the United States—having wolves in the Netherlands," Vera said. "But it is the future."
After we had finished our coffee, we got into a truck and drove through the gates of the preserve. So effectively have the cows and the horses and the deer kept the place grazed that there was barely a bush to be seen—just acre after very flat acre of clipped grass, like a bowling green. We passed a few groups of deer and a fox that looked back at us with pale, glittering eyes. Vera stopped the truck at a lookout built on stilts. We climbed up a narrow ladder. "This is a window that shows us how the Netherlands looked thousands of years ago," he said, gesturing at the grassland below.
A corollary of Vera's theory about large grazers is a second hypothesis, which he has pushed even more vigorously than the first, if that's possible. Among ecologists, the prevailing view of Europe in its natural, which is to say pre-agrarian, state is that it was heavily forested. (The continent's last stands of old-growth forest are found on the border of Poland and Belarus, in the Białowieża Forest, which the author Alan Weisman has described as a "relic of what once stretched east to Siberia and west to Ireland.") Vera argues that, even before Europeans figured out how to farm, the continent was more of a parklike landscape, with large expanses of open meadow. It was kept this way, he maintains, by large herds of herbivores—aurochs, red deer, tarpans, and European bison. (The bison, also known as wisents, were hunted nearly to extinction by the late eighteen-hundreds.)
Vera has written up his argument in a dense, five-hundred-page treatise that has received a good deal of attention from European naturalists, not all of it favorable. A botany professor at Dublin's Trinity College, Fraser Mitchell, has written that an analysis of ancient pollen "forces the rejection of Vera's hypothesis." Vera, for his part, rejects the rejection, arguing that, precisely because they ate so much grass, the aurochs and the wisents skewed the pollen record. "That is a scientific debate that is still going on," he told me.
Like the rest of Flevoland, the Oostvaardersplassen lies about fifteen feet below sea level and is protected from flooding by a series of thick earthen dikes. As a result, when you are standing in the park, the lake, known as the Markermeer, is above you, which produces the vertiginous sense of a world upside down. In the lovely weather, the Markermeer was filled with sailboats; these seemed to be hovering above the horizon, like zeppelins.
"What we see here is that, instead of what many nature conservationists think—that something that is lost is lost forever—you can have the conditions to have it redeveloped," Vera told me. "So this is the ultimate proof. There's no bird here who says, 'I won't breed here, because it's unnatural—it's four and a half metres below sea level, and I never did that.' " We drove on, and stopped to take a look at the nest built by the white-tailed eagles, another animal that only very narrowly avoided extinction. The eagles showed up in the Oostvaardersplassen in 2006, and became the first pair to breed in the Netherlands since the Middle Ages. Their nest—empty at the time of my visit—was an extraordinary structure, made out of sticks and nearly the size of an armchair. It seemed ready to topple the scrawny tree it was perched in. Vera was particularly pleased with the eagles, because several ornithologists had told him the birds would nest only in very tall, mature trees, of which the Oostvaardersplassen has none.
"Many so-called specialists thought this would be impossible," he said. "The eagles had a different opinion."
Access to the Oostvaardersplassen by humans is strictly controlled, and that morning neither of the film crews was there and no tours were out, so Vera and the animals and I pretty much had the place to ourselves. The quiet was interrupted only by the squawking of the geese and the clatter of an occasional train. We continued west, skirting a herd of red deer. A dead horse was lying in the middle of the herd. Its chest was bloated, and there was a large dark hole where its anus once had been. Vera speculated that it had been made by foxes trying to get at the horse's entrails.
Like genuinely wild animals, those in the Oostvaardersplassen are expected to fend for themselves. They are not fed or bred or vaccinated. Also like wild animals, they often die for lack of resources; for the large herbivores in the reserve, the mortality rate can approach forty per cent a year. From a public-relations point of view, this is far and away the most controversial aspect of Vera's scheme. When the weather is harsh, there's widespread starvation in the preserve, which provides gruesome images for Dutch TV. Often the dying animals are shown huddled up against the fences of the Oostvaardersplassen, a scene that invariably leads to comparisons with the Holocaust.
"You can't have a discussion without the Second World War coming up," Vera told me. "It's really sick-making." In the fall of 2005, the controversy became so heated that the Dutch government appointed a committee—the International Committee on the Management of Large Herbivores in the Oostvaardersplassen, or ICMO—to look into the matter. ICMO recommended a policy of "reactive culling," under which the animals would be monitored over the winter, and those which seemed too weak to survive until spring would be shot.
Michael Coughenour, a research scientist at the Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory at Colorado State University, was a member of ICMO. He told me that while it was difficult to compare mortality rates at the Oostvaardersplassen to those in a place like the Serengeti, "severe-winter die-offs are a natural thing."
"I didn't see anything that looked bad to me," he went on, referring to a visit the committee members made to the Oostvaardersplassen. "I think it's a great experiment to let it run and see what happens."
Even though ICMO's recommendations were adopted, many critics were not satisfied, and in 2006 a Dutch animal-welfare association sued the managers of the Oostvaardersplassen for what it alleged was continuing mistreatment. The group lost the case, appealed, and lost again. Then, in the winter of 2010, an unusually cold one in northern Europe, a Dutch news program aired a segment on the Oostvaardersplassen that showed an emaciated deer stumbling into a half-frozen pond and drowning. A public outcry ensued, prompting an "emergency" debate in parliament.
"It's an illusion to think we can go back to primordial times, dressed in bear furs and floating around in hollowed-out trees," the M.P. who led the debate, Henk Jan Ormel, said. "The world of today looks very different, and we shouldn't make the animals of the Oostvaardersplassen bear the burden of this."
"It became political," Sip van Wieren, a professor of ecology at Wageningen University, told me. "Very political." A second ICMO was convened. This one recommended a policy of "early reactive culling," under which the animals that were deemed unlikely to survive the winter would be shot in the fall. How exactly the rangers at the Oostvaardersplassen were supposed to figure out in November which animals would be starving by February was left rather vague.
When I visited, in September, the number of grazers in the park was at its annual peak, with more than three thousand deer, a thousand horses, and three hundred Heck cattle. Eventually, it is hoped, birth rates in the Oostvaardersplassen will decline, and the population will reach some kind of equilibrium, but in the meantime the shooting continues. Vera and I came upon a group of cows sunning themselves near a dead tree. They regarded us warily, through glassy black eyes. The adults looked fearfully robust, but some of the calves seemed a bit shaky; within a few months, I figured, they'd probably be carcasses. Vera told me that he viewed "early reactive culling" as an arrangement whose only real beneficiaries were humans; as far as the ungulates were concerned, he thought, starving to death was a very peaceful way to go.
"It only has to do with the acceptance of people," he said, "and nothing, in my mind, to do with the suffering of animals."
There are more than 1.5 billion cows in the world today, and all of them are believed to be descended from the aurochs—Bos primigenius—which once ranged across Europe, much of Asia, and parts of the Middle East. Aurochs were considerably more impressive beasts than domesticated cattle. Julius Caesar described them as being just "a little below the elephant in size," with "strength and speed" that was "extraordinary." (It is unlikely that he ever actually saw one.) More recent estimates suggest that males were nearly six feet high at the withers and females five feet. By Roman times, humans had so diminished the aurochs' numbers that the animals were missing from most of their former habitat.
By the fifteen-hundreds, the only place they could still be found in the wild was in the Polish Royal Forests, west of Warsaw. The animals there were understood to be extremely rare, and special gamekeepers were hired to protect them. But their numbers continued to dwindle. In 1557, some fifty aurochs were counted. Forty years later, only half that many remained, and by 1620 only one aurochs—a female—was left. She died in 1627. The aurochs thus earned, as the Dutch writer Cis Van Vuure has put it, "the dubious honor of being the first documented case of extinction." (The next case was the dodo, four decades later.)
The aurochs was essentially forgotten until the early twentieth century, when a spate of scientific papers on the animal appeared. In the nineteen-twenties, two German brothers, Heinz and Lutz Heck, both zoo directors, decided to try to breed back the aurochs, using the genetic material that had been preserved in domesticated cattle. This was, of course, long before DNA testing—or even the discovery of DNA. To guide their efforts, the brothers mainly relied on old pictures of aurochs, many of them drawn by people with no firsthand knowledge of the animal. The brothers chose different kinds of cows for their breeding efforts: Heinz, who directed the zoo in Munich, crossed, among other breeds, Scottish Highland cattle and German Anglers, while Lutz, the director of the Berlin Zoo, mixed Spanish fighting cattle with Corsican and Camargue cattle. Nevertheless, the two claimed that their efforts had produced similar results, which, they argued, proved that "the fundamental principle of breeding back was correct." Even though he continued to crossbreed his crossbreeds, Heinz decided that the project had been successfully completed. "The wild bull, the aurochs, lives again," he wrote.
Not long afterward, the project became tangled up in German politics. In 1938, Lutz, a committed Nazi, was appointed to the Third Reich's Forest Authority. His idea of breeding back the aurochs dovetailed neatly with the Nazis' scheme of restoring Europe, through selective human breeding, to its mythic, Aryan past. Lutz sent some of his "aurochs" to the Rominten Heath, in East Prussia—now Poland—where Hermann Göring had his favorite hunting lodge. Other Heck-bred cows were installed on the grounds of Göring's estate north of Berlin. Most—perhaps all—of these animals were killed toward the end of the Second World War. (According to Clemens Driessen, a Dutch academic who has studied the Heck brothers, Göring personally shot some of the cattle on his estate as the Soviets bore down on Berlin.) But some Heck cattle at the Munich zoo and in parks in Augsburg, Münster, and Duisburg survived.
Over the years, even as Heck cattle have been raised, uneventfully, in once Nazi-occupied nations like the Netherlands—it's the descendants of the Munich-bred cows that now graze the Oostvaardersplassen—they've never managed to shake their Fascist associations. Many regard them as a sort of veterinary version of the "Hitler Diaries"—half horror, half joke. Not long ago, when a British farmer imported some Heck cattle from Belgium, the story made national news.
"NAZI 'SUPER-COWS' SHIPPED TO DEVON FARM," the Guardian reported.
"THE HERD REICH," ran the headline in the Sun.
As more aurochs remains have been unearthed and more sophisticated research has been done on them, it's become clear that the Heck brothers' creation is a far cry from the original—Heck cattle are too small, their horns have the wrong shape, and the proportions of their bodies are off. All of which has led to a new, de-Nazified effort to back-breed the aurochs. This project is based in the Dutch city of Nijmegen, about fifty miles southeast of Amsterdam, and is entirely independent of the Oostvaardersplassen. Still, it reflects much the same can-do, "what is lost is not lost forever" approach to conservation. So while I was in the Netherlands I decided to go for a visit.
"Watch out," Henri Kerkdijk warned. It was another surprisingly blue day, and we were tromping through a weedy field toward a line of trees. I looked back at him, which turned out to be a mistake, because at that moment I stepped into a large pile of cow shit. As I scraped it from my shoes, I wondered how much bigger the pile would have been had it been produced by an actual aurochs.
Standing in the shade of the trees were about a dozen cows of varying color and size. Kerkdijk pointed to two black bulls bent over a patch of grass. The first was called Manolo Uno. He was two years old and not yet fully grown, but already he measured almost five feet at the withers. He had a grayish muzzle, a light stripe down his back, and forward-tilting horns that reminded me of Ferdinand's. I have no idea how closely he resembled an actual aurochs; certainly, though, he seemed a very imposing beast, larger and more menacing-looking than the Heck cattle at the Oostvaardersplassen. The second bull, Rocky, was a year younger than Manolo but almost as big. This Kerkdijk took as a particularly promising sign. "That one's going to be really tall," he said.
Four years ago, Kerkdijk teamed up with an environmental consultant named Ronald Goderie to start the TaurOs program, the stated goal of which is to give "the rebuilding of the aurochs a serious try." (In a recent write-up of the effort, the two men dismiss Heck cattle as "considered by experts to be a failure.") At the point that I met with them, the project had generated nearly a hundred calves, of which Manolo Uno and Rocky had been deemed the most aurochs-like. To create the calves, Kerkdijk and Goderie had crossed several so-called primitive cattle breeds—varieties developed hundreds, even thousands, of years ago, and therefore more likely to retain aurochs-like features. Manolo, for example, represents a cross between an Italian breed known as Maremmana primitivo and a Spanish breed known as Pajuna. At two, he was old enough to be crossbred himself. But he had refused to part with any of his semen for the purpose of artificial insemination, a demurral that Kerkdijk took as evidence of his virility and a further positive sign.
