text:
File dovecot20.changes of Package dovecot20.import4959
------------------------------------------------------------------- Tue May 31 11:37:11 UTC 2011 - email@example.com - Do not include non-existant ssl_cert and ssl_key in Dovecot configuration. (bnc#696919) ------------------------------------------------------------------- Wed May 11 17:25:04 UTC 2011 - email@example.com - Update to 2.0.13: + Added "doveadm index" command to add unindexed messages into index/cache. If full text search is enabled, it also adds unindexed messages to the fts database. + added "doveadm director dump" command. + pop3: Added support for showing messages in "POP3 order", which can be different from IMAP message order. This can be useful for migrations from other servers. Implemented it for Maildir as 'O' field in dovecot-uidlist. - doveconf: Fixed a wrong "subsection has ssl=yes" warning. - mdbox purge: Fixed wrong warning about corrupted extrefs. - sdbox: INBOX GUID changed when INBOX was autocreated, leading to trouble with dsync. - script-login binary wasn't actually dropping privileges to the user/group/chroot specified by its service settings. - Fixed potential crashes and other problems when parsing header names that contained NUL characters. (bnc#694778) ------------------------------------------------------------------- Fri Apr 15 02:45:11 UTC 2011 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Update Pigeonhole to 0.2.3: * Sieve-filter tool: finished implementing basic functionality. It is not quite ready yet, but it is available for those willing to experiment with it (needs --with-unfinished-features config to compile). Also includes man page. + Vacation extension now inhibits replies to messages from sender listed in :addresses, thus preventing replies to one of the user's other known addresses. + Vacation extension: implemented the (draft) vacation-seconds extension. This also adds min/max period configuration settings. Refer to doc/vacation.txt for configuration information. - ManageSieve: fixed bug in UTF-8 checking of string values. This is done by discarding the original implementation and migrating to the Dovecot API's UTF-8 functionality. - Sieve command line tools now avoid initializing the mail store unless necessary. This prevents sievec and sieve-dump from failing when executed by root for example. - Enotify extension: fixed inappropriate return type in mailto URI parse function, also fixing ARM compiler warning. - Vacation extension: fixed handling of sendmail errors. It produced an additional confusing success message in case of error. - Removed header MIME-decoding to fix erroneous address parsing. Applies to address test and vacation command. - Fixed segfault bug in extension configuration, triggered when unknown extension is mentioned in sieve_extensions setting. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Tue Apr 12 17:36:26 UTC 2011 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Update to 2.0.12: - Many small fixes, plus some more noticeable: + doveadm: Added "move" command for moving mails between mailboxes. + virtual: Added support for "+mailbox" entries that clear \Recent flag from messages (default is to preserve them). - dbox: Fixes to handling external attachments - dsync: More fixes to avoid hanging with remote syncs - dsync: Many other syncing/correctness fixes - doveconf: v2.0.10 and v2.0.11 didn't output plugin {} section right ------------------------------------------------------------------- Mon Mar 7 11:10:02 UTC 2011 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Update to 2.0.11: * dotlock_use_excl setting's default was accidentally "no" in all v2.0.x releases, instead of "yes" as in v1.1 and v1.2. Changed it back to "yes". - v2.0.10: LDAP support was broken - v2.0.10: dsyncing to remote often hanged (timed out in 15 mins) ------------------------------------------------------------------- Fri Mar 4 20:16:09 UTC 2011 - email@example.com - Update to 2.0.10: + Added import_environment setting. + Added submission_host setting to send mails via SMTP instead of via sendmail binary. + Added doveadm acl get/set/delete commands for ACL manipulation, similar to how IMAP ACL extension works. + Added doveadm acl debug command to help debug and fix problems with why shared mailboxes aren't working as expected. - IMAP: Fixed hangs with COMPRESS extension - IMAP: Fixed a hang when trying to COPY to a nonexistent mailbox. - IMAP: Fixed hang/crash with SEARCHRES + pipelining $. - IMAP: Fixed assert-crash if IDLE+DONE is sent in same TCP packet. - LMTP: Fixed sending multiple messages in a session. - doveadm: Fixed giving parameters to mail commands. - doveadm import: Settings weren't correctly used for the import storage. - dsync: Fixed somewhat random failures with saving messages to remote dsync. - v2.0.9: Config reload didn't notify running processes with shutdown_clients=no, so they could have kept serving new clients with old settings. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Thu Jan 13 11:28:25 UTC 2011 - email@example.com - Update to 2.0.9: - Linux: Fixed a high system CPU usage / high context switch count performance problem - Maildir: Avoid unnecessarily reading dovecot-uidlist while opening mailbox. - Maildir: Fixed renaming child mailboxes when namespace had a prefix. - mdbox: Don't leave partially written messages to mdbox files when aborting saving. - Fixed master user logins when using userdb prefetch - lda: Fixed a crash when trying to send "out of quota" reply - lmtp: If delivering duplicate messages to same user's INBOX, create different GUIDs for them. This helps to avoid duplicate POP3 UIDLs when pop3_uidl_format=%g. - virtual storage: Fixed saving multiple mails in a transaction (e.g. copy multiple messages). - dsync: Saved messages' save-date was set to 1970-01-01. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Mon Dec 6 23:35:25 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Update Pigeonhole to 0.2.2: * LDA Sieve plugin: started using Dovecot LDA reject API for the reject extension. This means that the LDA reject_reason and reject_subject settings now also work for Pigeonhole's LDA Sieve plugin. * Did some work on the new sieve-filter tool. It is mostly functional, but it is not finished yet. * Dovecot change: services' default vsz_limits weren't being enforced correctly in earlier v2.0 releases. Now that they are enforced, you might notice that the default limits are too low and you need to increase them. This problem will show up in logs as "out of memory" errors. See default_vsz_limit and service { vsz_limit } settings. - Imap4flags: fixed segfault bug occurring in multiscript context. - Added version checking to the ManageSieve settings plugin. This plugin was forgotten when the LDA plugin was updated with this change in the previous release. - LDA Sieve plugin: fixed memory leak at deinitialization. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Sat Dec 4 09:11:19 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Update to 2.0.8: * Services' default vsz_limits weren't being enforced correctly in earlier v2.0 releases. Now that they are enforced, you might notice that the default limits are too low and you need to increase them. This problem will show up in logs as "out of memory" errors. See default_vsz_limit and service { vsz_limit } settings. * LMTP: In earlier versions if mail was delivered to user+detail@domain address, LMTP server always attempted to deliver the mail to mailbox named "detail". This was rather unintentional and shouldn't have been the default. lmtp_save_to_detail_mailbox=yes setting now preserves this behavior (default is no). + Added systemd support (configure --with-systemdsystemunitdir). Based on patch by Christophe Fergeau. + Replaced broken mbox-snarf plugin with a new more generic snarf plugin. - dbox: Fixes to handling external mail attachments - verbose_proctitle=yes didn't work for all processes in v2.0.7 - imap, pop3: When service { client_count } was larger than 1, the log messages didn't use the correct prefix. Last logged in user's prefix was always used, regardless of what user's session actually logged it. Now the proper log prefix is always used. - MySQL: Only the first specified host was ever use ------------------------------------------------------------------- Mon Nov 8 23:59:45 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Update to 2.0.7: * master: default_process_limit wasn't actually used anywhere, rather the default was unlimited. Now that it is enforced, you might notice that the default limit is too low and you need to increase it. Dovecot logs a warning when this happens. * mail-log plugin: Log mailbox name as virtual name rather than physical name (e.g. namespace prefix is included in the name) + doveadm dump: Added imapzlib type to uncompress IMAP's COMPRESS DEFLATE I/O traffic (e.g. from rawlog). - IMAP: Fixed LIST-STATUS when listing subscriptions with subscriptions=no namespaces. - IMAP: Fixed SELECT QRESYNC not to crash on mailbox close if a lot of changes were being sent. - quota: Don't count virtual mailboxes in quota - doveadm expunge didn't always actually do the physical expunging - Fixed some index reading optimizations introduced by v2.0.5. - LMTP proxying fixes - Add IMAP, POP3 and SIEVE services for SuSEfirewall2 (bnc#635447). ------------------------------------------------------------------- Thu Oct 21 19:54:40 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - Update to 2.0.6: * Pre-login CAPABILITY includes IDLE again. Mainly to make Blackberry servers happy. * auth: auth_cache_negative_ttl default was 0 in earlier v2.0.x, but it was supposed to be 1 hour as in v1.x. Changed it back to 1h. If you want it disabled, make sure doveconf shows it as 0. + dbox: Added support for saving mail attachments to external files, with also support for single instance storage. This feature hasn't had much testing yet, so be careful with it. + doveadm: Added import command for importing mails from other storages. + Reduced NFS I/O operations for index file accesses + dbox, Maildir: When copying messages, copy also already cached fields from dovecot.index.cache + mdbox: Added mdbox_preallocate_space setting (Linux+ext3/XFS only) - Maildir: LDA/LMTP assert-crashed sometimes when saving a mail. - Fixed leaking fds when writing to dovecot.mailbox.log. - Fixed rare dovecot.index.cache corruption - IMAP: SEARCH YOUNGER/OLDER wasn't working correctly ------------------------------------------------------------------- Fri Oct 1 23:00:40 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - Update to 2.0.5: * acl: Fixed the logic of merging multiple ACL entries. Now it works as documented, while previously it could have done slightly different things depending on the order of the entries. * virtual: Allow opening virtual mailboxes that refer to non-existing mailboxes. It seems that the benefits of this outweigh the lack of error message when typoing a mailbox name. + Added some disk I/O optimizations to Maildir and index code. They're especially helpful with short-lived connections like POP3. + pop3: Added pop3_fast_size_lookups setting. - doveconf sometimes failed with complaining about missing ssl_key setting, causing e.g. dovecot-lda to fail. - lda: If there's an error in configuration, doveconf didn't exit with EX_TEMPFAIL as it should have. - sdbox: Fixed memory leak when copying messages with hard links. - zlib + sdbox combination didn't work - zlib: Fixed several crashes, which mainly showed up with mbox. - quota: Don't crash if user has quota disabled, but plugin loaded. - doveadm fetch uid was actually returning sequence, not uid. - v2.0.4's subscription listing ignored (and logged a warning about) subscriptions=no namespaces' entries in some configurations. (So listing shared mailboxes' subscriptions could have been broken.) - acl: Fixed crashing when sometimes listing shared mailboxes via dict proxy. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Mon Sep 27 00:30:45 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - update pigeonhole to 0.2.1 release: + Incorporated distinction between original and final envelope recipient in Sieve interpreter, as recently introduced in Dovecot. + Regex extension: added support for regex keys composed from variables. - LDA Sieve plugin: added _version symbol to enable Dovecot's plugin version check. Without this check, people can forget to recompile the plugin, which can lead to unexpected effects. - LDA Sieve plugin: turned debug message about an unconfigured home directory into a proper error and added script path information. - Fixed unnecessary reporting of dummy extensions in ManageSieve SIEVE capability; the comparator-i;octet and comparator-i;ascii-numeric 'extensions' were reported explicitly. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Mon Sep 27 00:20:44 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - Update to 2.0.4: * multi-dbox: If :INDEX=path is specified, keep storage/dovecot.map.index* files also in the index path rather than in the main storage directory. WARNING: if you specified :INDEX= with earlier mdbox installation, you must now manually move the storage indexes to the expected directory! Otherwise Dovecot won't see them and will rebuild the indexes, possibly unexpunging some mails. - Maildir: Copying messages with hard links sometimes caused the source maildir's entire tmp/ directory to be renamed to destination maildir as if it were a message. - Maildir: v2.0.3 broke expunging copied messages sometimes - Maildir: INBOX whose tmp/ directory was lost couldn't be opened - single-dbox: Messages weren't copied with hard links - vpopmail support is hopefully working again. - dsync: POP3 UIDLs weren't copied with Maildir - dict file: Fixed fd leak (showed up easily with LMTP + quota) ------------------------------------------------------------------- Fri Sep 17 20:07:02 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - update to version 2.0.3: * dovecot-lda: Removed use of non-standard Envelope-To: header as a default for -a. Set lda_original_recipient_header=Envelope-To to returns the old behavior. + Added support for reverse quota warnings (i.e. when quota goes back under the limit). This is enabled by adding '-' to beginning of quota_warning value. Based on patch by Jeroen Koekkoek. + dovecot-lda: Added lda_original_recipient_header setting, which is used for getting original recipient if -a isn't used. + dovecot-lda: Added -r parameter to specify final recipient address. (It may differ from original address for e.g. aliases.) + Maildir: uidlist file can now override message's GUID, making it possible for multiple messages in a mailbox to have the same GUID. This also fixes dsync's message conflict resolution. - dovecot-lda: If destination user isn't found, exit with EX_NOUSER, not EX_TEMPFAIL. - dsync: Fixed handling \Noselect mailboxes - Fixed an infinite loop introduced by v2.0.2's message parser changes. - Fixed a crash introduced by v2.0.2's istream-crlf changes. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Wed Sep 15 15:27:30 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - dont take read permissions for others, breaks the LDA. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Fri Sep 10 01:13:50 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - update pigeonhole to 0.2.0 release changes compared to the last snapshot - Updated the Compile section of the INSTALL file. - Fixed make distcheck to work. - Removed --enable-header-install setting. - Fixed series of AIX compiler warnings. - Added a few missing NEWS items and fixed some formatting issues. - Updated README documentation. - Updated INSTALL documentation. - ManageSieve: fixed dump-capability problem occuring when using a custom config file (patch by Timo Sirainen). - Sieve-dump: added support for producing per-block hexdump output. - removed dovecot-2.0-pigeonhole_pass_config.patch: included in update ------------------------------------------------------------------- Wed Sep 8 18:33:46 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - added dovecot-2.0-pigeonhole_pass_config.patch: ManageSieve: fixed dump-capability problem occuring when using a custom config file (patch by Timo Sirainen). ------------------------------------------------------------------- Wed Sep 8 16:56:10 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - update to version 2.0.2 * vpopmail support is disabled for now, since it's broken. You can use it via checkpassword support or its sql/ldap database directly. - maildir: Fixed "duplicate uidlist entry" errors that happened at least with LMTP when mail was delivered to multiple recipients - Deleting ACLs didn't cause entries to be removed from acl_shared_dict - mail_max_lock_timeout setting wasn't working with all locks - auth_cache_size setting's old-style value wasn't autoconverted and it usually also caused a crash - removed dovecot-2.0.1_build_warnings.patch: included in update ------------------------------------------------------------------- Tue Sep 7 16:32:55 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - added dovecot-2.0.1_build_warnings.patch: fix build warnings after 2.0.1 update, patch taken from upstream ------------------------------------------------------------------- Tue Sep 7 13:04:27 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - update pigeonhole to 1414:1a7060ef63ce - Sieve-dump: added support for producing per-block hexdump output. - Added support for critical runtime errors. - Error handling: don't log user message of critical error to system log. - Sieve plugin: only refer to user log for compile error details when there is actually a compile error. - Final preparations for 0.2 release. - Sieve plugin: simplified system error handling. - Simplified error handling; in particular the changes in the preceeding commits. - Fixed runtime error logging not to report user-caused errors to the master log. - Made global system error handler state part of Sieve instance. - Fixed default Sieve capability: extra extensions spamtest, spamtestplus and virustest were also enabled by default. - Finished FIXME review. - Fixed FIXME: fileinto folder name utf-8 validity is now checked at compiletime or runtime. - Made sure that store action logs both UTF-8 and mUTF-7 names when applicable. - Fixed FIXME: added runtime warning for erroneous :addresses item. - Removed spurious source file. - Fixed FIXME: Date test now reports warning when invalid zone argument is encountered at runtime. - Fixed FIXME: Imap4flags extension now checks flag keyword syntax before the message is stored. - Modified TODO item. - Fixed FIXME: when redirect address is a variable, it is checked for validity at runtime. - Simplified runtime command script location querying. - Testsuite: partly cleaned up test scripts (rest is post-v0.2). - Testsuite: made command syntax more uniform. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Fri Aug 27 23:08:31 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - update pigeonhole to 1392:5f800639ee17 - doc/man/sievec.1.in: fixed roff error caused by unescaped '-' (patch by Mike Abbott). - ManageSieve: settings plugin, capability dump: argument array for execv was too short by one element. - Forgot to add manpage preprocessor and includes to distribution. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Fri Aug 27 13:29:41 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - update pigeonhole to 1389:2a97d983e56b - Removed spurious old stdio.h (top) includes; these cause compile issues on specific systems. - Fixed Sieve script name checking to properly handle length issues and added 0x00ff as invalid character. - ManageSieve: fixed putscript error in previous commit. - Enforced ManageSieve protocol syntax better with some of the commands; some commands still allowed spurious extra arguments. - Cleaned up manpages and fixed various issues (patch by Pascal Volk). - Update man pages to match style and content of Dovecot man pages. - Added manpage redirection for sieved. - Renamed sieved tool to sieve-dump. - Updated documentation for upcoming release. - Added quota and limit configuration to config file examples. - Removed superfluous text from AUTHORS file. - Moved finishing the ereject extension off the pre-v0.2.0 TODO list. - Updated documentation. - ManageSieve: changed default IMPLEMENTATION capability to 'Dovecot Pigeonhole'. - Renamed 'Dovecot Sieve' to 'Pigeonhole' in source file copyright headers. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Tue Aug 24 18:34:22 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - update to dovecot 2.0.1 * When dsync is started as root, remote dsync command is now also executed as root instead of with dropped privileges. - IMAP: QRESYNC parameters for SELECT weren't handled correctly. - UTF-8 string validity checking wasn't done correctly (e.g. mailbox names in Sieve fileinto) - dsync: Fixed a random assert-crash with remote dsyncing ------------------------------------------------------------------- Mon Aug 16 17:52:36 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - fix build on sles9 - use find | xargs instead of find -delete - set PIC/PIE globally so we dont have to regenerate the configure. the patches are still left in as documentation - use make dist tarball for pigeonhole instead of just packaging the hg checkout ------------------------------------------------------------------- Mon Aug 16 15:29:18 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - add missing conflicts ------------------------------------------------------------------- Mon Aug 16 15:19:32 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - update to dovecot 2.0.0 * Dovecot uses two system users for internal purposes now by default: dovenull and dovecot. You need to create the dovenull user or change default_login_user setting. * Global ACLs are now looked up using namespace prefixes. For example if you previously had INBOX. namespace prefix and a global ACL for "INBOX.Sent", it's now looked up from "INBOX.Sent" file instead of "Sent" as before. * Maildir: File permissions are no longer based on dovecot-shared file, but the mailbox directory. + Redesigned master process. It's now more modular and there is less code running as root. + Configuration supports now per-local/remote ip/network settings. + dsync utility does a two-way mailbox synchronization. + LMTP server and proxying. + Added mdbox (multi-dbox) mail storage backend. + doveadm utility can be used to do all kinds of administration functions. Old dovecotpw and *view utilities now exist in its subcommands. + imap and pop3 processes can now handle multiple connections. + IMAP: COMPRESS=DEFLATE is supported by imap_zlib plugin + director service helps NFS installations to redirect users always to same server to avoid corruption ------------------------------------------------------------------- Fri Aug 13 23:04:28 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - update to dovecot 2.0.rc6 - dict quota didn't always decrease quota when messages were expunged - Shared INBOX wasn't always listed with FS layout - drop dovecot-2.0-tip.patch ------------------------------------------------------------------- Fri Aug 13 22:59:49 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - update pigeonhole to 1374:12bcaa8a3c8d - Fixed source file header comments. - Testsuite: added a few test for the regex extension. - Fixed Valgrind error. - Improved runtime error handing. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Thu Aug 12 22:52:28 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - update dovecot to 11994:a56e9deffa54 (added dovecot-2.0-tip.patch): - mdbox: Use unlimited buffer size when copying metadata while purging. - dbox: Don't allow unlimited buffer size when reading message body. - Added i_stream_get_max_buffer_size(). - lib-sql: Fail if trying to register a duplicate sql driver. - lib-storage: Fixed listing shared INBOX with FS layout - dbox: Reset cache files when rebuilding indexes. - lib-index: Added mail_cache_reset(). - Maildir: If trying to open a directory as message, try to rmdir it. - i_stream_create_fd(): If opening a directory, set stream_errno=EISDIR - lib-storage: When trying to delete "trash" directory, ignore EBUSY errors. - unlink_directory(): Don't log EBUSY error for unlink(.nfs*) directly. - lib-master: Prefix log messages with username during auth/post-login lookups. - login proxy: Show proxy state in "disconnected" error message. - login proxy: Error message improvements. - module_dir_load(): Support multiple binaries for checking dependency - lib-lda: Added mail_deliver_hook_set() - quota: Fixed updating quota when sync_notify() had been called outside regular syncing. - Improved "Inotify instance limit exceeded" error message. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Thu Aug 12 22:46:38 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - update pigeonhole to 1370:7dc1741fe305 - Produce a nicer error message when trying to load with non-lda/lmtp binary (patch by Timo Sirainen). - Regex match: fixed segfault at deinitialization. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Wed Aug 11 20:19:24 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - update pigeonhole to 1366:5b078d671e51 - Improved and simplified file error handling - ManageSieve/Sieve storag: fixed error handling of PUTSCRIPT commmand; save commit errors would not make the command fail. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Wed Aug 11 15:30:19 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - update pigeonhole to 1364:181e04d8ac6e - Fixed segfault occuring when loaded binary block turns out to be corrupt. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Wed Aug 11 15:18:40 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - update pigeonhole to 1363:90cec7ef7373 - Multiscript: fixed duplicate implicit keep caused by erroneous execution state update. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Wed Aug 11 12:33:51 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - update pigeonhole to 1362:89756b38a8c6 - Prevent assertion failure due to currupt binary string representation (missing \0). - LDA Sieve plugin: fixed sieve_global_path setting; it was not recognized. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Wed Aug 11 02:22:26 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - added simple way to enabled the unfinished features in pigeonhole ------------------------------------------------------------------- Wed Aug 11 02:00:27 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - added dovecot-2.0-pigeonhole_pie.patch: build pigeonhole with PIE - fix clean section ------------------------------------------------------------------- Wed Aug 11 00:00:10 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - remove db-devel - added tcpd-devel and enable tcpwrapper support - dont rename the .ext files - install additional docs for pigeonhole - move dovecot-config to the devel package - sort the subprocesses - simplify the file section entry after cleaning up the /etc/dovecot ------------------------------------------------------------------- Tue Aug 10 23:10:45 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - update Pigeonhole 1360:0592366457df - Fixed segfault in tools and testsuite occuring when no username can be determined. - ManageSieve: fixed SASL negotiation; mechanisms that need a roundtrip were broken. - Fixed compiler warnings in tst-size.c - Improved runtime trace debugging towards something more intuitively readable. - Imap4flags: fixed bug in setflag command; when parameter was a stringlist, only the last item was actually set. - Fixed bug in error handling of store action. - Testsuite: prevented warning messages from showing up by default. - Testsuite: fixed segfault problem. - Testsuite: added missing test case for the size test. - Testsuite: minor cleanups. - Sieve tools: don't try to close stdout. - Sieve-test tool: accidentally disabled -d option. - Improved byte code encoding implementation of integers and offsets. - Sieve binary: now using better defined integer types for byte-coded data - Variables extension: fixed :length set modifier to recognize utf8 characters in stead of octets. - Implemented generic string list interface and simplified matching API. - Fixed sieve-test not to start in trace mode by default. - Updated extension status information. - ManageSieve: fixed deinitialization problem in dump-capability plugin. - ManageSieve: fixed dump-capability hang. - Further developed new runtime trace debugging; test suite is also now included. - First changes towards making `make distcheck' work. - Improved runtime trace debugging output for core Sieve language. - Adjusted to Dovecot LDA API changes; implicitly fixing segfault (patch by Timo Sirainen). - Updated dovecot.m4. - Removed unused code that caused compile failure due to Dovecot API change. - Implemented simple runtime trace of string value matching. - Adjusted string matching API tu use runtime environment. - Updated ManageSieve specification. - Testsuite: inappropriately removed initialization of dummy MAIL environment. - Sieve tools: added support for extended trace debugging and updated man pages. - Updated documentation: Sieve tools are now using Dovecot configuration by default. - cleanup spec ------------------------------------------------------------------- Tue Aug 10 22:59:44 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - Update to 2.0 RC5 - Using more than 2 plugins could have caused broken behavior (more fixes for this) - Listescape plugin fixes - mbox: Fixed a couple of assert-crashes - mdbox: Fixed potential assert-crash when saving multiple messages in one transaction. - Additional changes from 2.0 RC4 + director: Added director_doveadm_port for accepting doveadm TCP connections. + doveadm: Added client/server architecture support for running mail commands. Enable this by setting doveadm_worker_count to non-zero. + mail-log: Added support for mailbox_create event. + imap_capability = +XFOO BAR can be used to add capabilities instead of replacing the whole capability string. + virtual storage: Added support for IDLE notifications. - doveadm mailbox status: Fixed listing non-ASCII mailbox names. - doveadm fetch: Fixed output when fetching message header or body - doveadm director map/add/remove: Fixed handling IP address as parameter. - dsync: A few more fixes - Additional changes from 2.0 RC3 * Single-dbox is now called "sdbox" instead of "dbox". "dbox" will stay as an alias for it for now. + Added mail_temp_dir setting, used by deliver and lmtp for creating temporary mail files. Default is /tmp. + doveadm: Added "director map" command to list user -> host mappings. - imap: Fixed checking if list=children namespace has children. - director: If all login processes died, director stopped reading proxy-notify input and caused future login processes to hang - mail_log plugin configuration was broken - Using more than 2 plugins could have caused broken behavior - mdbox: Race condition fixes related to copying and purging - dsync: Lots of fixes - reenable sqlite plugin ------------------------------------------------------------------- Sun Jul 11 13:51:34 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Removed --with-db and --enable-header-install from dovecot 2.0. - Initial support to Pigeonhole using hg tip. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Sun Jul 11 12:39:58 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Update to 2.0 RC2: - Fixed a crash with empty mail_plugins - Fixed sharing INBOX to other users - mdbox: Rebuilding storage was broken in rc1 - dsync was broken for remote syncs in rc1 - director+LMTP proxy wasn't working correctly - v1.x config parser failed with some settings if pigeonhole wasn't installed. - virtual: If non-matching messages weren't expunged within same session, they never got expunged. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Mon Jul 5 11:47:12 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Update to 2.0 RC1: - Added man pages, mostly written by Pascal Volk. They're also synchronized to wiki in http://wiki2.dovecot.org/Tools - dsync syntax changed, although it's still compatible with old syntax. see http://wiki2.dovecot.org/Tools/Dsync for new syntax - dsync backup command added - dsync should now be stable (in theory anyway, more testing would probably be a good idea) - LMTP proxying supports director - director should now be stable - Single-dbox should now be stable - mdbox locking behavior modified. when rebuilding indexes it can no longer fail with deadlocks - fsync_disable=no was renamed to mail_fsync = optimized (default) - fsync_disable=yes was renamed to mail_fsync = never. - added a new mail_fsync = always (basically what mail_nfs_*=yes also did before, but now it can be done without enabling NFS cache flushes) - Plus lots of fixes, as usual. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Sat Jun 12 14:33:47 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Moving devel files to devel package. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Sat Jun 12 12:18:08 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Update to 2.0 beta6: - Added director: http://blog.dovecot.org/2010/05/new-director-service-in-v20-for-nfs.html - IMAP: Added STATUS (X-VSIZE) command for easily getting mailbox's virtual size. - Lots and lots of doveadm improvements and new commands - Postlogin scripts now need to be executed using "script-login", not "script" binary. - Quota warnings are executed now asynchronously using the new script binary. See http://hg.dovecot.org/dovecot-2.0/rev/a179fcbbf960 - Added passdb static for proxying and similar configurations - TLS SNI configuration must now be done using local_name {} blocks, not local {} - lib-storage plugin API changes, external plugins must be updated to work correctly - Lots of fixes ------------------------------------------------------------------- Fri May 14 20:56:01 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Handle /var/run on tmpfs. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Fri May 14 19:20:46 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - Added 'dovenull' user creation needed by dovecot login proccess. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Mon May 10 00:48:28 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Update to 2.0 beta5: - default_login_user is now "dovenull". You should create this user. - imap, pop3 -u <user> now does userdb lookup + changes privileges if necessary, so it's much easier to start imap/pop3 session for a specific user from command line - doveadm has all kinds of new commands and changes - PostgreSQL supports now multiple connections to backend. Also supports load-balancing / HA by specifying multiple host parameters. MySQL and PostgreSQL now share the same code for that. - probably lots of other things I can't think of right now. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Mon Mar 22 01:10:38 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Enable solr backend for full text search adds 2 new dependencies: curl and expat; - Update to 2.0 beta4: - Major changes since beta3: - auth process now runs as $dovecot_internal_user ("dovecot") by default. Auth worker processes still run as root by default, so this won't break PAM etc, but it could break passwd-file configurations. - It can now read v1.2's dovecot.conf file. If you find that it won't read your config, let me know and I'll see about adding code to fix it. It'll log warnings about each obsolete setting it sees. The easiest way to get rid of the warnings is to just translate your old config to v2.0: doveconf -n -c old.conf > new.conf - auth passdb/userdb configuration in example-config is now a bit different .. hopefully less confusing to new people than the old one. - added support for auth settings (including passdb/userdb) inside protocol sections, so it'll affect only those protocols - mail_plugins can now be set more easily. you can have a single global mail_plugins and then add more plugins to it like protocol imap { mail_plugins = $mail_plugins imap_quota } - doveconf finally shows all settings, including all protocol, local and remote sections - doveadm quota get|recalc command added. This is a plugin (yeah, doveadm now supports plugins!), so you must have a global mail_plugins=quota setting for the command to show up. - doveadm kick user/network to kick out logged in users (by sending TERM signal to processes). This was written by Pascal Volk. - and of course tons and tons of fixes all around ------------------------------------------------------------------- Sun Feb 21 00:07:59 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Added option "-I ." on aclocal command in spec file; - Update to 2.0 beta3: User visible changes: - imap_zlib plugin implements COMPRESS=DEFLATE IMAP extension - zlib plugin: Added support for compressing mails while saving - zlib plugin: fixed reading bzip2 compressed mail files - zlib plugin: Added support for dbox and mdbox formats - mdbox: doveadm purge moves old mails to alt storage (if using alt storage) - added support for tcpwrappers - added support for SHA512 password scheme (by Mark Washenberger) - mailbox deletion is now free of race conditions (e.g. quota calculations). if another session tries to access mailbox before it's fully deleted, it'll get "Mailbox is being deleted" error. - "key = $set" in config file now sets key's value to "set" setting's value. this is probably rather limited outside the only place where I created it for: service { user = $default_internal_user } - default_internal_user and default_login_user settings now specify what users should be used for them. currently the default is still dovecot and dovecot, but I'm hoping to change default_login_user to something else.. - Removed maildir_copy_preserve_filename setting. It's now always tried to be preserved (or rather: message's GUID is preserved) - auth failure penalty tries to avoid increasing penalty for IP if auth is failing always with the same user+password combination. - doveadm penalty command can be used to see the current penalties - login processes: config lookups are now cached, so it no longer asks for configuration from config process every time (except if there are remote {} blocks in config. also the local {} caching could be smarter.) - Tons of mdbox fixes - Tons of dsync fixes, especially with mbox Developer visible changes: - dovecot-config file changed. if your external plugin uses this file, you need to change it to use the new format. - added dovecot.m4 file that can be used by external plugins' configure script to get Dovecot settings. This was mainly done by Dennis Schridde. - mailbox_alloc() no longer has stream parameter, instead there's mailbox_open_stream() - mailbox_close() renamed to mailbox_free(). added a different mailbox_close(), which only closes opened mailbox, but doesn't free it. - mailbox_delete(), mailbox_rename() APIs changed - notify plugin's delete/rename API changed as well - mailbox GUID is now looked up using mailbox_get_guid(), not mailbox_status() - dict_iterate*() API changed. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Mon Feb 1 11:40:05 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Update to 2.0 beta2: - passdbs and userdbs have now a separate "driver" setting inside them. - Services now have default inet_listeners. You need to either remove your existing ones, or override the defaults by giving the listeners's name like shown in the new example master.conf. Some new features: - Added auth_verbose_passwords = no|plain|sha1. If authentication fails, this setting logs the used password. If you don't really need to know what the password itself was, but are more interested in knowing if the user is simply trying to use the wrong password every single time or if it's a brute force attack, you can set this to "sha1" and only the SHA1 of the password is logged. That's enough to know if the password is same or different between login attempts. - lazy-expunge: Support a single-namespace configuration. In this setup if mailbox has some expunged messages and then the whole mailbox gets deleted, they get merged into the same deleted mailbox. - protocol !imap { .. } adds configuration to all protocols except imap. - imap/pop3 proxying supports now async DNS lookups for hosts. There's a separate dns-client service doing the lookups using OS's own blocking resolver. - dovecot-config file changed in a way that it'll be easier to create external software linking against dovecot libraries. This made Pigeonhole's configure script a lot simpler. And of course there have been lots of fixes. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Tue Jan 12 21:42:24 UTC 2010 - firstname.lastname@example.com - Removed --with-static-userdb and --with-prefetch-userdb options; - Applied PIE patch. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Sat Jan 2 13:17:18 UTC 2010 - email@example.com - Update to 2.0 beta1; - Disabled Lucene because of compilation errors. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Tue Nov 10 08:59:10 UTC 2009 - email@example.com - Initial package (2.0 aplha3) of the 2.0 series.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 2, by Edward Gibbon, [1781], at sacred-texts.com
The name and use of the indictions, 170 which serve to ascertain the chronology of the middle ages, were derived from the regular practice of the Roman tributes. 171 The emperor subscribed with his own hand, and in purple ink, the solemn edict, or indiction, which was fixed up in the principal city of each diocese, during two months previous to the first day of September. And by a very easy connection of ideas, the word indiction was transferred to the measure of tribute which it prescribed, and to the annual term which it allowed for the payment. This general estimate of the supplies was proportioned to the real and imaginary wants of the state; but as often as the expense exceeded the revenue, or the revenue fell short of the computation, an additional tax, under the name of superindiction, was imposed on the people, and the most valuable attribute of sovereignty was communicated to the Praetorian praefects, who, on some occasions, were permitted to provide for the unforeseen and extraordinary exigencies of the public service. The execution of these laws (which it would be tedious to pursue in their minute and intricate detail) consisted of two distinct operations: the resolving the general imposition into its constituent parts, which were assessed on the provinces, the cities, and the individuals of the Roman world; and the collecting the separate contributions of the individuals, the cities, and the provinces, till the accumulated sums were poured into the Imperial treasuries. But as the account between the monarch and the subject was perpetually open, and as the renewal of the demand anticipated the perfect discharge of the preceding obligation, the weighty machine of the finances was moved by the same hands round the circle of its yearly revolution. Whatever was honorable or important in the administration of the revenue, was committed to the wisdom of the praefects, and their provincia. representatives; the lucrative functions were claimed by a crowd of subordinate officers, some of whom depended on the treasurer, others on the governor of the province; and who, in the inevitable conflicts of a perplexed jurisdiction, had frequent opportunities of disputing with each other the spoils of the people. The laborious offices, which could be productive only of envy and reproach, of expense and danger, were imposed on the Decurions, who formed the corporations of the cities, and whom the severity of the Imperial laws had condemned to sustain the burdens of civil society. 172 The whole landed property of the empire (without excepting the patrimonial estates of the monarch) was the object of ordinary taxation; and every new purchaser contracted the obligations of the former proprietor. An accurate census, 173 or survey, was the only equitable mode of ascertaining the proportion which every citizen should be obliged to contribute for the public service; and from the well-known period of the indictions, there is reason to believe that this difficult and expensive operation was repeated at the regular distance of fifteen years. The lands were measured by surveyors, who were sent into the provinces; their nature, whether arable or pasture, or vineyards or woods, was distinctly reported; and an estimate was made of their common value from the average produce of five years. The numbers of slaves and of cattle constituted an essential part of the report; an oath was administered to the proprietors, which bound them to disclose the true state of their affairs; and their attempts to prevaricate, or elude the intention of the legislator, were severely watched, and punished as a capital crime, which included the double guilt of treason and sacrilege. 174 A large portion of the tribute was paid in money; and of the current coin of the empire, gold alone could be legally accepted. 175 The remainder of the taxes, according to the proportions determined by the annual indiction, was furnished in a manner still more direct, and still more oppressive. According to the different nature of lands, their real produce in the various articles of wine or oil, corn or barley, wood or iron, was transported by the labor or at the expense of the provincials *_0027 to the Imperial magazines, from whence they were occasionally distributed for the use of the court, of the army, and of two capitals, Rome and Constantinople. The commissioners of the revenue were so frequently obliged to make considerable purchases, that they were strictly prohibited from allowing any compensation, or from receiving in money the value of those supplies which were exacted in kind. In the primitive simplicity of small communities, this method may be well adapted to collect the almost voluntary offerings of the people; but it is at once susceptible of the utmost latitude, and of the utmost strictness, which in a corrupt and absolute monarchy must introduce a perpetual contest between the power of oppression and the arts of fraud. 176 The agriculture of the Roman provinces was insensibly ruined, and, in the progress of despotism which tends to disappoint its own purpose, the emperors were obliged to derive some merit from the forgiveness of debts, or the remission of tributes, which their subjects were utterly incapable of paying. According to the new division of Italy, the fertile and happy province of Campania, the scene of the early victories and of the delicious retirements of the citizens of Rome, extended between the sea and the Apennine, from the Tiber to the Silarus. Within sixty years after the death of Constantine, and on the evidence of an actual survey, an exemption was granted in favor of three hundred and thirty thousand English acres of desert and uncultivated land; which amounted to one eighth of the whole surface of the province. As the footsteps of the Barbarians had not yet been seen in Italy, the cause of this amazing desolation, which is recorded in the laws, can be ascribed only to the administration of the Roman emperors. 177
Either from design or from accident, the mode of assessment seemed to unite the substance of a land tax with the forms of a capitation. 178 The returns which were sent of every province or district, expressed the number of tributary subjects, and the amount of the public impositions. The latter of these sums was divided by the former; and the estimate, that such a province contained so many capita, or heads of tribute; and that each head was rated at such a price, was universally received, not only in the popular, but even in the legal computation. The value of a tributary head must have varied, according to many accidental, or at least fluctuating circumstances; but some knowledge has been preserved of a very curious fact, the more important, since it relates to one of the richest provinces of the Roman empire, and which now flourishes as the most splendid of the European kingdoms. The rapacious ministers of Constantius had exhausted the wealth of Gaul, by exacting twenty-five pieces of gold for the annual tribute of every head. The humane policy of his successor reduced the capitation to seven pieces. 179 A moderate proportion between these opposite extremes of extraordinary oppression and of transient indulgence, may therefore be fixed at sixteen pieces of gold, or about nine pounds sterling, the common standard, perhaps, of the impositions of Gaul. 180 But this calculation, or rather, indeed, the facts from whence it is deduced, cannot fail of suggesting two difficulties to a thinking mind, who will be at once surprised by the equality, and by the enormity, of the capitation. An attempt to explain them may perhaps reflect some light on the interesting subject of the finances of the declining empire.
