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Syringe Devices and Methods for Mixing and Administering Medication
The invention includes a device having a chamber within a syringe. A fluid passageway extends through a syringe piston. A valve is associated with the passageway controlling fluid passage through the piston. The invention includes a piercing structure having a head segment and a body portion, with a channel through the body portion and through at least one surface of the head without passing through the tip. In another aspect the invention encompasses a method of preparing an agent for administration to an individual. A first component is provided within a syringe and a second component is provided within a vial. A closed valve is associated with a fluid passageway between the vial and the syringe barrel through a piston. Valve repositioning allows fluid passage and sliding of the piston joins the first and second components. Repeated sliding of the piston mixes the components to produce the medication agent.
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This patent resulted from a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/238,880, which was filed on Sep. 28, 2005 and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/670,413, which was filed Apr. 11, 2005, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/618,639, which was filed Oct. 13, 2004.TECHNICAL FIELD
The method pertains to syringe devices, piercing structures, medication agent preparation systems, mixing and administration systems, methods of mixing components, and methods of preparing a medication agent for administration to an individual.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Preparation of medicants or medication agents and administration of such agents to an individual often involves mixing of two or more components to form the agent and subsequent delivery of the mixed medicant to the individual. The mixing of components can typically involve extraction of one component in fluid form from a vial or other container and transfer of such components into a separate container which holds another component. In particular instances, only a portion of the contents of a vial or container is to be utilized for preparing a mixture prior to administering. Accordingly, the extraction and transfer can involve precise measuring of one or more components to be mixed.
A variety of problems may occur when utilizing conventional methodology and devices for mixing and/or administering medicants to an individual. For example, where multiple components are to be mixed, extraction and transfer of one component and introduction of such component into another component can potentially expose one or both of the components to a non-sterile or contaminated environment leading to contamination of the resulting medicant. Additionally, incomplete extraction or improper measurement of one or more components can result in preparation and/or administration of an improper dosage. In particular instances, once a medicant is mixed the mixture must again be extracted from a vial or container into a syringe prior to administering to an individual. Such additional transfer can lead to additional opportunities for contamination, incomplete extraction of contents and/or inaccurate measuring of a component or the resulting medicant. In practice, there is limited availability of sterile environments for maintaining sterility during transfer and/or mixing of components, or preparation and transfer of medicants. Additional errors can result from use of the wrong diluent to reconstitute the medication. Finally, preparation of medicants utilizing multiple components can be tedious and time consuming due to factors such as the need to access individually packaged items such as separate vials and/or transfer devices, or to measure one or more components to be combined to form the medicant.
It would be desirable to develop alternative methodology and systems for preparation and administration of medicants.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect the invention encompasses a syringe device. The device includes a syringe body having a cylindrical housing and a chamber within the housing. The device additionally includes a piston having a stem, a first end and a second end opposing the first end. The first end is external to the chamber comprised by the syringe body. A fluid passageway extends through the first end through the stem and through the second end of the piston. The syringe device further includes a valve which is associated with the fluid passageway through the piston such that the valve controls selective fluid passage through the piston. A cap can be reversibly attached to the syringe body to provide a fluid seal.
In one aspect the invention encompasses a piercing structure having a head segment comprising a tip disposed at a first end of the structure. The head has a front surface and an opposing back surface. The piercing structure additionally includes a body portion comprising a base surface disposed at a second end opposing the first end of the structure. A fluid passageway passes through the second end of the structure through the body portion and through at least one of the front surface and the back surface of the head without passing through the tip.
In one aspect the invention encompasses a medication agent preparation system. The system comprises a syringe having a barrel with an internal chamber, and a piston having a first end, a second end and a fluid passageway passing longitudinally through the piston. At least a portion of the piston comprising the first end is inserted into the chamber. A piercing structure having a fluid channel is associated with the second end of the piston. A vial is disposed proximate and moveable relative to the tip of the piercing structure. A first component of a medication agent is disposed within the internal chamber of the syringe barrel and second component of the medication agent is disposed within the vial. A valve is associated with the fluid passageway which passes through the piston.
In another aspect the invention encompasses a method of preparing a medication agent for administration to an individual. The method includes providing a syringe having a syringe barrel and a piston disposed at an initial position relative to the syringe barrel. A first component is provided within the syringe barrel and a second component is provided within a vial. A valve is associated with a fluid passageway between the vial and the syringe barrel with the valve initially being disposed in a closed position, blocking fluid passage through the passageway. The method includes repositioning the valve to allow fluid passage between the vial and the syringe barrel. After repositioning the valve, the piston is slid in a first direction to join the first component with the second component. The first and second components are mixed to produce the medication agent. Mixing can be facilitated by agitating, inverting the device and/or repeated sliding of the piston in opposing directions. The method further includes drawing the medication agent into the syringe barrel.
In an additional aspect the invention includes a method of preparing a composition. A packaging material is provided containing a mixing device in which the mixing device includes a housing having a chamber therein containing a first material. The device also includes a piston slideable within the chamber with the piston having a length that is greater than the length of the chamber. The mixing device further includes a container holding a second material. A fluid passageway is disposed longitudinally through the piston with a valve being associated with the fluid passageway. Without exposing the device to an environment external to the packaging material the valve is repositioned from a closed position to an open position. With the valve in the open position the piston is slid in a first direction from a first position within the chamber to a second position within the chamber. The sliding of the piston moves one of the first and second components through the piston. The first and second materials are then mixed to form a mixture where the mixing comprises sliding the piston in a second direction and subsequently returning the piston in the first direction. The mixture is then drawn into the chamber through the piston.
In one aspect the invention encompasses a medicant preparation device. The device includes a syringe barrel which has a first end, a second end and a longitudinal axis therebetween. A piston is insertable with the syringe barrel through the second end with the piston being slideable within the barrel. The device further includes a vial containing a material and an adapter component. The adapter component includes a vial housing portion configured to reversibly receive a vial. The adapter also has a fitting configured to attach to the syringe at the first end. A first fluid passageway extends through the fitting to a valve, and a second fluid passageway extends from the valve to the vial housing. The medicant preparation device additionally includes packaging which is configured to allow manipulation of the valve and sliding of the piston without opening of the package.
In a general aspect, the invention includes a device comprising a housing around a chamber, a piston having a first end, a second end and a fluid passageway between the first and second end with the piston being insertable into the chamber. The device also includes a valve associated with the fluid passageway such that flow through the fluid passageway is selectively regulated by the valve.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.
This disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. Patent Laws "to promote the progress of science and useful arts" (Article 1, Section 8).
In general, the invention provides methodology for combining and mixing to produce a mixture and encompasses device configurations to allow combination and mixing of components. In particular, methodology of the invention involves combining and mixing components to produce an administration-ready agent such as a medicant and, in particular aspects, includes administering such agent to an individual. Accordingly, device configurations of the invention allow combination of separate components such that the combined and mixed components are administration-ready. In particular aspects the encompassed devices are additionally configured for use during administration of the administration-ready agent. The general concepts and exemplary devices in accordance with the invention are illustrated in the accompanying
Where devices in accordance with the invention are used for preparation of a medicant, the devices are preferably closed-system mixing assemblies. An exemplary mixing assembly 10 in accordance with the invention is illustrated in
Mixing assembly 10 can comprise a container such as a syringe body (or barrel) 100 and a piston 200 which has a fluid passageway passing entirely through the length of the piston (discussed further below). In some instances, a reversibly attached cap (not shown) may be present providing a fluid seal at a forward end of the syringe body. A valve 300 can be associated with piston 200 and can preferably be configured to allow selective fluid passage through the piston passageway. The mixing assembly can have an extension 600 which can comprise a cylindrical or alternatively shaped housing configured to receive a vial 500 or alternative second container within a chamber or opening within the extension. Assembly 10 can further comprise a puncturing device 400 associated with piston 200. Although
As illustrated in
A mixing and administration system comprising mixing assembly 10 as illustrated in
As described in greater detail below, the fluid passageway through piston 200 preferably extends longitudinally and more preferably along the longitudinal axis from a first end of the piston stem through the piston and out a second end such that fluid communication can be established between vial 500 and the chamber of syringe 100. Accordingly, when valve 300 is positioned in an "open configuration" bidirectional fluid flow through the piston passageway is established allowing fluid communication between the syringe barrel (preferably capped) and vial 500.
Referring to
Referring to
Syringe housing 102 can have volume markings such as those illustrated, or can have alternative volume indicators to assist in measuring or verifying volume. Although not specifically illustrated in
Syringe body 100 can be a conventional type syringe barrel or can be manufactured for a particular application in accordance with the invention. The housing can be fabricated to comprise for example medical grade/approved glass or plastic material(s). Exemplary materials which can be utilized for syringe housing formation include but are not limited to polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polycycloolefins, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyamides (including aliphatic and aromatic variants), polyesters, polycarbonates, copolymer materials including but not limited to those containing ethylene-diene-propylene monomer (EPDM), polyacrylates, polyurethanes, composites, blends or combinations of such materials, or alternative composite materials.