Ninety years after the Heck brothers' attempt, the basic idea behind back-breeding remains pretty much the same. If different breeds of primitive cattle preserve different stretches of the aurochs's genetic material, then reassembling those stretches should produce something close to—though not exactly like—the original. (Kerkdijk and Goderie have decided that their new animal should be called not an aurochs but a "tauros.") Scientists in England and Ireland have succeeded in sequencing a small subset of the aurochs's DNA—its mitochondrial DNA—using a seven-thousand-year-old bone that was found in a cave in Derbyshire. Other scientists have been approached about sequencing the entire genome. When—or, really, if—this work is completed, it should be possible to gauge how close a calf comes to an authentic aurochs by analyzing a blood sample or a bit of saliva.
According to the timetable Kerkdijk and Goderie have drawn up, herds of "tauroses" should be ready by around 2025. By that point, the two expect that large tracts of Europe will have been rewilded, and the animals will be allowed to roam across them. How the intervening years' worth of breeding and crossbreeding and genetic evaluation will be funded remains a bit murky. Currently, the project is supported in part by renting cows to nature parks and in part by butchering them. The meat is marketed as "wild beef," and it commands a premium in Amsterdam, where it is available only to customers who sign up for delivery in advance. Kerkdijk said that "wild beef" sales had risen dramatically over the last year or so, owing to interest in the tauros. I asked if I could try some.
"Did you bring your bow and arrow?" Goderie asked.
Like so much in Europe today, the term "rewilding" is an American import. It was coined in the nineteen-nineties, and first proposed as a conservation strategy by two biologists, Michael Soulé, now a professor emeritus at the University of California at Santa Cruz, and Reed Noss, a research professor at the University of Central Florida. According to Soulé and Noss, the problem with most conservation plans was that they aimed to protect what exists. Yet what exists is often just a shadow of what once was. In most of the United States, large predators like wolves and cougars have been wiped out. Without top predators, the two argued, ecosystems no longer really function as systems.
"A cynic might describe rewilding as an atavistic obsession," they wrote. "A more sympathetic critic might label it romantic. We contend, however, that rewilding is simply scientific realism." According to Soulé and Noss, rewilding demanded, in addition to predators, the establishment of large, strictly protected "core" reserves, and migratory corridors linking one to the next. They summarized their formula as "the three C's: cores, corridors, and carnivores." These ideas are now considered mainstream by conservation biologists, even those who would not necessarily describe themselves as proponents of rewilding.
In 2005, a dozen biologists took the concept of rewilding one step further. In an article published in the journal Nature, the group presented a plan for what it called "Pleistocene rewilding."
When humans arrived in North America, some thirteen thousand years ago, toward the end of the last ice age, they killed off most of the continent's largest mammals, leaving key ecological roles unfilled. The Pleistocene rewilders proposed finding substitute animals that could serve in their place. For instance, African or Asian elephants could be let loose to make up for the long-lost woolly mammoth. Similarly, Bactrian camels, which are native to the steppes of Central Asia, could take up the slack left by the vanished North American Camelops. The authors—almost all of them were academics—envisioned a series of small-scale experiments leading up to the creation of "one or more 'ecological history parks,' " which would cover "vast areas of economically depressed parts of the Great Plains." In these huge "history parks," elephants, camels, and African cheetahs—to replace the missing American cheetah—would roam freely. The ecologists called their plan "an optimistic alternative" to what was otherwise likely to be a future filled with "ever more pest-and-weed dominated landscapes" and "the extinction of most, if not all, large vertebrates."
The lead author of the Nature article, Josh Donlan, now runs a nonprofit group called Advanced Conservation Strategies and is a visiting fellow at Cornell. He characterized reactions to Pleistocene rewilding as "bimodal."
"People either loved it or hated it, both in the scientific community and in the public," he told me. In the United States, Pleistocene rewilding never got very far; the only practical step that's been taken has been the reintroduction to private land in New Mexico of a giant tortoise known as the Bolton tortoise. (The Bolton tortoise, which disappeared from what's now the U.S. about eight thousand years ago, survived south of the border in very small numbers.) As it happened, though, a Russian scientist named Sergey Zimov had a similar idea. Also in 2005, he published an article in Science describing an experimental preserve in Siberia that he had set up and named the Pleistocene Park. Zimov's aim was to show that the area, which ten thousand years or so ago supported great herds of large mammals, was still capable of doing so.
"We are not trying exactly to reconstruct the mammoth steppe ecosystem, because we don't have the mammoth," Zimov told me recently by phone from St. Petersburg. "But we are trying to reconstruct the highly productive steppe ecosystem." Zimov brought in reindeer and a breed of very cold-hardy horses known as Yakutians. A few years ago, he imported five European bison to the park, but only one—a male—survived the second winter. "Now we are looking for girlfriends," Zimov said. Several musk oxen were also brought in, but they, too, were all males. "We also search females for them," Zimov told me. The Pleistocene Park, which is in northeastern Siberia, is so remote that almost no one who isn't conducting research there has ever visited it.
As Europeans have taken up the term, "rewilding" has shifted its meaning yet again. The concept has become at once less threatening and more gastronomically appealing: it is expected that visitors to the continent's rewilded regions will be able to enjoy not just the safari-like tours but also the local cuisine. (One park in Portugal in the process of "rewilding" offers its own brand of olive oil.)
Rewilding Europe, the group that is pushing the concept most vigorously, was founded three years ago by two Dutchmen, a Swede, and a Scot. One of the Dutchmen, Wouter Helmer, lives not far from the field where Manolo and Rocky are pastured, and the day after I visited the bulls I went to meet him at his house, which is at the edge of a park, in a small clearing that made me think of Goldilocks.
Helmer explained that the goal of Rewilding Europe was, in effect, to create giant versions of the Oostvaardersplassen, each at least fifteen times as large. "Frans Vera always says, 'If the Dutch can do it, everyone can do it,' " he told me. To get the project started, the group has raised more than six million euros—roughly seven and a half million dollars—much of it from the Dutch postcode lottery, which might be compared to the New York State lottery, except that the proceeds go to charity. Last year, after receiving twenty applications from organizations across the continent, the group chose five regions to serve as what it calls "model rewilding areas"—a part of the Danube Delta, spanning the border of Romania and Ukraine; an area in the southern Carpathian Mountains, also known as the Transylvanian Alps; and areas in the eastern Carpathians, the mountains of Croatia, and the western Iberian Peninsula. One quality these areas share is that fewer and fewer people want to live in them.
"There's no economy in big parts of Europe," Helmer told me. "We think it's a window of opportunity." The idea is to rewild the areas by connecting existing reserves with tracts of abandoned land and working farms whose owners can be persuaded to let a herd of aurochs (or tauroses) wander across their property. (The lure for landowners is supposed to be an influx of tourists, who will come and open their wallets.)
Helmer stressed to me that Rewilding Europe was not particularly concerned about whether the new landscape that would be created would resemble the ancient one that had been altered or destroyed. "We're not looking backward but forward," he said at one point.
"We try to avoid too much discussion of wilderness," he observed at another. "For us, that is not the most important thing—at the end will this be a wilderness or not? It will be wilder than it was, and that's what matters."
One morning not long after this, I found myself sitting in a small hut, staring at a pile of dead chickens. The chickens had pure white feathers that were matted with blood, and they lay with their half-severed heads and rigid legs tilted at grotesque angles. After a while, a half-dozen Griffon vultures settled into a nearby tree. Griffon vultures are large birds with light-colored faces and dark bodies, and the group in the tree resembled a gathering of harpies. A little while later, a pair of black vultures showed up and began circling overhead. Black vultures are even larger than Griffons, with wingspans that can reach ten feet. They are majestic, funereal-looking birds, and watching them feels like a premonition of one's own death. The chickens had been laid out as part of a supplementary feeding program for the birds, who, it seemed, were not hungry. The black vultures continued to circle, the Griffon vultures continued to sit in the tree, and the small hut grew stuffier. After a few hours, my companion, Diego Benito, decided that the spectacle we had come to see was not going to take place, and so, disappointed, we left.
Benito runs a thirteen-hundred-acre nature preserve in far western Spain called the Campanarios de Azaba. The preserve is part of the Rewilding Europe "model area" in western Iberia, and of the five areas it's the easiest to get to. Nevertheless, the trip there involves a four-hour drive from Madrid, through the provinces of Ávila and Salamanca.
Since the vultures weren't coöperating, Benito suggested we tour the rest of the reserve. Until fairly recently, the place had been a farm, and it was dotted with oak trees whose acorns had gone to fattening pigs. It was hot and dry as we crunched along through the underbrush. Even though I knew the nearest town wasn't more than a few miles away, the terrain seemed empty enough to get lost in, and I was reminded of a time in the New Mexico desert when I'd read a trail map wrong and found myself walking in circles. We encountered some very handsome horses, which, Benito told me, belonged to a rare and ancient Spanish breed known as Retuertas. Farther on, we came to a fenced-in area filled with a network of small but clearly man-made tunnels. These, Benito explained, had been dug for the benefit of rabbits, which in Spain—and, indeed, throughout Europe—have been decimated by a disease known as myxomatosis. The myoma virus was purposefully introduced on a private estate in France as a rabbit-control measure in the nineteen-fifties and has since spread across the continent. (The loss of rabbits has led to a decline in animals that prey on rabbits, like the Iberian lynx, which is now considered to be critically endangered.) The fences were supposed to protect some reintroduced rabbits from foxes, but the rabbits had refused to stay put, so now the enclosures were empty. The same was true of a series of circular platforms that had been erected in some oak trees as nesting sites for black storks. The black storks hadn't been interested in them.
"You can't be a hundred per cent sure of success, because wild animals are wild animals," Benito told me. We went looking for some Sayaguesa cows that had recently been purchased with Rewilding Europe money, but they seemed to be avoiding us. Sayaguesas are another primitive breed of interest to the TaurOs program, an enterprise that Benito told me he was eager to get involved in. "If you want to sell a product, you have to have a story," he said.
That afternoon, after a lunch of local (and quite tasty) pork cutlets, we drove out of the reserve to the top of a nearby mountain. Along the way, we passed through a couple of villages that, Benito explained, were in the process of disappearing; the schools had closed for lack of children and only the old people remained. In one of the towns, La Encina, we stopped to meet the mayor, a slight, elderly man named José Maria. According to Maria, the number of residents in La Encina had dropped by more than fifty per cent in just the past fifteen years. He was enthusiastic about the idea of rewilding, he said, because it had "a lot of potential to bring tourists." From the top of the mountain, we could see across to Portugal, some fifteen miles away. The valley was a patchwork of brown fields, pine forests that had been planted during the Franco era, and evenly spaced oaks of the sort I'd seen at the preserve. According to a brochure that Wouter Helmer had given me, the entire region was ripe for rewilding, owing to "rural depopulation"; the aim was to transform at least a thousand square kilometres, or two hundred and fifty thousand acres. I tried to imagine the whole valley converted into an Iberian version of the Oostvaardersplassen. Certainly it was a lot less populated than the outskirts of Amsterdam. Still, I realized, I wasn't sure what I was supposed to be envisioning. The pine plantations could never be considered wild: would they have to go? What about the pruned oaks, and the pigs that were still snuffling around them for acorns, and the brown fields, and all the tiny, dying towns waiting for an influx of tourists?
One of the appeals of rewilding is that it represents a proactive agenda—as Josh Donlan and his Pleistocene rewilding colleagues put it, a hopeful alternative to just sitting around, mourning what's been lost. In a rewilded world, even extinction need not be considered irrevocable; the aurochs will lie down with the lynx, and the deer and the elephants will roam. On a planet increasingly dominated by people—even the deep oceans today are being altered by humans—it probably makes sense to think about wilderness, too, as a human creation. The more I saw, the more I understood why Europeans, in particular, were attracted to the idea, and the more I wanted to be convinced that it could work. But, as I looked back toward the Campanarios de Azaba, I thought of the vacant rabbit tunnels and the empty platforms built for the storks, and I wasn't at all sure.
It was dusk by the time we headed down the mountain. Benito got a call on his cell phone from a local farmer who had a dead pig he thought the vultures might be interested in. On our way back, we stopped by to see what had happened to the chickens. Every one of them was gone, including the bones. ♦


