text:
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 4, by Edward Gibbon, [1788], at sacred-texts.com
1. The goddess of faith (of human and social faith) was worshipped, not only in her temples, but in the lives of the Romans; and if that nation was deficient in the more amiable qualities of benevolence and generosity, they astonished the Greeks by their sincere and simple performance of the most burdensome engagements. 159 Yet among the same people, according to the rigid maxims of the patricians and decemvirs, a naked pact, a promise, or even an oath, did not create any civil obligation, unless it was confirmed by the legal form of a stipulation. Whatever might be the etymology of the Latin word, it conveyed the idea of a firm and irrevocable contract, which was always expressed in the mode of a question and answer. Do you promise to pay me one hundred pieces of gold? was the solemn interrogation of Seius. I do promise, was the reply of Sempronius. The friends of Sempronius, who answered for his ability and inclination, might be separately sued at the option of Seius; and the benefit of partition, or order of reciprocal actions, insensibly deviated from the strict theory of stipulation. The most cautious and deliberate consent was justly required to sustain the validity of a gratuitous promise; and the citizen who might have obtained a legal security, incurred the suspicion of fraud, and paid the forfeit of his neglect. But the ingenuity of the civilians successfully labored to convert simple engagements into the form of solemn stipulations. The praetors, as the guardians of social faith, admitted every rational evidence of a voluntary and deliberate act, which in their tribunal produced an equitable obligation, and for which they gave an action and a remedy. 160
2. The obligations of the second class, as they were contracted by the delivery of a thing, are marked by the civilians with the epithet of real. 161 A grateful return is due to the author of a benefit; and whoever is intrusted with the property of another, has bound himself to the sacred duty of restitution. In the case of a friendly loan, the merit of generosity is on the side of the lender only; in a deposit, on the side of the receiver; but in a pledge, and the rest of the selfish commerce of ordinary life, the benefit is compensated by an equivalent, and the obligation to restore is variously modified by the nature of the transaction. The Latin language very happily expresses the fundamental difference between the commodatum and the mutuum, which our poverty is reduced to confound under the vague and common appellation of a loan. In the former, the borrower was obliged to restore the same individual thing with which he had been accommodated for the temporary supply of his wants; in the latter, it was destined for his use and consumption, and he discharged this mutual engagement, by substituting the same specific value according to a just estimation of number, of weight, and of measure. In the contract of sale, the absolute dominion is transferred to the purchaser, and he repays the benefit with an adequate sum of gold or silver, the price and universal standard of all earthly possessions. The obligation of another contract, that of location, is of a more complicated kind. Lands or houses, labor or talents, may be hired for a definite term; at the expiration of the time, the thing itself must be restored to the owner, with an additional reward for the beneficial occupation and employment. In these lucrative contracts, to which may be added those of partnership and commissions, the civilians sometimes imagine the delivery of the object, and sometimes presume the consent of the parties. The substantial pledge has been refined into the invisible rights of a mortgage or hypotheca; and the agreement of sale, for a certain price, imputes, from that moment, the chances of gain or loss to the account of the purchaser. It may be fairly supposed, that every man will obey the dictates of his interest; and if he accepts the benefit, he is obliged to sustain the expense, of the transaction. In this boundless subject, the historian will observe the location of land and money, the rent of the one and the interest of the other, as they materially affect the prosperity of agriculture and commerce. The landlord was often obliged to advance the stock and instruments of husbandry, and to content himself with a partition of the fruits. If the feeble tenant was oppressed by accident, contagion, or hostile violence, he claimed a proportionable relief from the equity of the laws: five years were the customary term, and no solid or costly improvements could be expected from a farmer, who, at each moment might be ejected by the sale of the estate. 162 Usury, 163 the inveterate grievance of the city, had been discouraged by the Twelve Tables, 164 and abolished by the clamors of the people. It was revived by their wants and idleness, tolerated by the discretion of the praetors, and finally determined by the Code of Justinian. Persons of illustrious rank were confined to the moderate profit of four per cent.; six was pronounced to be the ordinary and legal standard of interest; eight was allowed for the convenience of manufactures and merchants; twelve was granted to nautical insurance, which the wiser ancients had not attempted to define; but, except in this perilous adventure, the practice of exorbitant usury was severely restrained. 165 The most simple interest was condemned by the clergy of the East and West; 166 but the sense of mutual benefit, which had triumphed over the law of the republic, has resisted with equal firmness the decrees of the church, and even the prejudices of mankind. 167
3. Nature and society impose the strict obligation of repairing an injury; and the sufferer by private injustice acquires a personal right and a legitimate action. If the property of another be intrusted to our care, the requisite degree of care may rise and fall according to the benefit which we derive from such temporary possession; we are seldom made responsible for inevitable accident, but the consequences of a voluntary fault must always be imputed to the author. 168 A Roman pursued and recovered his stolen goods by a civil action of theft; they might pass through a succession of pure and innocent hands, but nothing less than a prescription of thirty years could extinguish his original claim. They were restored by the sentence of the praetor, and the injury was compensated by double, or threefold, or even quadruple damages, as the deed had been perpetrated by secret fraud or open rapine, as the robber had been surprised in the fact, or detected by a subsequent research. The Aquilian law 169 defended the living property of a citizen, his slaves and cattle, from the stroke of malice or negligence: the highest price was allowed that could be ascribed to the domestic animal at any moment of the year preceding his death; a similar latitude of thirty days was granted on the destruction of any other valuable effects. A personal injury is blunted or sharpened by the manners of the times and the sensibility of the individual: the pain or the disgrace of a word or blow cannot easily be appreciated by a pecuniary equivalent. The rude jurisprudence of the decemvirs had confounded all hasty insults, which did not amount to the fracture of a limb, by condemning the aggressor to the common penalty of twenty-five asses. But the same denomination of money was reduced, in three centuries, from a pound to the weight of half an ounce: and the insolence of a wealthy Roman indulged himself in the cheap amusement of breaking and satisfying the law of the twelve tables. Veratius ran through the streets striking on the face the inoffensive passengers, and his attendant purse-bearer immediately silenced their clamors by the legal tender of twenty-five pieces of copper, about the value of one shilling. 170 The equity of the praetors examined and estimated the distinct merits of each particular complaint. In the adjudication of civil damages, the magistrate assumed a right to consider the various circumstances of time and place, of age and dignity, which may aggravate the shame and sufferings of the injured person; but if he admitted the idea of a fine, a punishment, an example, he invaded the province, though, perhaps, he supplied the defects, of the criminal law.
The execution of the Alban dictator, who was dismembered by eight horses, is represented by Livy as the first and the fast instance of Roman cruelty in the punishment of the most atrocious crimes. 171 But this act of justice, or revenge, was inflicted on a foreign enemy in the heat of victory, and at the command of a single man. The twelve tables afford a more decisive proof of the national spirit, since they were framed by the wisest of the senate, and accepted by the free voices of the people; yet these laws, like the statutes of Draco, 172 are written in characters of blood. 173 They approve the inhuman and unequal principle of retaliation; and the forfeit of an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a limb for a limb, is rigorously exacted, unless the offender can redeem his pardon by a fine of three hundred pounds of copper. The decemvirs distributed with much liberality the slighter chastisements of flagellation and servitude; and nine crimes of a very different complexion are adjudged worthy of death.
1. Any act of treason against the state, or of correspondence with the public enemy. The mode of execution was painful and ignominious: the head of the degenerate Roman was shrouded in a veil, his hands were tied behind his back, and after he had been scourged by the lictor, he was suspended in the midst of the forum on a cross, or inauspicious tree.
2. Nocturnal meetings in the city; whatever might be the pretence, of pleasure, or religion, or the public good.
3. The murder of a citizen; for which the common feelings of mankind demand the blood of the murderer. Poison is still more odious than the sword or dagger; and we are surprised to discover, in two flagitious events, how early such subtle wickedness had infected the simplicity of the republic, and the chaste virtues of the Roman matrons. 174 The parricide, who violated the duties of nature and gratitude, was cast into the river or the sea, enclosed in a sack; and a cock, a viper, a dog, and a monkey, were successively added, as the most suitable companions. 175 Italy produces no monkeys; but the want could never be felt, till the middle of the sixth century first revealed the guilt of a parricide. 176
4. The malice of an incendiary. After the previous ceremony of whipping, he himself was delivered to the flames; and in this example alone our reason is tempted to applaud the justice of retaliation.
5. Judicial perjury. The corrupt or malicious witness was thrown headlong from the Tarpeian rock, to expiate his falsehood, which was rendered still more fatal by the severity of the penal laws, and the deficiency of written evidence.
6. The corruption of a judge, who accepted bribes to pronounce an iniquitous sentence.
7. Libels and satires, whose rude strains sometimes disturbed the peace of an illiterate city. The author was beaten with clubs, a worthy chastisement, but it is not certain that he was left to expire under the blows of the executioner. 177
8. The nocturnal mischief of damaging or destroying a neighbor's corn. The criminal was suspended as a grateful victim to Ceres. But the sylvan deities were less implacable, and the extirpation of a more valuable tree was compensated by the moderate fine of twenty-five pounds of copper. 9. Magical incantations; which had power, in the opinion of the Latin shepherds, to exhaust the strength of an enemy, to extinguish his life, and to remove from their seats his deep-rooted plantations.
The cruelty of the twelve tables against insolvent debtors still remains to be told; and I shall dare to prefer the literal sense of antiquity to the specious refinements of modern criticism. 178 *_0059 After the judicial proof or confession of the debt, thirty days of grace were allowed before a Roman was delivered into the power of his fellow- citizen. In this private prison, twelve ounces of rice were his daily food; he might be bound with a chain of fifteen pounds weight; and his misery was thrice exposed in the market place, to solicit the compassion of his friends and countrymen. At the expiration of sixty days, the debt was discharged by the loss of liberty or life; the insolvent debtor was either put to death, or sold in foreign slavery beyond the Tyber: but, if several creditors were alike obstinate and unrelenting, they might legally dismember his body, and satiate their revenge by this horrid partition. The advocates for this savage law have insisted, that it must strongly operate in deterring idleness and fraud from contracting debts which they were unable to discharge; but experience would dissipate this salutary terror, by proving that no creditor could be found to exact this unprofitable penalty of life or limb. As the manners of Rome were insensibly polished, the criminal code of the decemvirs was abolished by the humanity of accusers, witnesses, and judges; and impunity became the consequence of immoderate rigor. The Porcian and Valerian laws prohibited the magistrates from inflicting on a free citizen any capital, or even corporal, punishment; and the obsolete statutes of blood were artfully, and perhaps truly, ascribed to the spirit, not of patrician, but of regal, tyranny.
In the absence of penal laws, and the insufficiency of civil actions, the peace and justice of the city were imperfectly maintained by the private jurisdiction of the citizens. The malefactors who replenish our jails are the outcasts of society, and the crimes for which they suffer may be commonly ascribed to ignorance, poverty, and brutal appetite. For the perpetration of similar enormities, a vile plebeian might claim and abuse the sacred character of a member of the republic: but, on the proof or suspicion of guilt, the slave, or the stranger, was nailed to a cross; and this strict and summary justice might be exercised without restraint over the greatest part of the populace of Rome. Each family contained a domestic tribunal, which was not confined, like that of the praetor, to the cognizance of external actions: virtuous principles and habits were inculcated by the discipline of education; and the Roman father was accountable to the state for the manners of his children, since he disposed, without appeal, of their life, their liberty, and their inheritance. In some pressing emergencies, the citizen was authorized to avenge his private or public wrongs. The consent of the Jewish, the Athenian, and the Roman laws approved the slaughter of the nocturnal thief; though in open daylight a robber could not be slain without some previous evidence of danger and complaint. Whoever surprised an adulterer in his nuptial bed might freely exercise his revenge; 179 the most bloody and wanton outrage was excused by the provocation; 180 nor was it before the reign of Augustus that the husband was reduced to weigh the rank of the offender, or that the parent was condemned to sacrifice his daughter with her guilty seducer. After the expulsion of the kings, the ambitious Roman, who should dare to assume their title or imitate their tyranny, was devoted to the infernal gods: each of his fellow-citizens was armed with the sword of justice; and the act of Brutus, however repugnant to gratitude or prudence, had been already sanctified by the judgment of his country. 181 The barbarous practice of wearing arms in the midst of peace, 182 and the bloody maxims of honor, were unknown to the Romans; and, during the two purest ages, from the establishment of equal freedom to the end of the Punic wars, the city was never disturbed by sedition, and rarely polluted with atrocious crimes. The failure of penal laws was more sensibly felt, when every vice was inflamed by faction at home and dominion abroad. In the time of Cicero, each private citizen enjoyed the privilege of anarchy; each minister of the republic was exalted to the temptations of regal power, and their virtues are entitled to the warmest praise, as the spontaneous fruits of nature or philosophy. After a triennial indulgence of lust, rapine, and cruelty, Verres, the tyrant of Sicily, could only be sued for the pecuniary restitution of three hundred thousand pounds sterling; and such was the temper of the laws, the judges, and perhaps the accuser himself, 183 that, on refunding a thirteenth part of his plunder, Verres could retire to an easy and luxurious exile. 184
