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At the beginning of the first Gulf War, the United States Air Force dispatched two squadrons of F-15E Strike Eagle fighter jets to find and destroy the Scud missiles that Iraq was firing at Israel. The rockets were being launched, mostly at night, from the backs of modified flatbed tractor-trailers, moving stealthily around a four-hundred-square-mile "Scud box" in the western desert. The plan was for the fighter jets to patrol the box from sunset to sunrise. When a Scud was launched, it would light up the night sky. An F-15E pilot would fly toward the launch point, follow the roads that crisscrossed the desert, and then locate the target using a state-of-the-art, $4.6-million device called a LANTIRN navigation and targeting pod, capable of taking a high-resolution infrared photograph of a four-and-a-half-mile swath below the plane. How hard could it be to pick up a hulking tractor-trailer in the middle of an empty desert?
Almost immediately, reports of Scud kills began to come back from the field. The Desert Storm commanders were elated. "I remember going out to Nellis Air Force Base after the war," Barry Watts, a former Air Force colonel, says. "They did a big static display, and they had all the Air Force jets that flew in Desert Storm, and they had little placards in front of them, with a box score, explaining what this plane did and that plane did in the war. And, when you added up how many Scud launchers they claimed each got, the total was about a hundred." Air Force officials were not guessing at the number of Scud launchers hit; as far as they were concerned, they knew. They had a four-million-dollar camera, which took a nearly perfect picture, and there are few cultural reflexes more deeply ingrained than the idea that a picture has the weight of truth. "That photography not only does not, but cannot lie, is a matter of belief, an article of faith," Charles Rosen and Henri Zerner have written. "We tend to trust the camera more than our own eyes." Thus was victory declared in the Scud hunt—until hostilities ended and the Air Force appointed a team to determine the effectiveness of the air campaigns in Desert Storm. The actual number of definite Scud kills, the team said, was zero.
The problem was that the pilots were operating at night, when depth perception is impaired. LANTIRN could see in the dark, but the camera worked only when it was pointed in the right place, and the right place wasn't obvious. Meanwhile, the pilot had only about five minutes to find his quarry, because after launch the Iraqis would immediately hide in one of the many culverts underneath the highway between Baghdad and Jordan, and the screen the pilot was using to scan all that desert measured just six inches by six inches. "It was like driving down an interstate looking through a soda straw," Major General Mike DeCuir, who flew numerous Scud-hunt missions throughout the war, recalled. Nor was it clear what a Scud launcher looked like on that screen. "We had an intelligence photo of one on the ground. But you had to imagine what it would look like on a black-and-white screen from twenty thousand feet up and five or more miles away," DeCuir went on. "With the resolution we had at the time, you could tell something was a big truck and that it had wheels, but at that altitude it was hard to tell much more than that." The postwar analysis indicated that a number of the targets the pilots had hit were actually decoys, constructed by the Iraqis from old trucks and spare missile parts. Others were tanker trucks transporting oil on the highway to Jordan. A tanker truck, after all, is a tractor-trailer hauling a long, shiny cylindrical object, and, from twenty thousand feet up at four hundred miles an hour on a six-by-six-inch screen, a long, shiny cylindrical object can look a lot like a missile. "It's a problem we've always had," Watts, who served on the team that did the Gulf War analysis, said. "It's night out. You think you've got something on the sensor. You roll out your weapons. Bombs go off. It's really hard to tell what you did."
You can build a high-tech camera, capable of taking pictures in the middle of the night, in other words, but the system works only if the camera is pointed in the right place, and even then the pictures are not self-explanatory. They need to be interpreted, and the human task of interpretation is often a bigger obstacle than the technical task of picture-taking. This was the lesson of the Scud hunt: pictures promise to clarify but often confuse. The Zapruder film intensified rather than dispelled the controversy surrounding John F. Kennedy's assassination. The videotape of the beating of Rodney King led to widespread uproar about police brutality; it also served as the basis for a jury's decision to acquit the officers charged with the assault. Perhaps nowhere have these issues been so apparent, however, as in the arena of mammography. Radiologists developed state-of-the-art X-ray cameras and used them to scan women's breasts for tumors, reasoning that, if you can take a nearly perfect picture, you can find and destroy tumors before they go on to do serious damage. Yet there remains a great deal of confusion about the benefits of mammography. Is it possible that we place too much faith in pictures?
The head of breast imaging at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, in New York City, is a physician named David Dershaw, a youthful man in his fifties, who bears a striking resemblance to the actor Kevin Spacey. One morning not long ago, he sat down in his office at the back of the Sloan-Kettering Building and tried to explain how to read a mammogram.
Dershaw began by putting an X-ray on a light box behind his desk. "Cancer shows up as one of two patterns," he said. "You look for lumps and bumps, and you look for calcium. And, if you find it, you have to make a determination: is it acceptable, or is it a pattern that might be due to cancer?" He pointed at the X-ray. "This woman has cancer. She has these tiny little calcifications. Can you see them? Can you see how small they are?" He took out a magnifying glass and placed it over a series of white flecks; as a cancer grows, it produces calcium deposits. "That's the stuff we are looking for," he said.
Then Dershaw added a series of slides to the light box and began to explain all the varieties that those white flecks came in. Some calcium deposits are oval and lucent. "They're called eggshell calcifications," Dershaw said. "And they're basically benign." Another kind of calcium runs like a railway track on either side of the breast's many blood vessels—that's benign, too. "Then there's calcium that's thick and heavy and looks like popcorn," Dershaw went on. "That's just dead tissue. That's benign. There's another calcification that's little sacs of calcium floating in liquid. It's called 'milk of calcium.' That's another kind of calcium that's always benign." He put a new set of slides against the light. "Then we have calcium that looks like this—irregular. All of these are of different density and different sizes and different configurations. Those are usually benign, but sometimes they are due to cancer. Remember you saw those railway tracks? This is calcium laid down inside a tube as well, but you can see that the outside of the tube is irregular. That's cancer." Dershaw's explanations were beginning to be confusing. "There are certain calcifications in benign tissues that are always benign," he said. "There are certain kinds that are always associated with cancer. But those are the ends of the spectrum, and the vast amount of calcium is somewhere in the middle. And making that differentiation, between whether the calcium is acceptable or not, is not clear-cut."
The same is true of lumps. Some lumps are simply benign clumps of cells. You can tell they are benign because the walls of the mass look round and smooth; in a cancer, cells proliferate so wildly that the walls of the tumor tend to be ragged and to intrude into the surrounding tissue. But sometimes benign lumps resemble tumors, and sometimes tumors look a lot like benign lumps. And sometimes you have lots of masses that, taken individually, would be suspicious but are so pervasive that the reasonable conclusion is that this is just how the woman's breast looks. "If you have a CAT scan of the chest, the heart always looks like the heart, the aorta always looks like the aorta," Dershaw said. "So when there's a lump in the middle of that, it's clearly abnormal. Looking at a mammogram is conceptually different from looking at images elsewhere in the body. Everything else has anatomy—anatomy that essentially looks the same from one person to the next. But we don't have that kind of standardized information on the breast. The most difficult decision I think anybody needs to make when we're confronted with a patient is: Is this person normal? And we have to decide that without a pattern that is reasonably stable from individual to individual, and sometimes even without a pattern that is the same from the left side to the right."
Dershaw was saying that mammography doesn't fit our normal expectations of pictures. In the days before the invention of photography, for instance, a horse in motion was represented in drawings and paintings according to the convention of ventre à terre, or "belly to the ground." Horses were drawn with their front legs extended beyond their heads, and their hind legs stretched straight back, because that was the way, in the blur of movement, a horse seemed to gallop. Then, in the eighteen-seventies, came Eadweard Muybridge, with his famous sequential photographs of a galloping horse, and that was the end of ventre à terre. Now we knew how a horse galloped. The photograph promised that we would now be able to capture reality itself.
The situation with mammography is different. The way in which we ordinarily speak about calcium and lumps is clear and unambiguous. But the picture demonstrates how blurry those seemingly distinct categories actually are. Joann Elmore, a physician and epidemiologist at the University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, once asked ten board-certified radiologists to look at a hundred and fifty mammograms—of which twenty-seven had come from women who developed breast cancer, and a hundred and twenty-three from women who were known to have been healthy. One radiologist caught eighty-five per cent of the cancers the first time around. Another caught only thirty-seven per cent. One looked at the same X-rays and saw suspicious masses in seventy-eight per cent of the cases. Another doctor saw "focal asymmetric density" in half of the cancer cases; yet another saw no "focal asymmetric density" at all. There was one particularly perplexing mammogram that three radiologists thought was normal, two thought was abnormal but probably benign, four couldn't make up their minds about, and one was convinced was cancer. (The patient was fine.) Some of these differences are a matter of skill, and there is good evidence that with more rigorous training and experience radiologists can become better at reading breast X-rays. But so much of what can be seen on an X-ray falls into a gray area that interpreting a mammogram is also, in part, a matter of temperament. Some radiologists see something ambiguous and are comfortable calling it normal. Others see something ambiguous and get suspicious.
Does that mean radiologists ought to be as suspicious as possible? You might think so, but caution simply creates another kind of problem. The radiologist in the Elmore study who caught the most cancers also recommended immediate workups—a biopsy, an ultrasound, or additional X-rays—on sixty-four per cent of the women who didn't have cancer. In the real world, a radiologist who needlessly subjected such an extraordinary percentage of healthy patients to the time, expense, anxiety, and discomfort of biopsies and further testing would find himself seriously out of step with his profession. Mammography is not a form of medical treatment, where doctors are justified in going to heroic lengths on behalf of their patients. Mammography is a form of medical screening: it is supposed to exclude the healthy, so that more time and attention can be given to the sick. If screening doesn't screen, it ceases to be useful.
Gilbert Welch, a medical-outcomes expert at Dartmouth, has pointed out that, given current breast-cancer mortality rates, nine out of every thousand sixty-year-old women will die of breast cancer in the next ten years. If every one of those women had a mammogram every year, that number would fall to six. The radiologist seeing those thousand women, in other words, would read ten thousand X-rays over a decade in order to save three lives—and that's using the most generous possible estimate of mammography's effectiveness. The reason a radiologist is required to assume that the overwhelming number of ambiguous things are normal, in other words, is that the overwhelming number of ambiguous things really are normal. Radiologists are, in this sense, a lot like baggage screeners at airports. The chances are that the dark mass in the middle of the suitcase isn't a bomb, because you've seen a thousand dark masses like it in suitcases before, and none of those were bombs—and if you flagged every suitcase with something ambiguous in it no one would ever make his flight. But that doesn't mean, of course, that it isn't a bomb. All you have to go on is what it looks like on the X-ray screen—and the screen seldom gives you quite enough information.
Dershaw picked up a new X-ray and put it on the light box. It belonged to a forty-eight-year-old woman. Mammograms indicate density in the breast: the denser the tissue is, the more the X rays are absorbed, creating the variations in black and white that make up the picture. Fat hardly absorbs the beam at all, so it shows up as black. Breast tissue, particularly the thick breast tissue of younger women, shows up on an X-ray as shades of light gray or white. This woman's breasts consisted of fat at the back of the breast and more dense, glandular tissue toward the front, so the X-ray was entirely black, with what looked like a large white, dense cloud behind the nipple. Clearly visible, in the black, fatty portion of the left breast, was a white spot. "Now, that looks like a cancer, that little smudgy, irregular, infiltrative thing," Dershaw said. "It's about five millimetres across." He looked at the X-ray for a moment. This was mammography at its best: a clear picture of a problem that needed to be fixed. Then he took a pen and pointed to the thick cloud just to the right of the tumor. The cloud and the tumor were exactly the same color. "That cancer only shows up because it's in the fatty part of the breast," he said. "If you take that cancer and put it in the dense part of the breast, you'd never see it, because the whiteness of the mass is the same as the whiteness of normal tissue. If the tumor was over there, it could be four times as big and we still wouldn't see it."
What's more, mammography is especially likely to miss the tumors that do the most harm. A team led by the research pathologist Peggy Porter analyzed four hundred and twenty-nine breast cancers that had been diagnosed over five years at the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. Of those, two hundred and seventy-nine were picked up by mammography, and the bulk of them were detected very early, at what is called Stage One. (Cancer is classified into four stages, according to how far the tumor has spread from its original position.) Most of the tumors were small, less than two centimetres. Pathologists grade a tumor's aggression according to such measures as the "mitotic count"—the rate at which the cells are dividing—and the screen-detected tumors were graded "low" in almost seventy per cent of the cases. These were the kinds of cancers that could probably be treated successfully. "Most tumors develop very, very slowly, and those tend to lay down calcium deposits—and what mammograms are doing is picking up those calcifications," Leslie Laufman, a hematologist-oncologist in Ohio, who served on a recent National Institutes of Health breast-cancer advisory panel, said. "Almost by definition, mammograms are picking up slow-growing tumors."
A hundred and fifty cancers in Porter's study, however, were missed by mammography. Some of these were tumors the mammogram couldn't see—that were, for instance, hiding in the dense part of the breast. The majority, though, simply didn't exist at the time of the mammogram. These cancers were found in women who had had regular mammograms, and who were legitimately told that they showed no sign of cancer on their last visit. In the interval between X-rays, however, either they or their doctor had manually discovered a lump in their breast, and these "interval" cancers were twice as likely to be in Stage Three and three times as likely to have high mitotic counts; twenty-eight per cent had spread to the lymph nodes, as opposed to eighteen per cent of the screen-detected cancers. These tumors were so aggressive that they had gone from undetectable to detectable in the interval between two mammograms.
The problem of interval tumors explains why the overwhelming majority of breast-cancer experts insist that women in the critical fifty-to-sixty-nine age group get regular mammograms. In Porter's study, the women were X-rayed at intervals as great as every three years, and that created a window large enough for interval cancers to emerge. Interval cancers also explain why many breast-cancer experts believe that mammograms must be supplemented by regular and thorough clinical breast exams. ("Thorough" is defined as palpation of the area from the collarbone to the bottom of the rib cage, one dime-size area at a time, at three levels of pressure—just below the skin, the mid-breast, and up against the chest wall—by a specially trained practitioner for a period not less than five minutes per breast.) In a major study of mammography's effectiveness—one of a pair of Canadian trials conducted in the nineteen-eighties—women who were given regular, thorough breast exams but no mammograms were compared with those who had thorough breast exams and regular mammograms, and no difference was found in the death rates from breast cancer between the two groups. The Canadian studies are controversial, and some breast-cancer experts are convinced that they may have understated the benefits of mammography. But there is no denying the basic lessons of the Canadian trials: that a skilled pair of fingertips can find out an extraordinary amount about the health of a breast, and that we should not automatically value what we see in a picture over what we learn from our other senses.
"The finger has hundreds of sensors per square centimetre," says Mark Goldstein, a sensory psychophysicist who co-founded MammaCare, a company devoted to training nurses and physicians in the art of the clinical exam. "There is nothing in science or technology that has even come close to the sensitivity of the human finger with respect to the range of stimuli it can pick up. It's a brilliant instrument. But we simply don't trust our tactile sense as much as our visual sense."
On the night of August 17, 1943, two hundred B-17 bombers from the United States Eighth Air Force set out from England for the German city of Schweinfurt. Two months later, two hundred and twenty-eight B-17s set out to strike Schweinfurt a second time. The raids were two of the heaviest nights of bombing in the war, and the Allied experience at Schweinfurt is an example of a more subtle—but in some cases more serious—problem with the picture paradigm.