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- Photography by Mr Dima Hohlov | Styling by Mr Jason Hughes
- Words by Mr Chris Elvidge, Senior Copywriter, MR PORTER
With his long hair and trademark black preacher hat, Mr Jamie N Commons looks rather like he's just stepped off the set of a Coen brothers movie. He bears a passing resemblance to Mr Paul Dano in There Will Be Blood, too. Or Mr Jack White in Cold Mountain. And, from certain angles, he looks a little like Mr Michael Pitt's depiction of Mr Kurt Cobain in Last Days.
It's an occupational hazard for a musician who wears his influences so proudly on his sleeve. But the truth is that the Bristol-born 24-year-old looks - and sounds - like rather a lot of people. That remarkable, rasping baritone, so at odds with his tender years, conjures up the vocal style of Mr Gregg Allman or Mr Tom Waits, or even a late-career Mr Johnny Cash; his songs, meanwhile, are so steeped in US musical tradition - from the sparse, gospel-inspired blues that marked his debut EP, The Baron, to the barnstorming, foot-stomping, fuzzed-out rock'n'roll of his latest, Rumble and Sway - that listing the names that his music brings to mind could take you all day.
There are no doubt those that might be suspicious of someone so young, born on the wrong side of the Atlantic, and boasting such an authentic sound. But although his style may be unapologetically American, Mr Commons is no tribute act. He's transcending his influences to carve out an identity that's all his own.
"It started when I moved from the UK to Chicago, when I was seven, eight years old," he tells MR PORTER, when asked to trace back his musical roots. "I lived there until I was around 14. Back then I was probably listening to more music then than I am now." It sounds like an appropriate beginning for a burgeoning bluesman, but although he describes them as his formative years, he's refreshingly honest about his time spent there. "It's a better story than it is a reality," he laughs. "Growing up in Chicago, hanging out in blues clubs and listening to Muddy Waters? Nah. I left when I was 14, 15, so I wasn't really out on the tiles. But you absorb a lot. It helped that almost anywhere you go in America there's a station that plays just late 1960s and 1970s rock. It seems as if everyone in the US, even without trying, has a background knowledge of this music."
It's from the US, in fact, that Mr Commons has just returned, having completed a seven-week tour - his first in the country. The "litmus test" of playing American music to an American crowd seems to have gone rather well. "It went fantastically well, actually," he beams. "It was a big boost - we got better reactions than anywhere we've had in Europe." Confirmation, if it were needed, that Mr Commons' star is on the rise. This seal of approval from grass-roots audiences comes shortly after being featured prominently on the soundtrack to the hit TV horror drama series, The Walking Dead.
Mr Commons describes "Lead Me Home", the brooding, atmospheric track that features in the show's new-season promotional campaign, as "about as dark as I go" - and while he admits that it's an important part of his repertoire, he's quick to point out that it's not his typical style. "The idea of going on the road, just me and a guitar, and singing heavy, confessional songs? When I'm older, maybe. But right now I just wanna get people dancing. Take 'Rumble and Sway'," he says, of his latest EP's rambunctious title track. "That's about the social dynamic in a strip club. I mean, I'm not a big fan of strip clubs," he says. "But there hasn't been a good strip club tune for what, 20 years? Really, I can't think of the last one. Mötley Crüe, 'Girls, Girls, Girls'?"
Make light he well might; times are looking bright for this young musician. A full-length album is on the way later this year, which promises to take his sound in a new direction by blending in elements of hip-hop. "Hip-hop production is so clinical, but the blues is so loose by nature - the challenge is to make something unique that brings both together, but that can still be classified, first and foremost, as blues," he says. He is also rumoured to have been sampled in an Eminem track, due for release this summer - an endorsement that could do for his career what 2000's "Stan" did for Dido's. Mr Jamie N Commons, hold onto your hat: it's shaping up to be a very exciting year.