The first imperfect attempt to restore the proportion of crimes and punishments was made by the dictator Sylla, who, in the midst of his sanguinary triumph, aspired to restrain the license, rather than to oppress the liberty, of the Romans. He gloried in the arbitrary proscription of four thousand seven hundred citizens. 185 But, in the character of a legislator, he respected the prejudices of the times; and, instead of pronouncing a sentence of death against the robber or assassin, the general who betrayed an army, or the magistrate who ruined a province, Sylla was content to aggravate the pecuniary damages by the penalty of exile, or, in more constitutional language, by the interdiction of fire and water. The Cornelian, and afterwards the Pompeian and Julian, laws introduced a new system of criminal jurisprudence; 186 and the emperors, from Augustus to Justinian, disguised their increasing rigor under the names of the original authors. But the invention and frequent use of extraordinary pains proceeded from the desire to extend and conceal the progress of despotism. In the condemnation of illustrious Romans, the senate was always prepared to confound, at the will of their masters, the judicial and legislative powers. It was the duty of the governors to maintain the peace of their province, by the arbitrary and rigid administration of justice; the freedom of the city evaporated in the extent of empire, and the Spanish malefactor, who claimed the privilege of a Roman, was elevated by the command of Galba on a fairer and more lofty cross. 187 Occasional rescripts issued from the throne to decide the questions which, by their novelty or importance, appeared to surpass the authority and discernment of a proconsul. Transportation and beheading were reserved for honorable persons; meaner criminals were either hanged, or burnt, or buried in the mines, or exposed to the wild beasts of the amphitheatre. Armed robbers were pursued and extirpated as the enemies of society; the driving away horses or cattle was made a capital offence; 188 but simple theft was uniformly considered as a mere civil and private injury. The degrees of guilt, and the modes of punishment, were too often determined by the discretion of the rulers, and the subject was left in ignorance of the legal danger which he might incur by every action of his life.
A sin, a vice, a crime, are the objects of theology, ethics, and jurisprudence. Whenever their judgments agree, they corroborate each other; but, as often as they differ, a prudent legislator appreciates the guilt and punishment according to the measure of social injury. On this principle, the most daring attack on the life and property of a private citizen is judged less atrocious than the crime of treason or rebellion, which invades the majesty of the republic: the obsequious civilians unanimously pronounced, that the republic is contained in the person of its chief; and the edge of the Julian law was sharpened by the incessant diligence of the emperors. The licentious commerce of the sexes may be tolerated as an impulse of nature, or forbidden as a source of disorder and corruption; but the fame, the fortunes, the family of the husband, are seriously injured by the adultery of the wife. The wisdom of Augustus, after curbing the freedom of revenge, applied to this domestic offence the animadversion of the laws: and the guilty parties, after the payment of heavy forfeitures and fines, were condemned to long or perpetual exile in two separate islands. 189 Religion pronounces an equal censure against the infidelity of the husband; but, as it is not accompanied by the same civil effects, the wife was never permitted to vindicate her wrongs; 190 and the distinction of simple or double adultery, so familiar and so important in the canon law, is unknown to the jurisprudence of the Code and the Pandects. I touch with reluctance, and despatch with impatience, a more odious vice, of which modesty rejects the name, and nature abominates the idea. The primitive Romans were infected by the example of the Etruscans 191 and Greeks: 192 and in the mad abuse of prosperity and power, every pleasure that is innocent was deemed insipid; and the Scatinian law, 193 which had been extorted by an act of violence, was insensibly abolished by the lapse of time and the multitude of criminals. By this law, the rape, perhaps the seduction, of an ingenuous youth, was compensated, as a personal injury, by the poor damages of ten thousand sesterces, or fourscore pounds; the ravisher might be slain by the resistance or revenge of chastity; and I wish to believe, that at Rome, as in Athens, the voluntary and effeminate deserter of his sex was degraded from the honors and the rights of a citizen. 194 But the practice of vice was not discouraged by the severity of opinion: the indelible stain of manhood was confounded with the more venial transgressions of fornication and adultery, nor was the licentious lover exposed to the same dishonor which he impressed on the male or female partner of his guilt. From Catullus to Juvenal, 195 the poets accuse and celebrate the degeneracy of the times; and the reformation of manners was feebly attempted by the reason and authority of the civilians till the most virtuous of the Caesars proscribed the sin against nature as a crime against society. 196
159 How much is the cool, rational evidence of Polybius (l. vi. p. 693, l. xxxi. p. 1459, 1460) superior to vague, indiscriminate applause - omnium maxime et praecipue fidem coluit, (A. Gellius, xx. l.)
160 The Jus Praetorium de Pactis et Transactionibus is a separate and satisfactory treatise of Gerard Noodt, (Opp. tom. i. p. 483 - 564.) And I will here observe, that the universities of Holland and Brandenburg, in the beginning of the present century, appear to have studied the civil law on the most just and liberal principles.
Note: Simple agreements (pacta) formed as valid an obligation as a solemn contract. Only an action, or the right to a direct judicial prosecution, was not permitted in every case of compact. In all other respects, the judge was bound to maintain an agreement made by pactum. The stipulation was a form common to every kind of agreement, by which the right of action was given to this. - W.
161 The nice and various subject of contracts by consent is spread over four books (xvii. - xx.) of the Pandects, and is one of the parts best deserving of the attention of an English student.
Note: This is erroneously called "benefits." Gibbon enumerates various kinds of contracts, of which some alone are properly called benefits. - W.
162 The covenants of rent are defined in the Pandects (l. xix.) and the Code, (l. iv. tit. lxv.) The quinquennium, or term of five years, appears to have been a custom rather than a law; but in France all leases of land were determined in nine years. This limitation was removed only in the year 1775, (Encyclopedie Methodique, tom. i. de la Jurisprudence, p. 668, 669;) and I am sorry to observe that it yet prevails in the beauteous and happy country where I am permitted to reside.
163 I might implicitly acquiesce in the sense and learning of the three books of G. Noodt, de foenore et usuris. (Opp. tom. i. p. 175 - 268.) The interpretation of the asses or centesimoe usuroe at twelve, the unciarioe at one per cent., is maintained by the best critics and civilians: Noodt, (l. ii. c. 2, p. 207,) Gravina, (Opp. p. 205, &c., 210,) Heineccius, (Antiquitat. ad Institut. l. iii. tit. xv.,) Montesquieu, (Esprit des Loix, l. xxii. c. 22, tom. ii. p. 36. Defense de l'Esprit des Loix, tom. iii. p. 478, &c.,) and above all, John Frederic Gronovius (de Pecunia Veteri, l. iii. c. 13, p. 213 - 227, and his three Antexegeses, p. 455 - 655, the founder, or at least the champion, of this probable opinion; which is, however, perplexed with some difficulties.
164 Primo xii. Tabulis sancitum est ne quis unciario foenore amplius exerceret, (Tacit. Annal. vi. 16.) Pour peu (says Montesquieu, Esprit des Loix, l. xxii. 22) qu'on soit verse dans l'histoire de Rome, on verra qu'une pareille loi ne devoit pas etre l'ouvrage des decemvirs. Was Tacitus ignorant - or stupid? But the wiser and more virtuous patricians might sacrifice their avarice to their ambition, and might attempt to check the odious practice by such interest as no lender would accept, and such penalties as no debtor would incur.
Note: The real nature of the foenus unciarium has been proved; it amounted in a year of twelve months to ten per cent. See, in the Magazine for Civil Law, by M. Hugo, vol. v. p. 180, 184, an article of M. Schrader, following up the conjectures of Niebuhr, Hist. Rom. tom. ii. p. 431. - W. Compare a very clear account of this question in the appendix to Mr. Travers Twiss's Epitome of Niebuhr, vol. ii. p. 257. - M.
165 Justinian has not condescended to give usury a place in his Institutes; but the necessary rules and restrictions are inserted in the Pandects (l. xxii. tit. i. ii.) and the Code, (l. iv. tit. xxxii. xxxiii.)
166 The Fathers are unanimous, (Barbeyrac, Morale des Peres, p. 144. &c.:) Cyprian, Lactantius, Basil, Chrysostom, (see his frivolous arguments in Noodt, l. i. c. 7, p. 188,) Gregory of Nyssa, Ambrose, Jerom, Augustin, and a host of councils and casuists.
167 Cato, Seneca, Plutarch, have loudly condemned the practice or abuse of usury. According to the etymology of foenus, the principal is supposed to generate the interest: a breed of barren metal, exclaims Shakespeare - and the stage is the echo of the public voice.
168 Sir William Jones has given an ingenious and rational Essay on the law of Bailment, (London, 1781, p. 127, in 8vo.) He is perhaps the only lawyer equally conversant with the year-books of Westminster, the Commentaries of Ulpian, the Attic pleadings of Isaeus, and the sentences of Arabian and Persian cadhis.
169 Noodt (Opp. tom. i. p. 137 - 172) has composed a separate treatise, ad Legem Aquilian, (Pandect. l. ix. tit. ii.)
170 Aulus Gellius (Noct. Attic. xx. i.) borrowed this story from the Commentaries of Q. Labeo on the xii. tables.
171 The narrative of Livy (i. 28) is weighty and solemn. At tu, Albane, maneres, is a harsh reflection, unworthy of Virgil's humanity, (Aeneid, viii. 643.) Heyne, with his usual good taste, observes that the subject was too horrid for the shield of Aencas, (tom. iii. p. 229.)
172 The age of Draco (Olympiad xxxix. l) is fixed by Sir John Marsham (Canon Chronicus, p. 593 - 596) and Corsini, (Fasti Attici, tom. iii. p. 62.) For his laws, see the writers on the government of Athens, Sigonius, Meursius, Potter, &c.
173 The viith, de delictis, of the xii. tables is delineated by Gravina, (Opp. p. 292, 293, with a commentary, p. 214 - 230.) Aulus Gellius (xx. 1) and the Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum afford much original information.
174 Livy mentions two remarkable and flagitious aeras, of 3000 persons accused, and of 190 noble matrons convicted, of the crime of poisoning, (xl. 43, viii. 18.) Mr. Hume discriminates the ages of private and public virtue, (Essays, vol. i. p. 22, 23.) I would rather say that such ebullitions of mischief (as in France in the year 1680) are accidents and prodigies which leave no marks on the manners of a nation.
175 The xii. tables and Cicero (pro Roscio Amerino, c. 25, 26) are content with the sack; Seneca (Excerpt. Controvers. v 4) adorns it with serpents; Juvenal pities the guiltless monkey (innoxia simia - 156.) Adrian (apud Dositheum Magistrum, l. iii. c. p. 874 - 876, with Schulting's Note,) Modestinus, (Pandect. xlviii. tit. ix. leg. 9,) Constantine, (Cod. l. ix. tit. xvii.,) and Justinian, (Institut. l. iv. tit. xviii.,) enumerate all the companions of the parricide. But this fanciful execution was simplified in practice. Hodie tamen viv exuruntur vel ad bestias dantur, (Paul. Sentent. Recept. l. v. tit. xxiv p. 512, edit. Schulting.)
176 The first parricide at Rome was L. Ostius, after the second Punic war, (Plutarch, in Romulo, tom. i. p. 54.) During the Cimbric, P. Malleolus was guilty of the first matricide, (Liv. Epitom. l. lxviii.)
177 Horace talks of the formidine fustis, (l. ii. epist. ii. 154,) but Cicero (de Republica, l. iv. apud Augustin. de Civitat. Dei, ix. 6, in Fragment. Philosoph. tom. iii. p. 393, edit. Olivet) affirms that the decemvirs made libels a capital offence: cum perpaucas res capite sanxisent - perpaucus!
178 Bynkershoek (Observat. Juris Rom. l. i. c. 1, in Opp. tom. i. p. 9, 10, 11) labors to prove that the creditors divided not the body, but the price, of the insolvent debtor. Yet his interpretation is one perpetual harsh metaphor; nor can he surmount the Roman authorities of Quintilian, Caecilius, Favonius, and Tertullian. See Aulus Gellius, Noct. Attic. xxi.
*_0059 Hugo (Histoire du Droit Romain, tom. i. p. 234) concurs with Gibbon See Niebuhr, vol. ii. p. 313. - M.
179 The first speech of Lysias (Reiske, Orator. Graec. tom. v. p. 2 - 48) is in defence of a husband who had killed the adulterer. The rights of husbands and fathers at Rome and Athens are discussed with much learning by Dr. Taylor, (Lectiones Lysiacae, c. xi. in Reiske, tom. vi. p. 301 - 308.)
180 See Casaubon ad Athenaeum, l. i. c. 5, p. 19. Percurrent raphanique mugilesque, (Catull. p. 41, 42, edit. Vossian.) Hunc mugilis intrat, (Juvenal. Satir. x. 317.) Hunc perminxere calones, (Horat l. i. Satir. ii. 44.) Familiae stuprandum dedit . . fraudi non fuit, (Val. Maxim. l. vi. c. l, No. 13.)
181 This law is noticed by Livy (ii. 8) and Plutarch, (in Publiccla, tom. i. p. 187,) and it fully justifies the public opinion on the death of Caesar which Suetonius could publish under the Imperial government. Jure caesus existimatur, (in Julio, c. 76.) Read the letters that passed between Cicero and Matius a few months after the ides of March (ad Fam. xi. 27, 28.)
182 Thucydid. l. i. c. 6 The historian who considers this circumstance as the test of civilization, would disdain the barbarism of a European court
183 He first rated at millies (800,000l.) the damages of Sicily, (Divinatio in Caecilium, c. 5,) which he afterwards reduced to quadringenties, (320,000l. - 1 Actio in Verrem, c. 18,) and was finally content with tricies, (24,000l.) Plutarch (in Ciceron. tom. iii. p. 1584) has not dissembled the popular suspicion and report.
184 Verres lived near thirty years after his trial, till the second triumvirate, when he was proscribed by the taste of Mark Antony for the sake of his Corinthian plate, (Plin. Hist. Natur. xxxiv. 3.)
185 Such is the number assigned by Valer'us Maximus, (l. ix. c. 2, No. 1,) Florus (iv. 21) distinguishes 2000 senators and knights. Appian (de Bell. Civil. l. i. c. 95, tom. ii. p. 133, edit. Schweighauser) more accurately computes forty victims of the senatorian rank, and 1600 of the equestrian census or order.
186 For the penal laws (Leges Corneliae, Pompeiae, Julae, of Sylla, Pompey, and the Caesars) see the sentences of Paulus, (l. iv. tit. xviii. - xxx. p. 497 - 528, edit. Schulting,) the Gregorian Code, (Fragment. l. xix. p. 705, 706, in Schulting,) the Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum, (tit. i. - xv.,) the Theodosian Code, (l. ix.,) the Code of Justinian, (l. ix.,) the Pandects, (xlviii.,) the Institutes, (l. iv. tit. xviii.,) and the Greek version of Theophilus, (p. 917 - 926.)
187 It was a guardian who had poisoned his ward. The crime was atrocious: yet the punishment is reckoned by Suetonius (c. 9) among the acts in which Galba showed himself acer, vehemens, et in delictis coercendis immodicus.
188 The abactores or abigeatores, who drove one horse, or two mares or oxen, or five hogs, or ten goats, were subject to capital punishment, (Paul, Sentent. Recept. l. iv. tit. xviii. p. 497, 498.) Hadrian, (ad Concil. Baeticae,) most severe where the offence was most frequent, condemns the criminals, ad gladium, ludi damnationem, (Ulpian, de Officio Proconsulis, l. viii. in Collatione Legum Mosaic. et Rom. tit. xi p. 235.)
189 Till the publication of the Julius Paulus of Schulting, (l. ii. tit. xxvi. p. 317 - 323,) it was affirmed and believed that the Julian laws punished adultery with death; and the mistake arose from the fraud or error of Tribonian. Yet Lipsius had suspected the truth from the narratives of Tacitus, (Annal. ii. 50, iii. 24, iv. 42,) and even from the practice of Augustus, who distinguished the treasonable frailties of his female kindred.
190 In cases of adultery, Severus confined to the husband the right of public accusation, (Cod. Justinian, l. ix. tit. ix. leg. 1.) Nor is this privilege unjust - so different are the effects of male or female infidelity.
191 Timon (l. i.) and Theopompus (l. xliii. apud Athenaeum, l. xii. p. 517) describe the luxury and lust of the Etruscans. About the same period (A. U. C. 445) the Roman youth studied in Etruria, (liv. ix. 36.)
192 The Persians had been corrupted in the same school, (Herodot. l. i. c. 135.) A curious dissertation might be formed on the introduction of paederasty after the time of Homer, its progress among the Greeks of Asia and Europe, the vehemence of their passions, and the thin device of virtue and friendship which amused the philosophers of Athens. But scelera ostendi oportet dum puniuntur, abscondi flagitia.
193 The name, the date, and the provisions of this law are equally doubtful, (Gravina, Opp. p. 432, 433. Heineccius, Hist. Jur. Rom. No. 108. Ernesti, Clav. Ciceron. in Indice Legum.) But I will observe that the nefanda Venus of the honest German is styled aversa by the more polite Italian.
194 See the oration of Aeschines against the catamite Timarchus, (in Reiske, Orator. Graec. tom. iii. p. 21 - 184.)
195 A crowd of disgraceful passages will force themselves on the memory of the classic reader: I will only remind him of the cool declaration of Ovid: -
Odi concubitus qui non utrumque resolvant. Hoc est quod puerum tangar amore minus.
196 Aelius Lampridius, in Vit. Heliogabal. in Hist. August p. 112 Aurelius Victor, in Philippo, Codex Theodos. l. ix. tit. vii. leg. 7, and Godefroy's Commentary, tom. iii. p. 63. Theodosius abolished the subterraneous brothels of Rome, in which the prostitution of both sexes was acted with impunity.