I. It is obvious, that, as long as the immutable constitution of human nature produces and maintains so unequal a division of property, the most numerous part of the community would be deprived of their subsistence, by the equal assessment of a tax from which the sovereign would derive a very trifling revenue. Such indeed might be the theory of the Roman capitation; but in the practice, this unjust equality was no longer felt, as the tribute was collected on the principle of a real, not of a personal imposition. *_0028 Several indigent citizens contributed to compose a single head, or share of taxation; while the wealthy provincial, in proportion to his fortune, alone represented several of those imaginary beings. In a poetical request, addressed to one of the last and most deserving of the Roman princes who reigned in Gaul, Sidonius Apollinaris personifies his tribute under the figure of a triple monster, the Geryon of the Grecian fables, and entreats the new Hercules that he would most graciously be pleased to save his life by cutting off three of his heads. 181 The fortune of Sidonius far exceeded the customary wealth of a poet; but if he had pursued the allusion, he might have painted many of the Gallic nobles with the hundred heads of the deadly Hydra, spreading over the face of the country, and devouring the substance of a hundred families. II. The difficulty of allowing an annual sum of about nine pounds sterling, even for the average of the capitation of Gaul, may be rendered more evident by the comparison of the present state of the same country, as it is now governed by the absolute monarch of an industrious, wealthy, and affectionate people. The taxes of France cannot be magnified, either by fear or by flattery, beyond the annual amount of eighteen millions sterling, which ought perhaps to be shared among four and twenty millions of inhabitants. 182 Seven millions of these, in the capacity of fathers, or brothers, or husbands, may discharge the obligations of the remaining multitude of women and children; yet the equal proportion of each tributary subject will scarcely rise above fifty shillings of our money, instead of a proportion almost four times as considerable, which was regularly imposed on their Gallic ancestors. The reason of this difference may be found, not so much in the relative scarcity or plenty of gold and silver, as in the different state of society, in ancient Gaul and in modern France. In a country where personal freedom is the privilege of every subject, the whole mass of taxes, whether they are levied on property or on consumption, may be fairly divided among the whole body of the nation. But the far greater part of the lands of ancient Gaul, as well as of the other provinces of the Roman world, were cultivated by slaves, or by peasants, whose dependent condition was a less rigid servitude. 183 In such a state the poor were maintained at the expense of the masters who enjoyed the fruits of their labor; and as the rolls of tribute were filled only with the names of those citizens who possessed the means of an honorable, or at least of a decent subsistence, the comparative smallness of their numbers explains and justifies the high rate of their capitation. The truth of this assertion may be illustrated by the following example: The Aedui, one of the most powerful and civilized tribes or cities of Gaul, occupied an extent of territory, which now contains about five hundred thousand inhabitants, in the two ecclesiastical dioceses of Autun and Nevers; 184 and with the probable accession of those of Chalons and Macon, 185 the population would amount to eight hundred thousand souls. In the time of Constantine, the territory of the Aedui afforded no more than twenty-five thousand heads of capitation, of whom seven thousand were discharged by that prince from the intolerable weight of tribute. 186 A just analogy would seem to countenance the opinion of an ingenious historian, 187 that the free and tributary citizens did not surpass the number of half a million; and if, in the ordinary administration of government, their annual payments may be computed at about four millions and a half of our money, it would appear, that although the share of each individual was four times as considerable, a fourth part only of the modern taxes of France was levied on the Imperial province of Gaul. The exactions of Constantius may be calculated at seven millions sterling, which were reduced to two millions by the humanity or the wisdom of Julian.
But this tax, or capitation, on the proprietors of land, would have suffered a rich and numerous class of free citizens to escape. With the view of sharing that species of wealth which is derived from art or labor, and which exists in money or in merchandise, the emperors imposed a distinct and personal tribute on the trading part of their subjects. 188 Some exemptions, very strictly confined both in time and place, were allowed to the proprietors who disposed of the produce of their own estates. Some indulgence was granted to the profession of the liberal arts: but every other branch of commercial industry was affected by the severity of the law. The honorable merchant of Alexandria, who imported the gems and spices of India for the use of the western world; the usurer, who derived from the interest of money a silent and ignominious profit; the ingenious manufacturer, the diligent mechanic, and even the most obscure retailer of a sequestered village, were obliged to admit the officers of the revenue into the partnership of their gain; and the sovereign of the Roman empire, who tolerated the profession, consented to share the infamous salary, of public prostitutes. !_0029 As this general tax upon industry was collected every fourth year, it was styled the Lustral Contribution: and the historian Zosimus 189 laments that the approach of the fatal period was announced by the tears and terrors of the citizens, who were often compelled by the impending scourge to embrace the most abhorred and unnatural methods of procuring the sum at which their property had been assessed. The testimony of Zosimus cannot indeed be justified from the charge of passion and prejudice; but, from the nature of this tribute it seems reasonable to conclude, that it was arbitrary in the distribution, and extremely rigorous in the mode of collecting. The secret wealth of commerce, and the precarious profits of art or labor, are susceptible only of a discretionary valuation, which is seldom disadvantageous to the interest of the treasury; and as the person of the trader supplies the want of a visible and permanent security, the payment of the imposition, which, in the case of a land tax, may be obtained by the seizure of property, can rarely be extorted by any other means than those of corporal punishments. The cruel treatment of the insolvent debtors of the state, is attested, and was perhaps mitigated by a very humane edict of Constantine, who, disclaiming the use of racks and of scourges, allots a spacious and airy prison for the place of their confinement. 190
These general taxes were imposed and levied by the absolute authority of the monarch; but the occasional offerings of the coronary gold still retained the name and semblance of popular consent. It was an ancient custom that the allies of the republic, who ascribed their safety or deliverance to the success of the Roman arms, and even the cities of Italy, who admired the virtues of their victorious general, adorned the pomp of his triumph by their voluntary gifts of crowns of gold, which after the ceremony were consecrated in the temple of Jupiter, to remain a lasting monument of his glory to future ages. The progress of zeal and flattery soon multiplied the number, and increased the size, of these popular donations; and the triumph of Caesar was enriched with two thousand eight hundred and twenty-two massy crowns, whose weight amounted to twenty thousand four hundred and fourteen pounds of gold. This treasure was immediately melted down by the prudent dictator, who was satisfied that it would be more serviceable to his soldiers than to the gods: his example was imitated by his successors; and the custom was introduced of exchanging these splendid ornaments for the more acceptable present of the current gold coin of the empire. 191 The spontaneous offering was at length exacted as the debt of duty; and instead of being confined to the occasion of a triumph, it was supposed to be granted by the several cities and provinces of the monarchy, as often as the emperor condescended to announce his accession, his consulship, the birth of a son, the creation of a Caesar, a victory over the Barbarians, or any other real or imaginary event which graced the annals of his reign. The peculiar free gift of the senate of Rome was fixed by custom at sixteen hundred pounds of gold, or about sixty-four thousand pounds sterling. The oppressed subjects celebrated their own felicity, that their sovereign should graciously consent to accept this feeble but voluntary testimony of their loyalty and gratitude. 192
A people elated by pride, or soured by discontent, are seldom qualified to form a just estimate of their actual situation. The subjects of Constantine were incapable of discerning the decline of genius and manly virtue, which so far degraded them below the dignity of their ancestors; but they could feel and lament the rage of tyranny, the relaxation of discipline, and the increase of taxes. The impartial historian, who acknowledges the justice of their complaints, will observe some favorable circumstances which tended to alleviate the misery of their condition. The threatening tempest of Barbarians, which so soon subverted the foundations of Roman greatness, was still repelled, or suspended, on the frontiers. The arts of luxury and literature were cultivated, and the elegant pleasures of society were enjoyed, by the inhabitants of a considerable portion of the globe. The forms, the pomp, and the expense of the civil administration contributed to restrain the irregular license of the soldiers; and although the laws were violated by power, or perverted by subtlety, the sage principles of the Roman jurisprudence preserved a sense of order and equity, unknown to the despotic governments of the East. The rights of mankind might derive some protection from religion and philosophy; and the name of freedom, which could no longer alarm, might sometimes admonish, the successors of Augustus, that they did not reign over a nation of Slaves or Barbarians. 193
170 The cycle of indictions, which may be traced as high as the reign of Constantius, or perhaps of his father, Constantine, is still employed by the Papal court; but the commencement of the year has been very reasonably altered to the first of January. See l'Art de Verifier les Dates, p. xi.; and Dictionnaire Raison. de la Diplomatique, tom. ii. p. 25; two accurate treatises, which come from the workshop of the Benedictines.