subset: commoncrawl


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Fueling The Passion For Travel
Marko's travel blog
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Egyptian-American living in between countries
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Find your bliss
This blog is about my experiences after retirement and other travels
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32, bald and blogging about all things alopecia, chronic illness and other stuff that makes my life what it is...the highs, the lows and everything in between.
Travelling to new places can bring great transformation
Discover, Share & Connect Your Passion with the World!
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Professional Book Editor - Marketing Advisor - Book Reviewer
A Mama-Bear's Daily Musings.
travel. learn. love. soar.
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I get lost in the world, but you can find me here
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Travel Information - City Breaks - Road Trips - Travel Itineraries
Just a normal girl in a big wide world...
to infinity and beyond.
Life is way too beautiful


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We drove up to the gates of the base at Great Lakes, IL, and were waved on by
the recruit standing watch. We pulled in as there were thousands of other
family members there, waiting to see their loved ones, which they had been away
from for so long. But I knew inside that none of them were as excited as I was.
None of them wanted this as much as I did. So, we continued to pass through the
crowd, ever so slowly, and pulled into the parking lot. We were finally there,
accross the street from this hell they call bootcamp. I saw the barracks, and
wanted to cry. Everything looked so miserable. It's like you could feel all the
pressure, the hurt, the pain that these recruits had been through the last 8
weeks. But it was about to be over, and the anticipation was killing me.
I entered the building called the visitors center, only to see hundreds of
other young girls and other family members waiting. Walking towards the other
end of the building, I found other wives and girlfriends waiting by a
conference room for the meeting. They were going to tell us what we needed to
know about this new life we are or already have started. Entering quickly, I
sat and awaited further instruction. After all, who really cared what this lady
had to say. We all just wanted to see our men! But, we waited, and listened. I
thought she said some very important things, but as some people walked out, I
guess they just felt they didn't need to know. After the meeting, I felt like I
was in somekind of a better place than all those other wives (and a couple
husbands). Most of them just seemed so immature, and so ignorant. I know, I am
immature sometimes too, but I am also mature in most ways, and definitely not
ignorant. Some of these ladies didn't even know their men would be going out to
Eventually, the graduation started. The divisions walked out, and one by one,
they marched into position. There were hundreds of them, all in their uniforms,
marching in sync. I didn't see him though. I was right in front of his
didvision, 275, and looking frantically, but never actually saw him. I started
to panic, thinking, what if something hapedned? What if he was hurt in battle
stations, or they set him back a week? What if he wasn't there, and I wouldn't
get to see him? I had waited the last ten weeks for this moment, and I don't
know what I would have done if this happened. But, I tried to stay calm, and
after what seemed like an eternity, the graduation came to an end, and the
divisions turned and marched passed us. It was then that I saw my husband for
the first time in two and a half months. This feeling of pride and joy
overwhelmed my body as I jumped with excitement and yelled to my mom, "There he
is! I see him! I see him!" I felt so incredibly proud, standing there, watching
my husband.
Finally, they said it, "Liberty call, Liberty call!". It was true, all hell
broke loose. I ran down as did everyone else. I was looking frantically, trying
to see my husband so I could run to him, and hold him again. But, I couldn't
see him. All of the sudden, out of the corner of my eye, I saw him run towards
me with tears in his eyes. I recognized him immediately, and turned toward him
as my eyes teared up also. He grabbed me and held me so tight, as if he would
never let me go. This was the moment we had waited for. To finally reunite, and
hold each other again. I felt whole again, like I no longer had anything
missing. The last two and half months had been hell, for both of us, and that
was over now. It felt so good to know that. I finally realized that I was lucky
one, to have such an honesst, respected, hard working husband. He did this for
me, for us. And for that, I am forever in his debt.
By: Nicole Harrison
contributed by Nicole Harrison


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Jennifer Aniston's next film, "The Baster," follows a woman who opts for artificial insemination – but would Jen herself go that route for kids?
"I'm ready for anything. Bring it on," she told Access Hollywood's Billy Bush at the premiere of her latest film, "Love Happens," in LA on Tuesday night. "I wouldn't rule anything out."
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Fall Movies 2009
But the 40-year-old single star admitted it wouldn't be her method of choice.
"It would not be my first choice," she told Billy.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Jennifer Aniston: From TV 'Friend' To Box Office Superstar
And while children may still be a ways off for Jen, she's got no shortage of movies on the way – her latest, "Love Happens," opens on Friday.
Between films, the fit star is always in shape – so how does she do it?
"I actually Fred Flintstoned my way over here," she said, referencing the cartoon character's foot-powered car.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Workin' Up A Sweat With Stars Staying Fit
"That's really the whole trick so you can't give that away," Jen joked about her impressive legs.
But humor aside, she added it's an important part of her routine.
"I do love to run," she said.
Related Content from AccessHollywood.com:
PLAY IT NOW: Jennifer Aniston's 'Love Happens' Premiere, Los Angeles
PLAY IT NOW: Jennifer Aniston Brought To Tears On The Red Carpet (September 16, 2009)
MORE ACCESS ON THESE TOPICS: Jennifer Aniston - Movies - Summer Shape-Up - Celebrities