text: Eglarest was the southern of the two Havens of the Falas that lay at the mouth of the River Nenning on the western coasts of Beleriand. The northern haven was called Brithombar. They were founded during the Years of the Trees by Círdan the Shipwright and lasted through the First Age.

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Watch: No
Directed by Pablo Larraín (Sony Pictures, 2012)
Topple a dictator with a rainbow and a jingle? Lash back against oppression with candy-coated images and idyllic picnic scenes? End a regime of violence and fear with an almost comedic message of hope? This was the creative gambit used in a cleverly orchestrated advertising campaign that inspired Pablo Larraín's much-acclaimed film No.
The "no" of the title refers to a 1988 referendum where the people of Chile were given the opportunity to end Augusto Pinochet's rule with a simple vote of "yes" or "no." The film shows, however, that the vote is anything but simple. Older Chileans are wary of a return to conditions of poverty and scarcity. Younger Chileans beset by oppression believe the election is rigged. The government itself is set to oppose and undermine the "No" campaign by whatever means necessary. The creative mind behind that campaign, René Saavedra, played thoughtfully by Gael García Bernal (The Motorcycle Diaries), has his work cut out for him.
What is truly clever about the movie is how it steers a path between the two "either/or" tendencies of films with strong historical-political content. It avoids both the often heavy-handed, dark aesthetic that can leave viewers feeling simply depressed or angry while also avoiding a Pollyannaish perspective that erases all traces of the reality of suffering.
Instead we see proposed ad campaigns that emphasize the horrors of the past. We see the faces of the disappeared in photographs pinned to the chests of their long-suffering loved ones. But we also see 1980s-style song and dance crafted to make the viewer smile. For a Catholic audience, this ability to look forward in hope, while being honest about the sufferings of the past and present, may become a rousing message. You may even find yourself humming the infectious jingle, "Chile, happiness is coming!"\
This article appeared in the June 2013 issue of U.S. Catholic (Vol. 78, No. 6, page 42).