It does not appear that the establishment of the indiction is to be at tributed to Constantine: it existed before he had been created Augustus at Rome, and the remission granted by him to the city of Autun is the proof. He would not have ventured while only Caesar, and under the necessity of courting popular favor, to establish such an odious impost. Aurelius Victor and Lactantius agree in designating Diocletian as the author of this despotic institution. Aur. Vict. de Caes. c. 39. Lactant. de Mort. Pers. c. 7 - G.
171 The first twenty-eight titles of the eleventh book of the Theodosian Code are filled with the circumstantial regulations on the important subject of tributes; but they suppose a clearer knowledge of fundamental principles than it is at present in our power to attain.
172 The title concerning the Decurions (l. xii. tit. i.) is the most ample in the whole Theodosian Code; since it contains not less than one hundred and ninety-two distinct laws to ascertain the duties and privileges of that useful order of citizens.
Note: The Decurions were charged with assessing, according to the census of property prepared by the tabularii, the payment due from each proprietor. This odious office was authoritatively imposed on the richest citizens of each town; they had no salary, and all their compensation was, to be exempt from certain corporal punishments, in case they should have incurred them. The Decurionate was the ruin of all the rich. Hence they tried every way of avoiding this dangerous honor; they concealed themselves, they entered into military service; but their efforts were unavailing; they were seized, they were compelled to become Decurions, and the dread inspired by this title was termed Impiety. - G.
The Decurions were mutually responsible; they were obliged to undertake for pieces of ground abandoned by their owners on account of the pressure of the taxes, and, finally, to make up all deficiencies. Savigny chichte des Rom. Rechts, i. 25. - M.
173 Habemus enim et hominum numerum qui delati sunt, et agrun modum. Eumenius in Panegyr. Vet. viii. 6. See Cod. Theod. l. xiii. tit. x. xi., with Godefroy's Commentary.
174 Siquis sacrilega vitem falce succiderit, aut feracium ramorum foetus hebetaverit, quo delinet fidem Censuum, et mentiatur callide paupertatis ingenium, mox detectus capitale subibit exitium, et bona ejus in Fisci jura migrabunt. Cod. Theod. l. xiii. tit. xi. leg. 1. Although this law is not without its studied obscurity, it is, however clear enough to prove the minuteness of the inquisition, and the disproportion of the penalty.
175 The astonishment of Pliny would have ceased. Equidem miror P. R. victis gentibus argentum semper imperitasse non aurum. Hist Natur. xxxiii. 15.
*_0027 The proprietors were not charged with the expense of this transport in the provinces situated on the sea-shore or near the great rivers, there were companies of boatmen, and of masters of vessels, who had this commission, and furnished the means of transport at their own expense. In return, they were themselves exempt, altogether, or in part, from the indiction and other imposts. They had certain privileges; particular regulations determined their rights and obligations. (Cod. Theod. l. xiii. tit. v. ix.) The transports by land were made in the same manner, by the intervention of a privileged company called Bastaga; the members were called Bastagarii Cod. Theod. l. viii. tit. v. - G.
176 Some precautions were taken (see Cod. Theod. l. xi. tit. ii. and Cod. Justinian. l. x. tit. xxvii. leg. 1, 2, 3) to restrain the magistrates from the abuse of their authority, either in the exaction or in the purchase of corn: but those who had learning enough to read the orations of Cicero against Verres, (iii. de Frumento,) might instruct themselves in all the various arts of oppression, with regard to the weight, the price, the quality, and the carriage. The avarice of an unlettered governor would supply the ignorance of precept or precedent.
177 Cod. Theod. l. xi. tit. xxviii. leg. 2, published the 24th of March, A. D. 395, by the emperor Honorius, only two months after the death of his father, Theodosius. He speaks of 528,042 Roman jugera, which I have reduced to the English measure. The jugerum contained 28,800 square Roman feet.
178 Godefroy (Cod. Theod. tom. vi. p. 116) argues with weight and learning on the subject of the capitation; but while he explains the caput, as a share or measure of property, he too absolutely excludes the idea of a personal assessment.
179 Quid profuerit (Julianus) anhelantibus extrema penuria Gallis, hinc maxime claret, quod primitus partes eas ingressus, pro capitibusingulis tributi nomine vicenos quinos aureos reperit flagitari; discedens vero septenos tantum numera universa complentes. Ammian. l. xvi. c. 5.
180 In the calculation of any sum of money under Constantine and his successors, we need only refer to the excellent discourse of Mr. Greaves on the Denarius, for the proof of the following principles; 1. That the ancient and modern Roman pound, containing 5256 grains of Troy weight, is about one twelfth lighter than the English pound, which is composed of 5760 of the same grains. 2. That the pound of gold, which had once been divided into forty-eight aurei, was at this time coined into seventy-two smaller pieces of the same denomination. 3. That five of these aurei were the legal tender for a pound of silver, and that consequently the pound of gold was exchanged for fourteen pounds eight ounces of silver, according to the Roman, or about thirteen pounds according to the English weight. 4. That the English pound of silver is coined into sixty-two shillings. From these elements we may compute the Roman pound of gold, the usual method of reckoning large sums, at forty pounds sterling, and we may fix the currency of the aureus at somewhat more than eleven shillings.
Note: See, likewise, a Dissertation of M. Letronne, "Considerations Generales sur l'Evaluation des Monnaies Grecques et Romaines" Paris, 1817 - M.
*_0028 Two masterly dissertations of M. Savigny, in the Mem. of the Berlin Academy (1822 and 1823) have thrown new light on the taxation system of the Empire. Gibbon, according to M. Savigny, is mistaken in supposing that there was but one kind of capitation tax; there was a land tax, and a capitation tax, strictly so called. The land tax was, in its operation, a proprietor's or landlord's tax. But, besides this, there was a direct capitation tax on all who were not possessed of landed property. This tax dates from the time of the Roman conquests; its amount is not clearly known. Gradual exemptions released different persons and classes from this tax. One edict exempts painters. In Syria, all under twelve or fourteen, or above sixty-five, were exempted; at a later period, all under twenty, and all unmarried females; still later, all under twenty-five, widows and nuns, soldiers, veterani and clerici - whole dioceses, that of Thrace and Illyricum. Under Galerius and Licinius, the plebs urbana became exempt; though this, perhaps, was only an ordinance for the East. By degrees, however, the exemption was extended to all the inhabitants of towns; and as it was strictly capitatio plebeia, from which all possessors were exempted it fell at length altogether on the coloni and agricultural slaves. These were registered in the same cataster (capitastrum) with the land tax. It was paid by the proprietor, who raised it again from his coloni and laborers. - M.
181 Geryones nos esse puta, monstrumque tributum, Hic capita ut vivam, tu mihi tolle tria. Sidon. Apollinar. Carm. xiii.
The reputation of Father Sirmond led me to expect more satisfaction than I have found in his note (p. 144) on this remarkable passage. The words, suo vel suorum nomine, betray the perplexity of the commentator.
182 This assertion, however formidable it may seem, is founded on the original registers of births, deaths, and marriages, collected by public authority, and now deposited in the Controlee General at Paris. The annual average of births throughout the whole kingdom, taken in five years, (from 1770 to 1774, both inclusive,) is 479,649 boys, and 449,269 girls, in all 928,918 children. The province of French Hainault alone furnishes 9906 births; and we are assured, by an actual enumeration of the people, annually repeated from the year 1773 to the year 1776, that upon an average, Hainault contains 257,097 inhabitants. By the rules of fair analogy, we might infer, that the ordinary proportion of annual births to the whole people, is about 1 to 26; and that the kingdom of France contains 24,151,868 persons of both sexes and of every age. If we content ourselves with the more moderate proportion of 1 to 25, the whole population will amount to 23,222,950. From the diligent researches of the French Government, (which are not unworthy of our own imitation,) we may hope to obtain a still greater degree of certainty on this important subject
Note: On no subject has so much valuable information been collected since the time of Gibbon, as the statistics of the different countries of Europe but much is still wanting as to our own - M.