The Schweinfurt raids grew out of the United States military's commitment to bombing accuracy. As Stephen Budiansky writes in his wonderful recent book "Air Power," the chief lesson of aerial bombardment in the First World War was that hitting a target from eight or ten thousand feet was a prohibitively difficult task. In the thick of battle, the bombardier had to adjust for the speed of the plane, the speed and direction of the prevailing winds, and the pitching and rolling of the plane, all while keeping the bombsight level with the ground. It was an impossible task, requiring complex trigonometric calculations. For a variety of reasons, including the technical challenges, the British simply abandoned the quest for precision: in both the First World War and the Second, the British military pursued a strategy of "morale" or "area" bombing, in which bombs were simply dropped, indiscriminately, on urban areas, with the intention of killing, dispossessing, and dispiriting the German civilian population.
But the American military believed that the problem of bombing accuracy was solvable, and a big part of the solution was something called the Norden bombsight. This breakthrough was the work of a solitary, cantankerous genius named Carl Norden, who operated out of a factory in New York City. Norden built a fifty-pound mechanical computer called the Mark XV, which used gears and wheels and gyroscopes to calculate airspeed, altitude, and crosswinds in order to determine the correct bomb-release point. The Mark XV, Norden's business partner boasted, could put a bomb in a pickle barrel from twenty thousand feet. The United States spent $1.5 billion developing it, which, as Budiansky points out, was more than half the amount that was spent building the atomic bomb. "At air bases, the Nordens were kept under lock and key in secure vaults, escorted to their planes by armed guards, and shrouded in a canvas cover until after takeoff," Budiansky recounts. The American military, convinced that its bombers could now hit whatever they could see, developed a strategic approach to bombing, identifying and selectively destroying targets that were critical to the Nazi war effort. In early 1943, General Henry (Hap) Arnold—the head of the Army Air Forces—assembled a group of prominent civilians to analyze the German economy and recommend critical targets. The Advisory Committee on Bombardment, as it was called, determined that the United States should target Germany's ball-bearing factories, since ball bearings were critical to the manufacture of airplanes. And the center of the German ball-bearing industry was Schweinfurt. Allied losses from the two raids were staggering. Thirty-six B-17s were shot down in the August attack, sixty-two bombers were shot down in the October raid, and between the two operations a further hundred and thirty-eight planes were badly damaged. Yet, with the war in the balance, this was considered worth the price. When the damage reports came in, Arnold exulted, "Now we have got Schweinfurt!" He was wrong.
The problem was not, as in the case of the Scud hunt, that the target could not be found, or that what was thought to be the target was actually something else. The B-17s, aided by their Norden Mark XVs, hit the ball-bearing factories hard. The problem was that the picture Air Force officers had of their target didn't tell them what they really needed to know. The Germans, it emerged, had ample stockpiles of ball bearings. They also had no difficulty increasing their imports from Sweden and Switzerland, and, through a few simple design changes, they were able to greatly reduce their need for ball bearings in aircraft production. What's more, although the factory buildings were badly damaged by the bombing, the machinery inside wasn't. Ball-bearing equipment turned out to be surprisingly hardy. "As it was, not a tank, plane, or other piece of weaponry failed to be produced because of lack of ball bearings," Albert Speer, the Nazi production chief, wrote after the war. Seeing a problem and understanding it, then, are two different things.
In recent years, with the rise of highly accurate long-distance weaponry, the Schweinfurt problem has become even more acute. If you can aim at and hit the kitchen at the back of a house, after all, you don't have to bomb the whole building. So your bomb can be two hundred pounds rather than a thousand. That means, in turn, that you can fit five times as many bombs on a single plane and hit five times as many targets in a single sortie, which sounds good—except that now you need to get intelligence on five times as many targets. And that intelligence has to be five times more specific, because if the target is in the bedroom and not the kitchen, you've missed him.
This is the issue that the United States command faced in the most recent Iraq war. Early in the campaign, the military mounted a series of air strikes against specific targets, where Saddam Hussein or other senior Baathist officials were thought to be hiding. There were fifty of these so-called "decapitation" attempts, each taking advantage of the fact that modern-day G.P.S.-guided bombs can be delivered from a fighter to within thirteen metres of their intended target. The strikes were dazzling in their precision. In one case, a restaurant was levelled. In another, a bomb burrowed down into a basement. But, in the end, every single strike failed. "The issue isn't accuracy," Watts, who has written extensively on the limitations of high-tech weaponry, says. "The issue is the quality of targeting information. The amount of information we need has gone up an order of magnitude or two in the last decade."
Mammography has a Schweinfurt problem as well. Nowhere is that more evident than in the case of the breast lesion known as ductal carcinoma in situ, or DCIS, which shows up as a cluster of calcifications inside the ducts that carry milk to the nipple. It's a tumor that hasn't spread beyond those ducts, and it is so tiny that without mammography few women with DCIS would ever know they had it. In the past couple of decades, as more and more people have received regular breast X-rays and the resolution of mammography has increased, diagnoses of DCIS have soared. About fifty thousand new cases are now found every year in the United States, and virtually every DCIS lesion detected by mammography is promptly removed. But what has the targeting and destruction of DCIS meant for the battle against breast cancer? You'd expect that if we've been catching fifty thousand early-stage cancers every year, we should be seeing a corresponding decrease in the number of late-stage invasive cancers. It's not clear whether we have. During the past twenty years, the incidence of invasive breast cancer has continued to rise by the same small, steady increment every year.
In 1987, pathologists in Denmark performed a series of autopsies of women in their forties who had not been known to have breast cancer when they died of other causes. The pathologists looked at an average of two hundred and seventy-five samples of breast tissue in each case, and found some evidence of cancer—usually DCIS—in nearly forty per cent of the women. Since breast cancer accounts for less than four per cent of female deaths, clearly the overwhelming majority of these women, had they lived longer, would never have died of breast cancer. "To me, that indicates that these kinds of genetic changes happen really frequently, and that they can happen without having an impact on women's health," Karla Kerlikowske, a breast-cancer expert at the University of California at San Francisco, says. "The body has this whole mechanism to repair things, and maybe that's what happened with these tumors." Gilbert Welch, the medical-outcomes expert, thinks that we fail to understand the hit-or-miss nature of cancerous growth, and assume it to be a process that, in the absence of intervention, will eventually kill us. "A pathologist from the International Agency for Research on Cancer once told me that the biggest mistake we ever made was attaching the word 'carcinoma' to DCIS," Welch says. "The minute carcinoma got linked to it, it all of a sudden drove doctors to recommend therapy, because what was implied was that this was a lesion that would inexorably progress to invasive cancer. But we know that that's not always the case."
In some percentage of cases, however, DCIS does progress to something more serious. Some studies suggest that this happens very infrequently. Others suggest that it happens frequently enough to be of major concern. There is no definitive answer, and it's all but impossible to tell, simply by looking at a mammogram, whether a given DCIS tumor is among those lesions which will grow out from the duct or part of the majority that will never amount to anything. That's why some doctors feel that we have no choice but to treat every DCIS as life-threatening, and in thirty per cent of cases that means a mastectomy, and in another thirty-five per cent it means a lumpectomy and radiation. Would taking a better picture solve the problem? Not really, because the problem is that you don't know for sure what you're seeing, and as pictures have become better we have put ourselves in a position where we see more and more things that we don't know how to interpret. When it comes to DCIS, the mammogram delivers information without true understanding. "Almost half a million women have been diagnosed and treated for DCIS since the early nineteen-eighties—a diagnosis virtually unknown before then," Welch writes in his new book, "Should I Be Tested for Cancer?," a brilliant account of the statistical and medical uncertainties surrounding cancer screening. "This increase is the direct result of looking harder—in this case with 'better' mammography equipment. But I think you can see why it is a diagnosis that some women might reasonably prefer not to know about."
The disturbing thing about DCIS, of course, is that our approach to this tumor seems like a textbook example of how the battle against cancer is supposed to work. Use a powerful camera. Take a detailed picture. Spot the tumor as early as possible. Treat it immediately and aggressively. The campaign to promote regular mammograms has used this early-detection argument with great success, because it makes intuitive sense. The danger posed by a tumor is represented visually. Large is bad; small is better—less likely to have metastasized. But here, too, tumors defy our visual intuitions.
According to Donald Berry, who is the chairman of the Department of Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, in Houston, a woman's risk of death increases only by about ten per cent for every additional centimetre in tumor length. "Suppose there is a tumor size above which the tumor is lethal, and below which it's not," Berry says. "The problem is that the threshold varies. When we find a tumor, we don't know whether it has metastasized already. And we don't know whether it's tumor size that drives the metastatic process or whether all you need is a few million cells to start sloughing off to other parts of the body. We do observe that it's worse to have a bigger tumor. But not amazingly worse. The relationship is not as great as you'd think."
In a recent genetic analysis of breast-cancer tumors, scientists selected women with breast cancer who had been followed for many years, and divided them into two groups—those whose cancer had gone into remission, and those whose cancer spread to the rest of their body. Then the scientists went back to the earliest moment that each cancer became apparent, and analyzed thousands of genes in order to determine whether it was possible to predict, at that moment, who was going to do well and who wasn't. Early detection presumes that it isn't possible to make that prediction: a tumor is removed before it becomes truly dangerous. But scientists discovered that even with tumors in the one-centimetre range—the range in which cancer is first picked up by a mammogram—the fate of the cancer seems already to have been set. "What we found is that there is biology that you can glean from the tumor, at the time you take it out, that is strongly predictive of whether or not it will go on to metastasize," Stephen Friend, a member of the gene-expression team at Merck, says. "We like to think of a small tumor as an innocent. The reality is that in that innocent lump are a lot of behaviors that spell a potential poor or good prognosis."
The good news here is that it might eventually be possible to screen breast cancers on a genetic level, using other kinds of tests—even blood tests—to look for the biological traces of those genes. This might also help with the chronic problem of overtreatment in breast cancer. If we can single out that small percentage of women whose tumors will metastasize, we can spare the rest the usual regimen of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Gene-signature research is one of a number of reasons that many scientists are optimistic about the fight against breast cancer. But it is an advance that has nothing to do with taking more pictures, or taking better pictures. It has to do with going beyond the picture.
Under the circumstances, it is not hard to understand why mammography draws so much controversy. The picture promises certainty, and it cannot deliver on that promise. Even after forty years of research, there remains widespread disagreement over how much benefit women in the critical fifty-to-sixty-nine age bracket receive from breast X-rays, and further disagreement about whether there is enough evidence to justify regular mammography in women under fifty and over seventy. Is there any way to resolve the disagreement? Donald Berry says that there probably isn't—that a clinical trial that could definitively answer the question of mammography's precise benefits would have to be so large (involving more than five hundred thousand women) and so expensive (costing billions of dollars) as to be impractical. The resulting confusion has turned radiologists who do mammograms into one of the chief targets of malpractice litigation. "The problem is that mammographers—radiology groups—do hundreds of thousands of these mammograms, giving women the illusion that these things work and they are good, and if a lump is found and in most cases if it is found early, they tell women they have the probability of a higher survival rate," says E. Clay Parker, a Florida plaintiff's attorney, who recently won a $5.1 million judgment against an Orlando radiologist. "But then, when it comes to defending themselves, they tell you that the reality is that it doesn't make a difference when you find it. So you scratch your head and say, 'Well, why do you do mammography, then?' "
The answer is that mammograms do not have to be infallible to save lives. A modest estimate of mammography's benefit is that it reduces the risk of dying from breast cancer by about ten per cent—which works out, for the average woman in her fifties, to be about three extra days of life, or, to put it another way, a health benefit on a par with wearing a helmet on a ten-hour bicycle trip. That is not a trivial benefit. Multiplied across the millions of adult women in the United States, it amounts to thousands of lives saved every year, and, in combination with a medical regimen that includes radiation, surgery, and new and promising drugs, it has helped brighten the prognosis for women with breast cancer. Mammography isn't as a good as we'd like it to be. But we are still better off than we would be without it.
"There is increasingly an understanding among those of us who do this a lot that our efforts to sell mammography may have been over-vigorous," Dershaw said, "and that although we didn't intend to, the perception may have been that mammography accomplishes even more than it does." He was looking, as he spoke, at the mammogram of the woman whose tumor would have been invisible had it been a few centimetres to the right. Did looking at an X-ray like that make him nervous? Dershaw shook his head. "You have to respect the limitations of the technology," he said. "My job with the mammogram isn't to find what I can't find with a mammogram. It's to find what I can find with a mammogram. If I'm not going to accept that, then I shouldn't be reading mammograms."
In February of last year, just before the start of the Iraq war, Secretary of State Colin Powell went before the United Nations to declare that Iraq was in defiance of international law. He presented transcripts of telephone conversations between senior Iraqi military officials, purportedly discussing attempts to conceal weapons of mass destruction. He told of eyewitness accounts of mobile biological-weapons facilities. And, most persuasively, he presented a series of images—carefully annotated, high-resolution satellite photographs of what he said was the Taji Iraqi chemical-munitions facility.
"Let me say a word about satellite images before I show a couple," Powell began. "The photos that I am about to show you are sometimes hard for the average person to interpret, hard for me. The painstaking work of photo analysis takes experts with years and years of experience, poring for hours and hours over light tables. But as I show you these images, I will try to capture and explain what they mean, what they indicate, to our imagery specialists." The first photograph was dated November 10, 2002, just three months earlier, and years after the Iraqis were supposed to have rid themselves of all weapons of mass destruction. "Let me give you a closer look," Powell said as he flipped to a closeup of the first photograph. It showed a rectangular building, with a vehicle parked next to it. "Look at the image on the left. On the left is a closeup of one of the four chemical bunkers. The two arrows indicate the presence of sure signs that the bunkers are storing chemical munitions. The arrow at the top that says 'Security' points to a facility that is a signature item for this kind of bunker. Inside that facility are special guards and special equipment to monitor any leakage that might come out of the bunker." Then he moved to the vehicle next to the building. It was, he said, another signature item. "It's a decontamination vehicle in case something goes wrong. . . . It is moving around those four and it moves as needed to move as people are working in the different bunkers."
Powell's analysis assumed, of course, that you could tell from the picture what kind of truck it was. But pictures of trucks, taken from above, are not always as clear as we would like; sometimes trucks hauling oil tanks look just like trucks hauling Scud launchers, and, while a picture is a good start, if you really want to know what you're looking at you probably need more than a picture. I looked at the photographs with Patrick Eddington, who for many years was an imagery analyst with the C.I.A. Eddington examined them closely. "They're trying to say that those are decontamination vehicles," he told me. He had a photo up on his laptop, and he peered closer to get a better look. "But the resolution is sufficient for me to say that I don't think it is—and I don't see any other decontamination vehicles down there that I would recognize." The standard decontamination vehicle was a Soviet-made box-body van, Eddington said. This truck was too long. For a second opinion, Eddington recommended Ray McGovern, a twenty-seven-year C.I.A. analyst, who had been one of George H. W. Bush's personal intelligence briefers when he was Vice-President. "If you're an expert, you can tell one hell of a lot from pictures like this," McGovern said. He'd heard another interpretation. "I think," he said, "that it's a fire truck." ♦