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Phone conference scheduled to approve last-minute changes to possession limits for migratory birds
PRATT – The Kansas Wildlife, Parks and Tourism Commission will conduct a public hearing through a telephone conference on Thursday, August 29, 2013. The call will begin at 10 a.m., and members of the public can listen online atksoutdoors.com, or attend a satellite location listed below, where public comments may be heard.
The last-minute hearing is necessary to incorporate changes to possession limits in migratory bird hunting regulations for the 2013 seasons. Other than the late migratory bird seasons, which were set Aug. 1, seasons and regulations for doves, sandhill cranes, snipe, rail and woodcock were approved earlier this year. However, when the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) released frameworks for migratory bird hunting regulations in July, the possession limit for all migratory birds was increased from twice the daily bag limit to three times the daily bag limit. Because potential regulation changes must be given published notice 30 days prior to a public hearing, the impromptu commission meeting was scheduled for Aug. 29. Commissioners will vote on a recommendation to adopt the maximum possession limit of three times the daily bag limit for doves, sandhill cranes, snipe, rail and woodcock as allowed under the USFWS frameworks.
The public is encouraged to listen to or comment during the hearing at any of the following KDWPT locations: Office of the Secretary, 1020 S. Kansas Ave., Suite 200, Topeka; Pratt Operations Office, 512 SE 25th
Ave., Pratt; KDWPT Region 1 Office, 1426 Hwy 183 Alt., Hays; KDWPT Region 2 Office, 300 SW Wanamaker Rd., Topeka; KDWPT Region 3 Office, 1001 W. McArtor, Dodge City; KDWPT Region 4 Office, 6232 E. 29th
St. N, Wichita; Neosho County Community College, 800 W. 14th
St., Oak Room, No. 209, Chanute; KDWPT Kansas City Office, 8304 Hedge Lane Terrace, Shawnee; KDWPT Research and Survey Office, 1830 Merchant, Emporia.
If necessary, the Commission will recess on August 29, 2013, to reconvene August 30, 2013, at 9:00 a.m.
If notified in advance, the department will have an interpreter available for the hearing impaired. To request an interpreter call the Kansas Commission of Deaf and Hard of Hearing at 1-800-432-0698. Any individual with a disability may request other accommodations by contacting the Commission Secretary at (620) 672-5911.
The next commission meeting is scheduled for Thursday, October 17, 2013, Kansas Cosmosphere, 1100 N. Plum, Hutchinson.


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Commuter Services is a partner organization of rabbittransit's that provides free services to employees and employers concerning commuting alternatives. It is a professionally staffed organization funded by federal Congestion Mitigation & Air Quality funds. Through its free services, it works to reduce traffic congestion by helping commuters find alternatives and by reaching out to employers so they can help their workforce find those options. Using ridesharing and transportation alternatives helps improve air quality, and fewer cars in rush hour can mean safer highways, too.
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Born in south-east London where she still lives, Kate Tempest made her live debut as a spoken-word artist at sixteen.
Not sure where to start? Who to listen to? What to read? The links below will help to get you on your way.TAKE A TOURPOET IN RESIDENCEFIND POETSFIND POEMSSPECIAL COLLECTIONSGLOSSARY
My short tour of the Poetry Archive is designed to show its range, as well as the strength-in-depth of its holdings...
Wendy Cope
Kathleen Raine
Julia Bird
The Poetry Archive's vision is to acquire and make recordings of contemporary English-language poets reading their own work, collect and preserve recordings of great poets from the past, and make extracts from all these recordings available free of charge.