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In the competitive industry of graphic design, it can be difficult to establish a name brand. Nonetheless, there are a couple dozen design firms around the world that have managed to cut through the clutter and gain international prestige.
Their roster of clients, impressive portfolio of work, prominence in local markets and international reach have made them some of the most famous graphic design companies on the planet. Read on below for the dream-team list of design agencies (in no particular order).
1. Pentagram
One of the biggest and most famous graphic design companies in the world, Pentagram is owned and run equally by 19 partners—all of whom are leaders in the design industry. Their star-studded list of past and present partners includes names like Alan Fletcher, Bob Gill, Paula Scher and Michael Bierut.
Headquarters: London
Locations: New York, San Francisco, Berlin and Austin.
Notable clients: The Guggenheim, The Victoria & Albert Museum, The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, Cosmopolitan, Boots, Revlon, Sesame Street, Citibank, 21st Century Fox, Harley Davidson, Codeacademy, Princeton University, General Electric, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Guitar Hero, Late Night With Jimmy Fallon, Sundance Film Festival, Bennetton, Sake Fifth Avenue, Tiffany & Co, Alexander McQueen, Grey Goose, Popeyes, MillerCoors, WeightWatchers, Stanford Law School, Rolls Royce, Vanity Fair, Sotheby's, Nissan, Pantone, Nokia, Reuters, Penguin Press, Time Warner, Walgreens, FIFA, Nike, United Airlines.
2. Landor
In their own words, Landor is "the world's preeminent brand consulting firm." Headquartered in San Francisco with 36 offices in 20 countries, this design giant has one of the most enviable client lists on the planet.
Headquarters: San Francisco
Locations: Bangkok, Beijing, Cape Town, Chicago, Cincinnati, Dubai, Geneva, Hamburg, Hanoi, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, London, Melbourne, Mexico City, Milan, Moscow, Mumbai, New York, Paris, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney and Tokyo
Notable clients: FedEx, P&G, BP, John Deere, Smirnoff, Kraft, Singapore Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, BMW, Volvo, Volkswagen, Land Rover, Moet & Chandon, MillerCoors, Tsingtao, Evian, Nescafe, Crest, Old Spice, PepsiCo, Vicks, Procter & Gamble, Cotton Inc, Juicy Couture, Levi Strauss, Rolex, 7 For All Mankind.
3. Meta Design
One of the leading design firms in the world, Meta Design has crafted compelling brand experiences for more than 20 years. From reinventing Apple's Mac OS design system to collaborating on Adobe's packaging and identity, their caliber of work resonates on a global level that's tough to match.
Headquarters: San Francisco
Locations: Zurich, Beijing, Berlin, Dusseldorf and Geneva
Notable clients: Adidas, AT&T, Apple, Adobe, AOL, Audi, Bank of America, Barclays, Belkin, Bugatti, Charles Schwab, Chevron, Cisco, Coca Cola Comcast, eBay, Expedia, FIFA, Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, Fujifilm, Fujitsu, Gap, Genentech, Hewlett-Packard, Inkling, Intel, Intuit, Kohler, Lamborghini, LG Electronics, Lufthansa, McAfee, McGraw Hill, Motorola, MTV, Netflix, Nike, Nokia, Polo Ralph Lauren, Samsung, Sony, Volkswagen, Walmart, Wells Fargo, Xerox, Yahoo!
4. The Chase
Ranked number one in 2013 by Design Week National Creative League Table and clocking more than 250 national and international awards, The Chase has garnered attention for their innovative corporate branding and print design. These self-proclaimed "creative consultants" offer an interesting sampling of skills including calendar design, museum exhibits, and sports stadium branding.
Headquarters: Manchester
Locations: Preston and London
Notable clients: Alibaba, Amnesty International, BBC, Disney, Fujitsu, Hewlett Packard, Shell, Smirnoff, Yellow Pages
5. Charlie Smith Design
Charlie Smith Design was founded in 2003 by ex-Pentagram designer Charlie Smith. Coming from such a world-renowned company, it's no surprise her new project was a success. Her team offers a full range of services including packaging and digital, and they take a detail oriented approach, giving attention to every aspect of each design project, from paper choice to materials used.
Headquarters: London
Notable clients: John Lewis, V&A, Louis Vuitton, Royal Academy of Arts, Yale, University of the Arts London, Tate, Phaidon, Terence Woodgate, British Council, Creative Review
6. Happy Cog
This New York-based firm was founded by web design guru Jeffrey Zeldman and has won more web design awards than just about anybody. Known for their engaging web environments, Happy Cog keeps their high-profile clients happy with their impressive web design, development, and user experience consultancy.
In their own words, Happy Cog is the design studio "behind web standards, and the place where responsive design began."
Headquarters: New York
Locations: Philadelphia and Austin
Notable clients: Ben & Jerry's, MTV, Zappos.com, Fonts.com, Standford University, Thompson Reuters, Mozilla.org, Lagunitas Brewing Company
7. Chermayeff & Geismar & Haviv
Designers Ivan Chermayeff and Tom Geismar are like two lesser-known Paul Rands. They started in 1958 and have worked for the biggest clients in the world. Their work is iconic and has stood the test of time. With the semi-recent addition of Sagi Haviv in 2006, Chermayeff & Geismar & Haviv is going strong and continuing to shape some of the biggest brands in the world.
Headquarters: New York
Notable clients: Chase Bank, National Geographic, Mobil, Library of Congress, Armani Exchange, NBC, Avery, Aquariums, Lisbon Aquarium, National Aquarium, New England Aquarium, Osaka Oceanarium, Tennessee Aquarium, Barneys New York, Bicentennial, Brown University, CB Richard Ellis, Conservation Int'l, Cornell University, EPA, Grey Advertising, HarperCollins, Harvard U. Press, Hearst, International Identities, MoMA, NYU, Pan Am, PBS, Princeton U. Press, Rockefeller Center, Showtime, Smithsonian, UNDP, Univision
8. Saffron Brand Consultants
Based in Madrid, Saffron Brand Consultants' approach is to help "transform brands and businesses with the clarity of rigorous thinking and the courage of bold ideas." Started back in 2001, the firm has climbed its way to the top by embracing globalization and the potential of emerging markets.
Headquarters: Madrid
Offices: London, New York, Mumbai, Vienna and Istanbul
Notable clients: Goldman Sachs, West Bengal, London, Fujitsu, The Institute of Cancer Research, Vueling, CocaCola, V Festival
9. Mucho
Mucho carries an awareness that designs travel beyond the computer screen: designs appear in the world around us, and designers should take care to make the world look aesthetically pleasing. Additionally, they are dedicated to shaping how their clients are perceived on an international level. Their success in this regard is proven through their astonishingly large client list.
Headquarters: Barcelona
Locations: Newark, Paris, San Francisco, New York
Notable clients: AIGA, All Good Scents, Alma Hotels, Art of Sport, Bath Spa University, BCD, Betway, BMW, Canal+, CUBBO, Cultural Institute of San Francisco, Cure Life Products, El País, EMI Music Spain, Future Designs, Gap Inc., Google, HP, Icon publishing, Igloo Films, Kodak, Majestic Hotel Group, Mars, Museum of Lincolnshire Life, Phaidon Press, Piece x Piece, Primero Primera, Public Arts East Midlands Arts, Puig, Pumpkin Pet Products, Qube Homes, Random House Mondadori, San Francisco Art Exchange, San Francisco Civic Center, Sónar/Advanced Music, The Boutique Life, The Collection, The Observer, University of California
10. A Practice for Everyday Life
A Practice for Everyday Life has built their reputation on solid business relationships with like-minded clients. They focus on concepts, making sure every design in unique and meaningful. Their scope of work includes art direction, identities, publications, exhibitions, type design, signage, packaging, and digital.
Headquarters: London
Notable clients: Performa, Manchester School of Art, APFEL, Art on the Underground, Australian Center for Contemporary Arts, Tate, Modern Art Oxford
11. Spin
Spin is all about bringing elegant and clean ideas to a wide range of sectors, including arts, communication, broadcast, design, electronics and entertainment. Spin also prides themselves on their proactive responses to creative briefs—which includes in-depth background research on their clients and even workshops with target-demographics if necessary.
Headquarters: London
Notable clients: Channel 4, Collect, Crafts Council, D&AD, Design Museum, Deutsche Bank, HP, Meta, Ministry of Sound, Nike, Print Magazine, Proa, Simon Pengelly, Wired
12. SocioDesign
SocioDesign is famed for their minimal and reductive style which allows clients to turn their brands into cross-cultural assets. In other words, their designs have a universal feel to them which appeals to many regions of the globe. This global approach has allowed SocioDesign to reach further than most design studios, and is what has helped develop their international fame.
Headquarters: London
Notable clients: Capital Magazine, Rambling Muse, STOR, Trace Magazine, Twice Fashion, KAE, MatchPrint, Truth Consulting, Kickstart
13. Only
Only is a strategy and design consultancy that has won awards at Heist and BIMA events. Their focus lies in connecting brands to people by creating designs which accurately articulate each company's ideas. They also find inspiration from the people who their clients serve, which further strengthens the client/customer connection.
Headquarters: Leeds
Notable clients: University of Suffolk, Helbers, British Interactive Media Association, Design for Europe, Onaway
14. Made by Alphabet
Made by Alphabet falls on the more youthful side of the spectrum. They are a team of young designers, their personality is playful and they aren't afraid to crack jokes. Their work is geared towards the millennials to which they offer a fresh and energetic approach.
Headquarters: Manchester
Locations: Leeds
Notable clients: Cha.ology, OnePlus, Extrajet, The Hyde Park Picture House, The British Independent Film Festival, NBA, Adventure Films, Akin
15. Triboro
Triboro is the Brooklyn-based design duo of David Heasty of Texas and Stefanie Weigler of Germany. Just because you have a small team doesn't mean you can't make a big splash. Their work is colorful, creative and hip—it shepherds their clients to new and exciting territory. It's also known for its high integrity and quality (as shown by their numerous industry awards).
Headquarters: Brooklyn
Notable clients: AIGA, The Undefeated, Nike NYC, New York Observer, JK& Magazine, GQ Style Guide, Wired, Time Magazine, New York Magazine, Shrine, Dia Art Foundation, Moma
DIA is all about dissolving egos to focus on business goals. They push to put aside personal interests and look at the big picture, They also specialize in flexible designs: ones with can change shape and color, and that have a lasting and positive impact on any given business.
Headquarters: New York
Notable clients: Le Mise, Nissan, PureFish, FX, NBC, Daqri, North American Wildlife, Discovery Channel, Cartoon Network, Mitsubishi, Optimum
17. Franklyn
Franklyn claims to be the "creative studio you've been searching for all your life." Their approach comes from a boutique mind-set, or in other words a mindset that is simultaneously fashionable yet not out-of-reach to smaller customers. Coming from Brooklyn, they also aren't afraid to show their hip personality through the use of slang like "trill" (true and real).
Locations: Brooklyn
Notable clients: Metlife, Zocdoc, tokyobike, airbnb, ida, betaworks, OTHR, Kimski, KPF
18. Hey
Hey focuses on geometry, color and direct typography through brand identity design, editorial design and illustration. They take pride in attentive one-on-one relationships in which every step is given care.
Headquarters: Barcelona
Notable clients: Apple, Vodafone, Three, Turkish Airlines, General Electric, Jeremy Maxwell Wintrebert, The Wall Street Journal, Mr. Porter, CBS, Film Commission Chile, Inditex, Fortune Magazine, Design Studio, Monocle, MACBA, CCCB, Penguin Random House
19. Dessein
For more than 25 years, this Western Australian boutique studio has proven that size doesn't always matter. Recipients of numerous Creativity International awards (along with quite a few more), Dessein is regularly recognized for their work in branding, print and packaging design.
Headquarters: Perth
Notable clients: Cafe Corporate, Black Swan STC, Whiteman Park, Albany Entertainment Centre
20. Total Identity Group
Based in Amsterdam, Total Identity is a design firm that has created branding solutions for Europe's biggest clients for more than five decades. From their work for the Tour de France since the early 1960s to the redesign of the Dutch passport for the Dutch Ministry of the Interior, Total Identity boast an incredible portfolio.
Headquarters: Amsterdam
Locations: Amsterdam (Total Identity) and The Hague (Total Public) with representation in Antwerp (Total Gramma), Berlin and Braunschweig (wirDesign), Bremen (Sommer) and Seoul (CDR Korea)
Notable clients: Tour de France, Amsterdam Fashion Week, LG, Bavaria brewery, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, World Expo (Osaka), Dutch Ministry of the Interior, Royal Dutch Airlines
21. Experimental Jetset
Experimental Jetset has been around since 1997, specializing in print and site-specific work. They describe their methodology as "turning language into objects."
Headquarters: Amsterdam
Notable Clients: Sonic Youth, Future of Print, NAiM, IABR, Wired, DTC, MoMA NY
22. Litmus Branding
A Branding and design agency based in India, Litmus Branding's motto is to "make your brand strategy simple"—not that simplicity doesn't mean hard work. Beyond brand strategy, web design and print work, they've managed to knock out more than 400 logos in three years (that's two per week!). They have a sizable portfolio of Indian clients as well as companies from all over the world.
Headquarters: Ahmedabad
Notable clients: Indus Travels, America Solar Clean Energy, Malaysia Kargo, Green Products, Luxor, C|Max
23. Casa Rex
Casa Rex is a São Paulo-based, design firm that's received accolades from all the heavy-hitters—Communication Arts, Core77, Good, HOW and many more. Headed by Gustavo Piqueira (who's won 200+ international design awards, himself), the firm has mastered everything from typefaces and homeware to environmental projects and cutting-edge branding.
Headquarters: São Paulo
Locations: London
Notable clients: Dove, Unilever, Suave, Campari, Skyy Vodka, Burger King, Axe, Hellmann's, Tresemme, and Magnum
24. Brandient
Headquartered in Bucharest, Brandient design firm delivers branding solutions for a variety of big Romanian companies as well as entrepreneurs and start-ups. They pride themselves in succeeding in "difficult markets" with a multidisciplinary approach that bridges marketing and business with creative thinking.
Headquarters: Bucharest
Locations: Singapore
Notable clients: CEC Bank, Dedeman, Domo, Vodafone, Nextebank, Bitdefender
Headquartered in Cape Town, South Africa, the ID&B design firm boasts an impressive portfolio of branding work and communications design. Started back in 2005, ID&B's work ranges from small niche projects to brand strategy for some of the world's biggest companies.
Headquarters: Cape Town
Notable clients: Virgin, IntelX, Dr Hauschka Skincare, Coca-Cola, The Presidency Republic of South Africa
26. Eat Creative
A Tokyo-based design firm, Eat Creative specializes in branding, web design, print and content creation. With more than 10 years of experience in the Japanese marketplace, they're no stranger to the importance of adapting to different cultural points of view, especially when introducing a Western brand.
Headquarters: Tokyo
Locations: Zurich
Notable clients: Gap China, Volkswagen Japan, InterContinental, TEDxTokyo, Khiels, Deutsche Bank, ASICS
27. Re-public
Re-public has been creating cross-platform design solutions since 1999. Their work connects many dots on the map, including Mexico, Copenhagen and China, and their trophy shelf is full of awards from Red Dot Design, the Creative Circle Awards, the German Design Awards, Kolla! and Årets Bedste Bogarbejde.
Headquarters: Copenhagen
Notable clients: RIóN, DBA, Gold-Smidt Assembly, QVARTZ, Hatt, Leckerbaer, Nord Centro, PKA, SOS International, ByWho
28. Essen
Essen is another detail-oriented design company that takes full responsibility for each project, from start to finish. They've been around since 1980 and their 30 years of experience show. Their design projects are meticulous, deeply thought out, colorful and conceptually intelligent.
Headquarters: Stockholm
Locations: San Francisco
Notable clients: Friskis & Svettis, Skanska, Björn Borg, Vattenfall, Swedbank, Gant, The City of Stockholm, Filippa K, SAAB, Swisscom
29. Bedow
Bedow began out of desperation. In 2004 designer Perniclaw Bedow was out of work and decided his only choice was to start his own company. He wanted to start something different from the norm. Since 2004, Bedow has paved their own way. No longer desperate, they now have their pick of highly-regarded clients to work for. Additionally they stay true to a unique aesthetic that brings playfulness, clever ideas, and bright color palettes to the table. Their list of awards is lengthy and includes the European, German and Swedish Design Awards. Each one is well earned!
Headquarters: Stockholm
Notable clients: Momento Film, Record Mania, Essem Design, Polyester, Qapital, Oddwood, Unicef
30. Bond
What separates Bond is their careful staff curation. They've made a point to bring in designers from different fields as to build a multi-disciplinary studio. Bond specializes in identity, digital, retail & spatial, and packaging & product design for a range of businesses between start-ups and global brands.
Headquarters: Helsinki
Locations: Abu Dhabi, London
Notable Clients: ArtRabbit, Flamingo Skies, Dubai Design Week, Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, Rainmaker, Good Sport, Sushi & Co., Mieli, Grano
31. Studio Fnt
In their own words, Studio Fnt "collects fragmented and straying thoughts, and then organises and transforms them into relevant forms." In other words, Studio Fnt is a funnel, concentrating ideas from clients, target demographics and their surrounding world into concepts and subsequently visual forms. Studio Fnt works with prints, identities, and interactive/digital media.
Headquarters: Seoul
Notable clients: Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival, The Hyundai, Ulju Mountain Film Festival, Materia, Milk Lab, Megabox, Field Trip
32. Fable
Fable specializes in concept-driven ideas through brand identity, art direction, wayfinding, editorial, packaging, publishing and digital design. It's no surprise they have recently won the prestigious British Design & Art Direction Award, especially given how mesmerizing their colorful, geometric and pattern based designs are!
Headquarters: Republic of Singapore
Notable clients: Wealth Destined, Alpha Drive, Pangdemonium, Brain Magazine Japan, Hello 2016, Hidden, Play, The Meeting Room
33. Bravo
Bravo is another company with a sense of humor. Their profile page is a loose form of a Mad-Lib puzzle, comparing their design work to Chuck Norris and The Game of Thrones. They serve clients on opposite ends of the globe and their highly-refined work still lets their fun personality show through.
Headquarters: Singapore
Locations: Astoria, New York
Notable clients: Fro Fro, Full of Luck Club, Cocoa Colony, Alt. Pizza, The Assembly, Rhinoshield, Podi, Mexout, Five & Dime
This article was originally written by Rebecca Creger and published in 2014. It's been updated with with more information and examples.