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Upholstery Cleaning The Oaks
Upholstery Cleaning Specialists in The Oaks
Welcome to Squeaky Clean Upholstery The Oaks! We deliver a comprehensive range of solutions for your upholstery. We are here to help you maintain your upholstery at a low cost and keep it clean for a healthy atmosphere at home/office. From basic sofa cleaning, chair cleaning, lounge cleaning, couch cleaning, car seats, to commercial level leather upholstery cleaning – we do it all at a reasonable cost.
What Kind of Upholstery Needs Cleaning?
Every kind of upholstery needs cleaning irrespective of the material it is made of, though the methods and solutions vary. Whether you have leather couch or microfiber upholstery, you need to get it professional cleaned if you wish to make it last for a longer time. Moreover, when you don't hire professionals for upholstery cleaning, you – unintentionally:
- Add dirt and dust to the upholstery.
- Invite germs, bacteria, allergens, and contaminants.
- Reduce the upholstery's life.
- Cause bad effect on upholstery colour, shine, lustre, and softness.
- Deteriorate the quality of your indoor air.
- Make a bad impression on guests/clients.
- Invite health problems related to allergens.
To avoid all of these, it is best advised to get your upholstery cleaned at least once every year. A thorough cleaning of your upholstery eliminates contaminants, adds life, keeps indoor air healthy, and improves your overall lifestyle.
Commercial & Residential Upholstery Cleaning
Squeaky Clean Upholstery offers both residential and commercial upholstery cleaning services at the best possible prices in The Oaks. We are a leading name in the cleaning industry and our services speak for our commitment to customer satisfaction. Whenever we take any upholstery cleaning job – no matter big or small – we give our 100% to ensure our customer is happy to be served by us. So whether it is your favourite love seat or the reception leather sofa at your office that needs cleaning – we can rejuvenate it with our green upholstery cleaning methods.
Leather Upholstery Cleaning
At Squeaky Clean Upholstery The Oaks we have a special team dedicated to leather upholstery cleaning. We understand the value and worth of your leather upholstery and thus we use the finest tools and cleaning solutions to clean it. Our leather upholstery cleaning methods are designed in such a way that they also add more years to your upholstery.
Same Day Upholstery Cleaning
We understand the need of same day upholstery cleaning and emergency upholstery cleaning. Therefore, we work round the clock – 365 days a year – to provide the same to our valuable customers. If you need your upholstery to be cleaned today – just call us and we will get it done!
Upholstery Cleaning Procedure
Whenever you hire upholstery cleaners, it is good to know how upholstery cleaning is done. Each one has its own methods. Squeaky Clean Upholstery offers both upholstery steam cleaning and upholstery dry cleaning. The choice of method depends on a number of things. Our cleaners first inspect your upholstery and then choose the most appropriate method taking into consideration your personal preferences.
Here is our detailed upholstery cleaning process:
- The upholstery undergoes detailed inspection. Stains, spots, fabric type – all of these are noted down.
- The solid particles of the upholstery like dirt, dust, human skin flakes, pet hair, etc – all of these are treated by vacuuming the upholstery.
- Those ugly stains ruining the beauty of your upholstery are treated using chemical-free products that are mild on the upholstery fabric.
- Next comes the cleaning part. Dry cleaning is done using rotary brushes and industrial level agitation equipment. Using less water, the upholstery is thoroughly dry cleaned leaving no residue behind. For steam cleaning, hot water extraction method is used. Compressed hot water gets into the upholstery and cleans it from deep within. Extraction process extracts all the unwanted ingredients, soap, and water.
- Upholstery drying is done with our latest air dryers that take minimum possible time to dry your upholstery.
- We cover your upholstery with a protective shield to avoid stains and contaminants sticking to it at least for a few months after the cleaning.
- Finally, our cleaners inspect the upholstery again to see if it has been thoroughly cleaned.
Our Upholstery Cleaning Services
We do all of the following at Squeaky Clean Upholstery The Oaks:
- Couch cleaning
- Pet stain removal
- Pet odour removal
- Lounge cleaning
- Leather upholstery cleaning
- Sofa cleaning
- Chair cleaning
- Love seat cleaning
- Upholstery stain removal
- Woven fabric couch cleaning
- Microfiber upholstery cleaning
- Silk antique chair cleaning
And much more… Call us to find out!
Come to Squeaky Clean Upholstery for Best Results
Thousands of The Oaks residents come to Squeaky Clean Upholstery to get a new life for their upholstery. Want to know why? Here it is:
- We are locals of The Oaks with 2 decades of industry experience.
- All our cleaners are certified and licensed to do the job.
- We serve all areas of The Oaks.
- Our upholstery cleaning involves only green cleaning methods.
- We believe in leaving our customers happy & satisfied.
- We offer guaranteed upholstery cleaning services.
- Upholstery cleaning at lowest prices is our aim.
- There are no hidden charges in the quote that we provide.
- We work on 365 days even on public holidays.
- We can do same day upholstery and emergency upholstery cleaning too.
If you are thinking of replacing your old, stained, dirty upholstery then STOP! Bring it to Squeaky Clean Upholstery and our exceptional upholstery cleaning services will transform your old upholstery to something just-like-new!
Location: The Oaks, NSW, Australia
[RICH_REVIEWS_SHOW num="all" category="Couch Cleaning Sydney"]