The volume of the syringe (or alternate container) is not limited to a particular value and the syringe body can be configured to contain a maximum volume of, for example, from 1 ml to greater than 10 ml. Preferably the syringe volume will be less than or equal to 10 ml. For purposes of the present description, the syringe volume refers to the volume of liquid which the syringe housing is configured to retain and not the overall volume within internal region 104.
Referring next to
A fluid pathway 206 traverses the length of the piston as illustrated by dashed lines. The diameter of fluid pathway 206 is represented in
As illustrated in
Where stopper 208 is formed as an independent structure relative to the piston stem, the stopper can preferably comprise a relatively soft material (with respect to the piston, discussed below). Exemplary materials which can be appropriate for fabrication of the stopper based upon manufacturability, biocompatibility and/or chemical compatibility, and ability to produce a fluid seal include elastomeric materials such as rubber, butyl, silicones, silanes, polypropylene, polypropylene-EPDM, polyurethanes, and other appropriate plastics, as well as various copolymers, blends and combinations thereof.
Referring again to
As additionally illustrated in
As depicted in
Exemplary valve 300 is shown in greater detail in
Valve body 302 is preferably configured to allow insertion of such portion into, and in particular instances entirely through, opening 214 of piston 200 as illustrated in
In addition to the single piece piston stem 201 illustrated in
Although the two part piston stem illustrated depicts an interface between the two parts coinciding with the position of valve receiving opening 214 it is to be understood that the positioning of the interface is not limited to any particular location and can be, for example, anywhere along the longitudinal length of the piston stem. Appropriate positioning of the interface and length of the resulting segments can be adapted as appropriate based on ease of manufacture of an appropriate valve and piston segments. The invention additionally contemplates multi-part piston stems having more than two independently manufactured segments (not shown).
The piston and the syringe housing portions of the devices of the invention can typically comprise standard materials utilized for conventional syringe and piston/plunger formation. Typically, the piston, exclusive of the stopper, will be a relatively hard plastic. In embodiments where the stopper is integral with the piston, the integrated piece may be formed of a common plastic material. Exemplary plastics which can be utilized for piston formation include but are not limited to polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polycycloolefins, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyamides (including aliphatic and aromatic variants), polyesters, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polyurethanes, copolymers, blends, composites, and combinations thereof.
Valve 300 is also not limited to a particular material and can preferably comprise plastic and/or elastomeric materials. In particular applications it can be preferable that valve body portion 302 (as illustrated in
Referring to
The piercing structure 400 shown in 406 illustrates an exemplary shape and form of head segment 401. As illustrated, head portion 401 can have an external surface comprising a front surface 414 (or upper surface as illustrated) and an opposing back surface 415. In a preferred aspect of the invention channel 406 extends less than an entirety of an internal length of head segment 401 such that the channel does not pass through tip 402. Rather, one or more access holes 408 are provided, for example, through one or both of surfaces 414 and 415. Such configuration where the channel does not pass through the tip can advantageously minimize or prevent coring of the septum material or plugging of the channel during a piercing operation.
Access holes 108 can be disposed orthogonal relative to the longitudinal axis of channel 406 as depicted in
To assist in puncturing and passing of head segment 401 through a punctured material such as, for example, a septum, head portion 401 can be configured to have one or more edges 410 and 412 be cutting edges, where the term "cutting edge" refers to an edge having a sharpness sufficient to cut the material being pierced during a piercing operation. As illustrated in
Body portion 403 of piercing structure 400 can be, for example, cylindrical as illustrated in
Base portion 418 is preferably of sufficient length and appropriate shape to be securely seated within a seating opening comprised by the piston (see below). An o-ring or raised portion of base 418 (not shown) can be provided to allow a tight fitting. Accordingly, an appropriate indentation or groove (not shown) can be provided within the seat opening of the piston. In particular instances, a press fit or friction fit will be utilized for providing sufficient retention of the piercing structure. Secure joining may optionally be utilized utilizing for example, an adhesive, welding, or other appropriate joining technique.
With respect to segment 416, such can preferably be of sufficient length to pass entirely through a punctured material to allow fluid passage across the punctured material via access hole 408 and through passageway 406. Accordingly, an appropriate length of segment 416 can be determined by the thickness of a septum or other barrier to be punctured, while positioning access hole 408 as near the punctured material as possible to allow maximum fluid access (discussed above). Further, although the piercing device is not limited to a particular shape, the "arrowhead" shape configuration depicted in
Numerous appropriate materials are available for fabrication of piercing device 400. Such materials include but are not limited to metals, such as stainless steel, and various plastics such as polyamides, polyacrylates, polycarbonates, epoxies, polyurethanes, polysulfones, polytherimides, polypropylenes, copolymers, etc., in either thermoplastic or thermoset varieties.
In addition to the piercing structure depicted in
An exemplary vial 500 which can be utilized as part of a mixing assembly in accordance with the invention is illustrated in
Referring to
An exemplary association of puncturing device 400 and a piston 200 in accordance with the invention is shown in
Interior area 207 can be of sufficient size to allow a portion of a vial or container, such as cap portion 504 illustrated in
Referring again to
In the initial state, syringe 100 is preferably capped or otherwise sealed (not shown) to prohibit passage of material into or out of syringe barrel 100 through the second end of the syringe. Piston 200 is initially disposed in an inserted position through the first end of syringe barrel 100 and positioned to allow containment of the second component within the syringe barrel. Stopper 208 (illustrated in
While valve 300 is in the off position, vial 500 is positioned by partial insertion within extension housing 600. It is to be noted that such insertion can, in alternate aspects, be performed by an end user of the mixing assembly or can be performed prior to packaging of the assembly (discussed below). Regardless, the vial cap/septum is initially provided to be intact and preferably to be spaced from puncture device 400 such that the tip of the puncture device is not in physical contact with any portion of vial 500 as initially provided.
Once combination and mixing of the separate components is desired, vial 500 can be repositioned by, for example, sliding vial 500 farther within extension 600 to allow device 400 to puncture and be partially inserted through the septum or alternate barrier portion of the vial.
Once puncturing has occurred, valve 300 can be rotated or otherwise repositioned into an open position allowing fluid passage through the piston. Such repositioning establishes fluid communication between the interior of vial 500 and the interior of syringe barrel 100 without exposing either of the two components to an environment external to the mixing assembly. One or both of the first component and second component can preferably be in liquid form. Typically, at least the component within the syringe barrel will be in liquid form. Often, the component within vial 500 will be in a dry, powdered or lyophilized form, but may alternatively be in the form of a liquid, solution, suspension or other mixture.
Where vial 500 contains a non-fluid component, a liquid component contained within syringe 100 can be introduced into vial 500 and can be combined with the component within vial 500 by, for example, sliding piston 200 from an initial position to a second position such that stopper 208 is repositioned to be nearer the second end of syringe body 100. Such sliding motion allows fluid to flow from within the syringe chamber through piston 200 and into vial 500 via valve 300. During the passage the fluid additionally passes through puncturing device 400.
Mixing of the combined components can be performed by, for example, a forward and reverse sliding motion of piston 200 relative to the syringe barrel in a "pumping" type motion. The pumping motion is conducted with the valve 300 in the open position allowing fluid communication between the syringe barrel and vial 500, typically with the vial being in an inverted position. Alternatively, mixing can be conducted by shaking or agitation of vial 500 and/or the entire mixing assembly, or by a combination of pumping action and shaking, agitating, etc. Once the components have been mixed, the assembly can be prepared for transfer of the mixed agent or, where the mixture is an administration-ready agent the device can be prepared for administrating the agent to an individual. Alternatively, if additional components are to be combined with the mixture, such can be introduced by, for example, flowing into the syringe via the second end, and mixing as described above.
In order to prepare for transfer and/or administration of the agent, the mixture can be drawn into syringe body 100 by, for example, sliding piston 200 in a rearward motion, typically with the vial in an inverted position. In other words, piston 200 is partially extracted moving stopper 208 toward the first end of the syringe housing. Upon drawing of all or an appropriate measured amount of the mixture into the syringe barrel, valve 300 can be rotated or otherwise repositioned into the closed position blocking fluid passageway from the syringe barrel through the piston. The syringe barrel can then be uncapped by, for example, removal of a cap such as Luer-lok cap fitting. It is to be understood that the invention also contemplates performing the mixing/preparation of the medicant with a needle fitted to the Luer-lok fitting during the preparation stage. However, the needle is preferably capped and sealed during such operation or otherwise prevented from allowing passage or exposure of material from the syringe barrel to an environment external to the assembly.