183 Cod. Theod. l. v. tit. ix. x. xi. Cod. Justinian. l. xi. tit. lxiii. Coloni appellantur qui conditionem debent genitali solo, propter agriculturum sub dominio possessorum. Augustin. de Civitate Dei, l. x. c. i.
184 The ancient jurisdiction of (Augustodunum) Autun in Burgundy, the capital of the Aedui, comprehended the adjacent territory of (Noviodunum) Nevers. See D'Anville, Notice de l'Ancienne Gaule, p. 491. The two dioceses of Autun and Nevers are now composed, the former of 610, and the latter of 160 parishes. The registers of births, taken during eleven years, in 476 parishes of the same province of Burgundy, and multiplied by the moderate proportion of 25, (see Messance Recherches sur la Population, p. 142,) may authorizes us to assign an average number of 656 persons for each parish, which being again multiplied by the 770 parishes of the dioceses of Nevers and Autun, will produce the sum of 505,120 persons for the extent of country which was once possessed by the Aedui.
185 We might derive an additional supply of 301,750 inhabitants from the dioceses of Chalons (Cabillonum) and of Macon, (Matisco,) since they contain, the one 200, and the other 260 parishes. This accession of territory might be justified by very specious reasons. 1. Chalons and Macon were undoubtedly within the original jurisdiction of the Aedui. (See D'Anville, Notice, p. 187, 443.) 2. In the Notitia of Gaul, they are enumerated not as Civitates, but merely as Castra. 3. They do not appear to have been episcopal seats before the fifth and sixth centuries. Yet there is a passage in Eumenius (Panegyr. Vet. viii. 7) which very forcibly deters me from extending the territory of the Aedui, in the reign of Constantine, along the beautiful banks of the navigable Saone.
Note: In this passage of Eumenius, Savigny supposes the original number to have been 32,000: 7000 being discharged, there remained 25,000 liable to the tribute. See Mem. quoted above. - M.
186 Eumenius in Panegyr Vet. viii. 11.
187 L'Abbe du Bos, Hist. Critique de la M. F. tom. i. p. 121
188 See Cod. Theod. l. xiii. tit. i. and iv.
!_0029 The emperor Theodosius put an end, by a law. to this disgraceful source of revenue. (Godef. ad Cod. Theod. xiii. tit. i. c. 1.) But before he deprived himself of it, he made sure of some way of replacing this deficit. A rich patrician, Florentius, indignant at this legalized licentiousness, had made representations on the subject to the emperor. To induce him to tolerate it no longer, he offered his own property to supply the diminution of the revenue. The emperor had the baseness to accept his offer - G.
189 Zosimus, l. ii. p. 115. There is probably as much passion and prejudice in the attack of Zosimus, as in the elaborate defence of the memory of Constantine by the zealous Dr. Howell. Hist. of the World, vol. ii. p. 20.
190 Cod. Theod. l. xi. tit vii. leg. 3.
191 See Lipsius de Magnitud. Romana, l. ii. c. 9. The Tarragonese Spain presented the emperor Claudius with a crown of gold of seven, and Gaul with another of nine, hundred pounds weight. I have followed the rational emendation of Lipsius.
Note: This custom is of still earlier date, the Romans had borrowed it from Greece. Who is not acquainted with the famous oration of Demosthenes for the golden crown, which his citizens wished to bestow, and Aeschines to deprive him of? - G.
192 Cod. Theod. l. xii. tit. xiii. The senators were supposed to be exempt from the Aurum Coronarium; but the Auri Oblatio, which was required at their hands, was precisely of the same nature.
193 The great Theodosius, in his judicious advice to his son, (Claudian in iv. Consulat. Honorii, 214, &c.,) distinguishes the station of a Roman prince from that of a Parthian monarch. Virtue was necessary for the one; birth might suffice for the other.


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The Kilcullen World War 1 Commemoration Group will host a presentation on the Great War trench systems of the Curragh at 2pm on Sunday 11th May in the Heritage Centre in Kilcullen, County Kildare followed by a site visit to view the trench systems at Flagstaff Hill on the Curragh.
The presentation will be given by Des Travers who will discuss with the aid of slides:
Trench systems, various types of trenches and their purposes
The tactical rationale for a complex of trenches including opposing trenches and "no mans land"
Life and routine in a forward trench
Comparison between the Curragh trenches and those in Kilworth and Gosforth (UK)
Trenches of the Western Front.
Admission is free and for more details contact email@example.com or 045 482193 or 045 442175


text: Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep is a Buddhist temple in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The temple is often referred to as "Doi Suthep" although this is actually the name of the mountain it is located on. The temple is located 15 km from the city of Chiang Mai and is a sacred site to many Thai people. From the temple, impressive views of Chiang Mai can be seen and it remains a popular destination of foreign visitors.


text:
Real Madrid have confirmed Carlo Ancelotti will leave Paris Saint-Germain to take over at the club following the exit of Jose Mourinho earlier this summer.
The Italian coach has signed a three-year deal and will be presented on Wednesday to reporters and the general public.
Madrid immediately made Ancelotti their primary target following Mourinho's departure to Chelsea, but PSG initially refused to let go of the 54-year-old.
However, they have now opted to allow Ancelotti to move on after appointing Laurent Blanc as their new head coach.
"Real Madrid will present Carlo Ancelotti as the new coach of the first team for the next three seasons on Wednesday June 26," a statement on the club's website reads.
"The event will took place in the Santiago Bernabeu Royal Box at 13:00CET. Carlo Ancelotti appeared before the media in the press room."
Ancelotti had been in charge of PSG since December 2011 and guided them to only their third Ligue 1 title in history this term and the first in 19 years.
He previously enjoyed success with Chelsea and AC Milan, while also coaching Juventus, Parma and Reggiana in the early stages of his career.
A statement from the Real Madrid board confirming the appointment of former Chelsea and PSG coach Carlo Ancelotti as the new manager and replacement of Jose Mourinho.


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FortiSandbox Product Demo
Today's sophisticated zero day and targeted attacks won't be stopped by any one type of security. Advanced threat detection is key to preventing data breaches and other consequences of a successful attack. Check out the full working demo of our sandbox, FortiSandbox. Explore multiple deployment modes: sniffer, FortiGate integrated, and manual submission. See the rich reporting and actionable dashboards to speed response. You will quickly see the value of Fortinet's consolidated approach to inspecting all protocols and performing all functions on one, high-performance appliance.


text: Worldwide disasters encompass many aspects of our daily lives. From the current Ebola epidemic to localized hurricanes and tornadoes to massive forest fires and earthquakes; these are all hot topics. We want to provide you with up to date information from credible sources. In this forum you will find information on current news regarding disasters as well as ways that they may impact both your working and personal lives.


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I'm sure some experienced players will say there's art in an elegant kill, but in this instance, I'm talking about the art that helped make the game.
These images are the work of six artists at DICE (two of whom we've featured here recently). Those six are art director Gustav Tilleby, senior concept artist Robert Sammelin and concept artists Eric Persson, Henrik Sahlström, Mattias Häggström and Sigurd Fernström.
The images below all appear in a book from Titan called The Art of Battlefield 4, which has both images and accompanying commentary from the artists involved. It's out November 5.
To see the larger pics in all their glory (or, if they're big enough, so you can save them as wallpaper), click on the "expand" button in the bottom-right corner.
Fine Art is a celebration of the work of video game artists, showcasing the best of both their professional and personal portfolios. If you're in the business and have some concept, environment, promotional or character art you'd like to share, drop us a line!


text:
The Winter GuestLarge Print - 2014
From the critics
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Excellent characters set in WWII timeframe. Gives the reader and inside perspective into the disaster families had to live through to survive.
I enjoy this author and look forward to new publications. She researches history and intertwines a good story, one of those hard to put down books.
The overblown love story couldn't get me past the first 50 pages. Also plenty of implausible plot points. Avoid.
In Jenoff's fourth novel, she explores World War II through the eyes of 18-year-old Polish twins, Helena and Ruth. They live in a rural village outside Warsaw trying to take care of 3 much younger siblings after their father's death and their mother entrance into a hospital. The discovery of a downed American pilot trying to contact the Polish resistance leads to fateful and fatal decisions for the family. The reader can literally feel the lack of heat and food as the Germans draw ever closer...