text:
Original Trinity Hymnal, #43
From Psalm 99
God the Lord is King: before him
Earth with all thy nations, wait!
Where the cherubim adore him,
Sitteth he in royal state:
He is holy; He is holy;
Blessed, only Potentate!
God the Lord is King of glory,
Zion, tell the world his fame;
Ancient Israel, the story
Of his faithfulness proclaim:
He is holy; He is holy;
Holy is his awful name.
Laws divine to them were spoken
From the pillar of the cloud;
Sacred precepts, quickly broken!
Fiercely then his vengeance flowed:
He is holy; He is holy;
To the dust their hearts were bowed.
But their Father God forgave them
When they sought his face once more:
Ever ready was to save them,
Tenderly did he restore:
He is holy; He is holy;
We too will his grace implore.
Page number: Blue 43, Right-Click Here to Download MIDI File
|© 2019 The Orthodox Presbyterian Church
Chaplains and Military Personnel


text:
I meet Ricky while in school when he was in a bad relationship. So we never
got to know each other then. Later when we meet up again by my friend, he
was not in the relationship he had been in a year before. It was my Junior
year and I really had not noticed how attractive he was the first time I
meet him. I found myself really attracted to him now. Soon we started
dating but it just didn't seem to work out. I dated other people but I
noticed he had not. It was about the last part of my Junior year that I was
in a bad relationship and I was turned toward Ricky because of his kindness
and sympathy towards my heartache. We started to hang out more and I found
out he was still liked me and he had changed for me. There were things I
told him the first time we went out that I disliked about him and he
changed for me. He asked me out to the movies on a double date with one of
my friends to see the "Titanic" But half was through the movie I was sick
and we had to leave. While we waited to leave he comforted me by holding
me, then as we stood there he asked me out. I was so excited I said yes. I
had liked him the whole time we were apart and I was sad that it hadn't
worked out like I wished. Ricky is so kind and gentle. He does the sweetest
things. In his senior year he was not working and he didn't have a lot of
money, so he made me a romantic dinner for Valentine's Day with candles and
he later made a fire and we cuddled by it. We had still been dating his
senior year and he had decided to go into the Marines. It was so hard
knowing he would leave and go away. I was sad also because during my Senior
year he would be missing out on all the dances and most important the Prom
and my Graduation. That summer before he left for boot camp he took me with
him and his family to Puerto Rico. There he asked me to marry him. I was
excited! I didn't care what others thought because of our age. Being
engaged at such a young age. But I knew it was right. I knew he was the one
I was to marry. So in August of 1999 he left for boot camp. Now we have
survived the odds, we are getting married in 3 months and it was been a
year he has been in the Marines. Most people our age are just hanging out
or are dating guys or girls. I am ready to start a family. People are so
amazed that I have stayed with him because he has been stationed in Hawaii.
He is not like other guys. He is warm and compassionate. I knew he was the
one for me. I look forward to starting my life with him as a family on
November 17th, 2000. Even though we still have a lot of hardships because
he leaves for Japan in December and I will not be going, I know we can
survive. If we can survive a year without hardly seeing each other I know
we can get through any trials that come our way.
July 21, 2000


text:
Peter Hutterer authored
The test device initialization code was a bit of duplicated boilerplate and required adding a reference to the devices to the 'devices' list in litest.c. Automate this with a new TEST_DEVICE macro that adds the devices to a custom section in the binary, then loops throught that section to get the device out. This reduces the boilerplate for each test device to just the TEST_MACRO and the LITEST_foo device enum entry. It also now automates the shortname of the device. The device's shortname was standardised in this approach as well, lowercase and dashes only. Signed-off-by: Peter Hutterer <email@example.com>2346801b