Where a cap is removed in preparation for transfer or administration of the agent, an appropriate transfer device such as a needle, cannula, transfer tube and/or other appropriate fitting can be attached to the Luer-lok connection and transfer/administration can occur by sliding forward of the piston within the barrel, thereby expelling the contents of the barrel through the needle or alternate transfer structure at the Luer-lok end of the syringe. Such transfer is performed with valve 300 remaining in the closed position throughout. Alternatively, transfer can be accomplished by providing assembly 10 into an appropriate syringe pump, as will be understood by those skilled in the art.
Referring next to
As shown in
Mixing assembly 10a as shown in
The length of the groove(s) 602 can be configured to allow positioning and stabilization of vial 500 within the housing in a position which disposes a septum or cap of vial 500 in a spaced relationship relative to puncture device 400 (discussed below). The spaced relationship can allow packaging and/or shipping of an assembly as a linearly assembled device where the cap of vial 500 remains intact prior to removal of some or all of packaging materials and/or intentional engagement. Accordingly, the length of grooves 602 and the relative length of the grooves and the overall length of housing 600 can vary with appropriate lengths and length ratios depending upon the relative length and positioning of device 400 within such housing and the relative size of vial 500.
An additional alternative aspect of the invention is described with reference to
Valve 300b as depicted in
The extension 600b shown in
The features of extension 600b are described and more fully illustrated with reference to
Referring to
Although housing configurations having segments of non-equivalent circumference are illustrated in
In addition to the embodiments described above wherein vial 500 is provided independently of the piston portion of the assembly the invention additionally encompasses configurations where a container is integral with the piston portion as exemplified in
The alternate aspects of the invention depicted in
Alternative integral vial-piston configurations contemplated by the invention include, for example, providing an opening through the vial portion, for example through base surface 652c (not shown), which can be utilized during providing of a medicant component into the vial and/or during drying or lyophilization of the component. Such opening can be subsequently capped or otherwise sealed.
The material utilized for construction of container 650c is not limited to a particular or class of materials. Container 650c can in particular instances be formed of a plastic material which can be either a rigid material or a collapsible material.
A component of a medicant or other mixture to be formed can be provided within container 650c and can be isolated from an associated syringe barrel (not shown) by providing a valve into valve receiving opening 214c. An appropriate valve can be, for example, any of the valves described above. The component provided in container 650c can be provided within the container prior to attachment of the container or alternatively can be provided into the integral or attached container via fluid pathway 206 through the piston and stopper opening 210c. The associated valve can then be closed to prevent the contained component from flowing outward through the piston.
Where container 650c is formed independently and is attached to the piston either reversibly or permanently, an o-ring 230c can be provided in association with fitting 203c to provide a fluid seal between the piston and internal surfaces of container 650c. Alternatively, other appropriate sealing techniques can be utilized. It is noted that piston 200c lacks an associated piercing structure. Accordingly, first end 204c of the piston can be modified from earlier discussed configurations to lack accommodation features for the piercing device. Further, the illustrated attachment of container 650c to piston 200c is an exemplary configuration and alternative shapes and attachment methods are contemplated.
Although the integral container/piston structure illustrated is shown to have rings and ribs 220c it is to be understood that the ribs and rings are optional as is the number of such ribs and/or rings, as set for above with respect to earlier described aspects. Additionally, piston stem 201c, which is shown as a single piece, can alternatively comprise multiple segments as described above (and/or the rotational valve type configuration described below).
Another alternate piston configuration involving a rotational-valve type piston is exemplified and described with reference to FIGS. 15A-D. Referring initially to
Referring next to
Fluid passageway 206d is shown as extending partially through frustoconical protrusion 226 in a discontinuous manner such that direct longitudinal fluid passage is prevented. Fluid passage 206d resumes its longitudinal progress on an opposite side of a solid block of material 223. One or more grooves 229 can be disposed within an interior sidewall of second segment 232d which, when aligned with openings 228 can allow fluid passage from fluid passageway 206d of first portion 230d into the portion of such fluid passageway passing through second portion 232d. Alignment of openings 228 with grooves 229 can be achieved by opposing rotation of portion 230d relative to portion 232d. Such valve/piston configuration is further described with reference to
Referring to second segment 232d of piston 200d, a pair of grooves 229 is illustrated as being arc shaped grooves formed in the sidewall material of the piston. It is to be understood that alternative shaped grooves are contemplated and the arc shaped grooves are but one exemplary configuration. Referring next to
Although fluid access openings 228 are shown as extending entirely through protrusion 226 (see
In addition to the features shown and described above, in particular instances one or more filters may be utilized for removal of particulates prior to administration. Appropriate filter(s) may be incorporated within any of the devices above for example within the fluid passageway through the piston. Additionally or alternatively, one or more filters may be provided in association with the syringe outlet, either internally or externally to the syringe barrel.
Methodology for mixing components to prepare a mixture utilizing the rotational piston type valve configuration illustrated in FIGS. 13A-D can be conducted in a manner similar to methodology described with reference to
Another alternate embodiment of a mixing device in accordance with the invention is described with reference to FIGS. 16A-B. Referring to
As illustrated in
Adapter 700 can be formed of any appropriate material and in particular instances will comprise a plastic material such as any of the plastic materials discussed above with respect to syringe housings and pistons. Valve 800 can be any of the valve types discussed above with respect to exemplary valve 300 and can accordingly comprise any of the materials described with reference to such exemplary valve. Alternatively, adapter 700 can be configured to have a rotating type valve system as discussed with reference to FIGS. 15A-D.
Methodology for mixing independent components to prepare a mixture or administration-ready agent utilizing the assembly illustrated in FIGS. 16A-B can comprise providing a first component in an independent vial 500 and providing a second component to be combined and mixed with the first component within syringe 100. Syringe 100 and vial 500 are then each attached to adapter 700. Attachment and puncturing of vial 500 can be performed as described above with respect to earlier embodiments having puncture device 400. The order of attachment of vial 500 and syringe 100 is not limited to a particular sequence. Preferably, valve 800 is in a closed position during attachments of the vial and the syringe.
Upon assembly, valve 800 can be rotated or otherwise repositioned into an open position to establish fluid communication between first pathway segment 702 and second pathway segment 707 allowing fluid passage through the adaptor. Accordingly, fluid communication is established between vial 500 and syringe 100.
Combining of the first and second components can comprise drawing first component from vial 500 into the syringe (typically with the vial in an inverted position), or can comprise expelling the second component from the syringe into vial 500. Mixture of the components can comprise a pumping action as described above with earlier embodiments independently or in combination with shaking or otherwise agitating the combined components. The resulting mixture can be drawn internally within syringe housing 102e typically while the vial is inverted, and valve 800 can be closed. Where the mixture is to be subsequently transferred or administered to an individual, adapter 700 can be removed from attachment to Luer-lok fitting 108e and a transfer device such as a needle, cannula, transfer tube or other transfer structure can be attached to Luer-lok device 108e. Transfer or administration of the mixture can then be achieved by expelling the mixture from the internal chamber within syringe housing 102e.
An alternative configuration of an adaptor comprised by an assembly is illustrated in
The triple-port adaptor configuration illustrated in
Transfer of material from the assembly via port 713e′ can be useful for applications such as IV administration. Alternative administration such as intramuscular injection, can utilize syringe 100e′ independently after removal from the assembly. In either instance, piston depression during injection can be performed manually or utilizing a syringe pump.
Where a material such as a liquid material for example, is to be introduced into assembly 10e′ such introduction can be accomplished by passage through port 713e′ and adaptor segment 712e′. The fluid introduced can be directed into vial 500 or into syringe 100e′ as appropriate, by manipulation and positioning of valve 800e′. Introduction of a fluid into the assembly may be appropriate for example where each of first and second components (within the vial and syringe respectively) is provided in a dry or concentrated form.
The configuration of adaptor 700e′ illustrated in
An additional alternative device configuration in accordance with the invention is described with reference to
Upon insertion of valve portion 226f of the piston into receiving opening 557 of cap 550, the lid/piston combination can function as a rotational valve as described above with respect to the rotational valve depicted in
Referring next to
The invention also contemplates utilization of features of the device shown in
Methodology for utilization of the assembly configuration depicted in FIGS. 18A-C is analogous to the methodology described above (in an absence of performing steps for piercing a vial cap). Where multiple valves are provided, fluid communication can be established between the syringe barrel and the medicant vial by placing each of the valves in the open position. Mixing can be achieved by, for example, agitation and/or utilization of a piston pumping action. One or both valves can be utilized to discontinue fluid passage, allowing transfer and/or administration of the prepared medicant.
Although various devices of the invention are described as utilizing a single vial 500, it is to be understood that the invention encompasses aspects where multiple vials are utilized. In such instances, a first vial can be removed from the assembly after withdrawing all or a desired portion of the original vial content, and can be replaced by a second vial comprising additional or differing material. Accordingly, the mixing systems of the invention can be utilized for preparing medicants which are made up of three or more components. Mixing of the additional component can be achieved in a manner analogous to the mixing methodology discussed above for a corresponding assembly configuration.