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Paula Deen Apologizes for Racial Slurs
Paula Deen is drawing scrutiny after admitting she has previously used racial slurs in a May 17 deposition that made its way online. The celebrity chef is one of the defendants in a lawsuit filed by a former employee of a Savannah, Ga., restaurant partially owned by Deen. Lee Hawkins reports. Photo: AP.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... the the ... all apologized in free ... for the wrong man ... dying ... up ... or total earnings growth from the as inappropriate hurtful language is ... totally ... totally unexpected ... celebrity chef Paula Deen ... in chewing on ... a rather strong apology for her use of ... inappropriate racial language ... Lee Hawkins who was featured on ... the toss about well what happens next ... apology in the stakes for this Everywoman stuff ... right now sees in the middle of the suit has been filed against her by a former employee in the companies that have endorser were that she endorses ... an old home Novo Nordisk and also the food network was to work with in ... this and they're they're they're sitting there right now they're monitoring the situation ... of Bolton said that they ... obviously have their own diversity ... STX is in the one I tolerate any does Korea training for up but the way I read their statements leaves seem to suggest ... they're staying buyer there they're not roughing as unfair things that are not dropping her as of now the right now it's important to note that companies have these moral causes ... we have five deals with some evidence that it basically gives them a chance seeing him that endorses any time ... and they wanna know that she has good character celebrities need to have good character to align with ... them in the problem is ... she ... in the recent gains even has a dividend may be ... that character by an out ... of going on the today show for it since buy a greeting on the today show and then actually not showing up its report ... that's not a good time to notice that scientists the fact that she said that the reason she didn't go on was because he was exhausted ... according to are spokespeople for the public know says he's in the middle of a pop ... period and public concerts what's at stake here for the food network Paula Deen is that ... the big big draw for that now where ... she's in the draw for them but she could be liability him if he doesn't handle this right there have been plenty of people when meeting states that have handled the right time and she can be one of the Tiger Woods from one ... for instance also ... Michael Vick The gonna play now as we're successful that his endorsement and ... Don Imus is on here so it's not about ... you know being banished forever it's about how the execution of the crime rice managed to tidy redone the statement the biggest in the religious previewed in every well a lot of ... the media reports have really been about how she's not ... necessarily only she's owning up to it but sees excusing it ... the men in nineteen eighty six he said because the black man had a gun Torquay ... when she was grabbed on ... and working in that they can ... I think the public really you will want to know ... that she really feel that he feels sorry for work in you know people forgive celebrities are not necessarily on forgivable but they want to know all ... that these are good people ... that you actually change and that's what she's trying rises and so was really hard of course it does what's inside someone's heart of will see whether up ... the need to set certain whether the sponsors stay back there so it's a business and ... these are people but they are businesses may have to remember that it's really labeling it is a bit so I'm sure they'll make a business is in the river that leads them in the right Pixley ...


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Falling isn't anything new to people who live with multiple sclerosis. The weakness, numbness, and range of sensory perception from the limbs farthest from our brains can often make for rapid descent to the deck. A rather public cartwheel to the ground in front of the house this weekend has allowed for what Caryn called "an acute observation."
I've come to realize that turn-to-step and meet the pavement occurrences, while not unfamiliar, happen most often when I seem otherwise to be feeling relatively "fine." How is it that the days when MS seems to be under control that I find myself looking up at the rest of the world more regularly than on the "bad days"?
Do we pay more attention and thus act more cautiously on those off days than when we feel pretty well?
The most recent event, which led me to today's topic, occurred over the weekend on a flawlessly warm and sunny Sunday morning.
I had stopped on the front walk to chat with our neighbor about the little things that occupy neighborly conversation on such days; the glory of the day, the possibilities of a joint neighborhood BBQ this summer, which yards were looking particularly lush that spring morning… Turning away with my small bucket of trimmings from a waist-high garden bed, I simply collapsed; cheek to the ground, shin scuffed on a stone wall and my pail turning end-over-end — spilling out tulip petals and other compostable bits.
I'm pretty sure the stunned neighbor was as surprised by my reaction as he was to the fall.
"Well… I didn't see that one coming!"
And I didn't. If fact, I was feeling better that morning than I had any right to expect, having spent a long evening the night before at our chapter's black-tie fundraising event.
My MS has been — hmmmm, what might be the word — "predictable"? — these past few weeks so the fall took me quite by surprise. A bit more gardening (this time, planting some hanging baskets from a decidedly more seated position) led me to the aforementioned reflection of when I seem to fall.
Wondering if I'm the only one: Are you more cautious (thus possibly trip, fall, etc., less) when your MS is acting up? Does a random drop-foot cause you to stumble when you're having an MS "good day"? Have you, like me, never thought about it before?
From a seated position and with only a scraped shin to go along with the minor contusion on my ego I am, as always…
Wishing you and your family the best of health.
Don't forget that you can also follow me via my Life With MS Facebook page and on Twitter.


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When your trailer depicts a young man delivering a furious rain of punches down upon a potential seafood platter and the words "Incredibly Fun Fish Battles" your marketing is pretty much complete.
I'm almost completely serious. Having tried fishing at various stages in my life with the only constants being a complete failure to catch anything and having to take a mid-afternoon nap, I'm ready to get down into the water and demonstrate the effectiveness of fists over fins as bludgeoning weapons. This could only be more enticing if the game let you squeeze a virtual fish until it exploded.
But Rapala for Kinect isn't just about wrestling with your catch. It's an arcade-style fishing game with an emphasis on speed, both in the 45-second catch clock to the high-velocity speedboat races between prime fishing spots. It's about making goofy hand gestures to bend the fish to your will.
"Pro-anglers and family gamers will go crazy for the immersive fishing experience presented in a familiar arcade style format," said David Oxford, Executive Vice President of Activision Publishing. "Rapala for Kinect captures a simple and straightforward aesthetic with an emphasis on play!"
Play, bending fish to your will; same thing. Your living room because an aquatic battle arena in November.


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Food & Drink
Backpacking for the mind, body and soul
By Katherine Dorsett Bennett, CNN • Updated 15th August 2012
View Gallery
6 Pictures
Get off the grid and into the wild on an overnight backpacking trip.
Backpackers are likely to experience the wilderness much more intimately than other types of travelers -- and reap the benefits of physical exercise and mental refreshment at the same time.
"A variety of studies show that even relatively brief experiences in nature can enhance feelings of energy and vitality," said
Dr. Richard M. Ryan
, professor of psychology, psychiatry and education at the University of Rochester.
Nature has a way of magnifying little details you may have overlooked, and your safety and overall enjoyment depend on your preparedness. So if you're not sure where to begin your backpacking adventure, consider a guided trip.
7 prime spots for wildlife viewing
Trip outfitters will often supply you with all the gear you need, including food. And guided getaways are not just for beginners. Seasoned backpackers often opt for guided trips too, says
Ian Elman
, owner of Southern Yosemite Mountain Guides, a company that specializes in these types of excursions.
Many guides will customize trips to suit your specific needs and physical condition. Guided trip costs can range from less than $200 per person to thousands of dollars depending on the nature and length of your trip. Starting locally is a great way to gauge your interest and skill level for future expeditions.
12 things you might not have known about the Appalachian Trail
Ready for some adventure? These five immense U.S. national parks offer backpacking trips of a lifetime:
Grand Canyon National Park
Grand Canyon
in Arizona offers some of the most challenging backpacking in the United States due to its steep trails and fast-changing weather conditions. If you opt to hike from the North Rim to the South Rim, you'll experience an elevation differential of more than 10,000 feet from start to finish, according to the
National Park Service
. The reward? Getting a unique perspective on the natural wonder and its geological rainbow from the base of the canyon.
Are you a window flier or an aisle seater?
A popular itinerary for first-time backpackers is to spend a few nights at either
Bright Angel or Indian Garden Campgrounds
. These sites can be accessed by the
Bright Angel Trail
, and you'll need a park service
backcountry permit
The National Park Service
maintains a list of companies
authorized to guide backpackers within the park.
Glacier National Park
Glacier National Park
in Montana ranks as one of the most popular backpacking parks, according to the National Park Service. Its alpine lakes, steep mountains, abundant wildlife and more than 700 miles of trails make this park a backpacker's dream.
Glacier National Park is home to more than 60 species of mammals including mountain goats.
Katherine Dorsett Bennett/CNN
Belly River Trail
is a popular route. This 13.6 mile trail offers spectacular mountainous scenery and passes by campgrounds at Elizabeth Lake and Helen Lake. The trail drops 740 feet in the first few miles then levels out.
Backcountry campers
will need a permit.
Glacier Guides
is the park-service approved outfit for guided and custom backpacking trips into the park's backcountry.
Yellowstone National Park
is one of the most diverse national parks, with landscapes ranging from forested mountain slopes to valleys bustling with wildlife to roaring rivers.
Some 1,000 miles of trails criss-cross the park, some offering easy trips over gentle terrain, while others require technical skills and endurance.
The park service says many of Yellowstone's trails are more than 7,000 feet above sea level and most areas have snow until late May or early June. The park service suggests avoiding high elevations early in the season because some of these areas may be closed if conditions are considered unsafe for visitors.
A list of outfitters permitted to guide backpackers within Yellowstone can be viewed on the park's
official website.
Denali National Park and Preserve
, in Alaska's interior, encompasses more than 6 million acres of land and is home to North America's tallest peak at 20,320 feet -- Mount McKinley. Black bears and grizzly bears are among the stars for wildlife spotters (just keep your distance).
This national park is about the size of Vermont, yet only a handful of trails exist in this vast, solitary area. Most of the trails are within three miles of the park entrance, but if you're adventurous, you can explore the wild terrain, which ranges from a low-elevation taiga forest to snow-covered mountains. You'll need to get a
backcountry permit
in person before you set out.
Three park-authorized companies offer guided backpacking:
Alaska Mountaineering School, Mountain Trip and
Rigging for Rescue.
North Cascades National Park
A backpacker makes her way through North Cascades National Park.
NPS/Ashley Rawhouser and Lise Grace
Escape to this national park in Washington state and surround yourself with mountains, glaciers and streams. Grizzly bears are among the 75 mammal species that inhabit the wilderness.
Backpacking is popular at
North Cascades
and trips can range from an overnight on relatively level land to multiday hikes over multiple mountain passes. Mountaineering treks for varying skill levels are an option, too, but this is not a beginner's venture.
Beaver Loop trail
is a moderate, forested route. The 34.2 mile journey offers a side trip with views of Challenger glacier and peak and usually takes three to four days.
The park service lists authorized guides for North Cascades backpacking
on its site.
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