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Continuous heart rate monitoring. Built-in GPS. Comfortable, secure fit. Tracks new activities like hiking, yoga, and weight-lifting workouts. Excellent app and easy syncing. Supports incoming texts and call notifications. Accurate.
Limited push notifications. Moderately large. Not waterproof for swimming. Below average battery life with GPS enabled. Charger not interchangeable with other Fitbits.
Bottom Line
With continuous heart rate monitoring, GPS, and broad appeal, the Fitbit Surge is the best all-day fitness tracker to date.
Of all the brands of fitness trackers on the market, Fitbit takes the trophy for being the most well known, and for good reason. The company has been iterating and spinning out different versions of its original Fitbit Ultra smart pedometer since 2011 (2008 if you start counting since the initial public concept reveal). Its latest and most advanced fitness tracker to date, the Fitbit Surge ($249.95), is a rather sophisticated piece of machinery in the form of a touch-screen wristwatch. It not only tracks your steps and sleep, but also alerts you to incoming phone calls and text messages, keeps tabs on your heart rate with a built-in optical heart rate monitor, uses GPS to track outdoor activity, and has much more functionality especially for runners.
Similar Products
The new device is an upgrade in the truest sense of the word. It's a better device than the Charge or Flex, a nicer wristwatch with more expensive parts, that also brings new options for what you will want to do with it, in terms of upping your fitness routine. Upgrade your tracker, upgrade your life.
The Surge isn't a perfect activity tracker, runner's watch, or smartwatch, but nothing is. What the Surge gets right is the blend of those three categories, rather beautifully at that. You can run and have it track your pace, route, and heart rate. Or you can take several modest walks a day and trust that it's keeping tabs on whether you walked more or less than on other days. More importantly, it's reliable and easy to use. When compared with other trackers on the market, it clearly rises to the top and sits alongside an elite few. The Fitbit Surge is a PCMag Editors' Choice activity tracker, alongside the Basis Peak and Mio Fuse. All three have their sweet spots to suit different kinds of consumers.
Design and Specs
The Fitbit Surge comes in three sizes: small (for wrist sizes 5.5 to 6.7 inches), large (6.3 to 7.9 inches), and x-large (7.6 to 9.1 inches; x-large only available at Fitbit.com). The test unit I received was black, though you can also choose blue or tangerine.
The elastomer polymer strap is 1.34 inches at its widest point, and a stainless steel buckle fastens the band elegantly and securely. Unlike the Fitbit Flex, no part of this band detaches, so there are no small parts to lose.
On the rear side is the charging connection point as well as the optical heart rate monitor, which looks like two glowing green lights with a tiny sensor between them.
The monochrome LCD screen, which has backlighting, measures 0.82 by 0.96 inches. Three buttons, one on the left and two on the right, line the edges. I like having buttons on sport and activity-tracking watches because touch screens can't read input when you're wearing gloves. With the Fitbit Surge, there are times when you must use the touch screen, though I found it more reliably recognized my finger than the Mio Fuse, which has a touch capacitive display (it's not a screen, per se). The Fuse's heart rate monitor sometimes gets stuck either on or off for me, because I can't always get my input to register on the first try. The Surge's touch input works smoothly, though.
See How We Test Fitness Trackers
I like the design, but the watch is still a little chunkier than the measurements reveal. The watch is stiff and not bendable for a good stretch both above and below the screen. So in terms of wearing it on your wrist, you have to think of the watch as being more like 2.5 inches long. That's just about the full length of my big-boned wrists, so if you're more petite, the Surge might look like a monster.
Customizations and Battery Life
You can customize the watch to add up to seven activities, in addition to running, that you can choose from when you work out. By default, they are hiking, weights, elliptical, Spinning, yoga, and a generic workout. The other choices are stair climbing, circuit training, boot camp, Pilates, kick boxing, tennis, martial arts, golf, and walking. In the running options, you can choose from free run, treadmill run, and lap run.
You can also customize the home screen of the watch, though I like the default screen best, which shows the time in digits and a dial of dots that fills in around it as the minutes tick by. The dots turn to little sunbursts at the times when you were active. For example, if the time is 9:50 and you took a short walk from 9:30 to 9:45, the dots would be almost a full circle, stopping at the 10 o'clock position, and you'd see extra dots that look like rays between the 6 o'clock and 9 o'clock positions.
Without GPS enabled (standard mode), the Surge's expected battery life is five days, and that's with the continuous heart rate monitor running. With GPS on, which is only when you're tracking an outdoor activity like running, the battery life is about five hours. That's decent, but other GPS runner's watches get 8 to 12 hours, though they don't typically have built-in heart rate monitors running at the same time.
A USB charger comes included with the device, but it's unique to the Surge, meaning if you live in a multi-Fitbit household, you can't borrow someone else's charger. What a needlessly annoying bummer.
One more item in the box when you buy a Surge is a Fitbit USB dongle, and it's one of my favorite aspects of Fitbits. If you set up your Fitbit account via computer, you can leave this tiny USB key connected, and any time you're within a few feet of your computer, your activity data will wirelessly sync to your account. That's so much more convenient and power efficient than relying on mobile device syncing alone. However, if you prefer to only use the mobile app, that's fine, too.


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Have $10,000 Lying Around? Here, Buy This Gold-Plated Xbox
Priced at £6,000, or roughly $9,773.99, the hardware is coated with real, 24-carat gold. Talk about having some bling to show off to your friends. Unfortunately, it doesn't look like there's a matching gold controller or Kinect.
What's odd is that the white Xbox One was still auctioned off for more than this -- and this is real gold. If you're the type of person who enjoys overpaying for fancy things, you can find the gold-plated Xbox One at the store's sole location in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London.
Worth it?


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Call (817) 210-1684 to connect with the Ask a Nurse program at Medical City North Hills. This free service provides expert, timely health-related information and physician referrals.
When you can't reach your primary care physician or need to find one, call Ask a Nurse to:
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- Register for classes or events sponsored by Medical City North Hills
Speak with a Nurse Anytime, Day or Night
There are no good times to have medical issues, but some are more inconvenient than others. That's why Medical City North Hills's Ask a Nurse service is available whenever you need it. Whether you have a health-related question or need to find a doctor by specialty, location, accepted insurance plan or other criteria, our nurses are always here to help.
Our nurses are on call 24/7 to offer valuable support and consultation. However, they do not diagnose medical conditions. Please consult with your healthcare provider, or ask for a referral to one, to receive diagnosis and treatment.
If you request a physician referral or information about our classes or events, one of our patient care liaisons will be happy to assist you.
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If you are having a medical emergency, call 911.
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When you have an emergency, one of our many North Texas Medical City ER locations has you covered. With average wait times posted online, if you do have an emergency, you can spend less time waiting and more time on the moments that matter most.
Find a fast Medical City ER near you.
When to Go to the ER … and What to Do When You Get There
Sometimes you're just not sure if the symptoms you or a family member are experiencing are serious enough to go to the ER. Here are some common pediatric and adult symptoms — including sharp stomach pain, high fever, aches and back pain, breathing problems and broken bones — and when they warrant a trip to the ER.
Waiting in an ER, especially with a sick or hurt child, can be a frightening and frustrating experience. To help you get the most benefit from your next ER visit, here are 4 Things to Know Before You Go to the ER.
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For minor accidents and injuries, diagnosis and treatment of general illnesses such as colds and flu, immunizations, school physicals and more, CareNow Urgent Care Centers offer board certified family physicians, urgent care specialists and convenient web check-in. With no appointment necessary and locations across DFW, taking care of your family's health has never been easier.


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Consciousness, Embodiment & Mutuality
By Van Nguyen
Excerpts from Becoming Divinely Human
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Got gifts for gardeners?
I do. And you can win them from me — merely by sharing your own gift idea and a picture of a plant with winter interest. But first, this public service announcement from the Colorado State Division of Cuteness:
That's Denver third-grader Danielle Emrich from Carson Elementary, and she's got herself a prize-winning colossus of a cabbage there. She's getting a $1,000 education savings bond from Bonnie Plants. The company, whose veggie plants you've surely seen for sale at any garden center you stumble into in spring, runs a third-grade gardening program and the students all grow the company's giant cabbage variety ("Bonnie O.S. Cross"). Each class picks a winner whose name is then entered in a statewide drawing. Last year, 1.5 million kids in 45 states participated. Danielle was Colorado's winner. Talk about laying down the slaw.
Back to the garden gifts: I've got seeds. I've got botanical art. I've got lotions and potions and tools and books. I've even got a PlantCam — this weatherproof gizmo that will take time-lapse photography of your prize dahlia doin' its thang. And I'm giving them away, weekly 'til they're gone. All you've got to do is e-mail me your gift ideas to firstname.lastname@example.com, preferably along with a JPEG of a plant you're fond of.
Of course, I've got plenty of gift ideas. So you've got to to think of the ones that I haven't. It's a bit akin to the Amazing Race.
Gift idea No. 1: Compost bucket for the kitchen. You'll want one sturdy enough to sit on the counter, big enough to hold a week or so's worth of veggie trimmings and eggshells (or at least, in canning season, one batch of salsa's worth of scraps). Personally, I think they shouldn't have "shoulders" — those can catch decaying veggies when you're trying to dump the thing, so a design that's either got straight sides or tapers slightly, top to bottom, is best.
Check out these at Gardeners.com.
And I also love the idea of the Biobags that go in them. (Wouldn't they be great for stuffing in the pockets of your dog-walking jacket as well?)
Tune in throughout the week for more gift ideas. And come Friday? I'll give away a seed sampler from Botanical Interests, including some of their new native varieties that were a joint project from the Denver Botanic Garden.


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Original Trinity Hymnal, #568
From Psalm 27
God is my strong Salvation;
What foe have I to fear?
In darkness and temptation
My Light, my Help is near.
Though hosts encamp around me,
Firm to the fight I stand;
What terror can confound me,
With God at my right hand?
Place on the Lord reliance,
My soul, with courage wait;
His truth be thine affiance,
When faint and desolate.
His might thy heart shall strengthen,
His love thy joy increase;
Mercy thy days shall lengthen;
The Lord will give thee peace.
Page number: Blue 568, Right-Click Here to Download MIDI File
|© 2019 The Orthodox Presbyterian Church
Chaplains and Military Personnel


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Dance With Me Sailor White Jumper
Jayne Williams Company offers all branches of the military including Marine, Air Force, Army, Navy, and Coast Guard. This cake topper features a navy enlisted groom wearing his sailor white jumper uniform with his lovely bride. We customize your jumper color, rank, skin tones, hair and flower colors, and so much more!