Mixing/administration assemblies in accordance with the invention can be shipped as a singular unit including a linear arrangement of the syringe device and vial. Where an assembly utilizes an independent vial the vial can be provided in or out of alignment with respect to the mixing/administration device. Alternatively, where a vial is independent, such can be packaged separately from the mixing device. Exemplary packaging in accordance with the invention which can be utilized for a linearly aligned vial and mixing device combination is described with reference to
As illustrated in
In most circumstances it can be preferable that vial 500 be only partially inserted with housing 600. In particular instances it can be highly preferred to avoid contact between the piercing structure comprised by the assembly and the cap or septum comprised by vial 500. Accordingly, a projection 904 can be provided within cavity portion 903 which can be insertable within groove 602 of extension housing 600. Projection 904 can be positioned within the groove to stabilize a spaced relationship between vial 500 and the puncturing device to avoid contact with the piercing structure prior to removal of the assembly from the packaging cavity.
Cavity 901, 902, 903 can be configured to be shaped closely to the shape of the assembly to provide stability to the assembly, preferably stabilizing the position of the piston relative to the syringe barrel. Although the cavities depicted in
Packaging component 900 can be formed by, for example, molding. Appropriate materials for packaging component 900 include plastic materials, preferably plastics which have suitable strength for providing positioning and stability of the packaged assembly.
A cover 905 can optionally be provided which can be associated with packaging component 900. Cover 905 can be provided to cover at least the upper portion/opening of the tray to protect the assembly within the packaging. In particular instances, cover 900 can be utilized to seal the packaging and can allow a sterile environment to be created and maintained within the packaging. The cover can comprise a translucent or opaque material. It can be preferable that at least a portion of the cover be transparent to allow visual inspection of the contents (device and/or labels).
As depicted, cover 905 is a sheet of material which may be affixed to component 900. Alternatively, the cover can be a lid type cover which can be configured either to fit insertably within the tray opening or to have at least an upper portion of the tray fit insertably into a lid cavity (not shown).
As illustrated in
The type of label(s) utilized in association with mixing device 10 and/or associated via 500 is not limited to a particular label type. Exemplary labels can include bar codes as illustrated. Alternatively or additionally, one or both of labels 910 and 912 can be a radio frequency identification (RFID) label (not shown). Appropriate bar code and/or RFID labeling can be particularly useful for identifying and tracking lots, for record keeping purposes regarding the medicants and/or patient specific information. Such labeling can provide an additional safety measure. For example, in the event of an adverse reaction upon administering the prepared medicant, information provided on the label can be utilized to identify source, lot number, etc., which can in turn be utilized to track other assembly devices or device component containing material from the identified lot. Such labeling can additionally be utilized to identify others who may be at risk and/or provide information regarding the particular reaction, etc.
In the event of adverse reaction or identification of defect, analysis of any material retained within the device after administration can be analyzed by, for example, analysis techniques including but not limited to mass spectrometry and/or gas-liquid chromatography. Appropriate reporting to the FDA can then be performed.
Referring to
Packaging component 920 can preferably be translucent and can be formed from an appropriate translucent plastic material. The particular material utilized can preferably be selected to provide flexibility to allow manipulation of assembly 10 without opening of packaging component 920. In particular, it can be preferable that component 920 be provided to have sufficient internal volume and material flexibility to allow the vial to be manipulated for engagement and puncturing of the cap/septum. Component 920 can preferably also be retained in the sealed condition while manipulating the valve and piston during combining and mixing of the medicant components (described above). The ability to prepare the medicant for administration without opening of packaging component 920 can minimize or prevent contamination by avoiding exposure to an environment external to the packaging component. Upon preparation of an administration ready medicant, package component 920 can be opened, the protective cap over the forward end of the syringe can be removed, and transfer and/or administration can be performed utilizing methods described above.
Although each can be utilized independently, packaging components 920 and 900 depicted in
Each of
An additional packaging aspect in accordance with the invention is illustrated in
Where preparation of a medicant involves addition of material into assembly 10 (described above), such material can be added by, for example, opening of tear strip 921 and connection of an appropriate transfer device to the available (non-occupied) port and positioning of the valve to allow introduction of the material into the syringe or vial as appropriate. Additional mixing and preparation steps can be performed as described above with or without removal of assembly 10 from packaging 920. Transfer or administration of a prepared medicant from the assembly can comprise placement of the entire assembly into a syringe pump, can comprise removal of the vial and/or the adaptor from the assembly prior to placement of the syringe into a syringe pump, or can comprise manual manipulation of the syringe piston.
An alternative tray-type packaging component 900a is illustrated in
Packaging component 900a can comprise a lid portion 905a analogous to that shown and described with reference to
Where an additional material is to be added into the exemplary assembly depicted in
In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.
1-62. (canceled)
63. A device comprising:
- a housing around a chamber;
- a piston having a first end, a second end, and a fluid passageway from the first end to the second end, the piston being insertable into the chamber;
- a valve associated with the fluid passageway such that flow through the fluid passageway is selectively regulated by the valve; and
- a piercing structure proximate the second end of the piston, the piercing structure having a base portion and a tip, and having an opening extending through the base and through a portion of the piercing structure other than the tip, the opening being in fluid communication with the fluid passageway.
64. The device of claim 63 wherein the piston is insertable into the chamber through a first end of the housing and wherein the housing is configured to receive a needle at an opposing second end.
65. The device of claim 63 wherein the piston comprises a seal disposed at the first end and wherein the passageway passes through the seal.
66. The device of claim 63 wherein the piston comprises a stem having a first part and a second part, and wherein the valve is disposed at a junction between the first and second parts.
67. The device of claim 63 wherein the piston has a piston length between the first and second ends, wherein the passageway has a minimum diameter along the piston length, and wherein a ratio of the piston length to the minimum diameter is greater than or equal to about 10:1.
68. The device of claim 63 further comprising a container integral with the piston, wherein the container is in selective fluid communication with the chamber through the fluid passageway.
69. The device of claim 63 further comprising:
- a hollow extension integral with the second end of the piston; and
- wherein the piercing structure is disposed within the hollow extension, wherein the hollow extension is configured to receive a vial comprising a septum, and wherein the septum is able to be pierced by the piercing structure upon at least partial insertion of the vial within the housing.
70. The device of claim 69 wherein the opening comprised by the piercing structure allows fluid communication between the first fluid passageway and an internal region of the vial upon piercing the septum.
71. (canceled)
72. A device comprising:
- a housing around a chamber;
- a piston structure having a first end which is insertable into the chamber, second end opposing the first end, and an opening along the piston between the first and second ends, the second end having a container enclosing a compartment;
- a fluid passageway from the enclosed compartment to the first end; and
- a valve structure associated with the fluid passageway such that flow through the fluid passageway is selectively regulated by the valve, at least a portion of the valve structure being inserted within the opening.
73. The device of claim 72 wherein the piston structure is molded as a single piece.
74. The device of claim 72 wherein the piston comprises a two part stem having first portion extending from the first end and a second portion extending from the container, the first and second portions meeting at a junction.
75. The device of claim 74 wherein the valve is disposed at the junction.
76. The device of claim 74 wherein the container and the second portion are commonly molded.
77. The device of claim 74 wherein the container and the second portion are independently molded and are subsequently affixed together.
78. The device of claim 77 wherein the container and second portion are affixed by welding.
79-84. (canceled)
Type: Application
Filed: May 21, 2007
Publication Date: Nov 1, 2007
Patent Grant number: 7753891
Applicant: HYPROTEK, INC. (Spokane, WA)
Inventors: Patrick Tennican (Spokane, WA), Russell Michaelsen (Spokane, WA), L. Phipps (Shelton, WA)
Application Number: 11/751,434
International Classification: A61M 5/24 (20060101);


text:
We distinguish ourselves as the #1 choice for industrial manufacturers who are in need of Technical Service and Production Savings. We are their "across the production floor" partner delivering value through product and supply chain performance that lowers their total cost of production.
Copyright © 2019 BlackHawk Industrial / All rights reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The main advantage of Cenforce is of course its lower price compare to an original product. However, it is not only advantage of Cenforce. Cenforce has many forms and dosages compare to its genuine rival. The manufacturer is internationally known and respected fabric and provides the best possible quality with no issue reported for the past years. Cenforce is one of the finest generic versions of Viagra with an active substance of Sildenafil Citrate.
The needed effect of Cenforce is a result of an active ingredient Sildenafil Citrate. It works as a phosphodiesterase type 5 or PDE-5 inhibitor. Looking closer to the process, we can see that PDE-5 enzymes are located primarily in penile organ and partly in vasculature of the lung. As a result, we have isolated blood pressure increase, which leads to hard and sustainable erection. It is important to understand that blood flow to the penis increases only when man is sexual aroused and smoothly fades out when no sexual stimulus occur.