text:
Marine Builds a Home and Inspiration with AmeriCorps
To celebrate the 237th Marine Corps Birthday, we're sharing this blog post that originally appeared on Serve.gov on September 24, 2012.
In the spring of 2011, a Marine stood on the porch steps of his new home in Annapolis, MD. He was not thinking about the beautiful row house that he would now share with his wife and four children, but was looking down at the porch that he helped build with his own hands. He was contemplating his spirit of service with a renewed vigor and hope.
Ronald Moulden had been retired from the Marine Corps for many years, and he struggled with finding stable housing for his family. But he never gave up. There is a saying in the Corps – "Once a Marine, always a Marine" and Marines don't quit.
In Ronald's case, that lifelong sentiment of dedication to cause and country was about to foster another passion and a love for a new corps – serving his community aside the Corporation for National and Community Service's (CNCS) AmeriCorps program and Habitat for Humanity.
Ronald became a new homeowner because of the efforts of local national service members and volunteers, and hundreds of hours of his own "sweat equity" invested in the Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project. Ever since that day, Moulden has recruited other veterans, family members, and friends to help build homes for his fellow community members in need. In addition to a new corps, Moulden had a new mantra – "AmeriCorps Works."
Although the steady Marine Ronald Moulden took off his uniform, his service was not quite done.
Building Vets a Brighter Future
Last year, as the Veterans Corps launched, more than 125 veterans turned out in Annapolis and Baltimore, MD, to build homes in a partnership between Habitat for Humanity of the Chesapeake and CNCS.
This year, AmeriCorps joined forces with Habitat for Humanity and completed hundreds of home rehabilitation, rebuild, and renovation projects. Many of the projects are supported by local military installations, wounded warrior units, and veterans like Ronald Moulden. AmeriCorps members served as site leads, project managers, and corralled tens of thousands of volunteer hours.
The new Habitat for Humanity AmeriCorps VetCorps provided more than 300 housing solutions to veterans and military families, and was recently recognized as a 2012 Service Impact Award Winner at the National Conference on Volunteerism and Service.
Paying it Forward
At a recent build project in a distressed neighborhood in Baltimore, Ronald and I worked side by side. He shared with me how he and his son have volunteered more than 600 hours on Habitat builds, including their own home.
"Does AmeriCorps work?" he asked me rhetorically. "If you ask my four kids and wife, they will tell you that without AmeriCorps, or Habitat for Humanity, I wouldn't have a home … I am proud to be giving back with other veterans – it's who I am, and who I will always be."
Thank you for your continuing service Ronald, and welcome to a new corps. We need you and others like you to make our communities stronger — one porch step at a time!
Koby Langley is an Iraq War Veteran, and serves as the Senior Advisor for Wounded Warrior, Veteran and Military Family Initiatives at the Corporation for National and Community Service.


text:
Saturday, May 1, 2010
That's One!!!!
2 comments:
Francoeur getting hit isn't something to be proud of, but I love the poster and it was an excellent win!ReplyDelete
Thanks, It's not that I was proud of him getting hit.ReplyDelete
These drawings are all in one book. These are my Journal entries for each game. The words are just little reminders of what happened that game. After a long season it is really cool to look back.
I'm glad you like it.
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Whether you're in the kitchen or on the go, we've got easy-to-prepare snacks for every craving: sweet or salty, creamy or crunchy, hot or cold.
The best snacks are a mix of complex carbs and protein -- a combo that metabolizes slowly, giving you more energy over time. You can look to leftovers for satisfying snacks, but watch the portion sizes: That means one ounce of cheese; two to three ounces of meat or fish; or 1/4 cup, give or take, of nuts.
Even if you're pressed for time, you can still snack smart: Skip vending-machine fare and pick wasabi beans, dehydrated soybeans, or carrot sticks with hummus, baba ghanoush, or caponata -- or try one of the following 16 recipes. (All calories are approximate.)
Mix 3 cups whole nuts with 1/4 cup each flaxseeds, quinoa, and sunflower seeds (bottom left in photo). In a separate bowl, whisk 2 egg whites with 2 tablespoons honey, 1 1/2 teaspoons coarse salt, and 1/4 teaspoon each cayenne, cumin, and cinnamon. Toss with nut mix.
Spread in a single layer on a baking sheet; bake at 325 degrees until dry, stirring occasionally, about 30 minutes. Scrape from pan while cooling, to avoid sticking. Serves 16 (178 calories each).


text:
- power adapter
- USB cable
- South Africa USB charger
- power cord
- salt lamp power cord
- DC converter
- DC cable
- Car charger
- Audio video cable
- Lan cable
- Cigar cable
- Solar cable
- Optical Cable
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Found 1 products
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portable car charger, small and easy take, quick charging
Stay in touch KC
Cable Solution for Telecom


text:
The watermark in the lower right corner of the image will not appear on the final print.
Italy Venice Early Mornings Wood Print
Retail Price:
Sale Ends:
22 Hours Remaining
Italy Venice Early Mornings by Yuriy Shevchuk - 10.000" x 6.250"
Wood Print
Hanging Wire
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Italy Venice Early Mornings wood print by Yuriy Shevchuk. Bring your artwork to life with the texture and added depth of a wood print. Your image gets printed directly onto a sheet of 3/4" thick maple wood. There are D-clips on the back of the print for mounting it to your wall using mounting hooks and nails (included).
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Comments (23)
Congrats on your sale!!!!!!
Congratulations on your sale, Beautiful
Excellent work; great talent! Jerome
This is awesome, Yuriy! I am following you. Like+ Favorite+
Beautiful piece of art. Congratulations. A v/f.
Love it! Fv!+Liked
Beautiful painting
congrats on your sale
Excellent work! Congratulations!
Congrats on your sale!
Great colors and textures showing the water reflections.
Very Nice!
☆ FEATURED >> Impressionist Caf� ~ 09 April 2013 ☆ +Vote
Very nice work. :)
About Wood Prints
Front View
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Bring your artwork to life with the texture and depth of a wood print. Your image gets printed directly onto a sheet of 3/4" thick maple wood.
All wood prints ship within 3 - 4 business days and arrive "ready to hang" with mounting hooks and nails.
Wood prints are extremely durable and add a rustic feel to any image.
For additional product photos and information, visit our wood prints product page.
Wood Print Reviews (383)
Average Rating (4.73 Stars):
Debrah Feil
December 9th, 2019
Debrah Feil
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November 30th, 2019
Artist's Description
Watercolour on paper 45 x 70 cm 2013 www.shevchukart.com
About Yuriy Shevchuk
Born in 1961 in Kiev, Ukraine, Yuri Shevchuk attended the Kiev Art School and later the prestigious Kiev Architectural Academy. Yuriy has adopted the practice of recording his own experiences in his artworks: his three passions, painting, jazz and historical cars have become the focus of his paintings. Since 1993 Shevchuk has been living in the city of Prague, which he depicts in many of his paintings and also where he exhibits his work widely. He has been described as an accomplished master, full of artistic and intellectual energy. Bewitched with jazz music he skillfully and rapidly sketches the cool and charming figures of musicians in action, showing the positive mood of jazz and the stunning spiritual intensity of this bright...
Shop with Confidence
Our return policy is very simple:
If you're not happy with a purchase that you made on Pixels.com, for any reason, you can return it to us within 30 days of the order date. As soon as it arrives, we'll issue a full refund for the entire purchase price. Please note - Pixels does not reimburse the outgoing or return shipping charges unless the return is due to a defect in quality.
Pixels sells thousands of pieces of artwork each month - all with a 100% money-back guarantee. We take great pride in the fact that hundreds of thousands of artists have chosen Pixels to fulfill their orders, and we look forward to helping you select your next piece!
All wood prints ship from our production facility within 2 - 3 business days of your order.


text:
Primates have good vision, enlarged brains, and grasping hands and feet, and use their vision to guide reaching and grasping. Scientists have thought that these characteristics evolved together as early primates used their hands and eyes to grab insects and other small prey, or to handle and examine fruit and other foods.
Isbell suggests instead that primates developed good close-up eyesight to avoid a dangerous predator -- the snake.
"A snake is the only predator you really need to see close up. If it's a long way away it's not dangerous," Isbell said.
Neurological studies by others show that the structure of the brain's visual system does not actually fit with the idea that vision evolved along with reaching and grasping, Isbell said. But the visual system does seem to be well connected to the "fear module," brain structures involved in vigilance, fear and learning.
Fossils and DNA evidence show that snakes were likely the first serious predators of modern mammals, which evolved about 100 million years ago. Fossils of snakes with mouths big enough to eat those mammals appear at about the same time. Other animals that could have eaten our ancestors, such as big cats, and hawks and eagles, evolved much later.
Venomous snakes evolved about 60 million years ago, raising the stakes and forcing primates to get better at detecting them.
"There's an evolutionary arms race between the predators and prey. Primates get better at spotting and avoiding snakes, so the snakes get better at concealment, or more venomous, and the primates respond," Isbell said.
Some primate groups less threatened by snakes show fewer signs of evolutionary pressure to evolve better vision. For example, the lemurs of Madagascar do not have any venomous snakes in their environment, and in evolutionary terms "have stayed where they are," Isbell said. In South America, monkeys arrived millions of years before venomous snakes, and show less specialization in their visual system compared with Old World monkeys and apes, which all have good vision, including color.
Having evolved for one purpose, a good eye for color, detail and movement later became useful for other purposes, such as social interactions in groups.
Isbell is currently working on a book about primate origins, including her snake hypothesis.