subset: commoncrawl


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Flawless TitsFavorites [+]
Pay-Per-Minute Viewing
You can now enjoy this movie on your iPhone®, iPad®, or compatible Smart TV & Android devices.
Purchase Options
Pay-Per-MinutePurchase Minutes
Streaming Rentals
Available MP4 sizes:SD 480p (2.4 GB)
HD 720p (4.71 GB)
HD 1080p (6.97 GB)
DRM-free downloads offer content that is not limited by standard Digital Rights Management (DRM) access technologies. These technologies allow hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders and individuals to limit the usage of digital content.
When you purchase DRM-free downloadable content, that content is available for you to download on any computer and save to a disk whenever you like. You can also download to multiple computers. There is no timeframe associated with your purchase and the content will not expire.
Running Time: 171 minutes
Studio Name: Bang
Series: Flawless Tits
Categories: Big Tits Gonzo High Definition Exclusive
Description: You see her in a tight shirt, cleavage revealed, and all you can think about is how nice those perfect tits would feel in your hands! Watch as 4 of adult's hottest women with undeniably flawless chests get fucked raw!
4 Scenes from Flawless Tits
Flawless Tits: Scene 1 Free Preview
Starring: Natalia Starr ... More Details
Stars: Natalia Starr
Sex Acts: Oral Sex, Cum Swallowing, Tittie Fucking, Vaginal Sex, Handjob, Masturbation, Breast Play, Rim Job
Positions: Cowgirl, Doggy Style, Kneeling, Laying, Missionary, Reverse Cowgirl, Sitting, Spoons position, Standing, Crouching/Squatting
Flawless Tits: Scene 2 Free Preview
Starring: Alexis Fawx ... More Details
Stars: Alexis Fawx
Sex Acts: Oral Sex, Spanking/Paddling, Squirting, Cum Swallowing, Deep Throating, Vaginal Sex, Masturbation, Breast Play, Rim Job
Positions: Cowgirl, Doggy Style, Kneeling, Laying, Missionary, Reverse Cowgirl, Sitting, Spoons position, Standing
Flawless Tits: Scene 3 Free Preview
Starring: Tiffany Watson ... More Details
Stars: Tiffany Watson
Sex Acts: Oral Sex, Handjob, Cum Swallowing, Masturbation, Deep Throating, Breast Play, Stripping, Vaginal Sex
Positions: Doggy Style, Laying, Missionary, Reverse Cowgirl, Standing
Flawless Tits: Scene 4 Free Preview
Starring: Maya Bijou ... More Details
Stars: Maya Bijou
Sex Acts: Oral Sex, Creampie, Masturbation, Breast Play, Stripping, Vaginal Sex
Positions: Doggy Style, Laying, Missionary, Reverse Cowgirl, Side Saddle, Spoons position, Standing
Settings: Bedroom, Outdoors, Public Place
Recommended Movies