Cenforce is a high quality preparation used to treat erectile dysfunction and helps men to achieve strong erection. Cenforce comes into effect very fast and you need only 30-50 minutes to start enjoy the best sexual experience with your partner. Cenforce is approved by FDA and the most popular solution to treat ED. Many studies showed its effectiveness and safety. Thousands of people choose Cenforce to forget about ED.
Sildenafil Citrate was a revolution in sexual health pharmacy. The common dosages of 50 and 100 mg showed remarkable 50% better than a placebo on a workgroup against the same with placebo. However, to estimate it exactly we need to know the main cause of erectile dysfunction problem. Fortunately, Cenforce is effective for the most of cases. Usually, we recommend starting with smaller dosage and gradually increasing it if no effect occurs.
Cenforce is the product of Centurion Lab. One of the biggest pharmacy manufactures in India, which gained big respect among users, patients and doctors all over the world. However, as for any other preparation you should carefully read instructions and if possible consult your therapist before use. We have listed precautions and contraindications hereafter.
Cenforce is an orally administrated drug, which can be taken with a glass of water 30 to 40 minutes prior to sexual activity. It has a classic tablet form, which covered with soluble coating. You can split tablet by two to decrease dosage.
Important! Cenforce is effective only if the sexual stimulus occurs. It never acts spontaneously. If you have noticed that erection lasts longer than it should (more than 4 hours), please consider calling an emergency medical care.
Do not take more than one pill a day.
Please note that fatty food may delay the effect by 15 to 30 minutes due to decreased rate of digestion.
Cenforce tablets are available in 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg and the biggest 200 mg dosages.
50 mg is the best choice if you take Cenforce for the first time.
100 mg is the most common and effective dosage.
It is possible that a person can be very sensitive to Sildenafil, so dosages of 25 mg will be the best option.
150 mg and 200 mg dosages can be used only for severe ED cases and only under a professional medical care supervision!
Cenforce is usually well tolerated, yet it is still a medication, which requires a careful administration. We highly recommend to carefully reading instruction before use.
Cenforce should not be taken in any case with preparations of Nitrate group or nitrates (nitroglycerin, "Poppers" amyl nitrate, butyl nitrate) which are generally used to treat angina and any medication from guanylate cyclase stimulators (riociguat).
Do not take Cenforce if you are allergic to sildenafil or other additional substances in a tablet.
Do not take Cenforce if you are under 18.
If you have heart or blood pressure problems, we strongly recommend to consult your doctor for detailed instructions regarding your further preparation usage.
Cenforce should not be taken with Alcohol. However, there is a big dependency on how much you drink. If you drink one glass of wine, there will be no difference for an effect and condition. In case you take more, Alcohol is contraindicated then.
It is always best to take Cenforce on an empty stomach, however it is not prohibited to eat while using Cenforce. You can take it with or without food and still have the same effect. Please note that food may decrease absorption speed and thus delay the effect by 15-30 minutes. If you need prompt action, consider avoiding large servings and fatty food.
There were no researches providing useful information about driving abilities while taking Cenforce. However, we can look in side-effects and see the dizziness and abnormal vision there. It may affect your driving abilities somehow. We recommend to pay attention to this and hold off driving if possible.
Cenforce is not indicated for use by women. There were some researches, which we gathered in an article, which you can find on our site. There you can find many women applications of Viagra tested, such as fertility treatment, menstrual pain treatment etc. Cenforce is unknown with its effect on pregnancy due to total lack of proper studies.
Cenforce can cause serious side-effects. Please stay aware and immediately search for the medical assistant if you have notices one of these symptoms:
• Priapism. Serious conditions when erection lasts more than 4 hours. It can damage your penile organ. Therefore, it is critical to receive emergency medical care as soon as possible.
• Loss of vision. In case you have sudden vision loss in one or both eyes it may be a symptom of very dangerous eye condition called non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). You should consider taking immediate medical assist if you have encountered this problem.
• Hearing loss. If you find your hearing is rapidly deteriorating or symptoms like loud ringing called tinnitus, you need to stop taking Cenforce and consult your doctor.
• Do not take Cenforce more than once in a day.
• Grapefruits or its juice and grapefrout based products can lead to or increase some unpleasant side effects such as dizziness, low blood pressure, headache and flushing.
• Never take Cenforce together with other ED treatment preparations.
• Drinking alcohol while taking Viagra can ruin your sexual performance.
• Effect peak is reached within 60 to 120 minutes after taking Cenforce.
• Cenforce is an FDA - approved preparation, which OFFICIALLY treats erectile dysfunction.
• Viagra works only when a man is sexually aroused.
Cenforce should be stored away from the children in cool and dry place. Do not moisture, heat or leave tablets on light as it may decrease its efficiency.
There are many of them. Sildenafil Citrate is the most popular preparation used to treat erectile dysfunction, thus we have many brands, which have the same active ingredient inside. We recommend to study our Sildenafil preparations section and decide what is more important to you whether it is price, reputation, reviews, different forms or dosages. In any case, you will find a quality product, which you can count on. Also, if you are new to ED treatment preparations, we recommend to study other sections with Vardenafil, Tadalafil and Avanafil preparations, which are more up to date preparations and have their actual advantages over the enormous popularity of Sildenafil preparations.
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Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra) generic which is a well-known cure for erectile dysfunction problem. The active substance acts as phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor or PDE-5 inhibitor and increase blood pressure at the pelvis. This effect provides a strong erection and helps men to forget about unpleasing issue for up to 6 hours. 150mg dosage for those who feel no effect of lesser dosages. We recommend to consult doctor before use.
This one helped me many times! good delivery timing


text:
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Abstract This thesis going analysis and review characteristic of the luxury industry and especially the clothing sector. The Author will recognize research to comprehend the changes…...Read
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text:
Unlike larger manufacturers that offer annual model updates and short vehicle lifespans, the cycle of any Land Rover is practically glacial by comparison. The original Land Rover, that would later become the Defender, has essentially seen only four generations since it was first produced in 1948. So any new Land Rover model has a lengthy gestation period, allowing the engineers to fine-tune the product.
The launch of a new Range Rover is ALWAYS an important occasion. Since the inception of the original luxury SUV in 1970, there have only been three new models. So this fourth generation represents a major milestone for the small, specialized, British carmaker, especially arriving in its 65th year.
And while new models like the Evoque may appeal to a fresh audience, a Range Rover has 43 years of expectations to live up to, and a diverse group of buyers to please. It must be luxurious and comfortable, dependable and practical as well as ridiculously capable off-road.
The original Range Rover, now known as the Classic, boasted coil springs, discs brakes and 100mph capability - unheard of for off-road vehicles. It also brought a level of luxury and sophistication that was previously unseen in this segment. That intriguing mix would establish the Range Rover as the benchmark, with competitors still unable to match its all-round versatility.
Our expectations are the same 43 years later. We want it to be capable on the freeway, make a statement at a swanky restaurant, traverse snow-capped peaks and conquer impassable terrain: a tall order for any other vehicle but the basic requirements for the 2013 Range Rover.
We also expect a new Range Rover to be groundbreaking, and Land Rover didn't disappoint. Its new aluminum monocoque, body panels (first used on the Land Rover in 1948) and suspension components, for example, shed a whopping 700 lb compared to the previous generation.
Testing a vehicle of this magnitude brings its own challenges. We'd have to reach beyond our usual canyon roads and test tracks to put this car to the test. But if the new Range Rover is truly capable of the impossible, perhaps it could help us find the improbable?
Our plan was to take the $99,995 2013 Range Rover Supercharged and find Bigfoot. It would involve 250 freeway miles and almost 100 miles of challenging mountain passes to reach Prescott in northern Arizona. There we'd meet our local guide and Bigfoot researcher, Tim Zamiski from the Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization, who'd assist us in our quest.
With these mythical creatures only found in remote mountains and forests, the final leg of our journey would involve miles of rock-strewn dirt trails reaching deep into Prescott National Forest. Here we could test the Range Rover's legendary ground clearance, approach angles, wheel articulation, traction and Terrain Response system. It seemed like the perfection plan.
The Team
Getting to Prescott was a straight shot down the 10 Freeway from Los Angeles but like the Boy Scouts, we always want to be prepared. So we crammed the Range Rover and a borrowed 2012 Range Rover Sport full of video, photo, camping, clothing and survival equipment. We had towropes, sand tracks, shovels, night vision, Flir thermal vision, tripods, water and firearms.
The latter were courtesy of our military liaison, CW2 Brady A Cloward UTNG AVN who was along for wildlife protection and entertainment. About to embark on his fourth tour of the sand box, we knew he was accustomed to searching for an elusive adversary.
Smart enough to master a Blackhawk helicopter in order to liberate himself from the gun turret of a soft-skinned Humvee, Brady was also familiar with the terrain, having grown up near our location. As an accomplished hunter, we hoped he wouldn't run screaming from the undergrowth at the sound of the first cracking twig in the middle of the night!