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Some Great Contract Hire and car Leasing Offers on all Ds Vehicles, Click the deals below to view the great lease deals on on the Ds car range.
Rapid Leasing Ltd has some fantastic contract hire and car leasing deals on all Ds for both business and personal customers, choose one of the many special offers we currently have on our Ds deals page.
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A controversial transgender student bill is awaiting action from California Governor Jerry Brown. The bill would allow transgender students to play on sports teams and use the facilities of the gender with which they identify.
Sixteen-year-old Ashton Lee says he sometimes feels isolated. His school district in Manteca views him as a girl but he identifies as male. He says getting assigned to girls P.E. and having to use the female restrooms unfairly singles him out.
"This will help me be able to participate fully as who I am in school," says Lee. "I wouldn't have to hide anything and have to be uncomfortable."
Opponents fear the measure could have unintended consequences. Carol Hogan with the California Catholic Conference says the bill doesn't guard against some students acting in bad faith.
"It wouldn't be a stretch to realize that mischievous or malicious students might use the law to actually intimidate other people," says Hogan.
Both sides are heavily lobbying Governor Brown.


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text:
The following PDF files are provided for educational purposes. I have downloaded them from various sources on the internet and in these uncertain times it seems wise to make them available on a multitude of sites. I would encourage anyone who feels that they are enriched by the books to purchase hard-copies if they exist. Many of them are available from Amazon.com.
Jiddu Krishnamurti on Education
JKrishnamurti Education and the Significance of Life
Krishnamurti – Life in Freedom (Early Writings)


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Monarch High football coach Phil Bravo and boys basketball coach Ken Niven received a nice post-holiday gift this week.
Niven confirmed on Friday night that Jay MacIntyre, the son of new University of Colorado football coach Mike MacIntyre, has transferred to MHS. Niven said MacIntyre practiced with his team for the first time on Friday and has been cleared by the Colorado High School Activities Association to suit up on Tuesday when the 5-2 Coyotes open Front Range League play at Boulder.
Prep2Prep.com, a high school sports website based in the San Jose, Calif., area, had reported on Thursday that MacIntyre intended to transfer from San Jose's Valley Christian to Monarch.
MacIntyre, whose father was head coach at San Jose State for three years before leaving for CU, is a 5-foot-10, 178 junior who started at quarterback for Valley Christian's football team and guard on the basketball team.
Niven said it was too early to tell what MacIntyre's role might be with his squad, but sounded impressed nonetheless. Monarch already enjoys a solid 1-2 scoring duo of Ben Beauchamp (17.8 points per game) and Alex Krason (14.5 ppg).
"He handles the ball real well, he defends well, shoots it well," Niven said. "Looking at him one day, he's a pretty good player."
Despite suffering a concussion during football season, MacIntyre played in 10 games in the fall for Valley Christian, helping lead the team to an 8-6 record and California's Central Coast Section Division-III championship. He passed for 979 yards and 11 touchdowns and rushed for 436 yards and five scores in an offense that piled up more than 80 percent of its yardage on the ground, much like Monarch is accustomed to.
Cole Watson, who quarterbacked Monarch to the Class 4A state football championship last month, will graduate in May, leaving the door open for MacIntyre to step in. MacIntyre also plays defensive back, returning a fumble for a touchdown and intercepting a pass at the goal line in Valley Christian's title game win in which he also threw three touchdown passes.
Follow Josh on Twitter: @JoshLindenstein


text:
Haeger Potteries, Inc., Dundee, Illinois, started making commercial artwares in 1914. Early pieces were marked with the name Haeger written over an H. About 1938, the mark Royal Haeger was used in honor of Royal Hickman, a designer at the factory. The firm closed in 2016. Haeger also made lady head vases. See also the Royal Hickman category.
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Words of Wisdom (Letter to Lee)


text:
The Travels of Rufus #12
The Bear with Diabetes
Read the journal entries from the travels of Rufus #12 by clicking on the family name below.
- The Billetdeaux Family, Michigan, USA - Nov 2002
- IDYA Trip to Copenhagen, Denmark - Nov 2002
- The Nielsen Family, Copenhagen, Denmark - Dec 2002
- The Hogel Family, Germany - Jan 2003
- The Allison Family, Minnesota, USA - Mar 2003
- The Rogers Family, Montana, USA - Apr 2003
- The Rice Family, Montana, USA - May 2003
Prev Page
Copyright Notice:
Rufus and Ruby, the bears with diabetes, is the creation of Carol Cramer, who owns the copyright to Rufus and Ruby. The graphics of Rufus are from Rufus Come Home, written by Kim Gosselin and illustrated by Terry Ravenelli, and are used by permission of the author.
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text:
Votre titre Audible gratuit
The Incrementalists
The Incrementalists - a secret society of 200 people with an unbroken lineage reaching back 40,000 years. They cheat death, share lives and memories, and communicate with one another across nations, races, and time. They have an epic history, an almost magical memory, and a very modest mission: to make the world better, just a little bit at a time. Their ongoing argument about how to do this is older than most of their individual memories. Phil, whose personality has stayed stable through more incarnations than anyone else's, has loved Celeste - and argued with her - for most of the last 400 years. But now Celeste, recently dead, embittered, and very unstable, has changed the rules - not incrementally, and not for the better. Now the heart of the group must gather in Las Vegas to save the Incrementalists, and maybe the world.
Ce que les membres d'Audible en pensent
- Jason
- 05/02/2014
Enjoyable/creative. Not a grand historical vista.
Different and enjoyable.
Not particularly complex. I.e. this is more about the idea, and the people executing it than any grand historical perspective on a group of people tweaking history.
5 sur 5 personne(s) ont trouvé cet avis utile.
- Terri
- 01/10/2013
I Wanted More "Meddling"
The Incrementalists authors had a great concept but I would have liked more "meddling' (changing the feelings & beliefs of one person at a time). Sadly the book spent more time on a mystery surrounding a member and a love story instead of what drew me in to purchasing the book: "They cheat death, share lives and memories, and communicate with one another across nations, races, and time. They have an epic history, an almost magical memory, and a very modest mission: to make the world better, just a little bit at a time"
The descriptions of the very individualized storage area where each keeps their memories & reasonings was fascinating and you did get some insight into the owner's personality and thought patterns but I would have liked them to take this a bit further with more examples in the present & past.
9 sur 10 personne(s) ont trouvé cet avis utile.
- Bilge Rat
- 03/10/2013
Excellent Performance of an Excellent Book
What a double pairing with both the writers and the performers. Let's start with the writers. Brust and White play off each other like they'd been writing together for years. I haven't read any of Skyler's other works yet but I will. I've been listening to Steven's Vlad series for a couple of months now so just a few minutes into TI I was thinking "this is really different". I find myself looking at current events and wondering if a group similar to the Incrementalists had a meddle in it.
We've all listened to audio books where the reader is sadly only that. Ray Porter and Mary Robinette Kowal PERFORM this book. The delivery is wonderful and consistent.
There are so many layers to what's going on I know I'm going to listen to this book again.
8 sur 9 personne(s) ont trouvé cet avis utile.
- Amazon Customer
- 07/03/2016
I understand the mixed reviews...but I ADORED this
What did you love best about The Incrementalists?
Great story..there were times when I felt like I missed an explanation but I still got it
Who was your favorite character and why?
Phil of course...oh and Oscar...Phil should be jaded but he still manages to be
awed a few times.
Which scene was your favorite?
Phil meeting Ren for the first time
Was there a moment in the book that particularly moved you?
A few..when Phil was having ephinanies
Any additional comments?
It's a super fun story..a bit of love story and I think thats what throws people off.
But I just spent 20 minutes looking for a part 2. Gutted that there is none.
3 sur 3 personne(s) ont trouvé cet avis utile.
- Ynomrah
- 05/11/2013
Neat idea that went nowhere
What disappointed you about The Incrementalists?
This book was recommended based on other reads. The storyline was intriguing, but instead of focusing on the title idea- that the characters were capable of making incremental changes in the world around them through the years- the story focused on an unlikely, trite, contrived romantic relationship. Boooring.
What aspect of Ray Porter and Mary Robinette Kowal 's performance would you have changed?
I do not care for dual narrators. It takes you out of the story too much.
10 sur 12 personne(s) ont trouvé cet avis utile.
- Wesley
- 05/10/2013
Wow. I couldn't put this book down.
Ok, I couldn't stop listening. lol. You understand my point. I was very surprised that the premise in this book could be taken so far. I was taken aback at first, at the idea that the protagonists in this story were so long-lived and almost immortal and the fact that having the power they do, most people I know would abuse the heck out of it. As the story developed I just couldn't stop listening. I'd stay up late an hour or two just to get farther into the story.The imagination of this author amazes me and his talent in writing kept me interested throughout.
I was also amazed at how richly the author developed the world and the Incrementalist's power or magic, however you look at it. Some authors have trouble detailing such things in a series but this author handled it quite marvelously in just this one book.
I'm not familiar with this author but I think that very soon I will be.
I highly recommend this book, even if you aren't often interested in fantasy or sci-fi stories. I think almost anyone can enjoy this story. It was well worth the time spent.
6 sur 7 personne(s) ont trouvé cet avis utile.
- Dennis Higbee
- 02/10/2013
Does a great book justice
Would you listen to The Incrementalists again? Why?
Yes. I thought both performers did a magnificent job embodying the characters.
Which character – as performed by Ray Porter and Mary Robinette Kowal – was your favorite?
I have to say, I thought Mary Robinette Kowal did a wonderful job with her male voices, especially Phil. Ray Porter was a phenomenal Phil, but Mary managed to capture some of Ray's cadences for Phil with nothing but technique and talent.
If you were to make a film of this book, what would the tag line be?
The Tag Line would be: "Saving the world a little bit at a time."
5 sur 6 personne(s) ont trouvé cet avis utile.
- Chrisps
- 21/10/2013
Harlequin Romance
Barbara wrote in her review, "... maybe I'm showing my ignorance, but I just didn't get it at all."
I don't think so Barbara. I think you didn't get it because there's nothing to get. This is a case of the Emperor's new clothes.
I've never read a Harlequin Romance, but I think it's a pretty widespread cliché. Well, this, to me, is like that image I have of a Harlequin Romance... pretty empty, melodramatic emotions for (apparently) no good reason, all set on a somewhat science fiction background that never is well developed. And for people whose personalities have been around for hundreds or thousands of years, they are an amazingly banal bunch.
Kept hoping it would get better. Never did. Finally just stopped listening.
The narrators were acceptable. Not astounding, but decent. Wouldn't avoid a book read by either. Will avoid books by both authors.
7 sur 9 personne(s) ont trouvé cet avis utile.
- Carole
- 03/10/2013
Loved the characters, but still lost me.
I am always searching for inspiring woman characters. Ren did not disappoint. She was lively, smart and skeptical. Just like me! The story was enticing when the boy and girl meet under contrived, yet creative circumstances and love followed. Once that was set up, the other characters were introduced and the hating started. That was ok, but after the femme-drugging, I was lost. I was distracted. I have good focus for audible books and even I stopped listening. I may start up again -- perhaps I will find myself in a mood for caricatures instead of characters.
I loved the concept of this book. I hope I can put up with the dull members of the secret society of incrementals when I decide to pick it up again.
7 sur 9 personne(s) ont trouvé cet avis utile.
- David
- 29/09/2013
Just not my thing.
Would you ever listen to anything by Steven Brust and Skyler White again?
Probably not.
Would you listen to another book narrated by Ray Porter and Mary Robinette Kowal ?
Sure. I don't think they saved the book, but they were better than the story.
You didn't love this book... but did it have any redeeming qualities?
I liked the female character's obsession with good design, but the author's kind of let it fall by the wayside once they had used it to establish her.
Any additional comments?
This book just kind of bored me. I didn't hate it, but I stopped listening with only an hour or so to go and I never missed it. I didn't really care what happened to anyone and don't have any interest in finding out.
7 sur 9 personne(s) ont trouvé cet avis utile.