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The World Development Indicators is the World Bank's premier annual compilation of data about development. The 2009 WDI includes more than 800 indicators in over 90 tables organized in 6 sections: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links.
WDI online database available for subscribers. Selected indicators can also be accessed for free with the quick query.
Very interested in this Stuff
Very interested in this Stuff
looking for personnel ( Health) and did not find updated numbers
I think things look great and I am realy enjoying getting the newly data from a compact database. Congratulation for this. However I do not find the latest data on health human resources ( personnel ) and also from the production ( graduate output from the health schools). Any suggestions? I will go to WHO web site but I don;t have much hope of getting new data despite the fact that they are collecting this data every year. Hortenzia
thanks for such sharing. I
thanks for such sharing. I find it very useful.
2009 WDI Structure
Hello, I was gald to find some real facts on this topic at last. I've been searching the web for some information about World Development Indicators, but neither of the sources (I tried some shared info sources like Google) was giving enough details about 2009 WDI. Besides, I have some questions about the organization structure. Maybe someone could clear it up for me, why are they organized into these 6 sections? Why there is no section for Education? Healthcare? I would be very thankful. Best regards!


text: February 19, 2015 at 5:48 PM Inslee addresses poison pills, oil trains, e-cigarettes and Bertha's progress Posted by Joseph O'Sullivan Gov. Jay Inslee signed the supplement budget Thursday, before taking questions from media. Here are some things he said: 1. Bertha crawls again. "We're looking forward to continued movement," Inslee said. "People have to understand, there's going to have to be a lot of work on this machine to keep it operable … there's a long ways… More Comments | More in Governor, Politics Northwest | Topics: 2015 legislative session, bertha, e-cigarettes


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... one of my sisters is in an 'ancient' group and is crafting 'keltic' amulets and knobs.
For scanning one of the amulets I've used my old dental scanner to scan the two sides and fused them with David.
- a picture for size comparison:
- top side:
- bottom side:


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· Putting the community back into community news
· Putting the community back into community news
St. Thomas Synagogue
Antiques Auction
Bar/Bat Mitzvahs
Coming Events
From the Rabbi
Gift Shop
Members Only
News and Notes
Our Cemeteries
Our Congregation
Our History
Our Island
Our Synagogue
Recipes, etc.
The Bulletin
Search OnePaper
In Our Island
Our beautiful synagogue is an architectural and historical gem in the middle of the Caribbean. Visitors of all faiths experience wonder and awe standing in its simple and stately interior. We welcome you to our website -- enjoy it! We also hope to welcome you in person to our Synagogue, which is a National Historic Landmark.
Call us at 340-774-4312 or e-mail
In Antiques Auction
Here's the list of the 42 items, in order, in the Feb. 12 Antiques, Art & Collectibles Auction on Feb. 12 at the Antilles School's MCM Center. The live auction starts at noon. The MCM Center opens at 10 a.m. for auction previews, flea market sales and the opening of silent auction bidding.
In Our Congregation
Synagogue clean-up day: Jan. 22, 8-11am
This time around, we'll need lots of hands to help clean the sanctuary and the storage area under the stairs.
In Our Synagogue
Visiting St. Thomas? Here's how to find us
If you're visiting St. Thomas, we hope you'll come to see our beautiful, historic Synagogue. Here are walking directions from downtown Charlotte Amalie. FYI, our mailing address is PO Box 266, St. Thomas, VI 00804.


text:
Alan Stennett
Format: PAL
Region: 0
Aspect Ratio: 4:3
Duration: 60 minutes
First Pasture Price: £9.89
Status: In Stock
The highlight of this programme is the sight and sound of almost every working Clayton crawler tractor in the country hard at work. Four of the century-old machines, all with ploughs of a similar vintage, followed each other, furrow for furrow, down the field. It was a sight that is unlikely to be seen again, but which has been captured for this programme.
Other rare tractors to be seen include an Allis Chalmers Model L crawler, and an International 10-20 TracTractor, both believed to be the only operational examples in the country, an early transverse engine Case, and a locally built Colt de Luxe minitractor.
The Little Casterton working event is famous for its vintage harvesting machinery. An International Harvester Model 22 trailed combine, probably more than 60 years old, can be compared with one of the legendary war-time Massey Harris 21s, a 1940s Class Super-Combine or a Swedish built Aktiv, all supported by tractors, balers and other field equipment from the same period.
Narrated by Alan Stennett.
For quick reference of all farming dvds available within the shop, visit the Farming DVDs A-Z page.


text:
Color Available: Silver
Item Size: 8.5" x 0.24" D
Decorating Options: Screen Printing and Laser Engraving
Imprint Area:
Screen Printing: 4" x 1.5"
Laser engraving area on the straw: 1.5" w x 3/16" H
Packaging Info: Cotton Bag
Master Carton: 200pcs/18lbs
FOB Point:
Canada: Markham Ontario, Delite Warehouse
USA: Buffalo N.Y. through Transborder Distribution only.
Production Time:
In stock item: 7-10 business days
SMQ Ocean: 6-8 weeks
SMQ AIR: 3 weeks to door (available for some products only)
Direct Import: 10-12 weeks
Production time estimated after artwork approval and may vary by quantity ordered and stock availability.
Prices listed includes 1 color at 1 location imprint.
Set-up charge: $45(G)
2nd location and/or color imprint:
Stock items run charge: $0.45(G)/unit.
SMQ items run charge: $0.10(G)/unit
Additional Set-up: $45(G)
**Artwork must be reviewd before sending a 2 color imprint order.
As of Sep 25, 2014, any items require hot Stamping (blind deboss):
Setup: $80 (G) for all artwork within 5 square inches
Additional art size: $5.00(G) per each extra square inch
Less Than Minimum Quantity (LTM):
A charge of 20% on top of the first column price is required.
Blank Items:
Blank items are available for purchase at end column price.
No minimum quantity required if purchasing blank items.


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Hey Monster Makers and Dragon Masters, want to win a chance to see your Monster or Dragon join your favorite game? And win up to 500 gems?
Today we're launching a brand new challenge!
The Dragon City and Monster Legends Fan Art Competition is your chance to design your very own game character and submit it to the team here at Social Point. Each month, our Art Team will choose one awesome design and build it into the game of your choice. The winner will also receive 500 gems. And there are runner up prizes of 300 gems for 3 other budding game designers and artists.
What do you have to do to participate?
Grab a pen and piece of paper. Chew your pen for a minute or two. Dream up a brand new Dragon or Monster – your very own creation. What are they callled? What can they do? How many eyes do they have? Can they fly, breathe in lava, read minds, or speak fluent Catalan?
You'll need to draw your creation in as much detail as possible.
Then just head over to the Social Point Community page and follow these simple instructions:
- Read ALL the terms and conditions and accept them to participate
- Fill in the form with your name, age, email address (so we can let you know if you win!) and tell us which game you'd like to submit to and what your Monster or Dragon can do.
- If you're under 18, you'll need to download, print off, sign and re-submit a parental authorization form.
- Upload a jpeg, png, pdf of your picture
- Head straight back to Monster Legends or Dragon City and smite your foe!
So what are you waiting for, Monster Makers, Dragon Masters? Get creative!
And good luck to all.
We'll announce the winner on our blog in March!