text:
Find the answers
The curtain has fallen
All the world's a stage...
All the info you need
Leeds Theatre is committed to delivering the highest level of service to our customers. Please select the nature of your query from the options above to help us give you the help you need.
If you have an urgent question about an order placed on www.leeds-theatre.co.uk however, please call us on:


text:
This company went way above and beyond what I consider good customer service. Aside from purchasing a pair of scrub suits and lab coats that catch my eye, I always purchase from QualityScrubSet. About a month ago, I had purchased a long Red Kap lab coat which is so nice because it does not wrinkle easily. Its got a lot of pockets wherein I can place my stuff in. This is by far the best online company I have ever dealt with.
About Medical Uniform Scrubs
Quality Scrub Set has been one of the biggest manufacturers and importers of medical uniforms, lab coats, jackets, print tops, scrubs and clogs for over 10 Years and going strong.
We offer nursing and medical uniforms to chain stores, embroidering companies, hospitals and nursing schools, and just about every profession that requires a uniform to show the unity involved in the profession of providing a service to those in need.
Our company is not just a business out to make a profit; we are a family looking to provide the best service and products at an affordable price to lend a helping hand out to the modern day working class.


text:
Puppy Linux Discussion Forum
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Seamonkey 2.13.2 email client (SOLVED)
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Joined: 16 Apr 2008
Posts: 763
Posted: Mon 12 Nov 2012, 00:38
Post subject:
Seamonkey 2.13.2 email client (SOLVED)
In my previous seamonkey 1.1.16 the email client was mozmail but despite considerable searching I am unable to find out the name of the email client used in this seamonkey.
Please advise.
Last edited by Mercedes350se on Fri 16 Nov 2012, 02:58; edited 4 times in total
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Joined: 28 Nov 2005
Posts: 2119
Location: Maine, USA
Posted: Mon 12 Nov 2012, 13:27
Post subject:
seamonkey -mail
Maine, USA
Asus eeepc 1005HA PU1X-BK
Frugal install: Slacko
Currently using full install: DebianDog
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Joined: 16 Apr 2008
Posts: 763
Posted: Mon 12 Nov 2012, 21:11
Post subject:
Thank you.
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Joined: 16 Apr 2008
Posts: 763
Posted: Tue 13 Nov 2012, 19:14
Post subject:
Background info: Up until recently I have been using seamonkey 1.1.16. Following Dingo's how-to I installed 2.13.2. When I set up the email account I started seamonkey browser>clicked on the envelope>filled in the details. I then copied all my saved emails to that Mail directory location having deleted the Mail directory that was just set up. Using this method to check emails everything works as expected.
Now: I did a search for seamonkey-mail and it returned
I dragged this to the desktop but clicking on it returns the seamonkey 1.1.16 email information. I have renamed the 1.1.16 Mail directory, as a test, but the 1.1.16 start-up page appears but no emails- naturally!
How do I get it to return the 2.13.2 emails?
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Joined: 28 Nov 2005
Posts: 2119
Location: Maine, USA
Posted: Tue 13 Nov 2012, 19:48
Post subject:
It is seamonkey -mail, not seamonkey-mail (space before -mail)
If you already have a "mail" icon on the desktop, right click on it and choose edit.
When the window pops up, enter seamonkey for the program to open, then enter -mail in the argument to pass area.
open /usr/local/bin/defaultemail as text
Use this inside and drag that to the desktop.
exec seamonkey -mail "$@"
Maine, USA
Asus eeepc 1005HA PU1X-BK
Frugal install: Slacko
Currently using full install: DebianDog
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Joined: 16 Apr 2008
Posts: 763
Posted: Tue 13 Nov 2012, 21:53
Post subject:
Hmm. I have, now, an email icon on the desktop.
In Edit Item I have as "Clicking the icon opens" /usr/local/bin/defaultemail
I have amended the defaultemail file to exec seamonkey -mail "$@"
but it still opens the 1.1.16 email information!
Edit 1: Doing a search for seamonkey -mail returns no files found.
What is the name of the executable that actually opens email?
Edit 2: What is the correct path to the Mail directory in 2.13.2?
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Joined: 07 Aug 2011
Posts: 8021
Location: World_Hub
Posted: Wed 14 Nov 2012, 15:21
Post subject:
Mercedes- seamonkey IS the executable, -mail merely a cmd switch.
Profile settings are stored in ~/.mozilla/seamonkey
Within this folder I suspect you've
*.default profile folders- and "profiles.ini" points to one of'm.
Make it point to the other and report which opens..
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Joined: 16 Apr 2008
Posts: 763
Posted: Wed 14 Nov 2012, 18:09
Post subject:
Semme, Thank you.
I remember now that in a senior's moment I "tidied" up the file system and deleted the ~/.mozilla/seamonkey directory thinking it belonged to 1.1.16.
Is it created during the install of 2.13.2? If yes it is easy enough to re-install.
That however still does not explain why the emails work as I expect with the Mail directory in /usr/local/seamonkey/profile/Mail
That directory was created when I setup the user account using the steps detailed in a post above.
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Joined: 07 Aug 2011
Posts: 8021
Location: World_Hub
Posted: Wed 14 Nov 2012, 23:28
Post subject:
Yes, created after extraction and first run.
Then symlink seamonkey to /usr/local/bin (cause it's on the path:
echo $PATH
I'd remove ALL remnants prior to extraction though as the old stuff can get in the way.
Don't forget to rescue your emails
before proceeding..
Dingos`How To reference
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Joined: 16 Apr 2008
Posts: 763
Posted: Wed 14 Nov 2012, 23:52
Post subject:
Semme wrote:
... Don't forget to rescue your emails
before proceeding.. .
Found that out the hard way during an install of an earlier seamonkey!
Your reference to Dingo was the method I used.
Thank you again.
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Joined: 16 Apr 2008
Posts: 763
Posted: Thu 15 Nov 2012, 01:06
Post subject:
Semme wrote:
Yes, created after extraction and first run.
Then symlink seamonkey to /usr/local/bin (cause it's on the path:
echo $PATH
No it didn't. What files should be in ~/.mozilla/seamonkey?
How to accomplish the symlink? Not something I have needed to do before. I am quite happy to use the console! A bit of reading and trial and error made the symlink but I still haven't had success.
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Joined: 07 Aug 2011
Posts: 8021
Location: World_Hub
Posted: Thu 15 Nov 2012, 07:57
Post subject:
In ~/.mozilla/seamonkey:
Crash Reports
and *.default
In this
folder- the rest of what should be there including your
mail folder
Don't get confused, it's your
*.default folder
which holds ALL settings.
For the symlink you can either:
ln -s [actual_file-full_path] [destination_folder]
.. or drag'n drop >>
link (relative).
ln -s /usr/local/seamonkey/seamonkey /usr/local/bin
If you run Seamonkey off the desktop, drag the executable there to launch..
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Joined: 16 Apr 2008
Posts: 763
Posted: Thu 15 Nov 2012, 18:33
Post subject:
Semme, Thank you for your patience.
There was no profile.ini file in the ~/.mozilla/seamonkey directory.
I eventually managed to create a profile.ini file which also created a *.default folder.
I copied my Mail folder over and to my dismay opening seamonkey>click envelope does not bring up my emails.
Neither does clicking on the email desktop icon.
At this stage I have wasted more than enough time on this so I will take the easy option and delete the email icon from the desktop.
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Joined: 26 Nov 2006
Posts: 1237
Location: Chatswood, NSW
Posted: Thu 15 Nov 2012, 19:20
Post subject:
G'day Mercedes350se,
I'm a bit confused about your precise Seamonkey mail problem, but have you looked in "File>Mail & Newsgroups Account Settings" - if and when you get Seamonkey Mail running?
This menu option will display the local folders being used by the running Seamonkey for your Account mail and Local folders mail, or let you browse to a preferred folder if, like me, you want all your Puppies (Fulls & Frugals) to use the same mail repository on a mounted-at-boot data partition.
David S.
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Joined: 16 Apr 2008
Posts: 763
Posted: Thu 15 Nov 2012, 22:45
Post subject:
A truncated step by step:
1. I installed seamonkey 2.13.2 using the how-to by Dingo in /usr/local/seamonkey - I am using a full install of 3.01 on hdd. I have not touched the previous seamonkey 1.1.16 install.
2. Started seamonkey, clicked on the envelope and duly completed setting up the email account. There is no problem opening emails this way.
3. Amended the defaultbrowser file. seamonkey 2.13.2 starts albeit very slowly.
3. I thought that I would now set up the desktop email icon. No matter what I do I cannot get the icon to open the 2.13.2 emails
Edit: Not one to give up easily I edited the email icon yet again and it now works. Finally!
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| | |___ System
| | |___ Utilities
| | |___ Virtualization
| | |___ Unsorted
| |
| |___ Cutting edge
| | |___ Multi-session live-CD/DVD
| |
| |___ Hardware
| | |___ Audio
| | |___ Networking
| | | |___ Dialup
| | | |___ Ethernet
| | | |___ Wireless
| | |
| | |___ Printers
| | |___ Video
| |
| |___ Puppy Derivatives
| |___ Puppy Projects
| |___ Next Puppy Development
| | |___ 4.x
| | | |___ Bugs (4.x dev)
| | | |___ Usability Issues (4.x dev)
| | |
| | |___ 5.x
| | |___ Bugs (5.x dev)
| | |___ Usability Issues (5.x dev)
| |
| |___ Localization Project
| |___ Documentation Project
|___ Taking the Puppy out for a walk
| |___ Announcements
| |___ Puppy Power
| |___ Suggestions
| |___ Misc
|___ Off-Topic Area
|___ Programming
|___ Security
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