As it turns out, Brady also knew a man with some night vision goggles that proved a useful addition to our inventory. He wouldn't let us use his Army-issued NVG, but claimed the civilian versions were almost as good.
We should also point out Brady's been a regular contributor to eurotuner.com, having built several project vehicles for us, in addition to reporting car sightings from the frontline. So with his ability to root out the unseen, light a decent campfire, engage the locals, and with skill behind a keyboard, Chief Warrant Officer Cloward was always going to be a vital part of the team.
We'd be joined by the aforementioned Tim Zamiski (more about him later), as well as Kenneth Thompson from our video department. Kenny would capture the action as it unfurled - we were hoping for Bigfoot footage to rival the legendary 1967 Patterson film, but it turns out we don't have cameras that work in the dark...
Freeway miles
Rather than the usual bright colors seen on the 2012 Range Rover Sport, our example was finished in Ipanema Sand, making it more subtle without hiding its muscularity. Yet it shrank alongside the 2012 Range Rover in both dimension and stature.
While it looks considerably bigger than the outgoing T5 model, the new D7u Range Rover is only 1" longer. Yet its lower roofline and 1.6" longer wheelbase create the illusion of being considerably bigger. The same is true inside, where passengers get 4.7" more legroom and 2" more knee room.
Despite losing its square styling, the Range Rover maintains many of its 43 year-old features. These include the clamshell hood (which now acts as the intake duct, allowing an impressive 35" wading depth), split tailgate (made from composite, both sections are powered) and floating roof (thanks to black pillars).
The front-end retains its chunky, slotted grille but is dominated by the LED lighting that's distinctive both day and night. The new headlights resemble a camera lens, complete with appropriate lettering, and are one of a number of delightful details throughout the car. Other enchanting discoveries included "Range Rover" projected into the puddle lighting under the front mirrors, as well as a cool silhouette graphic of the car between the doors, but there are many more for you to discover.
There are 37 paint colors to choose from (ours was Luxor, an $1800 upgrade), which can be paired with either a silver or black roof. There are eight wheel designs up to 22" (ours was on stock 21"), and a panoramic roof (prompted by a 70% take up by Evoque customers) that can hold three times the vehicle's weight in a rollover.
The interior is a departure, eschewing the rash of infotainment and dynamic control buttons infecting most of the competition. Instead, Land Rover halved the number of buttons and switches, preferring rotary controllers for the transmission and Terrain Response, with a touchscreen for almost everything else.
You can specify three rear seats or two individual ones divided by a center console. And there are three levels of Meridian Audio, including "Ultimate 3D" which features 29 speakers and 1700 watts of power. Our test vehicle made do with an $1850 Premium system with 825W and 19 speakers, creating a surround sound stage with amazing depth and clarity.
We were also grateful for the $4150 Climate Comfort Package fitted front and rear. It included climate control, solar glass, a cold box in the console, reclining rear seats, heated/cooled seats front and rear, plus massaging up front.
With the Range Rover's 23-gallon tank, you can travel more than 430 freeway miles between fill ups, so the massagers undoubtedly keep you behind the wheel longer.
As a freeway tool, the 2013 Range Rover is enormously adept. The lack of noise, air carpet suspension, eight-speed trans and 510hp to power past distraction makes it a wonderful grand tourer.
Perhaps our only gripe was the odd on-center steering feel. Making small adjustments required a relatively big tug on the wheel, causing the car to over-steer and requiring you to correct the other way. This set up a weird swerving motion as you tried to correct left and right to get the car where you wanted it. This may have been caused by the new variable-ratio steering system that provides slower on-center feel.
Fortunately, the problem dissolved once we started ascending the mountain passes, with the steering feel improving and the new aluminum suspension coming into its own. Not only does it have independent suspension all round, with a multi-link rear, but it sits on air bags and has adaptive dampers as well as an active lean system called Dynamic Response. Along with huge multi-piston Brembo brakes, the Range Rover behaves more like a sports sedan than an SUV in tight turns. Although you never quite forget its height and weight, the car is surprisingly agile and again, its ample horsepower got us past slower, rather intimidated drivers.
In fact, we surprised a lot of road users who didn't seem to expect this small house to reach 60mph in 5.1sec and continue to 140mph (155mph on 22" tires).
Every Range Rover must excel off-road and the permanent 4WD system has a 50\50 torque-split center diff and low-range option. It also has Terrain Response 2, which is an enhanced version of Land Rover's traction system with individual settings for grass/gravel/snow, mud/ruts, sand and rock crawl. It also has a new Auto mode that senses the conditions and opts for the best of the five settings.
Just as useful is the air suspension, which will raise the body by 5.7" to improve its ground clearance to 11.6".
A graphic in the central display shows you the percentage of differential lock as you maneuver through an obstacle. You can also feel individual wheels being locked and released as grip is found at any corner.
Wheel travel has been extended by the new suspension, allowing 10.2" of movement at the front and 12.2" rear, providing exceptional articulation in the harshest conditions.
We should also add Hill Descent Control, Gradient Release Control, Hill Start Assist, Dynamic Stability Control, Traction Control and Roll Stability that serve the driver as you tackle off-road obstacles.
In short, the Range Rover feels as unstoppable as ever. This is just as well when you're aiming $100k between narrow trees on a sandy path with rocks jutting through. The high approach and departure angles meant we were able to clear everything northern Arizona threw at us.
If we're honest, it appeared as if the car was quietly laughing at us. There was a hint of derision each time we climbed a sand bank, crossed a creek or traversed rocks. Was that all we had?
We were greeted by many perplexed stares as we negotiated our way past campsites, gold prospectors, hikers and target shooters. It appears that luxury SUVs are an unusual sight in Arizona's woodland. Little did they know we were enjoying air-conditioned massages while using the five surround cameras in the $1550 Vision Assist Package to watch the vehicle behind, check obstacles ahead and clearance on each side.
If we'd had tents onboard it would've redefined glamping. However, all our electronics needed charging each night and memory cards downloaded, so we afforded ourselves the charms of The Motor Lodge in Prescott (themotorlodge.com) - a boutique motel we chanced upon. It's close to downtown and comprises individual cabins with a cool '50s motoring theme. If Bigfoot should draw you to Prescott we highly recommend a stay.
After a full day's drive and several hours plunging into the Prescott scenery, our BFRO guide Tim Zamiski could finally do his thing. Unfortunately, he hadn't bargained on herding cats as our group of ADHD sufferers toyed with cameras, phones and garments.
Although quiet-natured, Tim's piercing eyes told a story. It was about a man who wished he hadn't volunteered for this assignment, yet was resigned to seeing it through.
His first advice was to observe a noise protocol. I believe the phrase was "shut up and listen," but I might have misheard.
Tim menacingly swung a pickaxe handle, his eyes flicking from face to face as he silently decided who to leave in the forest. The axe handle is a key tool in the Bigfoot researcher's arsenal, used to make "knocks", which is thought to be a form of Bigfoot communication. It also served to get our attention.
As we hiked through the woods, smashing the undergrowth underfoot, we became aware that Tim was able to avoid snapping branches or crushing pinecones. He had the agility of a mountain lion, seeming to float above the foliage like a camouflaged Jesus.
With eyes constantly on the swivel and ears tuned to the forest's calls, we'd stop to inspect sandy areas. The soft sediment would allow us to identify telltale footprints. Somehow, Tim could traverse the narrow trails without disturbing its sandy corridor, while we stumbled into the trough, eliminating any chance of forensic examination.
During one such exploration, Tim chanced upon a small footprint. It was a distinctive humanoid shape, with recognizable heel and toe impressions.
This deep into the forest, with only ATV tracks, hiking boots and animal tracks as evidence of life, this was an anomaly. There was only one footprint and steep banks on either side.
The chance of a barefooted child wandering in this environment and altitude was unlikely but Tim couldn't rule it out. He was eagle-eyed in spotting it but equally quick to dismiss it as inconclusive.
What impressed us about our BFRO insider was how much evidence he rejected. For some reason we expected every snapping twig and animal feces to be heralded as proof of Bigfoot's existence. However, Tim was the opposite. He dismissed everything, clearly irritated by hoaxes and misinformation that only confuse the public. Tim and the BFRO want only hard evidence to prove the animal's existence.
We received some interesting insights into Bigfoot behavior, generally prefaced by the acknowledgement it's supposition rather than fact. But Tim did suggest the Bigfoot community may migrate through Arizona, being found at higher climes where deep snow had closed the roads to us that time of year, but also moving down to the desert in search of prey. There's even a theory about hibernation, and that each community follows different patterns.
Food sources seem to indicate an omnivore, living off flora and fauna as it becomes available. However, its movement, socialization and communication remains theoretical. Yet its existence is beyond doubt in the mind of Tim and his fellow researchers.