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Id Virginia West Virginia West Fake
| It's much better alternative that PayPal in terms of being less confusing, as well as processing the Chase's website and/or mobile terms, privacy and security policies don't apply to the site or app you're about to visit. I do not recognize any of the recipients who the money was transferred to. or any of its affiliates. . We were unable to process your request. QuickPay from Michigan Schools & Government Credit Union allows you to make payments by transferring money from an outside account online.
Current and past coupons include the following: $100, $150, $175, $200, $250, $300, $350, $400, $500, $600 and $800 offers. It was founded in 1877 and offers money transfers within the United States. A. Chase offers a broad range of financial services including personal banking, small business lending, mortgages, credit cards, auto financing and investment advice. GET THE APP.
Find out more Chase Online SM for Business Chase Commercial Online SM Banker's Demo Business Credit Cards Personal Credit Cards Consumer Multiple Products Asset Wealth Management Chase Private Client Chase Wealth Management Premier Platinum Personal Credit Cards Business Credit Cards JP Morgan Securities Chase QuickPay With Zelle Is The Worst Money Transfer Service! Elephant Mating Takes Less Time! I had two different law firms I work with pay me through Chase QuickPay with Zelle in the past two weeks. Chase QuickPay. bank account, an email address and a mobile number. " Still, they may provide higher exchange rates margins, which may result in more expensive money transf Chase QuickPay offered by JPMorgan Chase Bank as a way to send or receive money directly from a Chase account. /2016 Annual Report The Testimonials on this page or provided via linked videos are the sole opinions, findings or experiences of our customer and not those of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.
Id Virginia West Virginia West Chase Quickpay has another facet to it, called clearXchange (CXC). Chase Online - Chase Mobile Banking Hello, someone sent me money via Chase Quick Pay and i am not able to receive it. If the person does not have a Chase account, they are able to setup a Zelle account via their bank account and receive the funds in a matter of minutes. Pay a HealthPartners clinic bill. Compare Chase checking accounts and select the one that fits your needs.
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Chase QuickPay is a free service that allows people with Chase Bank checking accounts to make person-to-person (P2P) transfers with other accounts that are part of the clearXchange (CXC) network. payments with the virtually anyone with any a U. Thank you for using our quickpay feature to pay your bill. It is an easy to use and 24/7 bank app right on your mobile phone device. Please review its terms, privacy and security policies to see how they apply to you.
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Chase announced on Thursday (June 16) that peer-to-peer transactions will For your security, your Nationwide online session will expire in approximately 3 minutes. Chase Helps Keep You Safe and Informed. Chase Pay makes it easier to pay with your mobile phone or online. What would you like to do? End Session Keep working Keep working There are 2 ways to do it for FREE! If you are the owner of both accounts, you can set your BofA account up as an external account on Chase's website. Once you've enrolled in Chase Pay, all your eligible Chase Visa credit cards, debit and Liquid cards will be automatically loaded and updated in Chase Pay.
So I've made some rather big life changes lately, which partially explains the lengthy delay between blog posts. com. How do I upgrade from a test account? When you want to begin processing real transaction, you will have to select a plan and enter you creditcard in the QuickPay manager. If you haven't already, add your own personal mobile number in which will to be able in which will to your Chase QuickPay settings in which will to get it easier for . Secure .
QuickPay Helpdesk. My apologies! Rebecca and I have both had a lot of interesting things to write about but just not a whole lot of time. ENROLL. Chase Bank review with 104 Comments: Come on - give me a break. Trust Coupons.
com to process your payment to Xcel Athletes, Inc. Bank from almost anywhere with the Chase Mobile® app. QuickPay operates at the highest level of security and is certified by the PCI Security Standards Council. What is Chase QuickPay? Chase QuickPay with Zelle is a service that enables Chase customers to send and receive money online. UOREGON Student Account Authorized Payer Login.
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Log in to Chase. person using Chase Terms of trade. 1997-2019 Moose International, The Family Fraternity. A fast, safe and easy way to send and receive money with friends and family at different banks. Please enter your Login Name and Password in the fields below and then click the "Login" button.
Id Virginia West Virginia West com Select the "Pay & Transfer" on the top left of the menu bar On this page, you will then default on sending money through QuickPay® with Zelle SM and you will have to choose the recipient who will receive your payment. I am looking for help in solving a problem with Chase Bank and their QuickPay system. Make sure you have the Chase Mobile® app downloaded on your phone. Learn about our online privacy practices and how Chase helps keep you protected. Chase Online Banking transformed the banking experience so you can bank your way.
See how it works. It indicates the ability to send an email. When Chase customers use Chase's person-to-person payments functionality, they'll automatically see Chase QuickPay ® with Zelle in the Chase Mobile ® app and on chase. An envelope. Open a checking account and enjoy the ease of banking with Chase.
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Many Chase coupon codes are periodically available. What's the best way to collect rent from a tenant? When I decided to become a landlord, one of the areas that I gave the least amount of thought to was collecting rent. Enroll your mobile number or email address with Chase QuickPay® with Zelle® so you can start sending and receiving money. USE CHASE PAY AT MILLIONS OF PLACES Link Chase Pay to Samsung Pay® and then just tap and go anywhere you can use your card today. quickpayportal.
Payments service QuickPay Payment Methods Chase QuickPay Goes Real Time With More Banks. Manage your accounts, pay bills, pay people, deposit checks, even transfer money. Chase customers now have broader access to an easy, safe and fast way to pay other individuals through the Zelle SM network. Chase Bank coupon codes, bonuses, and promotions for Checking, Savings and Business accounts are updated here. My business partner, a Chase account holder, sent a QuickPay payment to me two days ago and it still hasn't posted to my account which is also a Chase business account.
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It symobilizes a website link url Chase is boosting the mobile capabilities of its peer-to-peer payment program to gain traction against PayPal and others with new features such as real-time transfers. Popular now: Get $200 When you open a new Chase Total Checking® account. A login is required to provide any further guidance. what is quickpay? This is test description,This is test description,This is test description,This is test description. If you're a member of Chase bank, check your inbox for an offer to earn an easy $5 or $10 bonus or 500 UR just for using Chase QuickPay.
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Chase QuickPay review and faqs will help to decide on it. Chase QuickPay ® is now better together with Zelle℠. It's under the payments and transfers tab. bank account. S.
Id Virginia West Virginia West Mastercard Systems Bin Emerald 2 - Business What's going on? This is the source from Country Park, where we talk about how to build a Chase QuickPay, so we can send and receive money without any transfer fees or business service fees, like the three and a half that Paypal sometimes needs, so the benefit of this is that you don't have to be a Chase client, you just need one of them. The Chase QuickPay program lets a Chase customer send or receive money from another person and is another option for transferring money to a Chase account. You set up a payment You can send money to nearly anyone with a U. Open a Chase checking account today and enjoy the benefits of Chase QuickPay® with Zelle® person using Chase QuickPay with Zelle on a mobile device With a Chase checking account, you can: Chase QuickPay is an online person-to-person payment service that allows you to send money to and receive funds from virtually anyone with an email address or mobile phone number via a direct transfer between your bank accounts. See how to get started, it's easy.
Frequently Asked Questions - Here you can see: "Is Chase QuickPay free? Yes. #chasing - Stainless Steel Hashtag 20oz Road Ready Water Bottle, White 11 Quickpay jobs available on Indeed. with a bank account. Chase QuickPay is a stunning finance related app that helps you manage your account, make deposits, find ATMs, and more. EARN FUEL SAVINGS Search for nearby participating gas stations and pay at the pump from the comfort of your car.
You can use Chase QuickPay to send and receive money at no charge. An image of a chain link. Chase customers will soon have the ability to send and receive money with customers of other banks using Chase QuickPay. And do it all safely and securely with your device. You can feel safe with us and your customers safe with you.
21. Download Quickpay - with chase advice apk 3 for Android. Remember, a QuickPay account is free while testing and integrating, and you will not have to pay before you start processing real transactions. The State of Ohio implemented the new e-QuickPay SM program where custodial parents can now access their child support payments online using a MasterCard debit card. If you were attempting to login, please check your credentials and try again.
CHASE OFFERS Activate deals on the things you love with just a tap in the Chase Pay app. com for Financial Services savings. Travel booking site. Chase QuickPay is Free to use money transfer service to make P2P (person-to-person) payments with Zelle® even with your mobile. All rights reserved.
Who Benefits from Chase QuickPay and Chase Pay? Chase customers can benefit from both of these services along with most of their family members, friends, and retailers with whom they do business. A stylized letter F. My mother double-checked and confirmed that she correctly entered my cell phone number. com; Select the "Pay & Transfer" on the top left of the menu bar On this page, you will then default on sending money through QuickPay® with Zelle SM and you will have to choose the recipient who will receive your payment. Good morning everyone, I hope your week is off to a great start.
Below is a sample of a fake Chase QuickPay email message that is being sent by cybercriminals to steal Chase Bank customers' account credentials, personal and financial information. If you have not yet created a QuickPay account, you can find a guide on how to do so here: Create QuickPay account. My mother tried to transfer $1,450 from her Chase account to me through Chase QuickPay using my cell phone number. Look for it in your banking app. Chase QuickPaySM FAQs Using QuickPay How does Chase QuickPay work? 1.
-based bank accounts. QuickPay - Manager It describes how to set up chase QuickPay so that we can send and receive money without any transfer fee[…] 1. We're serious about protecting your personal information. QuickPay was founded in 2010 with a vision to leverage trends in mobile technology to remove the pain and hassle of finding, accessing, and paying for parking and transportation. Your financial data is protected and each bank has its respective security measures; now that's a service you can trust.
Came Today My In Card Funny Credit Using the service is free, and with the company's partnership with other banks via the clearXchange network, customers can easily transfer/send money to those who have accounts at other participating banks (JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Capital One, FIrst Bank, and Wells Fargo). Zelle's security features ensure that Chase QuickPay with Zelle transactions are safe, and recipients who don't already have an account at a participating financial institution can quickly sign up for a Zelle account to access the funds they receive. When Chase customers use Chase's person-to-person payments functionality, they'll automatically see Chase QuickPay® with Zelle in the Chase Mobile® app and on chase. I went into Chase Quick pay to accept the money and after i put my account number and routing number i get an ERROR 53067. Chase Pay and Chase QuickPay sound pretty similar, don't they? But these are totally separate services offered by Chase that have nothing to do with each other (except similar names).
Id Virginia West Virginia West QuickPayPortal Bill Payment Service Pay Your Medical Bills Online using quickpay code @ www. Starting with a Private Client Banker who works closely with you to help you make the most out of your banking relationship, there are many reasons to become a Chase Private Client. How to Transfer Money with Chase QuickPay. Sell bitcoin with Chase Quickpay Paxful is the best place to buy bitcoin instantly with Chase Quickpay Online shopping from a great selection at Apps & Games Store. Use Quick Pay to pay a HealthPartners clinic bill.
You agree to release the coin once you get payment I'm pay with Chase Quickpay and venmo. Owe money to a friend? You may get a little bonus for paying that friend back. Buy bitcoins online with Chase Quickpay Browse Offers: Bank Transfers , Online Wallets , Pre-Paid Debit Cards , Remittance , Other Payments On February 23rd 2019, I logged into my Chase online banking and found 8 Quickpay transactions that I did not authorize. What is Chase QuickPay? Chase QuickPay Is a feature that you can use online or through the Chase mobile app that allows you to send funds to other bank accounts and receive them. Chase customers can sign up for the service through their online accounts.
The letter F. Stay up to date with the latest service updates from QuickPay. 8 verified Chase coupons and promo codes as of Jun 10. com, Quick Pay Portal Medical Bill. You can make a payment in one of two ways, either by logging in or by providing your policy information: In this tutorial we learn how to setup, send, and receive up to $500 using Chase QuickPay.
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Over the weekend, I had some free time on my hands, so I experimented with Zelle, the rebranded Chase QuickPay / clearXchange money transfer service being used by all the big banks. The Easy Way To Send & Receive money to Your Friends Online Paywith Chase ! Chase QuickPay Offer: Chase has released an offer where you can get a $10 bonus (or 500 UR Points) when you send 3 payments via Chase QuickPay® with Zelle®! This may be targeted, so YMMV. Allows a customer to obtain more information about the Chase QuickPay service and or enroll; This state of the art payment service allows a user to pay just about anyone at anytime with the recipient's email address or mobile number (no bothersome check writing process required) Chase QuickPay is a money transfer service that allows users to transfer funds between U. The money left my mother's account, but I was never informed of any transfer. It works with Zelle, a multi-bank payment service that enables person-to-person payments to almost anyone in the U.
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Sometimes it seems that technology can makes somethings more complicated than just writing a paper check. My friend Mary and I traveled to Washington, DC for the Women's March on Jan. Having your paper bill handy is recommended. Chase QuickPay Review Chase QuickPay is a money transfer services company based in New York, NY. Chase Quick Pay.
Security. JPMorgan Chase & Co. A stylized bird with an open mouth, tweeting. This process is quick, accurate and secure. Because I ( resouces: chase mobile quickpay ) Just download much of some of our Chase Mobile® app and enroll.
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To sign in you ought to enter the QuickPay Code, generally called Statement ID or Access Code, from your patient clarification. hi is it possible for someone to chase quick pay money into my checking account? - Let TD Helps show you how you can reach your goals. Chase QuickPay Service Platform. Chase has a stellar eCommerce and mobile team in both their retail and cards organization, and they are poised to deliver tremendous payment innovation across both of these business units. Click this link to go to Chase.
Visa Card Icon Card Visa Credit Learn more. How to use Quickpayportal? To impact a portion you also can tap the association underneath and you will be taken to the QuickPay Portal site. 1. Zelle (formerly clearXchange) is a person-to-person payment service available to almost anyone with a U. In hindsight, I should have determined my policy for rent payment and informed the tenant during the vetting process.
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Introducing Zelle®. Chase QuickPay is now easier to use to pay Bank of America and Wells Fargo customers because of the clearXchange payments networks. Chase Quickpay is a person-to-person payment service that allows you to send or request money to the person of your choice. Apply to Audit Associate, Auditor, Babysitter/Nanny and more! Sell bitcoin with Chase Quickpay Paxful is the best place to buy bitcoin instantly with Chase Quickpay CHASE OFFERS Activate deals on the things you love with just a tap in the Chase Pay app. Chase is now .
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Greenbriar at Whittingham is a premier active adult community, conveniently located 2.6 miles from Exit 8A off the New Jersey Turnpike in Monroe Township, Middlesex County. The community is comprised of over 1600 homes with 3000+ residents on approximately 500 acres.
The community features a myriad of recreational amenities including a 30,000+ s.f. clubhouse, which includes a billiard room, ballroom, a fully equipped exercise room, indoor and outdoor pools, tennis courts, pickleball courts, bocce courts, and outdoor shuffleboard as well as an on-site restaurant. Weekly community events are planned and include activities such as ping pong, card playing, woodworking, painting, arts and crafts, quilting, knitting/sewing, yoga, line dancing, tap dancing, aquacise, and water volleyball. Off-site trips are sponsored on a regular basis and include area shopping, Atlantic City, Duffy Square, museums, galleries, and tours. In addition to all these activities, there are over 50 clubs and groups to join with varying interests. Intertwined throughout the community, there is also a 9-hole golf course that residents can join and enjoy. Our clubhouse is open seven (7) days a week.
Services provided to all residents include: lawn care, snow clearing, weekly trash & recycling pick-up, 24-hour on-site security, and nursing services.
For more information, please contact the on-site management office at 609-409-9292 x259. Our mailing address is 100 Whittingham Drive, Monroe Twp., NJ. Our main entrance is located off of Jamesburg-Half Acre Road/County Route 615. If your navigation system allows, enter in the intersection of Half Acre Road & Whittingham Drive, Monroe Twp., NJ 08831, which will direct you to our Main Entrance.
For comments or suggestions about this website, please email your comments to p[email protected].
This site is provided by TOPS Software