text:
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text:
Dish liquid
Powerful formulation for sparkling clean dishes, while being kinder to your skin and to our environment.
We use sustainably sourced ingredients wherever possible. Our plant-based dish liquid is pH balanced which means it is kinder to your skin and suitable for those with sensitive skin or allergies.
Performance: Our dish liquid has been independently benchmarked against the market leader to ensure excellent results.
Renewable sugarcane plastic: Our bottles are made from renewable sugarcane plastic, which is 100% recyclable and helps to reduce your carbon footprint.
Environment: Our dish liquid has been approved by eco label Environmental Choice NZ (Hand Dishwashing Detergents. Licence no: 0111101). This is your guarantee that we are committed to environmental leadership and that these products are less harmful to the environment. Waste water from your kitchen sink is classed as 'black water' which is unsuitable for re-use on gardens and lawns due to possible contamination from food prep and waste. By using a more natural dish cleaner you can reduce the amount of toxic chemicals that go into your septic tank or local water treatment system.
Manufacturing: Our dish liquid is Kosher (pareve) certified and made in NZ to the strictest environmental standards in our ISO14001, Enviromark Diamond and CarboNZero certified factory.
John (NZ) Bought your dishwashing liquid last week and it smells divine! Dishes are seriously squeaky clean! So we now now have Ecostore soap, washing powder and dish liquid at home.
Fantastic products. I've used them ever since we have been on a septic tank system and the grey water goes into our paddocks.
My partner just mentioned that she doesn't have to wash the dishes wearing gloves any more because your detergent is so much gentler on her skin and doesn't make it all "gross" like the detergents I used to buy.
We had a drought that lasted for 5 weeks, and which was broken, to some degree, by rain just 2 weeks ago. I continually harvested the grey water from my kitchen sink to water our fruit trees during the drought. I felt confident this would be OK, as ecostore products are relatively benign, and I use ecostore detergent. We had a bountiful harvest of peaches, which were delicious. The Feijoas, Citrus and Apples are looking like they will also be very good. It is great to be able to do this, as we are dependent on roof water in the countryside where I live. Thanks ecostore, I'd send you a sample of our fruit if you were nearby !
What do i love about eco store products?That my young kids can dry the dishes and i dont have to worry if they leave "bubbles"in the corner of plates.:)Awesome;)
I've been using the dishwashing liquid for a number of years now and the product is great. I suffer from dermatitis so of course I wear gloves but even if I wash without them with ecostore I don't suffer from the skin disorder as I do with practically all other brands. I've just recently discovered your washing powder - brilliant stuff and will be on the look out for other products.
I recently purchased the dishwashing detergent from your company mainly because it was the best priced one on the shelf. I have tried many of the other products available but usually go back to Finish which I find okay but so expensive. Even with Finish there is sometimes a residue on the outside of cups etc and sometimes the dishes have to be put through another time. However, I have used your product for six washes now and have looked carefully to find any of the flaws that usually come up with other products. I am usually a bit suspect of new plain branded products, but I have to say it is by far the best I have used and of course, I love the price.
Enter your location and find a store in your area.
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text:
Northrop Grumman
The Value of Performance
We do amazing things in coming up with concepts and designing them and ultimately building them
but when they roll out of the factory, they go in the hands of young men and women that are gonna use them in far ends of the earth.
It's a sacred trust. Don't think we ever forget that and we never should.
In Northrop Grumman to me, the culture is fostered where everyone has a voice.
Everyone can be heard and the end result is just amazing.
Some of the most creative people I've ever met work here.
What they do at work sometimes seems more ordered and less creative
but when you really think about it if you look at some of these systems at the end of the day they're beautiful.
As far as unmanned systems go we've come up with things that have never been done before in the world.
The fact that you're solving problems that people care about is a pretty big deal.
From the silicon wafer all the way up to integrating on the airplane,
I can't think of another place in the world that you can do something like that.
Some of the things that I've worked on in C4ISR, even if I were allowed to tell you, you wouldn't believe that, that's actually possible to go do.
In the context of cyber when you talk to customers and they point you to your own company in terms of collaboration or capabilities that they want to see
versus any of the other companies that are out there, then that's a-that's a pretty telling statement.
The fact that we have very high caliber engineers that I get to work with on a daily basis is a thing that I-I take the most pride in.
The biggest value that keeps me grounded is integrity. Going home every day and saying, you know, we did a good job today.
In logistics people relate to the products because they know what they're used for.
The folks on the production floor, they live that every day and that's really important.
When something needs to get done we don't have people saying I gotta go home, they're asking you know what can I do to help.
It really becomes a long-term career that we spend here and you know once it gets in your blood it's-it's just there.


text:
Lifefactory Glass Bottle Straw Cap Ocean - 12 oz
Regular price
Use code TURNING21 and save 21%
- Description
The 12 oz Straw Cap with a raised grip oval sleeve pattern delivers upright, spillproof sipping (no tipping required). The 12 oz is an ideal everyday companion that fits into handbags, backpacks and car cupholders. The volume works well for active kids as well as adults seeking a smaller capacity, lighter weight bottle. All caps from 16 and 22 oz bottles will fit on the 12 oz bottles.
- Lifefactory glass bottles offer a pure taste with no leaching from plastics or metals
- Wide-mouth access makes it easy to add ice cubes, citrus slices or tea bags
- Protective silicone sleeve provides a non-slip gripping surface and helps prevent breakage
- Dishwasher safe (place cap on top rack/no need to remove silicone sleeve)
- Includes polypropylene (PP#5) cap and silicone straw
- All components made in the U.S. or Europe
- Product assembled in the U.S.
- All materials are FDA approved
- BPA/BPS-free and phthalate-free
- 12 oz (350 ml)
- Height (handle raised): 9"
- Cap width: 3.5"
- Base width: 2.5"
- Weight: 0.8 lbs
- Capacity: 12 oz | 350 ml
- Origin: Glass made in France; Cap and sleeve made in the U.S.; Product assembled in the U.S.
- Glass type: Soda lime
- Product Reviews


text:
Decorating tips, new designers and products, sales, discounts and the latest in design news and events.
Click the button below to add the Ferm Living Large Geometry Cushion - Curry to your wish list.
Ferm Living Large Geometry Cushion in Curry is new to ferm Living.
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My Urban Child, a division of SMS, LLC, 1617 Sugar Creek Drive West, Mobile, AL 36695
All prices are in USD. Copyright © 2019 MyUrbanChild. All Rights Reserved. Sitemap


text:
Kristen Bell wants her daughter to see her sex scenes, and she has a pretty damn good reason for that. Also, it's worth watching this just to see her say "she has ... newsflash ... a vagina". I think I'm going to make that my outgoing voicemail message.
Follow Laura on Twitter.
H/t PolicyMic, Photo via Getty


text:
|We just loved these, the first time we tried them! I couldn't wait to duplicate them the way we like ours! They turned out much better than we had at a local eatery~
Chili Sauce topping:
1/2 cup light sour cream
1 teaspoon lime juice
1 clove of minced garlic
1/2 teaspoon each basil and parsley
1/4 teaspoon cayenne pepper
1/2 teaspoon chili powder
1 teaspoon mayonnaise
1 tablespoon of hot sauce
1 lb Haddock or other white fish filet, cod, or flounder 4 small filets
canola oil for frying
Seasoned flour:
1/2 cup flour
1 teaspoon garlic powder
1/2 teaspoon oregano
1/4 teaspoon cayenne pepper
sea salt and pepper to taste
1 package taco shells, warmed or flour tortillas
shredded cabbage slaw or lettuce
chopped tomato
chopped green peppers raw
mashed avocado
extra sour cream
In a plastic bag add flour and seasonings, shake fish, till well coated. Fry in canola oil till crispy and browned. Drain on paper towels and prepare the tortilla fillings.
Layer sauce, lettuce, tomato and peppers on the tortilla. Add fish inside taco.
Top with salsa, mashed avocado, sour cream or more hot sauce and cilantro.