Stood in the woods, overlooking a deep valley, armed with our FLIR thermal camera (see sidebar) and night vision goggles, we were tooled-up to find Sasquatch.
I tried my hand at "knocking", using Tim's axe handle on a nearby rock: the hollow sound echoing through the valley. Tim also demonstrated a Bigfoot call, preferring one that rises in pitch and intensity. If anything had been tempted to respond, it remained quiet, while Alex's attempt to mimic would have sent them running for the undergrowth.
Not since I asked my first girlfriend to show me her boobs have I ever wanted to see something so much. Yet we scoured the forest and hillside opposite without reward. The NVG and thermal turned night into day as the image intensifiers brought amazing clarity. But even the deer and turkey we'd seen in daylight were refusing to make an appearance.
Armed with our gadgets, knocks and calls, the best tool in a Bigfoot researcher's belt is patience. You spend hours listening, waiting, hoping, tuning into the forest. Sometimes you get a result, but on this occasion we didn't
Buoyed by the popularity of Animal Planet's Finding Bigfoot, Tim reports increased interest in his research. The BFRO organizes field trips for the curious, instructing them in the same track and observation techniques he demonstrated to us. You can find details on the organization's website, along with maps of recent sightings and reports. There's a form to submit if you have a sighting, which will be investigated by researchers like Tim, who seem to approach each with healthy skepticism.
What was refreshing was Tim's optimism. It's what makes the TV show so addictive. Faced with disbelief or ridicule, having scant evidence, Bigfoot proponents know it's there. "I just want to prove to myself that it's real," Tim explained. "I don't want to prove it to the world or to science, just myself.
"We go out maybe twice a month to search and investigate. Maybe we hear a call or a knock, maybe we find footprints, or maybe we don't. At worst we find nothing, but we're in a beautiful place enjoying the scenery and nature, so it's always a good weekend," Tim explained.
Switching off our equipment and returning to the vehicles, you had to wonder if we were alone. Were we being watched by something smarter than ourselves? As I fired up the V8, heated the seats and set the navigation, I knew it wasn't smarter. Yet we all desire simplicity, and I decided we should find space in our cynical lives for some of the optimism the Bigfoot researchers show. It was refreshing and certainly tempted us to return for another trying at 'Sasquatching.
2013 Range Rover Supercharged
Layout longitudinal front engine, all-wheel drive
Engine 4999.7cc LR-V8 32v quad-cam, DIVCT Dual Independent Variable Cam Timing, supercharged
Transmission ZF 8HP70 eight-speed automatic
Brakes six-piston Brembo front calipers, 15" rotors f, 14.4" r
Wheels & Tires 21x9.5" ten-spoke Style 4 wheels, 275/45 R21 Goodyear Eagle F1 Asymmetric SUV tires
MSRP $99995 (inc D&D) $114930 as tested
Peak power 510hp at 6000-6500rpm
Peak torque 461 lb-ft at 2500-5500rpm
0-60mph 5.1sec
Top speed 140mph
Weight 5137 lb
Wading depth 35.4"
Economy 13/19/15mpg (city/highway/combined)
Tim Zamiski
A member of the Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization, Tim has been an investigator and expedition organizer since 2005.
Interest in Bigfoot has been his lifelong interest. The famous 1967 Patterson footage made Tim a "believer" and he'd regularly search for related news stories. So when the internet arrived, he found the BigFoot Field Researchers Organization at BFRO.net and was fascinated by reports from around the US and beyond.
His tenure with the organization began after signing up for an Arizona expedition in 2006. This followed a posting of his own online report about unusual vocalizations.
Shortly after the first trip, BFRO founder and TV presenter Matt Moneymaker offered him the opportunity to investigate local reports, which Tim's done ever since.
His interest continues as he investigates reports for BFRO.net and helps to organize BFRO expeditions. "I've met very credible people from all walks of life with interesting stories to tell," Tim explained.
"My search is ongoing because I've yet to witness one of these creatures for myself. I've seen and heard strange and interesting things during my investigations and outings into the wilderness, but a visual encounter with this animal eludes me... so far..."
Brady Cloward CW2, UTNG, AVN
So you think you had a strange week? I'll bet you never got the call on a cold Wednesday afternoon to join a Sasquatch hunt in the new 2013 Range Rover. I'm used to varied work and seeing incredible adventures in car magazines, but I had to sit down for this one...
I should state I'm a VW dude, not a new car guy. I drive cars that rattle so bad you schedule dental work every time you get an oil change. I get excited about working AM/FM.
As well as building project cars for eurotuner magazine, I've spent the last 16 years in the military. I was the magazine's self-titled Combat Car Correspondent during my time in Iraq, sending back sightings of Passat Wagons and Mercedes diesels from the front line.
I'd like to think I was invited on this adventure both for my familiarity with large off-road vehicles and a well-hidden foe. Whatever the reason, I was happy to tag along.
When packing for the trip I spent a few minutes worrying about what clothes to bring, and hours on hold with TSA to see how much tactical gear I could legally squeeze into my bags.
After a few wide eyes from airport security, and a closed-room pat down, (the secret is to not clench), I arrived in LA and got my first look at the 2013 Range Rover. The elegant design was cloaked in champagne paintwork but I lost my airline lunch when I heard the list price was a pinch under $100,000!
We packed the car and hit the road for the six-hour drive to Prescott, AZ. As the teacher's favorite I rode in the Crown Jewel. Being an Army UH-60 pilot, I love pushing mystery buttons. It's not always the smartest policy, but is undoubtedly the most exciting. Besides, the spinning thing on top of the Blackhawk has never stopped, so what's the worst that could happen in a car?
This propensity came out with a vengeance inside the Land Rover. While testing every button along with Greg's patience, I can honestly say it's the most pampered I've ever been in a vehicle. We rode with cooled seats while being massaged, and although I couldn't find the "happy ending" button, I'm convinced it's hidden within the touchscreen functions somewhere.
Arriving in sleepy Prescott, I had no idea of the adventure awaiting us. Following a night shoot at the motel, we met our local guide and Bigfoot investigator, Tim, who led us to our destination.
On its air suspension, the Range Rover seemed amazingly nimble despite its outward appearance. As an aviator, I'd like to think I'm less prone to motion sickness but as we stretched the car's handling limits I needed to put down my phone and focus on the road to keep my breakfast eggs down.
As we ventured into the pine and juniper backwoods we saw another side of the Range Rover. With the push of a button, we could raise the ride height. The suspension glided over rocks, mud, water... Ok not "over" water, even though it seemed divine enough.
It was clear the vehicle was made for the dirt. And yet, as we trailed the two other vehicles through thick dust, I noticed the Range Rover was airtight. There wasn't a hint of dust in the vehicle, just crisp air-conditioning.
After reaching our destination, Tim gave us the rundown on typical Sasquatch behavior before we set out on a two-mile hike into the mountains. There we were schooled on tracking, knocking and howling techniques. And as Alex demonstrated, the Squatch call isn't something you simply learn overnight!
During the hike we found a footprint that might have been left by a small Sasquatch, or homeless meth addict, it's anybody's guess...
Our night hunt turned into a technological expo as we unpacked our tracking equipment in the middle of the woods. We tallied it up and our hunt boasted roughly $35000 in night vision, thermal and infrared equipment.
Once we patted ourselves on our well-equipped backs, we ventured into the night. A few more lessons were learned; first off, Sasquatch hunting is a passive activity. A great deal of time was spent listening and watching, with just a few howls or knocks to attract Bigfoot attention.
After becoming excited by mistakenly identifying the heat off the Range Rover brakes as a Sasquatch, we started to understand how to scan the brush for movement. Secondly, at an altitude of 6500ft, it gets damn cold after sundown. Two hours passed without a sighting or a sound, so we made our way back to the cars and lit a campfire to reflect on the lessons learned. This was a unique opportunity with a truly unique vehicle and some great people.
With our adventure ending, we should have been bummed with only a footprint to show for it. However, our time with Tim was truly educational. We'll always be grateful to him for what we learned.
As far as our transportation, my only regret was that I've been ruined for any vehicle I'll ever drive again. The Range Rover is a remarkable car with a versatility I never expected. Well done, Land Rover - your vehicle is now on my bucket list.
FLIR Thermal Camera
Designed with serious outdoor enthusiasts in mind, the FLIR Scout BTS Series is a must-have for those looking to step up their 24/7 thermal vision. The BTS features a full coverage eyepiece with ergonomic comfort, inter-ocular adjustment and straightforward controls to alter thermal range. You can capture thermal photos or record video using the SD card slot.
The BTS Series can detect heat signatures more than 1.5 miles away and operates on rechargeable AA lithium-ion batteries. The images can be viewed in any of the camera's three heat signature settings (White Hot, Black Hot, InstAlert) at either 320x240 or 640x480 resolution, depending on the model.
The camera is supplied with a hard case, output cable, batteries, etc. And there are optional 35mm, 65mm and 100mm quick-disconnect lenses available for different viewing ranges. $13000, as tested with all the options included (flir.com).