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Welcome to Actibush - Premium quality NZ made bushes and pins.
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Availability: In stock
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Neoprene Pin Seal with steel casing
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Worcester, MA (SportsNetwork.com) - After two straight losing seasons, the Holy Cross football program hopes to get back on track this year in a 12-game schedule announced on Thursday.
The Patriot League school will play five home games. Coach Tom Gilmore's squad finished 3-9 last year and going 2-9 in 2012.
After opening the season at Albany on Aug. 30, Holy Cross will host Morgan State (Sept. 6) and Central Connecticut State (Sept. 13) in back-to-back games.
The Crusaders will kick off league play by hosting Fordham on Sept. 27, which also is their Homecoming Day. They also have home league games against Lehigh (Nov. 8) and Bucknell (Nov. 15).
Holy Cross will play a road game at Harvard on Sept. 19 and four straight against Patriot rival Colgate (Oct. 4), Brown (Oct. 11), Dartmouth (Oct. 18) and defending Patriot champ Lafayette (Oct. 25). The Crusaders will end the regular season on Nov. 22 with a league game at Georgetown.
2014 Holy Cross Football Schedule
All Times ET
Aug. 30, at Albany, TBA
Sept. 6, Morgan State, 1 p.m.
Sept. 13, Central Connecticut State, 1 p.m.
Sept. 19, at Harvard, 7 p.m.
Sept. 27, Fordham* (Homecoming), 1 p.m.
Oct. 4, at Colgate*, TBA
Oct. 11, at Brown, TBA
Oct. 18, at Dartmouth, 1:30 p.m.
Oct. 25, at Lafayette*, 3:30 p.m.
Nov. 8, Lehigh*, 12:30 p.m.
Nov. 15, Bucknell*, 12:30 p.m.
Nov. 22, at Georgetown*, TBA
* - Patriot League game


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Forget the idea of a bumbling, hapless Mr. Mom, fumbling through changing diapers, panicking at the thought of bottle-feeding the baby, or recoiling in horror at the notion of giving his toddler a bath. Today's dads are engaged, view themselves as every bit Mom's equal, and are sick and tired of being pilloried in the media.
It's time fathers get some respect.
That's the overwhelming message of a major new study of fathers conducted by BabyCenter and Men's Health. The survey of 1,319 parents, completed between May 6 and May 14, 2013, included 559 fathers or expectant fathers, and discovered some important changes when compared with a similar study done by BabyCenter in 2006.
Three-quarters of fathers now say they were, or plan to be, at home for several days immediately following the birth of their child, doing chores and attending the baby – triple the number from 2006. Also, while 3 in 5 dads say the idea to have a child was made jointly with their partners, a quarter say the pregnancy was unplanned, a threefold increase from seven years ago.
Dads on call
Overall, fathers report being very active in all phases of pregnancy and childbirth. Eighty percent of men attend most of their partner's doctor appointments; three-quarters are always accessible by cell phone during the pregnancy; and two-thirds said they give their partner massages. Three out of 5 dads say they cut or plan to cut their baby's umbilical cord.
Still, the survey revealed some interesting generational shifts. Most dads take one to two weeks off following the birth of a child, but a father's age does make a difference. The number of dads under 30 who view one to two weeks as standard for paternity leave is a third higher than the number of dads over 40. Twice as many dads under 30 said they plan to take up to four weeks off.
The bottom line: Nearly two-thirds of dads say they're more involved in the physical aspects of caring for their children – changing diapers, making meals, giving baths – than their dads were.
As one father said in a follow-up conversation, "Anyone can be a father, but it takes a man to be a dad. It's more than just providing; it's showing your children how to be respectful, thoughtful, and overall a good person."
And Baby makes chaos? Not anymore
The impact of having a baby on Mom and Dad's relationship also reflects a key generational shift. When asked if having a child drew them closer to their spouse or instead increased stress, 20 percent of 40-plus dads said it drew them closer, while a third said it increased stress on the relationship. For dads under 30, the numbers were reversed. This trend suggests the long-held belief that children were a drag on relationships may be changing.
In more good news, the 2013 survey found that on a wide number of issues – how much free time dads have, how overwhelmed their partners felt, as well as how overwhelmed they felt – dads today are less frustrated than they were in 2006.
Some things, however, never change. The top three things dads do: Take care of the house (mow the lawn, change the light bulbs), take care of the car, manage the money. The bottom three things dads do: Shop for toys, shop for clothes, clean the home (mopping, sweeping, tidying up).
One sign of discord is that dads believe they do more work around the house than moms give them credit for. Dads are 50 percent more likely to say they do the laundry; dads give themselves more credit for helping with the children; and dads are a third more likely to say they do at least half of childcare at home.
Does having a baby harm Dad's career?
A central argument in Lean In, the bestselling book by Facebook chief operating officer Sheryl Sandberg, is that working moms can't fully succeed unless they have partners who share a large percentage of childcare. Moms can't lean in at work, in other words, unless dads lean in at home.
On that front, dads say they already are. Asked, "Do you consider yourself an involved dad who does at least 50 percent of the childcare in your home?" fully 87 percent said yes. When asked if they would make career decisions based on their parenting obligations, half of the fathers said they would sacrifice a promotion at work if it meant spending less time with the family.
These results do not change by generation. Fathers of all ages simply accept that both parents are balancing home and work. Two-thirds of fathers in all age groups say, "We both have careers and take care of the kids equally."
A higher percentage of younger fathers, though, appear to embrace this reality. When given a choice of the reasons they are so involved with their kids, the vast majority of dads opted for "It's important to me. I want to be a great dad and close to our children." And that number is increasing among young fathers. Sixty-one percent of dads over 40 picked that answer, which rose to 79 percent among dads under 30.
As one dad said, "I changed my career to be home more for the family. Being a dad is the most important thing in the world."
Dads in the media
The survey did detect one strong area of dissatisfaction. Dads are annoyed by how they are portrayed in the media. Asked how they feel about the spate of recent reports suggesting involved dads are a trend, the fathers in the survey pushed back. Half said being an involved dad isn't a trend; it's just the way things are. But a third said there hasn't been enough media attention on the evolving role of fatherhood. "We're ignored!" they said.
Some, meanwhile, said they were frustrated by lingering stereotypes. As one observed, "I love how close I am with my daughter, and my wife really appreciates everything I do for them. But the, 'Oh, you're spending the day with Dad' comments piss me off. I usually respond, 'That's called every day.'"
Bruce Feiler writes a column on contemporary families at The New York Times and is the author of The New York Times bestseller The Secrets of Happy Families: Improve Your Mornings, Rethink Family Dinner, Fight Smarter, Go Out and Play, and Much More. Follow him on Twitter at www.twitter.com/brucefeiler.