text: Milisuthando Bongela Milisuthando Bongela is the Mail & Guardian's arts and culture editor. She is a multi award-winning writer, blogger and collaborator. She has experience in the arts having worked in fashion, music, art and film as well as a decade-long career in consulting, entrepreneurship, blogging and cultural activism. She is also directing a documentary about hair and black identity, a film she calls the report card on the rainbow nation project. Read more from Milisuthando Bongela


text:
Forgive and forget?
David Letterman, after unleashing a scathingly hilarious attack on Sen. John McCain last month for ditching his "Late Show," will get to interview the Republican presidential candidate on Thursday –– if everything goes according to schedule.
It will be McCain's 13th visit to the CBS program but his first since he incensed Letterman by canceling last month.
U.S. & World
Letterman was so unhappy when McCain sat for an interview with Katie Couric instead of him on Sept. 24, that he said "this just smells bad."
McCain had personally told Letterman that he had to rush back to Washington D.C. that night to shepherd the economic bailout crisis, but a internal network feed showed the senator, still in New York City, being interviewed on the CBS Evening News instead.
Letterman initially said that he felt like a "patriot" to let McCain off his commitment to deal with the economy but later commented, "now I'm feeling like an ugly date."
A McCain spokeswoman said at the time that because of the economic crisis, the campaign "felt this wasn't a night for comedy."
We'll see who laughs last on Thursday.


text:
Head Qu QM Dept Strahls Brigade
nr Atlanta, Geo., Augt 6th 1864
My darling wife,
Yesterday Evening I rejoiced at receiving two
letters from you of the 10th and 17th ulto. Since my last letter to you
I have been on a perpetual move and am at present any
thing but settled, for we are now camped close to Atlanta and
within shelling distance of the enemy's guns. Some bright morn-
ing I expect they will disturb our peaceful slumbers by throwing
a few shells into our camp. Just after writing my last letter
to you from Fayetteville, we received orders to take all our
baggage wagons and proceed to Griffin Geo (on the Macon
RR, 40 miles from Atlanta) and store any baggage and
send the wagons to West Point, Geo to haul at the break
in the RR – We left part of our wagons, which had no baggage
in them, and our tents [j c] at our camps and immediately
started for Griffin, where I remained to take charge of the
baggage of the Brigade. Maj Baylor returned to the camp at
Fayetteville and I sent my horse with his boy – he reached
camp that night at about 12o Clock and the next morning just
before day the Yankee Cavalry mad a raid on our camps and
Maj Baylor lost his and my horse, also all his clothing – They captured
quite a number of [mules] and destroyed some fifty or sixty wagons
fortunately our camps were somewhat off the road and Strahls
Brig only lost a couple of mules and some clothing and [papers] –
Maj Baylor lost most of his clothing – I lost nothing but my horse
saddle and bridle which were goverment property and only
put me to the inconvenience of being dismounted for the present."
The following day the raid struck the RR above Griffin
and [was] expected at Griffin by night – I packed my most
valuable papers in my carpet sack and [then] fortified myself
with a good dinner at the Hotel and calmly waited "coming


text:
RICHARDSON, Texas (June 5, 2007) — The state-of-the-art, architecturally diverse Natural Science and Engineering Research Laboratory (NSERL) at The University of Texas at Dallas was formally dedicated today by University of Texas System Chancellor Mark Yudof, UT System Regent Robert A. Estrada and UT Dallas President Dr. David E. Daniel.
Texas businessman and two-time presidential nominee H. Ross Perot gave the keynote remarks.
President Daniel noted that the building, which could eventually accommodate as many as 350 faculty, graduate students and post-doctoral researchers, will provide a new perspective.
"NSERL promises to transform the UT Dallas community's approach to science and perhaps its level of self-regard as to appearance, too. We didn't set out to build a 'glamour' location, but, like a jewel, the building sparkles," Daniel said. "Its striking design has put NSERL on the map in the state of Texas, and our new building will house the best and brightest researchers the country has to offer. Today is indeed a very special day for our campus."
The four-story, 192,000 square-foot research facility was completed in December 2006 after 24 months of construction. Officials expect to fill the building with high-level faculty and scientists, including some currently at UT Dallas and others yet to be recruited. They will come from such disparate fields as electrical engineering, materials science and engineering, chemistry, biology and behavioral and brain sciences. NSERL also could provide space for small, start-up businesses, or incubators, which often spring from university research efforts.
The building was uniquely designed to break down barriers that may exist because a researcher is in one department versus another. Laboratories within NSERL provide space for scientists and engineers ranging from synthetic chemists who require significant fume hood space to electrical engineers who need open labs for large equipment.
A highlight of the building is the Nanoelectronics Materials Laboratory located on the fourth floor. Work done in the lab has two major components: research into materials for integrated circuits used in computers, cell phones and other technologies, and research into low-cost organic materials. The lab contains a large vacuum system that allows researchers to deposit thin film materials one atomic layer at a time. Unique in the world, the system cost more than $3 million to build.
Class 10,000 cleanroom facilities also have been included in the new building, adding mini-environments of high integrity. By definition, a cleanroom has a controlled level of contamination, specified by the number of particles per m3 and maximum particle size. To offer perspective, the outside world would be considered a Class 5,000,000 cleanroom.
Main laboratories in the building possess large windows that overlook open work stations, allowing those outside to observe experiments in progress. At the back of each module, there are support areas for small specialized equipment, as well as linear equipment rooms that run behind all labs and house equipment such as pumps, compressors and refrigerators in order to avoid taking up prime space and help reduce noise.
Other special equipment in the building includes high-resolution electron microscopes that require low vibration and low electromagnetic fields.
Additional lab tools will be added as individual faculty move into the building. Research groups that require wet laboratory space or deal with hazardous materials are given priority for this location; "dry" research, such as in computer science or fundamental mathematics, is not likely to be allotted space in the building.
In light of UT Dallas' strategic plan to reach Tier One status as a research institution, coupled with the additional scientists that will be added to the faculty, approximately one-third of the building's space is being reserved for future expansion.
Among NSERL's outstanding architectural features are the colorful anodized stainless steel shingles that cover 15 percent of the building's façade. In a process that doesn't involve paints, pigments or dyes, the colors on the shingles are produced by the play of light on an oxide layer, which reflects a stunning range of color. Additionally, the oxide layer provides a protective coating, increasing the shingles' resistance to corrosion.
A customized glass curtain wall slopes upward four stories and spans nearly the entire width of the east side of the building. It is accompanied by a standing seam metal roof, which is segmented, curved, tiered, folded and bent. The building's façade also employs indentations, deep shadow boxes, cantilevered surfaces, undulations and facets running vertically and horizontally.
Fossilized limestone from the Texas Hill Country adds texture to the southeast corner of the building.
NSERL is made up of:
- 1,526 tons of steel reinforcement
- 987 tons of pre-cast concrete — each of the roughly 70 pre-cast tubs weighs 28,000 lbs., or 14 tons
- 12,653 yards of concrete weighing 25,126 tons
- 853 tons of structural and miscellaneous steel
- 25,000 anodized stainless steel shingles requiring 50,000 clips and 100,000 stainless steel screws
- 10 miles of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) conduit
- 36 miles of EMT conduit
- 180 miles of copper wire
Safety, security and ventilation systems also are installed, and the building has special exhaust and drain systems and gas piping and plumbing systems.
Access to the building following the dedication will be limited to UT Dallas students, faculty and staff, and those they escort, and entrance to the building requires key-card access. Ascending levels of access also are incorporated into certain portions of the facility.
Construction of the state-of-the-art facility was made possible by a complex economic development agreement code named "Project Emmitt." Under the agreement, which was announced in June 2003 by Texas Instruments (TI), the State of Texas and the University of Texas System, TI agreed to build the chip fabrication plant in Richardson — despite strong inducements from locations in other parts of the world — if the state and local private sector would ensure that UT Dallas received an infusion of up to $300 million to expand and improve its Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science.
The architects of NSERL are PageSoutherlandPage, the architect of record, and Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Architects LLP, the design architects. The construction management contractor was Centex Corporation of Dallas.
About UT Dallas
The University of Texas at Dallas, located at the convergence of Richardson, Plano and Dallas in the heart of the complex of major multinational technology corporations known as the Telecom Corridor, enrolls more than 14,500 students. The school's freshman class traditionally stands at the forefront of Texas state universities in terms of average SAT scores. The university offers a broad assortment of bachelor's, master's and doctoral degree programs. For additional information about UT Dallas, please visit the university's website at www.utdallas.edu.