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Matt Kalil believes he has graded out pretty well this preseason, but the Vikings' No. 1 draft choice from Southern California is looking forward to Friday's game with San Diego, which will be the closest thing to a normal game that he'll play before the regular season.
"We'll play all the way up until I think the beginning of the third quarter," said the new starting left tackle. "It'll be the most plays that I've played so far in a single NFL game.
"I thought I did pretty well [in the first two preseason games]. I'm looking to this next game to get more playing time and play the whole first half. I'm excited for it."
Kalil said that he is preparing for this week like he would for any other game. He said he always tries to get his mind right before a game and have a good week of practice leading up to it. But Kalil did mention that the difference between college and pro practices has been somewhat surprising.
"It's definitely not like college. College is more emphasis on being physical and having those hard-knock practices," Kalil said. "[Pro practices] are definitely a whole other mental aspect of the game, a lot lower tempo. We're still going hard at times, but it's a lot more to soak in, more plays, more concepts, so the mental aspect [is different]. I've been coming along great, having veterans on the offensive line to help me along, but I think that's been the biggest surprise for me."
He said going against Pro Bowl defensive end Jared Allen in practice definitely has helped Kalil's confidence a lot.
"Going into games, knowing that I've faced the best defensive end [in the NFL], I feel a lot more confident and ready to play," he said.
"I've done pretty well [against Allen]. I mean, he's one of the best to ever play the game, so he gets me every day. But he's only making me better just because of what a great pass rusher he is and great player he is. He has a lot of different moves and things he can do that I've never seen before. It kind of prepares me for games.
"It has been pretty tough, but it has been fun, too. I think I have done well. I just work on getting better every day and improving anything I can."
What's making it more interesting for Kalil is the chance to play next to former Southern California tight end Rhett Ellison, who the coaches say is one of the big surprises of the exhibition season and will play a lot this year as a rookie.
"Yeah, a college teammate -- and it has been fun having him be drafted onto the same team; he's a great player," Kalil said about the Vikings' fourth-round draft choice.
"He's doing well. He's going to be here for a long time. The chemistry is there after playing four years in college together and being on the same NFL team. He's a great player, and we work well together."
General Manager Rick Spielman and company made zero mistakes in this year's draft, and Kalil and Ellison are two of the great choices that were made.Stadium roof situation
Under terms of the Vikings stadium bill passed by the Legislature, the new football stadium will have a full, fixed roof.
However, Gov. Mark Dayton, here is my message to you: If you want a first-class stadium, it must have a retractable roof. The Wilf family, owners of the Vikings, are paying $477 million (49 percent) toward the stadium's $975 million price tag, with the team having the option of paying for a retractable roof.
What is interesting is that early estimates of the additional cost of a retractable roof are between $50 million and $60 million, according to Vikings officials.
Yes, Mr. Dayton, after doing the great job you did getting the stadium bill passed, I challenge you now, if necessary, to find a way for the state to pay the difference in cost for the retractable roof so on beautiful days we really can enjoy a Vikings game or an event -- just like the fans in Indianapolis, where Lucas Oil Stadium has a great retractable roof, and in Milwaukee, where Brewers baseball fans have the same luxury at Miller Park.Jottings
• The Twins will be responsible for a payroll of about $76 million going into next season, which will include $8.5 million guaranteed to pitcher Nick Blackburn ($5.5 million) and shortstop Tsuyoshi Nishioka ($3 million), who recently were taken off the 40-man roster and might not be with the club next year. One good thing is that the team has only four players -- second baseman Alexi Casilla, who is out of options, and pitchers Alex Burnett, Brian Duensing and Jared Burton -- who are arbitration-eligible. Of the group, Burton likely will be the only one to get a decent raise.
• Jeremias Pineda, the player the Twins received from the Red Sox for Danny Valencia, has hit .231 with two RBI in 14 games with the Gulf Coast League Twins. Before the trade, Pineda was hitting .421 with 22 RBI in 36 games for the Gulf Coast League Red Sox.
• Working for the Vikings as assistant to the head coach is Cameron Turner, nephew of Norv Turner, whose Chargers team will face the Vikings on Friday. Cameron Turner, who played football and coached at the Citadel, has never worked for his uncle but has talked a lot of football with him.
• The NBA Cares has joined local Starkey Hearing Technologies on the its mission to China, where 6,000 hearing aids will be given out free to children and adults in the city of Chengdu.
• While UNLV will start Nick Sherry, a redshirt freshman, at quarterback against the Gophers next week, it does have the benefit of bringing back its entire starting offensive line from last season. Brett Boyko, Yusef Rodgers, Cameron Jefferson, Doug Zismann and Robert Waterman are the starting five, and they played the final seven games of the year together in 2011, going 1-6. The Rebels averaged 164.1 yards per game rushing last year, ranking 48th in the country.
• The Miami Herald reported that former Cretin-Derham Hall standout offensive lineman Seantrel Henderson returned to camp for the Miami Hurricanes on Wednesday after attending his second funeral in a month for a childhood friend in Minnesota.
The Herald also said that Henderson, a junior this season, is not on the team's depth chart and is doubtful for the season opener against Boston College.
• Righthander Kyle Gibson will start Saturday for the Rochester Red Wings, another nice sign for the Twins' first-round pick from 2009 in his rehab from Tommy John surgery.
Sid Hartman can be heard weekdays on WCCO AM-830 at 6:40, 7:40 and 8:40 a.m. and on Sundays at 9:30 a.m. • firstname.lastname@example.com


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Rumours surround Oklahoma City's future moves
Oklahoma City Thunder coach Scott Brooks' future is still up in the air as contract negotiations continue to drag on, according to sources.
The quadruple championship winning coach's time with the Thunder could be coming to an end if several media reports are to be believed.
Brooks, 49, has been in charge of the Thunder since 2008 and has guided them to a phenomenal four straight titles in the last four seasons.
His current contract expires after this season and negotiations have still yet to come up with a new contract that both parties are happy with.
Thunder GM Sam Presti and Brooks' agent Warren LeGarie have been talking, but there is apparently still a financial gap between the two parties.
Brooks is reportedly demanding $10 per season, believing that his record with the Thunder warrants him being the highest paid coach in the league.
"Obviously our preference is to keep him with the organisation. He's been a big part of our success and everyone at the club loves him", said Presti.
"But at the same time we have to do what is best for ourselves financially. We'll put forward an offer we feel is fair and the rest is up to Scott."
The stats would suggest that Brooks deserves a pay rise. He's equal fifth in rings won with Gregg Popovich and well on his way to winning another.
It could be a tough off-season for the Thunder as Kevin Durant and Derrick Rose are coming out of contract and neither has committed to re-signing.
There have been rumours around that if Durant does collect a fifth ring this season he will move on and attempt to test himself in a big market.
Another rumour that has been around since Rose left Chicago to sign for Milwaukee is that he will return to play for the Bulls again one day.Rumoured potential Durant destinations
Potential $29m cap space.
They have Perkins and Bass contracted beyond this season. They can re-sign Rondo and add Durant to create a very good line-up.
Durant apparently gre up watching Larry Bird and even modelled his game after him. He may jump at the chance to play with the Celtics.
LA Lakers
Potential $46m cap space.
Brandon Jennings is the only big earner contracted. Like with Boston, the lure of such a historic franchise may be too much for Durant to resist.
If they can re-sign Bynum and Cosuins and then add Durant, they will have an amazingly talented frontcourt and a top guard in Jennings.
LA Clippers
Potential $7m cap space.
In order to get Durant the Clippers would have to dump Mo Williams' contract on draft night. But it would be well worth doing if they can add him.
A line-up with Al Horford, Kevin Love, Durant and Eric Gordon would just about be the best in the league. They would be the best team in LA.
Potential $45m cap space.
All of their big earners are expiring. If they could lure Durant back to his hometown, they can also afford another two superstar max-contracts.
If they re-sign Wall, add Durant and sign a star big man like Bynum, Aldridge or Noah, they could become instant championship contenders.
Of course this is all just speculation and neither Durant or Brooks have given any indication that they won't be in Oklahoma City next season.
They would be brave men to walk away from a team that is currently on the verge of a fifth straight championship. Very brave indeed.
Hopefully the media speculation won't have a negative effect on the Thunder's quest for another championship in the upcoming weeks.
They currently lead the Clippers 2-1 in their western conference semi final series. Another finals series against Miami is quite possible.


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From a shopping center and an airport to a concert venue or even your own phone, these are all places facial recognition can now be used due to technological advancements in the last few years. VOA Khmer's Chap Chetra narrates.
In Frederick, Maryland, Wheeler Stone, who is known by Doc Stone, is living his dream. He's creating leather costumes and accessories for people who love to dress up as fictional characters from movies. VOA Khmer's Sreng Leakhena narrates.