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To be more facilitated by the SAFE, the General Administration of Customs (GAC) and State Administration of Taxation (SAT) jointly released the "Announcement of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, gonggao [2012] No. 1, hereinafter referred to as 'Announcement') "on June 29, which is scheduled to take effect on August 1, 2012.
There are six reform measures stipulated in the Announcement – the key information of each measure can be found below.
Reforming the administration mode of foreign exchange for trade in goods
Starting from the date of reform, the verification and writing-off form for foreign exchange proceeds from exports (hereinafter referred to as the "verification and writing-off form") shall be cancelled, and enterprises are no longer required to go through the verification and writing-off formalities for foreign exchange proceeds from export.
Implementing a differentiated management system for enterprises
Foreign exchange bureaus shall, based on compliance with the regulation of trade-related foreign exchange proceeds and payment as well as the consistency of the import and export of goods, divide enterprises into Class A, Class B and Class C.
For Class A enterprises, the documents concerning foreign exchange payments from export shall be simplified. Class A enterprises are eligible to handle foreign contracts of imports, contracts, invoices or other documents that can prove the authenticity of the transactions. Class A enterprises are also eligible to receive foreign exchanges from export without network-based inspection. Banks shall accordingly simplify the formalities for examination and approval of the proceeds and payment of foreign exchange for such enterprises.
For Class B and Class C enterprises, strict inspection will be about the documents on foreign exchange proceeds and payment in goods trade, business type, settlement method and other aspects. For Class B enterprises, electronic data on foreign exchange proceeds and payment in goods trade shall be inspected by banks. For Class C enterprises, foreign exchange proceeds and payments shall be registered as foreign exchange bureaus item by item.
Adjusting the export declaration procedure
Beginning from the date of reform, verification and writing-off forms are no longer required from enterprises for export declaration purposes.
Simplifying export tax rebate vouchers
Export enterprises that apply for export taxes and declared to Customs before August 1, 2012.
Disposing of the foreign exchange proceeds from exports that have not been verified and written-off within the prescribed time limit
Enterprises should handle the verification and writing-off procedures before July 31, 2012 for goods exported and declared to the Customs August 1, 2012 and which have also expired the verification and writing-off period for foreign exchange proceeds from export before July 31, 2012. From August 1, 2012 onwards, the foreign exchange bureaus shall no longer carry out the verification and writing-off procedures for foreign exchange proceeds from export, and shall not issue verification and writing-off forms.
Strengthening joint supervision by departments
Enterprises shall, increase awareness of good faith, strengthen self-discipline and consciously conduct lawful operations.


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Take our 100 dish challenge and vote now for the Hale Aina Awards
August's restaurant guide is on newsstands now. Pick it up to see our list of the 100 best dishes and drinks in the state. How many have you tried? Take our "100 Dish" challenge and share your best food shots from the list using Twitter, Instagram or Vine. Hashtag your pics and video with #HN100Best for a chance to win dinner on us; we'll choose one winner every week.
Also, August means it's time to vote for HONOLULU Magazine's Hale Aina awards, the Islands' longest-running dining awards. Vote for your favorite restaurants, and you'll be entered to win dining certificates from our Hale Aina winners.
Our 100 Dish challenge and Hale Aina voting closes August 31, 2013.


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Difference between revisions of "FAQ Where do I get and install Eclipse?"
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(See also [Eclipse/Installation].)
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If you have problems running Eclipse after it's been installed, please see [[FAQ I unzipped Eclipse, but it won't start. Why?]] for troubleshooting help.
If you have problems running Eclipse after it's been installed, please see [[FAQ I unzipped Eclipse, but it won't start. Why?]] for troubleshooting help.
== Installing Java ==
== Installing Java ==
Revision as of 10:37, 25 September 2008
The way you download Eclipse depends on how close you want to be to the "live stream." Following are the release types that can be downloaded from the Eclipse download site (http://eclipse.org/downloads), in increasing level of closeness to the CVS HEAD stream:
- The latest release, used by most products in the market. These releases have little risk of surprises, yet those builds can be up to 6 months behind what is being worked on now. Example version numbers for these releases are 2.1.2 and 3.0.
- Stable builds (so-called milestone builds), which are typically 6 weeks apart and deliver a major collection of stable features. These builds are moderately tested, making them reliable enough for the needs of most developers. An example is Eclipse 3.0M4, which refers to the milestone 4 build of Eclipse 3.0.
- Integration builds, done every week and sometimes more in case of failure or when closer to a release date. These builds integrate contributions from various Eclipse subteams to test the collaborations of various plug-ins. Build names start with the letter "I."
- Nightly builds, which provide a view of the contents of the CVS server's HEAD stream at midnight (Eastern Standard Time) each night. You can compare this build to the result of musical chairs. The music stops at midnight, and the build captures what was released at that instant. Mileage accordingly varies. Build names start with the letter "N."
Each release or build has a corresponding set of build notes and test results. Be sure to consult these notes before selecting a given build. Automated test suites are run against the nightly and integration builds. Having a build pass the tests can increase the confidence level people have in them. In all cases, the builds are shipped as a compressed archive, and installation is a simple matter of unzipping them anywhere on your local machine.
Alternatively, you may have already installed Eclipse without knowing it. Many commercial products are based on Eclipse, and so while installing these products, you often install a given version of Eclipse. These products usually are not shy about being based on Eclipse, so you can easily discover the location of the eclipse installation by investigating the installation directory of the product. Usually, the directory will contain a subdirectory called eclipse that contains the embedded Eclipse instance. While running your product, you can activate the menu option Help > About ... and then click on the Eclipse icon to see what version of the platform is being used.
Installing Eclipse
To install Eclipse, all you do is unpack the zip file download in the desired directory. No further work is required (other than making sure you have a Java Runtime Engine installed). When you unzip the file, it creates a subdirectory called "eclipse", with multiple subdirectories under that. So, for example, in Windows you could unpack the zip file in the root directory (e.g., C:\) and Eclipse would be installed in C:\eclipse. Note that installing Eclipse does not change the Windows registry.
For Windows, a number of problems have been reported when people try to use Windows Explorer to unzip the zip file. Please use a third-party unzip program, such as Winzip, JustZIPIt, or EasyZip.
If you have problems running Eclipse after it's been installed, please see FAQ I unzipped Eclipse, but it won't start. Why? for troubleshooting help.
See also Eclipse/Installation.
Installing Java
Since Eclipse is a Java program, you will need to have Java installed to run Eclipse. Eclipse can run on a number of Java Virtual Machines. The most commonly used Java is from the Sun Developer Network. Eclipse officially recommends Java version 5 (also known as 1.5), although many Eclipse users use the newer version 6 (1.6).
Sun's Java is available in two main distributions: the Java Runtime Engine (JRE) and the Java Development Kit (JDK). If you are using Eclipse for Java development, the JDK offers several advantages, including the availability of source code for the Java classes. If you are using Eclipse for something other than Java development, the JRE is all you need.
See Also:
- The Eclipse download site (http://eclipse.org/downloads)
- FAQ I unzipped Eclipse, but it won't start. Why?
- Sun Developer Network
This FAQ was originally published in Official Eclipse 3.0 FAQs. Copyright 2004, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This text is made available here under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0.